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{ "paragraph": [ "Gene Nelson\n", "Gene Nelson (March 24, 1920 – September 16, 1996) was an American dancer, actor, screenwriter, and director.\n", "Section::::Biography.\n", "Born Leander Eugene Berg in Astoria, Oregon, he moved to Seattle when he was one year old. He was inspired to become a dancer by watching Fred Astaire and Ginger Rogers films when he was a child. After serving in the Army during World War II during which he also performed in the musical \"This Is the Army\", Nelson landed his first Broadway role in \"Lend an Ear\", for which he received the Theatre World Award. He also appeared onstage in \"Follies\", which garnered him a Tony Award nomination, and \"Good News\". Nelson's longtime professional dance partner during the 1950s was actress JoAnn Dean Killingsworth.\n", "Gene Nelson co-starred with Doris Day in \"Lullaby of Broadway\" in 1951. He played Will Parker in the film \"Oklahoma!\"\n", "In 1959, he appeared with Keith Larsen and Buddy Ebsen in the series \"Northwest Passage\" as a young man trying to prove his innocence in a murder case. Nelson appeared on the March 17, 1960 episode of \"You Bet Your Life\", hosted by Groucho Marx. He and Groucho's daughter, Melinda, performed a dance number together.\n", "Nelson directed 8 episodes of \"The Rifleman\" in the 1961-62 season, the original \"\", the first season of \"I Dream of Jeannie\", \"Gunsmoke\", \"The Silent Force\", and \"The San Pedro Beach Bums\". He directed the Elvis Presley films \"Kissin' Cousins\" (1964), which screenplay he wrote, and \"Harum Scarum\" (1965). For the \"Kissin' Cousins\" screenplay he received a WGA award nomination for best written musical. He later taught in the Theater Arts Department at San Francisco State University in the late 1980s.\n", "He starred as Buddy in the 1971 Broadway musical \"Follies\", for which he received a 1972 Tony Award nomination for \n", "Featured Actor In A Musical. The production featured a score by Stephen Sondheim and was co-directed by Michael Bennett and Harold Prince.\n", "For contribution to the motion picture industry, in 1990, Nelson was inducted into the Hollywood Walk of Fame. Nelson's star is located at 7005 Hollywood Boulevard.\n", "Section::::Death.\n", "Nelson died of cancer, aged 76, in Los Angeles. He was survived by his three children, Douglas, Victoria and Chris.\n", "Section::::Filmography.\n", "Section::::Filmography.:Actor.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Second Fiddle\" (1939) as Minor Role (uncredited)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Everything Happens at Night\" (1939) as Skater (uncredited)\n", "BULLET::::- \"This Is the Army\" (1943) as Soldier (uncredited)\n", "BULLET::::- \"I Wonder Who's Kissing Her Now\" (1947) as Tommy Yale\n", "BULLET::::- \"Gentleman's Agreement\" (1947) as Second Ex-GI in Restaurant (uncredited)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Walls of Jericho\" (1948) as Assistant Prosecutor (uncredited)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Apartment for Peggy\" (1948) as Jerry (uncredited)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Daughter of Rosie O'Grady\" (1950) as Doug Martin\n", "BULLET::::- \"Tea for Two\" (1950) as Tommy Trainor\n", "BULLET::::- \"The West Point Story\" (1950) as Hal Courtland\n", "BULLET::::- \"Lullaby of Broadway\" (1951) as Tom Farnham\n", "BULLET::::- \"Painting the Clouds with Sunshine\" (1951) as Ted Lansing\n", "BULLET::::- \"Starlift\" (1951) as Gene Nelson\n", "BULLET::::- \"She's Working Her Way Through College\" (1952) as Don Weston\n", "BULLET::::- \"She's Back on Broadway\" (1953) as Gordon Evans\n", "BULLET::::- \"Crime Wave\" (1953) as Steve Lacey\n", "BULLET::::- \"Three Sailors and a Girl\" (1954) as Twitch\n", "BULLET::::- \"So This Is Paris\" (1954) as Al Howard\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Atomic Man\" (1955) as Mike Delaney\n", "BULLET::::- \"Oklahoma!\" (1955) as Will Parker\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Way Out\" (1955) as Greg Carradine\n", "BULLET::::- \"Shangri-La\" (1960, TV Movie) as Robert\n", "BULLET::::- \"20,000 Eyes\" (1961) as Dan Warren\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Purple Hills\" (1961) as Gil Shepard\n", "BULLET::::- \"Thunder Island\" (1963) as Billy Poole\n", "BULLET::::- \"Family Flight\" (1972, TV Movie) as Aircraft Carrier Captain\n", "BULLET::::- \"S.O.B.\" (1981) as Clive Lytell\n", "Section::::Filmography.:Director.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Life with Archie\" (1962, TV Movie)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Hand of Death\" (1962)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Hootenanny Hoot\" (1963)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Your Cheatin' Heart\" (1964)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Kissin' Cousins\" (1964)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Archie\" (1964, TV Movie)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Harum Scarum\" (1965)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Where's Everett\" (1966, TV Movie)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Cool Ones\" (1967)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Wake Me When the War Is Over\" (1969, TV Movie)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Letters\" (1973, TV Movie)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Dan August: The Jealousy Factor\" (1980, TV Movie)\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Gene Nelson at Apacheland Movie Ranch\"\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "Leander Eugene Berg" ] }, "description": "American actor, dancer, screenwriter, director", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q1501413", "wikidata_label": "Gene Nelson", "wikipedia_title": "Gene Nelson" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Ellen Drew\n", "Ellen Drew (born Esther Loretta Ray, November 23, 1915 – December 3, 2003) was an American film actress.\n", "Section::::Biography.\n", "Section::::Biography.:Early life.\n", "Drew was the daughter of an Irish barber, born in Kansas City, Missouri. She worked various jobs and won a number of beauty contests before becoming an actress. Moving to Hollywood in an attempt to become a star, she was discovered while working at an ice cream parlor where one of the customers, actor William Demarest, took notice of her and eventually helped her get into films.\n", "Section::::Biography.:Career.\n", "Ray's venture into the movies brought about a conflict in names when she tried starting her career with the name Terry Ray which happened to be the name of another Terry Ray, a male actor. A 1937 newspaper photo showed the resolution of the conflict as \"They conferred, drew lots from the hat and masculine Terry Ray became Terry Rains, while feminine Terry Ray remained as before.\" She later tried the name of Erin Drew.\n", "After appearing in 25 features using her birth name, she became a fixture at Paramount Pictures officially as Ellen Drew from 1938 to 1943, where she appeared in as many as six films per year, including \"Sing You Sinners\" (1938) with Bing Crosby and \"The Lady's from Kentucky\" (1939) with George Raft. She moved to RKO in 1944. Among her leading men were Ronald Colman, William Holden, Basil Rathbone, Dick Powell, and Robert Preston (in \"The Night of January 16th\" and \"Night Plane from Chungking\").\n", "Her films include \"Christmas in July\" (1940), \"Isle of the Dead\" (1945), \"Johnny O'Clock\" (1947), \"The Man from Colorado\" (1948), \"The Crooked Way\" (1949) and \"The Baron of Arizona\" with Vincent Price (1950). In the 1950s, with her movie career on the decline, she worked as a television actress. Among her final roles was the part of Julia Webberly in the 1960 \"Perry Mason\" episode, \"The Case of the Larcenous Lady\".\n", "Section::::Biography.:Radio.\n", "On July 25, 1943, Drew co-starred with Preston Foster in \"China Bridge\", a presentation of \"Silver Theater\" on CBS radio.\n", "Section::::Biography.:Personal life.\n", "Drew married screenwriter Sy Bartlett, August 16, 1941, at Lake Tahoe, Nevada.\n", "Section::::Biography.:Death.\n", "Drew died on December 3, 2003, in Palm Desert, California of a liver ailment at the age of 88. She was cremated and her ashes scattered at sea.\n", "Section::::Honors.\n", "For her contributions to the motion picture industry, Drew was honored with a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame in 1960, located at 6901 Hollywood Blvd.\n", "Section::::Partial filmography.\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Return of Sophie Lang\" (1936) as Secretary (uncredited)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Rhythm on the Range\" (1936) as Party Guest (uncredited)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Yours for the Asking\" (1936) (uncredited)\n", "BULLET::::- \"My American Wife\" (1936) as Party Guest (uncredited)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Hollywood Boulevard\" (1936) as Terry Ray - Casting Office Secretary (uncredited)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Lady Be Careful\" (1936) as Girl in Sailboat\n", "BULLET::::- \"Wives Never Know\" (1936) (uncredited)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Murder with Pictures\" (1936) as Minor Role (uncredited)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Big Broadcast of 1937\" (1936) as Telephone Girl\n", "BULLET::::- \"Rose Bowl\" (1936) as Mary Arnold (uncredited)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Accusing Finger\" (1936) as Wife\n", "BULLET::::- \"College Holiday\" (1936) as Dancer on Train (uncredited)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Murder Goes to College\" (1937) as Lil\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Crime Nobody Saw\" (1937) as Secretary (uncredited)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Internes Can't Take Money\" (1937) as Nurse (uncredited)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Make Way for Tomorrow\" (1937) as Usherette (uncredited)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Turn Off the Moon\" (1937) as Minor Role (uncredited)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Night of Mystery\" (1937) as Secretary\n", "BULLET::::- \"Hotel Haywire\" (1937) as Switchboard Operator (uncredited)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Mountain Music\" (1937) as Helen (uncredited)\n", "BULLET::::- \"This Way Please\" (1937) as Chorus Girl (uncredited)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Buccaneer\" (1938) (uncredited)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Scandal Street\" (1938) (uncredited)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Dangerous to Know\" (1938) as Secretary\n", "BULLET::::- \"Cocoanut Grove\" (1938) as Radio Station Receptionist (uncredited)\n", "BULLET::::- \"You and Me\" (1938) as Cashier\n", "BULLET::::- \"Sing, You Sinners\" (1938) as Martha Randall\n", "BULLET::::- \"If I Were King\" (1938) as Huguette\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Lady's from Kentucky\" (1939) as Penelope 'Penny' Hollis\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Gracie Allen Murder Case\" (1939) as Ann Wilson\n", "BULLET::::- \"Escape\" (1939) as Reporter (uncredited)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Geronimo\" (1939) as Alice Hamilton\n", "BULLET::::- \"French Without Tears\" (1940) as Diana Lake\n", "BULLET::::- \"Women Without Names\" (1940) as Joyce King\n", "BULLET::::- \"Buck Benny Rides Again\" (1940) as Joan Cameron\n", "BULLET::::- \"Christmas in July\" (1940) as Betty Casey\n", "BULLET::::- \"Texas Rangers Ride Again\" (1940) as Ellen 'Slats' Dangerfield\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Mad Doctor\" (1941) as Linda Boothe\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Monster and the Girl\" (1941) as Susan Webster\n", "BULLET::::- \"Reaching for the Sun\" (1941) as Rita\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Parson of Panamint\" (1941) as Mary Malloy\n", "BULLET::::- \"Our Wife\" (1941) as Babe Marvin\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Night of January 16th\" (1941) as Kit Lane\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Remarkable Andrew\" (1942) as Peggy Tobin\n", "BULLET::::- \"My Favorite Spy\" (1942) as Teresa 'Terry' Kyser\n", "BULLET::::- \"Star Spangled Rhythm\" (1942) as Herself (uncredited)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Ice-Capades Revue\" (1942) as Ann Porter\n", "BULLET::::- \"Night Plane from Chungking\" (1943) as Ann Richards\n", "BULLET::::- \"Strange Confession\" (1944) as Yvonne\n", "BULLET::::- \"And the Angels Sing\" (1944) (uncredited)\n", "BULLET::::- \"That's My Baby!\" (1944) as Betty Moody\n", "BULLET::::- \"Dark Mountain\" (1944) as Kay Downey\n", "BULLET::::- \"China Sky\" (1945) as Louise Thompson\n", "BULLET::::- \"Isle of the Dead\" (1945) as Thea\n", "BULLET::::- \"Man Alive\" (1945) as Connie McBride\n", "BULLET::::- \"Sing While You Dance\" (1946) as Susan Kent\n", "BULLET::::- \"Crime Doctor's Manhunt\" (1946) as Irene Cotter\n", "BULLET::::- \"Johnny O'Clock\" (1947) as Nelle Marchettis\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Swordsman\" (1948) as Barbara Glowan\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Man from Colorado\" (1949) as Caroline Emmet\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Crooked Way\" (1949) as Nina Martin\n", "BULLET::::- \"Davy Crockett, Indian Scout\" (1950) as Frances Oatman\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Baron of Arizona\" (1950) as Sofia de Peralta – Reavis 'The Baroness'\n", "BULLET::::- \"Stars in My Crown\" (1950) as Harriet Gray\n", "BULLET::::- \"Cargo to Capetown\" (1950) as Kitty Mellar\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Great Missouri Raid\" (1951) as Bee Moore\n", "BULLET::::- \"Man in the Saddle\" (1951) as Nan Melotta\n", "BULLET::::- \"Outlaw's Son\" (1957) as Ruth Sewall\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Photographs and literature\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "film actress", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q275764", "wikidata_label": "Ellen Drew", "wikipedia_title": "Ellen Drew" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Jovan Sundečić\n", "Jovan Sundečić (Serbian Cyrillic: Јован Сундечић) (24 June 1825 – 19 July 1900), was a Serbian poet, priest of the Serbian Orthodox Church and a secretary to Prince Nikola I of Montenegro. He is most famous for writing lyrics of contemporary anthem of Montenegro Ubavoj nam Crnoj Gori (\"To Our Beautiful Montenegro\").\n", "Section::::Biography.\n", "Sundečić was born in the village of Golinjevo, near Livno, Pashaluk of Bosnia, Ottoman Empire. His family is of the Šundić brotherhood from Župa near Nikšić in Old Herzegovina. After finishing the Orthodox Seminary in Zadar, Dalmatia province of the Austrian Empire and becoming a priest, he was assigned parish priest and teacher to the Serb colony of Peroj in Istria, Austrian Littoral. After working as a professor at the Zadar Seminary, he became famous as a \"priest-poet\" and political and national activist, because of which he decided to move to Montenegro. Prince Nicholas I named him his personal secretary in 1864, a post on which Jovan worked until his retirement in 1874, though he remained honorary secretary until his death. \n", "In 1865 Jovan Sundečić founded the \"Orlić\" (Орлић) yearly, the second publication in Montenegro. He was also the editor and owner of the first Montenegrin weekly, \"The Montenegrin\" (Црногорац) of Duke Sima Popović, which was published from 1871 to 1873, as well as the owner of the first Montenegrin literary magazine \"The Montenegriness\" (Црногорка) from 1871. Sundečić, Milan Kostić, and Vasa Pelagić were instrumental in establishing \"The Montenegrin Warrior,\" a literary association, in Cetinje in February 1872. The association had great success in educating the Serb youth of Montenegro. At the time he was one of the founding members of the newly established Association for Serb Liberation and Unification.\n", "Sundečić's \"Ne dajmo se!\" (Let's not surrender!), a lyric poem, for the Congress of the Union of Choral Societies, was welcomed instantly with great enthusiasm. That poem, turned into a song by Czech composer Vojtĕch Hlaváč (1849-1911), very effectively urged the youth to fight for their aims, and was also adopted as an anthem of the Choral Society of Vršac. \n", "Pope Leo XIII and Prince Nicholas I of Montenegro concluded -- \"\"Ugovor između Svete Stolice i Crnogoske Vlade u položaju katoličkih i arhiepiskopa barskog. Ugovor su potpisali kardinal Lodoviko Jakobini, sa strane Svete Stolice i državni tajnik Jovan Sundečić, sa crnogorske strane\"\"— a Concordat in Rome on 18 August 1886. The signatories were Cardinal Luigi Jacobini (1832-1887) for the Holy See, and Nikola's secretary Jovan Sundečić for Montenegro, who was awarded the Grand Cross of the Order of St Gregory the Great by Pope Leo XIII.\n", "From 1892 to 1894 Jovan also worked as editor of \"Education\" (Просвјета). He contributed greatly to education in Montenegro by drafting the Statute and completely organizing the renewed Cetinje Seminary in 1869, which was subsequently transformed into the Seminary Teachers' School. An active diplomat, Nicholas sent Jovan on numerous missions. For his works, he was awarded 1st rank of the Order of Prince Danilo I, the highest Montenegrin medal. He retired and settled in Kotor, Principality of Montenegro, where he died on 6 July 1900.\n", "In 1865 at his Cetinje-based \"Orlic\" Jovan published his poem dedicated to Prince Nikola, the \"Montenegrin National anthem\", a proposition for an anthem of the newly arising Montenegrin realm. In 1870 on Lučindan it was for the first time publicly sang accompanied with lyrics. It was sung in the rooms of the Cetinje Reading Room the Serb Vocal Society \"Unity\" from Kotor of Petar II Petrović Njegoš. The bandmaster was the choirmaster of the Czech Society Antun Shultz. The next day, on 18 October 1870, the poem was under its new name \"To Our Beautiful Montenegro\" handed over to Nikola I, who used it as the state anthem of Montenegro until its statehood was extinguished with the unification of Yugoslavia. The Montenegrin composer Jovan Đurov Ivanišević adapted the music better in 1887 in his published songs in Prague. It was then, by the order of the Ministry of Education, proclaimed as the only state anthem. After the recognition of an independent Princedom of Montenegro at the 1878 Congress of Berlin, \"To Our Beautiful Montenegro\" became a standard protocol song in Cetinje. \n", "In 1878 Jovan Sundečić together with the Ragusans Luko Zore, Medo and his brother Niko Pucić, Vjekoslav Pretner, Pero Budmani, Antun Paško Kazali, Ivan August Kaznačić and Vuk Vrčević founded the pro-Serbian, Dubrovnik-based publication, \"\"Slovinac\"\". Sundečić kept in close touch with Antonije Stražičić, a Serb from Dubrovnik, who launched a weekly journal called \"\"Napredak\"\" (Progress) in Sarajevo in 1890. The Austrian authorities requested information about Stražičić from authorities in Zadar where he lived for a while. According to the furnished data Stražičić was a Serb belonging to the Old Catholic faith (\"staro-katolička veroispovest\") whose political and cultural interests were aligned with the Serbian party, better known as the Serb-Catholic circle, headed by Medo Pucić.\n", "Section::::References.\n", "BULLET::::- Jovan Skerlić, \"Istorija Nove Srpske Književnosti\" (Belgrade, 1921), pages 294-296.\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "Serbian poet", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q3436091", "wikidata_label": "Jovan Sundečić", "wikipedia_title": "Jovan Sundečić" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "John Doucette\n", "John Arthur Doucette (January 21, 1921 – August 16, 1994) was an American character actor who performed in more than 280 film and television productions between 1941 and 1987. A man of stocky build who possessed a deep, rich voice, he proved equally adept at portraying characters in Shakespearean plays as well as in Westerns and in modern crime dramas. He is perhaps best remembered, however, for his villainous roles as a movie and television \"tough guy\".\n", "Section::::Early years.\n", "John Doucette was born in Brockton, Massachusetts, the eldest of three children of Nellie S. (née Bishop) and Arthur J. Doucette. During his childhood, his family moved frequently as his father sought work during the Great Depression. He completed grammar school in Haverhill, Massachusetts; graduated from Lincoln High School in Los Angeles, California; and later, in April 1943, he enlisted in the United States Army and served in Europe as an infantry rifleman during World War II. With regard to Doucette's early experience and training as an actor, he began to perform on stage at the age of 15 in plays at his high school. He subsequently performed at the Pasadena Playhouse before being cast in Hollywood films in the early 1940s.\n", "Section::::Film career.\n", "Doucette's film debut, in an uncredited role as a reporter, in \"Footsteps in the Dark\" in 1941. He appeared uncredited in at least two other movies before his budding film career was interrupted by his military service during World War II. Following his discharge, he resumed acting in Hollywood, where he soon began to receive more substantial, credited roles in releases by smaller production companies, such as \"The Burning Cross\" and \"The Road to the Big House\" for Somerset Pictures Corporation in 1947. Doucette continued to progress in obtaining dramatic roles for larger studios, including a small part as an architect in \"The Fountainhead\" in 1949 and in the 1970 epic \"Patton\" when he portrays 3rd Infantry Division Commander Major General Lucian K. Truscott. His other notable performances include bit parts in \"High Noon\", \"The Robe\", Sierra, and the mega-budget \"Cleopatra\". More familiarly, Doucette also appears in the John Wayne films \"The Sea Chase\", \"The Sons of Katie Elder\", \"True Grit\", and \"Big Jake\".\n", "Section::::Television.\n", "Many baby boomers first saw Doucette as the bad guy on television in several episodes of \"The Lone Ranger\". Performing as an outlaw proved to be a natural role for him, considering his rough looks, commanding presence, and skill with a gun. He was considered by many to be among the fastest draws in Hollywood. His roles, however, went well beyond that stereotype. He appeared on a variety of television shows, including \"The Time Tunnel\", \"Racket Squad\", \"The Range Rider\", \"The Roy Rogers Show\", \"The Fugitive\", \"The Adventures of Kit Carson\", \"The Cisco Kid\", \"City Detective\", \"Annie Oakley\", \"The Joseph Cotten Show: On Trial\", \"My Friend Flicka\", \"Sky King\", \"The Californians\", \"Broken Arrow\", \"The People's Choice\", \"Sheriff of Cochise\", \"Behind Closed Doors\", \"The Texan\", \"Lawman\", \"The Everglades\", \"Mackenzie's Raiders\", \"Bonanza\", \"The Wild Wild West\", \"The Virginian\", \"Have Gun - Will Travel\", \"Kung Fu\", \"The Rat Patrol\", \"Hogan's Heroes\", \"Adventures of Superman\", \"Sea Hunt\", \"Science Fiction Theatre,\" \"Walt Disney Presents\", and \"Tales of Wells Fargo\".\n", "Doucette portrayed police Lieutenant Tom Gregory on the television version of \"Big Town\". Between 1959-1961, he also played police Lieutenant Weston on the series \"Lock-Up\", the character Aaron William Andrews in the comedy \"The Partners\", and the bounty hunter Lou Gore in the episode \"Dead Aim\" on the series \"Colt .45\"\n", "Doucette was cast on television as the Apache Chief Geronimo: for the 1958 episode \"Geronimo\" on the Western series \"Tombstone Territory.\" He was also cast in 1961 as Captain Cardiff in \"The Americans\", a 17-episode NBC series, starring Darryl Hickman, about how the American Civil War divided families.\n", "Section::::Personal life and death.\n", "John Doucette in 1948 married opera singer Katherine Sambles, with whom he had eight children. Katherine died in 1991; and three years later, on August 16, 1994, John died at age 73 at his home in Banning, California. His mausoleum is at Holy Cross Cemetery in Culver City, California.\n", "Section::::Selected filmography.\n", "Section::::Selected filmography.:Films.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Footsteps in the Dark\" (1941) as Reporter (uncredited)\n", "BULLET::::- \"King of the Mounties\" (1942, Serial) as Boat Henchman (ch. 9) (uncredited)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Two Tickets to London\" (1943) as Larsen (uncredited)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Burning Cross\" (1947) as Toby Mason\n", "BULLET::::- \"Ride the Pink Horse\" (1947) as Thug (uncredited)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Foxes of Harrow\" (1947) as Crew Member (uncredited)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Road to the Big House\" (1947) as Danny\n", "BULLET::::- \"I Wouldn't Be in Your Shoes\" (1948) as Prisoner\n", "BULLET::::- \"Train to Alcatraz\" (1948) as McHenry\n", "BULLET::::- \"Canon City\" (1948) as George Bauer\n", "BULLET::::- \"Station West\" (1948) as Bartender\n", "BULLET::::- \"In This Corner\" (1948) as Dunkle (Jimmy's 'second')\n", "BULLET::::- \"Rogues' Regiment\" (1948) as Foreign Legion recruit found to have Nazi tattoo (uncredited)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Fighting O'Flynn\" (1949) as Jack\n", "BULLET::::- \"Criss Cross\" (1949) as Walt\n", "BULLET::::- \"Outpost in Morocco\" (1949) as Card-Playing Soldier (uncredited)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Crooked Way\" (1949) as Sgt. Barrett\n", "BULLET::::- \"Red Stallion in the Rockies\" (1949) as Ivan (uncredited)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Batman and Robin\" (1949, Serial) as Henchman [Ch. 2, 3, 6, 10-12, 15] (uncredited)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Lust for Gold\" (1949) as Man in Barber Shop (uncredited)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Fountainhead\" (1949) as Gus Webb (uncredited)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Reign of Terror\" (1949) as Pierre Blanchard (uncredited)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Bandits of El Dorado\" (1949) as Henchman Tucker (uncredited)\n", "BULLET::::- \"And Baby Makes Three\" (1949) as Husband (uncredited)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Pilgrimage Play\" (1949) as Lord Zadok\n", "BULLET::::- \"Singing Guns\" (1950) as Miner\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Vicious Years\" (1950) as Giorgio\n", "BULLET::::- \"Johnny One-Eye\" (1950) as Police Detective (uncredited)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Customs Agent\" (1950) as Hank (uncredited)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Return of the Frontiersman\" (1950) as Evans\n", "BULLET::::- \"Love That Brute\" (1950) as Gangster in Big Ed's Cellar (uncredited)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Sierra\" (1950) as Jed Coulter\n", "BULLET::::- \"Winchester '73\" (1950) as Roan Daley (uncredited)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Iroquois Trail\" (1950) as Sam Girty\n", "BULLET::::- \"Broken Arrow\" (1950) as Mule Driver (uncredited)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Convicted\" (1950) as Convict Tex (uncredited)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Border Treasure\" (1950) as Bat\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Fuller Brush Girl\" (1950) as Police Radio Dispatcher (uncredited)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Breaking Point\" (1950) as Gotch Goten (uncredited)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Counterspy Meets Scotland Yard\" (1950) as Larry - a Thug\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Flying Missile\" (1950) as Air Base Civilian Security Officer (uncredited)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Sierra Passage\" (1950) as Sutter's Creek Poker Player (uncredited)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Up Front\" (1951) as Walsh (uncredited)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Lemon Drop Kid\" (1951) as Muscleman (uncredited)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Thunder in God's Country\" (1951) as Slack Breedon\n", "BULLET::::- \"Only the Valiant\" (1951) as Sergeant (uncredited)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Tales of Robin Hood\" (1951) as Wilfred\n", "BULLET::::- \"Cavalry Scout\" (1951) as Varney\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Texas Rangers\" (1951) as Butch Cassidy\n", "BULLET::::- \"Mask of the Avenger\" (1951) as Sentry (uncredited)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Strangers on a Train\" (1951) as Det. Hammond (uncredited)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Yukon Manhunt\" (1951) as Charles Benson\n", "BULLET::::- \"Corky of Gasoline Alley\" (1951) as 'Rocky' Bobbie (uncredited)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Lady Pays Off\" (1951) as Cab Driver\n", "BULLET::::- \"Fixed Bayonets!\" (1951) as Colonel - 18th Infantry (uncredited)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Rose of Cimarron\" (1952) as Drunk\n", "BULLET::::- \"Phone Call from a Stranger\" (1952) as Arthur (uncredited)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Treasure of Lost Canyon\" (1952) as Gyppo\n", "BULLET::::- \"Rancho Notorious\" (1952) as Whitey (uncredited)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Bugles in the Afternoon\" (1952) as Bill (uncredited)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Deadline - U.S.A.\" (1952) as Hal (uncredited)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Carbine Williams\" (1952) as Gavrey - Prisoner at Chain-Gang Camp) (uncredited)\n", "BULLET::::- \"High Noon\" (1952) as Trumbull (uncredited)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Pride of St. Louis\" (1952) as Benny (uncredited)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The San Francisco Story\" (1952) as Slade (uncredited)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Desert Pursuit\" (1952) as Kafan\n", "BULLET::::- \"Glory Alley\" (1952) as Thug in Alley (uncredited)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Back at the Front\" (1952) as Military Police Sergeant in Bar (uncredited)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Toughest Man in Arizona\" (1952) as Sgt. Wayne (uncredited)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Woman in the Dark\" (1952) as 'Dutch' Bender\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Silver Whip\" (1953) as Josh - Red Rock Citizen (uncredited)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Perils of the Jungle\" (1953) as Gorman\n", "BULLET::::- \"Ambush at Tomahawk Gap\" (1953) as Burt - Twin Forks Bartender (uncredited)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Julius Caesar\" (1953) - as Carpenter, Citizen of Rome\n", "BULLET::::- \"Goldtown Ghost Riders\" (1953) as Bailey (uncredited)\n", "BULLET::::- \"War Paint\" (1953) as Trooper Charnofsky\n", "BULLET::::- \"City of Bad Men\" (1953) as Cinch (uncredited)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Robe\" (1953) as Ship's Mate (uncredited)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Big Heat\" (1953) as Mark Reiner (uncredited)\n", "BULLET::::- \"All the Brothers Were Valiant\" (1953) as George (uncredited)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Flight to Tangier\" (1953) as Tirera\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Wild One\" (1953) as Sage Valley race steward (uncredited)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Beachhead\" (1954) as Maj. Scott\n", "BULLET::::- \"Casanova's Big Night\" (1954) as Mounted Guard (uncredited)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Executive Suite\" (1954) as Detective (uncredited)\n", "BULLET::::- \"River of No Return\" (1954) as Man in Saloon (uncredited)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Forty-Niners\" (1954) as Ernie Walker\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Far Country\" (1954) as Miner Who Spills Gold Dust (uncredited)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Return from the Sea\" (1954) as Jimmy\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Last Time I Saw Paris\" (1954) as Campbell\n", "BULLET::::- \"Cry Vengeance\" (1954) as Red Miller\n", "BULLET::::- \"Destry\" (1954) as Cowhand\n", "BULLET::::- \"There's No Business Like Show Business\" (1954) as Stage Manager (uncredited)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Prince of Players\" (1955) as Man Who Starts Clapping (uncredited)\n", "BULLET::::- \"New York Confidential\" (1955) as Shorty\n", "BULLET::::- \"An Annapolis Story\" (1955) as Boxing Coach\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Sea Chase\" (1955) as Bos'n\n", "BULLET::::- \"House of Bamboo\" (1955) as Skipper (uncredited)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Seven Cities of Gold\" (1955) as Juan Coronel\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Bottom of the Bottle\" (1956) as Patrolman (uncredited)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Red Sundown\" (1956) as Billy—Wagon Guard (uncredited)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Ghost Town\" (1956) as Doc Clawson\n", "BULLET::::- \"Quincannon, Frontier Scout\" (1956) as Sgt. Calvin\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Maverick Queen\" (1956) as Loudmouth\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Fastest Gun Alive\" (1956) as Ben Buddy\n", "BULLET::::- \"Dakota Incident\" (1956) as Rick Largo\n", "BULLET::::- \"Thunder Over Arizona\" (1956) as Deputy Rand\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Burning Hills\" (1956) as Bartender (uncredited)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The True Story of Jesse James\" (1957) as Sheriff Hillstrom\n", "BULLET::::- \"Last of the Badmen\" (1957) as Johnson\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Big Land\" (1957) as Hagan - Livery Stableman (uncredited)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Phantom Stagecoach\" (1957) as Harry Farrow\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Lawless Eighties\" (1957) as Art 'Pig' Corbin\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Lonely Man\" (1957) as Sundown Whipple\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Crooked Circle\" (1957) as Larry Ellis\n", "BULLET::::- \"Bombers B-52\" (1957) as Nielson (uncredited)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Sabu and the Magic Ring\" (1957) as Kimal (stable master)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Kiss Them for Me\" (1957) as Shore Patrol Lieutenant (uncredited)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Peyton Place\" (1957) as Army Sergeant (uncredited)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Gunfire at Indian Gap\" (1957) as Loder\n", "BULLET::::- \"Too Much, Too Soon\" (1958) as Crowley (uncredited)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Gang War\" (1958) as Maxie Meadows\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Hunters\" (1958) as Chief Master Sergeant (uncredited)\n", "BULLET::::- \"A Nice Little Bank That Should Be Robbed\" (1958) as Grayson (uncredited)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Here Come the Jets\" (1959) as Randall\n", "BULLET::::- \"Cleopatra\" (1963) as Achillas\n", "BULLET::::- \"7 Faces of Dr. Lao\" (1964) as Lucas\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Sons of Katie Elder\" (1965) as Hyselman (undertaker)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Paradise, Hawaiian Style\" (1966) as Mr. Belden\n", "BULLET::::- \"Nevada Smith\" (1966) as Uncle Ben McCanles\n", "BULLET::::- \"Winchester 73\" (1967, TV Movie) as Jake Starret\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Fastest Guitar Alive\" (1967) as Max\n", "BULLET::::- \"Alexander the Great\" (1968, TV Movie) as Kleitos\n", "BULLET::::- \"Journey to Shiloh\" (1968) as Gen. Braxton Bragg\n", "BULLET::::- \"True Grit\" (1969) as Sheriff\n", "BULLET::::- \"Patton\" (1970) as Major General Lucian K. Truscott\n", "BULLET::::- \"One More Train to Rob\" (1971) as Sheriff Monte\n", "BULLET::::- \"Big Jake\" (1971) as Buck Duggan (Head Texas Ranger)\n", "BULLET::::- \"One Little Indian\" (1973) as Sgt. Waller\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Last of the Mohicans\" (1975, TV Movie) as Chingachgook (voice)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Fighting Mad\" (1976) as Jeff Hunter\n", "BULLET::::- \"Charge of the Model T's\" (1977) as Captain Mundy\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Time Machine\" (1978) as Sheriff Finley\n", "BULLET::::- \"Every Girl Should Have One\" (1978) as Policeman\n", "BULLET::::- \"Off the Mark\" (1987) as Jenell's men (final film role)\n", "Section::::Selected filmography.:Television.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Racket Squad\" - episode - Accidentally on Purpose - Danny (1952)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Lone Ranger\" - episode - The Masked Rider - Dirk Nelson (1949)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Lone Ranger\" - episode - Gold Fever - Ox Martin (1950)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Lone Ranger\" - episode - Thieves' Money - Pierre Dumont (1950)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Lone Ranger\" - episode - Sheriff at Gunstock - Rocky Hanford (1950)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Lone Ranger\" - episode - The Hooded Men - Flack, Gang Leader (1951)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Dick Tracy\" - episode - The Case of the Dangerous Dollars (1951)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Roy Rogers Show\" - episode - Perils From the Past (1952)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Adventures of Superman\" - episode - The Birthday Letter - Slugger (1952)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Lone Ranger\" - episode - Bandits in Uniform - Andrew Gage (1953)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Lone Ranger\" - episode - Rendezvous at Whipsaw - Henchman Kelso (1954)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Lone Ranger\" - episode - The Fugitive - Blaze (1954)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Adventures of Superman\" - episode - Lady in Black - Joe (1954)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Lone Ranger\" - episode - Counterfeit Redskins - Beau Slate (1955)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Adventures of Superman\" - episode - Clark Kent, Outlaw - Foster (1955)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Lone Ranger\" - episode - Trapped - Deputy Sawyer (1955)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Lone Ranger\" - episode - The School Story - Lew Cates (1955)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Cheyenne\" - episode - Mountain Fortress - Sgt. Cap Daniels (1955)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Science Fiction Theatre\" - episode - Barrier of Silence - Nielsen (1955)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Science Fiction Theatre\" - episode - Target Hurricane - Col. Stewart (1955)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Treasury Men in Action\" - episode - The Case of the Black Sheep - Marty Hinton (1955)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Life and Legend of Wyatt Earp\" - episode - Wichita Is Civilized - Orry Taylor (1956)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Cheyenne\" - episode - Town of Fear - Bill Jenkins (1957)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Walt Disney's Wonderful World of Color\" - episode - The Saga of Andy Burnett: Andy's Initiation - Mountain man (uncredited) (1957)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The True Story of Jesse James\" - Sheriff Hillstrom (1957)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Broken Arrow\" - episode - The Broken Wire - Bobo Conway (1957)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Gunsmoke\" - episode - Liar from Blackhawk - Al Janes (1957)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Richard Diamond, Private Detective\" - episode - The Torch Carriers - Corky(1957)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Zorro\" - episode - Slaves of the Eagle - Antonio Azuela (uncredited) (1958)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Rough Riders\" - episode - The Murderous Sutton Gang - Wes Sutton (1958)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Have Gun - Will Travel\" - episode - The O'Hare Story - Joe Marsh (1958)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Life and Legend of Wyatt Earp\" - episode - Little Brother - Smiley Dunlap (1958)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Broken Arrow\" - episode - War Trail - Cagle (1958)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Thin Man\" - episode - Unlucky Lucky Number - Hank (1958)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Official Detective\" \"The Policeman's Bullet\" - Longo Sardinia (1958)\n", "BULLET::::- \"U.S. Marshal\" - episode - Inside Job (1959)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Bat Masterson\" - episode - Buffalo Kill - Luke Simes (1959)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Have Gun - Will Travel\" - episode - Lady on the Stagecoach - Ed Rance (1959)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Lock Up\" - Lt. John Weston - 78 episodes (1959-1961)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Bat Masterson\" - episode - A Grave Situation - Lemuel Carstairs (1960)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Wagon Train\" - episode - The Jim Bridger Story - Gen. Jameson (1961)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Wagon Train\" - episode - The Orly French Story - Marshal Jason Hartman (1962)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Bonanza\" - episode - Knight Errant - Walter Prescott (1962)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Laramie\" - episode - Naked Steel - Sheriff Tate (1963)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Wagon Train\" - episode - The Fort Pierce Story - Col. Wayne Lathrop (1963)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Wagon Train\" - episode - The Michael McGoo Story - Michael McGoo (1963)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Lieutenant\" - episode - A Million Miles From Clary - GySgt Clintock (1963)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Wagon Train\" - episode - Little Girl Lost - Boone Gilla (1964)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Wagon Train\" - episode - The Ben Engel Story - Ben Engel (1964)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Wagon Train\" - episode - The Isaiah Quickfox Story - Burt Enders (1965)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Wagon Train\" - episode - The Chottsie Gubenheimer Story - Chandler Ames (1965)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Virginian\" - episode - The Awakening - Calder (1965)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Virginian\" - episode - Six Graves at Cripple Creek - Sheriff Goodbody (1965)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Bonanza\" - episode - Devil on Her Shoulder - Reverend Evan Morgan (1965)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Hogan's Heroes\" - episode - Some of Their Planes Are Missing - Colonel Richard Leman (1967)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Virginian\" - episode - Requiem for a Country Doctor - Lumberfield (1967)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Bonanza\" - episode - The Price of Salt - Sid Talbott (1968)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Big Valley - episode - Devil's Masquerade (1968)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Get Smart\" - episodes -The King Lives?, & To Sire, with Love: Parts 1 & 2 - Colonel Von Klaus (1968-1969)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Here's Lucy\" - episode - Lucy and Mannix Are Held Hostage - Vernon (1971)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Partners\" - 20 episodes - Capt. Aaron William Andrews (1971-1972)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Mannix\" - episode - Desert Run - Ward Gillis (1973)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Kung Fu\" - episode - The Soul Is the Warrior - Ed Rankin (1973)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Tenafly\" - episode - Man Running - Wilson (1974)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Harry O\" - episode - Mortal Sin - Bishop Monaghan (1974)\n", "BULLET::::- \"\" - episode - Vampire - Officer Sample (1974)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Ironside\" - episode - Mind for Murder - Ralph Hanson (1973)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Greatest Heroes of the Bible\" - episode - Joshua and the Battle of Jericho - Reuben (1978)\n", "BULLET::::- \"How the West Was Won\" - episode - The Slavers - Sheriff Boland (1979)\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "American actor", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q598939", "wikidata_label": "John Doucette", "wikipedia_title": "John Doucette" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Jovo Ivanišević\n", "Jovan Đurov Ivanišević (1861-1889) was a Montenegrin composer from Donji Kraj near Cetinje, Montenegro. While young he showed exquisite talent for music, and is most famous for composing the contemporary anthem of Principality of Montenegro and Kingdom of Montenegro, Ubavoj nam Crnoj Gori (To Our Beautiful Montenegro). He died while being a student of the Prague Conservatory: while ice skating on the Vltava, the ice broke under him and he drowned.\n", "Section::::References.\n", "BULLET::::1. Glas Crnogorca, 19 October 1999: Jovan Markuš: Двије црногорске химне\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "Montenegrin composer", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q6296845", "wikidata_label": "Jovo Ivanišević", "wikipedia_title": "Jovo Ivanišević" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Jerry Voorhis\n", "Horace Jeremiah \"Jerry\" Voorhis (April 6, 1901 – September 11, 1984) was a Democratic politician from California. He served five terms in the United States House of Representatives from 1937 to 1947, representing the 12th Congressional district in Los Angeles County. He was the first political opponent of Richard Nixon, who defeated Voorhis for re-election in 1946 in a campaign cited as an example of Nixon's use of red-baiting during his political rise.\n", "Voorhis was born in Kansas, but the family relocated frequently in his childhood. He earned a bachelor's degree from Yale University (where he was elected to the academic honor society Phi Beta Kappa) and a master's degree in education from Claremont Graduate School. In 1928, he founded the Voorhis School for Boys and became its headmaster. He retained the post into his congressional career.\n", "In the House of Representatives, Voorhis was a loyal supporter of the New Deal and compiled a liberal voting record. His major legislative achievement was the Voorhis Act of 1940 requiring registration of certain organizations controlled by foreign powers. After being re-elected by comfortable margins four times, he faced Nixon in 1946 in a bitter campaign in which Voorhis' supposed endorsement by groups linked to the Communist Party was made into a major issue. Nixon won the Republican-leaning district by over 15,000 votes and Voorhis refused to run against Nixon in 1948.\n", "During a writing career spanning a half-century, Voorhis penned several books. Following his defeat by Nixon, he retired from politics and worked for almost twenty years as an executive in the cooperative movement. He died in a California retirement home in 1984 at the age of 83.\n", "Section::::Early career.\n", "Voorhis was born in Ottawa, Kansas, on April 6, 1901, to Charles Brown Voorhis, of Dutch descent, and Ella Ward (Smith) Voorhis. Jerry was the grandson (and future biographer) of Aurelius Lyman Voorhis, who had \"ventured out to the frontier in western Kansas\" as merchant, land agent, and self-taught lawyer, and had scraped to send his son to college until he was forced, halfway through, to give his son the only two dollars he could spare and advise him to get a job. Charles Voorhis took work in an investment company and as a semi-professional baseball player and rose to become an executive of the Kingman Plow Company. When that company dissolved, Charles Voorhis became an executive of the Oakland Motor Car Company, which became the Pontiac division of General Motors, and finally of the Nash Motor Company before his 1925 retirement. Jerry Voorhis began school in Ottawa, but also attended school in Oklahoma City, Peoria, Illinois and Pontiac, Michigan. He attended The Hotchkiss School, an elite boys' boarding school in Connecticut with close ties to Yale University, and subsequently attended Yale, graduating in 1923. Voorhis was elected as a member of Phi Beta Kappa, was president of the Christian Association, and was greatly influenced by the Social Gospel movement.\n", "Voorhis resisted all encouragement toward a business or management career, much to his father's disappointment. While attending Yale, he came to believe that \"the Christian Gospel is to be taken seriously, and that needless poverty and suffering on the one hand and special privilege and inordinate power on the other are entirely contrary to its precepts\". He later stated that he lacked the faith in his own judgment to leave Yale and get a job in \"the real world [which] lay beyond the college walls\". However, once he graduated, Voorhis engaged a room at a boarding house and went to work as a receiving clerk, a job he soon exchanged for one as a freight handler. Later in 1923, he was laid off. In 1923 and 1924, he served as a traveling representative for the YMCA in Germany, though his stay was cut short by illness. Suffering from pneumonia, Voorhis spent six weeks recovering in a London nursing home.\n", "Charles Voorhis's job with Nash had taken him to a new home in Kenosha, Wisconsin; Jerry Voorhis joined his parents there on his return from Europe. As part of his recovery from his illness, he spent several weeks in northwestern Wyoming, working on a ranch. In Kenosha, he met a social worker named Alice Louise Livingston and married her on November 27, 1924, in her hometown of Washington, Iowa. Resuming his blue-collar career after his marriage, Voorhis moved to North Carolina with his wife and went to work in a Ford plant in Charlotte until being offered work as a teacher in an Illinois school for underprivileged boys, teaching three grades, coaching sports, and giving religious talks in the school's chapel each morning. This was followed by a year in Laramie, Wyoming, where the Voorhises founded and ran an orphanage for boys.\n", "In 1927, the now-retired Charles Voorhis offered his son an opportunity to found a boys academy near the elder Voorhis's home in Pasadena, California. Jerry Voorhis responded by moving to California. In 1928, he founded and became headmaster of the Voorhis School for Boys in San Dimas, California, a post he retained after his election to Congress. In addition to academic tutelage, the Voorhis School's boys received training in farming, mechanical work, and other manual vocations. Charles and Jerry Voorhis would put much of the family fortune into the school. After Voorhis's election to Congress, the school would be closed down, with the land and buildings donated to California State Polytechnic University, Pomona (Cal Poly Pomona), later serving as the university's Southern California campus until it moved in 1950 to Pomona. Voorhis remained in close touch with his school's alumni.\n", "Voorhis also involved himself in the local community. He organized cooperatives among the local ranchers and farmers. When strikes occurred, he would walk the picket lines with the workers. Voorhis gave lectures at Pomona College from 1930 until 1935. He began publishing articles, writing in 1933, \"We could produce plenty for all, but we don't do it ... we will do it only when all producing wealth is owned publicly. ... Incidentally, we would then be living in the kingdom of God.\"\n", "Section::::Political career.\n", "Section::::Political career.:Congressional service.\n", "Voorhis was a candidate for the California State Assembly in 1934, changing his registration from Socialist to Democrat, but was defeated by popular incumbent Herbert Evans despite receiving the backing of writer and Democratic gubernatorial candidate Upton Sinclair. Two years later, he challenged incumbent John Hoeppel for the 12th district Democratic nomination. Hoeppel was weakened by a recent conviction for attempting to sell a nomination to West Point and Voorhis won the Democratic nomination, with Hoeppel finishing in third place. Running as a \"Progressive Roosevelt-Democrat\", Voorhis easily defeated Republican nominee Frederick F. Houser in the general election.\n", "Voorhis was reelected to Congress four times and had one of Congress's most liberal voting records. He supported New Deal initiatives, including Franklin Roosevelt's controversial court packing plan.\n", "In January 1937, Voorhis's first legislative initiative was to propose a dramatic increase in spending for the Works Progress Administration in order to increase employment. While this effort was unsuccessful, Congress, faced with an economic downturn the following year, increased WPA spending beyond the level which Voorhis had sought. While the 75th Congress had in excess of 300 Democrats, many of them were conservative, and Voorhis emerged as a leader of a progressive caucus of some 50 representatives. Voorhis advocated the purchase by the Federal Government of the stock in the Federal Reserve Banks, which was held by the member banks, as a way of financing government expenditures and briefly got President Roosevelt to support the measure until the President's advisers caused Roosevelt to change his mind. Voorhis later allied with future House Banking Committee chairman Wright Patman to force Federal Reserve Banks to pay most of the interest they earned on federal securities to the U.S. Government, rather than to the bank stockholders.\n", "In the run-up to World War II, Voorhis urged neutrality. He proposed enactment of a law which would require a national referendum on whether to go to war. According to Voorhis, laws banning the sale of munitions to foreign nations and forbidding Americans from making loans to other nations for war preparations would keep the United States out of war. In September 1939, when interviewed by \"The New York Times\" for his reaction to the President calling Congress into special session to consider amendments to the Neutrality Act, Voorhis stated that a special session should quickly increase relief to the working poor. In early November 1939, however, Voorhis announced his support for repealing the arms embargo mandated by the Act, at the same time urging that the country remain neutral. Voorhis also opposed a peacetime draft, and supported \"lend-lease\" legislation.\n", "Once war was declared, Voorhis supported the internment of Japanese-Americans, though he suggested that the evacuations be done in as voluntary a manner as possible and that officials be appointed to administer their property to avoid forced sales at bargain prices. During the war, Voorhis advocated more efficiently taxing higher incomes and war profits, planning against postwar unemployment, and planning for the nutritional needs of Americans. Voorhis also opposed dominance of big business in the war effort. Congress, for the most part, ignored Voorhis's pleas.\n", "Voorhis often opposed the petroleum industry, questioning the need for the oil depletion allowance. In 1943, he was told by a Pasadena attorney that the Navy Department was planning to grant Standard Oil exclusive free drilling rights in the vast Elk Hills naval reserve in central California, then thought to be the richest oil reserve outside the Arabian Peninsula. The congressman in a speech from the House floor in May 1943 exposed the deal, which was soon cancelled. The \"Washington Post\" hailed him as a hero, and House Naval Affairs Committee Chairman Carl Vinson of Georgia stated that Voorhis had performed \"the greatest kind of service\". However, the \"Los Angeles Times\" suggested that Voorhis had harmed the war effort by depriving the people of California of gasoline. In 1945, Voorhis fought a bill which would have given oil companies offshore drilling rights. The petroleum industry journal \"Second Issue\" blamed the defeat of the bill on Voorhis. Nixon biographer Roger Morris suggested that these stands led oil companies to give Nixon substantial, but surreptitious, financial assistance during the 1946 campaign against Voorhis.\n", "Section::::Political career.:Record and campaigns.\n", "Voorhis \"temperamentally and philosophically loathed\" Communism. He sponsored the Voorhis Act of 1940, which required political organizations which were controlled by a foreign power or which engaged in military activities to subvert the American government to register with the Justice Department. Voorhis also served as a member of the House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) though \"Time\" magazine stated he could be \"counted upon ... to temper rightist blasts for leftist lambs\".\n", "Voorhis was generally highly regarded by his colleagues and others in Washington. Senator Paul Douglas of Illinois considered Voorhis \"a political saint\", and said of Voorhis that \"[d]riven by conscience, he had a compulsion to master every subject that came before the House, and having mastered it, he spoke his mind.\" Voorhis would make five-minute speeches in the House of Representatives at any opportunity, on matters ranging from local concerns in his district to international monetary issues. The press nicknamed him \"Kid Atlas\", seeming to carry the weight of the world on his shoulders. The press corps also voted him the most honest congressman, and the fifth most intelligent. However, Interior Secretary Harold Ickes described Voorhis's 1943 resignation from HUAC as the representative being \"[w]obbly as usual\".\n", "Voorhis's 12th district leaned Republican, the more so after Voorhis survived an attempt, in 1941, to gerrymander him out of office by removing strong Democratic precincts from the 12th during the decennial redistricting. Nevertheless, Voorhis was re-elected by 13,000 votes in 1942, and by a similar margin two years later. Despite the Republican leanings of his district, Voorhis had not faced any strong opposition prior to 1946. Elected as part of the Roosevelt landslide of 1936, in 1938 he faced an opponent so shy that Voorhis had to introduce him to the crowd at a joint appearance. In 1940, he faced a military school principal, and his 1942 opponent, radio preacher and former Prohibition Party gubernatorial candidate Robert P. Shuler, \"even embarrassed GOP regulars\". In 1944, the 12th district Republicans were bitterly divided, and Voorhis easily triumphed.\n", "Voorhis was a conscientious congressman towards his constituents, careful to remember births, anniversaries, and in-district events. In fact, after the birth of Tricia Nixon near the start of the 1946 campaign, Voorhis's office sent the Nixon family a copy of a government publication called \"Infant Care\", of which congressmen received 150 a month. On April 1, 1946, Richard Nixon sent Voorhis a thank you letter for the pamphlet.\n", "Aside from the act named for him, Voorhis succeeded in enacting few new laws, a fact Nixon used against him in 1946 when he argued that Voorhis's legislation had only \"transferred jurisdiction over the raising of rabbits from one government department to another\". \"The New York Times\" wrote of him in 1947, \"He was ineffectual in terms of practical results.\"\n", "Section::::Political career.:Record and campaigns.:1946 campaign.\n", "As Voorhis served his fifth term in the House, local Republicans searched for a candidate capable of defeating him. Richard Nixon answered the call. Nixon, who was still in the Navy when approached, wrote of Voorhis, \"His 'conservative' reputation must be blasted. But my main efforts are being directed toward building up a positive, progressive group of speeches that tell what we want to do, not what the Democrats have failed to do ... I'm really hopped up over this deal, and I believe we can win.\" However, \"wheelhorse\" Republicans deemed Nixon's campaign hopeless.\n", "As was usual in California at the time, both Nixon and Voorhis cross-filed in the other party's primary, a practice Voorhis had long adopted. Winning both primaries virtually assured election. Each candidate won his own party's primary, with Voorhis garnering a considerable number of votes in the Republican primary, and outpolling Nixon by 7,000 votes overall. Nixon gained momentum, however, when the newspapers pointed out that Voorhis's total percentage of the vote had decreased from 60% in 1944 to 53.5%.\n", "Voorhis had the advantage of incumbency, but this was balanced by other factors favoring Nixon. Due to the press of Congressional business, Voorhis was able to devote only two months to the campaign, while Nixon campaigned in the district for ten months. Voorhis's time was further limited when, while en route to California from Washington D.C. in August, he was forced to have surgery for hemorrhoids in Ogden, Utah. He spent two weeks in an Ogden hotel recuperating from the operation.\n", "Nixon alleged that a vote against Voorhis was \"a vote against the P.A.C. Political Action Committee, affiliated with the Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO), its Communist principles, and its gigantic slush fund.\" The Nixon campaign distributed 25,000 thimbles labeled \"Nixon for Congress/Put the needle in the P.A.C.\"\n", "Voorhis's supposed involvement with and endorsement by the CIO's P.A.C., which was believed to be a Communist front organization, was a major issue in the campaign. Nixon's campaign manager claimed to have proof of Voorhis's involvement with the group. On September 13, the two candidates met at a debate at South Pasadena Junior High School. When Nixon was challenged to produce proof of the allegation, Nixon took from his pocket a local bulletin of the National Citizens Political Action Committee that contained an endorsement of Voorhis. This was a different group, also affiliated with the CIO. While Voorhis's staff was aware of this endorsement, no one had told the representative. Voorhis, confronted with the bulletin, noted that these were two different groups. Nixon responded by reading the names of the boards of directors of the two groups, with many names in common. After the debate, Voorhis asked Congressman Chester E. Holifield for his view of how it had gone, and Holifield responded, \"Jerry, he cut you to pieces.\" Voorhis had been successfully linked with \"the PAC\", though he had refused to accept the endorsement of any PAC unless it renounced Communist influence. Nixon defeated Voorhis by over 15,000 votes and \"Time\" magazine praised the future president for \"politely avoid[ing] personal attacks on his opponent\".\n", "The day after the election, Voorhis issued a concession statement, \"I have given the best years of my life to serving this district in Congress. By the will of the people, that work is ended. I have no regrets about the record I have written.\" In his 1947 book, \"Confessions of a Congressman\", Voorhis attributed his defeat to tremendous amounts of money supposedly spent by the Nixon forces. When Nixon read the book, he commented, \"What I am wondering is where all the money went that we were supposed to have had!\"\n", "Nixon's defeat of Voorhis has been cited as the start of a number of red-baiting campaigns by the future president that later elevated him to the Senate and the Vice-Presidency and eventually put him in position to run for president. Voorhis later deemed himself \"the first victim of the Nixon-Chotiner formula for political success.\" In 1958, Voorhis alleged that voters had received anonymous phone calls alleging that he was a Communist, that newspapers had stated that he was a fellow traveler, and that when Nixon got angry, he would \"do anything\".\n", "In spite of any hard feelings, Voorhis sent Nixon a letter of congratulations in early December 1946. The two men met for an hour at Voorhis's office and parted, according to Voorhis, as friends. Voorhis's final letter as a congressman, on December 31, was to his father, who had been his political adviser throughout his congressional career, \"It has been primarily due to your help, your confidence, your advice ... above all to a feeling I have always had that your hand was on my shoulder. Thanks ... God bless you.\"\n", "Section::::Later life.\n", "After leaving office, Voorhis remained in his Alexandria, Virginia, house, completing his book, \"Confessions of a Congressman\". In early 1947, he was offered the job of executive director of the Cooperative League of the USA. The Voorhis family relocated to Winnetka, Illinois, near the League's Chicago headquarters. The League, which included both consumer and producer cooperatives, had fallen on hard times in the postwar period. Under his leadership, the League's financial position gradually improved and some major cooperatives that had remained aloof from the League were persuaded to join. The League expanded its purview, founding the Group Health Association of America and the National Association of Housing Cooperatives.\n", "Voorhis was urged to run again for Congress against Nixon in 1948 by Stephen Zetterberg, who, when Voorhis declined (in part due to health reasons), himself ran in the Democratic primary. Nixon, facing no opposition in the Republican primary, entered and won the Democratic poll, eliminating Zetterberg from the race and ensuring his re-election.\n", "In 1954, the former congressman led the U.S. delegation to the International Cooperative Alliance congress in Paris, successfully opposing Soviet plans to give greater representation to Eastern European countries, which was seen as a means of eventual communist control of the organization. Voorhis occasionally testified before Congressional committees, usually in opposition to bills which would tax cooperatives. He shut down the League's moribund New York office and opened an office in Los Angeles. Voorhis encouraged the forming of cooperatives in Latin America and in 1963, the first hemisphere-wide conference of cooperatives took place in Montevideo, Uruguay. Stanley Dreyer, Voorhis's eventual successor as executive director, was put in charge of these international operations. In January 1967, Voorhis retired from the League.\n", "Five days after Nixon's defeat in the 1962 California gubernatorial election, Voorhis appeared on TV as a Nixon detractor, with Murray Chotiner and Republican Michigan Congressman Gerald Ford defending the former vice-president on Howard K. Smith's ABC \"\" program, \"The Political Obituary of Richard M. Nixon\". Voorhis complained about the way Nixon had conducted himself in the 1946 race. but was overshadowed by fellow detractor and Nixon nemesis Alger Hiss. Hiss's participation led to such an uproar that sponsors pulled back from underwriting the program, and \"News and Comment\" left the air in the spring of 1963.\n", "Having spent 23 years in Winnetka, Voorhis moved back with his wife to the old 12th district to an apartment in Claremont. After almost a quarter century of silence on his defeat by Nixon, he wrote \"The Strange Case of Richard Milhous Nixon\", a book in which he stated that Nixon was \"quite a ruthless opponent\" whose \"one cardinal and unbreakable rule of conduct\" was \"to win, whatever it takes to do it\". \"I did not expect my loyalty to America's constitutional government to be attacked,\" he wrote.\n", "As the Nixon presidency slowly collapsed, Voorhis spoke out more frequently. In 1972, he said, \"Sour grapes to criticize the man who beat me, but I just wouldn't be human if I said I liked spending the second half of my life as 'the man who Nixon beat'\". After Nixon resigned as President, Voorhis, noted, \"Here is the philosophy of doing-anything-to-win receiving its just and proper reward.\" Voorhis, believing he had been labeled a subversive by Nixon, \"took some satisfaction\" in stating that Nixon himself had been the subversive, seeking, according to Voorhis, to impose \"a virtual dictatorship\" on the country.\n", "In 1972, Voorhis and his wife entered a retirement home in Claremont. Nonetheless, he continued to work on a number of committees and advisory boards. His activities ranged from the California Commission on Aging (appointed by Governor Jerry Brown) to working as a teacher's aide to Tom Hayden's Campaign for Economic Democracy. Voorhis died at the retirement home from emphysema on September 11, 1984. In addition to his widow, he left two sons and a daughter. Fellow Nixon opponent and former California governor Pat Brown eulogized him, saying, \"He was a great man. Not many like him these days.\" Voorhis is buried in Mountain View Cemetery in Altadena, California. His papers are held by the Claremont Colleges' Honnold-Mudd Library Special Collections.\n", "An elementary school in El Monte, California, is named for the former congressman. Cal Poly Pomona considers Voorhis one of its founders and has named a park and an ecological reserve for him.\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- List of members of the House Un-American Activities Committee\n", "Section::::Bibliography.\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Education of the Institution Boy\" (M.A. thesis) 1928\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Story of Voorhis School for Boys\". 1932\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Morale of Democracy\". 1941\n", "BULLET::::- \"Out of Debt, Out of Danger. Proposals for War Finance and Tomorrow's Money\". 1943\n", "BULLET::::- \"Beyond Victory\". 1944\n", "BULLET::::- \"Confessions of a Congressman\", 1947\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Christian in Politics\". 1951\n", "BULLET::::- \"American Cooperatives. Where They Come From, What They Do, Where They are Going\". 1961 (Reprint 1973)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Credit Unions. Basic Cooperatives\". 1965\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Strange Case of Richard Milhous Nixon\". 1972 (Reprint 1973)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Cooperative Enterprise: The Little People's Chance in a World of Bigness\". 1975\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Life and Times of Aurelius Lyman Voorhis\". 1976\n", "BULLET::::- \"Confession of Faith.\" 1978\n", "Section::::Sources.\n", "Other sources\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "Horace Jeremiah Voorhis" ] }, "description": "Congressman", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q344100", "wikidata_label": "Jerry Voorhis", "wikipedia_title": "Jerry Voorhis" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Donald Gallaher\n", "Donald Gallaher (June 25, 1895 – August 14, 1961) was an American actor who appeared in 25 films between 1903 and 1949. He also directed five films, including \"Temple Tower\" (1930). His name is sometimes misspelled \"Gallagher\".\n", "Gallaher was born in Quincy, Illinois. After moving to New York City as a child with his mother, he began acting in productions such as \"A Royal Family\". He had 10 roles in plays before he reached age 12.\n", "Gallaher appeared in the silent film \"The Great Train Robbery\" (1903), and a bit part in the 23-chapter serial \"The Million Dollar Mystery\" (1914). He co-starred with Louis Wolheim and Una Merkel in the two-reeler \"Love's Old Sweet Song\" (1923) filmed in Lee De Forest's Phonofilm sound-on-film process.\n", "Later in life, he produced Broadway plays and directed films, including \"Temple Tower\" (1930), \"June First\" (1931), and \"The Hot Spot\" (1931). \n", "In 1949, using the name Don Gallagher, he served as narrator of the \"ABC Television Players\", a short-lived dramatic anthology series broadcast from Chicago.\n", "On April 13, 1917, Gallaher married actress Beatrice Noyes. They had a son, Donald Gallaher Jr., and divorced on April 1, 1921.\n", "Section::::Selected filmography.\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Great Train Robbery\" (1903)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Eye for Eye\" (1918)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Love's Old Sweet Song\" (1923)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Married in Hollywood\" (1929)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Nix on Dames\" (1929) (director)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Pleasure Crazed\" (1929)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Temple Tower\" (1930) (director)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Six-Gun Trail\" (1938)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Outlaws' Paradise\" (1939)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Magnificent Fraud\" (1939)\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Hemin Mukriyani\n", "Hemin Mukriyani or Hêmin Mukriyānī (1921–1986) was the pen name for Seyed Mohammad-Amin Shaikholislami Mukri, Kurdish poet, journalist, translator, and literary critic.\n", "He was born in the village of Lachin, near Mahabad in 1921. After going through the elementary school of Saadat in Mahabad and completing his religious training at the Shaikh Borhan's Khanaqah in the village of Sharafkand, Hemin joined the Kurdish Resurrection Party (Komeley Jiyanewey Kurd), founded in 1942. This was the first Kurdish political organization with a clear ambition for the establishment of an independent Greater Kurdistan. During the World War II when the Red Army invaded parts of northern Iran, including most of Azarbaijan and parts of Kurdistan, KJK changed its name to Kurdish Democratic Party and declared the first Kurdish republic with Mahabad as its capital. Mukriyani, along with his best friend Abd-al-Rahman Sharafkandi (Hazhar), was named the Kurdish national poet of the Republic of Mahabad, and became the secretary of Haji Baba Shaikh, the prime minister and head of the self-proclaimed Republic. He fled the oppression that followed the downfall of the Republic in December 1946 and he took refuge in Slêmanî in Southern Kurdistan, where he was arrested. He was released after a while. After the agreements of 11 March 1970, which allowed the Kurdish insurgents and Baghdad's central government a four years' respite, Hemin settled down in Baghdad and became an active member of the Kurdish Academy of Science.\n", "Section::::Works.\n", "He contributed regularly to the newspapers Kurdistan, Hawari Kurd (The call of the Kurds), Hawarî nîştiman (The call of the motherland), Girugalî mindalan (The children's babble), Agir (Fire), Halala (Tulip), the organ of the Kurdish Women's Association. After the fall of the Pahlavi monarchy in 1979 in Iran, he set up the Salaha-al-Din Ayyubi Kurdish publishing house in Urmia, which publishes a Kurdish journal called \"Sirwe \"(Breeze), from spring 1985. Mukriyani served as the editor of the journal until his death in 1986.\n", "Section::::Books.\n", "BULLET::::1. \"Tarîk û Rûn\", Collection of Poems, 1974.\n", "BULLET::::2. \"Naley Judaî\", Collections of Poems, 1979.\n", "BULLET::::3. \"Paşerokî Mamosta Hêmin\",A collection of articles, Mahabad, 1983.\n", "Section::::References.\n", "BULLET::::- Hemin in Encyclopaedia Iranica\n", "BULLET::::- Hesami, Karim, Yad-e Hemin, Sweden, 1987.\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "Shaykh al-Islāmī, Sayyid Muḥammad Amīn," ] }, "description": "Kirdish poet and scholar", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q663443", "wikidata_label": "Hemin Mukriyani", "wikipedia_title": "Hemin Mukriyani" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Ben Johnson (Australian footballer)\n", "Ben Johnson (born 5 April 1981) is a former professional Australian rules football player who played for the Collingwood Football Club in the Australian Football League (AFL). \n", "Section::::Football career.\n", "Originally from the former St.Mary's, Johnson was snapped up late in the 1999 AFL Draft, no.62 overall. He started his career with a bang, kicking 3 goals on debut for the Magpies, however, he settled as most first-year players and struggled to play-out in consistent fashion, being dropped mid-season. He established himself as a tough running half-back who could play a key tagging role on the last line of defence. He could find the ball and his kicking that looked ordinary, was efficient.\n", "Johnson became a key player during the 2002 and 2003 Grand Final seasons. He finished top 6 in the best and fairest and was recognised as a top senior player wearing Gavin Brown's number 26. He had over 300 disposals in both the seasons, and played all 25 games in 2003 following 23 games in 2002.\n", "In 2004 however, he had his best year. He was a regular best player in the side, and despite the Magpies loss in form, his increased. He once again played all possible games, and he averaged over 17 touches. He finished equal 2nd in the best and fairest behind winner James Clement by 5 votes, and also polled the most Brownlow Medal votes for the club, with 10. In 2005 he had an interrupted season, with injury concerns after a concussion mid-season, and also a rumoured dispute with coach Mick Malthouse. He only played 13 games, and ended a 77 consecutive games streak.\n", "His 2006 season would be one of his best after a poor 2005, playing all 23 games, and providing great run out of the back line. His dash was recognised early during the year, as he would be at the top of the league in metres gained. Johnson would be awarded the ANZAC Day Medal for being best on ground in the match against Essendon, despite being called \"Craig Johnson\" by the announcer of the medallion. Johnson continued his form consistently through the season, giving him another second place in the Copeland Trophy and averaging more than 23 disposals. He also polled 11 Brownlow Medal votes.\n", "In Round 20, 2007, Johnson received a six match suspension for making forceful front-on contact with Melbourne's Daniel Bell which ended his finals campaign.\n", "His career was on the rocks in 2008 before rebounding to reach some of his best form in the latter stages of 2009 despite suffering a broken leg in the round three loss to Geelong.\n", "Johnson enjoyed a strong 2010 season, culminating in becoming a member of Collingwood's 15th VFL/AFL Premiership. His finals series was particularly memorable, slotting the Magpies' seventh goal on the run, sidestepping Cameron Ling late in the first quarter of the 2010 Preliminary Final victory. He managed to nullify long-standing rival Stephen Milne in both the Grand Final and the Grand Final Replay. Johnson booted Collingwood's second goal of the Replay, and was the only remaining player from Mick Malthouse's first match as coach of Collingwood (round one, 2000, against Hawthorn).\n", "Ben Johnson retired on 15 July 2013.\n", "Following his retirement, at the beginning of 2014 Johnson presented Marley Williams with his number 26 guernsey, reenacting Gavin Brown's presentation of the guernsey to him in 2001.\n", "Section::::Personal life.\n", "In August 2006 Johnson was involved in a drunken brawl outside a hotel in Port Melbourne with then-teammate Chris Tarrant. Both players were fined $5,000 by Collingwood. Johnson was later charged with recklessly causing injury and unlawful assault and appeared before a Magistrate in 2007 but avoided conviction due to his heavy involvement in community service with the TAC.\n", "Section::::Statistics.\n", "! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 2000\n", "! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 2001\n", "! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 2002\n", "! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 2003\n", "! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 2004\n", "! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 2005\n", "! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 2006\n", "! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 2007\n", "! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 2008\n", "! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 2009\n", "! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 2010\n", "! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 2011\n", "! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 2012\n", "! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 2013\n", "! colspan=3| Career\n", "! 235\n", "! 70\n", "! 75\n", "! 2722\n", "! 1409\n", "! 4131\n", "! 930\n", "! 441\n", "! 0.3\n", "! 0.3\n", "! 11.6\n", "! 6.0\n", "! 17.6\n", "! 4.0\n", "! 1.9\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "Australian rules football player", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q4885937", "wikidata_label": "Ben Johnson", "wikipedia_title": "Ben Johnson (Australian footballer)" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Jean-Yves Thériault\n", "Jean-Yves Thériault (Blacky) is the former bassist for Canadian thrash/progressive metal band Voivod. He co-founded the band and appeared on the first six albums – \"War and Pain\", \"Rrröööaaarrr\", \"Killing Technology\", \"Dimension Hatross\", \"Nothingface\", and \"Angel Rat\". He departed the group in 1991 for personal reasons, and went on to co-found The Holy Body Tattoo Dance Society from 1992 to 1999. He composed, produced and engineered the scores for \"White Riot\", \"L'Orage\", \"Poetry & Apocalypse\", and \"Our Brief Eternity\".\n", "In 1997 he released \"The Electronic Voice Phenomena\" CD with Mark Spybey and established the X-voto Recording label.\n", "Thériault made a guest appearance in Brain Scan, a Voivod cover on the latest Martyr album \"Feeding the Abscess\" and performed it live at the release concert at the Montreal Medley in 2006. Thériault co-produced the Negativa self-titled three-song EP with Pierre Rémillard at Wild Studio in St-Zenon, Quebec.\n", "Thériault returned to Voivod in 2008, after releasing a statement on August 26, 2008 regarding his involvement with the band.\n", "Thériault continues to create electroacoustic music. His collaboration \"Hiatus\", created with Australian artist Matt Warren, was presented in conjunction with the photographic work of artists Lena Stuart and Sally Rees at the Richmond, Virginia, InLight Festival on September 5, 2008 .\n", "Thériault composed, produced, recorded and edited the Voivod's 2013 album \"Target Earth\". On July 10, 2014, it was announced that he was forced out of the band, for months he requested meetings regarding the band business and artistic affairs, but was denied such talks by the other members.\n", "Thériault is currently working with Monica Emond on a new artistic project called Coeur Atomique. The duo have since released two songs and video entitled, \"Castle Bravo\" \"The Waste\". Coeur Atomique first album was officially release on July 10, 2017.\n", "Camera Obscura: lights on Voïvod a forthcoming book (2019) revisiting Blacky’s years with the band. The author, Monica Emond, collaborating with Thériault on the musical project Cœur Atomique, bases her critical bio-essay on at-length interviews and exclusive material.\n", "Section::::Equipment.\n", "Section::::Equipment.:Bass guitars.\n", "BULLET::::- Liberatore guitar 1989, 5 strings E-A-D-G-B, dbl J-EMG :: self-custom design\n", "BULLET::::- Liberatore guitar 1987, 4 strings, dbl P-EMG :: self-custom design\n", "BULLET::::- Liberatore guitar 1986, 4 strings Kahler tremolo, dbl P-Dimarzio :: self-custom design\n", "BULLET::::- Fender Precision Bass 1972, 4 strings original (no mod)\n", "Section::::Equipment.:Amps.\n", "1986–1988\n", "BULLET::::- 2 Marshall JCM 800 Head with FX mod by Rick Onslow \n", "BULLET::::- 2 EV Custom 4x15in speaker cabinets\n", "1989–1991\n", "BULLET::::- 1 Marshall Serie 9000 PreAmp\n", "BULLET::::- Crown MicroTech 1200 Head\n", "BULLET::::- 2 EV Custom 4x15in speaker cabinets\n", "2008 to present\n", "BULLET::::- 2 Marshall Serie 9000 PreAmp\n", "BULLET::::- 1 Acoustic 270 Head\n", "BULLET::::- 1 Gallien-Krueger 800RB Head\n", "BULLET::::- 2 Ampeg SVT-810E cabs\n", "Section::::Equipment.:Effects/Pedals.\n", "BULLET::::- Yamaha SPX-90 II\n", "BULLET::::- Ibanez DM-1000 Digital Delay\n", "Section::::Discography.\n", "Coeur Atomique:\n", "BULLET::::- \"Landscape of Emergency I\" 2017 (Coeur Atomique)\n", "Online Free Release:\n", "BULLET::::- \"Castle Bravo\" 2015 (Coeur Atomique)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Waste\" 2015 (Coeur Atomique)\n", "Voivod albums:\n", "BULLET::::- \"War & Pain\" 1984 (Metal Blade Records)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Rrröööaaarrr\" 1986 (Noise Records)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Killing Technology\" 1987 (Noise Records)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Dimension Hatröss\" 1988 (Noise Records)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Nothingface\" 1989 (Mechanic / MCA Records)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Angel Rat\" 1991 (Mechanic / MCA Records)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Target Earth\" 2013 (Century Media Records)\n", "Jean-Yves Thériault albums:\n", "BULLET::::- \"Poetry and Apocalypse\" 1994 (xVoto Recording)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Our Brief Eternity\" 1997 (xVoto Recording)\n", "Collaboration albums:\n", "BULLET::::- \"\" 1997 (Ichor Recordings)\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Coeur Atomique Website\n", "BULLET::::- Website\n", "BULLET::::- Voivod Fan Site\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Carl Tanzler\n", "Carl Tanzler, or sometimes Count Carl von Cosel (February 8, 1877 – July 3, 1952), was a German-born radiology technologist at the Marine-Hospital Service in Key West, Florida. He developed an obsession for a young Cuban-American tuberculosis patient, Elena \"Helen\" Milagro de Hoyos (July 31, 1909 – October 25, 1931), that carried on well after the disease had caused her death. In 1933, almost two years after her death, Tanzler removed Hoyos' body from its tomb, and lived with the corpse at his home for seven years until its discovery by Hoyos' relatives and authorities in 1940.\n", "Section::::Name.\n", "Tanzler went by many names; he was listed as Georg Karl Tänzler on his German marriage certificate. He was listed as Carl Tanzler von Cosel on his United States citizenship papers, and he was listed as Carl Tanzler on his Florida death certificate. Some of his hospital records were signed Count Carl Tanzler von Cosel.\n", "Section::::Early life.\n", "He was born as Karl Tänzler or Georg Karl Tänzler on February 8, 1877 in Dresden, Germany. Around 1920 he married Doris Anna Shafer (1889–1977). Together they had two children: Ayesha Tanzler (1922–1998), and Clarista Tanzler (1924–1934), who died of diphtheria.\n", "Tanzler grew up in Germany. The following \"Editorial Note\" accompanying the autobiographical account \"The Trial Bay Organ: A Product of Wit and Ingenuity\" by \"Carl von Cosel\" in the \"Rosicrucian Digest\" of March and April 1939, gives details about his stay in Australia before and during World War I and his return to Germany after the war:\n", "Tanzler's account of Trial Bay Gaol, his secret building of a sailing boat, etc., is confirmed by Nyanatiloka Mahathera, who mentions that he planned to escape from the Gaol with \"Count Carl von Cosel\" in a sailing boat, and provides other information about the internment of Germans in Australia during World War I.\n", "Tanzler emigrated to the United States in 1926, sailing from Rotterdam on February 6, 1926 to Havana, Cuba. From Cuba he settled in Zephyrhills, Florida, where his sister had already emigrated, and was later joined by his wife and two daughters. Leaving his family behind in Zephyrhills in 1927, he took a job as a radiology technician at the U.S. Marine Hospital in Key West, Florida under the name Carl von Cosel.\n", "During his childhood in Germany, and later while traveling briefly in Genoa, Italy, Tanzler claimed to have been visited by visions of a dead ancestor, Countess Anna Constantia von Cosel, who revealed the face of his true love, an exotic dark-haired woman, to him.\n", "Section::::Maria Elena Milagro de Hoyos.\n", "On April 22, 1930, while working at the Marine Hospital in Key West, Tanzler met Maria Elena \"Helen\" Milagro de Hoyos (1909–1931), a local Cuban-American woman who had been brought to the hospital by her mother for an examination. Tanzler immediately recognized her as the beautiful dark-haired woman that had been revealed to him in his earlier \"visions.\" By all accounts, Hoyos was viewed as a local beauty in Key West.\n", "Elena was the daughter of local cigar maker Francisco \"Pancho\" Hoyos (1883–1934) and Aurora Milagro (1881–1940). She had two sisters, Florinda \"Nana\" Milagro Hoyos (1906–1944), who married Mario Medina (c.1905–1944) and also succumbed to tuberculosis; and Celia Milagro Hoyos (1913–1934). Medina, Nana's husband, was electrocuted trying to rescue a coworker who hit a powerline with his crane at a construction site.\n", "On February 18, 1926, Hoyos married Luis Mesa (1908–?), the son of Caridad and Isaac Mesa. Luis left Hoyos shortly after Hoyos miscarried the couple's child, and moved to Miami. Hoyos was legally married to Mesa at the time of her death.\n", "Hoyos was eventually diagnosed with tuberculosis, a typically fatal disease at the time, that eventually claimed the lives of almost all of her immediate family. Tanzler, with his self-professed medical knowledge, attempted to treat and cure Hoyos with a variety of medicines, as well as x-ray and electrical equipment, that were brought to the Hoyos' home. Tanzler showered Hoyos with gifts of jewelry and clothing, and allegedly professed his love to her, but no evidence has surfaced to show that any of his affection was reciprocated by Hoyos.\n", "Section::::Obsession.\n", "Despite Tanzler's best efforts, Hoyos died of tuberculosis at her parents' home in Key West on October 25, 1931. Tanzler paid for her funeral, and with the permission of her family he then commissioned the construction of an above ground mausoleum in the Key West Cemetery, which he visited almost every night.\n", "One evening in April 1933, Tanzler crept through the cemetery where Hoyos was buried and removed her body from the mausoleum, carting it through the cemetery after dark on a toy wagon, and transporting it to his home. He reportedly said that Hoyos’ spirit would come to him when he would sit by her grave and serenade her corpse with a favorite Spanish song. He also said that she would often tell him to take her from the grave. Tanzler attached the corpse's bones together with wire and coat hangers, and fitted the face with glass eyes. As the skin of the corpse decomposed, Tanzler replaced it with silk cloth soaked in wax and plaster of paris. As the hair fell out of the decomposing scalp, Tanzler fashioned a wig from Hoyos' hair that had been collected by her mother and given to Tanzler not long after her burial in 1931. Tanzler filled the corpse's abdominal and chest cavity with rags to keep the original form, dressed Hoyos' remains in stockings, jewelry, and gloves, and kept the body in his bed. Tanzler also used copious amounts of perfume, disinfectants, and preserving agents, to mask the odor and forestall the effects of the corpse's decomposition.\n", "In October 1940, Hoyos' sister Florinda heard rumors of Tanzler sleeping with the disinterred body of her sister, and confronted Tanzler at his home, where Hoyos' body was eventually discovered (he was also caught dancing with her corpse in front of an open window). Florinda notified the authorities, and Tanzler was arrested and detained. Tanzler was psychiatrically examined, and found mentally competent to stand trial on the charge of \"wantonly and maliciously destroying a grave and removing a body without authorization.\" After a preliminary hearing on October 9, 1940 at the Monroe County Courthouse in Key West, Tanzler was held to answer on the charge, but the case was eventually dropped and he was released, as the statute of limitations for the crime had expired.\n", "Shortly after the corpse's discovery by authorities, Hoyos' body was examined by physicians and pathologists, and put on public display at the Dean-Lopez Funeral Home, where it was viewed by as many as 6,800 people. Hoyos' body was eventually returned to the Key West Cemetery where the remains were buried in an unmarked grave, in a secret location, to prevent further tampering.\n", "The facts underlying the case and the preliminary hearing drew much interest from the media at the time (most notably, from the \"Key West Citizen\" and \"Miami Herald\"), and created a sensation among the public, both regionally and nationwide. The public mood was generally sympathetic to Tanzler, whom many viewed as an eccentric \"romantic\".\n", "Though not reported contemporaneously, research (most notably by authors Harrison and Swicegood) has revealed evidence of Tanzler's necrophilia with Hoyos' corpse. Two physicians (Dr. DePoo and Dr. Foraker) who attended the 1940 autopsy of Hoyos' remains recalled in 1972 that a paper tube had been inserted in the vaginal area of the corpse that allowed for intercourse. Others contend that since no evidence of necrophilia was presented at the 1940 preliminary hearing, and because the physicians' \"proof\" surfaced in 1972, over 30 years after the case had been dismissed, the necrophilia allegation is questionable. While no existing contemporary photographs of the autopsy or photographs taken at the public display show a tube, the necrophilia claim was repeated by the HBO \"Autopsy\" program in 1999.\n", "Section::::Later life and death.\n", "In 1944, Tanzler moved to Pasco County, Florida close to Zephyrhills, Florida, where he wrote an autobiography that appeared in the pulp publication, \"Fantastic Adventures\", in 1947. His home was near his wife Doris, who apparently helped to support Tanzler in his later years. Tanzler received United States citizenship in 1950 in Tampa.\n", "Separated from his obsession, Tanzler used a death mask to create a life-sized effigy of Hoyos, and lived with it until his death on July 3, 1952. His body was discovered on the floor of his home three weeks after his death. He died under the name \"Carl Tanzler\".\n", "It has been recounted that Tanzler was found in the arms of the Hoyos effigy upon discovery of his corpse, but his obituary reported that he died on the floor behind one of his organs. The obituary recounted: \"a metal cylinder on a shelf above a table in it wrapped in silken cloth and a robe was a waxen image\".\n", "It has been written (most notably by Swicegood) that Tanzler had the bodies switched (or that Hoyos's remains were secretly returned to him), and that he died with the real body of Hoyos.\n", "Section::::In popular culture.\n", "Section::::In popular culture.:Exhibits.\n", "BULLET::::- The \"Ripley's Believe It or Not\" museum In Key West, Florida, has an exhibit recreating Elena's body being cared for by Tanzler.\n", "BULLET::::- Portions of the original memorial plaque that was commissioned by Tanzler and affixed to Elena Hoyos's mausoleum have been reassembled and are on display at the Martello Gallery-Key West Art and Historical Museum in Key West.\n", "Section::::In popular culture.:Publications.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Fantastic Adventures\" Tanzler von Cosel, Karl (September 1947); \"The Secret of Elena's Tomb\"\n", "Section::::In popular culture.:Music.\n", "BULLET::::- In 2003, two bands released their musical interpretations of the Tanzler story, And You Will Know Us By the Trail of Dead's \"The Secret of Elena's Tomb\" album, and Sleep Station's \"Von Cosel\" album.\n", "BULLET::::- In 2007, the band \"The Black Dahlia Murder\" released a song titled “Deathmask Divine,” on their \"Nocturnal\" album which tells the story.\n", "BULLET::::- In 2008, the Swedish band ChansoNoir released the EP \"Count Von Cosels Obsession\", with the b-side \"A Cemetery Serenade\" presenting an instrumental piece reenacting Carl Tanzler's organ playing in the tomb.\n", "BULLET::::- In 2013, the band Through The Strip released a song called \"One Moment In Time (Carl Von Cosels Requiem)\" Which featured sound clips from documentaries in the intro. The song is told from the points of view of both Elena Hoyos and Carl Tanzler.\n", "BULLET::::- In 2013, Sharon Needles released the single \"Dead Girls Never Say No\" inspired by Tanzler on her album\" PG-13.\"\n", "Section::::In popular culture.:Television.\n", "BULLET::::- In 2010, an episode of the science-fiction TV drama series \"Fringe\" entitled \"Marionette\" aired, which appeared to be loosely based on the Tanzler story.\n", "BULLET::::- In 2015, the story of Tanzler and Elena Hoyos was featured in an Investigation Discovery series \"True Nightmares\" episode entitled \"Overstay Your Welcome.\"\n", "Section::::In popular culture.:Radio.\n", "BULLET::::- In 2017, the radio program \"This American Life\" aired a story about Tanzler and Hoyos.\n", "Section::::In popular culture.:Podcasts.\n", "BULLET::::- In 2017, the Tanzler story was covered in an episode of \"The Dollop\" podcast.\n", "BULLET::::- In 2018, Carl Tanzler was covered in Episode 88 of the \"Lore\" podcast, \"Crossing the Line.\"\n", "BULLET::::- In 2018, the podcast \"Citation Needed\" released an episode about Tanzler.\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "Carl Tanzler von Cosel", "Carl von Cosel" ] }, "description": "German-born American radiology technologist and erotomaniac", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q66157", "wikidata_label": "Carl Tanzler", "wikipedia_title": "Carl Tanzler" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "P. J. Soles\n", "Pamela Jayne Soles (née Hardon; born July 17, 1950) is a German-born American actress. She made her film debut in 1976 as Norma Watson in Brian De Palma's \"Carrie\" (1976) before portraying Lynda van der Klok in John Carpenter's \"Halloween\" (1978) and Riff Randell in Allan Arkush's \"Rock 'n' Roll High School\" (1979).\n", "She has since appeared in a variety of films including \"Breaking Away\" (1979), \"Private Benjamin\" (1980), \"Stripes\" (1981), \"Sweet Dreams\" (1985), \"Jawbreaker\" (1999) and cult classics like \"The Devil's Rejects\" (2005) and \"Beg\".\n", "Section::::Early life.\n", "Soles was born Pamela Jayne Hardon in Frankfurt, Germany, to an American mother from New Jersey, Nancy Hardon, and a Dutch father from Rotterdam, Cornelis Johannes Hardon II. At the time, her father was working for an international insurance company and the family moved all over the world. Soles lived in Casablanca, Morocco, and Maracaibo, Venezuela, where she learned to speak fluent Spanish, and then Brussels, Belgium, where she went to high school at the International School of Brussels.\n", "Soles attended Briarcliff College in White Plains, New York, later transferring to Georgetown University, and had aspirations to become the first woman ambassador to the Soviet Union. This career goal changed when she visited the Actors Studio in New York City, and Soles was inspired to pursue acting.\n", "Section::::Career.\n", "Soles moved to Manhattan and began acting in commercials and modeling for fashion magazines, and relocated to Los Angeles in 1975. She was among the hundreds of actors auditioning for Brian De Palma and George Lucas in their joint casting session for \"Carrie\" (1976) and \"Star Wars\" (1977).\n", "She originally auditioned for the role of Princess Leia in \"Star Wars\" but the role ultimately went to Carrie Fisher. However, she was cast as Norma Watson in Brian De Palma's \"Carrie\". She starred alongside Sissy Spacek, Nancy Allen, John Travolta and Piper Laurie.\n", "Originally, her character was only supposed to have one line but De Palma expanded her role. Soles was injured on the set during filming, when a blast from a fire hose during the prom scene ruptured her eardrum. \n", "The same year, she reunited with \"Carrie\" co-star John Travolta in Randal Kleiser's television film \"The Boy in the Plastic Bubble\". Subsequently, she went to Georgia to film \"Our Winning Season\" (1978) and met actor Dennis Quaid. They were married in 1978 in Texas on a dude ranch, and both appeared in the comedy film \"Breaking Away\" in 1979.\n", "She is most known for her performance as Lynda van der Klok in the classic horror film \"Halloween\" (1978) directed by John Carpenter, the final victim of the character Michael Myers. Carpenter wanted her for his film \"Halloween\" after seeing \"Carrie\". He wrote the role of Lynda specifically for her because of the way she said the word \"totally\".\n", "The following year, Soles was cast as Riff Randell in the musical comedy film \"Rock 'n' Roll High School\" (1979) with The Ramones. She has a singing credit for a second version of the title song on the movie's soundtrack. She reprised the role of Riff Randell in the artwork for the Local H album \"Whatever Happened to P.J. Soles?\".\n", "In 1980, Soles portrayed Private Wanda Winter in the comedy film \"Private Benjamin\". The following year, she portrayed Bill Murray's girlfriend, Stella Hansen, in the comedy film \"Stripes\".\n", "In 1981, Soles filmed a new scene to be inserted into the television version of \"Halloween\".\n", "In 1985, Soles starred alongside Jessica Lange as Wanda in Karel Reisz's biographical film \"Sweet Dreams\". In 1999, Soles was cast in the black comedy film \"Jawbreaker\". Soles appeared in The Donnas' music video for \"Too Bad About Your Girl\" (2003) as her character Riff Randell from \"Rock 'n' Roll High School\". In 2005, Soles played the victim, Susan, of a family on a murderous rampage in the Rob Zombie movie \"The Devil's Rejects\". In 2012, she starred alongside Barbara Steele, Heather Langenkamp, Camille Keaton and Adrienne King in \"The Butterfly Room\".\n", "In 2018, Soles was cast in a spoken cameo role as a teacher in the direct sequel, \"Halloween\", directed by David Gordon Green.\n", "Section::::Personal life.\n", "She married J. Steven Soles in 1973, when she resided in New York, but then made the move to Los Angeles to work in television and movies. She and Soles subsequently divorced in 1975, although she decided to retain the name P.J. Soles. She was later married to actor Dennis Quaid from 1978 until their divorce in early 1983. Later that same year, she married Skip Holm, who was a stunt pilot on \"The Right Stuff\" (1983). They have a son named Sky (born 1983) and a daughter named Ashley (born 1988). She and Holm were divorced in 1998.\n", "Section::::In popular culture.\n", "BULLET::::- American alternative rock band Local H released an album in 2004 entitled \"Whatever Happened to P.J. Soles?\". The album also includes a song entitled \"P.J. Soles\".\n", "BULLET::::- Soles is the subject of the song \"Sweet Pamela Jayne\" by English rock band \"The Breakdowns\", from their 2014 album \"Rock 'n' Roller Skates\". The song references the film \"Rock 'n' Roll High School\" in its lyrics.\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- P.J. Soles' Official Page(Dead Link)\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "American actress", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q270079", "wikidata_label": "P. J. Soles", "wikipedia_title": "P. J. Soles" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Frankie Yankovic\n", "Frank John \"Frankie\" Yankovic (July 28, 1915October 14, 1998) was an American accordion player and polka musician. Known as \"America's Polka King,\" Yankovic was considered the premier artist to play in the Slovenian style during his long career. He is not related to fellow accordionist \"Weird Al\" Yankovic, although the two have collaborated.\n", "Section::::Background.\n", "Born to Slovene immigrant parents, Yankovic was raised in the Collinwood neighborhood on Cleveland's East Side. He released over 200 recordings in his career. In 1986 he was awarded the first ever Grammy in the Best Polka Recording category. He rarely strayed from Slovenian-style polka, but did record with country guitarist Chet Atkins and pop singer Don Everly. He also recorded a version of the \"Too Fat Polka\" with comedian Drew Carey.\n", "Section::::History.\n", "Yankovic's father, a blacksmith, and his mother, a cook, met in a lumber camp in West Virginia where they both worked. When Yankovic was young, his father moved to Cleveland to escape authorities who learned of his bootlegging, and the rest of the family followed shortly thereafter. While living in Cleveland, he became enthralled by the brass bands that played at Slovenian social functions. His mother took on boarders to help with the family finances, including a man named Max Zelodec who performed Slovenian tunes on a button box. Yankovic acquired an accordion at age 9, and received a few lessons from Zelodec. By the late 1920s, in his early teenage years, he was a working musician, playing for community events. In the 1930s, he formed a business relationship with Joe Trolli and began making radio appearances on stations such as WJAY and WGAR. As his reputation spread, he sought opportunities to make records, but the major labels turned him down. His first records were made for the Yankee and Joliet labels operated by Fred Wolf, and the expenses were paid for by Yankovic himself.\n", "In 1940, he married his first wife June, and they began to raise a family. However, the expenses of family life quickly overcame the incoming money from his music career, so he opened a tavern, calling it the Yankovic Bar. It became a popular hangout for local musicians, and he continued to run it until he sold it in 1948, dedicating himself to the accordion.\n", "Yankovic enlisted in the armed forces in 1943, and cut numerous records while on leave, prior to his departure for Europe. He fought in the Battle of the Bulge where a severe case of frostbite nearly required the amputation of his hands and feet. Fortunately, he was able to beat the resulting gangrene before that became necessary, and was awarded a Purple Heart. The doctors urged him to have his fingers amputated, but he refused, as that would have ended his music career. After getting out of the hospital, he and four other musicians were assigned to special services to entertain the troops, including General George Patton and his Third United States Army.\n", "Yankovic hit the national scene when he earned two platinum singles for \"Just Because\" (1947) and \"Blue Skirt Waltz\" (1949). Others who recorded the Blue Skirt Waltz were the Tunemixers and Guy Lombardo both in 1949, Lawrence Welk (Myron Floren) in 1958, Jim Ed Brown and the Browns in 1960, Hank Thompson in 1962, and Bobby Vinton in 1976. Yankovic found a Bohemian Waltz called \"Cervenou Sukynku,\" (written by Vaclav Blaha) or loosely translated, \"Red Skirt Waltz.\" Yankovic asked Mitchell Parrish (\"Stardust\", \"Sleighride\") to write new lyrics to the melody. Parrish changed \"red\" to \"blue\". Yankovic sold over 2.5 million records and with the Tunemixers version and Guy Lombardo's version, it sold over 4 million records total in 1949. It was the second Cleveland-style song to sell over one million recordings.\n", "Columbia Records initially refused to record \"Just Because\", because other versions of the song had been around for years without much success; only allowing it when Yankovic said that he would buy the first 10,000 records. Yankovic obtained the title of America's Polka King after beating Louis Bashell, Romy Gosz, Harold Loeffelmacher and the Six Fat Dutchmen, Whoopee John Wilfahrt, and Lawrence Duchow in a battle of the bands in Milwaukee at the Milwaukee Arena on June 9, 1948.\n", "In 1970, a house fire destroyed the gold records for \"Just Because\" and \"Blue Skirt Waltz\".\n", "Yankovic also hosted the television series \"Polka Time\" for Buffalo, New York-based WKBW-TV for 26 weeks in 1962. He commuted from Cleveland to host each episode, which aired live. He also hosted a similar show at WGN-TV Chicago at about the same time.\n", "He won a Grammy Award in 1986 for his album \"70 Years of Hits\". He was the first winner in the Polka category. The NARAS (Grammy) organization dropped the category in 2008.\n", "He performed with musical comedian and fellow accordionist \"Weird Al\" Yankovic, although the two are not related. Al, who also performs polka music among many other styles, has jokingly hypothesized that he was given accordion lessons as a child because his parents thought that \"there should be at least one more accordion-playing Yankovic in the world.\" Al performed accordion on \"Who Stole the Kishka?\" on one of Frankie's final records, \"Songs of the Polka King, Vol. 1\". A portion of Frankie's \"The Tick Tock Polka\" is included in the song \"Polka Face\" on Weird Al's \"Alpocalypse\"; it was used as a lead-in for Weird Al's take on \"Tik Tok\" by Ke$ha.\n", "Section::::Death.\n", "Yankovic died on October 14, 1998, in New Port Richey, Florida, from heart failure, at the age of 83. He is buried in Cleveland's Calvary Cemetery. Hundreds of friends, family, his loyal fans and fellow musicians attended his memorial service. At his peak, Yankovic traveled extensively and performed 325 shows a year. He sold 30 million records during his lifetime.\n", "Section::::Hometown square named in his honor.\n", "In Bob Dolgan's 2006 biography of Yankovic, Frankie's longtime drummer Dave Wolnik observed that \"Yankovic didn't have a street named for him in his own hometown\". This launched a campaign by the National Cleveland-Style Polka Hall of Fame and Museum and City Councilman Michael Polensek, and in a ceremony on August 21, 2007, the square at the intersection of Waterloo Rd. and East 152nd St. in Cleveland (), not far from where Yankovic grew up, was named in his honor.\n", "Section::::Former band members.\n", "BULLET::::- Denny Boneck (Milwaukee, WI), stand-up bass and back-up vocals. Played, toured and recorded with Frank as one of the \"Yanks\" from 1970 to 1981.\n", "BULLET::::- Joseph A. Godec upright 3/4 bass player and Frank Godec guitar toured Ely and range 1940-44 and 1951.\n", "BULLET::::- Johnny Pecon - Button Box and Piano Accordion with the original \"Frankie Yankovic and His Yanks\" from 1946 through 1949. Johnny was considered the best polka accordion player of his time.\n", "BULLET::::- Henry \"Hank The Yank\" Bokal - Drummer with the original \"Frankie Yankovic and His Yanks\" from 1941 through 1949.\n", "BULLET::::- Anthony \"Tops\" Cardone was a member of the popular Yankovic Show band that toured in the early 1950s, playing in Hollywood, Las Vegas, and top nightclubs in the United States. Tops played second accordion with Frank's band.\n", "BULLET::::- Georgie Cook - Banjo player, who helped Yankovic establish the \"Cleveland Sound\".\n", "BULLET::::- Joey Miskulin - Began playing with Yankovic in 1962 at the age of 13. This was the start of a relationship that lasted for the next 35 years. Joey developed his skill with the accordion and music while touring with the band. Joey began writing and arranging songs for Yankovic, eventually arranging and producing Yankovic's albums, which included the Grammy Award-winning album \"70 Years of Hits\".\n", "BULLET::::- Jeff Winard - Accomplished accordionist from Milwaukee; traveled with Yankovic in later years.\n", "BULLET::::- Marian \"Lefty\" Bell - played bass with Yankovic. His father was a tenor in the Slovenian operettas in Cleveland\n", "BULLET::::- Steve Kucenski - played 2nd accordion in the late 70s to early 90s.\n", "BULLET::::- Adolph \"Church\" Srnick - long time bass player with Yankovic. Played the stand up 3/4\" bass and also the baby \"electric\" bass from 1945 until he died in 1968\n", "BULLET::::- Eddie \"Teener\" - played banjo with Yankovic off and on from 1953 until his death in 1970. Toured and was featured weekly on his TV show. Co-wrote \"Happy Polka\" with Yankovic, which was written at first as a commercial for the TV show.\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- Slovene Americans\n", "Section::::Further reading.\n", "BULLET::::- Dolgan, Bob (2006). \"America's Polka King: The Real Story of Frankie Yankovic\". Cleveland, OH: Gray & Company, Publishers.\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Sample text from the book \"America's Polka King\" by Bob Dolgan\n", "BULLET::::- Newspaper Article\n", "BULLET::::- Biography on ElvisPelvis.com\n", "BULLET::::- Library of Congress essay on Yankovic.\n", "BULLET::::- Lifetime Achievement Honoree, sample music\n", "BULLET::::- Dennis Kucinich's letter to Clinton in support of awarding Yankovic a National Medal of Arts\n", "BULLET::::- Profile of Frank Yankovic at The Remington Site\n", "BULLET::::- New York Times article on Yankovic's death\n", "BULLET::::- Good 'Early Years' bio at CD Baby\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "Slovenian-American musician", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q150272", "wikidata_label": "Frankie Yankovic", "wikipedia_title": "Frankie Yankovic" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Charles Yerkes\n", "Charles Tyson Yerkes ( ; June 25, 1837 – December 29, 1905) was an American financier. He played a major part in developing mass-transit systems in Chicago and London.\n", "Section::::Philadelphia.\n", "Yerkes was born into a Quaker family in the Northern Liberties, a district adjacent to Philadelphia, on June 25, 1837. His mother died of puerperal fever when he was five years old and shortly thereafter his father was expelled from the Society of Friends for marrying a non-Quaker. After finishing a two-year course at Philadelphia's Central High School, Yerkes began his business career at the age of 17 as a clerk in a local grain brokerage. In 1859, aged 22, he opened his own brokerage firm and joined the Philadelphia stock exchange.\n", "By 1865 he had moved into banking and specialized in selling municipal, state, and government bonds. Relying on his bank president father's connections, his political contacts, and his own acumen, Yerkes gained a name for himself in the local financial and social world. However, while serving as a financial agent for the City of Philadelphia's treasurer, Joseph Marcer, Yerkes risked public money in a large-scale stock speculation. This speculation ended calamitously when the Great Chicago Fire sparked a financial panic. Left insolvent and unable to make payment to the City of Philadelphia, Yerkes was convicted of larceny and sentenced to thirty-three months in Eastern State Penitentiary. \n", "In an attempt to remain out of prison, he attempted to blackmail two influential Pennsylvania politicians. The blackmail plan initially failed, however the damaging information on these politicians was eventually made public and political leaders including then-President Ulysses S. Grant feared that the revelations might harm their prospects in the upcoming elections. Yerkes was promised a pardon if he would deny the accusations he had made. He agreed to these terms and was released after serving seven months in prison.\n", "Section::::Chicago.\n", "In 1881 Yerkes traveled to Fargo in the Dakota Territory in order to obtain a divorce from his wife. Later that year, he remarried and moved to Chicago. There, he opened a stock and grain brokerage but soon became involved with planning the city's public transportation system. In 1886, Yerkes and his business partners used a complex financial deal to take over the North Chicago Street Railway and then proceeded to follow this with a string of further take-overs until he controlled a majority of Chicago's street railway systems on the north and west sides. Yerkes was not averse to using bribery and blackmail to obtain his ends. \n", "In an effort to improve his public image, Yerkes decided in 1892 to bankroll the world's largest telescope after being lobbied by the astronomer George Ellery Hale and University of Chicago president William Rainey Harper. He had initially intended to finance only a telescope but eventually agreed to foot the bill for an entire observatory. He contributed nearly $300,000 to the University of Chicago to establish what would become known as the Yerkes Observatory, located in Williams Bay, Wisconsin.\n", "Yerkes embarked upon a campaign for longer streetcar franchises in 1895, however Illinois governor John Peter Altgeld vetoed the franchise bills. Yerkes renewed the campaign in 1897, and, after a hard-fought battle, secured from the Illinois Legislature a bill granting city councils the right to approve extended franchises. The so-called franchise war then shifted to the Chicago City Council—an arena in which Yerkes ordinarily thrived. A partially reformed council under Mayor Carter Harrison, Jr., however, ultimately defeated Yerkes, with the swing votes coming from aldermen \"Hinky Dink\" Kenna and \"Bathhouse\" John Coughlin.\n", "In 1899, Yerkes sold the majority of his Chicago transport stocks and moved to New York.\n", "Section::::Art collection.\n", "While living in Chicago, Yerkes became an avid art collector, relying on Sarah Tyson Hallowell (1846–1924) to advise him on his purchases. After the Chicago World's Fair in 1893, she tried to interest him in the works of Auguste Rodin, which were part of the loan exhibitor of French art. Because the subject matter was controversial, Yerkes initially turned the works down, but he soon changed his mind and acquired two Rodin marbles, \"Orpheus\" and \"Cupid and Psyche\", for his Chicago mansion, the first two of Rodin's works known to have been sold to an American collector. Yerkes' art collection also included works by the French academic painters, such as \"Pygmalion and Galatea\" by Jean-Léon Gérôme and works by William-Adolphe Bouguereau and members of the Barbizon School. In 1904 he published a two volume catalog of his collection, which by that time was in New York:\n", "BULLET::::- \"Catalogue of paintings and sculpture in the collection of Charles T. Yerkes, esq.\", New York, 1904\n", "Section::::London.\n", "In August 1900, Yerkes became involved in the development of the London underground railway system after riding along the route of one proposed line and surveying the city of London from the summit of Hampstead Heath. He established the Underground Electric Railways Company of London to take control of the District Railway and the partly built Baker Street and Waterloo Railway; Charing Cross, Euston and Hampstead Railway; and Great Northern, Piccadilly and Brompton Railway. Yerkes employed complex financial arrangements similar to those that he had used in America to raise the funds necessary to construct the new lines and electrify the District railway. In one of his last great triumphs, Yerkes managed to thwart an attempt by J. P. Morgan to enter the London underground railway field.\n", "Section::::Death and legacy.\n", "Yerkes died in New York 1905, of kidney disease. The events of Yerkes' life served as a blueprint for the Theodore Dreiser novels, \"The Financier\", \"The Titan\" and \"The Stoic\", in which Yerkes was fictionalized as Frank Cowperwood.\n", "The crater Yerkes on the Moon is named in his honor.\n", "Yerkes and his wife Mary were painted by his favorite artist Jan van Beers (National Portrait Gallery, Washington DC). His wife, the daughter of Thomas Moore of Philadelphia, was also painted in 1892 by the Swiss-born American artist Adolfo Müller-Ury (1862–1947). In 1893 Müller-Ury painted from miniatures portraits of Yerkes' Quaker grandparents, Mr and Mrs Silas Yerkes.\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Chicago \"L\".org\n", "BULLET::::- Detailed history of Charles Yerkes' involvement in the Chicago elevated railways and street car system\n", "BULLET::::- Photograph of Charles Yerkes\n", "BULLET::::- University of Chicago - Biography of Yerkes\n", "BULLET::::- Wall Street Journal Review\n", "BULLET::::- London Transport Museum Photographic Archive\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "Charles T. Yerkes", "Charles Tyson Yerkes" ] }, "description": "American financier", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q1066292", "wikidata_label": "Charles Yerkes", "wikipedia_title": "Charles Yerkes" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Luise Gottsched\n", "Luise Adelgunde Victorie Gottsched (born Kulmus, 11 April 1713 – 26 June 1762) was a German poet, playwright, essayist, and translator, and is often considered one of the founders of modern German theatrical comedy.\n", "Section::::Biography.\n", "She was born in Danzig (Gdańsk), Royal Prussia (a fief of the Crown of Poland). During her lifetime, she was considered one of Europe's leading intellects and one of the most intelligent women of the time. \n", "She became acquainted with her husband, the poet and author Johann Christoph Gottsched, when she sent him some of her own works. He apparently was impressed, and a long correspondence eventually led to marriage. After marriage, Luise continued to write and publish, and was also her husband's faithful helper in his literary labours.\n", "Her uncle was the anatomist Johann Adam Kulmus.\n", "Section::::Works.\n", "She wrote several popular comedies, of which \"Das Testament\" is the best, and translated \"The Spectator\" (9 volumes, 1739–1743), Alexander Pope's \"Rape of the Lock\" (1744) and other English and French works. \n", "After her death her husband edited her \"Sämtliche kleinere Gedichte\" with a memoir (1763).\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "Louise Gottsched", "Luise Adelgunde Victorie Kulmus Gottsched" ] }, "description": "German poet, playwright, essayist and translator", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q65863", "wikidata_label": "Luise Gottsched", "wikipedia_title": "Luise Gottsched" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "John Coughlin (alderman)\n", "John Joseph Coughlin (August 15, 1860 – November 11, 1938), known as \"Bathhouse John\" or \"the Bath\", was an American politician who served as an alderman of the Chicago City Council from 1892 until his death. Representing the 1st ward for the entirety of his tenure, he represented the Chicago Loop and in later years its environs in what was often called the \"world's richest ward\". He was the longest serving alderman in Chicago history until November 2014 when his record was surpassed by Ed Burke of the 14th ward.\n", "Notoriously corrupt, he and longtime fellow alderman Michael Kenna led the Gray Wolves, a group that attracted much scorn from reformers but was able to maintain power for over half a century. He and Kenna were able to control the notorious Levee vice district and were involved in the rise of organized crime in the city, presaging the advent of \"Big Bill\" Thompson and Al Capone. A colorful figure in Chicago politics, he was known in addition to corruption for his outlandish fashion, eccentric poetry, and horse racing.\n", "Section::::Early life.\n", "John Joseph Coughlin was born August 15, 1860 in Chicago to Johanna (née Hanley) and Michael Coughlin. Michael, a native of County Roscommon, had come to the 1st ward in 1857, and owned a moderately-successful grocery at Polk and Wells before it burned down in the Great Chicago Fire. John never seemed concerned about the poverty the fire caused his family, remarking:\n", "Coughlin acquired his nicknames as a result of working in a bathhouse as a masseur. Eventually he was able to purchase a tavern and several bathhouses of his own.\n", "Section::::Political career.\n", "Coughlin's tenure was marked by a large amount of corruption, in which he, Kenna, and 19th ward alderman Johnny Powers led the Gray Wolves, a group of notorious aldermen. In the late 19th century Chicago would award franchises to private companies for construction of such utilities as gas and public transit, the latter of which would prove contentious in Chicago. Businesses seeking such lucrative contracts would bribe and otherwise work with the aldermen in a practice known as \"boodling\". Such antics ultimately led to the creation of the reform organization Municipal Voters' League to run and endorse candidates in opposition to the Gray Wolves. Despite being almost invariably excoriated by the Municipal Voters' League Coughlin himself was re-elected 19 times and never defeated, running unopposed in his last four elections. Indifferent if not enthused about his reputation for corruption, upon being accused of corruption he demanded a retraction not for the charge of graft but for the claim he was born in Waukegan.\n", "Section::::Political career.:Entry into politics.\n", "Coughlin was elected alderman as a Democrat from Chicago's First Ward on April 5, 1892 despite having no prior experience in public service. Coughlin and his partner, fellow First Ward alderman Michael \"Hinky Dink\" Kenna, were known as the \"Lords of the Levee\", a district which was part of their ward. The Levee was known as being a vice-ridden section of Chicago and home to many saloons, gambling dens, prostitutes, pimps, and flop houses.\n", "Section::::Political career.:1894 election.\n", "In 1894 Coughlin was unanimously nominated as the Democratic nominee in what Lloyd Wendt and Herman Kogan would later call \"the briefest political convention in Chicago's history\" and was reported by the \"Chicago Herald\" as lasting \"only a few minutes as the delegates were in a hurry to get away to attend a prize fight.\" However, rival Billy Skakel, who specialized in offering and soliciting gambling on fraudulent stock quotations and hated Coughlin for allowing local Prince Hal Varnell to cut into his turf, formed his own Independent Democratic Party. Working with Sol van Praag, who had ambitions of his own to rule the 1st ward, he ran as a rival to Coughlin for the race\n", "and was endorsed by such publications as \"Mixed Drinks: The Saloon Keepers' Journal\". Fearing for his career despite Kenna's insistence that he would win, Coughlin visited Mayor John Patrick Hopkins, who unsuccessfully asked Skakel to withdraw from the race. Coughlin then presented a petition to get Skakel's name removed from the ballot, which was initially accepted by the election board but would later be overturned by a local judge and backfire on Coughlin. Nevertheless, Kenna\n", "reassured Coughlin of victory and used his organizational skills to bribe the homeless with fifty cents, as much food as desired, and a place to stay for each voter. \n", "Kenna also suggested that Coughlin visit Hopkins once again and remind him of how the duo had helped him. After Hopkins once again pled with Skakel to withdraw to no avail, he ordered the police department in the 1st ward to detain any Skakel supporters seen and to close any saloons supporting Skakel immediately at midnight. Kenna also recruited members of the notorious Quincy Street gang to protect any voters of Coughlin, noting that the police would ignore any tactics used to that effect, preceding von Praag, who had had a similar idea, by a few hours.\n", "Coughlin would win the election with 2,671 votes while independent Republican J. Irving Pearce received 1,261 and Skakel received 1,046. The tactics used in the election received much scorn in the press, with the \"Chicago Tribune\" writing that\n", "\"Bathhouse John's election was secured by methods which would have disgraced even the worst river parishes of Louisiana,\" but neither Coughlin nor Kenna cared about such reception.\n", "Section::::Political career.:1895.\n", "Kenna ran for alderman in 1895, but van Praag and Skakel took vengeance for the events of 1894 and with the help of a controversial franchise to the Ogden Gas Company aided Republican candidate Francis P. Gleason to defeat him. Coughlin retaliated for the loss by introducing an ordinance banning fighting in the city the night before van Praag had a gloved fight scheduled in the ward. Although the ordinance had passed but was found to not be able to stop the fight, the previous ordinance banning only bare-knuckled fighting was argued by attorneys to be able to stop the fight, and Coughlin arranged for the top fighters to be arrested immediately before the semifinals. Knowing of the impending police intervention the fight's manager called it off, damaging the Skakelites' credibility.\n", "The 1895 elections had produced a Republican mayor and a Republican majority in the City Council, both of whom Charles Tyson Yerkes would fight in his efforts to construct the Loop during the Chicago Traction Wars. Kenna, recouping his forces in preparation for the 1897 race, saw that Coughlin would serve as a vital tool for Yerkes, and arranged for an alliance between him and Powers.\n", "As the 1st ward contained the locations of most of the targets of boodling, including the Loop, Coughlin found himself sponsoring most of the corrupt measures. However, Powers had betrayed Coughlin by December, collaborating with Yerkes and the Republican majority to the exclusion of Coughlin and introducing most of Yerkes's ordinances. Coughlin and Kenna took their revenge on Powers by defeating his bid for the chair of the Cook County Democratic Party Central Committee in favor of free silverite Tommy Gahan. Emboldened by this victory Coughlin introduced an ordinance to grant the General Electric Company a streetcar franchise that included Jackson Street, a valuable street that would fetch a high price from Yerkes, passing the ordinance over Mayor George Bell Swift's veto.\n", "Section::::Political career.:1897.\n", "Kenna unseated Gleason in 1897 to take office in the City Council, alongside Carter Harrison Jr. for the mayoralty. In the meantime Yerkes had tired of buying streets individually in the city and wanted to go to the Illinois General Assembly in order to get the State to grant him franchises across the City. This united the reformers, who felt that the City was being deprived of tax dollars, and the corrupt aldermen, who saw their sources of profit vanish, to oppose Yerkes's efforts. Harrison was the leader of this opposition, but while he made Coughlin his leader in the Council he felt as if reformers were better suited to directly attack Yerkes. He decided to make Coughlin the leader of opposition of a bill in the General Assembly to allow the seven gas companies of Chicago to merge into one and form a monopoly. In such capacities Coughlin won some begrudging admiration from the reformers, although he did not fully believe in reform.\n", "Section::::Political career.:First Ward Ball.\n", "Coughlin and Kenna were also the hosts of the First Ward Ball, an annual political fundraiser which brought together safecrackers, sex workers, gangsters, politicians, businessmen, gamblers, and a variety of other types. The event raised more than $50,000 a year for the two First Ward aldermen until it was closed down in 1909 by Mayor Fred Busse. By the time it was banned, the ball was so large that it had to be held in the Chicago Coliseum, the city's major convention center. Besides its notoriety in attracting many unsavory characters it often ended with the police having to curb disorderly conduct bordering on rioting.\n", "Section::::Political career.:Kenna steps down.\n", "In 1923 the number of aldermen a Chicago ward was entitled to was reduced from two to one, in concert with the number of wards being increased from 35 to 50. Kenna stepped down in favor of Coughlin after this change, but remained as 1st ward committeeman.\n", "Section::::Political career.:Prohibition.\n", "Coughlin was opposed to Prohibition, introducing a motion in the Council to praise New York Governor Al Smith for repealing the law enforcing Prohibition and encouraging Illinois to do the same. In anticipation for the ratification of the 21st amendment he introduced an ordinance providing for the licensing of liquor. The Berghoff in his ward was the first bar in Chicago to receive a liquor license after Prohibition was repealed.\n", "Section::::Political career.:Later career.\n", "By 1933 a report on Coughlin's unopposed run in that year's aldermanic election by the Associated Press described him as a \"Vestige of a past era\" and \"the epitome of a vanishing [type of] American\". At that time the longest-serving municipal legislator in the country by his own estimate, he decried that Council business distracted him from his poetry.\n", "After 46 years as alderman of the First Ward, Coughlin died in office at age 78 of pneumonia at Mercy Hospital in Chicago on November 11, 1938. After a vacancy in the position his longtime partner Kenna would assume the office of 1st Ward alderman.\n", "Section::::Personal life.\n", "Coughlin was an eccentric figure in Chicago politics, known for his erratic behavior, flashy fashion, poetry, and horse racing. His boisterous personality and large figure often stood in contrast to the comparative meekness and small stature of his partner Kenna. When Harrison asked Kenna whether Coughlin was crazy or on drugs, Kenna replied that \"John isn't dotty and he ain't full of dope. To tell you th' God's truth, Mr. Mayor, they ain't found a name for it yet.\"\n", "Section::::Personal life.:Fashion.\n", "Having grown up in poverty, Coughlin liked to dress himself in ostentatious fashions, often contracting the services of costumers for vaudevillian actors. He was known to prefer bright colors.\n", "Section::::Personal life.:Poetry.\n", "Coughlin was known for his poetry, which was often considered of dubious quality. Such was his infamy in poetry that it was common practice for Chicagoans to pen doggerel and facetiously credit it to Coughlin, a practice he allowed.\n", "One of his poems, known as \"Dear Midnight of Love\", was penned during a vacation in Denver. Coughlin set the poem to music and had the daughter of a friend sing it after Emma Calve refused, performing it at the Chicago Opera House on October 8.\n", "Section::::Personal life.:Horses.\n", "Coughlin was known for his endeavors in horse racing, and was often successful in it. Ultimately, however, they failed and he died penniless.\n", "Section::::Personal life.:Colorado Springs.\n", "Coughlin opened Zoo Park in Colorado Springs, Colorado in 1906. He had first vacationed in Colorado Springs in 1900 and fell in love with it, spending most of his summers there. One of the main attractions of Zoo Park was an elephant named Princess Alice, which had been granted from Chicago's Lincoln Park Zoo after Coughlin convinced his fellow aldermen that owning another elephant was a waste of taxpayer money. However, the rise of reformers dried up Coughlin's Chicago revenue, and combined with declining attendance at Zoo Park and the destruction by fire of Coughlin's summer residence in 1914 his stay became more difficult, and he ultimately left Colorado for good upon its passing of Prohibition.\n", "Section::::Legacy.\n", "A 2012 retrospective by NBC News Chicago ranked Coughlin and Kenna as the 3rd and 4th most corrupt public officials in Illinois history, behind only William Hale Thompson and Paul Powell.\n", "The last surviving link to Coughlin and Kenna was Anthony C. Laurino, who had served as an assistant precinct captain under their tutelage and would later serve as alderman of the 39th ward from 1965 to 1994, dying in 1999.\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- List of Chicago aldermen since 1923\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "American political boss", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q6227279", "wikidata_label": "John Coughlin", "wikipedia_title": "John Coughlin (alderman)" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Michael Kenna\n", "Michael Kenna ( 1858 – October 9, 1946), also known as \"Hinky Dink\", was an American politician who served as alderman of Chicago's 1st ward from 1897 to 1923 and again from 1939 to 1943. In addition to his position as alderman he was the Democratic party committeeman of the 1st ward from 1893 to 1944. Representing the Chicago Loop and later its environs in such capacities, he led what was often called the \"world's richest ward\". He and his partner, fellow 1st ward alderman \"Bathhouse John\" Coughlin, controlled the ward for most of the first half of the 20th century.\n", "A part of 1st ward politics for more than half a century, Kenna possessed great influence on the municipal affairs of Chicago, being able to make or break the prospects of Democratic candidates for the mayoralty. Possessing such influence despite his short stature and unassuming presence, he and Coughlin constructed a political machine that would last for the better part of the 20th century. In large part with Kenna's help Coughlin would serve as alderman of the ward for 46 years, a citywide record that would stand for nine decades.\n", "On the other hand, he was notoriously corrupt; he, Coughlin, and several other aldermen led what was known as the \"Gray Wolves\", a group that attracted much scorn from reformers and was infamous across the nation and globe. Of particular note were his tactics involving bribing homeless people to vote as desired and performing voter fraud for his candidates. He was also intimate with several figures of organized crime in the city such as William Hale Thompson and Al Capone; he and Coughlin were known as the \"Lords of the Levee\" after the Levee vice district in the 1st ward which provided them with the support of prostitutes, pimps, tavern-owners, and gamblers.\n", "Section::::Early life.\n", "Michael Kenna was born in the late 1850's on DeKoven Street near the area the Great Chicago Fire would start. At age 10 he left school and began selling newspapers. At age 12, by then an orphan, he had borrowed $50 from a barkeeper and purchased a newsstand at the corner of Monroe Street and Dearborn Street. He was so successful that he was able to pay back the loan within a month, and would sell newspapers at the stand until 1877. According to legend, it was at this time that Kenna got the nickname \"Hinky Dink\" from \"Chicago Tribune\" publisher Joseph Medill due to his small stature. Kenna himself professed ignorance of the nickname's origin. In 1879 he moved to Leadville, Colorado to work for a newspaper in the area, returning to Chicago in 1881.\n", "Section::::Political career.\n", "Kenna and Coughlin served as the bosses of the 1st ward for almost half a century. Coughlin was the public face of the machine while Kenna would work in the background. \n", "Section::::Political career.:Early career.\n", "Upon his return to Chicago Kenna opened a saloon on Clark Street known as The Workingman's Exchange where he doled out meals to the indigent in exchange for votes. Above the Workingman's Exchange was the Alaska Hotel, which could provide space for 300 men, up to double that number during elections. \n", "Kenna is noted as a member of the Cook County Democratic Party Central Committee for the 1st ward as of December 21, 1893, serving alongside John P. Leindecker. \n", "An early example of Kenna's organizational prowess was the 1894 aldermanic election. Coughlin was unanimously nominated as the Democratic nominee in what Lloyd Wendt and Herman Kogan would later call \"the briefest political convention in Chicago's history\" and was reported by the \"Chicago Herald\" as lasting \"only a few minutes as the delegates were in a hurry to get away to attend a prize fight.\" However, rival Billy Skakel, who specialized in offering and soliciting gambling on fraudulent stock quotations and hated Coughlin for allowing local Prince Hal Varnell to cut into his turf, formed his own Independent Democratic Party. Working with Sol van Praag, who had ambitions of his own to rule the 1st ward, he ran as a rival to Coughlin for the race and was endorsed by such publications as \"Mixed Drinks: The Saloon Keepers' Journal\". Fearing for his career despite Kenna's insistence that he would win, Coughlin visited Mayor John Patrick Hopkins, who unsuccessfully asked Skakel to withdraw from the race. Coughlin then presented a petition to get Skakel's name removed from the ballot, which was initially accepted by the election board but would later be overturned by a local judge and backfire on Coughlin. Nevertheless, Kenna reassured Coughlin of victory and used his organizational skills to bribe the homeless with fifty cents, as much food as desired, and a place to stay for each voter. Kenna also suggested that Coughlin visit Hopkins once again and remind him of how the duo had helped him. After Hopkins once again pled with Skakel to withdraw to no avail, he ordered the police department in the 1st ward to detain any Skakel supporters seen and to close any saloons supporting Skakel immediately at midnight. Kenna also recruited members of the notorious Quincy Street gang to protect any voters of Coughlin, noting that the police would ignore any tactics used to that effect; in such efforts he preceded van Praag, who had had a similar idea, by a few hours. Coughlin would win the election with 2,671 votes while independent Republican J. Irving Pearce received 1,261 and Skakel received 1,046. The tactics used in the election received much scorn in the press, with the \"Chicago Tribune\" writing that \"Bathhouse John's election was secured by methods which would have disgraced even the worst river parishes of Louisiana,\" but neither Coughlin nor Kenna cared about such reception.\n", "Van Praag and Skakel would get revenge when Kenna ran for alderman in 1895. Prior to the election, the City Council had passed an ordinance granting the dubious Ogden Gas Company the rights to manufacture, distribute, and sell gas for 50 years. This proved an outrage to Chicagoans and would prove a disaster to the local Democratic party and especially Kenna's aldermanic aspirations. Irked about 1894, van Praag and Skakel backed Republican candidate Francis P. Gleason in the race, and a few days before the election Kenna found much of his vote-getting money having been spent to get the Ogden Gas ordinance passed while van Praag had much money of his own. Kenna ended up losing to Gleason by 366 votes. The papers rejoiced in his defeat, with the \"Chicago Tribune\" writing him the following poem:\n", "It was found after the election that van Praag and Skakel had aided Gleason by giving the local GOP the names and addresses of hundreds of Kenna's registered voters, some of whom were deceased.\n", "The 1895 elections had produced a Republican mayor and a Republican majority in the City Council, both of whom Charles Tyson Yerkes would fight in his efforts to construct the Loop during the Chicago Traction Wars. Kenna, recouping his forces in preparation for the 1897 race, saw that Coughlin could be of great use for Yerkes, and arranged for an alliance between him and rival 19th ward alderman John Powers. However, Powers had betrayed Coughlin by December, collaborating with Yerkes and the Republican majority to the exclusion of Coughlin and introducing most of Yerkes's ordinances which by custom should have been introduced by Coughlin. Coughlin and Kenna took their revenge on Powers by defeating his bid for the chair of the Cook County Democratic Party Central Committee in favor of free silverite Tommy Gahan.\n", "Kenna successfully entered the City Council in 1897. That same year Carter Harrison Jr. would be elected mayor in large part due to Kenna's organizational skills in the 1st ward. Kenna repeated his tactics of paying the homeless for votes, much to the horror of the Republican-dominated Special Committee for the Detection and Prevention of Vote Frauds. Despite the best efforts of Republican Congressman William Lorimer to arrest those of dubious voter credentials, Kenna continued to attract homeless voters from other parts of the city.\n", "The Saturday before the election Harry G. Darrow, the proprietor of the new saloon The Bon Ton, issued the following invitation for its grand opening:\n", "Although Coughlin came and socialized with the guests, Kenna and Harrison refused to come. Nevertheless, Kenna openly displayed his gambling affiliation in response to a condemnation to that effect by the reform-minded Municipal Voters' League (MVL), stating \"Sure, I associate with gamblers. Why shouldn't I? I like a good game myself.\" Kenna defeated the incumbent Gleason by 4,373 votes to 1,811 and took office on April 19.\n", "Immediately upon assumption of office as a reward for his work for Harrison he was made Chairman of the Police committee, and was a member of the committees of Railroads; Gas, Oil, and Electricity; the Water Department; Elections; and Markets, which were considered among the best committees of the Council. Kenna made his introduction to the Council by quietly introducing an order for an ambulance division in the police department.\n", "Section::::Political career.:Influence in politics.\n", "After his election to the City Council Kenna's organizational prowess became known nationwide, to the extent that Tammany Hall boss Richard Croker asked his help to get Robert Van Wyck elected as the Mayor of the new City of Greater New York. He succeeded, and Van Wyck won with a plurality of 86,000 votes.\n", "In 1901 he and four other saloonkeepers were arrested for violating ordinances regarding saloon hours. The arrest came after deputy state health inspector Jacob Ball investigated the saloons in the 1st ward and found almost 1,000 homeless people lodged in 18 saloons. The prosecutor in the case, Thomas F. Scully, was unprepared to prosecute the case and Kenna was acquitted by the jury, leading to Scully's suspension from the MVL for thirty days. A 1902 editorial on Coughlin referred to his \"sole claim to even political strength [as] rest[ing] on his being a parasitical partner\" of Kenna.\n", "In the 1911 Chicago mayoral election Kenna backed Harrison, allowing him to get the Democratic nomination. Kenna fell out with Harrison by the time of the next election in 1915, and Harrison was defeated in the Democratic primary.\n", "Section::::Political career.:First Ward Ball.\n", "Coughlin and Kenna were also known for hosting the First Ward Ball, an annual fundraiser which brought together gangsters, safecrackers, prostitutes, politicians, businessmen, gamblers, and other types as well. The event raised more than $50,000 a year for the two men until it was closed down in 1909 by Mayor Fred Busse. By the time it was banned, the ball was so large that it had to be held in the Chicago Coliseum, the city's major convention center. Besides its notoriety in attracting many unsavory characters it often ended with the police having to curb disorderly conduct bordering on rioting.\n", "Section::::Political career.:Prohibition.\n", "Kenna and Coughlin were notably anti-Prohibition; Coughlin had resided in Colorado Springs for a while before he left in some part to protest its enactment of Prohibition. After Prohibition was enacted nationwide The Workingman's Exchange had to close and Kenna ran a cigar store in the meantime.\n", "Section::::Political career.:1st ward committeeman.\n", "In 1923, the number of aldermen per ward was lowered from two to one, and Kenna stepped aside to become a Ward Committeeman, leaving the alderman's position of the 1st ward to Coughlin. Aldermen were elected by their constituents and were paid a salary while Committeeman were elected by precinct captains and were paid from the coffers of their political party. Hinky Dink remained First Ward Committeeman until his death from myocarditis and diabetes at age 89 on October 9, 1946.\n", "Anton Cermak was elected mayor in 1931, and despite the duo's earlier hopes of potential relief under his administration he turned out to spurn the old style of urban feudalism that had characterized their reign. Throughout the 1930s the new Democratic organization gave committemen new powers but also subordinated them to the machine. It limited Coughlin's voting power such that the Municipal Voters' League insisted that he had mellowed his record, to which Coughlin responded with indignation and Kenna jocularly suggested that Coughlin sue them.\n", "In the later years of Coughlin's life it was Kenna who prevented some of the younger members of the 1st ward organization from attempting to take Coughlin's aldermanic seat before his death.\n", "Section::::Political career.:Return to City Council and later years.\n", "Coughlin died of pneumonia on November 11, 1938. Kenna was elected unopposed to fill his vacancy in the following year's aldermanic election. Coughlin's death had caused a surge of factionalism within the 1st ward, and Kenna was thought to be the best candidate to ensure peace. Rich and aging, he had no desire to return to the City Council but was assured that his involvement would be minimal. Three opponents initially tried to contest him, but all had withdrawn by February 9. \n", "He received a special ovation at the inaugural ceremony of the new Council on April 12. He rarely spoke at Council meetings, and soon enough would stop coming altogether, sending his orders of the Council via his secretary Joe Clark. At that point Kenna was a figurehead, being present for name value and with power being held by others within the 1st ward.\n", "Kenna declined reelection to the Council in 1943. Two candidates appeared to take his seat. John Budinger had previously been alderman of the then-4th ward from 1910 to 1912 and a County Commissioner. James McVittie was the other candidate. Both candidates' petitions were contested in court but ultimately approved. Budinger won the election and succeeded Kenna.\n", "Kenna stepped down as 1st ward committeeman in 1944. He endorsed Fred M. Morelli as his successor, and Morelli would be unopposed to succeed him as Democratic leader of the ward.\n", "In 1943 Lloyd Wendt and Herman Kogan released the book \"Lords of the Levee\", which concerns Coughlin and Kenna's exploits. During the research for the book the pair interviewed Kenna and relatives of Coughlin.\n", "Section::::Personal life and death.\n", "Although he left his heirs an estate worth over one million dollars, and an additional thirty-three thousand dollars to be used to erect a mausoleum for his remains to repose in, his heirs took all of the money and bought him an eighty-five dollar tombstone instead.\n", "Section::::Legacy.\n", "A 2012 retrospective by NBC News Chicago ranked Coughlin and Kenna as the 3rd and 4th most corrupt public officials in Illinois history, behind Chicago mayor William Hale Thompson and Illinois Secretary of State Paul Powell.\n", "David K. Fremon, in his book \"Chicago Politics Ward by Ward\", argues that while Coughlin and Kenna \"are generally viewed as living cartoon characters[,]... both were astute men in their time. Were they to appear today [in 1988], they would probably have made their fortunes through law, insurance, or real estate[.]\"\n", "The last surviving link to Coughlin and Kenna was Anthony C. Laurino, who served as an assistant precinct captain under their tutelage and would later serve as alderman of the 39th ward from 1965 to 1994, dying in 1999.\n", "Section::::Legacy.:Subsequent history of the 1st ward.\n", "It was thought that after Kenna stepped down the 1st ward would be moved south and the Loop would be divided across multiple wards. Upon redistricting in 1948, the 1st ward was combined with the erstwhile \"Bloody 20th\" across the Chicago River on its western bank. The 1st ward committeemen of both parties resigned in favor of their counterparts of the old 20th ward, largely due to the fact that the old 20th could have outvoted the old 1st. In 1991 allies of Mayor Richard M. Daley proposed a new redistricting map that renumbered much of the 1st ward as the 42nd ward at the request of businesses in the area, who felt that the 1st ward had gained too much of a negative connotation. The 1st ward itself was moved to West Town, where it remains to this day. As of 2019 the current 42nd ward alderman is Brendan Reilly and the current 1st ward alderman is Daniel La Spata.\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- List of Chicago aldermen since 1923\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "American politician", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q6831830", "wikidata_label": "Michael Kenna", "wikipedia_title": "Michael Kenna" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "George Pullman\n", "George Mortimer Pullman (March 3, 1831 – October 19, 1897) was an American engineer and industrialist. He designed and manufactured the Pullman sleeping car and founded a company town, Pullman, for the workers who manufactured it. His Pullman Company also hired African-American men to staff the Pullman cars, who became known and widely respected as Pullman porters, providing elite service.\n", "Struggling to maintain profitability during an 1894 downturn in manufacturing demand, he halved wages and required workers to spend long hours at the plant, but did not lower prices of rents and goods in his company town. He gained presidential support by Grover Cleveland for the use of federal military troops which left 30 strikers dead in the violent suppression of workers there to end the Pullman Strike of 1894. A national commission was appointed to investigate the strike, which included assessment of operations of the company town. In 1898 the Supreme Court of Illinois ordered the Pullman Company to divest itself of the town, which became a neighbourhood of the city of Chicago.\n", "Section::::Early life.\n", "Pullman was born in 1831 in Brocton, New York, the son of Emily Caroline (Minton) and carpenter James Lewis Pullman. His family moved to Albion, New York, along the Erie Canal in 1845, so his father could help widen the canal. His father had invented a machine using jackscrews that could move buildings or other structures out of the way and onto new foundations and had patented it in 1841. By that time, packet boats carried people on day excursions along the canal, plus travellers and freight craft would be towed across the state along the busy canal.\n", "Pullman attended local schools and helped his father, learning other skills that contributed to his later success. However, the youth dropped out of school. In 1855 his father died. Pullman had first worked as a clerk for a country merchant, but now he took over the family business and a year after his father's death won a contract with the State of New York to move 20 buildings out of the way of the widening canal.\n", "Section::::Career in Chicago.\n", "He moved to Chicago as a young engineer in 1857. Chicago was then a boom town expanding rapidly. Pullman arrived in Chicago as that city prepared to build the nation's first comprehensive sewer system. He soon formed a partnership known as Ely, Smith & Pullman.\n", "Chicago was built on a low-lying bog, and people described the mud in the streets as deep enough to drown a horse. The growing city needed a sewer system, and Pullman's became one of several companies hired to lift multi-story buildings four to six feet—to both allow sewers to be constructed and to improve the foundations. The project would involve effectively raising the street level 6–8 feet, first constructing the sewers at ground level, then covering them. The Ely, Smith & Pullman partnership gained favorable publicity for raising the massive Tremont House, a six-story brick hotel, while the guests remained inside.\n", "Section::::Development of Pullman sleeping car.\n", "He developed a railroad sleeping car, the Pullman sleeper or \"palace car.\" These were designed after the packet boats that travelled the Erie Canal of his youth in Albion. The first one was finished in 1864.\n", "After President Abraham Lincoln was assassinated, Pullman arranged to have his body carried from Washington, D.C. to Springfield on a sleeper, for which he gained national attention, as hundreds of thousands of people lined the route in homage. Lincoln's body was carried on the Presidential train car that Lincoln himself had commissioned that year. Pullman had cars in the train, notably for the President's surviving family. The pullman had a wider wheel set, requiring wider track. And as a result of the many people seeing the Palace car, it became sought after and resulted in a major change to all rail track widths. Orders for his new car began to pour into his company. The sleeping cars proved successful although each cost more than five times the price of a regular railway car. They were marketed as \"luxury for the middle class.\"\n", "In 1867 Pullman introduced his first \"hotel on wheels,\" the \"President\", a sleeper with an attached kitchen and dining car. The food rivaled the best restaurants of the day and the service was impeccable. A year later in 1868, he launched the \"Delmonico\", the world's first sleeping car devoted to fine cuisine. The \"Delmonico\" menu was prepared by chefs from New York's famed Delmonico's Restaurant.\n", "Both the \"President\" and the \"Delmonico\" and subsequent Pullman sleeping cars offered first-rate service. The company hired African-American freedmen as Pullman porters. Many of the men had been former domestic slaves in the South. Their new roles required them to act as porters, waiters, valets, and entertainers, all rolled into one person. As they were paid relatively well and got to travel the country, the position became considered prestigious, and Pullman porters were respected in the black communities.\n", "Pullman believed that if his sleeper cars were to be successful, he needed to provide a wide variety of services to travelers: collecting tickets, selling berths, dispatching wires, fetching sandwiches, mending torn trousers, converting day coaches into sleepers, etc. Pullman believed that former house slaves of the plantation South had the right combination of training to serve the businessmen who would patronize his \"Palace Cars.\" Pullman became the biggest single employer of African Americans in post-Civil War America.\n", "In 1869 Pullman bought out the Detroit Car and Manufacturing Company. He bought the patents and business of his eastern competitor, the Central Transportation Company in 1870. In the spring of 1871, Pullman, Andrew Carnegie, and others bailed out the financially troubled Union Pacific; they took positions on its board of directors. By 1875 the Pullman firm owned $100,000 worth of patents, had 700 cars in operation, and had several hundred thousand dollars in the bank.\n", "In 1887, Pullman designed and established the system of \"vestibuled trains,\" with cars linked by covered gangways instead of open platforms. The vestibules were first put in service on the Pennsylvania Railroad trunk lines.\n", "The French social scientist Paul de Rousiers (1857–1934), who visited Chicago in 1890, wrote of Pullman's manufacturing complex, \"Everything is done in order and with precision. One feels that some brain of superior intelligence, backed by a long technical experience, has thought out every possible detail.\"\n", "Section::::Pullman company town.\n", "In 1880 Pullman bought , near Lake Calumet some south of Chicago, on the Illinois Central Railroad for $800,000. He hired Solon Spencer Beman to design his new plant there. Trying to solve the issue of labor unrest and poverty, he also built a company town adjacent to his factory; it featured housing, shopping areas, churches, theaters, parks, hotel and library for his factory employees. The 1300 original structures were entirely designed by Beman. The centerpiece of the complex was the Administration Building and a man-made lake. The Hotel Florence, named for Pullman's daughter, was built nearby.\n", "Pullman believed that the country air and fine facilities, without agitators, saloons and city vice districts, would result in a happy, loyal workforce. The model planned community became a leading attraction for visitors who attended the World's Columbian Exposition of 1893. It attracted nationwide attention. The national press praised Pullman for his benevolence and vision. According to mortality statistics, it was one of the most healthful places in the world.\n", "The industrialist still expected the town to make money as an enterprise. By 1892 the community, profitable in its own right, was valued at over $5 million. Pullman ruled the town like a feudal baron. He prohibited independent newspapers, public speeches, town meetings or open discussion. His inspectors regularly entered homes to inspect for cleanliness and could terminate workers' leases on ten days' notice. The church stood empty since no approved denomination would pay rent, and no other congregation was allowed. He prohibited private charitable organizations. In 1885 Richard Ely wrote in \"Harper's Weekly\" that the power exercised by Otto Von Bismarck (known as the unifier of modern Germany), was \"utterly insignificant when compared with the ruling authority of the Pullman Palace Car Company in Pullman.\" \n", "The Pullman community is a historic district that has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places.\n", "Marktown, Indiana, Clayton Mark's planned worker community, was developed nearby.\n", "Section::::Pullman strike.\n", "In 1894, when manufacturing demand fell off, Pullman cut jobs and wages and increased working hours in his plant to lower costs and keep profits, but he did not lower rents or prices in the company town. The workers eventually launched a strike. When violence broke out, he gained the support of President Grover Cleveland for the use of United States troops. Cleveland sent in the troops, who harshly suppressed the strike in action that caused many injuries, over the objections of the Illinois governor, John Altgeld.\n", "In the winter of 1893-4, at the start of a depression, Pullman decided to cut wages by 30%. This was not unusual in the age of the robber barons, but he didn't reduce the rent in Pullman, because he had guaranteed his investors a 6% return on their investments in the town. A workman might make $9.07 in a fortnight, and the rent of $9 would be taken directly out of his paycheck, leaving him with just 7 cents to feed his family. One worker later testified: \"I have seen men with families of eight or nine children crying because they got only three or four cents after paying their rent.\" Another described conditions as \"slavery worse than that of Negroes of the South.\"\n", "On May 12, 1894 the workers went on strike.\n", "The American Railway Union was led by Eugene Victor Debs, a pacifist and socialist who later founded the Socialist Party of America and was its candidate for president in five elections. Under the leadership of Debs, sympathetic railroad workers across the nation tied up rail traffic to the Pacific. The so-called \"Debs Rebellion\" had begun.\n", "Arcade Building with strikers and soldiers Debs gave Pullman five days to respond to the union demands but Pullman refused even to negotiate (leading another industrialist to yell, \"The damned idiot ought to arbitrate, arbitrate and arbitrate! ...A man who won't meet his own men halfway is a God-damn fool!\"). Instead, Pullman locked up his home and business and left town.\n", "On June 26, all Pullman cars were cut from trains. When union members were fired, entire rail lines were shut down, and Chicago was besieged. One consequence was a blockade of the federal mail, and Debs agreed to let isolated mail cars into the city. Rail owners mixed mail cars into all their trains however, and then called in the federal government when the mail failed to get through.\n", "Debs could not pacify the pent-up frustrations of the exploited workers, and violence broke out between rioters and the federal troops that were sent to protect the mail. On July 8, soldiers began shooting strikers. That was the beginning of the end of the strike. By the end of the month, 34 people had been killed, the strikers were dispersed, the troops were gone, the courts had sided with the railway owners, and Debs was in jail for contempt of court.\n", "Pullman's reputation was soiled by the strike, and then officially tarnished by the presidential commission that investigated the incident. The national commission report found Pullman's paternalism partly to blame and described Pullman's company town as \"un-American.\" The report condemned Pullman for refusing to negotiate and for the economic hardships he created for workers in the town of Pullman. \"The aesthetic features are admired by visitors, but have little money value to employees, especially when they lack bread.\" The State of Illinois filed suit, and in 1898 the Supreme Court of Illinois forced the Pullman Company to divest ownership in the town, which was annexed to Chicago.\n", "Section::::Death and burial.\n", "In 1897, Pullman died of a heart attack at the age of 66, only three years after the strike. Fearing that some of his former employees or other labor supporters might try to dig up his body, his family arranged for his remains to be placed in a lead-lined mahogany coffin, which was then sealed inside a block of concrete. At the cemetery, a large pit had been dug at the family plot. At its base and walls were 18 inches of reinforced concrete. The coffin was lowered, and covered with asphalt and tarpaper. More concrete was poured on top, followed by a layer of steel rails bolted together at right angles, and another layer of concrete. The entire burial process took two days. His monument, featuring a Corinthian column flanked by curved stone benches, was designed by Solon Spencer Beman, the architect of the company town of Pullman.\n", "Pullman was initiated to the Scottish Rite Freemasonry in the Renovation Lodge No. 97, Albion, New York until he raised the 33rd and highest degree.\n", "Section::::Public projects.\n", "Pullman was identified with various public enterprises, among them the Metropolitan elevated railway system of New York. It was constructed and opened to the public by a corporation of which he was president.\n", "The Pullman Company merged in 1930 with Standard Steel Car Company to become Pullman-Standard, which built its last car for Amtrak in 1982. After delivery the Pullman-Standard plant stayed in limbo, and eventually shut down. In 1987, its remaining assets were absorbed by Bombardier.\n", "Section::::Legacy.\n", "BULLET::::- In his will, George M. Pullman bequeathed $1.2 million to establish the Pullman Free School of Manual Training for the children of employees of the Pullman Palace Car Company and the residents of the neighboring Roseland community. In 1950, the George M. Pullman Educational Foundation succeeded the Pullman Free School of Manual Training, also known as Pullman Tech, after it closed its doors in 1949. Located in Chicago, Illinois, the George M. Pullman Educational Foundation supports college-bound high school seniors with merit-based, need-based scholarships to attend the college of their choice. Since its founding, the Foundation has awarded approximately $30 million to over 13,000 outstanding Cook County students.\n", "BULLET::::- The city of Pullman, Washington is named in his honor. The town expected him to build major railroads in Pullman, but the route went into Spokane.\n", "BULLET::::- The Pullman Memorial Universalist Church (1894) in Albion, New York, was funded and built by Pullman in memory of his parents.\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- Pullman porter\n", "BULLET::::- The Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters, organized after Pullman's death, was a leading African-American union.\n", "Section::::Further reading.\n", "BULLET::::- Dwyer, Michael Middleton. \"Carolands\". Redwood City, CA: San Mateo County Historical Association, 2006.\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Historic Pullman Neighborhood site\n", "BULLET::::- George M. Pullman Educational Foundation\n", "BULLET::::- Carolands\n", "BULLET::::- PBS: Chicago\n", "BULLET::::- Pullman House in Colorado\n", "BULLET::::- 1910 Steel Pullman Business Car\n", "BULLET::::- Chicago Historical Society\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "George Mortimer Pullman", "Geo. M. Pullman", "George Martimer Pullman", "George M. Pulllman", "George M. Pullman", "Geo M. Pullman" ] }, "description": "engineer and businessman from the United States", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q362760", "wikidata_label": "George Pullman", "wikipedia_title": "George Pullman" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Andie MacDowell\n", "Rosalie Anderson MacDowell (born April 21, 1958) is an American actress and fashion model. She made her film debut in 1984's \"\", before receiving critical acclaim for her role in \"Sex, Lies, and Videotape\" (1989), for which she won Independent Spirit Award for Best Female Lead and was nominated for a Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Motion Picture Drama.\n", "MacDowell starred in several notable films, including Golden Globe Award-nominated performances in \"Green Card\" (1990) and \"Four Weddings and a Funeral\" (1994), as well as \"Groundhog Day\" (1993), \"Short Cuts\" (1993), \"Michael\" (1996) and \"Multiplicity\" (1996). She also had roles in a number of less successful movies, including \"The End of Violence\" (1997), \"The Muse\" (1999) and \"Town & Country\" (2001). She later went on to star in a number of independent films, and to play supporting parts in movies such as \"Beauty Shop\" (2005), \"Footloose\" (2011), and \"Magic Mike XXL\" (2015). She received critical acclaim for the 2017 drama film \"Love After Love\".\n", "MacDowell has modeled for Calvin Klein Inc. and has been a spokeswoman for L'Oréal since 1986, celebrating 30 years with the company in 2016.\n", "Section::::Early life.\n", "MacDowell was born in Gaffney, South Carolina, the daughter of Pauline \"Paula\" Johnston (née Oswald), a music teacher, and Marion St. Pierre MacDowell, a lumber executive. Her ancestry includes English, French, Scottish, Irish, and Welsh. Her family owned an Antebellum period summer house in Arden, North Carolina, which has since been made into a bed-and-breakfast named the Blake House Inn. Graffiti from her childhood visits are preserved in an upstairs bedroom closet. Her mother was an alcoholic and her parents divorced when she was six years old. When she was eight, her father remarried to the former Mary Frances Stone; this union lasted until his death. Her mother died prematurely at the age of 53. She attended Winthrop University for two years before moving briefly to Columbia, South Carolina. She was initially spotted by a rep from Wilhelmina Models while on a trip to Los Angeles before she would later sign with Elite Model Management in New York City in 1978.\n", "Section::::Career.\n", "In the early 1980s, MacDowell modelled for \"Vogue\" magazine and appeared in ad campaigns for Yves Saint Laurent, Vassarette, Armani perfume, Sabeth-Row, Mink International, Anne Klein and Bill Blass. A series of billboards in Times Square and national television commercials for Calvin Klein drew attention to her and led to her 1984 film debut in \"\", a role in which her lines were dubbed by Glenn Close because her Southern accent was too pronounced for her to play the role of an Englishwoman. In 1985, she had a supporting part as a doctor in \"St. Elmo's Fire\".\n", "MacDowell studied method acting with teachers from the Actors Studio, in addition to working privately with the renowned coach Harold Guskin. Four years later, director Steven Soderbergh cast her in the independent film \"Sex, Lies, and Videotape\" (1989). Her performance earned her an Independent Spirit Award, a Los Angeles Film Critics Association Award for Best Actress, several other award nominations and led to a series of starring roles in films such as \"Green Card\", \"The Object of Beauty\", and \"Short Cuts\". In the 1990s, MacDowell achieved stardom due to the box office success of director Harold Ramis's 1993 comedy, \"Groundhog Day\", and \"Four Weddings and a Funeral\" (1994), opposite Hugh Grant.\n", "Since 1986, MacDowell has appeared in print and television advertisements for the cosmetic and haircare company L'Oréal. In later years, she has acted primarily on television and in independent films. In 2012, she co-starred in the short-lived ABC Family series \"Jane by Design\". From 2013 to 2015, she starred in the Hallmark Channel family series \"Cedar Cove\". In 2019, she starred in the BBC sitcom \"Cuckoo\".\n", "Section::::Personal life.\n", "MacDowell married rancher and fellow former model Paul Qualley in 1986. The two met while both were posing for Gap ads. They had a son, Justin (born 1986), and two daughters, Rainey (born 1990), named Miss Golden Globe 2012, and Sarah Margaret Qualley (born 1994), an actress. They divorced in 1999. Following her divorce from Qualley, she was in a year-long affair with actor Dennis Quaid. She was married to businessman Rhett Hartzog from November 10, 2001, until their divorce in October 2004.\n", "As of 2013, MacDowell resides in Marina del Rey, California.\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Cybill Shepherd\n", "Cybill Lynne Shepherd (born February 18, 1950) is an American actress, singer, and former model. Shepherd's better-known roles include Jacy in \"The Last Picture Show\" (1971), Kelly in \"The Heartbreak Kid\" (1972), Betsy in \"Taxi Driver\" (1976), Maddie Hayes on \"Moonlighting\" (1985–1989), Cybill Sheridan on \"Cybill\" (1995–1998), Phyllis Kroll on \"The L Word\" (2007–2009), Madeleine Spencer on \"Psych\" (2008–2013), Cassie in the television film \"The Client List\" (2010), and Linette Montgomery on \"The Client List\" (2012–2013).\n", "Section::::Early life and career.\n", "Shepherd was born in Memphis, Tennessee, the daughter of Patty (née Shobe), a homemaker, and William Jennings Shepherd, who managed a home appliance business. Cybill was named using a name blend that referred to her grandfather Cy and her father Bill. Shepherd was \"Miss Teenage Memphis\" at the 1966 Miss Teenage America pageant at age 16, where she won the congeniality award. She competed at the 1968 \"Model of the Year\" contest at age 18, making her a fashion star of the 1960s and resulting in fashion model assignments through high school and afterward.\n", "According to Shepherd's autobiography, a 1970 \"Glamour\" magazine cover caught the eye of film director Peter Bogdanovich. His then-wife, Polly Platt, claimed that when she saw the cover in a check-out line in a Ralphs grocery store in southern California, she said \"That's Jacy\", referring to the role Bogdanovich was casting—and ultimately given to Shepherd—in \"The Last Picture Show\" (1971). \n", "Section::::Early life and career.:First experience of fame.\n", "Her first film was \"The Last Picture Show\", also starring Jeff Bridges and Timothy Bottoms. The film became a critical and box office hit, earning several Academy Awards and nominations. Shepherd was nominated for a Golden Globe. Shepherd was cast opposite Charles Grodin in \"The Heartbreak Kid\" (1972). She played Kelly, a young woman for whom Grodin's character falls while on his honeymoon in Miami. Directed by Elaine May, it was another critical and box office hit.\n", "Also in 1972, Shepherd posed as a Kodak Girl for the camera manufacturer's then-ubiquitous cardboard displays.\n", "In 1974, Shepherd again teamed up with Peter Bogdanovich for the title role in \"Daisy Miller\", based on the Henry James novella. The film—a period piece set in Europe—proved to be a box office failure. That same year, she launched a singing career, releasing her debut studio album \"Cybill Does It...To Cole Porter\" for MCA Records. It was panned by \"Village Voice\" critic Robert Christgau, who wrote in \"\" (1981): \"Her voice is surprisingly pleasant, but you'd never know how these songs sparkle. Since Cole didn't like to . . . do it with (or 'to') women very much, maybe the 'do' is as hostile as it sounds.\"\n", "In 1975, she made her next film, \"At Long Last Love\", a musical which was once again directed by Bogdanovich, but like \"Daisy Miller\", it also flopped. Shepherd returned with good reviews for her work in Martin Scorsese's \"Taxi Driver\" (1976). According to Shepherd, Scorsese had requested a \"Cybill Shepherd type\" for the role. She portrayed an ethereal beauty with whom Robert De Niro's character, Travis Bickle, becomes enthralled.\n", "A series of less successful roles followed, including \"The Lady Vanishes\", the remake of Alfred Hitchcock's 1938 film of the same name. Already sitting in on an acting class taught by Stella Adler, Shepherd was offered work at a dinner theater in Norfolk, VA, and turned to friend Orson Welles for advice. He encouraged her to get experience on stage in front of an audience, anywhere but New York or Los Angeles away from the harsh big-city critics \n", "and so she moved back to her home town of Memphis to work in regional theatre.\n", "Section::::Early life and career.:Return to Hollywood.\n", "In 1982, Shepherd returned to New York and took to the stage soon after, when she played alongside James MacArthur in a theatre tour of \"Lunch Hour\", by Jean Kerr.\n", "The following year, Shepherd went back to Los Angeles and soon won the role of Colleen Champion in the night-time drama, \"The Yellow Rose\" (1983), opposite Sam Elliott. Although critically acclaimed, the series lasted only one season.\n", "A year later, Shepherd was cast as Maddie Hayes on ABC's \"Moonlighting\" (1985–1989), which became the role that defined her career. The producers knew that her role depended on having chemistry with her co-star, and she was involved in the selection of Bruce Willis. A lighthearted combination of mystery and comedy, the series won Shepherd two Golden Globe awards.\n", "She starred in \"Chances Are\" (1989) with Robert Downey Jr. and Ryan O'Neal, receiving excellent reviews. She then reprised her role as Jacy in \"Texasville\" (1990), the sequel to \"The Last Picture Show\" (1971), as the original cast (including director Peter Bogdanovich) reunited 20 years after filming the original. She also appeared in Woody Allen's \"Alice\" (1990), and Eugene Levy's \"Once Upon a Crime\" (1992), as well as several television films.\n", "In 1997, she won her third Golden Globe award for CBS' \"Cybill\" (1995–1998), a television sitcom, in which the title character, Cybill Sheridan, an actress struggling with hammy roles in B movies and bad soap operas, was loosely modeled on herself (including portrayals of her two ex-husbands).\n", "In 2000, Shepherd's bestselling autobiography was published, titled \"Cybill Disobedience: How I Survived Beauty Pageants, Elvis, Sex, Bruce Willis, Lies, Marriage, Motherhood, Hollywood, and the Irrepressible Urge to Say What I Think\", written in collaboration with Aimee Lee Ball. That same year, Shepherd hosted a short-lived syndicated talk show version of the book \"Men Are from Mars, Women Are from Venus\", but left the show in early 2001 and was replaced by Cristina Ferrare, Bo Griffin, Sam Phillips, Drew Pinsky, and Rondell Sheridan. In 2003, she guest-starred on \"8 Simple Rules\" as the sister of Cate Hennessy (portrayed by Katey Sagal). She has played Martha Stewart in two television films: \"\" (2003) and \"\" (2005).\n", "From 2007 until it ended, Shepherd appeared on the Showtime drama, \"The L Word\" as the character Phyllis Kroll for the show's final three seasons. In 2008 she joined the cast of the USA Network television series \"Psych\" as Shawn Spencer's mother, Madeleine Spencer.\n", "On November 7, 2008, Shepherd guest-starred in a February episode of the CBS drama \"Criminal Minds\".\n", "In the fall of 2010 Shepherd appeared in an episode of ABC's new show, \"No Ordinary Family\". and in November of the same year she guest-starred in an episode of CBS' \"$h*! My Dad Says\".\n", "Shepherd appeared alongside Jennifer Love Hewitt in the 2010 television film \"The Client List\" and then in the 2012-13 series based on the film.\n", "In July 2012, Shepherd made her Broadway debut in the revival of Gore Vidal's \"The Best Man\" at the Gerald Schoenfeld Theatre alongside James Earl Jones, John Stamos, John Larroquette, Kristin Davis and Elizabeth Ashley to positive reviews.\n", "Shepherd appeared in \"Do You Believe?\" (2015), a Christian-themed movie produced by Pure Flix Entertainment, the same studio that produced \"God's Not Dead\". She played a mother grieving the death of her daughter.\n", "Section::::Political activism.\n", "Throughout her career, Shepherd has been an outspoken activist for issues such as gay rights and abortion rights. In 2009, she was honored by the Human Rights Campaign in Atlanta to accept one of two National Ally for Equality awards. She has been an advocate for same-sex marriage.\n", "She was present at the opening of the National Civil Rights Museum in her hometown of Memphis, for which she lent some financial support.\n", "Section::::Personal life.\n", "In her autobiography, Shepherd revealed that she called her mother in 1978, crying and unhappy with the way her life and career were going. Her mother replied, \"Cybill, come home.\" Shepherd went home to Memphis, where she met and began dating David M. Ford, a local auto parts dealer and nightclub entertainer. She became pregnant and the couple married that year. Their daughter, Clementine Ford, was born in 1979. The marriage ended in divorce in 1982.\n", "In 1987, Shepherd became pregnant by chiropractor Bruce Oppenheim and married him, giving birth to twins, Cyrus Zachariah and Molly Ariel Shepherd-Oppenheim during the fourth season of \"Moonlighting\". The couple divorced in 1990.\n", "In June 2012, Shepherd became engaged to Andrei Nikolajevic. By 2015, the engagement had been called off.\n", "Section::::Personal life.:Religious beliefs.\n", "Shepherd has previously described herself as \"a goddess-worshipping Christian pagan Buddhist\"; also known as a matriarchal religion.\n", "In October 2014, as part of the publicity for the then upcoming Christian-themed film, \"Do You Believe?\", in which she would be starring, Shepherd revealed that she had returned to her Christian faith.\n", "Section::::Personal life.:Autobiography.\n", "Shepherd made the following claims in her autobiography:\n", "BULLET::::- She dated Elvis Presley in the early 1970s and cared for him, but could not handle his dependence on drugs, and ultimately chose her boyfriend, film director Peter Bogdanovich, over Presley.\n", "BULLET::::- She agreed to a date with actor Jack Nicholson to make Bogdanovich jealous. She later canceled the date, and Nicholson would not speak to her again, except to say, \"Hi\", at a party many years later.\n", "BULLET::::- Robert De Niro asked her out during the filming of \"Taxi Driver\" (1976). She turned him down, and he did not speak to her, except in character, for the rest of the filming. She later said that she regretted turning him down.\n", "BULLET::::- She had a sexual encounter with co-star Don Johnson during the making of the television miniseries \"The Long Hot Summer\" (1985).\n", "BULLET::::- The jazz musician, Stan Getz, \"came on\" to her during a recording session for her album, but she declined, and he did not speak to her again afterward.\n", "BULLET::::- Shepherd and her \"Moonlighting\" co-star Bruce Willis were tempted to become lovers off-screen, but both knew it could hurt the series, and so they agreed not to.\n", "Section::::Award nominations.\n", "Section::::Award nominations.:Emmy Awards.\n", "Nominations:\n", "BULLET::::- 1986 - Outstanding Lead Actress - Drama Series - \"Moonlighting\"\n", "BULLET::::- 1995 - Outstanding Lead Actress - Comedy Series - \"Cybill\"\n", "BULLET::::- 1996 - Outstanding Lead Actress - Comedy Series - \"Cybill\"\n", "BULLET::::- 1997 - Outstanding Lead Actress - Comedy Series - \"Cybill\"\n", "In her autobiography, Shepherd addressed rumors that she was jealous of her co-stars Bruce Willis and Christine Baranski for winning Emmy awards while she has not: \"The grain of truth in this controversy was that of course I was envious. Who doesn't want to win an Emmy?\"\n", "Section::::Award nominations.:Golden Globe Awards.\n", "Wins:\n", "BULLET::::- 1985 - Best Actress in a TV series, Comedy/Musical - \"Moonlighting\"\n", "BULLET::::- 1986 - Best Actress in a TV series, Comedy/Musical - \"Moonlighting\"\n", "BULLET::::- 1995 - Best Actress in a TV series, Comedy/Musical - \"Cybill\"\n", "Nominations:\n", "BULLET::::- 1971 - Most Promising Newcomer (Female) - \"The Last Picture Show\"\n", "BULLET::::- 1987 - Best Actress in a TV series, Comedy/Musical - \"Moonlighting\"\n", "BULLET::::- 1996 - - \"Cybill\"\n", "Section::::Discography.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Cybill Does It...To Cole Porter\" (Paramount, 1974)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Mad About the Boy\" (Tombstone, 1976)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Cybill Getz Better\" (Inner City, 1976)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Vanilla\" (Gold Castle, 1979)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Somewhere Down the Road\" (Gold Castle, 1990)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Talk Memphis to Me\" (Drive Archive, 1997)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Songs from The Cybill Show\" (1999)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Live at the Cinegrill\" (2001)\n", "BULLET::::- \"At Home With Cybill\" (2004)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Jazz Baby Volumes 1–3\" (2005)\n", "Appearances\n", "BULLET::::- \"At Long Last Love\" (soundtrack) (1975)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Moonlighting\" (soundtrack) (1987)\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Time Out New York: Interview with Cybill Shepherd, January 4-10, 2007\n", "BULLET::::- \"Talk Memphis To Me\" - A British Cybill Shepherd fan website\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Johann Wilhelm von Archenholz\n", "Johann Wilhelm Archenholz was born in Langfuhr (Wrzeszcz) near Danzig (Gdańsk) on 3 September 1741. He was a Prussian officer, Professor of History and a publicist. His book about the history of the Seven Years' War (1756–63) was the basis for many reprints, as well as for school books. Archenholz commissioned a Berlin artist, Johann Friedrich Bolt, to produce a copper etching for Archenholz's History of Gustav Vasa of the famous Swedish Nobility. He died in Öjendorf (part of Hamburg today) on 28 February 1812, where a street is named after him today.\n", "Section::::Relevance and Life.\n", "Archenholz' understanding of his role as a publicist was very modern for his times. He strove not to deliver opinions to his readers but instead unbiased facts. His main interest was current politics in Europe as well as their historical development.\n", "In 1791 Archenholz lived in France with his family, publishing German language reports about the French Revolution in his journal \"Minerva\". While at first he agreed with the ideas of the revolution, his view was changed by the ongoing violence. In 1792 he had to flee the country as he was threatened to be beheaded following some of his political papers.\n", "Section::::Publications.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Annalen der britischen Geschichte: d. Jahrs ...\" (1.1789 - 20.1800). Olms, Hildesheim 1997 (Reprint of the Tübingen edition from 1790–1800)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Die Engländer in Indien.\" Dyk, Leipzig 1.1786–3.1788\n", "BULLET::::- \"England und Italien.\" Winter, Heidelberg 1993, (Volume 1–3, Reprint of the Leipzig edition from 1785)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Gemälde der preussischen Armee vor und in dem siebenjährigen Kriege.\" Saur, Munich 1990 (Reprint of the Berlin edition 1791)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Geschichte der Flibustier.\" Edition Fumfei, Berlin 1991, (Reprint of the Tübingen edition 1803)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Geschichte Gustavs Wasa, König von Schweden.\" Saur, Munich 1990/94 (Reprint of the Tübingen edition from 1801)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Geschichte der Verschwörung des Fiesco i.J. 1547.\" s. n., Berlin 1791\n", "BULLET::::- \"Geschichte des Papstes Sixtus V.\" s. n., Berlin 1791\n", "BULLET::::- \"Geschichte des siebenjährigen Krieges in Deutschland von 1756 bis 1763.\" Biblio-Verlag, Osnabrück 1982, (Reprint of the Karlsruhe edition from 1791)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Historische Bemerkungen über die große sittliche Revolution im 16. Jahrhundert.\" s. n., Berlin 1791\n", "BULLET::::- \"Historisches Taschenbuch für Damen.\" Saur, München 1990/1994 (Reprint of the Berlin edition from 1791)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Kleine historische Schiften.\" Schmieder, Karlsruhe 1791\n", "BULLET::::- \"Krieg in der Vendée.\" Dyk, Leipzig 1794 (Band 1–2)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Litteratur und Völkerkunde.\" Göschen, Leipzig 1.1782–5.1786\n", "BULLET::::- \"Die Pariser Jacobiner in ihren Sitzungen.\" Saur, Munich 1991 (Reprint of the Hamburg edition from 1793)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Minerva - Ein Journal historischen und politischen Inhalts\", Berlin, Hamburg 1792 - 1856\n", "BULLET::::- \"Miscellen zur Geschichte des Tages.\" Scriptor-Verlag, Kronberg im Taunus 1979 (Reprint of the Hamburg edition from 1795)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Neue Litteratur und Völkerkunde.\" Olms, Hildesheim 1997 (Reprint of the Leipzig edition from 1.1787 to 5.1791)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Rom und Neapel.\" Manutius-Verlag, Heidelberg 1990 (Reprint of the Leipzig edition from 1790)\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Peter Bogdanovich\n", "Peter Bogdanovich (born July 30, 1939) is an American director, writer, actor, producer, critic and film historian. He is part of the wave of \"New Hollywood\" directors, and his most critically acclaimed and well-known film is the drama \"The Last Picture Show\" (1971).\n", "Bogdanovich also directed the thriller \"Targets\" (1968), the screwball comedy \"What's Up, Doc?\" (1972), the comedy-drama \"Paper Moon\" (1973), \"They All Laughed\" (1981), the drama \"Mask\" (1985), and \"The Cat's Meow\" (2001). His most recent film, \"She's Funny That Way\", was released in 2014.\n", "Section::::Career.\n", "Section::::Career.:Early life.\n", "Bogdanovich was born in Kingston, New York, the son of Herma (née Robinson; 1904–1978) and Borislav Bogdanovich (1899–1970), a painter and pianist. His Austrian-born mother was Jewish (her family moved from Vienna to Zagreb, Yugoslavia in 1932), while his father was a Serbian Orthodox Christian; the two arrived in the U.S. in May 1939. He graduated from New York City's Collegiate School in 1957 and studied acting at the Stella Adler Conservatory. He is fluent in Serbian, having learned it before English.\n", "Section::::Career.:Film critic.\n", "In the early 1960s, Bogdanovich was known as a film programmer at the Museum of Modern Art in New York City. An obsessive cinema-goer, seeing up to 400 movies a year in his youth, Bogdanovich showcased the work of American directors such as Orson Welles and John Ford—whom he later wrote a book about, based on the notes he had produced for the MoMA retrospective of the director—and Howard Hawks. Bogdanovich also brought attention to such forgotten pioneers of American cinema as Allan Dwan. Bogdanovich kept a card file of every film he saw between 1952 and 1970, with complete reviews of every film.\n", "Bogdanovich was influenced by the French critics of the 1950s who wrote for \"Cahiers du Cinéma\", especially critic-turned-director François Truffaut. Before becoming a director himself, he built his reputation as a film writer with articles in \"Esquire\". These articles were collected in \"Pieces of Time\" (1973).\n", "Section::::Career.:Move to Los Angeles and Roger Corman.\n", "In 1966, following the example of \"Cahiers du Cinéma\" critics Truffaut, Jean-Luc Godard, Claude Chabrol and Éric Rohmer who had created the Nouvelle Vague (\"New Wave\") by making their own films, Bogdanovich decided to become a director. With his wife Polly Platt, he headed for Los Angeles, skipping out on the rent in the process.\n", "Intent on breaking into the industry, Bogdanovich would ask publicists for movie premiere and industry party invitations. At one screening, Bogdanovich was viewing a film and director Roger Corman was sitting behind him. The two struck up a conversation when Corman mentioned he liked a cinema piece Bogdanovich wrote for \"Esquire\". Corman offered him a directing job which Bogdanovich accepted immediately. He worked with Corman on \"Targets\", which starred Boris Karloff, and \"Voyage to the Planet of Prehistoric Women\", under the pseudonym Derek Thomas. Bogdanovich later said of the Corman school of filmmaking, \"I went from getting the laundry to directing the picture in three weeks. Altogether, I worked 22 weeks – preproduction, shooting, second unit, cutting, dubbing – I haven't learned as much since.\"\n", "Returning to journalism, Bogdanovich struck up a lifelong friendship with Orson Welles while interviewing him on the set of Mike Nichols's \"Catch-22\" (1970). Bogdanovich played a major role in elucidating Welles and his career with his writings on the actor-director, most notably his book \"This is Orson Welles\" (1992). In the early 1970s, when Welles was having financial problems, Bogdanovich let him stay at his Bel Air mansion for a couple of years.\n", "In 1970, Bogdanovich was commissioned by the American Film Institute to direct a documentary about John Ford for their tribute, \"Directed by John Ford\" (1971). The resulting film included candid interviews with John Wayne, James Stewart and Henry Fonda, and was narrated by Orson Welles. Out of circulation for years due to licensing issues, Bogdanovich and TCM released it in 2006, featuring newer, pristine film clips, and additional interviews with Clint Eastwood, Walter Hill, Harry Carey Jr., Martin Scorsese, Steven Spielberg and others.\n", "Section::::Career.:Three hits.\n", "Much of the inspiration which led Bogdanovich to his cinematic creations came from early viewings of the film \"Citizen Kane\". In an interview with Robert K. Elder, author of \"The Film That Changed My Life\", Bogdanovich explains his appreciation of Orson Welles' work:\n", "It's just not like any other movie you know. It's the first modern film: fragmented, not told straight ahead, jumping around. It anticipates everything that's being done now, and which is thought to be so modern. It's all become really decadent now, but it was certainly fresh then.\n", "The 32-year-old Bogdanovich was hailed by critics as a \"Wellesian\" wunderkind when his best-received film, \"The Last Picture Show\", was released in 1971. The film earned eight Academy Award nominations, including Best Director, and won two statues, for Cloris Leachman and Ben Johnson in the supporting acting categories. Bogdanovich co-wrote the screenplay with Larry McMurtry, and it won the 1971 BAFTA award for Best Screenplay. Bogdanovich cast the 21-year-old model Cybill Shepherd in a major role in the film and fell in love with her, an affair that eventually led to his divorce from Polly Platt, his longtime artistic collaborator and the mother of his two daughters.\n", "Bogdanovich followed up \"The Last Picture Show\" with the popular comedy \"What's Up, Doc?\" (1972), starring Barbra Streisand and Ryan O'Neal, a screwball comedy indebted to Hawks's \"Bringing Up Baby\" (1938) and \"His Girl Friday\" (1940). While he relied on homage to bygone cinema, Bogdanovich solidified his status as one of a new breed of A-list directors that included Academy Award winners Francis Ford Coppola and William Friedkin, with whom he formed The Directors Company. The Directors Company was a generous production deal with Paramount Pictures that essentially gave the directors carte blanche if they kept within budget limitations. It was through this entity that Bogdanovich's \"Paper Moon\" (1973) was produced.\n", "\"Paper Moon\", a Depression-era comedy starring Ryan O'Neal that won his 10-year-old daughter Tatum O'Neal an Oscar as Best Supporting Actress, proved the high-water mark of Bogdanovich's career. Forced to share the profits with his fellow directors, Bogdanovich became dissatisfied with the arrangement. The Directors Company subsequently produced only two more pictures, Coppola's \"The Conversation\" (1974), which was nominated for Best Picture in 1974 alongside \"The Godfather, Part II\", and Bogdanovich's \"Daisy Miller\", which had a lacklustre critical reception.\n", "Section::::Career.:Three flops.\n", "\"Daisy Miller\" (1974) was a disappointment at the box office. \"At Long Last Love\" (1975) and \"Nickelodeon\" (1976) were critical and box office disasters, severely damaging his standing in the film community. Feeling against Bogdanovich began to turn. \"I was dumb. I made a lot of mistakes,\" he said in 1976.\n", "In 1975, he sued Universal for breaching a contract to produce and direct \"Bugsy\".\n", "He took a few years off then returned to directing with a lower budgeted film, \"Saint Jack\" (1979), which was a critical success although not a box office hit. The making of this film marked the end of his romantic relationship with Cybill Shepherd.\n", "Section::::Career.:Dorothy Stratten and \"They All Laughed\".\n", "Bogdanovich's next film was the romantic comedy \"They All Laughed\" (1981), which featured Dorothy Stratten, a former model who began a romantic relationship with Bogdanovich. Stratten was murdered by her estranged husband shortly after filming completed.\n", "Bogdanovich turned back to writing as his directorial career sagged, beginning with \"The Killing of the Unicorn - Dorothy Stratten 1960–1980\", a memoir published in 1984. Teresa Carpenter's \"Death of a Playmate\" article about Dorothy Stratten's murder was published in \"The Village Voice\" and won the 1981 Pulitzer Prize, and while Bogdanovich did not criticize Carpenter's article in his book, she had lambasted both Bogdanovich and Playboy mogul Hugh Hefner, claiming that Stratten was a victim of them as much as of her husband, Paul Snider, who killed her and himself. Carpenter's article served as the basis of Bob Fosse's film \"Star 80\" (1983), in which Bogdanovich, for legal reasons, was portrayed as the fictional director \"Aram Nicholas,\" a sympathetic but possibly misguided and naive character.\n", "Bogdanovich took over distribution of \"They All Laughed\" himself. He later blamed this for why he had to declare bankruptcy in 1985. He declared he had a monthly income of $75,000 and monthly expenses of $200,000.\n", "On December 30, 1988, the 49-year-old Bogdanovich married 20-year-old Louise Stratten, Dorothy's younger sister. The couple divorced in 2001.\n", "Section::::Career.:\"Mask\" and \"Texasville\".\n", "In the early 80s, Bogdanovich wanted to make \"I'll Remember April\" with John Cassavetes and \"The Lady in the Moon\" written with Larry McMurtry. He made the film \"Mask\" instead, released in 1985.\n", "Bogdanovich's 1990 sequel to \"The Last Picture Show\", \"Texasville\", was a critical and box office disappointment.\n", "Both films occasioned major disputes between Bogdanovich, who still demanded a measure of control over his films, and the studios, which controlled the financing and final cut of both films. \"Mask\" was released with a song score by Bob Seger against Bogdanovich's wishes (he favored Bruce Springsteen), and Bogdanovich has often complained that the version of \"Texasville\" that was released was not the film he had intended. A director's cut of \"Mask\", slightly longer and with Springsteen's songs, was belatedly released on DVD in 2006. A director's cut of \"Texasville\" was released on laserdisc, and the theatrical cut was released on DVD by MGM in 2005. Around the time of the release of \"Texasville\", Bogdanovich also revisited his earliest success, \"The Last Picture Show\", and produced a slightly modified director's cut. Since that time, his recut has been the only available version of the film.\n", "Bogdanovich directed two more theatrical films in 1992 and 1993, but their failure kept him off the big screen for several years. One, \"Noises Off...\", based on the Michael Frayn play, has subsequently developed a strong cult following, while the other, \"The Thing Called Love\", is better known as one of River Phoenix's last roles before his untimely death.\n", "In 1997 he declared bankruptcy again.\n", "Bogdanovich, drawing from his encyclopedic knowledge of film history, authored several critically lauded books, including \"Peter Bogdanovich's Movie of the Week\", which offered the lifelong cinephile's commentary on 52 of his favorite films, and \"Who The Devil Made It: Conversations with Legendary Film Directors\" and \"Who the Hell's in It: Conversations with Hollywood's Legendary Actors\", both based on interviews with directors and actors.\n", "Section::::Career.:Later career.\n", "In 2001, Bogdanovich resurfaced with \"The Cat's Meow\". Returning once again to a reworking of the past, this time the supposed murder of director Thomas Ince by Orson Welles's \"bête noire\" William Randolph Hearst, \"The Cat's Meow\" was a modest critical success but made little money at the box office. Bogdanovich says he was told the story of the alleged Ince murder by Welles, who in turn said he heard it from writer Charles Lederer.\n", "In addition to directing some television work, Bogdanovich returned to acting with a recurring guest role on the cable television series \"The Sopranos\", playing Dr. Melfi's psychotherapist, also later directing a fifth-season episode. He also voiced the analyst of Bart Simpson's therapist in an episode of \"The Simpsons\", and appeared as himself in the \"Robots Versus Wrestlers\" episode of \"How I Met Your Mother\" along with Arianna Huffington and Will Shortz. Quentin Tarantino also cast Bogdanovich as a disc jockey in \"\" and \"\". \"Quentin knows, because he's such a movie buff, that when you hear a disc jockey's voice in my pictures, it's always me, sometimes doing different voices,\" said Bogdanovich. \"So he called me and he said, 'I stole your voice from \"The Last Picture Show\" for the rough cut, but I need you to come down and do that voice again for my picture ... '\"\n", "Bogdanovich hosted \"The Essentials\" on Turner Classic Movies, but was replaced in May 2006 by TCM host Robert Osborne and film critic Molly Haskell. Bogdanovich has hosted introductions to movies on Criterion Collection DVDs, and has had a supporting role as a fictional version of himself in the Showtime comedy series \"Out of Order\". He will next appear in \"The Dream Factory\".\n", "In 2006, Bogdanovich joined forces with ClickStar, where he hosts a classic film channel, Peter Bogdanovich's Golden Age of Movies. Bodganovich also writes a blog for the site. In 2003, he appeared in the BBC documentary, \"Easy Riders, Raging Bulls\" and in 2006, he appeared in the documentary \"Wanderlust\".\n", "In 2007, Bogdanovich was presented with an award for outstanding contribution to film preservation by The International Federation of Film Archives (FIAF) at the Toronto International Film Festival.\n", "In 1998, the National Film Preservation Board of the Library of Congress named \"The Last Picture Show\" to the National Film Registry, an honor awarded only to culturally significant films.\n", "In 2010, Bogdanovich joined the directing faculty at the School of Filmmaking at the University of North Carolina School of the Arts. On April 17, 2010, he was awarded the Master of Cinema Award at the 12th Annual RiverRun International Film Festival. In 2011, he was given the Auteur Award by the International Press Academy, which is awarded to filmmakers whose singular vision and unique artistic control over the elements of production give a personal and signature style to their films.\n", "In 2012, Bogdanovich made news with an essay in the \"Hollywood Reporter\", published in the aftermath of the Aurora, Colorado, theater shooting, in which he argued against excessive violence in the movies:\n", "Bogdanovich's most recent film, \"She's Funny That Way\", was released in theaters and on demand in 2014.\n", "Section::::Miscellaneous.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Great Performances\" - episode - James Stewart: A Wonderful Life - Himself (1987)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Great Performances\" - episode - Bacall on Bogart - Himself (1988)\n", "BULLET::::- \"John Wayne Standing Tall\" - TV Movie - Himself (1989)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Ben Johnson: Third Cowboy on the Right\" - Documentary - Himself (1996)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Howard Hawks: American Artist\" - TV Movie documentary - Himself (1997)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Warner Bros. 75th Anniversary: No Guts, No Glory\" - TV Movie documentary - Himself (1998)\n", "BULLET::::- \"John Ford Goes to War\" - Documentary - Himself (2002)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Karloff and Me\" - Documentary - Himself (2006)\n", "BULLET::::- \"American Masters\" - episode - John Ford/John Wayne: The Filmmaker and the Legend - Himself (2006)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Stagecoach: A Story of Redemption\" - Video Documentary - Himself (2006)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Commemoration: Howard Hawks' \"Rio Bravo\"\" - Video short - Himself (2007)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Size of Legends, The Soul of Myth: 7 Part Documentary\" (2009)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Ride, Boldly Ride: The Journey to El Dorado: 7 Part Documentary\" (2009)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Dreaming the Quiet Man\" - Documentary - Himself (2010)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Peter Bogdanovich\" - Stagecoach Criterion Collection Edition Special Feature (2010)\n", "BULLET::::- \"A Film of Firsts: Peter Bogdanovich on Red River\" - Red River Criterion Collection Edition Special Feature (2014)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Hawks and Bogdanovich\" - Red River Criterion Collection Edition Audio excerpts Special Feature (2014)\n", "Section::::Miscellaneous.:Unmade films.\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Criminals\" (1966) - a World War Two film for Roger Corman\n", "BULLET::::- \"Lonesome Dove\" (1972) - a Western from a script by Larry McMurtry who turned it into the best selling novel\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Apple Tree\" (early 1970s) from a script by Gavin Lambert based on the story by John Galsworthy\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Girl with the Silver Eyes\" (1974) based on novel by Dashiell Hammett\n", "BULLET::::- \"Twelve's a Crowd\" (early 1980s) with Keith Carradine and Colleen Camp\n", "BULLET::::- \"I'll Remember April\" with Colleen Camp, John Cassavetes and Charles Aznavour\n", "BULLET::::- remake of \"Detour\" (1945)\n", "BULLET::::- remake of \"Brewster's Millions\" (early 1980s) with John Ritter\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Lady in the Moon\" (early 1980s) from a script by Larry McMurtry\n", "BULLET::::- \"Private Lives\" with Elizabeth Taylor and Richard Burton from the play by Noël Coward (early 1980s - they later appeared in it on stage)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Paradise Road\" (late 1980s) from a novel by David Scott Milton to star Frank Sinatra set in Las Vegas\n", "BULLET::::- \"Turn of the Century\" (2013) based on Kurt Anderson novel\n", "Bogdanovich was also fired off \"Duck, You Sucker!\" and \"Another You\" (1991), the latter while during filming. He turned down directing \"A Glimpse of Tiger\", \"The Getaway\" (1972), \"King of the Gypsies\" (1978), \"Heaven Can Wait\" (1978), \"The Hurricane\" (1979) and \"Popeye\" (1980). He also turned down the role played by Dabney Coleman in \"Tootsie\" (1982). He also directed a scene in the John Cassavetes film \"Love Streams\" (1984).\n", "Section::::Books.\n", "Books by Peter Bogdanovich:\n", "BULLET::::- 1961: \"The Cinema of Orson Welles\". New York: Museum of Modern Art Film Library. .\n", "BULLET::::- 1962: \"The Cinema of Howard Hawks\". New York: Museum of Modern Art Film Library. .\n", "BULLET::::- 1963: \"The Cinema of Alfred Hitchcock\". New York: Museum of Modern Art Film Library. .\n", "BULLET::::- 1967: \"John Ford\". London: Studio Vista. . Expanded edition: Berkeley: University of California, 1978. .\n", "BULLET::::- 1967: \"Fritz Lang in America\". London: Studio Vista. ; New York: Praeger. .\n", "BULLET::::- 1970: \"Allan Dwan: The Last Pioneer\". Inglaterra: Studio Vista. .\n", "BULLET::::- 1973: \"Pieces of Time\". New York: Arbor House. . Expanded edition, 1985: \"Pieces of Time: Peter Bogdanovich on the Movies, 1961-1985\". .\n", "BULLET::::- 1984: \"The Killing Of The Unicorn - Dorothy Stratten 1960-1980\". William Morrow and Company. .\n", "BULLET::::- 1992: \"This is Orson Welles\". HarperPerennial. .\n", "BULLET::::- 1995: \"A Moment with Miss Gish\". Santa Barbara: Santa Teresa Press. .\n", "BULLET::::- 1997: \"Who The Devil Made It: Conversations with Legendary Film Directors\". Alfred A. Knopf. .\n", "BULLET::::- 1999: \"Peter Bogdanovich's Movie of the Week\". New York: Ballantine Books. .\n", "BULLET::::- 2004: \"Who the Hell's in It: Conversations with Hollywood's Legendary Actors\". New York: Alfred A. Knopf. .\n", "Section::::Audio commentaries.\n", "Section::::Audio commentaries.:Director's commentaries.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Targets\"\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Last Picture Show\" (one solo commentary, and one with actors Cybill Shepherd, Randy Quaid, Cloris Leachman and Frank Marshall)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Sopranos\" (TV series) (episode \"Sentimental Education\")\n", "BULLET::::- \"What's Up, Doc?\"\n", "BULLET::::- \"Paper Moon\"\n", "BULLET::::- \"Daisy Miller\"\n", "BULLET::::- \"Nickelodeon\"\n", "BULLET::::- \"Saint Jack\"\n", "BULLET::::- \"They All Laughed\"\n", "BULLET::::- \"Mask\"\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Thing Called Love\"\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Cat's Meow\"\n", "BULLET::::- \"She's Funny That Way\" (with co-writer/producer Louise Stratten)\n", "Section::::Audio commentaries.:Scholarly commentaries.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Bringing Up Baby\"\n", "BULLET::::- \"Citizen Kane\"\n", "BULLET::::- \"Clash by Night\", with audio interview excerpts of director Fritz Lang\n", "BULLET::::- \"El Dorado\"\n", "BULLET::::- \"Fury\", with audio interview excerpts of director Fritz Lang\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Lady from Shanghai\"\n", "BULLET::::- \"Land of the Pharaohs\", with audio interview excepts of director Howard Hawks\n", "BULLET::::- \"M\", with digital transfer supervisor Torsten Kaiser and restoration supervisor Martin Koerber, plus audio interview excerpts of director Fritz Lang\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance\"\n", "BULLET::::- \"Othello\", with Orson Welles scholar Myron Meisel, on the Criterion Collection edition of the film\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Rules of the Game\", reading commentary written by film scholar Alexander Sesonske, on the Criterion Collection edition of the film\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Searchers\"\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Sopranos\" (TV series) (episode \"Pilot\") with \"Sopranos\" creator David Chase\n", "BULLET::::- \"Strangers on a Train\", with \"Psycho\" screenwriter Joseph Stefano, Patricia Highsmith biographer Andrew Wilson and other participants\n", "BULLET::::- \"To Catch a Thief\", with film historian Laurent Bouzereau\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Third Man\", on the Criterion Collection edition of the film\n", "BULLET::::- \"Make Way for Tomorrow\", on the Criterion Collection edition of the film\n", "Section::::Honours.\n", "BULLET::::- Commander of the Order of Saint James of the Sword, Portugal (13 May 1999)\n", "Section::::References.\n", "BULLET::::- Yule, Andrew, \"Picture Shows: The Life and Films of Peter Bogdanovich\", Limelight, 1992\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- , movie clip compilation, 4 minutes\n", "BULLET::::- 1Bogdanovich's \"Who the Hell's in It?\" reviewed in \"Seattle Weekly\"\n", "BULLET::::- Bogdanovich's blog at indiewire\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Johanna Schopenhauer\n", "Johanna Schopenhauer (née Trosiener; July 9, 1766 – April 17, 1838) was a German author. She is today known primarily for being the mother of Arthur Schopenhauer.\n", "Section::::Biography.\n", "Johanna Schopenhauer was born in Gdańsk, the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland, to a family of middle-class merchants of Dutch extraction. Her father, Christian Heinrich Trosiener, was also a councilor in the city. She was a precocious girl, sensitive to art and with great talent to learn foreign languages. Before turning 10, she already knew Polish, French, and English apart from her native German.\n", "The young Johanna had aspirations to become a painter, a desire her parents nipped right at the bud, considering it improper that a girl of her class exercised \"a trade.\"\n", "At 18 years of age she married Heinrich Floris Schopenhauer, a much wealthier merchant twenty years her senior. He was to become the father of her two children, Arthur and Adele Schopenhauer, who were born in 1788 and 1797, respectively. In her autobiography, in which Johanna promised to tell the facts of her life \"without poetry\", Johanna makes clear that she \"no more pretended ardent love to him than he demanded it\". She denies, however, that she came under pressure from her parents to marry Heinrich Floris. On the contrary, she subtly admits that what attracted her to a union with him was his social rank and the possibilities that his wealth could open to her. The marriage was stable, but from the beginning Johanna felt that her happiness and that of her husband depended on her resignation to his will.\n", "One year after her husband's death in 1805, Johanna and her daughter moved to Weimar, a town where Johanna had neither relatives nor close friends and which was, moreover, about to be the stage of war between Prussia and the invading troops of Napoleon. Despite the fact that Johanna did not know of the imminent risk of war, she refused to leave the city when the situation became clear, as transportation was only available to her and her daughter, and her servants would have to be left to their own fate.\n", "During the war, Johanna was quite active in providing services to those who were in need, nursing German soldiers and giving asylum to less fortunate citizens, whose houses had been taken over by French soldiers. With that, she quickly became a popular figure in Weimar.\n", "After the war, she gained a high reputation as a \"salonnière\" (as she had planned before she left Hamburg), and for years to come there attended her semiweekly parties several literary celebrities: Wieland, the Schlegel brothers August and Friedrich, Tieck, and, above all, Goethe, whose connaissance was probably what attracted Johanna to Weimar in the first place. Goethe's endorsement was a big factor behind Johanna's social success, and it greatly contributed to their friendship the fact that Johanna was the first upper-class woman in Weimar to open the doors of her house to Christiane Vulpius, Goethe's mistress, who had hitherto been excluded from the shining social scene of the city owing not only to her lowly background, but also to the fact that Goethe and Vulpius were no more than lovers, despite living together.\n", "At first, Arthur Schopenhauer chose to stay in Hamburg. At that moment he had every intention to fulfill a promise made to his father, that of concluding his merchant apprenticeship, however much that pained him and however much he would have preferred to study Philosophy. Johanna encouraged her son to leave these studies behind and follow his desire to become a scholar.\n", "Mother and son, however, did not get along. In letters written to Schopenhauer, Johanna makes it very clear how distressed she was at her son's pessimism, his arrogance, and his imperious ways. (Schopenhauer's own letters to his mother were destroyed by her.) When, in 1809, Schopenhauer finally moved to Weimar, he established himself, not in his mother's house, but in that of his young instructor, Franz Passow, as it was the mother's impression that living under the same roof as her son was a bad idea. In 1813, she finally allowed him to move into her house, renting him a room, but the arrangement was soon broken after frequent arguments; the pivot was Johanna's friendship with another lodger, a younger man called Georg von Gerstenbergk.\n", "After 1814, mother and son never met again. All the communication between the two was from then on through letters, but even this was interrupted after Johanna read a correspondence from Schopenhauer to his sister Adele, where he blamed their mother for the death of their father, understood to have been by suicide, accusing her of going to amuse herself at parties while Heinrich Floris was bedridden, sick and abandoned to the care of a loyal employee. In 1819, however, Schopenhauer made an attempt to approach his family. That year, the Schopenhauer ladies lost most of their fortune in a banking crisis. Schopenhauer volunteered to share with them the inheritance he received from his father, but Johanna refused the offer.\n", "It was only in 1831 that the correspondence between mother and son resumed. It was Schopenhauer who took the first step, motivated, apparently, by his many difficulties: from the failure to sell his books to his bodily ailments. The correspondence continued sporadically until Johanna's death in 1838. Despite the cordial tone of the last communications between Johanna and Arthur, the latter continued to speak ill of her even after her death, making little of Johanna's mother skills and painting her as a thoroughly self-centered woman. For her part, in her will Johanna made Adele her sole heir. But this was probably motivated, not so much to slight the son, but in recognition that the daughter would be in greater difficulties in future years, since Schopenhauer not only managed to conserve his part of the fatherly inheritance but even doubled it, whereas Adele would have few resources at her disposal, something in which the spendthrift Johanna had no small role.\n", "In Weimar Johanna Schopenhauer made a name as an author. She was the first German woman to publish books without a pseudonym, and from the late 1810s to the early 1830s, her works turned her into the most famous female author in Germany. In 1831, her books received a second edition, and the collection filled no less than 24 volumes. Despite all this production, her critical acclaim and commercial success, Johanna was never able to make up for the financial losses of the 1810s. Unable to maintain their lifestyle in Weimar, and also for health reasons, Johanna and Adele moved to Bonn. In the mid-1830s, Johanna's fame declined and their financial situation worsened. Almost without resources, Johanna wrote to the Duke of Weimar detailing her plight. In 1837 the Duke, in recognition of Johanna's fame and contributions to the city's culture, offered her a small pension and invited her to move to Jena. There, Johanna died the following year. She left incomplete the manuscript of a last work, her autobiography, which narrates her early life until shortly after Arthur's birth.\n", "Section::::Works.\n", "Not long after her arrival in Weimar Johanna began to publish her writings, consisting of articles on paintings with special attention on Jan van Eyck's work. In 1810, she published her first book: a biography of her friend Karl Ludwig Fernow, who had died two years before. She wrote the book with the generous intention to pay Fernow's heirs' debts with his editor. The work met with critical success, which encouraged Johanna to pursue a career as an author, on which her livelihood and that of Adele would depend after the aforementioned financial crisis. First came the publication of her travelogues. Prior to Heinrich Floris' death, the family made trips through Western Europe, mostly in order to help Arthur, then a teenager, develop the skills of a merchant. But the trips were also of great use to Johanna, serving as raw material for her travelogues, which were very successful at the time they were published, decades later. (In 1990, her travelogue to England and Scotland was translated into English by Chapman & Hall — Johanna's only book to be introduced to the Anglophone world since the turn to the 20th century.) Then came her fiction work, which, for a little more than a decade, turned her into the most famous woman author in Germany. The following are her best known novels: \"Gabriele\" (1819), \"Die Tante\" (1823) and \"Sidonia\" (1827).\n", "Section::::Sources.\n", "BULLET::::- Safranski, Rüdiger (1990) \"Schopenhauer and the Wild Years of Philosophy\". Harvard University Press,\n", "Section::::Further reading.\n", "BULLET::::- Frost, Laura: \"Johanna Schopenhauer; ein Frauenleben aus der klassischen Zeit\", Berlin 1905.\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Article on Johanna Schopenhauer\n", "BULLET::::- Fragments of the English translation of Johanna Schopenhauer's autobiography.\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Assata Shakur\n", "Assata Olugbala Shakur (born JoAnne Deborah Byron; July 16, 1947, sometimes referred to by her married surname Chesimard) is a former member of the Black Liberation Army, who was convicted of the first-degree murder of State Trooper Werner Foerster during a shootout on the New Jersey Turnpike in 1973. Shakur was also the target of the FBI's COINTELPRO program, a counterintelligence program directed towards Black Liberation groups and activists.\n", "Born in Flushing, Queens, she grew up in New York City and Wilmington, North Carolina. After she ran away from home several times, her aunt, who would later act as one of her lawyers, took her in. She became involved in political activism at Borough of Manhattan Community College and City College of New York. After graduation, she began using the name Assata Shakur, and briefly joined the Black Panther Party. She then joined the Black Liberation Army, a loosely-knit offshoot of the Black Panthers which led an armed struggle against the US government through tactics such as robbing banks and killing police officers and drug dealers.\n", "Between 1971 and 1973, she was charged with several crimes and was the subject of a multi-state manhunt. In May 1973, Shakur was arrested after being wounded in a shootout on the New Jersey Turnpike. Also involved in the shootout were New Jersey State Troopers Werner Foerster and James Harper and BLA members Sundiata Acoli and Zayd Malik Shakur. Harper was wounded; Zayd was killed; Foerster was killed by Acoli. Between 1973 and 1977, she was charged with murder, attempted murder, armed robbery, bank robbery, and kidnapping in relation to the shootout and six other incidents. She was acquitted on three of the charges and three were dismissed. In 1977, she was convicted of the murder of Foerster (under New Jersey law the prosecution did not need to prove that Shakur fired the shots that killed either Foerster or Zayd Shakur) and of seven other felonies related to the shootout, in a trial her supporters argue was unfair.\n", "While serving a life sentence for murder, she escaped from prison in 1979, later surfacing in Cuba in 1984 where she was granted political asylum.\n", "Shakur has lived in Cuba since 1984, despite US government efforts to have her returned. The FBI has added her to its list of most-wanted terrorists as Joanne Deborah Chesimard.\n", "Section::::Early life and education.\n", "Assata Shakur was born Joanne Deborah Byron, in Flushing, Queens, New York City, on July 16, 1947. She lived for three years with her mother, school teacher Doris E. Johnson, and retired grandparents, Lula and Frank Hill. In 1950, Shakur's parents divorced and she moved with her grandparents to Wilmington, North Carolina. Shakur moved back to Queens with her mother and stepfather after elementary school, attending Parsons Junior High School. However, she still frequently visited her grandparents in the south. The family struggled financially and argued frequently; Shakur spent little time at home. She often ran away, staying with strangers and working for short periods of time, until she was taken in by her mother's sister Evelyn A. Williams, a civil rights worker, who lived in Manhattan. She has said that her aunt was the heroine of her childhood, as she was constantly introducing her to new things. She said that her aunt was \"very sophisticated and knew all kinds of things. She was right up my alley because i [sic] was forever asking all kinds of questions. I wanted to know everything.\" Williams often took her to museums, theaters, and art galleries, and the conflicts that did rise between the two were typically due to Shakur's habit of lying.\n", "Shakur converted to Roman Catholicism as a child and attended the all-girls Cathedral High School, for six months before transferring to public high school, which she attended until she dropped out. Shakur is no longer Catholic. She later earned a General Educational Development (GED) with her aunt's help. Often there were few, or no other black students in her high school class. Shakur later wrote teachers seemed surprised when she answered a question in class, as if not expecting black people to be intelligent and engaged, and what she was taught a sugar-coated version of history that ignored the oppression suffered by people of color, especially in the United States. In her autobiography she later wrote: \"I didn’t know what a fool they had made out of me until I grew up and started to read real history\".\n", "Shakur attended Borough of Manhattan Community College (BMCC) and then the City College of New York (CCNY) in the mid-1960s, where she was involved in many political activities, protests, and sit-ins. She was arrested for the first time—with 100 other BMCC students—in 1967, on charges of trespassing. The students had chained and locked the entrance to a college building to protest low numbers of black faculty and the absence of a black studies program. In April 1967, she married Louis Chesimard, a fellow student-activist at CCNY. The married life ended within a year; they divorced in December 1970. Shakur's marriage receives one paragraph in her memoir, she wrote that it ended over their differing views of gender roles.\n", "Section::::Black Panther Party and Black Liberation Army.\n", "After graduation from CCNY, Shakur moved to Oakland, California and joined the Black Panther Party (BPP). In Oakland, Shakur worked with the Black Panther Party to organize protests and community education programs. After returning to New York City, Shakur led the BPP chapter in Harlem, coordinating the Free Breakfast Program for children, free clinics, and community outreach. She soon left the party, disliking the macho behavior of the men and believing that the BPP lacked knowledge and understanding of United States black history. Shakur then joined the Black Liberation Army (BLA), an offshoot of the BPP whose members, inspired by the Vietcong and the Battle of Algiers, led a campaign of terrorist activities against the U.S. government using tactics such as planting bombs, holding up banks and murdering drug dealers and police.\n", "She began using the name Assata Olugbala Shakur in 1971, rejecting Joanne Chesimard as a \"slave name\". Assata is a West African name, derived from the Arabic name Aisha, said to mean \"she who struggles\", while Shakur means \"thankful one\" in Arabic. Olugbala means \"savior\" in Yoruba. She now identified as an African and felt her old name no longer fit: \"It sounded so strange when people called me Joanne. It really had nothing to do with me. I didn’t feel like no Joanne, or no negro, or no amerikan. I felt like an African woman\".\n", "Section::::Allegations and manhunt.\n", "On April 6, 1971, Shakur was shot in the stomach during a struggle with a guest at the Statler Hilton Hotel in Midtown Manhattan. According to police, Shakur knocked on the door of a guest's room, asked \"Is there a party going on here?\" then displayed a revolver and demanded money. In 1987, Shakur confirmed to a journalist that there was a drug connection to this incident but refused to elaborate.\n", "She was booked on charges of attempted robbery, felonious assault, reckless endangerment, and possession of a deadly weapon, then released on bail. Shakur is alleged to have said that she was glad that she had been shot since, afterward, she was no longer afraid to be shot again.\n", "Following an August 23, 1971, bank robbery in Queens, Shakur was sought for questioning. A photograph of a woman (who was later alleged to be Shakur) wearing thick-rimmed black glasses, with a high hairdo pulled tightly over her head, and pointing a gun, was widely displayed in banks. The New York Clearing House Association paid for full-page ads displaying material about Shakur. In 1987, when asked in Cuba about police allegations that the BLA funded themselves through bank robberies and theft, Shakur responded, \"There were expropriations, there were bank robberies.\"\n", "On December 21, 1971, Shakur was named by the New York City Police Department as one of four suspects in a hand grenade attack that destroyed a police car and slightly injured two patrolmen in Maspeth, Queens; a 13-state alarm was issued three days after the attack when a witness identified Shakur and Andrew Jackson from Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) photographs. Law enforcement officials in Atlanta, Georgia said that Shakur and Jackson had lived together in Atlanta for several months in the summer of 1971.\n", "Shakur was one of those wanted for questioning for wounding a police officer attempting to serve a traffic summons in Brooklyn on January 26, 1972. After an $89,000 Brooklyn bank robbery on March 1, 1972, a \"Daily News\" headline asked: \"Was that JoAnne?\"; Shakur was also wanted for questioning after a September 1, 1972, Bronx bank robbery. Based on FBI photographs, Monsignor John Powis alleged that Shakur was involved in an armed robbery at his Our Lady of the Presentation Church in Brownsville, Brooklyn, on September 14, 1972.\n", "In 1972, Shakur became the subject of a nationwide manhunt after the FBI alleged that she led a Black Liberation Army cell that had conducted a \"series of cold-blooded murders of New York City police officers\". The FBI said these included the \"execution style murders\" of New York City Police Officers Joseph Piagentini and Waverly Jones on May 21, 1971, and NYPD officers Gregory Foster and Rocco Laurie on January 28, 1972. Shakur was alleged to have been directly involved with the Foster and Laurie murders, and involved tangentially with the Piagentini and Jones murders. In Cuba, Shakur was asked about the BLA's alleged involvement in the killings of police officers; Shakur responded that \"In reality, armed struggle historically has been used by people to liberate themselves... But the question lies in when do people use armed struggle... There were people [in the BLA] who absolutely took the position that it was just time to resist, and if black people didn't start to fight back against police brutality and didn't start to wage armed resistance, we would be annihilated.\"\n", "Some sources identify Shakur as the \"de facto\" head of the BLA after the arrest of co-founder Dhoruba Moore. Robert Daley, Deputy Commissioner of the New York City Police, for example, described Shakur as \"the final wanted fugitive, the soul of the gang, the mother hen who kept them together, kept them moving, kept them shooting\". Years later, some police officers argued that her importance in the BLA had been exaggerated by the police, with one saying that they themselves had created a \"myth\" to \"demonize\" Shakur because she was \"educated\", \"young and pretty\".\n", "As of February 17, 1972, when Shakur was identified as one of four BLA members on a short trip to Chattanooga, Tennessee, she was wanted for questioning (along with Robert Vickers, Twyman Meyers, Samuel Cooper, and Paul Stewart) in relation to police killings, a Queens bank robbery, and the grenade attack. Shakur was announced as one of six suspects in the ambushing of four policemen—two in Jamaica, Queens, and two in Brooklyn—on January 28, 1973.\n", "By June 1973, an apparatus that would become the FBI's Joint Terrorism Task Force (JTTF) was issuing nearly daily briefings on Shakur's status and the allegations against her.\n", "According to Cleaver and Katsiaficas, the FBI and local police \"initiated a national search-and-destroy mission for suspected BLA members, collaborating in stakeouts that were the products of intensive political repression and counterintelligence campaigns like NEWKILL\". They \"attempted to tie Assata to every suspected action of the BLA involving a woman\". The JTTF would later serve as the \"coordinating body in the search for Assata and the renewed campaign to smash the BLA\", after her escape from prison. After her capture, however, Shakur was not charged with any of the crimes for which she was the subject of the manhunt.\n", "Shakur and others claim that she was targeted by the FBI's COINTELPRO as a result of her involvement with the black liberation organizations. Specifically, documentary evidence suggests that Shakur was targeted by an investigation named CHESROB, which \"attempted to hook former New York Panther Joanne Chesimard (Assata Shakur) to virtually every bank robbery or violent crime involving a black woman on the East Coast\". Although named after Shakur, CHESROB (like its predecessor, NEWKILL) was not limited to Shakur.\n", "Section::::New Jersey Turnpike shootout.\n", "On May 2, 1973, at about 12:45 a.m., Assata Shakur, along with Zayd Malik Shakur (born James F. Costan) and Sundiata Acoli (born Clark Squire), were stopped on the New Jersey Turnpike in East Brunswick for driving with a broken tail light by State Trooper James Harper, backed up by Trooper Werner Foerster in a second patrol vehicle. The vehicle was also \"slightly\" exceeding the speed limit. Recordings of Trooper Harper calling the dispatcher were played at the trials of both Acoli and Assata Shakur. The stop occurred south of what was then the Turnpike Authority administration building. Acoli was driving the two-door vehicle, Assata Shakur was seated in the right front seat, and Zayd Shakur was in the right rear seat. Trooper Harper asked the driver for identification, noticed a discrepancy, asked him to get out of the car, and questioned him at the rear of the vehicle.\n", "It is at this point, with the questioning of Acoli, that the accounts of the confrontation begin to differ (see the witnesses section below). However, in the ensuing shootout, Trooper Foerster was shot twice in the head with his own gun and killed, Zayd Shakur was killed, and Assata Shakur and Trooper Harper were wounded.\n", "According to initial police statements, at this point one or more of the suspects began firing with semiautomatic handguns and Trooper Foerster fired four times before falling mortally wounded. At Acoli's trial, Harper testified that the gunfight started \"seconds\" after Foerster arrived at the scene. At this trial, Harper said that Foerster reached into the vehicle, pulled out and held up a semi-automatic pistol and ammunition magazine, and said \"Jim, look what I found\", while facing Harper at the rear of the vehicle. At this point, Assata Shakur and Zayd Shakur were ordered to put their hands on their laps and not to move; Harper said that Assata Shakur then reached down to the right of her right leg, pulled out a pistol, and shot him in the shoulder, after which he retreated to behind his vehicle. Questioned by prosecutor C. Judson Hamlin, Harper said he saw Foerster shot just as Assata Shakur was felled by bullets from Harper's gun. Harper testified that Acoli shot Foerster with a .38 caliber semiautomatic pistol and then used Foerster's own gun to \"execute him\". According to the testimony of State Police investigators, two jammed semi-automatic pistols were discovered near Foerster's body.\n", "Acoli then drove the car (a white Pontiac LeMans with Vermont license plates)—which contained Assata Shakur, who was wounded, and Zayd Shakur, who was dead or dying— down the road. The vehicle was chased by three patrol cars and the booths down the turnpike were alerted. Acoli then exited the car and, after being ordered to halt by a trooper, fled into the woods as the trooper emptied his gun. Assata Shakur then walked towards the trooper with her bloodied arms raised in surrender. Acoli was captured after a 36-hour manhunt—involving 400 people, state police helicopters, and bloodhounds. Zayd Shakur's body was found in a nearby gully along the road.\n", "According to a New Jersey Police spokesperson, Assata Shakur was on her way to a \"new hideout in Philadelphia\" and \"heading ultimately for Washington\" and a book in the vehicle contained a list of potential BLA targets. Assata Shakur testified that she was on her way to Baltimore for a job as a bar waitress.\n", "Assata Shakur, with gunshot wounds in both arms and a shoulder, was moved to Middlesex General Hospital under \"heavy guard\" and was reported to be in \"serious condition\"; Trooper Harper was wounded in the left shoulder, in \"good\" condition, and given a protective guard at the hospital. Assata Shakur was interrogated and arraigned from her hospital bed, and her medical care during this period is often alleged to have been \"substandard\". She was transferred from Middlesex General Hospital in New Brunswick to Roosevelt Hospital in Edison after her lawyers obtained a court order from Judge John Bachman, and then transferred to Middlesex County Workhouse a few weeks later.\n", "During an interview, Assata Shakur talked about her treatment from the police and medical staff at Middlesex County Hospital. She stated that the police were beating and choking her and \"doing everything that they could possibly do as soon as the doctors or nurses would go outside\".\n", "Section::::Criminal charges and dispositions.\n", "Between 1973 and 1977, in New York and New Jersey, Shakur was indicted ten times, resulting in seven different criminal trials. Shakur was charged with two bank robberies, the kidnapping of a Brooklyn heroin dealer, the attempted murder of two Queens police officers stemming from a January 23, 1973, failed ambush, and eight other felonies related to the Turnpike shootout. Of these trials, three resulted in acquittals, one in a hung jury, one in a change of venue, one in a mistrial due to pregnancy, and one in a conviction; three indictments were dismissed without trial.\n", "Section::::Criminal charges and dispositions.:Turnpike shootout change of venue.\n", "On the charges related to the New Jersey Turnpike shootout, New Jersey Superior Court Judge Leon Gerofsky ordered a change of venue in 1973 from Middlesex to Morris County, New Jersey, saying \"it was almost impossible to obtain a jury here comprising people willing to accept the responsibility of impartiality so that defendants will be protected from transitory passion and prejudice.\" Polls of residents in Middlesex County, where Acoli had been convicted less than three years earlier, showed that 83% knew her identity and 70% said she was guilty.\n", "Section::::Criminal charges and dispositions.:Bronx bank robbery mistrial.\n", "In December 1973, Shakur was tried for a September 29, 1972, $3,700 robbery of the Manufacturer's Hanover Trust Company in the Bronx, along with co-defendant Kamau Sadiki (born Fred Hilton). In light of the pending murder prosecution against Shakur in New Jersey state court, her lawyers requested that the trial be postponed for six months to permit further preparation. Judge Lee P. Gagliardi denied a postponement, and the Second Circuit denied Shakur's petition for mandamus. In protest, the lawyers stayed mute, and Shakur and Sadiki conducted their own defense. Seven other BLA members were indicted by District Attorney Eugene Gold in connection with the series of holdups and shootings on the same day, who—according to Gold—represented the \"top echelon\" of the BLA as determined by a year-long investigation.\n", "The prosecution's case rested largely on the testimony of two men who had pleaded guilty to participating in the holdup. The prosecution called four witnesses: Avon White and John Rivers (both of whom had already been convicted of the robbery) and the manager and teller of the bank. White and Rivers, although convicted, had not yet been sentenced for the robbery and were promised that the charges would be dropped in exchange for their testimony. White and Rivers testified that Shakur had guarded one of the doors with a .357 magnum pistol and that Sadiki had served as a lookout and drove the getaway truck during the robbery; neither White nor Rivers was cross-examined due to the defense attorney's refusal to participate in the trial. Shakur's aunt and lawyer, Evelyn Williams, was also cited for contempt after walking out of the courtroom after many of her attempted motions were denied. The trial was delayed for a few days after Shakur was diagnosed with pleurisy.\n", "During the trial, the defendants were escorted to a \"holding pen\" outside the courtroom several times after shouting complaints and epithets at Judge Gagliardi. While in the holding pen, they listened to the proceedings over loudspeakers. Both defendants were repeatedly cited for contempt of court and eventually barred from the courtroom, where the trial continued in their absence. A contemporary \"New York Times\" editorial criticized Williams for failing to maintain courtroom \"decorum,\" comparing her actions to William Kunstler's recent contempt conviction for his actions during the \"Chicago Seven\" trial.\n", "Sadiki's lawyer, Robert Bloom, attempted to have the trial dismissed and then postponed due to new \"revelations\" regarding the credibility of White, a former co-defendant working for the prosecution. Bloom had been assigned to defend Hilton over the summer, but White was not disclosed as a government witness until right before the trial. Judge Gagliardi instructed both the prosecution and the defense not to bring up Shakur or Sadiki's connections to the BLA, saying they were \"not relevant\". Gagliardi denied requests by the jurors to pose questions to the witnesses—either directly or through him—and declined to provide the jury with information they requested about how long the defense had been given to prepare, saying it was \"none of their concern\". This trial resulted in a hung jury and then a mistrial when the jury reported to Gagliardi that they were hopelessly deadlocked for the fourth time.\n", "Section::::Criminal charges and dispositions.:Bronx bank robbery retrial.\n", "The retrial was delayed for one day to give the defendants more time to prepare. The new jury selection was marked by attempts by Williams to be relieved of her duties, owing to disagreements with Shakur as well as with Hilton's attorney. Judge Arnold Bauman denied the application, but directed another lawyer, Howard Jacobs, to defend Shakur while Williams remained the attorney of record. Shakur was ejected following an argument with Williams, and Hilton left with her as jury selection continued. After the selection of twelve jurors (60 were excused), Williams was allowed to retire from the case, with Shakur officially representing herself, assisted by lawyer Florynce Kennedy. In the retrial, White testified that the six alleged robbers had saved their hair clippings to create disguises, and identified a partially obscured head and shoulder in a photo taken from a surveillance camera as Shakur's. Kennedy objected to this identification on the grounds that the prosecutor, assistant United States attorney Peter Truebner, had offered to stipulate that Shakur was not depicted in any of the photographs. Although both White and Rivers testified that Shakur was wearing overalls during the robbery, the person identified as Shakur in the photograph was wearing a jacket. The defense attempted to discredit White on the grounds that he had spent eight months in Matteawan Hospital for the Criminally Insane in 1968, and White countered that he had faked insanity (by claiming to be Allah in front of three psychiatrists) to get transferred out of prison.\n", "Shakur personally cross-examined the witnesses, getting White to admit that he had once been in love with her; the same day, one juror (who had been frequently napping during the trial) was replaced with an alternate. During the retrial, the defendants repeatedly left or were thrown out of the courtroom. Both defendants were acquitted in the retrial; six jurors interviewed after the trial stated that they did not believe the two key prosecution witnesses. Shakur was immediately returned to Morristown, New Jersey, under a heavy guard following the trial. Louis Chesimard (Shakur's ex-husband) and Paul Stewart, the other two alleged robbers, had been acquitted in June.\n", "Section::::Criminal charges and dispositions.:Turnpike shootout mistrial.\n", "The Turnpike shootout proceedings continued with Judge John E. Bachman in Middlesex County. The jury was chosen from Morris County, which had a far smaller black population than Middlesex County. On this basis, Shakur unsuccessfully attempted to remove the trial to federal court.\n", "Before jury selection was complete, it was discovered that Shakur was pregnant. Due to the possibility of miscarriage, the prosecution successfully requested a mistrial for Shakur; Acoli's trial continued.\n", "Section::::Criminal charges and dispositions.:Attempted murder dismissal.\n", "Shakur and four others (including Fred Hilton, Avon White, and Andrew Jackson) were indicted in the State Supreme Court in the Bronx on December 31, 1973, on charges of attempting to shoot and kill two policemen—Michael O'Reilly and Roy Polliana, who were wounded but had since returned to duty—in an ambush in St. Albans, Queens on January 28, 1973. On March 5, 1974, two new defendants (Jeannette Jefferson and Robert Hayes) were named in an indictment involving the same charges. On April 26, while Shakur was pregnant, New Jersey Governor Brendan Byrne signed an extradition order to move Shakur to New York to face two counts of attempted murder, attempted assault, and possession of dangerous weapons related to the alleged ambush; however, Shakur declined to waive her right to an extradition hearing, and asked for a full hearing before Middlesex County Court Judge John E. Bachman.\n", "Shakur was extradited to New York City on May 6, arraigned on May 11 (pleading innocent), and remanded to jail by Justice Albert S. McGrover of the State Supreme Court, pending a pretrial hearing on July 2. In November 1974, New York State Supreme Court Justice Peter Farrell dismissed the attempted murder indictment because of insufficient evidence, declaring \"The court can only note with disapproval that virtually a year has passed before counsel made an application for the most basic relief permitted by law, namely an attack on the sufficiency of the evidence submitted by the grand jury.\"\n", "Section::::Criminal charges and dispositions.:Kidnapping trial.\n", "Shakur was indicted on May 30, 1974, on the charge of having robbed a Brooklyn bar and kidnapping bartender James E. Freeman for ransom. Shakur and co-defendant Ronald Myers were accused of entering the bar with pistols and shotguns, taking $50 from the register, kidnapping the bartender, leaving a note demanding a $20,000 ransom from the bar owner, and fleeing in a rented truck. Freeman was said to have later escaped unhurt. The text of Shakur's opening statement in the trial is reproduced in her autobiography. Shakur and co-defendant Ronald Myers were acquitted on December 19, 1975, after seven hours of jury deliberation, ending a three-month trial in front of Judge William Thompson.\n", "Section::::Criminal charges and dispositions.:Queens bank robbery trial.\n", "In July 1973, after being indicted by a grand jury, Shakur pleaded not guilty in Federal Court in Brooklyn to an indictment related to a $7,700 robbery of the Bankers Trust Company bank in Queens on August 31, 1971. Judge Jacob Mishlerset set a tentative trial date of November 5 that year. The trial was delayed until 1976, when Shakur was represented by Stanley Cohen and Evelyn Williams. In this trial, Shakur acted as her own co-counsel and told the jury in her opening testimony:\n", "I have decided to act as co-counsel, and to make this opening statement, not because I have any illusions about my legal abilities, but, rather, because there are things that I must say to you. I have spent many days and nights behind bars thinking about this trial, this outrage. And in my own mind, only someone who has been so intimately a victim of this madness as I have can do justice to what I have to say.\n", "One bank employee testified that Shakur was one of the bank robbers, but three other bank employees (including two tellers) testified that they were uncertain. The prosecution showed surveillance photos of four of the six alleged robbers, contending that one of them was Shakur wearing a wig. Shakur was forcibly subdued and photographed by the FBI on the judge's order, after having refused to cooperate, believing that the FBI would use photo manipulation; a subsequent judge determined that the manners in which the photos were obtained violated Shakur's rights and ruled the new photos inadmissible. In her autobiography, Shakur recounts being beaten, choked, and kicked on the courtroom floor by five marshals, as Williams narrated the events to ensure they would appear on the court record. Shortly after deliberation began, the jury asked to see all the photographic exhibits taken from the surveillance footage. The jury determined that a widely circulated FBI photo allegedly showing Shakur participating in the robbery was not her.\n", "Shakur was acquitted after seven hours of jury deliberation on January 16, 1976, and was immediately remanded back to New Jersey for the Turnpike trial. The actual transfer took place on January 29. She was the only one of the six suspects in the robbery to be brought to trial. Andrew Jackson and two others indicted for the same robbery pleaded guilty; Jackson was sentenced to five years in prison and five years' probation; another was shot and killed in a gunfight in Florida on December 31, 1971, and the last remained at large at the time of Shakur's acquittal.\n", "Section::::Criminal charges and dispositions.:Turnpike shootout retrial.\n", "By the time she was retried in 1977, Acoli had already been convicted of shooting and murdering Foerster. The prosecution argued that Assata had fired the bullets that had wounded Harper, while the defense argued that the now deceased Zayd had fired them. Based on New Jersey law, if Shakur's presence at the scene could be considered as \"aiding and abetting\" the murder of Foerster, she could be convicted even if she had not fired the bullets which had killed him.\n", "A total of 289 articles had been published in the local press relating to the various crimes with which Shakur had been accused. Shakur again attempted to remove the trial to federal court. The United States District Court for the District of New Jersey denied the petition and also denied Shakur an injunction against the holding of trial proceedings on Fridays (the Muslim Sabbath). An en banc panel of the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit affirmed.\n", "The nine-week trial was widely publicized, and was even reported on by the Telegraph Agency of the Soviet Union (TASS). During the trial, hundreds of civil rights campaigners demonstrated outside of the Middlesex County courthouse each day.\n", "Following the 13-minute opening statement by Edward J. Barone, the first assistant Middlesex County prosecutor (directing the case for the state), William Kunstler (the chief of Shakur's defense staff) moved immediately for a mistrial, calling the eight-count grand jury indictment \"adversary proceeding solely and exclusively under the control of the prosecutor\", whom Kunstler accused of \"improper prejudicial remarks\"; Judge Theodore Appleby, noting the frequent defense interruptions that had characterized the previous days' jury selection, denied the motion.\n", "On February 23, Shakur's attorneys filed papers asking Judge Appleby to subpoena FBI Director Clarence Kelley, Senator Frank Church and other federal and New York City law enforcement officials to testify about the Counter Intelligence Program, which they alleged was designed to harass and disrupt black activist organizations. Kunstler had previously been successful in subpoenaing Kelley and Church for the trials of American Indian Movement (AIM) members charged with murdering FBI agents. The motion (argued March 2)—which also asked the court to require the production of memos, tapes, documents, and photographs of alleged COINTELPRO involvement from 1970 to 1973—was denied.\n", "Shakur herself was called as a witness on March 15, the first witness called by the defense; she denied shooting either Harper or Foerster, and also denied handling a weapon during the incident. She was questioned by her own attorney, Stuart Ball, for under 40 minutes, and then cross-examined by Barone for less than two hours (see the Witnesses section below). Ball's questioning ended with the following exchange:\n", "On that night of May 2[n]d, did you shoot, kill, execute or have anything to do with the death of Trooper Werner Foerster?\n", "No.\n", "Did you shoot or assault Trooper James Harper?\n", "No.\n", "Under cross-examination, Shakur was unable to explain how three magazines of ammunition and 16 live shells had gotten into her shoulder bag; she also admitted to knowing that Zayd Shakur carried a gun at times, and specifically to seeing a gun sticking out of Acoli's pocket while stopping for supper at a Howard Johnson's restaurant shortly before the shooting. Shakur admitted to carrying an identification card with the name \"Justine Henderson\" in her billfold the night of the shootout, but denied using any of the aliases on the long list that Barone proceeded to read.\n", "Section::::Criminal charges and dispositions.:Turnpike shootout retrial.:Defense attorneys.\n", "Shakur's defense attorneys were William Kunstler (the chief of Shakur's defense staff), Stuart Ball, Robert Bloom, Raymond A. Brown, Stanley Cohen (who died of unknown causes early on in the Turnpike trial), Lennox Hinds, Florynce Kennedy, Louis Myers, Laurence Stern, and Evelyn Williams, Shakur's aunt. Of these attorneys, Kunstler, Ball, Cohen, Myers, Stern and Williams appeared in court for the turnpike trial. Kunstler became involved in Shakur's trials in 1975, when contacted by Williams, and commuted from New York City to New Brunswick every day with Stern.\n", "Her attorneys, in particular Lennox Hinds, were often held in contempt of court, which the National Conference of Black Lawyers cited as an example of systemic bias in the judicial system. The New Jersey Legal Ethics Committee also investigated complaints against Hinds for comparing Shakur's murder trial to \"legalized lynching\" undertaken by a \"kangaroo court\". Hinds' disciplinary proceeding reached the U.S. Supreme Court in \"Middlesex County Ethics Committee v. Garden State Bar Ass'n\" (1982). According to Kunstler's autobiography, the sizable contingent of New Jersey State Troopers guarding the courthouse were under strict orders from their commander, Col. Clinton Pagano, to completely shun Shakur's defense attorneys.\n", "Judge Appleby also threatened Kunstler with dismissal and contempt of court after he delivered an October 21, 1976 speech at nearby Rutgers University that in part discussed the upcoming trial, but later ruled that Kunstler could represent Shakur. Until obtaining a court order, Williams was forced to strip naked and undergo a body search before each visit with Shakur—during which Shakur was shackled to a bed by both ankles. Judge Appleby also refused to investigate a burglary of her defense counsel's office that resulted in the disappearance of trial documents, amounting to half of the legal papers related to her case. Her lawyers also claimed that their offices were bugged.\n", "Section::::Criminal charges and dispositions.:Turnpike shootout retrial.:Witnesses.\n", "Sundiata Acoli, Assata Shakur, Trooper Harper, and a New Jersey Turnpike driver who saw part of the incident were the only surviving witnesses. Acoli did not testify or make any pre-trial statements, nor did he testify in his own trial or give a statement to the police. The driver traveling north on the turnpike testified that he had seen a State Trooper struggling with a Black man between a white vehicle and a State Trooper car, whose revolving lights illuminated the area.\n", "Shakur testified that Trooper Harper shot her after she raised her arms to comply with his demand. She said that the second shot hit her in the back as she turned to avoid it, and that she fell onto the road for the duration of the gunfight before crawling back into the backseat of the Pontiac—which Acoli drove down the road and parked. She testified that she remained there until State Troopers dragged her onto the road.\n", "Trooper Harper's official reports state that after he stopped the Pontiac, he ordered Acoli to the back of the vehicle for Trooper Foerster—who had arrived on the scene—to examine his driver's license. The reports then state that after Acoli complied, and as Harper was looking inside the vehicle to examine the registration, Trooper Foerster yelled and held up an ammunition magazine as Shakur simultaneously reached into her red pocketbook, pulled out a nine-millimeter weapon and fired at him. Trooper Harper's reports then state that he ran to the rear of his car and shot at Shakur who had exited the vehicle and was firing from a crouched position next to the vehicle.\n", "Section::::Criminal charges and dispositions.:Turnpike shootout retrial.:Jury.\n", "A total of 408 potential jurors were questioned during the \"voir dire\", which concluded on February 14. All of the 15 jurors—ten women and five men—were white, and most were under thirty years old. Five jurors had personal ties to State Troopers (one girlfriend, two nephews, and two friends). A sixteenth female juror was removed before the trial formally opened, when it was determined that Sheriff Joseph DeMarino of Middlesex County, while a private detective several years earlier, had worked for a lawyer who represented the juror's husband. Judge Appleby repeatedly denied Kunstler's requests for DeMarino to be removed from his responsibilities for the duration of the trial \"because he did not divulge his association with the juror\".\n", "One prospective juror was dismissed for reading \"Target Blue\", a book by Robert Daley, a former New York City Deputy Police Commander, which dealt in part with Shakur and had been left in the jury assembly room. Before the jury entered the courtroom, Judge Appleby ordered Shakur's lawyers to remove a copy of \"\" by Alex Haley from a position on the defense counsel table easily visible to jurors. The \"Roots\" TV miniseries adapted from the book and shown shortly before the trial was believed to have evoked feelings of \"guilt and sympathy\" with many white viewers.\n", "Shakur's attorneys sought a new trial on the grounds that one jury member, John McGovern, had violated the jury's sequestration order. Judge Appleby rejected Kunstler's claim that the juror had violated the order. McGovern later sued Kunstler for defamation; Kunstler eventually publicly apologized to McGovern and paid him a small settlement. Additionally, in his autobiography, Kunstler alleged that he later learned from a law enforcement agent that a New Jersey State Assembly member had addressed the jury at the hotel where they were sequestered, urging them to convict Shakur.\n", "Section::::Criminal charges and dispositions.:Turnpike shootout retrial.:Medical evidence.\n", "A key element of Shakur's defense was medical testimony meant to demonstrate that she was shot with her hands up and that she would have been subsequently unable to fire a weapon. A neurologist testified that the median nerve in Shakur's right arm was severed by the second bullet, making her unable to pull a trigger. Neurosurgeon Dr. Arthur Turner Davidson, Associate Professor of Surgery at Albert Einstein College of Medicine, testified that the wounds in her upper arms, armpit and chest, and severed median nerve that instantly paralyzed her right arm, would only have been caused if both arms were raised, and that to sustain such injuries while crouching and firing a weapon (as described in Trooper Harper's testimony) \"would be anatomically impossible\".\n", "Davidson based his testimony on an August 4, 1976, examination of Shakur and on X-rays taken immediately after the shootout at Middlesex General Hospital. Prosecutor Barone questioned whether Davidson was qualified to make such a judgment 39 months after the injury; Barone proceeded to suggest (while a female Sheriff's attendant acted out his suggestion) that Shakur was struck in the right arm and collar bone and \"then spun around by the impact of the bullet so an immediate second shot entered the fleshy part of her upper left arm\" to which Davidson replied \"Impossible.\"\n", "Dr. David Spain, a pathologist from Brookdale Community College, testified that her bullet scars as well as X-rays supported her claim that her arms were raised, and that there was \"no conceivable way\" the first bullet could have hit Shakur's clavicle if her arm was down.\n", "Judge Appleby eventually cut off funds for any further expert defense testimony. Shakur, in her autobiography, and Williams, in \"Inadmissible Evidence\", both claim that it was difficult to find expert witnesses for the trial, because of the expense and because most forensic and ballistic specialists declined on the grounds of a conflict of interest when approached because they routinely performed such work for law enforcement officials.\n", "Section::::Criminal charges and dispositions.:Turnpike shootout retrial.:Other evidence.\n", "According to Angela Davis, neutron activation analysis that was administered after the shootout showed no gunpowder residue on Shakur's fingers and forensic analysis performed at the Trenton, New Jersey, crime lab and the FBI crime labs in Washington, D.C. did not find her fingerprints on any weapon at the scene. According to tape recordings and police reports made several hours after the shoot-out, when Harper returned on foot to the administration building 200 yards (183 m) away, he did not report Foerster's presence at the scene; no one at headquarters knew of Foerster's involvement in the shoot-out until his body was discovered beside his patrol car, more than an hour later.\n", "Section::::Criminal charges and dispositions.:Turnpike shootout retrial.:Conviction and sentencing.\n", "On March 24, the jurors listened for 45 minutes to a rereading of testimony of the State Police chemist regarding the blood found at the scene, on the LeMans, and Shakur's clothing. That night, the second night of jury deliberation, the jury asked Judge Appleby to repeat his instructions regarding the four assault charges 30 minutes before retiring for the night, which led to speculation that the jury had decided in Shakur's favor on the remaining charges, especially the two counts of murder. Appleby reiterated that the jury must consider separately the four assault charges (atrocious assault and battery, assault on a police officer acting in the line of duty, assault with a deadly weapon, and assault with intent to kill), each of which carried a total maximum penalty of 33 years in prison. The other charges were: first-degree murder (of Foerster), second-degree murder (of Zayd Shakur), illegal possession of a weapon, and armed robbery (related to Foerster's service revolver). The jury also asked Appleby to repeat the definitions of \"intent\" and \"reasonable doubt\".\n", "Shakur was convicted on all eight counts: two murder charges, and six assault charges. The prosecution did not need to prove that Shakur fired the shots that killed either Trooper Foerster or Zayd Shakur: being an accomplice to murder carries an equivalent life sentence under New Jersey law. Upon hearing the verdict, Shakur said—in a \"barely audible voice\"—that she was \"ashamed that I have even taken part in this trial\" and that the jury was \"racist\" and had \"convicted a woman with her hands up\". Judge Appleby told the court attendants to \"remove the prisoner\" and Shakur replied: \"the prisoner will walk away on her own feet\". After Joseph W. Lewis, the jury foreman, read the verdict, Kunstler asked that the jury be removed before alleging that one juror had violated the sequestration order (see above).\n", "At the post-trial press conference, Kunstler blamed the verdict on racism, stating that \"the white element was there to destroy her\". When asked by a reporter why, if that were the case, it took the jury 24 hours to reach a verdict, Kunstler replied, \"That was just a pretense.\" A few minutes later the prosecutor Barone disagreed with Kunstler's assessment saying the trial's outcome was decided \"completely on the facts\".\n", "At Shakur's sentencing hearing on April 25, Appleby sentenced her to 26 to 33 years in state prison (10 to 12 for the four counts of assault, 12 to 15 for robbery, 2 to 3 for armed robbery, plus 2 to 3 for aiding and abetting the murder of Foerster), to be served consecutively with her mandatory life sentence. However, Appleby dismissed the second-degree murder of Zayd Shakur, as the New Jersey Supreme Court had recently narrowed the application of the law. Appleby finally sentenced Shakur to 30 days in the Middlesex County Workhouse for contempt of court, concurrent with the other sentences, for refusing to rise when he entered the courtroom. To become eligible for parole, Shakur would have had to serve a minimum of 25 years, which would have included her four years in custody during the trials.\n", "Section::::Criminal charges and dispositions.:Nelson murder dismissal.\n", "In October 1977, New York State Superior Court Justice John Starkey dismissed murder and robbery charges against Shakur related to the death of Richard Nelson during a hold-up of a Brooklyn social club on December 28, 1972, ruling that the state had delayed too long in bringing her to trial. Judge Starkey said, \"People have constitutional rights, and you can't shuffle them around.\" The case was delayed in being brought to trial as a result of an agreement between the governors of New York and New Jersey as to the priority of the various charges against Shakur. Three other defendants were indicted in relation to the same holdup: Melvin Kearney, who died in 1976 from an eight-floor fall while trying to escape from the Brooklyn House of Detention, Twymon Myers, who was killed by police while a fugitive, and Andrew Jackson, the charges against whom were dismissed when two prosecution witnesses could not identify him in a lineup.\n", "Section::::Criminal charges and dispositions.:Attempted robbery dismissal.\n", "On November 22, 1977, Shakur pleaded not guilty to an attempted armed robbery indictment stemming from the 1971 incident at the Statler Hilton Hotel. Shakur was accused of attempting to rob a Michigan man staying at the hotel of $250 of cash and personal property. The prosecutor was C. Richard Gibbons. The charges were dismissed without trial.\n", "Section::::Imprisonment.\n", "After the Turnpike shootings, Shakur was briefly held at the Garden State Youth Correctional Facility in Yardville, Burlington County, New Jersey and later moved to Rikers Island Correctional Institution for Women in New York City where she was kept in solitary confinement for 21 months. Shakur's only daughter, Kakuya Shakur, was conceived during her trial and born on September 11, 1974, in the \"fortified psychiatric ward\" at Elmhurst General Hospital in Queens, where Shakur stayed for a few days before being returned to Rikers Island. In her autobiography, Shakur claims that she was beaten and restrained by several large female officers after refusing a medical exam from a prison doctor shortly after giving birth. \n", "After a bomb threat was made against Judge Appleby, Sheriff Joseph DeMarino lied to the press about the exact date of her transfer to Clinton Correctional Facility for Women; He later claimed the threat to be the cause of his falsification. She was also transferred from the Clinton Correctional Facility for Women to a special area staffed by women guards at the Garden State Youth Correctional Facility, where she was the only female inmate, for \"security reasons\". When Kunstler first took on Shakur's case (before meeting her), he described her basement cell as \"adequate\", which nearly resulted in his dismissal as her attorney. On May 6, 1977, Judge Clarkson Fisher, of the United States District Court for the District of New Jersey, denied Shakur's request for an injunction requiring her transfer from the all-male facility to Clinton Correctional Facility for Women; the Third Circuit affirmed.\n", "On April 8, 1978, Shakur was transferred to Alderson Federal Prison Camp in Alderson, West Virginia where she met Puerto Rican nationalist Lolita Lebrón and Mary Alice, a Catholic nun, who introduced Shakur to the concept of liberation theology. At Alderson, Shakur was housed in the Maximum Security Unit, which also contained several members of the Aryan Sisterhood as well as Sandra Good and Lynette \"Squeaky\" Fromme, followers of Charles Manson.\n", "On March 31, 1978, after the Maximum Security Unit at Alderson was closed, Shakur was transferred to the Clinton Correctional Facility for Women in New Jersey. According to her attorney Lennox Hinds, Shakur \"understates the awfulness of the condition in which she was incarcerated\", which included vaginal and anal searches. Hinds argues that \"in the history of New Jersey, no woman pretrial detainee or prisoner has ever been treated as she was, continuously confined in a men's prison, under twenty-four-hour surveillance of her most intimate functions, without intellectual sustenance, adequate medical attention, and exercise, and without the company of other women for all the years she was in custody\".\n", "Shakur was identified as a political prisoner as early as October 8, 1973, by Angela Davis, and in an April 3, 1977, \"New York Times\" advertisement purchased by the \"Easter Coalition for Human Rights\". An international panel of seven jurists were invited by Hinds to tour a number of U.S. prisons, and concluded in a report filed with the United Nations Commission on Human Rights that the conditions of her solitary confinement were \"totally unbefitting any prisoner\". Their investigation, which focused on alleged human rights abuses of political prisoners, cited Shakur as \"one of the worst cases\" of such abuses and including her in \"a class of victims of FBI misconduct through the COINTELPRO strategy and other forms of illegal government conduct who as political activists have been selectively targeted for provocation, false arrests, entrapment, fabrication of evidence, and spurious criminal prosecutions\". Amnesty International, however, did not regard Shakur as a former political prisoner.\n", "Section::::Pregnancy in prison.\n", "At the Roosevelt Hospital in Metuchen, New Jersey, a doctor Garrett explained to Shakur that she was one month pregnant in 1974. \n", "Section::::Escape.\n", "In early 1979, \"the Family\", a group of BLA members, began to plan Shakur's escape from prison. They financed this by stealing $105,000 from a Bamberger's store in Paramus, New Jersey. On November 2, 1979, Shakur escaped the Clinton Correctional Facility for Women in New Jersey, when three members of the Black Liberation Army visiting her drew concealed .45-caliber pistols and a stick of dynamite, seized two correction officers as hostages, commandeered a van and escaped. No one was injured during the prison break, including the officers held as hostages who were left in a parking lot. According to later court testimony, Shakur lived in Pittsburgh until August 1980, when she flew to the Bahamas. Mutulu Shakur, Silvia Baraldini, Sekou Odinga, and Marilyn Buck were charged with assisting in her escape; Ronald Boyd Hill was also held on charges related to the escape. In part for his role in the event, Mutulu was named on July 23, 1982, as the 380th addition to the FBI's Ten Most Wanted Fugitives list, where he remained for the next four years until his capture in 1986. State correction officials disclosed in November 1979 that they had not run identity checks on Shakur's visitors and that the three men and one woman who assisted in her escape had presented false identification to enter the prison's visitor room, before which they were not searched. Mutulu Shakur and Marilyn Buck were convicted in 1988 of several robberies as well as the prison escape.\n", "At the time of the escape, Kunstler had just started to prepare her appeal. After her escape, Shakur lived as a fugitive for several years. The FBI circulated wanted posters throughout the New York – New Jersey area; her supporters hung \"Assata Shakur is Welcome Here\" posters in response. In New York, three days after her escape, more than 5,000 demonstrators organized by the National Black Human Rights Coalition carried signs with the same slogan. At the rally, a statement from Shakur was circulated condemning U.S. prison conditions and calling for an independent \"New Afrikan\" state.\n", "For years after Shakur's escape, the movements, activities and phone calls of her friends and relatives—including her daughter walking to school in upper Manhattan—were monitored by investigators in an attempt to ascertain her whereabouts. In July 1980, FBI director William Webster said that the search for Shakur had been frustrated by residents' refusal to cooperate, and a \"New York Times\" editorial opined that the department's commitment to \"enforce the law with vigor—but also with sensitivity for civil rights and civil liberties\" had been \"clouded\" by an \"apparently crude sweep\" through a Harlem building in search of Shakur. In particular, one pre-dawn April 20, 1980, raid on 92 Morningside Avenue, during which FBI agents armed with shotguns and machine guns broke down doors and searched through the building for several hours while preventing residents from leaving, was seen by residents as having \"racist overtones\". In October 1980, New Jersey and New York City Police denied published reports that they had declined to raid a Bedford-Stuyvesant, Brooklyn building where Shakur was suspected to be hiding for fear of provoking a racial incident. Since her escape, Shakur has been charged with unlawful flight to avoid imprisonment.\n", "Section::::Political asylum in Cuba.\n", "Shakur was in Cuba by 1984; in that year she was granted political asylum there. The Cuban government paid approximately $13 a day toward her living expenses. In 1985, her daughter, Kakuya, who had been raised by Shakur's mother in New York, came to live with her. In 1987, her presence in Cuba became widely known when she agreed to be interviewed by \"Newsday\".\n", "In an open letter, Shakur has called Cuba \"One of the Largest, Most Resistant and Most Courageous \"Palenques\" (Maroon Camps) that has ever existed on the Face of this Planet\". She has praised Fidel Castro as a \"hero of the oppressed\" and referred to herself as a \"20th century escaped slave\". Shakur is also known to have worked as an English-language editor for Radio Havana Cuba.\n", "Section::::Political asylum in Cuba.:Books.\n", "In 1987, she published \"\", which was written in Cuba. Her autobiography has been cited in relation to critical legal studies and critical race theory. The book does not give a detailed account of her involvement in the BLA or the events on the New Jersey Turnpike, except to say that the jury \"[c]onvicted a woman with her hands up!\" It gives an account of her life beginning with her youth in the South and New York. Shakur challenges traditional styles of literary autobiography and offers a perspective on her life that is not easily accessible to the public. The book was published by Lawrence Hill & Company in the United States and Canada but the copyright is held by Zed Books Ltd. of London due to \"Son of Sam\" laws, which restrict who can receive profits from a book. In the six months preceding the publications of the book, Evelyn Williams, Shakur's aunt and attorney, made several trips to Cuba and served as a go-between with Hill. Her autobiography was republished in Britain in 2014 and a dramatized version performed on BBC Radio 4 in July 2017.\n", "In 1993, she published a second book, \"Still Black, Still Strong\", with Dhoruba bin Wahad and Mumia Abu-Jamal.\n", "In 2005, SUNY Press released \"The New Abolitionists\" \"(Neo)Slave Narratives and Contemporary Prison Writings,\" edited and with an added introduction by Joy James, in which Shakur's \"Women in Prison: How We Are 1978\" is featured.\n", "Section::::Political asylum in Cuba.:Extradition attempts.\n", "In 1997, Carl Williams, the superintendent of the New Jersey State Police, wrote a letter to Pope John Paul II asking him to raise the issue of Shakur's extradition during his talks with President Fidel Castro. During the pope's visit to Cuba in 1998, Shakur agreed to an interview with NBC journalist Ralph Penza. Shakur later published an extensive criticism of the NBC segment, which inter-spliced footage of Trooper Foerster's grieving widow with an FBI photo connected to a bank robbery of which Shakur had been acquitted. On March 10, 1998 New Jersey Governor Christine Todd Whitman asked Attorney General Janet Reno to do whatever it would take to return Shakur from Cuba. Later in 1998, U.S. media widely reported claims that the United States State Department had offered to lift the Cuban embargo in exchange for the return of 90 U.S. fugitives, including Shakur.\n", "The United States Congress passed a non-binding resolution in September 1998, asking Cuba for the return of Shakur as well as 90 fugitives believed by Congress to be residing in Cuba; House Concurrent Resolution 254 passed 371–0 in the House and by unanimous consent in the Senate. The Resolution was due in no small part to the lobbying efforts of Governor Whitman and New Jersey Representative Bob Franks. Before the passage of the Resolution, Franks stated: \"This escaped murderer now lives a comfortable life in Cuba and has launched a public relations campaign in which she attempts to portray herself as an innocent victim rather than a cold-blooded murderer.\"\n", "In an open letter to Castro, chair of the Congressional Black Caucus Representative Maxine Waters of California later explained that many members of the Caucus (including herself) were against Shakur's extradition but had mistakenly voted for the bill, which was placed on the accelerated suspension calendar, generally reserved for non-controversial legislation. In the letter, Waters explained her opposition, calling COINTELPRO \"illegal, clandestine political persecution\".\n", "On May 2, 2005, the 32nd anniversary of the Turnpike shootings, the FBI classified her as a domestic terrorist, increasing the reward for assistance in her capture to $1 million, the largest reward placed on an individual in the history of New Jersey. New Jersey State Police superintendent Rick Fuentes said \"she is now 120 pounds of money.\" The bounty announcement reportedly caused Shakur to \"drop out of sight\" after having previously lived relatively openly (including having her home telephone number listed in her local telephone directory).\n", "New York City Councilman Charles Barron, a former Black Panther, has called for the bounty to be rescinded. The New Jersey State Police and Federal Bureau of Investigation each still have an agent officially assigned to her case. Calls for Shakur's extradition increased following Fidel Castro's transfer of presidential duties; in a May 2005 television address, Castro had called Shakur a victim of racial persecution, saying \"they wanted to portray her as a terrorist, something that was an injustice, a brutality, an infamous lie.\" In 2013, the FBI announced it had added Shakur to its list of 'most wanted terrorists', the first time that a woman was so designated. The reward for her capture and return was also doubled to $2 million.\n", "In June 2017, President Donald Trump gave a speech \"cancelling\" the Cuban thaw policies of his predecessor Barack Obama. A condition of making a new deal between the United States and Cuba is the release of political prisoners and the return of fugitives from justice. Trump specifically called for the return of \"the cop–killer Joanne Chesimard\".\n", "Section::::Cultural influence.\n", "A documentary film about Shakur, \"Eyes of the Rainbow\", written and directed by Cuban filmmaker Gloria Rolando, appeared in 1997. The official premiere of the film in Havana in 2004 was promoted by Casa de las Américas, the main cultural forum of the Cuban government. \"Assata aka Joanne Chesimard\" is a 2008 biographical film directed by Fred Baker. The film premiered at the San Diego Black Film Festival and starred Assata Shakur herself. The National Conference of Black Lawyers and Mos Def are among the professional organizations and entertainers to support Assata Shakur; the \"Hands Off Assata\" campaign is organized by dream hampton.\n", "Numerous musicians have composed and recorded songs about her or dedicated to her:\n", "BULLET::::- Common recorded \"A Song for Assata\" on his album \"Like Water for Chocolate\" (2000) after traveling to Havana to meet with Shakur personally.\n", "BULLET::::- Paris (\"Assata's Song\", in \"Sleeping with the Enemy\" (1992), Public Enemy (\"Rebel Without A Pause\" in \"It Takes a Nation of Millions to Hold Us Back\"(1988), 2Pac (\"Words of Wisdom\" in 2Pacalypse Now (1991), Digital Underground (\"Heartbeat Props\" in Sons of the P, 1991), The Roots (\"The Adventures in Wonderland\" in Illadelph Halflife, 1996), Piebald (\"If Marcus Garvey Dies, Then Marcus Garvey Lives\" in If It Weren't for Venetian Blinds, It Would Be Curtains for Us All, 1999), Asian Dub Foundation (\"Committed to Life\" in \"Community Music\", 2000), Saul Williams (\"Black Stacey\" in \"Saul Williams\", 2004), Rebel Diaz (\"Which Side Are You On?\" in Otro Guerrillero Mixtape Vol. 2, 2008), Lowkey (\"Something Wonderful\" in \"Soundtrack to the Struggle\", 2011), Murs (\"Tale of Two Cities\" in \"The Final Adventure\", 2012), Jay Z (\"Open Letter Part II\" in 2013), Digable Planets, The Underachievers and X-Clan have also recorded songs about Shakur. Shakur has been described as a \"rap music legend\" and a \"minor cause celebre\".\n", "On December 12, 2006, the Chancellor of the City University of New York, Matthew Goldstein, directed City College's president, Gregory H. Williams, to remove the \"unauthorized and inappropriate\" designation of the \"Guillermo Morales/Assata Shakur Community and Student Center,\" which was named by students in 1989. A student group won the right to use the lounge after a campus shutdown over proposed tuition increases. CUNY was sued by student and alumni groups after removing the plaque. As of April 7, 2010, the presiding judge has ruled that the issues of students' free speech and administrators' immunity from suit \"deserve a trial\".\n", "Following controversy, in 1995, Borough of Manhattan Community College renamed a scholarship that had previously been named for Shakur. In 2008, a Bucknell University professor included Shakur in a course on \"African-American heroes\"—along with figures such as Harriet Tubman, Sojourner Truth, John Henry, Malcolm X, and Angela Davis. Her autobiography is studied together with those of Angela Davis and Elaine Brown, the only women activists of the Black Power movement who have published book-length autobiographies. Rutgers University professor H. Bruce Franklin, who excerpts Shakur's book in a class on 'Crime and Punishment in American Literature,' describes her as a \"revolutionary fighter against imperialism\".\n", "Black NJ State Trooper Anthony Reed (who has left the force) sued the police force because, among other things, persons had hung posters of Shakur, altered to include Reed's badge number, in a Newark barracks. He felt it was intended to insult him, as she had killed an officer, and was \"racist in nature\". According to Dylan Rodriguez, to many \"U.S. radicals and revolutionaries\" Shakur represents a \"venerated (if sometimes fetishized) signification of liberatory desire and possibility\".\n", "The largely Internet-based \"Hands Off Assata!\" campaign is coordinated by Chicago-area Black Radical Congress activists.\n", "In 2015, New Jersey's Kean University dropped hip-hop artist Common as a commencement speaker because of police complaints. Members of the State Troopers Fraternal Association of New Jersey expressed their anger over Common's \"A Song For Assata\".\n", "In 2015, Black Lives Matter co-founder Alicia Garza writes: \"When I use Assata’s powerful demand in my organizing work, I always begin by sharing where it comes from, sharing about Assata’s significance to the Black Liberation Movement, what its political purpose and message is, and why it’s important in our context.\"\n", "The Chicago Black activist group Assata's Daughters is named in her honor. In April 2017, former San Francisco 49ers quarterback Colin Kaepernick's foundation donated $25,000 to the group.\n", "In July 2017, the Women's March official Twitter feed celebrated Shakur's birthday, leading to criticism from some media outlets.\n", "In April 2018, a North Carolina court ordered that payment of $15,000 be made to Shakur's representative, her sister Beverly Goins, as part of a land deal.\n", "Section::::Sources.\n", "BULLET::::- Browder, Laura (2006). \"Her Best Shot: Women and Guns in America\". UNC Press. .\n", "BULLET::::- Burrough, Bryan. .\n", "BULLET::::- Christol, Helene. Gysin, Fritz, and Mulvey, Christopher (eds.). (2001). \"Militant Autobiography: The Case of Assata Shakur,\" in \"Black Liberation in the Americas\". LIT Verlag Berlin-Hamburg-Münster. .\n", "BULLET::::- Churchill, Ward and James Vander Wall. (2002). \"The Cointelpro papers: documents from the FBI's secret wars against dissent in the United States\". South End Press. .\n", "BULLET::::- Cleaver, Kathleen, and Katsiaficas, George N. (2001). \"Liberation, Imagination, and the Black Panther Party: A New Look at the Panthers and Their Legacy\". Routledge. .\n", "BULLET::::- James, Joy (2003). \"Imprisoned Intellectuals: America's Political Prisoners Write on Life, Liberation, and Rebellion\". Rowman & Littlefield. .\n", "BULLET::::- Jones, Charles Earl (1998). \"The Black Panther Party (Reconsidered)\". Black Classic Press. .\n", "BULLET::::- Kunstler, William Moses. (1994). \"My Life as a Radical Lawyer\". Secaucus, New Jersey: Birch Lane Press. .\n", "BULLET::::- Perkins, Margo V. (2000). \"Autobiography as Activism: Three Black Women of the Sixties\". Univ. Press of Mississippi. .\n", "BULLET::::- Rodriguez, Dylan (2006). \"Forced Passages: Imprisoned Radical Intellectuals and the U.S. Prison Regime\". University of Minnesota Press. .\n", "BULLET::::- Scheffler, Judith A. (2002). \"Wall Tappings: An International Anthology of Women's Prison Writings, 200 to the Present\". Feminist Press. .\n", "BULLET::::- Shakur, Assata (1987, New edition November 1, 1999). \"Assata: An Autobiography\". Chicago: Lawrence Hill Books. .\n", "BULLET::::- Tomlinson, Gerald (1994). \"Murdered in Jersey\". Rutgers University Press. .\n", "BULLET::::- Williams, Evelyn (1993). \"Inadmissible Evidence: The Story of the African-American Trial Lawyer Who Defended the Black Liberation Army\". Brooklyn, N.Y.: Lawrence Hill Books. .\n", "Section::::Further reading.\n", "BULLET::::- Belton, Brian A. (2007). \"Assata Shakur: A Voice from the Palenques\" in \"Black Routes: Legacy of African Diaspora\". Hansib Publications Ltd. .\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- \"New Most Wanted Terrorist Joanne Chesimard; First Woman Added to List,\" May 2, 2013, Federal Bureau of Investigation\n", "BULLET::::- Assata Shakur Speaks – website in support of Shakur\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Story of Joanne Chesimard,\" May 2003 editorial, NJLawman.com\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Eyes Of The Rainbow\" documentary\n", "BULLET::::- Immoral Bounty for Assata by Michael Ratner, \"Covert Action Quarterly\", October 27, 1998\n", "BULLET::::- Why Cuba will never send Assata Shakur to the U.S. by Achy Obejas. \"Chicago Tribune\", December 29, 2014.\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "Joanne Deborah Byron" ] }, "description": "American activist who was a member of the Black Panther Party and Black Liberation Army", "enwikiquote_title": "Assata Shakur", "wikidata_id": "Q467961", "wikidata_label": "Assata Shakur", "wikipedia_title": "Assata Shakur" }

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"Stanley%20Kubrick", "Roger%20Deakins", "British%20Academy%20Film%20Awards", "Paul%20Thomas%20Anderson", "Leonard%20Cohen", "McCabe%20and%20Mrs.%20Miller", "A%20Wedding", "Nashville%20%28film%29", "The%20Long%20Goodbye%20%28film%29", "Harry%20Nilsson", "Van%20Dyke%20Parks", "Popeye%20%28film%29", "Short%20Cuts%20%28film%29", "Kansas%20City%20%281996%20film%29", "Nightmare%20in%20Chicago", "Harold%20Pinter", "The%20Dumb%20Waiter", "The%20Room%20%28play%29", "Tanner%20%2788", "HBO", "The%20Caine%20Mutiny%20Court%20Martial", "Herman%20Wouk", "Vincent%20%26amp%3B%20Theo", "McTeague", "McTeague", "PBS", "Black%20and%20Blue%20%28musical%29", "Primetime%20Emmy%20Award", "Great%20Performances", "Kansas%20City%20%281996%20film%29", "Tanner%20on%20Tanner", "Sundance%20Channel%20%28United%20States%29", "Alfred%20Hitchcock%20Presents", "M%20Squad", "The%20Millionaire%20%28TV%20series%29", "Whirlybirds", "Sheriff%20of%20Cochise", "The%20Troubleshooters%20%281959%20TV%20series%29", "Hawaiian%20Eye", 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"Directors%20Guild%20of%20America%20Award", "Directors%20Guild%20of%20America%20Award%20for%20Outstanding%20Directing%20%E2%80%93%20Feature%20Film", "MASH%20%28film%29", "Directors%20Guild%20of%20America%20Award%20for%20Outstanding%20Directing%20%E2%80%93%20Feature%20Film", "Nashville%20%28film%29", "Directors%20Guild%20of%20America%20Award%20for%20Outstanding%20Directing%20%E2%80%93%20Feature%20Film", "The%20Player%20%28film%29", "Directors%20Guild%20of%20America%20Award%20for%20Outstanding%20Directing%20%E2%80%93%20Miniseries%20or%20TV%20Film", "Tanner%20on%20Tanner", "Primetime%20Emmy%20Award", "Primetime%20Emmy%20Award%20for%20Outstanding%20Directing%20for%20a%20Drama%20Series", "Tanner%20%2788", "Primetime%20Emmy%20Award%20for%20Outstanding%20Directing%20for%20a%20Variety%20Series", "Great%20Performances", "Golden%20Globe%20Award", "Golden%20Globe%20Award%20for%20Best%20Director", "MASH%20%28film%29", "Golden%20Globe%20Award%20for%20Best%20Director", "Nashville%20%28film%29", 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"http%3A//www.criterion.com/explore/82-robert-altman", "Criterion%20Collection", "http%3A//sounds.bl.uk/View.aspx%3Fitem%3D024M-C0095X0140XX-0100V0.xml", "http%3A//www.lib.berkeley.edu/MRC/altman.html", "https%3A//www.theguardian.com/weekend/story/0%2C3605%2C1205890%2C00.html", "The%20Guardian", "http%3A//www.reverseshot.com/article/robert_altman", "http%3A//rogerebert.suntimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article%3FAID%3D/20061121/PEOPLE/60424007", "http%3A//www.geraldpeary.com/interviews/abc/altman.html", "http%3A//www.virtual-history.com/movie/person/1459/robert-altman", "http%3A//rogerebert.suntimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article%3FAID%3D/19740407/PEOPLE/903099998", "http%3A//bombsite.com/issues/68/articles/2237", "http%3A//www.hyenaproductions.com/robert-altman.aspx", "http%3A//www.hellisforhyphenates.com/blog/2014/06/30/june-2014/", "http%3A//fieldday.ie/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/Stephen-Rea.pdf" ], "paragraph_id": [ 1, 1, 1, 2, 3, 3, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 7, 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"RKO", "Bodyguard", "New York City", "Calvin Company", "juvenile delinquency", "The Delinquents", "United Artists", "exploitation film", "The James Dean Story", "DuMont", "Pulse of the City", "The Sheriff of Cochise", "Alfred Hitchcock", "CBS", "Alfred Hitchcock Presents", "Whirlybirds", "The Millionaire", "U.S. Marshal", "The Troubleshooters", "The Roaring 20s", "Bonanza", "Bus Stop", "Kraft Mystery Theater", "Combat!", "Hawaiian Eye", "Maverick", "\"Bolt From the Blue\"", "Roger Moore", "Lawman", "Surfside 6", "Peter Gunn", "Route 66", "Kraft Suspense Theatre", "Nightmare in Chicago", "Countdown", "That Cold Day in the Park", "MASH", "Korean War", "Elliott Gould", "Donald Sutherland", "Palme d'Or", "Cannes Film Festival", "Academy Award", "Academy Film Archive", "McCabe & Mrs. Miller", "Revisionist Western", "Leonard Cohen", "The Long Goodbye", "Raymond Chandler", "Leigh Brackett", "neo-noir", "Thieves Like Us", "Nicholas Ray", "They Live by Night", "California Split", "Nashville", "country music", "Keith Carradine", "Academy Award", "I'm Easy", "Pauline Kael", "Vincent Canby", "Roger Ebert", "Lionsgate", "Brewster McCloud", "A Wedding", "3 Women", "Quintet", "Popeye", "Robert Evans", "Jules Feiffer", "of the same name", "Robin Williams", "Malta", "Harry Nilsson", "Van Dyke Parks", "Jonathan Taplin", "Health", "20th Century Fox", "Alan Ladd, Jr.", "blockbuster", "Secret Honor", "Come Back to the Five and Dime, Jimmy Dean, Jimmy Dean", "Igor Stravinsky", "The Rake's Progress", "University of Michigan", "John Anderson", "Black Sheep", "teen comedy", "O.C. and Stiggs", "British Film Institute", "MGM", "Sam Shepard", "Pulitzer Prize", "The Cannon Group", "Fool for Love", "Kim Basinger", "Harry Dean Stanton", "Randy Quaid", "Roger Ebert", "Vincent Canby", "mockumentary", "Tanner '88", "Garry Trudeau", "Primetime Emmy Award", "Vincent & Theo", "biopic", "Vincent van Gogh", "The Player", "David Brown", "The Sting", "Jaws", "Cocoon", "Best Director", "Cannes Film Festival", "BAFTA", "New York Film Critics Circle", "Short Cuts", "Raymond Carver", "Golden Lion", "Venice International Film Festival", "Kansas City", "American Academy of Arts and Sciences", "Gosford Park", "murder mystery", "Julian Fellowes", "Lionsgate", "Focus Features", "film version", "Garrison Keillor", "A Prairie Home Companion", "Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences", "Academy Honorary Award", "Suicide Is Painless", "MASH", "production designer", "Altman", "Mandeville Canyon", "Brentwood, California", "Malibu", "The New York Times", "MASH", "George W. Bush", "Paris, Texas", "marijuana", "NORML", "Noam Chomsky", "Susan Sarandon", "Not in Our Name", "Iraq", "Julian Fellowes", "Best Director Oscar", "Cedars-Sinai Medical Center", "leukemia", "Paul Thomas Anderson", "There Will Be Blood", "A Prairie Home Companion", "auteur", "Alan Rudolph", "Lily Tomlin", "Tim Robbins", "University of Michigan", "Robert Altman Award", "Independent Spirit Awards", "Altman", "auteur", "Ian Freer", "Alan Rudolph", "Ring Lardner", "Cher", "Come Back to the Five and Dime, Jimmy Dean, Jimmy Dean", "Julianne Moore", "Robert Dornhelm", "Short Cuts", "Sally Kellerman", "film genre", "Geraldine Chaplin", "Charlie Chaplin", "Mitchell Zuckoff", "Julianne Moore", "MASH", "McCabe & Mrs. Miller", "Matthew Kennedy", "Nashville", "A Wedding", "The Player", "Vincent Canby", "The Long Goodbye", "O.C. & Stiggs", "Richard Baskin", "Carol Burnett", "Jennifer Jason Leigh", "Elliott Gould", "Sally Kellerman", "Keith Carradine", "Shelley Duvall", "Michael Murphy", "Donald Sutherland", "René Auberjonois", "MASH", "McCabe and Mrs. Miller", "David Thomson", "Nashville", "Renoir", "Ronee Blakley", "MASH", "Pauline Kael", "Vilmos Zsigmond", "Stanley Kubrick", "Roger Deakins", "British Academy Film Awards", "Paul Thomas Anderson", "Leonard Cohen", "McCabe and Mrs. Miller", "A Wedding", "Nashville", "The Long Goodbye", "Harry Nilsson", "Van Dyke Parks", "Popeye", "Short Cuts", "Kansas City", "Nightmare in Chicago", "Harold Pinter", "The Dumb Waiter", "The Room", "Tanner '88", "HBO", "The Caine Mutiny Court Martial", "Herman Wouk", "Vincent & Theo", "McTeague", "McTeague", "PBS", "Black and Blue", "Primetime Emmy Award", "Great Performances", "Kansas City", "Tanner on Tanner", "Sundance Channel", "Alfred Hitchcock Presents", "M Squad", "The Millionaire", "Whirlybirds", "Sheriff of Cochise", "The Troubleshooters", "Hawaiian Eye", "Sugarfoot", "Westinghouse Desilu Playhouse", "The Gale Storm Show", "Bronco", "Maverick", "The Roaring '20s", "Bonanza", "Lawman", "Surfside 6", "Peter Gunn", "Bus Stop", "Route 66", "The Gallant Men", "Combat!", "Kraft Suspense Theatre", "Nightmare in Chicago", "Saturday Night Live", "Sissy Spacek", "Gun", "Academy Awards", "Best Director", "MASH", "Best Director", "Best Picture", "Nashville", "Best Director", "The Player", "Best Director", "Short Cuts", "Best Director", "Best Picture", "Gosford Park", "Academy Honorary Award", "British Academy Film Awards", "Best Direction", "MASH", "Best Direction", "A Wedding", "Best Screenplay", "A Wedding", "Best Film", "The Player", "Best Direction", "The Player", "Gosford Park", "Gosford Park", "Berlin International Film Festival", "Buffalo Bill and the Indians, or Sitting Bull's History Lesson", "Secret Honor", "1999", "Cookie's Fortune", "Cookie's Fortune", "A Prairie Home Companion", "A Prairie Home Companion", "Cannes Film Festival", "MASH", "Images", "3 Women", "Fool for Love", "Aria", "The Player", "The Player", "Kansas City", "Directors Guild of America Award", "Outstanding Directorial in Motion Pictures", "MASH", "Outstanding Directorial in Motion Pictures", "Nashville", "Outstanding Directorial in Motion Pictures", "The Player", "Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Movies for Television", "Tanner on Tanner", "Primetime Emmy Award", "Outstanding Directing in a Drama Series", "Tanner '88", "Outstanding Directing in a Variety or Music Program", "Great Performances", "Golden Globe Award", "Best Director", "MASH", "Best Director", "Nashville", "Best Director", "The Player", "Best Screenplay", "Short Cuts", "Best Director", "Gosford Park", "Independent Spirit Awards", "Best Director", "Short Cuts", "Best Screenplay", "Short Cuts", "Best Feature", "Mrs. Parker and the Vicious Circle", "Best Feature", "Cookie's Fortune", "Best Director", "A Prairie Home Companion", "Venice Film Festival", "Short Cuts", "Dr T and the Women", "Hyperlink cinema", "Robert Altman Bibliography (via UC Berkeley)", "Rafal Syska", "Leonard Maltin", "Popular Library", "Maxïmo Park", "Our Velocity", "Short Cuts Soundtrack", "Robert Altman", "Criterion Collection", "Listen to Robert Altman discussing his career", "Robert Altman bibliography", "Still up to mischief", "The Guardian", "\"Reverse Shot\" interview", "Ebert's Altman Home Companion", "Gerald Peary interview", "Literature on Robert Altman", "\"Altman: Would you go to a movie that was hailed as a masterpiece?\" by Roger Ebert", "\"Bomb\" magazine interview", "Artist of the Month: Robert Altman at Hyena Productions", "The films of Robert Altman", "Robert Altman Obituary, by Stephen Rea, 'Field Day Review 3' (Dublin, 2007)" ], "wikipedia_id": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", 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{ "paragraph": [ "Robert Altman\n", "Robert Bernard Altman (; February 20, 1925 – November 20, 2006) was an American film director, screenwriter, and producer. A five-time nominee of the Academy Award for Best Director and an enduring figure from the New Hollywood era, Altman was considered a \"maverick\" in making films with a highly naturalistic but stylized and satirical aesthetic, unlike most Hollywood films. He is consistently ranked as one of the greatest and most influential filmmakers in American cinema.\n", "His style of filmmaking covered many genres, but usually with a \"subversive\" twist which typically relied on satire and humor to express his personal views. Altman developed a reputation for being \"anti-Hollywood\" and non-conformist in both his themes and directing style. However, actors especially enjoyed working under his direction because he encouraged them to improvise, thereby inspiring their own creativity.\n", "He preferred large ensemble casts for his films, and developed a multitrack recording technique which produced overlapping dialogue from multiple actors. This produced a more natural, more dynamic, and more complex experience for the viewer. He also used highly mobile camera work and zoom lenses to enhance the activity taking place on the screen. Critic Pauline Kael, writing about his directing style, said that Altman could \"make film fireworks out of next to nothing.\"\n", "In 2006, the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences recognized Altman's body of work with an Academy Honorary Award. He never won a competitive Oscar despite seven nominations. His films \"MASH\" (1970), \"McCabe & Mrs. Miller\" (1971), and \"Nashville\" (1975) have been selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry. Altman is one of the few filmmakers whose films have won the Golden Bear at Berlin, the Golden Lion at Venice, and the Golden Palm at Cannes.\n", "Section::::Early life and career.\n", "Altman was born on February 20, 1925, in Kansas City, Missouri, the son of Helen (née Matthews), a \"Mayflower\" descendant from Nebraska, and Bernard Clement Altman, a wealthy insurance salesman and amateur gambler, who came from an upper-class family. Altman's ancestry was German, English and Irish; his paternal grandfather, Frank Altman, Sr., anglicized the spelling of the family name from \"Altmann\" to \"Altman\". Altman had a Catholic upbringing, but he did not continue to follow or practise the religion as an adult, although he has been referred to as \"a sort of Catholic\" and a Catholic director. He was educated at Jesuit schools, including Rockhurst High School, in Kansas City. He graduated from Wentworth Military Academy in Lexington, Missouri in 1943.\n", "In 1943 Altman joined the United States Army Air Forces at the age of 18. During World War II, Altman flew more than 50 bombing missions as a crewman on a B-24 Liberator with the 307th Bomb Group in Borneo and the Dutch East Indies.\n", "Upon his discharge in 1946, Altman moved to California. He worked in publicity for a company that had invented a tattooing machine to identify dogs. He entered filmmaking on a whim, selling a script to RKO for the 1948 picture \"Bodyguard\", which he co-wrote with George W. George. Altman's immediate success encouraged him to move to New York City, where he attempted to forge a career as a writer. Having enjoyed little success, in 1949 he returned to Kansas City, where he accepted a job as a director and writer of industrial films for the Calvin Company. In February 2012, an early Calvin film directed by Altman, \"Modern Football\" (1951), was found by filmmaker Gary Huggins.\n", "Altman directed some 65 industrial films and documentaries before being hired by a local businessman in 1956 to write and direct a feature film in Kansas City on juvenile delinquency. The film, titled \"The Delinquents\", made for $60,000, was purchased by United Artists for $150,000, and released in 1957. While primitive, this teen exploitation film contained the foundations of Altman's later work in its use of casual, naturalistic dialogue. With its success, Altman moved from Kansas City to California for the last time. He co-directed \"The James Dean Story\" (1957), a documentary rushed into theaters to capitalize on the actor's recent death and marketed to his emerging cult following.\n", "Section::::Television work.\n", "Altman's first forays into TV directing were on the DuMont drama series \"Pulse of the City\" (1953–1954), and an episode of the 1956 western series \"The Sheriff of Cochise\". After Alfred Hitchcock saw Altman's early features \"The Delinquents\" and \"The James Dean Story\", he hired him as a director for his CBS anthology series \"Alfred Hitchcock Presents\". After just two episodes, Altman resigned due to differences with a producer, but this exposure enabled him to forge a successful TV career. Over the next decade Altman worked prolifically in television (and almost exclusively in series dramas) directing multiple episodes of \"Whirlybirds\", \"The Millionaire\", \"U.S. Marshal\", \"The Troubleshooters\", \"The Roaring 20s\", \"Bonanza\", \"Bus Stop\", \"Kraft Mystery Theater\", \"Combat!\", as well as single episodes of several other notable series including \"Hawaiian Eye\", \"Maverick\" (the fourth season episode \"Bolt From the Blue\" also written by Altman and starring Roger Moore), \"Lawman\", \"Surfside 6\", \"Peter Gunn\", and \"Route 66\".\n", "Through this early work on industrial films and TV series, Altman experimented with narrative technique and developed his characteristic use of overlapping dialogue. He also learned to work quickly and efficiently on a limited budget. Though he was frequently fired from TV projects for refusing to conform to network mandates, as well as insisting on expressing political subtexts and antiwar sentiments during the Vietnam years, Altman always was able to gain assignments. In 1964, the producers decided to expand \"Once Upon a Savage Night\", one of his episodes of \"Kraft Suspense Theatre\", for release as a TV movie under the title \"Nightmare in Chicago\".\n", "Two years later, Altman was hired to direct the low-budget space travel feature \"Countdown\", but was fired within days of the project's conclusion because he had refused to edit the film to a manageable length. He did not direct another film until \"That Cold Day in the Park\" (1969), which was a critical and box-office disaster.\n", "Section::::Mainstream success.\n", "In 1969, Altman was offered the script for \"MASH\", an adaptation of a little-known Korean War-era novel satirizing life in the armed services; more than a dozen other filmmakers had passed on it. Altman had been hesitant to take the production, and the shoot was so tumultuous that Elliott Gould and Donald Sutherland tried to have Altman fired over his unorthodox filming methods. Nevertheless, \"MASH\" was widely hailed as an immediate classic upon its 1970 release. It won the \"Palme d'Or\" at the 1970 Cannes Film Festival and netted five Academy Award nominations. It was Altman's highest-grossing film, released during a time of increasing anti-war sentiment in the United States. The Academy Film Archive preserved \"MASH\" in 2000.\n", "Now recognized as a major talent, Altman notched critical successes with \"McCabe & Mrs. Miller\" (1971), a Revisionist Western in which the mordant songs of Leonard Cohen underscore a gritty vision of the American frontier; \"The Long Goodbye\" (1973), a controversial adaptation of the Raymond Chandler novel (scripted by Leigh Brackett) now ranked as a seminal influence on the neo-noir subgenre; \"Thieves Like Us\" (1974), an adaptation of the Edward Anderson novel previously filmed by Nicholas Ray as \"They Live by Night\" (1949); \"California Split\" (1974), a gambling comedy-drama; and \"Nashville\" (1975), which had a strong political theme set against the world of country music. The stars of the film wrote their own songs; Keith Carradine won an Academy Award for the song \"I'm Easy\". Although his films were often met with divisive notices, many of the prominent film critics of the era (including Pauline Kael, Vincent Canby and Roger Ebert) remained steadfastly loyal to his oeuvre throughout the decade.\n", "Audiences took some time to appreciate his films, and he did not want to have to satisfy studio officials. In 1970, following the release of \"MASH,\" he founded Lion's Gate Films to have independent production freedom. Altman's company is not to be confused with the current Lionsgate, a Canada/U.S. entertainment company. The films he made through his company included \"Brewster McCloud\", \"A Wedding\", \"3 Women\", and \"Quintet\".\n", "Section::::Later career and renaissance.\n", "In 1980, he directed the musical film \"Popeye\". Produced by Robert Evans and written by Jules Feiffer, the film was based on the comic strip/cartoon of the same name and starred the comedian Robin Williams in his film debut. Designed as a vehicle to increase Altman's commercial clout following a series of critically acclaimed but commercially unsuccessful low-budget films in the late 1970s (including \"3 Women\", \"A Wedding\" and \"Quintet\"), the production was filmed on location in Malta. It was soon beleaguered by heavy drug and alcohol use among most of the cast and crew, including the director; Altman reportedly clashed with Evans, Williams (who threatened to leave the film) and songwriter Harry Nilsson (who departed midway through the shoot, leaving Van Dyke Parks to finish the orchestrations). Although the film grossed $60 million worldwide on a $20 million budget and was the second highest-grossing film Altman had directed to that point, it failed to meet studio expectations and was considered a box office disappointment.\n", "In 1981, the director sold Lion's Gate to producer Jonathan Taplin after his political satire \"Health\" (shot in early 1979 for a Christmas release) was shelved by longtime distributor 20th Century Fox following tepid test and festival screenings throughout 1980. The departure of longtime Altman partisan Alan Ladd, Jr. from Fox also played a decisive role in forestalling the release of the film.\n", "Unable to secure major financing in the post-New Hollywood blockbuster era because of his mercurial reputation and the particularly tumultuous events surrounding the production of \"Popeye\", Altman began to \"direct literate dramatic properties on shoestring budgets for stage, home video, television, and limited theatrical release,\" including the acclaimed \"Secret Honor\" and \"Come Back to the Five and Dime, Jimmy Dean, Jimmy Dean\", a critically antipodean adaptation of a play that Altman had directed on Broadway.\n", "In 1982, Altman staged a production of Igor Stravinsky's \"The Rake's Progress\" at the University of Michigan, where he concurrently taught a course on his films. Shortly thereafter, he returned to film \"Secret Honor\" with students. In 2008, the University of Michigan Library acquired Altman's archive. He also co-wrote John Anderson's 1983 hit single \"Black Sheep\".\n", "The teen comedy \"O.C. and Stiggs\" (1985), an abortive return to Hollywood filmmaking retrospectively characterized by the British Film Institute as \"probably Altman's least successful film\", received a belated limited commercial release in 1987 after being shelved by MGM. Adapted by Altman and Sam Shepard from the latter's Pulitzer Prize-nominated 1983 play for The Cannon Group, \"Fool for Love\" (1985) featured the playwright-actor alongside Kim Basinger, Harry Dean Stanton and Randy Quaid; it fared better than most of his films from the era, earning $900,000 domestically on a $2 million budget and positive reviews from Roger Ebert and Vincent Canby. Still, widespread popularity with audiences continued to elude him.\n", "He regained a modicum of critical favor for his television mockumentary \"Tanner '88\" (1988), a collaboration with Garry Trudeau set in the milieu of a United States presidential campaign, for which he earned a Primetime Emmy Award.\n", "In 1990, Altman directed \"Vincent & Theo\", a biopic about Vincent van Gogh that was intended as a television miniseries for broadcast in the United Kingdom. A theatrical version of the film was a modest success in the United States, marking a significant turning point in the director's critical resurgence.\n", "He revitalized his career in earnest with \"The Player\" (1992), a satire of Hollywood. Co-produced by the influential David Brown (\"The Sting\", \"Jaws\", \"Cocoon\"), the film was nominated for three Academy Awards, including Best Director. While he did not win the Oscar, he was awarded Best Director by the Cannes Film Festival, BAFTA, and the New York Film Critics Circle.\n", "Altman then directed \"Short Cuts\" (1993), an ambitious adaptation of several short stories by Raymond Carver, which portrayed the lives of various citizens of Los Angeles over the course of several days. The film's large cast and intertwining of many different storylines were similar to his large-cast films of the 1970s; he won the Golden Lion at the 1993 Venice International Film Festival and another Oscar nomination for Best Director. In 1996, Altman directed \"Kansas City\", expressing his love of 1930s jazz through a complicated kidnapping story. He was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1999.\n", "\"Gosford Park\" (2001), a large-cast, British country house murder mystery, was included on many critics' lists of the ten best films of that year. It won the Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay (Julian Fellowes) plus six more nominations, including two for Altman, as Best Director and Best Picture.\n", "Working with independent studios such as the now-shuttered Fine Line, Artisan (which was absorbed into today's Lionsgate), and USA Films (now Focus Features), gave Altman the edge in making the kinds of films he always wanted to make without studio interference. A film version of Garrison Keillor's public radio series \"A Prairie Home Companion\" was released in June 2006. Altman was still developing new projects up until his death, including a film based on \"\" (1997).\n", "In 2006, the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences awarded Altman an Academy Honorary Award for Lifetime Achievement. During his acceptance speech, he revealed that he had received a heart transplant approximately ten or eleven years earlier. The director then quipped that perhaps the Academy had acted prematurely in recognizing the body of his work, as he felt like he might have four more decades of life ahead of him.\n", "Section::::Personal life.\n", "Section::::Personal life.:Family.\n", "Altman was married three times. His first wife was LaVonne Elmer. They were married from 1947 to 1949, and had a daughter, Christine. His second wife was Lotus Corelli. They were married from 1950 to 1955, and had two sons, Michael and Stephen. At fourteen Michael wrote the lyrics to \"Suicide Is Painless\", the theme song to Altman's movie, \"MASH\". His son Steven is a production designer who often worked with his father. His third wife was Kathryn Reed. They were married from 1957 until his death in 2006. They had two sons, Robert and Matthew. Altman became the stepfather to Konni Reed when he married Kathryn.\n", "Altman was survived by his wife, Kathryn; his 6 children; 12 grandchildren; and 5 great-grandchildren.\n", "Kathryn Altman, who died in 2016, co-authored a book about Altman that was published in 2014. She had served as a consultant and narrator for the 2014 documentary \"Altman\", and had spoken at many retrospective screenings of her husband's films.\n", "Section::::Personal life.:Homes.\n", "In the 1960s, Altman lived for years in Mandeville Canyon in Brentwood, California. He resided in Malibu throughout the 1970s, but sold that home and the Lion's Gate production company in 1981. \"I had no choice\", he told \"The New York Times\". \"Nobody was answering the phone\" after the flop of \"Popeye\". He moved his family and business headquarters to New York City, but eventually moved back to Malibu, where he lived until his death. Altman despised the phenomenally popular television series \"MASH\" which followed his popular 1970 film, citing it as being the antithesis of what his movie was about, and citing its anti-war messages as being \"racist\". In the 2001 DVD commentary for \"MASH\", he stated clearly the reasons for which he disapproved of the series.\n", "Section::::Personal life.:Political views.\n", "In November 2000, he claimed that he would move to Paris if George W. Bush were elected, but joked that he had meant Paris, Texas, when it came to pass. He noted that \"the state would be better off if he (Bush) is out of it.\" Altman was an outspoken marijuana user, and served as a member of the NORML advisory board. He was also an atheist and an anti-war activist. He was one of numerous notable public figures, including the linguist Noam Chomsky and the actress Susan Sarandon, who signed the \"Not in Our Name\" declaration opposing the 2003 invasion of Iraq. Julian Fellowes believes that Altman's anti-war and anti-Bush stance cost him the Best Director Oscar for \"Gosford Park\".\n", "Section::::Death.\n", "Altman died on November 20, 2006, at age 81 at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center in Los Angeles. According to his production company in New York, Sandcastle 5 Productions, he died of complications from leukemia.\n", "The film director Paul Thomas Anderson dedicated his 2007 film \"There Will Be Blood\" to Altman. Anderson had worked as a standby director on \"A Prairie Home Companion\" for insurance purposes, in the event the ailing 80-year-old Altman was unable to finish shooting.\n", "Section::::Legacy.\n", "During a celebration tribute to Altman a few months after his death, he was described as a \"passionate filmmaker\" and auteur who rejected convention, creating what director Alan Rudolph called an \"Altmanesque\" style of films. He preferred large casts of actors, natural overlapping conversations, and encouraged his actors to improvise and express their innate creativity, but without fear of failing. Lily Tomlin compared him to \"a great benign patriarch who was always looking out for you as an actor\", adding that \"you're not afraid to take chances with him.\"\n", "Many of his films are described as \"acid satires and counterculture character studies that redefined and reinvigorated modern cinema.\" Although his films spanned most film genres, such as Westerns, musicals, war films, or comedies, he was considered \"anti-genre\", and his films were \"candidly subversive\". He was known to hate the \"phoniness\" he saw in most mainstream films, and \"he wanted to explode them\" through satire.\n", "Actor Tim Robbins, who starred in a number of Altman's films, describes some of the unique aspects of his directing method:\n", "Altman's personal archives are located at the University of Michigan, which include about 900 boxes of personal papers, scripts, legal, business and financial records, photographs, props and related material. Altman had filmed \"Secret Honor\" at the university, as well as directed several operas there.\n", "Since 2009, the Robert Altman Award is awarded to the director, casting director, and ensemble cast of films at the yearly Independent Spirit Awards.\n", "In 2014, a feature-length documentary film, \"Altman\", was released, which looks at his life and work with film clips and interviews.\n", "Section::::Directing style and technique.\n", "Section::::Directing style and technique.:Maverick and auteur.\n", "Following his successful career in television, Altman began his new career in the movie industry when he was in middle-age. He understood the creative limits imposed by the television genre, and now set out to direct and write films which would express his personal visions about American society and Hollywood. His films would later be described as \"auteuristic attacks\" and \"idiosyncratic variations\" of traditional films, typically using subtle comedy or satire as a way of expressing his observations.\n", "His films were typically related to political, ideological, and personal subjects, and Altman was known for \"refusing to compromise his own artistic vision.\" He has been described as \"anti-Hollywood,\" often ignoring the social pressures that affected others in the industry, which made it more difficult for him to get many of his films seen. However, he still felt that his independence as a filmmaker did him little harm overall:\n", "\"Altman was a genuine movie maverick,\" states author Ian Freer, because he went against the commercial conformity of the movie industry: \"He was the scourge of the film establishment, and his work generally cast an astute, scathing eye over the breadth of American culture, often exploding genres and character archetypes; Altman was fascinated by people with imperfections, people as they really are, not as the movies would have you believe.\" Director Alan Rudolph, during a special tribute to Altman, refers to his moviemaking style as \"Altmanesque.\"\n", "With his independent style of directing, he developed a bad reputation among screenwriters and those on the business side of films. He admits, \"I have a bad reputation with writers, developed over the years: 'Oh, he doesn't do what you write, blah blah blah.' . . . . Ring Lardner was very pissed off with me,\" for not following his script. Nor did Altman get along well with studio heads, once punching an executive in the nose and knocking him into a swimming pool because he insisted he cut six minutes from a film he was working on.\n", "His reputation among actors is quite different, however. With them, his independence sometimes extended to his choice of actors, often going against consensus. Cher, for instance, credits him for launching her career with both the stage play and film, \"Come Back to the Five and Dime, Jimmy Dean, Jimmy Dean\" (1982). \"Without Bob I would have never had a film career. Everyone told him not to cast me. Everyone. . . . Nobody would give me a break. I am convinced that Bob was the only one who was brave enough to do it.\" Others, like Julianne Moore, describes working with him:\n", "However, director Robert Dornhelm states, Altman \"looked at film as a pure, artistic venue.\" With \"Short Cuts\" (1993), for instance, the distributor \"begged him\" to cut a few minutes from the length, to keep it commercially viable: \"Bob just thought the Antichrist was trying to destroy his art. They were well-meaning people who wanted him to get what he deserved, which was a big commercial hit. But when it came down to the art or the money, he was with the art.\"\n", "Sally Kellerman, noting Altman's willful attitude, still looks back with regret at giving up a chance to act in one of his films:\n", "Section::::Directing style and technique.:Themes and subjects.\n", "Unlike directors whose work fits within various film genres, such as Westerns, musicals, war films, or comedies, Altman's work has been defined as more \"anti-genre\" by various critics. This is partly due to the satirical and comedy nature of many of his films. Geraldine Chaplin, daughter of Charlie Chaplin, compared the humor in his films to her father's films:\n", "Altman made it clear that he did not like \"storytelling\" in his films, contrary to the way most television and mainstream movies are made. According to Altman biographer Mitchell Zuckoff, \"he disliked the word 'story,' believing that a plot should be secondary to an exploration of pure (or, even better, impure) human behavior.\" Zuckoff describes the purposes underlying many of Altman's films: \"He loved the chaotic nature of real life, with conflicting perspectives, surprising twists, unexplained actions, and ambiguous endings. He especially loved many voices, sometimes arguing, sometimes agreeing, ideally overlapping, a cocktail party or a street scene captured as he experienced it. Julianne Moore, after seeing some of his movies, credits Altman's style of directing for her decision to become a film actress, rather than a stage actress:\n", "Film author Charles Derry writes that Altman's films \"characteristically contain perceptive observations, telling exchanges, and moments of crystal clear revelation of human folly.\" Because Altman was an astute observer of society and \"especially interested in people,\" notes Derry, many of his film characters had \"that sloppy imperfection associated with human beings as they are, with life as it is lived.\" As a result, his films are often an indirect critique of American society.\n", "For many of Altman's films, the satirical content is evident: \"MASH\" (1970), for example, is a satirical black comedy set during the Korean War; \"McCabe & Mrs. Miller\" (1971) is a satire on Westerns; author Matthew Kennedy states that \"Nashville\" (1975) is a \"brilliant satire of America immediately prior to the Bicentennial\"; \"A Wedding\" (1978) is a satire on American marriage rituals and hypocrisy; Altman himself said that \"The Player\" (1992) was \"a very mild satire\" about the Hollywood film industry, and Vincent Canby agreed, stating that \"as a satire, \"The Player\" tickles. It doesn't draw blood.\" However, the satire of his films sometimes led to their failure at the box office if their satirical nature was not understood by the distributor. Altman blames the box office failure of \"The Long Goodbye\" (1973), a detective story, on the erroneous marketing of the film as a thriller:\n", "Similarly, Altman also blames the failure of \"O.C. & Stiggs\" on its being marketed as a typical \"teenage movie,\" rather than what he filmed it as, a \"satire of a teenage movie,\" he said.\n", "Section::::Directing style and technique.:Improvisation and natural dialogue.\n", "Altman favored stories expressing the interrelationships among several characters, being more interested in character motivation than in intricate plots. He therefore tended to sketch out only a basic plot for the film, referring to the screenplay as a \"blueprint\" for action. By encouraging his actors to improvise dialogue, Altman thus became known as an \"actor's director,\" a reputation that attracted many notable actors to work as part of his large casts. Performers enjoy working with Altman in part because \"he provides them with the freedom to develop their characters and often alter the script through improvisation and collaboration,\" notes Derry. Richard Baskin says that \"Bob was rather extraordinary in his way of letting people do what they did. He trusted you to do what you did and therefore you would kill for him.\"\n", "Altman regularly let his actors develop a character through improvisation during rehearsal or sometimes during the actual filming. Such improvisation was uncommon in film due to the high cost of movie production which requires careful planning, precise scripts, and rehearsal, before costly film was exposed. Nevertheless, Altman preferred to use improvisation as a tool for helping his actors develop their character. Altman said that \"once we start shooting it's a very set thing. Improvisation is misunderstood. We don't just turn people loose.\" Although he tried to avoid dictating an actor's every move, preferring to let them be in control:\n", "Carol Burnett remembers Altman admitting that many of the ideas in his films came from the actors. \"You never hear a director say that. That was truly an astonishing thing,\" she said. Others, such as Jennifer Jason Leigh, became creatively driven:\n", "He liked working with many of the same performers for other films, including Elliott Gould, Sally Kellerman, Keith Carradine, Shelley Duvall and Michael Murphy. Krin Gabbard adds that Altman enjoyed using actors \"who flourish as improvisers,\" such as Elliott Gould, who starred in three of his films, \"MASH\", \"The Long Goodbye\" and \"California Split\". Gould recalls that when filming \"MASH\", his first acting job with Altman, he and costar Donald Sutherland didn't think Altman knew what he was doing. He wrote years later, \"I think that in hindsight, Donald and I were two elitist, arrogant actors who really weren't getting Altman's genius.\" Others in the cast immediately appreciated Altman's directing style. René Auberjonois explains:\n", "Unlike television and traditional films, Altman also avoided \"conventional storytelling,\" and would opt for showing the \"busy confusion of real life,\" observes Albert Lindauer. Among the various techniques to achieve this effect, his films often include \"a profusion of sounds and images, by huge casts or crazy characters, multiple plots or no plots at all, . . . and a reliance on improvisation.\" A few months before he died, Altman tried to summarize the motives behind his filmmaking style:\n", "Section::::Directing style and technique.:Realistic sound and large ensemble casts.\n", "Altman was one of the few filmmakers who \"paid full attention to the possibilities of sound\" when filming. He tried to replicate natural conversational sounds, even with large casts, by wiring hidden microphones to actors, then recording them talking over each other with multiple soundtracks. During the filming, he wore a headset to ensure that important dialogue could be heard, without emphasizing it. This produced a \"dense audio experience\" for viewers, allowing them to hear multiple scraps of dialogue, as if they were listening in on various private conversations. Altman recognized that although large casts hurt a film commercially, \"I like to see a lot of stuff going on.\"\n", "Altman first used overlapping soundtracks in \"MASH\" (1970), a sound technique which movie author Michael Barson describes as \"a breathtaking innovation at the time.\" He developed it, Altman said, to force viewers to pay attention and become engaged in the film as if they were an active participant. According to some critics, one of the more extreme uses of the technique is in \"McCabe and Mrs. Miller\" (1971), also considered among his finest films.\n", "However, overlapping dialogue among large groups of actors adds complexity to Altman's films, and they were often criticized as appearing haphazard or disconnected on first viewing. Some of his critics, however, changed their mind after seeing them again. British film critic, David Thomson, gave \"Nashville\" (1975) a bad review after watching it the first time, but later wrote, \"But going back to \"Nashville\" and some of the earlier films, . . . made me reflect: It remains enigmatic how organized or purposeful \"Nashville\" is. . . . The mosaic, or mix, permits a freedom and a human idiosyncrasy that Renoir might have admired.\" During the making of the film, the actors were inspired, and co-star Ronee Blakley was convinced of the film's ultimate success:\n", "Thomson later recognized those aspects as being part of Altman's style, beginning with \"MASH\" (1970): \"\"MASH\" began to develop the crucial Altman style of overlapping, blurred sound and images so slippery with zoom that there was no sense of composition. That is what makes \"Nashville\" so absorbing.\" Altman explained that to him such overlapping dialogue in his films was closer to reality, especially with large groups: \"If you've got fourteen people at a dinner table, it seems to me it's pretty unlikely that only two of them are going to be talking.\" Pauline Kael writes that Altman, \"the master of large ensembles, loose action, and overlapping voices, demonstrates that . . . he can make film fireworks out of next to nothing.\"\n", "Section::::Directing style and technique.:Photography.\n", "Altman's distinctive style of directing carried over into his preferences for camerawork. Among them was his use of widescreen compositions, intended to capture the many people or activities taking place on screen at the same time. For some films, such as \"McCabe and Mrs. Miller\", he created a powerful visual atmosphere with cinematographer Vilmos Zsigmond, such as scenes using fluid camerawork, zoom lenses, and a smoky effect using special fog filters. Director Stanley Kubrick told Altman that \"the camerawork was wonderful,\" and asked, \"How did you do it?\"\n", "In \"Nashville\", Altman used sets with noticeable colors of reds, whites and blues. For \"The Long Goodbye\", he insisted that Zsigmond keep the camera mobile by mounting it to moving objects. Zsigmond states that Altman \"wanted to do something different\" in this film, and told him he \"wanted the camera to move—all the time. Up. down. In and out. Side to side.\" Cinematographer Roger Deakins, discussing his use of zoom lenses, commented, \"I would find it quite exciting to shoot a film with a zoom lens if it was that observational, roving kind of look that Robert Altman was known for. He'd put the camera on a jib arm and float across the scene and pick out these shots as he went along – quite a nice way of working.\"\n", "Zsigmond also recalls that working with Altman was fun:\n", "Vilmos Zsigmond's cinematography in \"McCabe and Mrs. Miller\" received a nomination by the British Academy Film Awards.\n", "Section::::Directing style and technique.:Music scores.\n", "When using music in his films, Altman was known to be highly selective, often choosing music that he personally liked. Director Paul Thomas Anderson, who worked with him, notes that \"Altman's use of music is always important,\" adding, \"Bob loved his music, didn't he? My God, he loved his music\". Since he was a \"great fan\" of Leonard Cohen's music, for example, saying he would \"just get stoned and play that stuff\" all the time he used three of his songs in \"McCabe and Mrs. Miller\" (1971), and another for the final scene in \"A Wedding\" (1978).\n", "For \"Nashville\" (1975), Altman had numerous new country music songs written by his cast to create a realistic atmosphere. He incorporated a \"hauntingly repeated melody\" in \"The Long Goodbye\" (1973), and employed Harry Nilsson and Van Dyke Parks to score \"Popeye\" (1980).\n", "A number of music experts have written about Altman's use of music, including Richard R. Ness, who wrote about the scores for many of Altman's films in an article, considered to be a valuable resource for understanding Altman's filmmaking technique. Similarly, cinema studies professor Krin Gabbard wrote an analysis of Altman's use of Jazz music in \"Short Cuts\" (1993), noting that few critics have considered the \"importance of the music\" in the film.\n", "Jazz was also significant in \"Kansas City\" (1996). In that film, the music is considered to be the basis of the story. Altman states that \"the whole idea was not to be too specific about the story,\" but to have the film itself be \"rather a sort of jazz.\" Altman's technique of making the theme of a film a form of music, was considered \"an experiment nobody has tried before,\" with Altman admitting it was risky. \"I didn't know if it would work. . . . If people 'get it,' then they really tend to like it.\"\n", "Section::::Filmography.\n", "Section::::Filmography.:Television work.\n", "Section::::Filmography.:Television work.:Television films and miniseries.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Nightmare in Chicago\" (1964) [previously the episode \"Once Upon a Savage Night\" of \"Kraft Suspense Theater\"]\n", "BULLET::::- \"Precious Blood\" (1982) – Television film written by Frank South\n", "BULLET::::- \"Rattlesnake in a Cooler\" (1982) – Television film written by Frank South\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Laundromat\" (1985) (60 min.)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Basements\" (1987) – two one-act plays by Harold Pinter: \"The Dumb Waiter\" and \"The Room\" (the former was released to video as its own feature by Prism Entertainment)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Tanner '88\" (1988) – six-hour miniseries for HBO\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Caine Mutiny Court Martial\" (1988) – Television film based on the play by Herman Wouk\n", "BULLET::::- \"Vincent & Theo\" (1990) – British miniseries in 4 parts, later released in edited form worldwide as feature film.\n", "BULLET::::- \"McTeague\" (1992) – an opera for PBS\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Real McTeague\" (1993) – making of \"McTeague\", also for PBS\n", "BULLET::::- \"Black and Blue\" (1993) – a Primetime Emmy Award-nominated filmed play which aired on PBS' \"Great Performances\"\n", "BULLET::::- \"Robert Altman's Jazz '34\" (1997) – PBS special about the music from \"Kansas City\"\n", "BULLET::::- \"Tanner on Tanner\" (2004) – two-hour miniseries for the Sundance Channel, a follow-up to \"Tanner '88\"\n", "Section::::Filmography.:Television work.:Television episodes.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Alfred Hitchcock Presents\" (1957–58)\n", "BULLET::::- ep. 3–9: \"The Young One\" (air-date December 1, 1957)\n", "BULLET::::- ep. 3–15: \"Together\" (a.d. January 12, 1958)\n", "BULLET::::- \"M Squad\" (1958) ep. 1–21: \"Lover's Lane Killing\" (a.d. February 14, 1958)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Millionaire\" aka \"If You Had A Million\" (1958–59)\n", "BULLET::::- \"directed by Altman\"\n", "BULLET::::- ep No. 148 / 5–14: \"Pete Hopper: Afraid of the Dark\" (a.d. December 10, 1958)\n", "BULLET::::- ep No. 162 / 5–28: \"Henry Banning: The Show Off\" (a.d. April 1, 1959)\n", "BULLET::::- ep No. 185 / 6–14: \"Jackson Greene: The Beatnik\" (a.d. December 22, 1959)\n", "BULLET::::- \"written by Altman\"\n", "BULLET::::- ep No. 160 / 5–26: \"Alicia Osante: Beauty and the Sailor\" (a.d. March 18, 1959)\n", "BULLET::::- ep No. 174 / 6–3: \"Lorraine Dagget: The Beach Story\" [story] (a.d. September 29, 1959)\n", "BULLET::::- ep No. 183 / 6–12: \"Andrew C. Cooley: Andy and Clara\" (a.d. December 8, 1959)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Whirlybirds\" (1958–59)\n", "BULLET::::- ep. No. 53 / 2-14: \"Infra-Red\" (a.d. May 5, 1958)\n", "BULLET::::- ep. No. 55 / 2-16: \"Blind Date\" (a.d. May 19, 1958)\n", "BULLET::::- ep. No. 68 / 2-29: \"Glamour Girl\" (a.d. November 17, 1958)\n", "BULLET::::- ep. No. 70 / 2-31: \"The Story of Sister Bridget\" (a.d. December 1, 1958)\n", "BULLET::::- ep. No. 71 / 2–32: \"The Midnight Show\" (a.d. December 8, 1958)\n", "BULLET::::- ep. No. 78 / 2-39: \"Rest In Peace\" (a.d. January 26, 1959)\n", "BULLET::::- ep. No. 79 / 3–1: \"Guilty of Old Age\" (a.d. April 13, 1959)\n", "BULLET::::- ep. No. 80 / 3–2: \"A Matter of Trust\" (a.d. April 6, 1959)\n", "BULLET::::- ep. No. 81 / 3–3: \"Christmas in June\" (a.d. April 20, 1959)\n", "BULLET::::- ep. No. 82 / 3–4: \"Til Death Do Us Part\" (unknown air-date, probably April 27, 1959)\n", "BULLET::::- ep. No. 83 / 3–5: \"Time Limit\" (a.d. May 4, 1959)\n", "BULLET::::- ep. No. 84 / 3–6: \"Experiment X-74\" (a.d. May 11, 1959)\n", "BULLET::::- ep. No. 87 / 3–9: \"The Challenge\" (a.d. June 1, 1959)\n", "BULLET::::- ep. No. 88 / 3–10: \"The Big Lie\" (a.d. June 8, 1959)\n", "BULLET::::- ep. No. 91 / 3–13: \"The Perfect Crime\" (a.d. June 29, 1959)\n", "BULLET::::- ep. No. 92 / 3–14: \"The Unknown Soldier\" (a.d. July 6, 1959)\n", "BULLET::::- ep. No. 93 / 3–15: \"Two of a Kind\" (a.d. July 13, 1959)\n", "BULLET::::- ep. No. 94 / 3–16: \"In Ways Mysterious\" (a.d. July 20, 1959)\n", "BULLET::::- ep. No. 97 / 3–19: \"The Black Maria\" (a.d. August 10, 1959)\n", "BULLET::::- ep. No. 98 / 3–20: \"The Sitting Duck\" (a.d. August 17, 1959)\n", "BULLET::::- \"U.S. Marshal\" (original title: \"Sheriff of Cochise\") (1959)\n", "BULLET::::- \"verified\"\n", "BULLET::::- ep. 4–17: \"The Triple Cross\"\n", "BULLET::::- ep. 4–23: \"Shortcut to Hell\"\n", "BULLET::::- ep. 4–25: \"R.I.P.\" (a.d. June 6, 1959)\n", "BULLET::::- \"uncertain; some sources cite Altman on these episodes; no known source cites anybody else\"\n", "BULLET::::- ep. 4–18: \"The Third Miracle\"\n", "BULLET::::- ep. 4–31: \"Kill or Be Killed\"\n", "BULLET::::- ep. 4–32: \"Backfire\"\n", "BULLET::::- ep. \"Tapes For Murder\"\n", "BULLET::::- ep. \"Special Delivery\"\n", "BULLET::::- ep. \"Paper Bullets\"\n", "BULLET::::- ep. \"Tarnished Star\"\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Troubleshooters\" (1959) (13 episodes)\n", "BULLET::::- ep. 01 Liquid Death\n", "BULLET::::- ep. 02 The Law and the Profits / Disaster\n", "BULLET::::- ep. 03 Trouble at Elbow Bend\n", "BULLET::::- ep. 04 The Lower Depths\n", "BULLET::::- ep. 05 Tiger Culhane\n", "BULLET::::- ep. 06 Moment of Terror\n", "BULLET::::- ep. 07 Gino [also co-writer]\n", "BULLET::::- ep. 14 Swing Shift / Trouble at the Orphanage\n", "BULLET::::- ep. 17 Harry Maur\n", "BULLET::::- ep. 20 The Town That Wouldn't Die\n", "BULLET::::- ep. 22 Senorita\n", "BULLET::::- ep. 24 No Stone Unturned\n", "BULLET::::- ep. 25 Fire in the Hole\n", "BULLET::::- ep. 26 The Carnival / The Cat-skinner [also co-writer]\n", "BULLET::::- \"Hawaiian Eye\" (1959) ep. 8: \"Three Tickets to Lani\" (a.d. November 25, 1959)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Sugarfoot\" (1959–60)\n", "BULLET::::- ep. No. 47 / 3–7: \"Apollo with a Gun\" (a.d. December 8, 1959)\n", "BULLET::::- ep. No. 50 / 3–10: \"The Highbinder\" (a.d. January 19, 1960)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Westinghouse Desilu Playhouse\" (1960)\n", "BULLET::::- ep. \"The Sound of Murder\" (a.d. January 1, 1960)\n", "BULLET::::- ep. \"Death of a Dream\"\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Gale Storm Show\" aka \"Oh! Susanna\" (1960) ep. No. 125 / 4–25: \"It's Magic\" (a.d. March 17, 1960)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Bronco\" (1960) ep No. 41 / 3–1: \"The Mustangers\" (a.d. October 17, 1960)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Maverick\" (1960) ep. #90: \"Bolt From the Blue\" (a.d. November 27, 1960)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Roaring '20s\" (1960–61)\n", "BULLET::::- ep. 1–5: \"The Prairie Flower\" (a.d. November 12, 1960)\n", "BULLET::::- ep. 1–6: \"Brother's Keeper\" (a.d. November 19, 1960)\n", "BULLET::::- ep. 1–8: \"White Carnation\" (a.d. December 3, 1960)\n", "BULLET::::- ep. 1–12: \"Dance Marathon\" (a.d. January 14, 1961)\n", "BULLET::::- ep. 1–15: \"Two a Day\" (a.d. February 4, 1961)\n", "BULLET::::- ep. 1–28&29: \"Right Off the Boat\" Parts 1 & 2 (a.d. May 13/20, 1961)\n", "BULLET::::- ep. 1–31: \"Royal Tour\" (a.d. June 3, 1961)\n", "BULLET::::- ep. 2–4: \"Standing Room Only\" (a.d. October 28, 1961)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Bonanza\" (1960–61)\n", "BULLET::::- ep. 2–13: \"Silent Thunder\" (a.d. December 10, 1960)\n", "BULLET::::- ep. 2–19: \"Bank Run\" (a.d. January 28, 1961)\n", "BULLET::::- ep. 2–25: \"The Duke\" (a.d. March 11, 1961)\n", "BULLET::::- ep. 2–28: \"The Rival\" (a.d. April 15, 1961)\n", "BULLET::::- ep. 2–31: \"The Secret\" (a.d. May 6, 1961)\n", "BULLET::::- ep. 2–32 \"The Dream Riders\" (a.d. May 20, 1961)\n", "BULLET::::- ep. 2–34: \"Sam Hill\" (a.d. June 3, 1961)\n", "BULLET::::- ep. 3–7: \"The Many Faces of Gideon Finch\" (a.d. November 5, 1961)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Lawman\" (1961) ep. No. 92 / 3–16: \"The Robbery\" (a.d. January 1, 1961)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Surfside 6\" (1961) ep. 1–18: \"Thieves Among Honor\" (a.d. Jan 30, 1961)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Peter Gunn\" (1958) ep. 3–28: \"The Murder Bond\" (a.d. April 24, 1961)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Bus Stop\" (1961–62)\n", "BULLET::::- ep. 4: \"The Covering Darkness\" (a.d. October 22, 1961)\n", "BULLET::::- ep. 5: \"Portrait of a Hero\" (a.d. October 29, 1961)\n", "BULLET::::- ep. 8: \"Accessory By Consent\" (a.d. November 19, 1961)\n", "BULLET::::- ep. 10: \"A Lion Walks Among Us\" (a.d. December 3, 1961)\n", "BULLET::::- ep. 12: \"... And the Pursuit of Evil\" (a.d. December 17, 1961)\n", "BULLET::::- ep. 15: \"Summer Lightning\" (a.d. January 7, 1962)\n", "BULLET::::- ep. 23: \"Door Without a Key\" (a.d. March 4, 1962)\n", "BULLET::::- ep. 25: \"County General\" [possibly failed pilot] (a.d. March 18, 1962)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Route 66\" (1961)\n", "BULLET::::- ep. #40/2-10: \"Some of the People, Some of the Time' (a.d. December 1, 61)\n", "BULLET::::- ep. 3–17: \"A Gift for a Warrior\" (a.d. January 18, 1963) – often incorrectly cited, Altman did not direct this\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Gallant Men\" (1962) pilot: \"Battle Zone\" (a.d. October 5, 1962)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Combat!\" (1962–63)\n", "BULLET::::- ep. 1–1: \"Forgotten Front\" (a.d. October 2, 1962)\n", "BULLET::::- ep. 1–2: \"Rear Echelon Commandos\" (a.d. October 9, 1962)\n", "BULLET::::- ep. 1–4: \"Any Second Now\" (a.d. October 23, 1962)\n", "BULLET::::- ep. 1–7: \"Escape to Nowhere\" (a.d. December 20, 1962)\n", "BULLET::::- ep. 1–9: \"Cat and Mouse\" (a.d. December 4, 1962)\n", "BULLET::::- ep. 1–10: \"I Swear by Apollo\" (a.d. December 11, 1962)\n", "BULLET::::- ep. 1–12: \"The Prisoner\" (a.d. December 25, 1962)\n", "BULLET::::- ep. 1–16: \"The Volunteer\" (a.d. January 22, 1963)\n", "BULLET::::- ep. 1–20: \"Off Limits\" (a.d. February 19, 1963)\n", "BULLET::::- ep. 1–23: \"Survival\" (a.d. March 12, 1963)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Kraft Suspense Theatre\" (1963)\n", "BULLET::::- ep 1–8: \"The Long Lost Life of Edward Smalley\" (also writer) (a.d. December 12, 1963)\n", "BULLET::::- ep 1–9: \"The Hunt\" (also writer) (a.d. December 19, 1963)\n", "BULLET::::- ep 1–21: \"Once Upon a Savage Night\" (a.d. April 2, 1964)\n", "BULLET::::- released as the television film \"Nightmare in Chicago\" in 1964\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Long Hot Summer\" (1965) pilot\n", "BULLET::::- \"Nightwatch\" (1968) pilot: \"The Suitcase\"\n", "BULLET::::- \"Premiere\" (1968) ep. \"Walk in the Sky\" (a.d. July 15, 1968)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Saturday Night Live\" (1977) ep. No. 39 / 2–16 \"h: Sissy Spacek\", seg. \"Sissy's Roles\" (a.d. March 12, 1977)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Gun\" (aka \"Robert Altman's Gun\") (1997) ep. 4: \"All the President's Women\" (a.d. May 10, 1997)\n", "BULLET::::- this episode, along with another, was released on DVD as \"Gun: Fatal Betrayal\"; subsequently, the entire six-episode series was released.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Killer App\" (1999) Unscreened pilot\n", "Section::::Awards and nominations.\n", "Academy Awards:\n", "BULLET::::- 1971: Best Director (\"MASH\", nominated)\n", "BULLET::::- 1976: Best Director, Best Picture (\"Nashville\", nominated)\n", "BULLET::::- 1993: Best Director (\"The Player\", nominated)\n", "BULLET::::- 1994: Best Director (\"Short Cuts\", nominated)\n", "BULLET::::- 2002: Best Director, Best Picture (\"Gosford Park\", nominated)\n", "BULLET::::- 2005: Academy Honorary Award Oscar (won)\n", "British Academy Film Awards:\n", "BULLET::::- 1971: Best Direction (\"MASH\", nominated)\n", "BULLET::::- 1979: Best Direction (\"A Wedding\", nominated)\n", "BULLET::::- 1979: Best Screenplay (\"A Wedding\", nominated)\n", "BULLET::::- 1993: Best Film (\"The Player\", nominated)\n", "BULLET::::- 1993: Best Direction (\"The Player\", won)\n", "BULLET::::- 2002: Alexander Korda Award for Best British Film (\"Gosford Park\", won)\n", "BULLET::::- 2002: David Lean Award for Direction (\"Gosford Park\", nominated)\n", "Berlin International Film Festival:\n", "BULLET::::- 1976: Golden Berlin Bear (\"Buffalo Bill and the Indians, or Sitting Bull's History Lesson\", won)\n", "BULLET::::- 1985: FIPRESCI Prize – Forum of New Cinema (\"Secret Honor\", won)\n", "BULLET::::- 1999: Golden Berlin Bear (\"Cookie's Fortune\", nominated)\n", "BULLET::::- 1999: Prize of the Guild of German Art House Cinemas (\"Cookie's Fortune\", won)\n", "BULLET::::- 2002: Honorary Golden Berlin Bear (won)\n", "BULLET::::- 2006: Golden Berlin Bear (\"A Prairie Home Companion\", nominated)\n", "BULLET::::- 2006: Reader Jury of the \"Berliner Morgenpost\" (\"A Prairie Home Companion\", won)\n", "Cannes Film Festival:\n", "BULLET::::- 1970: Golden Palm (\"MASH\", won)\n", "BULLET::::- 1972: Golden Palm (\"Images\", nominated)\n", "BULLET::::- 1977: Golden Palm (\"3 Women\", nominated)\n", "BULLET::::- 1986: Golden Palm (\"Fool for Love\", nominated)\n", "BULLET::::- 1987: Golden Palm (\"Aria \", nominated)\n", "BULLET::::- 1992: Golden Palm (\"The Player\", nominated)\n", "BULLET::::- 1992: Best Director (\"The Player\", won)\n", "BULLET::::- 1996: Golden Palm (\"Kansas City\", nominated)\n", "Directors Guild of America Awards:\n", "BULLET::::- 1971: Outstanding Directorial in Motion Pictures (\"MASH\", nominated)\n", "BULLET::::- 1976: Outstanding Directorial in Motion Pictures (\"Nashville\", nominated)\n", "BULLET::::- 1993: Outstanding Directorial in Motion Pictures (\"The Player\", nominated)\n", "BULLET::::- 1994: Lifetime Achievement Award (won)\n", "BULLET::::- 2005: Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Movies for Television (\"Tanner on Tanner\", nominated)\n", "Primetime Emmy Awards:\n", "BULLET::::- 1989: Outstanding Directing in a Drama Series (\"Tanner '88: The Boiler Room\", won)\n", "BULLET::::- 1993: Outstanding Directing in a Variety or Music Program (\"Great Performances: Black and Blue\", nominated)\n", "Golden Globe Awards:\n", "BULLET::::- 1971: Best Director (\"MASH\", nominated)\n", "BULLET::::- 1976: Best Director (\"Nashville\", nominated)\n", "BULLET::::- 1993: Best Director (\"The Player\", nominated)\n", "BULLET::::- 1994: Best Screenplay (\"Short Cuts\", nominated)\n", "BULLET::::- 2002: Best Director (\"Gosford Park\", won)\n", "Independent Spirit Awards:\n", "BULLET::::- 1994: Best Director (\"Short Cuts\", won)\n", "BULLET::::- 1994: Best Screenplay (\"Short Cuts\", won)\n", "BULLET::::- 1995: Best Feature (\"Mrs. Parker and the Vicious Circle\", nominated)\n", "BULLET::::- 2000: Best Feature (\"Cookie's Fortune\", nominated)\n", "BULLET::::- 2007: Best Director (\"A Prairie Home Companion\", nominated)\n", "Venice Film Festival:\n", "BULLET::::- 1993: Golden Lion (\"Short Cuts\", won)\n", "BULLET::::- 1996: Career Golden Lion (won)\n", "BULLET::::- 2000: Golden Lion (\"Dr T and the Women\", nominated)\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- Hyperlink cinema\n", "Section::::Bibliographies.\n", "BULLET::::- Robert Altman Bibliography (via UC Berkeley)\n", "BULLET::::- Rafal Syska, \"Keep the Distance. Film World of Robert Altman\", Rabid, Cracow 2008.\n", "Section::::Further reading.\n", "BULLET::::- The director's commentary on the \"McCabe & Mrs. Miller\" DVD, while focusing on that film, also to some degree covers Altman's general methodology as a director.\n", "BULLET::::- Judith M. Kass. \"Robert Altman: American Innovator\" early (1978) assessment of the director's work and his interest in gambling. Part of Leonard Maltin's Popular Library filmmaker series.\n", "BULLET::::- The English band Maxïmo Park have a song named \"Robert Altman\", a b-side to their single \"Our Velocity\"\n", "BULLET::::- The Criterion Collection has released several of Altman's films on DVD (Short Cuts, 3 Women, Tanner '88, Secret Honor) which include audio commentary and video interviews with him that shed light on his directing style.\n", "BULLET::::- Charles Warren, \"Cavell, Altman and Cassavetes\" in the Stanley Cavell special issue, Jeffey Crouse (ed.), \"Film International\", Issue 22, Vol. 4, No. 4, 2006, pp. 14–20.\n", "BULLET::::- Rick Armstrong, \"Robert Altman: Critical Essays\" Actors, historians, film scholars, and cultural theorists reflect on Altman and his five-decade career...(McFarland, February 18, 2011)\n", "BULLET::::- Mitchell Zuckoff, \"Robert Altman: The Oral Biography.\" New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2009.\n", "BULLET::::- Description and details on the Short Cuts Soundtrack for more in-depth information about this title.\n", "BULLET::::- Helene Keyssar, Robert Altman's America. Oxford, 1991\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Robert Altman at the Criterion Collection\n", "BULLET::::- Listen to Robert Altman discussing his career – a British Library recording.\n", "BULLET::::- Robert Altman bibliography via UC Berkeley Media Resources Center\n", "BULLET::::- Still up to mischief – \"The Guardian\", May 1, 2004\n", "BULLET::::- \"Reverse Shot\" interview\n", "BULLET::::- Ebert's Altman Home Companion\n", "BULLET::::- Gerald Peary interview\n", "BULLET::::- Literature on Robert Altman\n", "BULLET::::- \"Altman: Would you go to a movie that was hailed as a masterpiece?\" by Roger Ebert\n", "BULLET::::- \"Bomb\" magazine interview\n", "BULLET::::- Artist of the Month: Robert Altman at Hyena Productions\n", "BULLET::::- The films of Robert Altman, \"Hell Is For Hyphenates\", June 30, 2014\n", "BULLET::::- Robert Altman Obituary, by Stephen Rea, 'Field Day Review 3' (Dublin, 2007)\n", "BULLET::::- Videos\n", "BULLET::::- , 11 min.\n", "BULLET::::- , 7 min.\n", "BULLET::::- , 90 min.\n", "BULLET::::- , 60 min.\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "American film director and screenwriter", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q55163", "wikidata_label": "Robert Altman", "wikipedia_title": "Robert Altman" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Franco Zeffirelli\n", "Gian Franco Corsi \"Franco\" Zeffirelli (; 12 February 1923 – 15 June 2019) was an Italian director and producer of operas, films and television. He was also a senator from 1994 till 2001 for the Italian centre-right \"Forza Italia\" party.\n", "Some of his operatic designs and productions have become worldwide classics.\n", "He was also known for several of the movies he directed, especially the 1968 version of \"Romeo and Juliet\", for which he received an Academy Award nomination. His 1967 version of \"The Taming of the Shrew\" with Elizabeth Taylor and Richard Burton remains the best-known film adaptation of that play as well. His miniseries \"Jesus of Nazareth\" (1977) won both national and international acclaim and is still frequently shown on Christmas and Easter in many countries.\n", "A Grande Ufficiale OMRI of the Italian Republic since 1977, Zeffirelli also received an honorary British knighthood in 2004 when he was created a KBE. He was awarded the Premio Colosseo in 2009 by the city of Rome.\n", "Section::::Early life.\n", "Zeffirelli was born Gian Franco Corsi Zeffirelli in the outskirts of Florence, Tuscany, Italy. He was the result of an affair between Florentine Alaide Garosi, a fashion designer, and Ottorino Corsi, a wool and silk dealer from Vinci. Since both were married, Alaide was unable to use her surname or Corsi's for her child. She came up with \"Zeffiretti\", which are the \"little breezes\" mentioned in Mozart's opera \"Idomeneo\", of which she was quite fond. However, it was misspelled in the register and became Zeffirelli. When he was six years old, his mother died and he subsequently grew up under the auspices of the English expatriate community and was particularly involved with the so-called Scorpioni, who inspired his semi-autobiographical film \"Tea with Mussolini\" (1999).\n", "Italian researchers found that Zeffirelli was one of a handful of living people traceably consanguineous with Leonardo da Vinci. He was a descendant of one of da Vinci's siblings.\n", "Zeffirelli graduated from the Accademia di Belle Arti Firenze in 1941 and, following his father's advice, entered the University of Florence to study art and architecture. After World War II broke out, he fought as a partisan, before he met up with British soldiers of the 1st Scots Guards and became their interpreter. After the war, he re-entered the University of Florence to continue his studies, but when he saw Laurence Olivier's \"Henry V\" in 1945, he directed his attention toward theatre instead.\n", "While working for a scenic painter in Florence, he was introduced to and hired by Luchino Visconti, who made him assistant director for the film \"La Terra trema\", which was released in 1948. Visconti's methods had a deep impact upon Zeffirelli's later work. He also worked with directors such as Vittorio De Sica and Roberto Rossellini. In the 1960s, he made his name designing and directing his own plays in London and New York City and soon transferred his ideas to cinema.\n", "Section::::Career.\n", "Section::::Career.:Film.\n", "Zeffirelli's first film as director was a version of \"The Taming of the Shrew\" (1967), originally intended for Sophia Loren and Marcello Mastroianni but finally featuring the Hollywood stars Elizabeth Taylor and Richard Burton in their stead. Taylor and Burton helped fund production and took a percentage of the profits rather than their normal salaries.\n", "While editing \"The Taming of the Shrew\", Zeffirelli's native Florence was devastated by floods. A month later, he released a short documentary, entitled \"\", to raise funds for the disaster appeal.\n", "Zeffirelli's major breakthrough came the year after, when he presented two teenagers as \"Romeo and Juliet\" (1968). The movie is still immensely popular and was for many years the standard adaptation of the play shown to students. It also made Zeffirelli a household name - no other subsequent work by him had the immediate impact of \"Romeo and Juliet\".\n", "The film earned $14.5 million in domestic rentals at the North American box office during 1969. It was re-released in 1973 and earned $1.7 million in rentals.\n", "Film critic Roger Ebert, for the \"Chicago Sun-Times\", wrote: \"I believe Franco Zeffirelli's \"Romeo and Juliet\" is the most exciting film of Shakespeare ever made\".\n", "After two successful film adaptations of Shakespeare, Zeffirelli went on to religious themes, first with a film about the life of St. Francis of Assisi titled \"Brother Sun, Sister Moon\" (1972), then his extended mini-series \"Jesus of Nazareth\" (1977) with an all-star cast. The latter was a major success in the ratings and has been shown regularly on television in the years since.\n", "He moved on to contemporary themes with a remake of the boxing picture \"The Champ\" (1979) and the critically panned \"Endless Love\" (1981). In the 1980s, he made a series of successful films adapting opera to the screen, with such stars as Plácido Domingo, Teresa Stratas, Juan Pons and Katia Ricciarelli. He returned to Shakespeare with \"Hamlet\" (1990), casting the then–action hero Mel Gibson in the lead role. His 1996 adaptation of the Charlotte Brontë novel \"Jane Eyre\" was a critical success.\n", "Zeffirelli frequently cast unknown actors in major roles; however, his male leads have rarely gone on to stardom or even a sustained acting career. Leonard Whiting (Romeo in \"Romeo and Juliet\"), Graham Faulkner (St. Francis in \"Brother Sun, Sister Moon\") and Martin Hewitt (David Axelrod in \"Endless Love\") all left the film business. The female leads in those films (Olivia Hussey and Brooke Shields) have attained far greater success in the industry.\n", "Section::::Career.:Opera.\n", "Zeffirelli was a major director of opera productions from the 1950s on in Italy and elsewhere in Europe as well as the United States. He began his career in the theatre as assistant to Luchino Visconti. Then he tried his hand at scenography. His first work as a director was buffo operas by Giacomo Rossini. He became a friend of Maria Callas and they worked together on a \"La traviata\" in Dallas, Texas, in 1958. Of particular note is his 1964 Royal Opera House production of \"Tosca\" with Maria Callas and Tito Gobbi. In the same year, he created Callas' last \"Norma\" at the Paris Opera. Zeffirelli also collaborated often with Dame Joan Sutherland, designing and directing her performances of Gaetano Donizetti's \"Lucia di Lammermoor\" in 1959. Over the years he created several productions for the Metropolitan Opera in New York, including \"La bohème\", \"Tosca\", \"Turandot\" and \"Don Giovanni\".\n", "Section::::Honours.\n", "In 1996, he was awarded an honorary degree for services to the arts by the University of Kent at a graduation ceremony held in Canterbury Cathedral. In 1999, he received the Crystal Globe award for outstanding artistic contribution to world cinema at the Karlovy Vary International Film Festival.\n", "In November 2004, he was awarded an honorary knighthood by the United Kingdom.\n", "Section::::Criticism.\n", "Zeffirelli received criticism from religious groups for what they call the blasphemous representation of biblical figures in his films. Contrariwise, Zeffirelli roused accusations of antisemitism for describing Martin Scorsese's \"The Last Temptation of Christ\" as a product of \"that Jewish cultural scum of Los Angeles which is always spoiling for a chance to attack the Christian world.\"\n", "Zeffirelli was a highly conservative Roman Catholic, and served two terms in the Italian senate as a member of Silvio Berlusconi's centre-right Forza Italia party. He was criticized by members of the gay community for publicly backing the Roman Catholic Church's position on homosexuality and by others for support of the church's position on abortion, which extended to calling for capital punishment for women who had terminated a pregnancy.\n", "He roused controversy again when he told a newspaper in 2006 that he had not suffered any harm from sexual abuse by a priest as a child.\n", "Section::::Personal life.\n", "In 1996, Zeffirelli came out as gay, but thereafter preferred to be discreet about his personal life. Zeffirelli said that he considered himself \"homosexual\" rather than gay, as he felt the term \"gay\" was less elegant. Zeffirelli adopted two adult sons, men with whom he had lived and who worked for him for years, managing his affairs.\n", "Section::::Allegations of sexual assaults.\n", "Director Bruce Robinson claimed to have been the target of unwanted sexual advances by Zeffirelli during the filming of \"Romeo and Juliet\", in which Robinson played Benvolio. Robinson says that he based the lecherous character of Uncle Monty in the film \"Withnail and I\" on Zeffirelli. \n", "In 2018, actor Johnathon Schaech alleged that Zeffirelli sexually assaulted him during the filming of \"Storia di una capinera\". Zeffirelli's son Giuseppe \"Pippo\" issued a statement at the time denying the allegation.\n", "Section::::Death.\n", "Zeffirelli died at his home in Rome on 15 June 2019, at the age of 96.\n", "Section::::Selected filmography.\n", "BULLET::::- \"La Bohème\" (1965; production designer only)\n", "BULLET::::- \"\" (1966) (documentary short)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Taming of the Shrew\" (1967)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Romeo and Juliet\" (1968) Academy Award nominee, director\n", "BULLET::::- \"Brother Sun, Sister Moon\" (1972)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Jesus of Nazareth\" (1977)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Champ\" (1979)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Cavalleria Rusticana\" (1978) with Tatiana Troyanos and Plácido Domingo (live Metropolitan Opera House – stage director)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Pagliacci\" (1978) with Teresa Stratas, Sherrill Milnes and Plácido Domingo (live Metropolitan Opera House – stage director)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Endless Love\" (1981)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Cavalleria Rusticana\" (1982) with Plácido Domingo and Elena Obraztsova\n", "BULLET::::- \"Pagliacci\" (1982) with Plácido Domingo and Teresa Stratas\n", "BULLET::::- \"La Bohème\" (1982) (live Metropolitan Opera – stage director)\n", "BULLET::::- \"La Traviata\" (1983) – Academy Award nominee, BAFTA winner, art direction; with Teresa Stratas and Plácido Domingo\n", "BULLET::::- \"Tosca\" (1985) (live Metropolitan Opera – stage director)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Otello\" (1986) – British Academy of Film and Television Arts winner, foreign language film; with Plácido Domingo and Katia Ricciarelli\n", "BULLET::::- \"Young Toscanini\" (1988)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Hamlet\" (1990)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Don Giovanni\" (live Metropolitan Opera – stage director)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Don Carlo\" with Luciano Pavarotti and Daniela Dessi (live La Scala – stage director)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Storia di una capinera\" (also known as \"Sparrow\"; 1993) with Sheherazade Ventura\n", "BULLET::::- \"Jane Eyre\" (1996)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Tea with Mussolini\" (1999)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Callas Forever\" (2002)\n", "Section::::Bibliography.\n", "BULLET::::- Zeffirelli, Franco; John Tooley (interviews by Anna Tims), \"How we made: Franco Zeffirelli and John Tooley on \"Tosca\" (1964)\", \"The Guardian\" (London), 23 July 2012 on theguardian.com. Retrieved 11 August 2014.\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- List of oldest living Academy Award nominees\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Italian Senate profile\n", "BULLET::::- Interview: Maria Callas and \"Callas Forever\"\n", "BULLET::::- Interview with Zeffirelli from 1999 about \"Tea With Mussolini\"\n", "BULLET::::- BBC Obituary: Franco Zeffirelli\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "Gianfranco Corsi", "Gian Franco Corsi Zeffirelli" ] }, "description": "Italian director and producer of films and television", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q53040", "wikidata_label": "Franco Zeffirelli", "wikipedia_title": "Franco Zeffirelli" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Faina Ranevskaya\n", "Faina Georgievna Ranevskaya (, born Faina Girschevna Feldman, - 19 July 1984), is recognized as one of the greatest Soviet actresses in both tragedy and comedy. She was also famous for her aphorisms.\n", "She acted in plays by Anton Chekhov, Aleksandr Ostrovsky, Maxim Gorky, Ivan Krylov, Fyodor Dostoevsky, Leo Tolstoy, and others. Unfortunately, our judgement of her theater performances must come mostly from photos as only her three final performances of \"Make Way for Tomorrow\" by Vina Delmar, \"Truth is Good, but Happiness is Better\" by Aleksandr Ostrovsky, \"The Curious Savage\" by John Patrick were filmed. Faina Ranevskaya is more known to a wide audience as a cinema actress by her performance in such films as \"Pyshka\" (\"Boule de Suif\"), \"The Man in a Shell\", \"Mechta\" (\"Dream\"), \"Vesna\" (\"Spring\"), \"Cinderella\", \"Elephant and String\" and many more.\n", "Section::::Biography.\n", "She was born as Faina Feldman (Фельдман) to a wealthy Jewish family in the city of Taganrog. Her father, Girsch Haimovich Feldman, owned a dry-ink factory, several buildings, a shop and the steamboat \"Saint Nicolas\". He was the head of Taganrog synagogue and a founder of a Jewish asylum for the aged. Faina's mother, Milka Rafailovna (née Zagovaylova), was a great admirer of literature and art. That and her passion for Chekhov influenced Faina's love of art, poetry, music, and theater. There were three other children in the family - two brothers and an older sister named Bella.\n", "Faina Feldman attended the elementary school classes at the Mariinskaya Gymnasium for Girls, and then received regular home education. She was given music, singing, foreign languages lessons. Faina loved reading. \n", "Her passion for theater began when she was 14. Her attendance of Chekhov's \"The Cherry Orchard\" at the Moscow Art Theater was an experience that had great impact on her. Her pseudonym \"Ranevskaya,\" which later became her official surname, also came from that theater visit.\n", "In 1915 she left Taganrog for Moscow to pursue a career in the theater. Faina became estranged from her family over her choice of career, which they apparently rejected. She started as an extra actor in crowd or background scenes at the Summer Theater in Malakhovka near Moscow in 1915, where she also had a dacha.\n", "The Feldman family emigrated in 1917, but Faina decided to stay and continued her acting career, working in the theaters of Kerch, Rostov on Don, at the mobile theater \"The First Soviet Theater\" in Crimea, also in Baku, Arkhangelsk, Smolensk and other cities.\n", "In 1931 Ranevskaya acted at the Chamber Theater.\n", "The film \"Pyshka\" (known as \"Boule de Suif\" in the U.S.), directed by Mikhail Romm, marked her debut as a film actress in 1934. It was a silent black and white film based on the novel \"Boule de Suif\" by Guy de Maupassant, in which she starred as Madame Loiseau. Although the film was silent, Ranevskaya learned several sayings of Madame Loiseau in French from the original novel by Maupassant. Romain Rolland, a French writer who visited the Soviet Union in the 1930s, loved the film, and his favorite actor in the movie was Faina Ranevskaya. At his request, the \"Pyshka\" (\"Boule de Suif\") was shown in French cinemas, where it became a box-office success. Ranevskaya played on stage of the Central Academic Theatre of the Russian Army (1935-1939), Drama Theater, now Mayakovsky Theater (1943-1949), Moscow Pushkin Drama Theatre (1955-1963), and finally Mossovet Theater (1949-1955, 1963-1983), where she worked with Yury Zavadsky.\n", "The actress was awarded the Stalin Prize for outstanding creative achievements on stage in 1949, and in 1951 for her work in the film \"U nih est' Rodina\" (\"They Have Their Motherland\"), directed by Vladimir Legoshin and Alexandre Feinzimmer. In 1961 Faina Ranevskaya was awarded the title of People's Artist of the USSR.\n", "The actress died in 1984 in Moscow and was buried at the Donskoe Cemetery. A memorial plate dedicated to Ranevskaya was placed on her birthhouse in the city of Taganrog on August 29, 1986.\n", "In 1992 British \"Who's Who\" encyclopedia named Ranevskaya among the world's Top Ten Actors of the 20th century. That was done despite the fact that the actress had never played a major part in a movie: all her roles were supporting ones. In a newspaper article, one of the Soviet movie industry apparatchiks explained her lack of main roles by Faina Ranevskaya's \"typical Semitic\" face features.\n", "On May 16, 2008, the Ranevskaya Monument was inaugurated in Taganrog in front of actress's birth house on Ulitsa Frunze 10 within the framework of the International Ranevskaya Theater Festival \"The Great Province\".\n", "Section::::Filmography.\n", "BULLET::::- 1934 - \"Boule de Suif\" (Пышка) as Madame Loiseau\n", "BULLET::::- 1938 - \"The Ballad of Cossack Golota\" (Дума про казака Голоту)\n", "BULLET::::- 1939 - \"Man in a Shell\" (Человек в футляре)\n", "BULLET::::- 1939 - \"Engineer Kochin's Error\" (Ошибка инженера Кочина)\n", "BULLET::::- 1939 - \"The Foundling\" (Подкидыш)\n", "BULLET::::- 1940 - \"The Beloved\" (Любимая девушка)\n", "BULLET::::- 1941 - \"The Dream\" (Мечта)\n", "BULLET::::- 1943 - \"The New Adventures of Schweik\" (Новые похождения Швейка)\n", "BULLET::::- 1944 - \"The Wedding\" \" (Свадьба)\n", "BULLET::::- 1945 - \"Heavenly Slug\" (Небесный тихоход)\n", "BULLET::::- 1947 - \"Private Aleksandr Matrosov\" (Рядовой Александр Матросов)\n", "BULLET::::- 1947 - \"Springtime\" (Весна)\n", "BULLET::::- 1947 - \"Cinderella\" (Золушка)\n", "BULLET::::- 1949 - \"Encounter at the Elbe\" (Встреча на Эльбе) as Mrs. McDermot\n", "BULLET::::- 1949 - \"They Have a Motherland\" (У них есть Родина)\n", "BULLET::::- 1958 - \"A Girl with a Guitar\" (Девушка с гитарой)\n", "BULLET::::- 1960 - \"Be Careful, Grandma!\" (Осторожно, бабушка!)\n", "BULLET::::- 1964 - \"An Easy Life\" (Лёгкая жизнь)\n", "BULLET::::- 1965 - \"Today - New Side Show\" (Сегодня - новый аттракцион)\n", "Section::::Ranevskaya's aphorisms.\n", "BULLET::::- Life is a short promenade, just before the eternal sleep.\n", "BULLET::::- Solitude is when you have a telephone but the only ringing comes from the alarm clock.\n", "BULLET::::- Life is a sky-dive: out of a cunt, into the grave.\n", "BULLET::::- Ageing is tedious, but it is the only way to live long.\n", "BULLET::::- I spent all my life swimming in a toilet-bowl, in the butterfly style.\n", "BULLET::::- There are people with God inside, there are people with the devil inside, and there are people with only helminths inside!\n", "BULLET::::- To star in a bad movie is as if to spit into eternity.\n", "BULLET::::- God has made women pretty, so that men can like them, and silly, so that they can like men.\n", "BULLET::::- You won't believe how old I am - I even remember some decent people!\n", "BULLET::::- (Asked about her well-being) At night everything aches, especially conscience.\n", "BULLET::::- An actor has no inconveniences if it is necessary for the role.\n", "BULLET::::- I'm watching this movie for the fourth time and let me tell you, today the actors played like never before.\n", "BULLET::::- Say and think about me whatever you like. When have you seen a cat interested in the mice's opinion about it?\n", "BULLET::::- (After recovering from a heart attack) If the patient really wants to live, the doctors are powerless.\n", "BULLET::::- (Answering how to lose weight effectively) Eat anything and whenever you like, but only naked in front of a mirror.\n", "BULLET::::- Animals that are rare have been put into the red book, and those that are plentiful - into the cooking book.\n", "BULLET::::- Condoms are white because white color fattens.\n", "BULLET::::- A man only blushes twice: the first time when he can't the second time, and the second time when he can't the first time.\n", "BULLET::::- A real man is the one who remembers your birthday and also does not remember your age.\n", "BULLET::::- Those obnoxious journalists! Half the lies they tell about me aren't even true!\n", "BULLET::::- Damn nineteenth century upbringing: I can't stand up when men are sitting.\n", "BULLET::::- Nowadays when someone shies away form saying that they don't want to die, they say: \"I want to live to see what happens next\". As if, if not for that, they'd be all for dying.\n", "BULLET::::- (Said in late 1970's) It's dreadful when you are eighteen inside, when beautiful music, poetry, art delights you ... and they say it's your time, and you haven't even done anything, and you feel like beginning to live!\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Monument to Ranevskaya Inaugurated in Taganrog\n", "BULLET::::- First International Ranevskaya Drama Festival \"The Great Province\"\n", "BULLET::::- Website about Faina Ranevskaya\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Franklyn Ajaye\n", "Franklyn Ajaye (born May 13, 1949) is an American stand-up comedian and actor. His nickname is \"The Jazz Comedian\" for his distinctive jazz inflected style of delivery, timing, and astute use of silence. His name is sometimes wrongly spelled as \"Franklin Ajaye\".\n", "Section::::Life and career.\n", "Ajaye was born in Brooklyn, New York, but raised in Los Angeles by a Sierra Leonean father, after whom he is named, and an American mother (named Quetta), making Ajaye, as he likes to joke, a \"true African-American\". He has released five comedy albums to date: \"Franklyn Ajaye, Comedian\" (1973), \"I'm a Comedian, Seriously\" (1974), \"Don't Smoke Dope, Fry Your Hair\" (1977), \"Plaid Pants and Psychopaths\" (1986), and \"Vagabond Jazz & the Abstract Truth\" (2004). The last two were recorded in Sydney and Melbourne, Australia.\n", "Ajaye made his network debut on \"The Flip Wilson Show\" in 1973 and made his first appearance on \"The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson\" a year later. Ajaye emigrated to Melbourne, Australia, in 1997 but returns to the United States periodically to do work on television. His last American television appearance was on Paul Provenza's \"The Greenroom\" on Showtime in 2011. He is known in Australia for his appearances on \"The Panel\" and \"Thank God You're Here\" and for his popular one-man shows \"Nothing But The Truth\", \"Talkin' Vagabond Jazz\", and \"Vagabond Jazz & The Abstract Truth\" at the Melbourne International Comedy Festival.\n", "He has worked as an actor, appearing in films such as \"Sweet Revenge\" (1976), \"Car Wash\" (1976), \"Convoy\" (1978), \"Stir Crazy\" (1980), the 1980 version of \"The Jazz Singer\", \"Hysterical\" (1982), \"Get Crazy\" (1983), \"Fraternity Vacation\" (1985), \"Hollywood Shuffle\" (1987), \"The Wrong Guys\" (1988), \"The 'Burbs\" (1989), and \"American Yakuza\" (1993). He also appeared on an episode of \"Barney Miller\" as police-car thief Frasier Wilton in 1976. He has been seen more recently in the TV show \"Deadwood\" as Samuel Fields. In 2011, Ajaye had a small but memorable role in the box office hit \"Bridesmaids\", playing the father of Lillian (played by Maya Rudolph). He has been nominated twice for Emmy Awards for Outstanding Writing in a Variety or Music Program for \"In Living Color\" (1990) and \"Politically Incorrect\" (1997).\n", "He has worked on the hit family comedy series created and executive-produced by Robert Townsend, \"The Parent 'Hood\" (January 1995 - July 1999); some of his credits on the show include acting as \"executive consultant\" with Barry \"Berry\" Douglas in season 1 episode 9 (\"Trial by Jerri\") and episode 11 (\"Nice Guys Finish Last\") and as a co-producer with Douglas for season 2 episode 2 (\"A Kiss is Just a Kiss\").\n", "Ajaye is the author of \"Comic Insights: The Art of Standup Comedy\" (), which contains tips for aspiring comedians. His comedic influences include Richard Pryor, George Carlin, Robert Klein, Bill Cosby, and Nichols and May.\n", "Section::::Influence.\n", "On his stand-up television show \"Stewart Lee's Comedy Vehicle\" the British comedian used Ajaye's LP \"I'm a Comedian, Seriously\" as the basis of a routine.\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Franklyn Ajaye discography at Discogs\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Albert Finney\n", "Albert Finney (9 May 1936 – 7 February 2019) was an English actor who worked in film, television and theatre. He attended the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art and worked in the theatre before attaining prominence on screen in the early 1960s, debuting with \"The Entertainer\" (1960), directed by Tony Richardson, who had previously directed him in the theatre. He maintained a successful career in theatre, film and television.\n", "He is known for his roles in \"Saturday Night and Sunday Morning\" (also 1960), \"Tom Jones\" (1963), \"Two for the Road\" (1967), \"Scrooge\" (1970), \"Annie\" (1982), \"The Dresser\" (1983), \"Miller's Crossing\" (1990), \"A Man of No Importance\" (1994), \"Erin Brockovich\" (2000), \"Big Fish\" (2003), \"The Bourne Ultimatum\" (2007), \"Before the Devil Knows You're Dead\" (2007), \"The Bourne Legacy\" (2012), and the James Bond film \"Skyfall\" (2012).\n", "A recipient of BAFTA , Golden Globe, Emmy and Screen Actors Guild awards, Finney was nominated for an Academy Award five times, as Best Actor four times, for \"Tom Jones\" (1963), \"Murder on the Orient Express\" (1974), \"The Dresser\" (1983), and \"Under the Volcano\" (1984), and as Best Supporting Actor for \"Erin Brockovich\" (2000). He received several awards for his performance as Winston Churchill in the 2002 BBC–HBO television biographical film \"The Gathering Storm\".\n", "Section::::Early life.\n", "Finney was born in Salford, Lancashire, the son of Alice (née Hobson) and Albert Finney, a bookmaker. He was educated at Tootal Drive Primary School, Salford Grammar School and the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art (RADA), from which he graduated in 1956.\n", "Section::::Career.\n", "Section::::Career.:Early career.\n", "While at RADA Finney made an early TV appearance playing Mr Hardcastle in Oliver Goldsmith's \"She Stoops to Conquer.\" The BBC filmed and broadcast the RADA students' performances at the Vanbrugh Theatre in London on Friday 6 January 1956. Other members of the cast included Roy Kinnear and Richard Briers. \n", "In February 1956 John Fernald, principal of RADA, gave Finney his first major role in the Vanbrugh Theatre's student production of Ian Dallas' play \"The Face of Love\", as Shakespeare's Troilus. Finney graduated from RADA and became a member of the Royal Shakespeare Company. \n", "Finney was offered a contract by the Rank Organisation but turned it down to perform for the Birmingham Rep. He was in a production of \"The Miser\" for Birmingham Rep, which was filmed for the BBC in 1956. Also for the BBC he appeared in \"The Claverdon Road Job\" (1957) and \"View Friendship and Marriage\" (1958).\n", "At Birmingham he played the title role in \"Henry V\".\n", "Finney made his first appearance on the London stage in 1958, in Jane Arden's \"The Party\", directed by Charles Laughton, who starred in the production along with his wife, Elsa Lanchester. \n", "He guest starred on several episodes of \"Emergency-Ward 10\" and was Lysander in a TV version of \"A Midsummer Night's Dream\" (1959) directed by Peter Hall.\n", "In 1959 Finney appeared at Stratford in the title role in \"Coriolanus\", replacing an ill Laurence Olivier. \n", "Section::::Career.:Film stardom.\n", "Finney's first film appearance was in Tony Richardson's \"The Entertainer\" (1960), with Laurence Olivier. Finney and Alan Bates played Olivier's sons.\n", "Finney made his breakthrough in the same year with his portrayal of a disillusioned factory worker in Karel Reisz's film version of Alan Sillitoe's \"Saturday Night and Sunday Morning\" (1960), produced by Richardson. The film was a box-office success, being the third most popular film in Britain that year. It earned over half a million pounds in profit.\n", "Finney then did \"Billy Liar\" (1960) on stage and for British television.\n", "Finney had been chosen to play T. E. Lawrence in David Lean's production of \"Lawrence of Arabia\" after a successful and elaborate screen-test that took four days to shoot. However, Finney baulked at signing a multi-year contract for producer Sam Spiegel and chose not to accept the role. \n", "Finney created the title role in \"Luther\", the 1961 play by John Osborne depicting the life of Martin Luther, a key early figure of the Protestant Reformation. He performed the role with the English Stage Company in London, Nottingham, Paris and New York. The original West End run at the Phoenix ended in March 1962, after 239 performances there, when Finney had to leave the cast to fulfill a contractual obligation with a film company.\n", "Section::::Career.:\"Tom Jones\".\n", "Finney starred in the Academy Award-winning 1963 film \"Tom Jones\", directed by Richardson and written by Osborne. The success of \"Tom Jones\" saw British exhibitors vote Finney the ninth most popular star at the box office in 1963. \n", "Finney followed this with a small part in \"The Victors\" (1963). He then made his Broadway debut in \"Luther\" in 1963. When that run ended he decided to take a year off and sail around the world. \"People told me to cash in on my success while I was hot,\" he later said. \"I'd been acting for about eight years and had only had one vacation... Captain Cook had been a hero of mine when I was a kid, and I thought it would be exciting to go to some of the places in the Pacific where he'd been.\"\n", "The success of \"Tom Jones\" enabled Finney produce his next film, \"Night Must Fall\", in 1964, which he also starred in and which was directed by Reisz.\n", "Section::::Career.:1963–1974.\n", "Finney undertook a season of plays at the National Theatre.\n", "He returned to films with \"Two for the Road\" (1967) co starring Audrey Hepburn.\n", "He and Michael Medwin formed a production company, Memorial Productions, which made \"Privilege\" (1967), directed by Peter Watkins; \"The Burning\" (1968), a short directed by Stephen Frears; and \"If...\" (1968), directed by Lindsay Anderson. Memorial also did stage productions, such as \"A Day in the Death of Joe Egg\", which Finney performed in London and then Broadway. Memorial also produced some in which Finney did not appear, such as \"Spring and Port Wine\" and \"The Burgular\".\n", "Memorial then made \"Charlie Bubbles\" (1968), which Finney starred in and also directed. Liza Minnelli made her feature debut in the movie. Finney later called it \"the most intense sense of creation I've ever had.\" \n", "As an actor only he made \"The Picasso Summer\" (1969). Finney played the title role in the musical \"Scrooge\" in 1970.\n", "Finney then made \"Gumshoe\" (1971), the first feature directed by Stephen Frears, for Memorial. Memorial continued to produce films in which Finney did not appear: \"Spring and Port Wine\" (1970), with James Mason; \"Loving Memory\" (1971), an early directorial effort from Tony Scott; \"Bleak Moments\" (1971), the first feature from Mike Leigh; \"O Lucky Man!\" (1973) for Anderson; and \"Law and Disorder\" (1974); hot in Hollywood.\n", "In 1972 Finney returned to the stage after a six year absence with \"Alpha Beta\", which he later filmed for TV with Rachel Roberts.\n", "Memorial Productions pulled out of producing and Finney focused on acting. \"It was OK at first,\" he later said, \"but in the end it was sitting in an office, pitching ideas to Hollywood and waiting for the phone to ring.\"\n", "Section::::Career.:\"Murder on the Orient Express\".\n", "Finney played Agatha Christie's Belgian master detective Hercule Poirot in the film \"Murder on the Orient Express\" (1974). Finney became so well known for the role that he complained that it typecast him for a number of years, \"People really do think I am 300 pounds with a French accent\", he said.\n", "He announced he intended to direct a film, \"The Girl in Melanie Klein\", for Memorial, but it was not made.\n", "Finney decided to take time off from features and focus on stage acting, doing the classics at the National Theatre in London. \"I felt that it needed commitment,\" he later said. \"When you're making movies all the time, you stop breathing. You literally don't breathe in the same way that you do when you're playing the classics. When you have to deliver those long, complex speeches on stage, you can't heave your shoulders after every sentence. The set of muscles required for that kind of acting need to be trained. I really wanted to try and do justice to my own potential in the parts. I didn't want to be a movie actor just dropping in, doing Hamlet and taking off again. I wanted to feel part of the company.\"\n", "Finney was at the National for over three years during which he played in Hamlet, Macbeth, Tamburlaine, and plays by Chekhov.\n", "Finney did make a TV movie \"Forget-Me-Not-Lane\" (1975), a TV movie written by Peter Nichols, and made a cameo in \"The Duellists\" (1977), the first feature directed by Ridley Scott. He also released an album through Motown.\n", "Section::::Career.:Return to films.\n", "Finney had not played a lead role in a feature film in six years, and started to think about returning to cinema. The last two successful films he had made were \"Scrooge\" and \"Orient Express\" in which he was heavily disguised. \"Most Americans probably think I weigh 300 pounds, have black hair and talk with a French accent like Hercule Poirot,\" said Finney. \"So I thought they should have a look at me while I was still almost a juvenile and kind of cute.\"\n", "Finney decided to make six films in succession \"so that I could relax and get back into it again. In order to feel really assured and comfortable in front of a camera, you've got to do it for a while.\"\n", "The first three were thrillers: \"Loophole\" (1981), with Susannah York; \"Wolfen\" (1981), directed by Michael Wadleigh; and \"Looker\" (1981), written and directed by Michael Crichton.\n", "He received excellent reviews for his performance in the drama \"Shoot the Moon\" (1982). Finney said the role \"required personal acting; I had to dig into myself. When you have to expose yourself and use your own vulnerability, you can get a little near the edge.\"\n", "Less well received was his performance as Daddy Warbucks in the Hollywood film version of \"Annie\" (1982), which was directed by John Huston. Finney said going into this film after \"Shoot the Moon\" was \"marvelous. I use a completely different side of myself as Warbucks. 'Annie' is show biz; it's open, simple and direct. It needs bold, primary colors. I don't have to reveal the inner workings of the character, and that's a relief.\"\n", "Finney went into \"The Dresser\" (1983), directed by Peter Yates, which earned him a Best Actor Oscar Nomination. He then played the title role in the TV movie \"Pope John Paul II\" (1984), his American TV debut.\n", "Huston cast Finney in the lead role of \"Under the Volcano\" (1984), which earned both men great acclaim, including another Oscar nomination for Finney. \n", "Finney played the lead role of Sydney Kentridge in \"The Biko Inquest\", a 1984 dramatisation of the inquest into the death of Steve Biko which was filmed for TV following a London run. \n", "Finney performed on stage in \"Orphans\" in 1986, then did the \"film version\" , directed by Alan J. Pakula. He had the lead in a TV mini series, \"The Endless Game\" (1989), written and directed by Bryan Forbes.\n", "Section::::Career.:1990s.\n", "Finney began the 1990s with the lead role in a film for HBO, \"The Image\" (1990). He received great acclaim playing the gangster boss in \"Miller's Crossing\" (1990), replacing Trey Wilson shortly before filming.\n", "Finney also made an appearance at Roger Waters' \"The Wall – Live in Berlin\" (1990), where he played \"The Judge\" during the performance of \"The Trial\". \n", "Finney did \"The Green Man\" (1990) for British TV, based on a novel by Kingsley Amis.\n", "He followed it with \"The Playboys\" (1992) for Gillies MacKinnon; \"Rich in Love\" (1993) for Bruce Beresford; \"The Browning Version\" (1994) for Mike Figgis; \"A Man of No Importance\" (1994), for Suri Krishnamma; and \"The Run of the Country\" (1995) for Peter Yates. \n", "He had the lead role in Dennis Potter's final two plays, \"Karaoke\" (1996) and \"Cold Lazarus\" (both 1996). In the latter he played a frozen, disembodied head. \n", "Finney did \"Nostromo\" (1997) for television, and \"Washington Square\" (1997) for Agnieszka Holland then made \"A Rather English Marriage\" (1998) with Tom Courtenay. He had support roles in \"Breakfast of Champions\" (1999) and \"Simpatico\" (1999).\n", "Section::::Career.:2000s.\n", "Finney had his biggest hit in a long while with \"Erin Brockovich\" (2000), alongside Julia Roberts for Steven Soderbergh.\n", "Finney had a cameo in Soderbergh's \"Traffic\" (2000) and played Ernest Hemingway in \"Hemingway, the Hunter of Death\" (2001) for TV.\n", "He had the lead in \"Delivering Milo\" (2001) and in 2002 his critically acclaimed portrayal of Winston Churchill in \"The Gathering Storm\" won him British Academy of Film and Television Arts (BAFTA), Emmy and Golden Globe awards as Best Actor. \n", "He also played the title role in the television series \"My Uncle Silas\", based on the short stories by H. E. Bates, about a roguish but lovable poacher-cum-farm labourer looking after his great-nephew. The show ran for two series broadcast in 2001 and 2003.\n", "Finney had a key role in \"Big Fish\" (2001) directed by Tim Burton, and did another cameo for Soderbergh in \"Ocean's Twelve\" (2004). He sang in Tim Burton's \"Corpse Bride\" (2005) and the film of \"Aspects of Love\" (2005).\n", "Finney was reunited with Ridley Scott in \"A Good Year\" (2006). He had support roles in \"Amazing Grace\" (2006), \"The Bourne Ultimatum\" (2007), and \"Before the Devil Knows You're Dead\" (2007). His last appearance in a feature was in \"Skyfall\" (2012).\n", "Even with his success on the big screen, Finney never abandoned his stage performances. He continued his association with the National Theatre Company at the Old Vic in London, where he performed in the mid-1960s in Shakespeare's \"Much Ado About Nothing\" and Chekhov's \"The Cherry Orchard\".\n", "Section::::Career.:Theatre.\n", "He received Tony Award nominations for \"Luther\" (1964) and \"A Day in the Death of Joe Egg\" (1968), and also starred on stage in \"Love for Love\", Strindberg's \"Miss Julie\", \"Black Comedy\", \"The Country Wife\", \"Alpha Beta\", Beckett's \"Krapp's Last Tape\", \"Tamburlaine the Great\", \"Another Time\" and, his last stage appearance, in 1997, \"\"Art\"\" by Yasmina Reza, which preceded the 1998 Tony Award-winning Broadway run. \n", "He won an Olivier Award for \"Orphans\" in 1986 and won three \"Evening Standard\" Theatre Awards for Best Actor. \n", "In 1994, Finney played a gay bus conductor in early 1960s Dublin in \"A Man of No Importance\". \n", "A lifelong supporter of Manchester United, Finney narrated the documentary \"Munich\", about the air crash that killed most of the Busby Babes in 1958, which was shown on United's TV channel MUTV in February 2008.\n", "Section::::Personal life.\n", "With his first wife, Jane Wenham, he had a son, who works in the film industry as a camera operator. From 1970 to 1978, he was married to French actress Anouk Aimée. From 2006 until his death, Finney was married to travel agent Penelope Delmage. In May 2011, Finney disclosed that he had been receiving treatment for kidney cancer. According to a 2012 interview he had been diagnosed with kidney cancer in 2007 and underwent surgery, followed by six rounds of chemotherapy.\n", "Section::::Death.\n", "Finney died from a chest infection on 7 February 2019, at the Royal Marsden Hospital in London, at the age of 82.\n", "Section::::Awards and honours.\n", "Finney turned down the offer of a CBE in 1980, and a knighthood in 2000. He criticised the honours system for \"perpetuating snobbery\".\n", "Section::::Awards and honours.:Academy Awards.\n", "Julia Roberts mentioned Finney in her Oscar acceptance speech for Best Actress in \"Erin Brockovich\", calling him a \"pleasure to act with\".\n", "Finney received 13 BAFTA nominations (nine film, four TV), winning two:\n", "BULLET::::- 1960 Best British Actor for \"Saturday Night and Sunday Morning\"\n", "BULLET::::- 1960 Most Promising Newcomer for \"Saturday Night and Sunday Morning\" — Won\n", "BULLET::::- 1963 Best British Actor for Tom Jones\n", "BULLET::::- 1973 Best Actor for \"Gumshoe\"\n", "BULLET::::- 1974 Best Actor for \"Murder on the Orient Express\"\n", "BULLET::::- 1982 Best Actor for \"Shoot the Moon\"\n", "BULLET::::- 1984 Best Actor for \"The Dresser\"\n", "BULLET::::- 1990 Best Actor (BAFTA TV Awards) for \"The Green Man\"\n", "BULLET::::- 1996 Best Actor (BAFTA TV Awards) for \"Karaoke/Cold Lazarus\"\n", "BULLET::::- 1998 Best Actor (BAFTA TV Awards) for \"A Rather English Marriage\"\n", "BULLET::::- 2000 Best Supporting Actor for \"Erin Brockovich\"\n", "BULLET::::- 2002 Best Actor (BAFTA TV Awards) for \"The Gathering Storm\" — Won\n", "BULLET::::- 2003 Best Supporting Actor for \"Big Fish\"\n", "In addition Finney received the BAFTA Academy Fellowship Award in 2001.\n", "He won an Emmy Award, for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Miniseries or Made for TV Movie, for his performance as Winston Churchill in HBO's \"The Gathering Storm\". He had previously been nominated for the HBO telefilm \"The Image\" (1990).\n", "He received nine Golden Globe Award nominations, winning three:\n", "BULLET::::- 1963 Best Actor in a Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy for \"Tom Jones\"\n", "BULLET::::- 1963 Most Promising Newcomer (Male) for \"Tom Jones\" — Won\n", "BULLET::::- 1970 Best Actor in a Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy for \"Scrooge\" — Won\n", "BULLET::::- 1982 Best Actor in a Motion Picture – Drama for \"Shoot the Moon\"\n", "BULLET::::- 1983 Best Actor in a Motion Picture – Drama for \"The Dresser\"\n", "BULLET::::- 1984 Best Actor in a Motion Picture – Drama for \"Under the Volcano\"\n", "BULLET::::- 2000 Best Supporting Actor in a Motion Picture for \"Erin Brockovich\"\n", "BULLET::::- 2002 Best Performance by an Actor in a Mini-Series or a Motion Picture Made for Television for \"The Gathering Storm\" – Won\n", "BULLET::::- 2003 Best Supporting Actor in a Motion Picture for \"Big Fish\"\n", "For his work on Broadway, Finney was nominated for two Tony Awards, both for Best Actor in a Play, for \"Luther\" in 1964, and \"A Day in the Death of Joe Egg\" in 1968. For the London stage, he won the Laurence Olivier Award, for Best Actor, for \"Orphans\" in 1986. He won the Evening Standard Theatre Award for Best Actor three times, for \"A Flea in Her Ear\" in 1966, \"Tamburlaine the Great\" in 1976 and \"Orphans\" in 1986.\n", "Other awards include: a Golden Laurel for his work on \"Scrooge\" (1970) and for his work on \"Tom Jones\", for which he was the 3rd Place Winner for the \"Top Male Comedy Performance\" for 1964. He was honoured by the Los Angeles Film Critics Association as Best Actor for \"Under the Volcano\" (which he tied with F. Murray Abraham for \"Amadeus\"), the National Board of Review Best Actor award for \"Saturday Night and Sunday Morning\", and the New York Film Critics Circle Best Actor award for \"Tom Jones\".\n", "Finney won two Screen Actors Guild Awards, for Best Performance by a Male Actor in a Supporting Role, for \"Erin Brockovich\", and as a member of the acting ensemble in the film \"Traffic\". He was also nominated for \"The Gathering Storm\", for Best Performance by a Male Actor in a Television Movie or Miniseries, but did not win.\n", "He won the Silver Berlin Bear award for Best Actor, for \"The Dresser\", at the 34th Berlin International Film Festival in 1984.\n", "He won the Volpi Cup for Best Actor, for \"Tom Jones\", at the Venice Film Festival.\n", "Section::::Further reading.\n", "BULLET::::- Hershman, Gabriel. \"Strolling Player – The Life and Career of Albert Finney\" The History Press, 2017,\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Albert Finney filmography at the British Film Institute\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Pete Price\n", "Peter Lloyd Price (born 25 January 1946) is a British media personality and radio presenter, based in Liverpool, England. He is best known for the Sunday night talk radio show \"Pete Price: Unzipped\", which was broadcast across sister stations City Talk 105.9 and Radio City 96.7. The show aired live from 10pm to 2am and followed an open forum format. Price also had a weeknight phone in, \"Late Night City\" which aired live between 22.00h and 02.00h, from Monday to Thursday and was simulcast on City Talk 105.9 and Radio City 96.7. In 2017 Price announced that he was cutting back his show from 5 nights a week to just Sunday night. He now hosts \"Pete Price’s Sunday Best\" at 10pm - 1am every Sunday.\n", "As a comedian he was a winner on the ITV talent show, New Faces. He is also an author, patron and artist for Claire House Children's Hospice and columnist for the \"Liverpool Echo\". He is openly gay, which is often the subject of prank calls to his radio show. He is dyslexic and can have trouble reading texts or emails on air. To complement his radio show Price also gives out a personal phone number for listeners to talk to him in confidence.\n", "Section::::Early life.\n", "Price was born in Wrexham, Wales, and adopted at approximately three months old in April 1946 by Hilda Sandra Price and David William Lloyd. He was raised in West Kirby, Cheshire, England. He was notably closer to his mother than his father, who repeatedly was violent towards Hilda Price. When he was twelve and a half he came to terms with his homosexuality, but when consulting his doctor he was told he'd \"grow out of it\". Two years later Price went back to the same doctor, only be to prescribed some Valium. A combination of his homosexuality, problems with school and problems socially put him into a state of despair. At the age of fourteen he attempted to overdose on child-strength aspirin, only to wake up the next morning.\n", "At fifteen Price was working as a hairdresser at the weekend whilst studying cookery at Birkenhead Technical College (now \"Wirral Metropolitan College\"). He began working for the wealthy Ward family, catering for their dinner parties, as well as being a close family friend.\n", "He soon got a professional catering job, a summer at the Cavendish Hotel in Eastbourne and went on to manage a Fullers Tea Shop in Worthing.\n", "Price was sent to an institution in Chester to receive aversion therapy when he came out to his mother at age eighteen. He left after one day after being exposed to people being \"treated\" using electrodes. A few days later he recognised one of the psychiatrists from the institution in a gay bar. In 1993, after stories had emerged of others being treated this way in hospitals, he decided to go public with his story, to encourage more people to come forward.\n", "Section::::Radio career.\n", "After several years as the cook on a cruise ship, he became a disc jockey for BBC Radio Merseyside at the age of twenty-one. Shortly after, Price made his first appearance on the comedy scene at Liverpool's 'The Shakespeare', working at various venues which include The Palladium and the QE2. In the 1980s, he became a presenter on his former station's rival, 194 Radio City, and has remained so in its various incarnations since.\n", "He continues to star in pantomimes in Liverpool and Merseyside, as well as working for national newspapers including \"The Independent\" and \"The Times\".\n", "As a broadcaster he has worked with national BBC Radio 1 and Radio City for over 20 years, and continues to host his late night talk show on Radio CIty 96.7 – the programme is also carried by sister station City Talk.\n", "In April 2009, Price was made an 'Honorary Scouser' by the Lord Mayor of Liverpool.\n", "Section::::Radio career.:Current shows.\n", "Price's current show was originally broadcast on Magic Radio, until it garnered mass attention following controversies with callers on air. The show was broadcast over Radio City 96.7 and City Talk 105.9 on Sun-Thurs nights. This was until July 2014 when City started to join up with the rest of the Bauer Media stations late night show with Kate Lawler.\n", "Price presents a live phone-in programme which is broadcast on City Talk 105.9. Guests have included \"Dennis the Chemist\", and Pheobe, an alleged psychic and Angel Card reader. The programme is one of the most popular night-time talk shows in the UK, with one show recently attracting 19,000 attempted calls.\n", "Section::::Radio career.:Notable incidents.\n", "Pete was praised for abandoning his midweek show on one occasion in February 2004 to go to the aid of a 13-year-old caller who was threatening to kill himself.\n", "In January 2006, Pete's show on sister station Magic 1548 hit the headlines in Liverpool when a regular caller known as \"Terry\" stopped responding live on air during a debate. After Merseyside Police refused to check on the man's safety, Pete again abandoned the show (music was played after he left the St. John's Beacon studios) to travel to the man's home. Unfortunately, as he arrived, Pete saw an ambulance outside the house. Concerned listeners had already gained entry into the man's home and found that he had died from a suspected heart attack. Soon after this, the Monday-Thursday show left Magic 1548 and was moved to Radio City 96.7's late night phone-in.\n", "Also in September 2007, an extract from his autobiography was published in the \"Liverpool Echo\", which revealed that Price had abused cocaine, although he \"handed himself in\" to the police shortly after through shame.\n", "In October 2007, it was reported by the \"Liverpool Echo\" that Price had received a \"homophobic\" death threat via text live on air. The sender was arrested shortly afterwards when police were contacted immediately after the receipt of the threatening text. They also reported that \"on another occasion, a man tried to break into Radio City's headquarters, because he had become convinced Price had tried to kill John Lennon\"\n", "In January 2008 Pete tried to find his natural father by using the networking skills of an imprisoned Sicilian Mafia boss Bernardo Provenzano in the hope that \"The Don\" can help him trace his dad. His biological mother, upon restoring contact with him, gave him a photograph of his biological father: a Sicilian prisoner of war held near Warrington. Pete himself said that the Mafia \"must have the best information network in the world\".\n", "In December 2016 Pete and Radio City 2 were contacted by numerous scuba divers and environmentally savvy members of the public begging them to cancel a mass balloon release at midnight on 22 December. The balloon release went ahead. Two leading diving journalists contacted Radio City 2's owner - Bauer Media Group - appealing for this practice to be stopped. Bauer Media confirmed that no company within the Group would conduct a balloon release in the future.\n", "Section::::Writer.\n", "In September 2007, Price released an autobiography (co-written by Adrian Butler), \"Pete Price: Namedropper\" topped Liverpool best seller charts within its first few days of sale, and was serialised in the \"Liverpool Echo\".\n", "He often jokes about releasing a second autobiography entitled \"The Bitch is Back\". This autobiography, to be published on the day of his death, he says, would contain a list of all the men he has slept with.\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Presenter profile\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Patrick Carpentier\n", "Patrick Carpentier (born August 13, 1971) is a Canadian professional auto racing driver. In the Champ Car World Series and the IndyCar Series, he achieved five wins and 24 podiums, as well as two third place championship finishes in 2002 and 2004. The long-time Champ Car driver switched to the IndyCar Series in 2005, and moved on to Grand Am Road Racing in 2007. After a few NASCAR races in 2007, he moved full-time into the series in 2008. Since 2009, he has only had part-time drives, so became a contractor and renovator in Montreal, trading in real estate in Las Vegas, as well as being a color commentator for television coverage of various racing series. He last competed part-time in the NASCAR Sprint Cup Series, driving the No. 32 Ford Fusion for Go FAS Racing.\n", "Section::::Toyota Atlantic years.\n", "Patrick Carpentier started into Formula Ford 2000 Canada, before moving up to Player’s Toyota Atlantic Championship in 1992. He joined Lynx Racing in 1995, whereby he won his first-ever race for the team around the streets of Bicentennial Park (Miami). He won again on the Nazareth Speedway oval, however the reminder of the season was marked by variety of mechanical problems.\n", "1996 was a whole different story. During the course of the Player’s Toyota Atlantic Championship, he would shatter every record in the 25-year history of the championship, including nine wins out of 12 races – eight of them in a row, from pole position. He rewrote the record book for this series, setting a new record for the most consecutive wins(8), most wins in a season (9), also most consecutive wins from pole (8), most laps led in a season and most accumulated points in a season (239pts). This included a flag-to-flag victory at the Grand Prix Molson du Canada meeting. After shattering Gilles Villeneuve's long standing records, his 1996 Atlantic season propelled him to the major league Indycar series.\n", "Section::::IndyCar career.\n", "After winning the 1996 Player's Toyota Atlantic Championship, Carpentier won a ride with Bettenhausen/Alumax team in CART, defeating several veteran racers from across the US and Europe, in a test held at Sebring. He debuted in CART in 1997 with Bettenhausen/Alumax team. In that first season, he was on pole at Nazareth, with a best finish was second at the inaugural race at Gateway, the Motorola 300. He would also be crowned \"Rookie of the Year\".\n", "In 1998, he started driving for Player's Forsythe Racing, when the team expanded their operations to run a second alongside fellow Canadian, Greg Moore. At the end of the following season, with the unfortunate death of Moore, in season finale, the Marlboro 500 at Fontana, Carpentier became Forsythe's number one, when rookie Alex Tagliani was brought into the squad, keeping it an all-Canadian affair. In his early years he was prone to missing races through injuries, some of which originated off-track.\n", "His first Champ Car victory came in 2001 in the Harrah's 500, at the Michigan International Speedway, and would finish tenth in the overall end of year standing. In what was the last CART sanctioned Michigan 500, he seized victory with a dramatic last-lap pass of Dario Franchitti. For Carpentier, this first CART win finally arrived in his 79th start. The following season, he would win twice, Marconi Grand Prix of Cleveland, and Grand Prix of Mid-Ohio and would take third in the championship standing. Carpentier was 5th overall in a disappointing 2003 season, despite winning the Grand Prix of Monterey, at the Laguna Seca (compared to title-winning teammate Paul Tracy).\n", "Tracy’s performance weakened Carpentier’s position within the team and rumours circulating pre-2004 season suggesting Carpentier would be dropped by Forsythe Racing, in favour of Rodolfo Lavin. Instead, Gerald Forsythe decided to run a third car for Lavin. Allegedly, Patrick kept his ride because of his marketing popularity in his homeland. He would repay Forsythe by retaining the Grand Prix of Monterey. Despite finishing higher than Paul Tracy in the 2004 championship, Carpentier left the team and the series for the 2005 season, joining Eddie Cheever's Cheever Racing in the IndyCar Series. Due to his excellent record on oval tracks he was expected to do well (most of the IndyCar Series races are on ovals which had become virtually extinct in Champ Car), but uncompetitive Toyota engines prevented any major success. He ended 10th in the standings with two third places and 11 top 10s out of 17 races.\n", "In his eight years in Champ Car, Carpentier finished in the top 10 74 times, and stood on the podium 22 times.\n", "Section::::Sports car career.\n", "Cheever lost its Red Bull sponsorship after the season and Carpentier was left without a ride as the now unsponsored team scaled back its IndyCar involvement dramatically, although he did race for Cheever in the 2006 Rolex 24 at Daytona, driving a Crawford-Lexus DP03.\n", "Carpentier competed in the 2006 CASCAR Super Series event at Cayuga Speedway. He started 21st in the Dave Jacobs Racing car and finished sixth. From there he tried his hand at Grand-Am Road Racing, running a partial season with SAMAX Motorsport piloting their Riley Mk XI. He re-signed for another season with SAMAX, to drive a Daytona Prototype in the 2007 Grand-Am Rolex Sports Car Series, alongside either Milka Duno or Ryan Dalziel. The highlight of this partnership was their second place in the Rolex 24 at Daytona. The trio also shared their Riley-Pontiac Mk XI with another British driver, Darren Manning. They finished on the same lap as the winner, just 75.845 seconds behind after 24 hours of racing, leading for 121 of the 668 laps. Carpentier last race for SAMAX was the 400 km Montreal, where he finished 10th, partnered by Kris Szekeres, took place on August 3, 2007. He later left SAMAX to pursue a career in NASCAR, with his first race (the NAPA Auto Parts 200) the next day.\n", "Section::::Stock car career.\n", "Carpentier made his debut in the NASCAR Busch Series at Montreal's Circuit Gilles Villeneuve on August 4, 2007, taking pole in qualifying and finished the controversial race in 2nd place, behind Kevin Harvick, while Robby Gordon was disqualified by NASCAR from his first place spot for intentionally wrecking Marcos Ambrose and ignoring a resulting penalty. Carpentier would return to Montreal to post another 2nd place in 2008. Carpentier made his NASCAR Nextel Cup debut on August 12, 2007, at Watkins Glen, in the Gillett Evernham Motorsports #10 Valvoline/Stanley Tools-sponsored Dodge, replacing Scott Riggs and started 40th. Carpentier led for seven laps in the race near the midway portion of the race and wound up finishing in the 20th position. In October 2007, it was announced he would drive the #10 car full-time in 2008.\n", "On February 14, 2008, Carpentier attempted to qualify for the 2008 Daytona 500 in the second of two Gatorade Duels. Carpentier ran in the top 10 for most of the day. Late in the race, his right front tire blew, sending him into the backstretch wall. Carpentier was running in third place of the drivers not locked into the Daytona 500 based on owner points.\n", "The Joliette driver had not seen New Hampshire Motor Speedway before visiting for track for the 2008 Lenox Industrial Tools 301. On June 27, 2008, in just his 17th NASCAR race, he became only the second non-American driver to qualify on pole. He was the first by a foreign born in NASCAR's top division since Lloyd Shaw (from Toronto, Ontario, Canada) won the pole at Langhorne Speedway in June 1953. Come race day, he didn’t give up the lead easily as he led the first four laps. \"That was a heck of a thrill,\" Carpentier said after the race. \"Winning the pole on Friday was certainly a highlight of my career. But leading those laps was unbelievable. It's hard to put into words.\" He would later be hit by brakes problems and would finish down in 31st place.\n", "On July 5, 2008, Carpentier earned his best career Sprint Cup finish by finishing 14th in the Coke Zero 400.\n", "On August 30, 2008, Carpentier announced that he would be a free agent for the 2009 Sprint Cup Series, leaving Gillett Evernham Motorsports. Four days prior to Carpentier's announcement Gillett Evernham Motorsports had announced that they would hire driver Reed Sorenson for 2009 making Carpentier's future uncertain. On October 7, Carpentier was released by GEM. Former Team Red Bull driver A. J. Allmendinger finished out the year.\n", "On June 9, 2009, Michael Waltrip Racing announced that Carpentier would replace team owner, Michael Waltrip in the No. 55 NAPA-sponsored Toyota for the two road course races on the 2009 Sprint Cup schedule: Infineon on June 21 and Watkins Glen on August 9. Carpentier competed in a number of races for Tommy Baldwin Racing in events that conflict with Mike Skinner's truck series schedule.\n", "In 2010, Carpentier ran a number of races for Latitude 43 Motorsports. In 2011, Carpentier returned to his open-wheel roots, attempting to qualify for the 95th Indianapolis 500 for Dragon Racing after former Red Bull driver Scott Speed was unable to get the car up to speed on bump day. Carpentier was unable to get the car in the race. On the stock car side, Carpentier drove a few Sprint Cup races for Frank Stoddard's team. On June 7, Carpentier announced to the \"Toronto Sun\" that he would officially retire from racing after the NAPA Auto Parts 200 at Circuit Gilles Villeneuve, where he drove for Pastrana-Waltrip Racing.\n", "On April 22, 2016, Carpentier announced he would return to the Cup Series starting with the Toyota/Save Mart 350 at Sonoma, followed by also competing in the Brickyard 400 at Indy for Go FAS Racing. Piloting the No.32 Can-Am Kappa, Cyclops Ford Fusion Carpentier was the only road course ringer in the race at Sonoma. A promising day went wrong when Carpentier blew a tire while running 11th with less than 15 laps to go, resulting in a 37th-place finish. Carpentier would steal the headlines during practice for the 2016 Brickyard 400 when he got into an accident with Kyle Busch. Carpentier would finish 34th in the race, his best finish of the season.\n", "Section::::Retirement.\n", "On August 20, 2011, Carpentier announced his retirement shortly before the Nationwide race in Montreal. While running fourth, contact with Steven Wallace took him out of the race and he left to a standing ovation from the crowd.\n", "Despite his retirement, Carpentier stated in January 2012 that he would be willing to compete in the Montreal Nationwide Series race in 2012, to raise money for children's charities. After starting 13th, Carpentier finished 29th.\n", "In 2013, after spending time trying to avoid racing, Carpentier joined the French-language sports channel RDS, as a colour commentator for their NASCAR broadcasts. After retiring from full-time racing in 2008, Patrick said that he “\"tried other things but I need to be around racing. Everything has been very different since I stopped racing and I have been trying to come to grips with it\".” Prior to this, Carpentier was in the home renovation business, buying and selling real estate in Nevada, where he lived whilst an active racer. As the economic downturn hit the Las Vegas region hard and real estate prices started to sag, this made life difficult for him. So when RDS offer came along, he took up their offer.\n", "When in August 2014, the inaugural World Rallycross Championship hit the classic Canadian street venue, Circuit Trois-Rivières, the seventh round of the season. Carpentier was the chance to make his rallycross debut with the Volkswagen Marklund Motorsport outfit. Despite his lack of experience of Rallycross cars, he raced through the heats, qualifying for the Final. At the start of the final, Carpentier slotted his Volkswagen Polo in fourth place behind Timur Timerzyanov. He was the first driver to take his joker lap, but spun at the end of the second lap, putting him out of contention for a podium finish. By lap four, much to the dismay of the crowd, Carpentier crashed out, leaving him classified sixth overall in the first ever World RX of Canada event. The event was won by Petter Solberg, from Anton Marklund. Carpentier raced a JRM Racing Mini Countryman in the 2015 World RX of Canada, this time finishing 14th overall and failing to reach the semi-finals.\n", "Section::::Racing record.\n", "Section::::Racing record.:American open–wheel racing results.\n", "Section::::Racing record.:American open–wheel racing results.:CART/Champ Car.\n", "BULLET::::- ^ New points system introduced in 2004.\n", "Section::::Racing record.:NASCAR.\n", "Section::::Racing record.:NASCAR.:Craftsman Truck Series.\n", " Season still in progressbr\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- List of Canadians in Champ Car\n", "BULLET::::- List of Canadians in NASCAR\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Construction Patrick Carpentier Inc.\n", "BULLET::::- ESPN:Tailing Patrick Carpentier Day 1, in 2007\n", "BULLET::::- ESPN:Tailing Patrick Carpentier Day 2\n", "BULLET::::- ESPN:Tailing Patrick Carpentier Day 3\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Marcel Theroux\n", "Marcel Raymond Theroux (born 13 June 1968) is an English novelist and broadcaster. He wrote \"A Stranger in The Earth\" and \",\" for which he won the Somerset Maugham Award in 2002. His third novel, \"A Blow to the Heart,\" was published by Faber in 2006. His fourth, \"Far North,\" was published in June 2009. His fifth, \"Strange Bodies,\" was published in May 2013. He has also worked in television news in New York City and in Boston.\n", "He is the elder son of the American travel writer and novelist Paul Theroux and his then-wife Anne Castle. His younger brother, Louis Theroux, is a journalist, documentarian, and television presenter.\n", "Section::::Early life.\n", "Marcel Theroux was born in 1968 in Kampala, Uganda, where his American-born father, Paul Theroux, was teaching at Makerere University. His mother is Anne Castle, an Englishwoman. The family spent the next two years in Singapore, where his father taught at the National University of Singapore. After their return to England, Theroux was brought up in Wandsworth, London. After attending a state primary school, he boarded at Westminster School where his best friend was Nick Clegg. He went on to study English Literature at Clare College, Cambridge. He won a fellowship to study International Relations with a specialisation in Soviet and East European Studies at Yale University.\n", "He lives in London and is married. His paternal French surname originates from the region around Sarthe and Yonne in France. It is quite common in francophone countries and is originally spelled Théroux. His father, born and raised in the United States, is of half French Canadian and half Italian descent.\n", "Section::::Career.\n", "From 2000 to 2002, Theroux presented a series of documentaries for \"Unreported World\".\n", "In 2004 he presented \"The End of the World as We Know It\", part of the \"War on Terra\" television series about climate change on Channel 4. He was chosen as presenter because he originally knew nothing about the subject. He initially believed that all environmentalists were opposed to technological progress. But during his research, he became convinced that the world faced a global problem on a scale so serious that an expansion of nuclear energy is probably the best solution (choosing the lesser evil). He reached this conclusion partly in response to his interviews with several experts, such as Gerhard Bertz of the insurance agency Munich Re, who said that during the past 20 years, payments for natural disasters have increased by 500 percent. He also interviewed Royal Dutch Shell chairman Lord Ron Oxburgh. A PR assistant interrupted them. Oxburgh's negative views on the consequences of current oil consumption were likely considered detrimental to the corporation's image.\n", "In March 2006 Theroux presented \"Death of a Nation\" on More4, as part of \"The State of Russia\" series. In the programme he explored the country's post-Soviet problems, including population decline, the growing AIDS epidemic, and the persecution of the Meskhetian Turks. During interviews in the programme, he spoke simple Russian.\n", "On 28 September 2008 he presented \"Oligart: The Great Russian Art Boom\" on Channel 4, exploring the role of Russia's rich in keeping Russia's art history alive by buying and exhibiting domestic art.\n", "In March 2009, Faber and Faber published Theroux's \"Far North\", a future epic set in the Siberian taiga.\n", "On 16 March 2009, Theroux presented \"In Search of Wabi-sabi\" on BBC Four, as part of the channel's 'Hidden Japan' season of programming. Theroux travelled and reported from Japan to explore the aesthetic tastes of Japan and its people.\n", "In 2012, Theroux presented a documentary for \"Unreported World\" Series 23, on the subject of street children in Ukraine.\n", "On the fourth of October, 2017, Theroux presented a documentary published by \"the Unreported World\" entitled \"Russia's rise in conservative family values\" which explored the social and economic consequences of the recent rise in Orthodoxy and Russian nationalism under Putin's presidency.\n", "His novel \"Strange Bodies\" won the 2014 John W. Campbell Memorial Award.\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Interview on Meet The Writers, Monocle 24 with Georgina Godwin\n", "BULLET::::- \"Russia's rise in conservative family values - Unreported World 2017\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Vera Kholodnaya\n", "Vera Vasilyevna Kholodnaya (née. Levchenko, Ukrainian: Віра Василівна Холодна; Russian: Вера Васильевна Холодная; 30 August 1893 – 16 February 1919) was the first star of Russian silent cinema. Only five of her films still exist and the total number she acted in is unknown, with speculation ranging between fifty and one hundred.\n", "Section::::Early life.\n", "Born in Poltava, Russian Empire, now Ukraine, she went to live in Moscow with her widowed grandmother at the age of two. As a girl she dreamed of a career in classical ballet and even enrolled at the Bolshoi Theatre ballet school. From early childhood Vera participated in family theatricals. When she was ten Vera was sent to the famous Perepelkina’s grammar school.\n", "Section::::Personal life.\n", "At the graduation prom she met Vladimir Kholodny, who was then a student, an editor of a daily sport newspaper and a race-driver, said to be one of the first Russian car racers. They got married in 1910 despite disapproval of both families. Vera would often accompany him in races which resulted in road accidents. She also adopted his surname, which translates to \"the cold one\". Later, many took it for a well-chosen pseudonym. Their daughter Evgeniya was born in 1912, and they adopted another child a year later.\n", "Section::::Career Rise.\n", "In 1908, Vera attended a performance of \"Francesca da Rimini\", with Vera Komissarzhevskaya in the title role. She was deeply impressed with Komissarzhevskaya's artistry and decided to venture in film acting. She approached Vladimir Gardin, a leading Russian film director, who cast her in a minor role in his grand production of \"Anna Karenina\".\n", "In 1915 Yevgeni Bauer was to direct the film \"Song of Triumphant Love\" (\"Pesn Torzhestvuyushchey Lyubvi\"), a mystical love drama (after Turgenev) and was searching for an actress of outstanding beauty. When Vera Kholodnaya was introduced to Bauer, he at once approved her for the role, being impressed by her beauty.\n", "\"Song of Triumphant Love\" was an enormous success and Yevgeni Bauer immediately started shooting his another movie starring Kholodnaya. It was a melodrama \"Flame of the Sky\" (\"Plamya Neba\") about guilty love of a young woman married off to an old widower, and his son. Although \"Flame of the Sky\" was shot after \"Song of Triumphant Love,\" it was the first to go on screen and so brought fame to Vera Kholodnaya.\n", "At first it was hard for Vera to convey complex psychological nuances and so she imitated the acting of Asta Nielsen but gradually developed her own style. Vera's extravagant costumes and large gray eyes made her an enigmatic screen presence which fascinated audiences across Imperial Russia.\n", "Her next picture was \"The Children of the Age\" (\"Deti veka\"), aired in 2015, a drama with pretensions to revealing social problems.\n", "Tremendous success was Pyotr Chardynin’s tragic melodrama \"The Mirages\" (1916), followed by the ‘fancy drama’ \"Beauty Must Reign in the World\" by Yevgeni Bauer, melodrama \"Fiery Devil\", and another melodrama \"A Life for a Life\", which turned one of the most popular films in Vera Kholodnaya’s career and brought her the title ‘the Queen of Screen’. The author of this title was Alexander Vertinsky who venerated the actress and frequented her house. In 1916 Khanzhonkov’s company started making the film \"Pierrot\" with Vertinsky and Kholodnaya playing the leads. Unfortunately, the film was not completed.\n", "In the beginning of 1917 was released of one of the best films with Vera Kholodnaya, namely \"By the Fireplace\" (\"U kamina\") which was based on a popular romance. The tragic film about a family broken by a rich lover ended with the death of the protagonist played by Vera Kholodnaya. The triumph of the drama exceeded all the films shot in Russia before that. It was so until 1918 when the movie \"Be Silent, My Sorrow... Be Silent\" (\"Molchi, grust... molchi\") aired and received even great acceptance. Like many of her films, it was based on a Russian traditional love song. At the same time there was probably no other film so much criticized, especially after the revolution. By the middle of 1918 Vera Kholodnaya turned from just a popular and admired actress into a real phenomenon of the Russian cinema.\n", "Her latest movies were \"Krasnaya zarya\" (1918), \"Zhivoy trup\" (1918), \"The Last Tango\" (1918).\n", "However, only five works with the Kholodnaya preserved. \"The Children of the Age\" was the earliest of them. The other four extant films are: \"The Mirages\" (1916), \"A Life for a Life\" (1916), \"A Corpse Living\" (1918), and \"Molchi, grust... molchi\" (1918).\n", "Section::::World War I and the Russian Revolution.\n", "After her husband was drafted to fight in World War I, Kholodnaya signed with a rival Khanzhonkov studio.\n", "By the time of the Russian Revolution, a new Kholodnaya film was released every third week. \"At the Fire Side\" was her massive commercial success: the movie was run in cinemas until 1924, when the Soviet authorities ordered many of the Kholodnaya features destroyed.\n", "During the Russian Civil War, the Bolshevik authorities requested film companies to produce less melodrama and more adaptations of classics. Accordingly, Kholodnaya was cast in a screen version of Tolstoy's \"The Living Corpse\". Her acting abilities in this film were applauded by Konstantin Stanislavski, who welcomed Vera to join the troupe of the Moscow Art Theatre.\n", "By that time, the actress had determined to move with her film company to Odessa, where she died at the age of 25 in the 1918 flu pandemic. On learning about her death, Alexander Vertinsky, wrote one of his most poignant songs, \"Your fingers smell of church incense, and your lashes sleep in grief...\" A director with whom she had worked for several years filmed her large funeral. Ironically, this seems to be her best known film today.\n", "Section::::Circumstances of her death.\n", "Official Russian records state that Vera Kholodnaya died of the Spanish flu during the pandemic of 1919. While that seems quite likely, there is much speculation around her death. Other stories claim she was poisoned by the French ambassador with whom she reportedly had an affair and who believed that she was a spy for the Bolsheviks.\n", "Section::::Legacy.\n", "Her life was dramatised in Nikita Mikhalkov's film \"A Slave of Love\" (1976). A documentary on her life was filmed in 1992. A year later, her image was depicted on a postage stamp and in 2003 a life-size bronze statue of her was erected in Odessa, Ukraine; created by the artist Alexander P. Tokarev.\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- Ossip Runitsch\n", "BULLET::::- Pyotr Chardynin\n", "BULLET::::- Vitold Polonsky\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Information on the Vera Kholodnaya monument in Odessa, Ukraine\n", "BULLET::::- Biography\n", "BULLET::::- Detailed account of her career\n", "BULLET::::- Her bio and photographs\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Ivan Mosjoukine\n", "Ivan Ilyich Mozzhukhin (; —18 January 1939), usually billed using the French transliteration Ivan Mosjoukine, was a Russian silent film actor.\n", "Section::::Career in Russia.\n", "Ivan Mozzhukhin was born in Kondol, in the Saratov Governorate of the Russian Empire (present-day Penza Oblast in Russia), the youngest of four brothers. His mother Rachel Ivanovna Mozzhukhina (née Lastochkina) was the daughter of a Russian Orthodox priest, while his father Ilya Ivanovich Mozzhukhin came from peasants and served as an estate manager for the noble Obolensky family. He inherited this position from his own father — a serf whose children were granted freedom as a gratitude for his service.\n", "While all three elder brothers finished seminary, Ivan was sent to the Penza gymnasium for boys and later studied law at the Moscow State University. In 1910, he left academic life to join a troupe of traveling actors from Kiev, with which he toured for a year, gaining experience and a reputation for dynamic stage presence. Upon returning to Moscow, he launched his screen career with the 1911 adaptation of Tolstoy's \"The Kreutzer Sonata\". He also starred in \"A House in Kolomna\" (1913, after Pushkin), Pyotr Chardynin directed drama \"Do You Remember?\" opposite the popular Russian ballerina Vera Karalli (1914), \"Nikolay Stavrogin\" (1915, after Dostoyevsky's \"The Devils\" aka \"The Possessed\"), \"The Queen of Spades\" (1916, after Pushkin) and other adaptations of Russian classics.\n", "Section::::The Kuleshov Effect.\n", "Mosjoukine's most lasting contribution to the theoretical concept of film as image is the legacy of his own face in recurring representation of illusory reactions seen in Lev Kuleshov's psychological montage experiment which demonstrated the Kuleshov Effect. In 1918, the first full year of the Russian Revolution, Kuleshov assembled his revolutionary illustration of the application of the principles of film editing out of footage from one of Mosjoukine's Tsarist-era films which had been left behind when he, along with his entire film production company, departed for the relative safety of Crimea in 1917.\n", "Section::::Career in France.\n", "At the end of 1919, Mosjoukine arrived in Paris and quickly established himself as one of the top stars of the French silent cinema, starring in one successful film after another. Handsome, tall, and possessing a powerful screen presence, he won a considerable following as a mysterious and exotic romantic figure.\n", "The first film of his French career was also his final Russian film. \"L'Angoissante Aventure (The Harrowing Adventure)\" was a dramatized record of the difficult and dangerous journey of Russian actors, directors and other film artists as they made their way from Crimea into the chaos of Ottoman Turkey in the midst of the post-World War I fall of the Sultanate. The group was headed by the renowned director Yakov Protazanov and included Mosjoukine's frequent leading lady Natalya Lisenko (billed in France as Nathalie Lissenko), whom he married and later divorced. Their ultimate destination was Paris, which became the new capital for most of the exiled former aristocrats and other refugees escaping the Russian Civil War. The film was completed and released in Paris in November 1920.\n", "Mosjoukine's film stardom was assured and during the 1920s, his face with the trademark hypnotic stare appeared on covers of film magazines all over Europe. He wrote the screenplays for most of his starring vehicles and directed two of them, \"L'Enfant du carnaval\" (\"Child of the Carnival\"), released on 29 August 1921 and \"Le Brasier ardent\" (\"The Blazing Inferno\"), released on 2 November 1923. The leading lady in both films was the then-\"Madame Mosjoukine\", Nathalie Lissenko. \"Brasier\", in particular, was highly praised for its innovative and inventive concepts, but ultimately proved too surreal and bizarre to become financially successful. Styled like a semi-comic Kafkaesque nightmare, the film has him playing a detective known only as \"Z\" hired by an older husband to follow his adventurous young wife. However, the plot was only the device which Mosjoukine and his assistant director Alexandre Volkoff used to experiment with the audience's perception of reality. Many of the scenes seem to be taking place on sets that are disconcertingly larger than normal and one particularly striking staging has the husband entering the detective agency to find a synchronized line of men, presumably detectives, all wearing tuxedos and gliding about in formation. Mosjoukine received praise for his enthusiastic acting and display of emotion.\n", "Section::::\"Surrender\" in Hollywood.\n", "According to popular myth, when Rudolph Valentino died on August 23, 1926, Hollywood producers began searching for another face or image that might capture some iota of that unique screen presence radiated by \"The Great Lover\". However, Mosjoukine was signed by Universal before Valentino's death, as the August 14, 1926 edition of Motion Picture News mentions Mosjoukine's role in Michel Strogoff as Universal had just announced that they were bringing the film to the American market. Universal's Laemmle was mentioned as having signed Mosjoukine to come to America that fall. A few of the French productions which starred Mosjoukine were seen in large U.S. cities, where multitudes of cinemas regularly presented European films, but he was a generally unfamiliar persona to the large majority of American audiences. Universal's Carl Laemmle, who had employed Valentino as a supporting actor in two 1919-1920 films, found out that Mosjoukine was frequently described by the European press as the Russian Valentino. \n", "However, as it turned out, \"Surrender\", filmed in the summer of 1927, did not trust Mosjukine to carry the storyline. He was only the film's co-star, with the top billing and the central role going to Mary Philbin, a popular leading lady of the period who, eighteen months earlier, had the showy role of Christine, the focus of Lon Chaney's obsession and love in \"The Phantom of the Opera\". The recent Russian Revolution was a popular film subject of the time, with the 1926 John Barrymore-Camilla Horn teaming in \"The Tempest\" and the Emil Jannings vehicle \"The Last Command\", released three months after \"Surrender\", being two examples of the genre. Since Laemmle's new star was a genuine survivor of the Revolution, it seemed only natural that the story would be set in that milieu.\n", "Symptomatic of Mosjoukine's co-star status, he does not even appear in the first fifteen minutes of the film, which are occupied with the depiction of life in an Eastern European Jewish settlement on the eve of World War I. Eventually, at the centerpiece of the plot Mary Philbin, as the virginal daughter of the village rabbi, is confronted with the startling choice of willingly \"surrendering\" her maidenhood to Mosjoukine's aristocratic leader of the Cossack detachment sent to wipe out her village, or refusing and seeing him carry out his assignment. While this type of personality fitted into Valentino's past \"Son of the Sheik\" characterization of a dominant, forceful lover who initially takes women against their will, until they melt under the radiance of his sheer animal magnetism, it ran against Mosjoukine's European \"Casanova\" image as a fatalistically irresistible to whom women flock and \"surrender\" without any hint of force or threat, but simply because of their inability to resist.\n", "This basic misunderstanding of the dissimilarity between Valentino and Mosjoukine combined with journeyman direction by Edward Sloman and Mary Philbin's unresponsiveness and lack of chemistry with her leading man, consigned the film to a tepid reception by the critics and the public. Although moderately profitable, it was not the money-making hit that Laemmle expected. Mosjoukine received some good notices, but a number of critics doubted his suitability for American audiences. An even more ominous note, however, was sounded at the film's Broadway premiere on 10 October 1927. Another film, playing across the street, had its premiere four days earlier, on 6 October. \"The Jazz Singer\" was attracting much bigger audiences than \"Surrender\" and, as it was ushering in voice-on-film, would soon sound the death knell for Mosjoukine's career as a silent film star, as his heavy Russian accent eventually dealt a crippling blow to his hopes of continuing in talkies.\n", "Section::::Death.\n", "Ivan Mosjoukine died of tuberculosis in a Neuilly-sur-Seine clinic. All available sources give his age as 49 and year of birth as 1889. However, his gravestone at the Russian cemetery in the Parisian suburb of Sainte-Genevieve-des-Bois is inscribed with the year 1887.\n", "Section::::Personal life.\n", "Mosjoukine had three elder brothers. Alexander Mozzhukhin (1878—1972) was a famous opera singer who also left Russia for Paris in 1926. After his death his wife Cleo Carini returned to the Soviet Union, bringing her husband's archives along with her which included many documents. Among them was an autobiography and many letters from his family members, including Ivan. They are currently stored in the Russian State Archive of Literature and Art and in several museums.\n", "Mosjoukine's second brother Aleksey (born 1880) served as an officer in the Imperial Russian Army and was later enrolled to the Red Army. In 1931 he was arrested and sentenced to three years in prison for Anti-Soviet agitation. In 1937 he was arrested for the second time on the same account and by the NKVD troika's decision sentenced to death. Konstantin Mozzhukhin (born 1882) was also an army officer who served in the Imperial Russian Navy. In 1935 he and his father were arrested and sent to Yrgyz in the Kazakh SSR. In 1937 he was arrested for the second time, also for Anti-Soviet agitation, and sentenced to ten years of labor camps. The date of his death is unknown.\n", "Mosjoukine was officially married three times. His first wife was a Russian and later French actress Natalya Lisenko (1884–1960). They married in the first half of the 1910s and divorced in 1927. In 1928 Mosjoukine married a Dutch actress Agnes Petersen (1906—1973). His third wife was a French actress of Russian origin Tania Fédor (1905–1985), although they were married only for a brief period of time. \n", "As a teenager Mosjoukine became romantically involved with Olga Bronitskaya (born Telegina) — an actress from the popular traveling troupe led by her brother Petr Zarechny. In 1908 she gave birth to their illegitimate son Aleksandr who was registered as the son of Petr Zarechny under his official family name. Thus the boy was raised as Aleksandr Petrovich Telegin, although he was made aware of his real father. For several years Mosjoukine traveled with his civil wife and his son before returning to Moscow and marrying Natalya Lisenko. According to Telegin, his father always supported them by sending letters, money and packages until his name came under a ban in the Soviet Union. Telegin and his family lived in Moscow, although they had to conceal their origin. To this day he remains Mosjoukine's only confirmed offspring.\n", "French novelist Romain Gary claimed that his birth was the result of an affair between Mosjoukine and his mother Nina Owczyńska, a Polish-Jewish actress who later married Arieh Kacew. In 1960 he wrote a novelized autobiographical account of his mother's struggles and triumphs, \"La promesse de l'aube\" (\"Promise at Dawn\"), which became the basis for an English-language play and a French-American film. The play, Samuel A. Taylor's \"First Love\", opened on Broadway at the Morosco Theatre on Christmas Day 1961 and closed on 13 January 1962, after 24 performances. In 1970, returning to its original title, it was adapted for the screen and directed by Jules Dassin as a vehicle for his wife Melina Mercouri (then aged 49), who played Nina. Dassin, who was 59 years old at the time, chose to play Mosjoukine himself in the single scene that the character appears in the film.\n", "Section::::Selected filmography.\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Kreutzer Sonata\" (1911, dir. Pyotr Chardynin), as Troukhatchevsky\n", "BULLET::::- \"Defence of Sevastopol\" (1911, dir. Vasily Goncharov and Aleksandr Khanzhonkov), as Admiral Vladimir Kornilov\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Night Before Christmas\" (1913, dir. Ladislas Starevich), as The demon\n", "BULLET::::- \"Domik v Kolomne\" (\"The Little House in Kolomna\") (1913)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Queen of Spades\" (1916, dir. Yakov Protazanov), as Hermann\n", "BULLET::::- \"Satan Triumphant\" (1917, dir. Yakov Protazanov)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Father Sergius\" (1917, dir. Yakov Protazanov and Alexandre Volkoff), as Prince Kasatsky / Father Sergius\n", "BULLET::::- \"L'Angoissante aventure\" (1920, dir. Yakov Protazanov), as Henri de Granier\n", "BULLET::::- \"L'Enfant du carnaval\" (1921, dir. Ivan Mosjoukine), as Marquis Serge de Granier\n", "BULLET::::- \"Justice d'abord\" (1921, dir. Yakov Protazanov)\n", "BULLET::::- \"\" (1922, dir. Robert Boudrioz), as Henri\n", "BULLET::::- \"The House of Mystery\" (1923, dir. Alexandre Volkoff), as Julien Villandrit\n", "BULLET::::- \"\" (1923, dir. Ivan Mosjoukine), as Zed\n", "BULLET::::- \"Kean\" (1924, dir. Alexandre Volkoff), as Edmund Kean\n", "BULLET::::- \"Les Ombres qui passent\" (1924, dir. Alexandre Volkoff), as Louis Barclay\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Lion of the Moguls\" (1924, dir. Jean Epstein), as Prince Roundghito-Sing\n", "BULLET::::- \"Feu Mathias Pascal\" (1925, dir. Marcel L'Herbier), as Mathias Pascal\n", "BULLET::::- \"Michel Strogoff\" (1926, dir. Victor Tourjansky), as Michael Strogoff\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Loves of Casanova\" (1927, dir. Alexandre Volkoff), as Giacomo Casanova\n", "BULLET::::- \"Surrender\" (1927, dir. Edward Sloman), as Constantine\n", "BULLET::::- \"The President\" (1928, dir. Gennaro Righelli), as Pepe Torre\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Secret Courier\" (1928, dir. Gennaro Righelli), as Julien Sorel\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Adjutant of the Czar\" (1929, dir. Vladimir Strizhevsky), as Prince Boris Kurbski\n", "BULLET::::- \"Manolescu\" (1929, dir. Victor Tourjansky), as Georges Manolescu\n", "BULLET::::- \"The White Devil\" (1930, dir. Alexandre Volkoff), as Hadji Murat\n", "BULLET::::- \"Sergeant X\" (1932, dir. Vladimir Strizhevsky), as Jean Renaud\n", "BULLET::::- \"The 1002nd Night\" (1933, dir. Alexandre Volkoff), as Prince Tahar\n", "BULLET::::- \"Casanova\" (1934, dir. René Barberis), as Giacomo Casanova\n", "BULLET::::- \"\" (1934, dir. Alexandre Volkoff), as Henri Strogonoff\n", "BULLET::::- \"Nitchevo\" (1936, dir. Jacques de Baroncelli), as Meuter\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- Aleksandr Khanzhonkov\n", "BULLET::::- Ossip Runitsch\n", "BULLET::::- Vitold Polonsky\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Photographs of Ivan Mosjoukine\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Alex Tagliani\n", "Alexandre \"Alex\" Tagliani (G pronounced in last name; born October 18, 1973), nicknamed \"Tag\", is a Canadian professional stock car racing driver. He currently competes full-time in the NASCAR Pinty's Series, driving the No. 18 Chevrolet Camaro for 22 Racing and part-time in the NASCAR Camping World Truck Series, driving the No. 12 Chevrolet Silverado for Young's Motorsports.\n", "Section::::Racing career.\n", "Section::::Racing career.:Atlantic Championship.\n", "Tagliani debuted in the Atlantic Championship in 1996 with P-1 Racing, where he finished seventh in the overall standings. Switching to Forsythe Racing, he finished third in 1997, fourth in 1998 and fourth in 1999, claiming two wins each season.\n", "Section::::Racing career.:Champ Car.\n", "Tagliani raced in the Champ Car series from 2000, when it was still known as CART, until its demise in 2007. He was signed by Forsythe Racing for the 2000 season replacing Greg Moore.\n", "He came close to obtaining his first victory in his third start, after taking pole position at Brazil and leading most of the race, but spun out from the lead with nine laps to go.\n", "In 2001 he was involved in the collision with Alex Zanardi at the Lausitzring that resulted in the loss of Zanardi's legs.\n", "He remained at Forsythe until the end of 2002, when he was substituted by Paul Tracy. He found a job with the Rocketsports team in 2003, and remained there for the 2004 season, in which he earned his first and only Champ Car victory at Road America.\n", "In 2005 he joined Team Australia, which was a rebranding of Derrick Walker's long-running team with the support of Australian businessman Craig Gore, and finished 7th in the championship despite lacking a race engineer. 7th would equal the best of his 3 top-10 championship finishes.\n", "He returned to Rocketsports for the 2007 season, and finished 10th in points with a best finish of 4th in the first race of the season. He earned four pole positions during his Champ Car career.\n", "Section::::Racing career.:IndyCar.\n", "In 2008, after the Rocketsports team decided not to take part in the IndyCar Series, Tagliani made the transition to stock cars and began racing in the NASCAR Canadian Tire Series. He also drove for Conquest Racing in the IndyCar Series Detroit Grand Prix, replacing the injured Enrique Bernoldi. Tagliani continued in the seat for the last two races of the season.\n", "Conquest Racing announced that Tagliani would return as a full-time driver for the 2009 season. However, the team ultimately concentrated on road and street course races after the Indianapolis 500; ninth place in Toronto proved his best result. Tagliani left Conquest Racing after the 2009 Rexall Edmonton Indy race in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.\n", "It was announced on August 28, 2009, that Tagliani had signed a four-year deal with an option for a fifth year to drive for start-up FAZZT Race Team in the IZOD IndyCar Series beginning in 2010.\n", "After a successful 2010 campaign with Tagliani, FAZZT Race Team was looking forward to an even more successful 2011 season, along with the possible expansion on the grid with a second entry. However, the team was purchased by Sam Schmidt on March 1, 2011, and was absorbed into Sam Schmidt Motorsports. Tagliani was retained, along with all sponsors, for a full-time entry during the 2011 season, racing alongside his new teammates Townsend Bell, Wade Cunningham, and Jay Howard.\n", "In 2011, for the 100th anniversary of the first running of the Indianapolis 500, Tagliani qualified on the pole position with a four-lap average of 227.472 mph, besting Scott Dixon in the last run of the day. Unfortunately for Tagliani, he would run wide in turn 4 on lap 147 and make contact with the outside wall, inflicting damage upon the car which would force him to retire from the race the following lap.\n", "To date, Tagliani's best finish in the Indianapolis 500 is tenth, which he achieved in 2010 while driving for FAZZT Race Team. His best performance was arguably the 2016 event when he charged hard from 33rd starting position to lead 11 laps, matching a record set by Tom Sneva in 1980.\n", "Section::::Racing career.:NASCAR Xfinity and Truck Series.\n", "Tagliani has run selected races in the NASCAR Xfinity Series since 2009. That year he entered the Montreal and Phoenix rounds with Pat MacDonald. He drove at Montreal in 2011 for Team Penske and 2012 for Steve Turner. He did not enter any race in 2013.\n", "In 2014, Tagliani announced that he would drive in two races in the series for Team Penske. At Road America for the Gardner Denver 200, Tagliani won the pole position driving Penske's No. 22. Tagliani nearly won his first NNS race leading the second half. However, it was questionable with 10 laps to go if Tagliani had enough fuel. A caution came out before the final lap and just as the yellow period began, Tagliani ran out of gas in the extended race and stalled at the start/finish line. Tagliani switched to dry (slick) tires with most of the field on wet tires (on a drying track); he restarted in 23rd place and recovered for second place. At Mid-Ohio he finished fifth without leading any lap.\n", "Later in 2014, Tagliani was announced as the driver for Brad Keselowski Racing's No. 19 in the Camping World Truck Series event at Canadian Tire Motorsport Park. Despite the race being his very first Truck Series start, he earned the pole position and led the first seven laps. However, he would finish the race in sixteenth.\n", "In 2015, Tagliani drove one race for Team Penske in the Xfinity Series race at Mid-Ohio Sports Car Course. He earned the pole and was in contention for the victory, losing the lead in the second-to-final corner of the race after being hit by eventual winner Regan Smith. Two weeks later, Tagliani drove the No. 29 truck for Brad Keselowski Racing at Mosport, leading a total of 8 laps and finishing 5th after battling Erik Jones for the lead late in the race.\n", "In 2016, Tagliani made a one-off appearance in the No. 22 for Team Penske at Road America in the Xfinity Series, and earned the pole for the race. He would lead 17 laps and score a seventh-place finish.\n", "Tagliani returned to the Truck Series for the 2017 Mosport race, driving the No. 02 for Young's Motorsports.\n", "Section::::Racing career.:NASCAR Canadian Tire Series.\n", "In 2007, Tagliani debuted in the NASCAR Canadian Tire Series, entering two rounds with Dave Jacombs. In 2008, he raced in 9 out of 13 races with that team, scoring a win at Edmonton.\n", "Tagliani competed at two NASCAR Canada Series races in 2009, two in 2013 and one in 2013. He scored four pole positions, but his best finishes were fifth.\n", "The driver returned as a full-time driver in 2014 with his own team. Again, his best results were fifth, and ended ninth in the overall standings. In 2015, he joined Colin Livingston's team, where he claimed his second win at Sunset and two third place finishes. In 2016, he scored three wins at Sunset, Toronto and Edmonton, and finished third in points.\n", "Section::::Racing career.:Sports cars.\n", "Tagliani has competed in sports cars since the mid-2000s. He finished 59th in GRAND-AM Rolex Sports Car Series GT class points in 2007, with a best finish of 13th at Autodromo Hermanos Rodriguez in Mexico City. In 2013, he drove driving a Ferrari GRAND-AM GT in the Rolex Sports Car Series. Later, Rocketsports Racing announced that it had signed Tagliani for the full 2014 United SportsCar Championship season to drive an Oreca FLM09.\n", "Section::::Personal life.\n", "Tagliani has severe food allergies and suffered several episodes of anaphylaxis. He has promoted public awareness through the Food Allergy Canada and personal sponsor Pfizer.\n", "Section::::Motorsports career results.\n", "Section::::Motorsports career results.:American open-wheel racing results.\n", "Section::::Motorsports career results.:American open-wheel racing results.:CART/Champ Car.\n", "BULLET::::- ^ New points system implemented in 2004\n", "Section::::Motorsports career results.:NASCAR.\n", "Section::::Motorsports career results.:NASCAR.:Pinty's Series.\n", " Ineligible for series points\n", "Section::::Motorsports career results.:Touring/sports car racing.\n", "Section::::Motorsports career results.:Touring/sports car racing.:V8 Supercar results.\n", "+ International driver, not eligible for points in 2010 format. Points listed is team points for driver Jason Bargwanna in the two races where Tagliani was co-driver for the #11 Kelly Racing Holden.\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- List of Canadians in Champ Car\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Alex Tagliani at Driver Database\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "Alexandre Tagliani" ] }, "description": "Canadian racecar driver", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q766603", "wikidata_label": "Alex Tagliani", "wikipedia_title": "Alex Tagliani" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "C. Louis Leipoldt\n", "Christian Frederik Louis Leipoldt, usually referred to as C. Louis Leipoldt, ( 28 December 1880 – 12 April 1947) was a South African poet, dramatist, medical doctor, reporter and food expert. Together with Jan F. E. Celliers and J. D. du Toit, he was one of the leading figures in the poetry of the Second Afrikaans Movement. Apart from poetry, Leipoldt wrote novels, plays, stories, children's books, cookbooks and a travel diary. He is numbered amongst the greatest of the Afrikaner poets and he was described by D. J. Opperman, himself a noted South African poet, as \"our most versatile artist\".\n", "Section::::Biography.\n", "Leipoldt was born in Worcester in the Cape Province, the son of a preacher, Christian Friedrich Leipoldt, of the NG Kerk in Clanwilliam and grandson of the Rhenish missionary, Johann Gottlieb Leipoldt, who founded Wupperthal in the Cederberg. His mother was Anna Meta Christiana Esselen, daughter of Louis Franz Esselen (1817–1893), another Rhenish missionary at Worcester. His early education was largely at home and for a while, during the Second Boer War, he was a reporter. Between 1902 and 1907, with funding from the botanist Harry Bolus, he read medicine at Guy's Hospital in London and travelled in Europe, America and the East Indies. At times his health was poor. For a period of some six months during 1908, he was the personal physician of the American newspaper magnate, Joseph Pulitzer, aboard Pulitzer's yacht.\n", "Later Leipoldt's career was varied. For a period he was a school doctor in London before becoming the Medical Inspector of Schools in the Transvaal and then in the Cape Province. He returned to journalism for a while (1923) but finally settled down as a paediatrician in Cape Town in 1925. He never married. He died in Cape Town but, because of his deep love for the Hantam— a mountainous and wild district north of Cape Town— his ashes were laid to rest in the rugged Pakhuis Pass (Storehouse Pass), near Clanwilliam. His grave is situated at the base of a cave-like opening on the mountain face. Directly above his tombstone there are faint drawings on the sandstone that were made by Bushmen many years before his death. Leipoldt had an adopted son, Jeffery Barnet Leipoldt. Jeffery died on 21 November 1997. His ashes were scattered on his father's grave. Jeffery had three daughters, Nerina, Karen and Desre, who live in Johannesburg, South Africa.\n", "Section::::Poetry.\n", "\"The Worst Horror\"\n", "Leipoldt wrote much about nature in general and in particular about the\n", "landscapes and legends of his beloved Hantam. His poetry also deals with the\n", "suffering caused by the Second Boer War and the culture and values of the\n", "Cape Malays. Most of his work does not translate well into English.\n", "Section::::Legacy.\n", "The C. Louis Leipoldt Medical Centre in Cape Town is named after the poet, as is the Louis Leipoldt Primary School in Lyttelton (Centurion).\n" ] }

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Death", "The Pagoda", "Nora", "The Lost Shoe", "Tatjana", "The Enchantress", "Debit and Credit", "The City of Temptation", "The Company Worth Millions", "Love Story", "The Venus of Montmartre", "The Old Ballroom", "The Fallen", "Trude", "The Schimeck Family", "Grandstand for General Staff", "His Toughest Case", "The Man in the Fire ", "The Mill at Sanssouci", "His Late Excellency", "Aftermath", "The Italian Straw Hat", "Pawns of Passion", "Moulin Rouge", "Woman in Flames", "After the Verdict", "The Love of the Brothers Rott", "Darling of the Gods", "A Girl from the Reeperbahn", "The Three from the Filling Station", "The Road to Paradise", "Mary", "The Great Longing", "Love in the Ring", "Panic in Chicago", "The Night of Decision", "The Concert", "Night Convoy", "Trenck", "Liebelei", "The Hymn of Leuthen", "The Country Schoolmaster", "A Love Story", "The World Without a Mask", "Peer Gynt", "Regine", "Asew", "Artist Love", "The Eternal Mask", " The Empress's Favourite ", "His Daughter is Called Peter", "Court Theatre", "Hannerl and Her Lovers", "Die gelbe Flagge", "Red Orchids", "Bel Ami", "Liberated Hands", "Passion", "The Fox of Glenarvon", "Menschen im Sturm", "Andreas Schlüter", "The Eternal Tone", "Melusine", "In the Temple of Venus", "One Night Apart", "The Man Who Wanted to Live Twice", "Two in One Suit", "Trouble in Paradise", "My Friend the Thief", "Behind Monastery Walls", "Alles für Papa", " Everything for Father", "Rose-Girl Resli", "Captain Wronski", "U 47 – Kapitänleutnant Prien", "Jack and Jenny", "Biography and photos", "Photographs and bibliography", "\"Booknotes\" interview with Antony Beevor on \"The Mystery Of Olga Chekhova\", October 24, 2004." ], "wikipedia_id": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ], "wikipedia_title": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ] }

{ "paragraph": [ "Olga Chekhova\n", "Olga Konstantinovna Chekhova, born Knipper ( (14 April 1897, Aleksandropol, Erivan Governorate, Russian Empire (now Gyumri, Armenia) – 9 March 1980, Munich, West Germany) was a Russian-German actress. Her film roles include the female lead in Alfred Hitchcock's \"Mary\" (1931).\n", "Section::::Biography.\n", "Born Olga Knipper, she was the daughter of Konstantin Knipper, a railway engineer, and the niece and namesake of Olga Knipper (Anton Chekhov's wife), both Lutherans of ethnic German ancestry. She went to school in Tsarskoye Selo but, after watching Eleonora Duse, joined the Moscow Art Theatre's studio. There she met the Russian-Jewish actor Mikhail Chekhov (Anton's nephew) in 1914 and married him the same year, taking his surname as her own. Their daughter, also named Olga, was born in 1916.\n", "During the year of the 1917 October Revolution, Chekhova divorced her husband but kept his name. In the first year of the revolution, she joined a cabaret-theatre group called Sorokonozhka (The Little Centipede), as the troup consisted of twenty members and only forty feet. Chekhova also was given a part in a silent movie, Anya Kraeva. The following year, in 1918, she was given roles in Cagliostro and in The Last Adventure of Arsène Lupin. Although she was a part of the social circle around the Moscow Art Theatre, she never played a role there, despite her later claims to having her first theatre role in The Cherry Orchard. \n", "She managed to get a travel passport from the Soviet government, possibly in exchange for her cooperation, which led to permission to leave Russia. She was accompanied by a Soviet agent on a train to Vienna, then she moved to Berlin in 1920. Her first cinema role in Germany was in Friedrich Wilhelm Murnau silent movie \"Schloß Vogelöd\" (1921). She played in Max Reinhardt's productions at UFA. She made the successful transition from silent film to talkies. In the 1930s, she rose to become one of the brightest stars of the Third Reich and was admired by Adolf Hitler. She appeared in such films as \"The Hymn of Leuthen\" although she preferred comedies.\n", "Section::::Joseph Goebbels.\n", "A published photograph of her sitting beside Hitler at a reception gave the leaders of the Soviet intelligence service the impression that she had close contacts with Hitler. She had more contact with the Minister of Propaganda, Joseph Goebbels, who referred to her in his diaries as \"eine charmante Frau\" (\"a charming lady\").\n", "She is also rumored to have been a communist spy in a Soviet conspiracy. According to the book \"Killing Hitler\" (2006), by the British author Roger Moorhouse, she was pressured by Stalin and Beria to flirt with Adolf Hitler in order to gain and transfer information so that Hitler could be killed by secret Soviet agents.\n", "Section::::Later years.\n", "According to IMDB Olga achieved great success in the motion picture industry. Her filmography includes 138 credits as an actor, director, producer and sound between 1917 and 1974. After the war she lived in the Soviet sector of Berlin, but eventually she managed to escape from her Soviet contacts. In 1949, she moved to Munich, Bavaria, and launched a cosmetics company, \"Olga Tschechowa Kosmetik\". At the same time she continued acting, and played supporting roles and cameos in more than 20 films. She largely retired from acting in the 70s, after publishing a book of memoirs. Her correspondence with Russian actors Olga Knipper and Alla Tarasova was published posthumously.\n", "Her niece Marina Ried and granddaughter Vera Tschechowa also became actresses.\n", "Section::::Selected filmography.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Anya Kraeva\" (1917)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Kaliostro\" (1918)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Poslednie priklucheniya Arsena Lupena\" (1918)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Schloß Vogelöd\" (1921)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Violet\" (1921)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Impostor\" (1921)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Circle of Death\" (1922)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Pagoda\" (1923)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Nora\" (1923)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Lost Shoe\" (1923)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Tatjana\" (1923)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Enchantress\" (1924)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Debit and Credit\" (1924)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The City of Temptation\" (1925)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Company Worth Millions\" (1925)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Love Story\" (1925)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Venus of Montmartre\" (1925)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Old Ballroom\" (1925)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Fallen\" (1926)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Trude\" (1926)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Schimeck Family\" (1926)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Grandstand for General Staff\" (1926)\n", "BULLET::::- \"His Toughest Case\" (1926)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Man in the Fire \" (1926)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Mill at Sanssouci\" (1926)\n", "BULLET::::- \"His Late Excellency\" (1927)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Aftermath\" (1927)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Italian Straw Hat\" (1927)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Pawns of Passion\" (1928)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Moulin Rouge\" (1928)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Woman in Flames\" (1928)\n", "BULLET::::- \"After the Verdict\" (1929)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Love of the Brothers Rott\" (1929)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Darling of the Gods\" (1930)\n", "BULLET::::- \"A Girl from the Reeperbahn\" (1930)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Three from the Filling Station\" (1930)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Road to Paradise\" (1930)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Mary\" (1930)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Great Longing\" (1930)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Love in the Ring\" (1930)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Panic in Chicago\" (1931)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Night of Decision\" (1931)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Concert\" (1931)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Night Convoy\" (1932)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Trenck\" (1932)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Liebelei\" (1932)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Hymn of Leuthen\" (1933)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Country Schoolmaster\" (1933)\n", "BULLET::::- \"A Love Story\" (1933)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The World Without a Mask\" (1934)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Peer Gynt\" (1934)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Maskerade\" (1934)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Regine\" (1935)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Asew\" (1935)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Artist Love\" (1935)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Eternal Mask\" (1935)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Ein Walzer um den Stephansturm\" (1935)\n", "BULLET::::- \" The Empress's Favourite \" (1936)\n", "BULLET::::- \"His Daughter is Called Peter\" (1936)\n", "BULLET::::- Petersburger Romanze (1936)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Court Theatre\" (1936)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Hannerl and Her Lovers\" (1936)\n", "BULLET::::- Unter Ausschluß der Öffentlichkeit (1937)\n", "BULLET::::- Liebe geht seltsame Wege (1937)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Gewitterflug zu Claudia\" (1937)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Die gelbe Flagge\" (1937)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Red Orchids\" (1938)\n", "BULLET::::- Die unheimlichen Wünsche (1939)\n", "BULLET::::- Ich verweigere die Aussage (1939)\n", "BULLET::::- Parkstraße 13 (1939)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Bel Ami\" (1939)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Liberated Hands\" (1939)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Angelika\" (1940)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Passion\" (1940)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Fox of Glenarvon\" (1940)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Menschen im Sturm\" (1941)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Mit den Augen einer Frau\" (1942)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Andreas Schlüter\" (1942)\n", "BULLET::::- Reise in die Vergangenheit (1943)\n", "BULLET::::- Gefährlicher Frühling (1943)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Eternal Tone\" (1943)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Melusine\" (1944)\n", "BULLET::::- \"In the Temple of Venus\" (1948)\n", "BULLET::::- \"One Night Apart\" (1950)\n", "BULLET::::- Kein Engel ist so rein (1950)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Man Who Wanted to Live Twice\" (1950)\n", "BULLET::::- Maharadscha wider Willen (1950)\n", "BULLET::::- Eine Frau mit Herz (1950)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Two in One Suit\" (1950)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Trouble in Paradise\" (1950)\n", "BULLET::::- Das Geheimnis einer Ehe (1951)\n", "BULLET::::- \"My Friend the Thief\" (1951)\n", "BULLET::::- Begierde (1951)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Behind Monastery Walls\" (1952)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Alles für Papa\" (1953)\n", "BULLET::::- \" Everything for Father\" (1953)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Rose-Girl Resli\" (1954)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Captain Wronski\" (1954)\n", "BULLET::::- \"U 47 – Kapitänleutnant Prien\" (1958)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Jack and Jenny\" (1963)\n", "BULLET::::- Die Zwillinge vom Immenhof (1973)\n", "BULLET::::- Frühling auf Immenhof (1974)\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Biography and photos\n", "BULLET::::- Photographs and bibliography\n", "BULLET::::- \"Booknotes\" interview with Antony Beevor on \"The Mystery Of Olga Chekhova\", October 24, 2004.\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Jay Cutler (bodybuilder)\n", "Jason Isaac \"Jay\" Cutler (born August 3, 1973) is an American IFBB professional bodybuilder. He is a four-time Mr. Olympia winner (2006, 2007, 2009, and 2010).\n", "Section::::Biography.\n", "Cutler worked in his brother's concrete construction business, Cutler Bros. Concrete, from the age of 11. He began training when he was 18 years old as a senior at Wachusett Regional High School. He graduated from Quinsigamond Community College in 1993 with a degree in criminal justice, intending to work as a corrections officer for a maximum security prison. He was inspired to enter bodybuilding after meeting personal trainer Marcos Rodriguez. Cutler excelled in bodybuilding, desiring to be one of the largest competitors ever, and took his first overall win in 1993 at the Iron Bodies Invitational. His first contest was the 1992 Gold's Gym Worcester Bodybuilding Championships, at which he took second place. As he established a name for himself in the bodybuilding scene, he often appeared in bodybuilding-related videos including Battle for the Olympia 2001, a pre-contest documentary video directed by Mitsuru Okabe that highlighted many competitors as they prepared for the 2001 Mr. Olympia Competition. He went on to win consecutive Arnold Classic titles in 2002, 2003, and 2004, and placed second to Ronnie Coleman in the Mr. Olympia competition four times before claiming the title again in 2006.\n", "At the 2001 Mr. Olympia, Cutler tested positive for banned diuretics, but sued and had his second-place finish reinstated. Cutler won the Olympia for a second consecutive year in 2007. He became the third Mr. Olympia in history (after Arnold Schwarzenegger and Franco Columbu) to win the title in non-consecutive years after defeating the reigning champion Dexter Jackson in 2009. In 2010, he won his fourth Mr. Olympia title, defeating Phil Heath. In 2011, Cutler was runner-up to Heath at the Mr. Olympia. In 2012, Cutler was unable to compete at the Mr. Olympia due to a biceps injury. Cutler competed in the 2013 Olympia and placed 6th.\n", "Cutler has since focused on his business venture, Cutler Nutrition, which specializes in bodybuilding nutritional supplements, in addition to his social media presence.\n", "Section::::Personal life.\n", "Cutler resides in Las Vegas, Nevada. He has been featured on the cover of several fitness magazines such as \"Muscle and Fitness\", \"Flex\", and \"Muscular Development\". \n", "Section::::Stats.\n", "BULLET::::- Height:\n", "BULLET::::- Off Season Weight:\n", "BULLET::::- Competition Weight:\n", "BULLET::::- Upper Arm Size:\n", "BULLET::::- Chest Size:\n", "BULLET::::- Thigh Size:\n", "BULLET::::- Waist Size:\n", "BULLET::::- Calf Size:\n", "Section::::Bodybuilding titles.\n", "BULLET::::- 1993 NPC Iron Bodies Invitational – Teenage & Men's Middleweight\n", "BULLET::::- 1993 NPC Teen Nationals – Middleweight\n", "BULLET::::- 1995 NPC U.S. Tournament of Champions – Men's Middleweight and Overall\n", "BULLET::::- 2000 IFBB Night of Champions\n", "BULLET::::- 2002 Arnold Classic\n", "BULLET::::- 2003 Arnold Classic\n", "BULLET::::- 2003 Ironman Pro Invitational\n", "BULLET::::- 2003 San Francisco Pro Invitational\n", "BULLET::::- 2003 Dutch Grand Prix.\n", "BULLET::::- 2003 British Grand Prix\n", "BULLET::::- 2004 Arnold Classic\n", "BULLET::::- 2006 Austrian Grand Prix\n", "BULLET::::- 2006 Romanian Grand Prix\n", "BULLET::::- 2006 Dutch Grand Prix\n", "BULLET::::- 2006 Mr. Olympia\n", "BULLET::::- 2007 Mr. Olympia\n", "BULLET::::- 2009 Mr. Olympia\n", "BULLET::::- 2010 Mr. Olympia\n", "Section::::Competitive placings.\n", "BULLET::::- 1992 Gold Gym Worcester Bodybuilding Championships – 2nd\n", "BULLET::::- 1996 NPC Nationals, 1st place Heavyweight (earned IFBB pro card)\n", "BULLET::::- 1998 IFBB Night of Champions – 11th\n", "BULLET::::- 1999 Arnold Schwarzenegger Classic – 4th\n", "BULLET::::- 1999 IFBB Ironman Pro Invitational – 3rd\n", "BULLET::::- 1999 Mr. Olympia – 14th\n", "BULLET::::- 2000 English Grand Prix – 2nd\n", "BULLET::::- 2000 Joe Weider's World Pro Cup – 2nd\n", "BULLET::::- 2000 Mr. Olympia – 8th\n", "BULLET::::- 2000 Mr. Olympia Rome – 2nd\n", "BULLET::::- 2001 Mr. Olympia – 2nd\n", "BULLET::::- 2003 Mr. Olympia – 2nd\n", "BULLET::::- 2003 Russian Grand Prix – 2nd\n", "BULLET::::- 2003 GNC Show of Strength – 2nd\n", "BULLET::::- 2004 Mr. Olympia – 2nd\n", "BULLET::::- 2005 Mr. Olympia – 2nd\n", "BULLET::::- 2006 Mr. Olympia – 1st\n", "BULLET::::- 2007 Mr. Olympia – 1st\n", "BULLET::::- 2008 Mr. Olympia – 2nd\n", "BULLET::::- 2009 Mr. Olympia – 1st\n", "BULLET::::- 2010 Mr. Olympia – 1st\n", "BULLET::::- 2011 Mr. Olympia – 2nd\n", "BULLET::::- 2011 Sheru Classic – 2nd\n", "BULLET::::- 2013 Mr. Olympia – 6th\n", "Section::::DVDs.\n", "BULLET::::- Jay Cutler – A Cut Above (Filmed in 1999, released in 2002)\n", "BULLET::::- Jay Cutler – New Improved and Beyond (2004)\n", "BULLET::::- Jay Cutler – Ripped to Shreds (2005)\n", "BULLET::::- Jay Cutler – One Step Closer (2006)\n", "BULLET::::- Jay Cutler – From Jay to Z (2008)\n", "BULLET::::- Jay Cutler – Undisputed (2010)\n", "BULLET::::- Jay Cutler – The Ultimate Beef: A Massive Life in Bodybuilding (2010)\n", "BULLET::::- Jay Cutler – My House (2011)\n", "BULLET::::- Jay Cutler – Living Large (2013)\n", "Section::::Books.\n", "BULLET::::- CEO MUSCLE – Jay Cutler's No Nonsense Guide To Successful Bodybuilding\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- List of male professional bodybuilders\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- JayCutler.com – official site\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q312811", "wikidata_label": "", "wikipedia_title": "" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "William Villiers, 2nd Earl of Jersey\n", "William Villers, 2nd Earl of Jersey (c. 1682 – 13 July 1721), known as Viscount Villiers from 1697 to 1711, was an English peer and politician from the Villiers family.\n", "Jersey was the son of Edward Villiers, 1st Earl of Jersey, and his wife Barbara (née Chiffinch). He represented Kent in the House of Commons from 1705 to 1708. In 1711 he succeeded his father in the earldom.\n", "In 1703 he went on a trip to Italy (Grand Tour) and he commissioned Massimiliano Soldani Benzi a bronze medal.\n", "On 22 March 1704, William married Judith Herne, daughter of Frederick Herne and Elizabeth Lisle. They had three children:\n", "BULLET::::- Barbara Villiers (25 August 1706 – d. 1761), married firstly, Sir William Blackett, 2nd Baronet. She married secondly, Bussy Mansell, 4th Baron Mansell.\n", "BULLET::::- William Villiers, 3rd Earl of Jersey (8 March 1707 – d. 1769)\n", "BULLET::::- Thomas Villiers, 1st Earl of Clarendon (19 June 1709 – d. 1786)\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "English politician", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q7610830", "wikidata_label": "William Villiers, 2nd Earl of Jersey", "wikipedia_title": "William Villiers, 2nd Earl of Jersey" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Chelsea Cooley\n", "Chelsea Scott Cooley Altman (born October 30, 1983) is an American actress, singer, model and beauty queen who has competed in the Miss Teen USA, Miss USA, and Miss Universe pageants and who has held the Miss USA 2005 title.\n", "As Miss USA, Cooley represented the Miss Universe Organization. Her \"sister\" 2005 titleholders were Natalie Glebova (Miss Universe, of Canada) and Allie LaForce (Miss Teen USA, of Ohio). She raised $22.8 million for breast- and ovarian-cancer research during her time as Miss USA.\n", "Section::::Pageant competitions.\n", "Section::::Pageant competitions.:Miss North Carolina Teen USA, Miss North Carolina USA.\n", "Cooley won the Miss North Carolina Teen USA 2000 title and represented North Carolina in the Miss Teen USA 2000 pageant, but did not place. Cooley first entered the Miss North Carolina USA pageant in 2004, where she placed 1st runner-up to Ashley Puleo. Puleo went on to place second-runner up at the Miss USA 2004 pageant. The following year, Cooley won the Miss North Carolina USA 2005 title on her second attempt.\n", "Section::::Pageant competitions.:Miss USA 2005 pageant.\n", "Cooley represented North Carolina in the Miss USA 2005 pageant broadcast live from Baltimore, Maryland on April 21, 2005. For her final question, Cooley drew the question of former Miss USA Shandi Finnessey. She was asked: \"What famous person does your personality most parallel?\" Her answer was: \"I guess it would be Oprah. She has a passion for life. She loves what she does, and she works so hard to try to achieve everything in her life... I try to emulate myself after that.\"\n", "Section::::Pageant competitions.:Miss Universe 2005 pageant.\n", "Cooley competed as Miss USA in the Miss Universe pageant held in Bangkok, Thailand, on May 31, 2005. The eventual winner of that pageant was Natalie Glebova of Canada.\n", "Section::::As Miss USA.\n", "Within days of her pageant win in Baltimore, Cooley moved to a Trump Tower apartment in New York City which she shared with Miss Universe and Miss Teen USA during her reign. Cooley then traveled to Thailand to compete in the Miss Universe pageant, and she and newly crowned queen Natalie Glebova stayed in Thailand for a week after the competition.\n", "Section::::Post-pageant.\n", "Cooley expressed a desire to move into the entertainment industry after passing on her crown.\n", "Cooley is the president of an image consulting company, StandOut. Productions.\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- StandOut Productions, Cooley's personal business\n", "BULLET::::- Miss USA official website\n", "BULLET::::- Miss North Carolina USA and Teen USA official website\n", "BULLET::::- Interview on PageantCast episode #2\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Richie Rich (rapper)\n", "Richard Serrell, better known by his stage name Richie Rich, is a rapper from Oakland, California. He currently runs his own record label, Ten-Six Records.\n", "Section::::Music career.\n", "Section::::Music career.:Early years (1987-99).\n", "Richie Rich first entered music in the late 1980s with the group 415. With D-Loc, DJ Daryl, and JED, Rich crafted a Bay Area album in 1989 called \"41Fivin\", which sold well around the Bay Area and spawned a Richie Rich solo album in 1990, titled \"Don't Do It\".\n", "His rapping style had an influence on Snoop Dogg. In Snoop's own words \n", "As the group was ready to sign a major-label contract with Priority Records in 1990, however, Richie Rich was arrested for possession of cocaine. 415 released its next album and faded from the scene soon after, while Rich sat in jail; he was released a year later, and began appearing on tracks by 2Pac and the Luniz. Richie Rich soon found himself being in the middle of a bidding war between Def Jam Records and Relativity Records. He choose to go on Russell Simmons' label Def Jam. Before forming his own label, Oakland Hills 41510, he released his second solo album in 1996, \"Half Thang\", which peaked on the \"Billboard\" Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums at number 57.\n", "By 1995, Richie Rich had become the first Bay Area rapper to sign with New York's Def Jam Records, and his major-label album, \"Seasoned Veteran\", was released in late 1996 \"Seasoned Veteran\" did rather well on the charts, and music videos were soon released for three songs on the album. Just as Rich's career was booming, a merger at Def Jam (with PolyGram) left him without much direction. Richie Rich was going to release a second album on Def Jam, although it kept getting pushed back. He soon had the decision to stay or go, he decided to go.\n", "Section::::Music career.:Ten-Six Record Years (1999-present).\n", "Rich then started his own label with partner Lev Berlak, named Ten-Six Records. Four years after \"Seasoned Veteran\", his fourth album \"The Game\" was released. The album has sold over 300,000 units independently.\n", "Section::::Discography.\n", "Section::::Discography.:Studio albums.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Don't Do It\" (1990)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Half Thang\" (1996)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Seasoned Veteran\" (1996)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Game\" (2000)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Nixon Pryor Roundtree\" (2002)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Fed Case\" (2017)\n", "Section::::Discography.:Collaboration albums.\n", "BULLET::::- \"41Fivin\" (1989)\n", "Section::::Discography.:Compilation albums.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Greatest Hits\" (2000)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Grabs, Snatches & Takes\" (2004)\n", "Section::::Discography.:Mixtapes and street albums.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Town Bidness\" (2010)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Town Bidness Volume 2\" (2011)\n", "Section::::Discography.:Extended plays.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Geeks Revenge (Rodney)\" (1990)\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Richie Rich at Discogs\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "Richard Serrell" ] }, "description": "American rapper", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q735019", "wikidata_label": "Richie Rich", "wikipedia_title": "Richie Rich (rapper)" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "E. G. Squier\n", "Ephraim George Squier (June 17, 1821 – April 17, 1888), usually cited as E. G. Squier, was an American archaeologist and newspaper editor.\n", "Section::::Biography.\n", "Squier was born in Bethlehem, New York, the son of a minister of English heritage and his Palatine German wife. In early youth he worked on a farm, attended and taught school, studied engineering, and became interested in American antiquities. The Panic of 1837 made an engineering career unfeasible, so he pursued literature and journalism. He was associated in the publication of the \"New York State Mechanic\" at Albany 1841-1842. In 1843-1848, he engaged in journalism in Hartford, Connecticut and then edited the Chillicothe, Ohio, weekly newspaper the \"Scioto Gazette\".\n", "During this period, Squier collaborated with physician Edwin H. Davis on the book, \"Ancient Monuments of the Mississippi Valley\", which was issued in 1848. The work was a landmark in American scientific research, the study of the prehistoric Mound Builders of North America, and the early development of archaeology as a scientific discipline. The book was the first volume of the Smithsonian Institution's \"Contributions to Knowledge\" series and the Institution's first publication. Among Squier and Davis' most important achievements was their systematic approach to analyzing and documenting the sites they surveyed, including the Serpent Mound in Peebles, Ohio, which they discovered in 1846, and the mapping of the Mound City Group in Chillicothe, Ohio, which has been restored using their data and is now part of Hopewell Culture National Historical Park. Squier and Davis's collection of ancient Mound objects is now kept at the British Museum.\n", "He was appointed special chargé d'affaires to all the Central American states in 1849, and negotiated treaties with Nicaragua, Honduras, and San Salvador. In 1853 he made a second visit to Central America to examine a line for a projected interoceanic railroad, and to make further study of the archaeology of the country. In 1856 he received the medal of the French Geographical Society for his researches. In 1858, he married Miriam Florence Folline who had recently had a previous marriage annulled.\n", "About 1860, he became editor-in-chief for Frank Leslie's publishing house, and supervised the publication of the first two volumes of \"Frank Leslie's Pictorial History of the American Civil War\". In 1863 Squier was appointed U. S. commissioner to Peru, where he made an exhaustive investigation of Inca remains and took numerous photographs of them. He later gave a series of 12 lectures on \"The Inca Empire\" for the Lowell Institute for their 1866-67 season. In 1868 he was appointed consul-general of Honduras at New York, and in 1871 he was elected the first president of the Anthropological Institute of New York. He conducted ethnological studies, especially in Nicaragua, Honduras and Peru.\n", "On returning from Peru, he continued working for Frank Leslie, but gave it up when his health failed. In 1873, his wife divorced him, and married Leslie a year later. In 1874 his health became so seriously impaired as to preclude further original research, and though he subsequently recovered sufficiently to direct the final preparation and revision of his work on Peru for publication, the affection resulted in his death. He was a member of numerous historical, archaeological, and scientific societies. He died in Brooklyn, New York.\n", "Section::::Works.\n", "Besides many official reports, scientific papers, magazine articles, and contributions to the \"Encyclopædia Britannica\" and foreign periodicals, his works include:\n", "BULLET::::- \"Ancient Monuments of the Mississippi Valley\" (\"Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge\", vol. 1, 1848)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Aboriginal Monuments of the State of New York\" (\"Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge\", vol. 2, 1849; Buffalo, 1851)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Serpent Symbols\" (1852)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Nicaragua: its People, Scenery, Monuments, and the Proposed Interoceanic Canal\" (2 vols., New York, 1852)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Notes on Central America\" (1854)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Waikna, or Adventures on the Mosquito Shore\" (1855)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The States of Central America\" (1857; revised ed., 1870)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Monographs of Authors who have written on the Aboriginal Languages of Central America\" (1860)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Tropical Fibres and their Economic Extraction\" (1861)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Peru: Incidents and Explorations in the Land of the Incas\" (1877)\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "E. G. Squier", "Squier, Ephraim George" ] }, "description": "American archaeologist and newspaper editor", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q721839", "wikidata_label": "Ephraim George Squier", "wikipedia_title": "E. G. Squier" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Leo Mol\n", "Leonid Molodoshanin, known as Leo Mol, (January 15, 1915 – July 4, 2009) was a Ukrainian Canadian stained glass artist and sculptor.\n", "Section::::History.\n", "Born Leonid Molodozhanyn in Polonne, Russian Empire (now Ukraine), and raised in Russia (Krasnoyarsk, Prokhladny, Nalchik and Leningrad), Mol learned the art of ceramics in his father's pottery workshop. As a young man, he wanted to study painting in Vienna and spent several years studying there under the tutelage of Wilhelm Frass. With Frass's recommendation, Mol was then hired by the sculptor Frans Klimsh, who would support his application to the Berlin Academy. Mol also studied sculpture at the Leningrad Academy of Arts from 1936 to 1940.\n", "Following the German invasion of the Soviet Union he deported to Germany where he was influenced by Arno Breker. In 1945, he moved to The Hague, and in December, 1948, he and his wife, Magareth (whom he married in 1943), emigrated to Winnipeg, Manitoba in 1948. In 1949, he held his first ceramics exhibition in Winnipeg.\n", "Mol was known for his sculptures of square dancers, skiers, aboriginals, and wildlife. Mol also completed more than 80 stained-glass windows in churches throughout Winnipeg.\n", "More than three hundred of Mol's works are displayed in the 1.2 hectare Leo Mol Sculpture Garden in Winnipeg's Assiniboine Park which comprises a gallery, a renovated studio, and an outdoor display. The garden was unveiled on June 18, 1992 and has been expanded twice since. It is supported by private donations, and Mol personally donated 200 bronze sculptures to the city of Winnipeg. The sculptures are of religious leaders, prominent people, the human form, and wildlife. \n", "Mol died July 4, 2009, at St. Boniface Hospital in Winnipeg, Manitoba. He was 94.\n", "Section::::Works.\n", "In 2002, his monumental bronze sculpture \"Lumberjacks\" (1990), which now stands in Assiniboine Park was featured on a 48¢ Canadian postage stamp in the sculptors series. Mol's small bronze sculpture of lumberjacks (1978) was his inspiration for a monumental bronze sculpture.\n", "He was always known as a particularly prolific artist and some of his most famous works include likenesses of three different Popes which stand in museums in the Vatican. He also has a sculpture of Taras Shevchenko on display on Washington’s Embassy Row.\n", "Other important subjects who Mol sculpted include members of the Group of Seven, A. J. Casson, A.Y. Jackson and Frederick Varley. Mol also sculpted Sir Winston Churchill 1966, Winnipeg editorial cartoonist Peter Kuch (1917-1980), Dwight D. Eisenhower 1965, John F. Kennedy 1969, Elizabeth Bradford Holbrook ca. 1970, Terry Fox 1982. On Parliament Hill in Ottawa stands his impressive over life-size standing portrait figure of Prime Minister John George Diefenbaker 1985 Also on Parliament Hill stands an impressive bronze statue of Queen Elizabeth II.\n", "The maquette of Sir William Stephenson C.C. (code-named \"Intrepid\") is displayed in a place of honour within CIA Headquarters, Langley, VA, USA\n", "Section::::Honours.\n", "In 1989, he was made an Officer of the Order of Canada. In 2000, he was awarded the Order of Manitoba. He was a member of the Royal Canadian Academy of Arts.\n", "He received honorary degrees from the University of Winnipeg, the University of Alberta and the University of Manitoba.\n", "Mol was also made an honorary academician of the Canadian Portrait Academy (Hon. CPA) in 2000.\n", "Leo Mol's papers are held by the University of Manitoba Archives and Special Collections.\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- The Ukrainian Weekly article:The extraordinary success story of sculptor Leo Mol\n", "BULLET::::- Bronze sculptor Leo Mol dies at 94, remembered for his passion for art, Winnipeg\n", "BULLET::::- Leo Mol biography\n", "BULLET::::- Watch \"Leo Mol in Light and Shadow\" at NFB.ca\n", "BULLET::::- Stained Glass in the Cathedral of Sts. Vladimir and Olga in Winnipeg. Winnipeg, Manitoba, 1977.\n", "BULLET::::- University of Manitoba Archives and Special Collections, Leo Mol fonds\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "Leonid Molodoshanin" ] }, "description": "Canadian artist", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q2612832", "wikidata_label": "Leo Mol", "wikipedia_title": "Leo Mol" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Frits Went\n", "Friedrich August Ferdinand Christian Went ForMemRS (June 18, 1863 – July 24, 1935) was a Dutch botanist.\n", "Went was born in Amsterdam. He was professor of botany and director of the Botanical Garden at the University of Utrecht. His eldest son was the Dutch botanist Frits Warmolt Went, who in 1927 as a graduate student worked on plant hormones, specifically the role of auxin in phototropism.\n", "He became member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1898.\n", "Frits Went died, aged 72, in Wassenaar.\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Rita Angus\n", "Rita Angus (12 March 1908 – 25 January 1970) was a New Zealand painter. Along with Colin McCahon and Toss Woollaston, she is credited as one of the leading figures in twentieth century New Zealand art. She worked primarily in oil and water colour, and is well known for her portraits and landscapes.\n", "Section::::Biography.\n", "Henrietta Catherine Angus was born on 12 March 1908 in Hastings, the eldest of seven children of William McKenzie Angus and Ethel Violet Crabtree. In 1921, her family moved to Palmerston North and she attended Palmerston North Girls' High School (1922–26). In 1927, she began studying at the Canterbury College School of Art. She never completed her diploma in fine arts but continued to study until 1933, including classes at the Elam School of Fine Arts in Auckland. During her studies she was introduced to renaissance and medieval art and received traditional training in life drawing, still life and landscape painting.\n", "Angus married Alfred Cook, a fellow artist, on 13 June 1930, but they separated in 1934, and divorced in 1939. Angus signed many of her paintings as \"Rita Cook\" between 1930 and 1946, but after she discovered in 1941 that Alfred Cook had remarried, she changed her surname by deed poll to McKenzie, her paternal grandmother's surname. As a result, some of her paintings are also signed \"R. Mackenzie\" or \"R. McKenzie\", but the majority are signed \"Rita Angus\".\n", "After a short period teaching art in Napier, Angus lived mostly in Christchurch during the 1930s and 1940s. In the late 1940s she suffered from mental illness and entered Sunnyside Mental Hospital in 1949. In 1950 she moved to Waikanae to convalesce, and then settled in Wellington in 1955.\n", "Section::::Death.\n", "From December 1969, Angus' condition rapidly deteriorated; she died in Wellington Hospital of ovarian cancer on 25 January 1970, aged 61.\n", "Section::::Art.\n", "Among Angus' influences were Byzantine art and cubism. She was also influenced by the English painter Christopher Perkins' 1931 painting of Mount Taranaki, a response to New Zealand's distinctive clear lighting. Her landscapes came in a time when many people were concerned to create a distinctly New Zealand style, but Angus herself was not interested in defining a national style so much as her own style. Her paintings are clear, hard-edged and sharply-defined. In the 1930s and 1940s she painted scenes of Canterbury and Otago. One of the most famous of these is \"Cass\" (1936) in which she portrayed the bare emptiness of the Canterbury landscape using simplified forms and mostly unblended colours arranged in sections in a style remiscent of poster art. \"Cass\" was voted New Zealand's most-loved painting in a 2006 television poll.\n", "For a while, she lived next to the artist Leo Bensemann. Their adjacent flats became something of a hub of the local art scene and it is said that they spurred each other on in their art. It has been stated that Angus produced some of her finest pieces during this time including many portraits.\n", "Angus' pacifist beliefs can be seen in her art of the 1940s. Angus stated, \"As an artist it is my work to create life and not to destroy it.\" She created three goddess images symbolizing peace of which \"Rutu\" is the most well known.\n", "In the early 1950s Angus spent some time travelling around New Zealand. One of her trips was to Central Otago, where she painted her well-known piece \"Central Otago.\" In 1955 Angus moved to Wellington and from this time her landscapes focused on Wellington and the Hawke's Bay which she visited regularly. \"Boats, Island Bay\" is one such iconic Wellington painting.\n", "Angus painted a large number of portraits, including \"Head of a Maori Boy\" (1938) and \"Portrait (Betty Curnow)\" (1942). She was able to capture the personality of her subjects, moving beyond a mere representation of their form. Angus also painted 55 self-portraits.\n", "In 1958 Angus won a New Zealand Art Societies' Fellowship and travelled to London to study at the Chelsea School of Art and the Institute of Contemporary Arts. She also visited Scotland and Europe and studied modern and traditional European art.\n", "Angus devoted much of 1960 to the painting of a mural at Napier Girls' High School which can now be seen at the front of the school hall. The mural was commissioned to commemorate the girls who died in the 1931 Hawke's Bay earthquake.\n", "Section::::Exhibitions.\n", "BULLET::::- 1930: exhibition with Canterbury Society of Arts\n", "BULLET::::- 1932: exhibition with The Group\n", "BULLET::::- 1940: \"Cass\" and \"Self Portrait\" exhibited at the National Centennial Exhibition of New Zealand Art\n", "BULLET::::- 1957: Angus' first solo exhibition, at the Wellington Art Centre gallery followed by solo exhibitions in 1961, 1963, 1964, 1967\n", "BULLET::::- 1965: Commonwealth Institute, London (Contemporary Painting in New Zealand)\n", "BULLET::::- 1969: Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, (New Zealand Modern Art)\n", "BULLET::::- 2008: a major retrospective of Angus' work at the Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa (\"Rita Angus: Life and Vision\") to celebrate the centenary of her birth, followed by a tour to main centres around New Zealand.\n", "Section::::References.\n", "BULLET::::- Anne Kirker, \"New Zealand Women Artists: A Survey of 150 Years\" (1986, Craftsman House)\n", "BULLET::::- Jill Trevelyan, \"Rita Angus: An Artist's Life\" (2008, Te Papa Press)\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Works by Angus in the collection of Auckland Art Gallery\n", "BULLET::::- Works by Rita Angus in the collection of the Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa\n", "BULLET::::- Works by Angus in the collection of Christchurch Art Gallery Te Puna o Waiwhetu\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "Rita. Angus", "Henrietta Catherine Angus", "Henrietta Cook", "Henrietta Angus", "Rita Catherine Cook", "Rita Catherine Angus", "Rita. Cook", "Rita Cook", "Cook, Mrs. A. H. Angus" ] }, "description": "New Zealand artist (1908-1970)", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q7336470", "wikidata_label": "Rita Angus", "wikipedia_title": "Rita Angus" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Hicham Arazi\n", "Hicham Arazi (; born 19 October 1973) is a former male tennis player from Morocco. He played professionally from 1993 to the end of 2007. The left-hander reached his career-high ATP Tour singles ranking of world No. 22 on November 5, 2001. During his career, Arazi captured one singles title, in Casablanca. \"The Moroccan Magician\" reached the quarter-finals of the Australian Open twice and the French Open twice. As well as the aforementioned nickname, some tennis analysts called him \"The Moroccan McEnroe\" due to his talent - he played with incredible touch, and often enjoyed the support of the crowd even when not at home. He led Patrick Rafter, winner of the US Open in 1997 and 1998, two sets to love during the first round of the latter tournament. In the third set he was upset with several line calls, telling umpire Norm Chryst to \"get out of here\", which sparked the beginning of Arazi's meltdown (and Rafter's comeback). During his career, he notably gained victories over former World No. 1s and Grand Slam champions Roger Federer, Andre Agassi, Yevgeny Kafelnikov, Marat Safin, Lleyton Hewitt, Juan Carlos Ferrero, Carlos Moyá and Jim Courier.\n", "Section::::Singles performance timeline.\n", "This event was held in Essen in 1995, and in Stuttgart from 1996 through 2001.\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "Moroccan tennis player", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q383612", "wikidata_label": "Hicham Arazi", "wikipedia_title": "Hicham Arazi" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "George Villiers, 4th Earl of Jersey\n", "George Bussy Villiers, 4th Earl of Jersey, PC (9 June 173522 August 1805, Tunbridge Wells) was an English nobleman, peer, politician and courtier at the court of George III.\n", "He was the oldest surviving son of William Villiers, 3rd Earl of Jersey, and his wife, the former Lady Anne Egerton, the daughter of Scroop Egerton, 1st Duke of Bridgewater, and widow of Wriothesley Russell, 3rd Duke of Bedford.\n", "Section::::Parliament.\n", "Between 1756 and his father's death in 1769, which took him into the House of Lords, he served continuously in the House of Commons as MP for, in turn, Tamworth in Staffordshire, Aldborough in the West Riding of Yorkshire, and Dover in Kent. He followed the political lead of the Duke of Grafton in both the Commons and Lords. He was a Lord of the Admiralty from 1761 to 1763 and was sworn of the Privy Council on 11 July 1765 and served as Vice-Chamberlain from 1765 to 1769.\n", "On his elevation to the peerage in 1769, he was made a Gentleman of the Bedchamber to George III (1769–1777) and served as Master of the Buckhounds (1782–1783) and in other court posts until 1800. Because of his courtly manners was called the \"Prince of Maccaronies.\"\n", "He was elected a fellow of the Society of Antiquaries in 1787.\n", "Section::::Family.\n", "Lord Jersey married Frances Twysden at her stepfather's house in the parish of St Martin-in-the-Fields on 26 March 1770. Lady Jersey, who was seventeen years younger than her husband, became one of the more notorious mistresses of George IV in 1793, when he was still Prince of Wales. She was 40 years' old at the time and more than once a grandmother.\n", "Lord and Lady Jersey had ten children:\n", "BULLET::::- Lady Charlotte Anne Villiers (1771–1808), married Lord William Russell in 1789, and had issue.\n", "BULLET::::- Lady Anne Barbara Frances Villiers (1772–1832), married William Henry Lambton and had issue, including John Lambton, 1st Earl of Durham; married secondly Hon. Charles Wyndham, son of Charles, 2nd Earl of Egremont.\n", "BULLET::::- George Child Villiers, 5th Earl of Jersey (1773–1859), married Sarah Sophia Fane daughter of John Fane, 10th Earl of Westmorland, and Sarah Anne Child, only child of Robert Child, the principal shareholder in the banking firm Child & Co.\n", "BULLET::::- Lady Caroline Elizabeth Villiers (1774–1835), married firstly Henry Paget, 1st Marquess of Anglesey, and had issue. She divorced him in the Scottish courts in 1809 and married secondly George Campbell, 6th Duke of Argyll.\n", "BULLET::::- Lady Georgiana Villiers, died young.\n", "BULLET::::- Lady Sarah Villiers (born 1779), married Charles Nathaniel Bayley in 1799.\n", "BULLET::::- Hon. William Augustus Henry Villiers (1780–1813), died unmarried in America, having assumed the surname of Mansel in 1802, pursuant to the will of Louisa Barbara, Baroness Vernon.\n", "BULLET::::- Lady Elizabeth Villiers, died unmarried 1810.\n", "BULLET::::- Lady Frances Elizabeth Villiers (1786–1866), married John Ponsonby, 1st Viscount Ponsonby, in 1803.\n", "BULLET::::- Lady Harriet Villiers (1788–1870), married Richard Bagot, Bishop of Oxford, in 1806, and had issue.\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "George Villiers", "George Bussy Villiers", "George Bussey Villiers" ] }, "description": "English earl", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q5545497", "wikidata_label": "George Villiers, 4th Earl of Jersey", "wikipedia_title": "George Villiers, 4th Earl of Jersey" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Brian Benben\n", "Brian Edward Benben (born June 18, 1956) is an American actor, best known for his role as Martin Tupper in the HBO comedy television series \"Dream On\" (1990–1996), and also known as Dr. Sheldon Wallace on ABC medical drama \"Private Practice\" (2008–2013). Benben is married to Madeleine Stowe.\n", "Section::::Early life and career.\n", "Benben was born in Winchester, Virginia, the son of Gloria Patricia (née Coffman) and Peter Michael Benben Sr., a produce buyer.\n", "He later lived and attended high school in Marlboro, New York, followed by two years at Ulster County Community College in Stone Ridge, New York, after which he moved to New York City, where he worked various jobs while auditioning and acting. In 1983 he appeared in the Broadway production of John Byrne's play \"Slab Boys\" with Kevin Bacon, Sean Penn, Val Kilmer and Jackie Earle Haley. The play ran on Broadway for 48 performances.\n", "Although his first national exposure was in the 1981 NBC miniseries-then-series \"The Gangster Chronicles\", Benben is perhaps best known for his leading role in the 1990–96 HBO television series, \"Dream On\". He played a \"by the book\" FBI agent in the 1990 film \"Dark Angel\" (known in the U.S. as \"I Come in Peace\"). \n", "He had a starring role in the 1994 film \"Radioland Murders\" playing Mary Stuart Masterson's estranged husband. In September 1998, he starred in an eponymous primetime CBS sitcom, \"The Brian Benben Show\", which lasted only one month on the air. In the 2000s, he played Dr. Sheldon Wallace on Shonda Rhimes' \"Private Practice\". His character was first introduced in December 2008, later became a recurring character, and finally a series regular. In 2014 he appeared in the television series \"Scandal\", also produced by Rhimes.\n", "Section::::Personal life.\n", "In 1982, Benben married actress Madeleine Stowe, whom he met filming \"The Gangster Chronicles\". Together they have one child, daughter May Theodora Benben (born 1996). Benben and Stowe have a home in South Texas.\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Aaron Mike Oquaye\n", "Rt. Hon. Aaron Mike Oquaye, (born April 4, 1944) is a Ghanaian politician and is the Speaker of the Parliament of Ghana. Oquaye was sworn in as the Speaker of Parliament on 7 January 2017. A member of the New Patriotic Party, he was the Member of Parliament for Dome-Kwabenya from 2005 to 2013. He was Ghana's High Commissioner to India from 2001 to 2004, then Minister of Energy from 2005 to 2006 and Minister of Communications from 2006 to 2009. He served as the Second Deputy Speaker of Parliament from 2009 to 2013.\n", "Section::::Family background and education.\n", "Oquaye was born in Osu, Accra to E. G. N Oquaye of Osu and Felicia Awusika Abla Oquaye (née Azu) of Odumase-Krobo. He was brought up at Asamankese in the Eastern Region, where he attended the Roman Catholic Primary School and Presbyterian Middle School before proceeding to Presbyterian Boys' Secondary (PRESEC), at Odumase-Krobo.\n", "Oquaye's father, E.G.N. Oquaye, had been a founding member of the United Gold Coast Convention (UGCC) at Asamankese. He was also treasurer and principal financier of the UGCC, Gold Coast Party (GCP), National Liberation Movement (NLM) and United Party (UP) at Asamankese. When Oquaye was a child, his family received political figures and dignitaries such as Dr. J. B. Danquah and Prof. Kofi Abrefa Busia as guests at their home. While the Okyenhene, Nana Ofori Atta II, was in exile in Accra, he was also a regular visitor to the Oquaye family home in Asamankese.\n", "Oquaye is a Baptist Minister, and is married to Alberta Oquaye (née Asafu-Adjei), a senior professional nurse.\n", "Section::::Legal career.\n", "He attended the Presbyterian Boys' Senior Secondary School. Having obtained the GCE \"O\" and \"A\" Level Certificates, he entered the University of Ghana and later the University of London, at Lincoln's Inn, London. He holds B.A. (Hons.) Political Science, L.L.B. (Hons.), B.L. and PhD. He is a qualified solicitor and barrister, as well as the founder and senior partner of his own law firm. He is a barrister of the Supreme Court of England and Wales, a senior member of the Ghana Bar Association, and a solicitor for some leading companies and financial institutions.\n", "Section::::Academic career.\n", "He is a professor of Political science at the University of Ghana, (Legon), and was previously the Head of the Department of Political Science and member of the University's Academic Board, the highest authority at the level of the faculties. He received his Ph.D from School of Oriental and African Studies in London, as well as winning the Rockefeller Senior Scholar Award in 1993 and the Senior Fulbright Scholar Award in 1997. He has been a visiting lecturer at George Mason University in Virginia. From 1997 to 1999, he was Vice-President of the African Association of Political Science (AAPS), based in Zimbabwe.\n", "Section::::Writings and advocacy.\n", "Oquaye is a writer, who has researched and written extensively on good governance, conflicts, political education, decentralization and development, human rights, military intervention in politics, NGOs, rural development and gender issues. He advocates women's rights, including affirmative action. He is the author of the award-winning book \"Politics in Ghana - 1972-1979\", in which he depicts, inter-alia, the military as the bane of Government and Politics in Africa and recounted instances of human right abuses, conflictual politics, economic mismanagement and national decadence. He wrote a second volume, \"Politics in Ghana - 1982-1992\", dealing with the politics of revolution, CDRs, Public Tribunals, popular power, positive defiance and human rights issues of the period. His scholarly write-ups have been published in international journals such as \"Human Rights Quarterly\" (US), \"Journal of Commonwealth and Comparative Politics\" (UK), \"African Affairs\" (UK), and \"Review of Human Factor Studies\" (Canada).\n", "Section::::Political career.\n", "As a student at the University of Ghana, Oquaye joined the campaign for the J. B. Danquah/Kofi Abrefa Busia cause. He strongly supported Busia's call for quick return to civilian rule to prevent the militarization of the state and, along with his family, helped to establish the Progress Party in Osu in 1969.\n", "The United Party-Progress Party tradition led to the foundation, in 1992, of the New Patriotic Party (NPP), with Oquaye as a founder member. He was the first Regional Secretary of NPP for Greater Accra in 1992, and also the first Chairman of the Party for the Ga District Rural Constituency, which later split into Ga West District and Ga East District. He was the secretary of the Research Committee and a member of the first National Campaign Team of the NPP in the third quarter of 1992.\n", "He worked with other central NPP figures, including President John Kufuor, Nana Addo Dankwa Akufo-Addo, R. R. Amponsah, Prof. Adu-Boahen, Peter Ala Adjetey, B. J. da Rocha and Samuel Odoi-Sykes to campaign successfully for the NPP victory in the 2000 general elections. His role in the party's success, which involved journalistic contributions and involvement in other activities of the party between 1993 and 2000, is considered significant.\n", "From 2001 to 2004, Oquaye served as Ghana's High Commissioner to India. In February 2005 he became Minister of Energy, and later he was moved to the post of Minister of Communications.\n", "Oquaye was the NPP Member of Parliament for Dome-Kwabenya for two terms, from 2004 to 2012. He decided not to stand for another term. He sponsored his son, Mike Oquaye Jnr. to fight to be the NPP Parliamentary Candidate for the constituency. His son however lost to Sarah Adwoa Safo, who went on to win the seat.\n", "From 2009 to 2013, Mike Oquaye was the Second Deputy Speaker of Parliament. He was succeeded by Joe Ghartey in 2013.\n", "Section::::Bibliography.\n", "Section::::Bibliography.:Written works.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Politics in Ghana 1982-1992\" - (Academic Literature, 2005)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Democracy, Politics and Conflict Resolution in Contemporary Ghana\" - (Academic Literature, Gold-Type Publication, 1995)\n", "Section::::Sources.\n", "BULLET::::- Official biography from the Republic of Ghana website\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "Ghanaian politician, lawyer and academic", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q1933412", "wikidata_label": "Aaron Mike Oquaye", "wikipedia_title": "Aaron Mike Oquaye" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Kaare Klint\n", "Kaare Klint (15 December 1888 – 28 March 1954) was a Danish architect and furniture designer, known as the father of modern Danish furniture design. Style was epitomized by clean, pure lines, use of the best materials of his time and superb craftsmanship.\n", "He was the son of the equally influential architect Peder Vilhelm Jensen-Klint whose monumental Grundtvig's Church he completed after his father's death in 1930.\n", "Section::::Early life and education.\n", "Kaare Klint was born on 15 December 1888 in the Frederiksberg district of Copenhagen, the son of Peder Vilhelm Jensen-Klint, then a struggling painter about to abandon his artistic career in place of a more secure career in architecture.\n", "Klint apprenticed as a furniture maker in Kalundborg and Copenhagen from 1893 and took classes at technical school in Copenhagen, Jens Møller-Jensens furniture school, and the Artists' Studio Schools under Johan Rohde. He was then articled to Carl Petersen and was also taught the architectural trade by his father, who had completed his first architectural project in 1896.\n", "Section::::Design career.\n", "In 1914, Klint designed his first piece of furniture, the Faaborg Chair, for Carl Petersen's Faaborg Museum in 1914. He went on to create furniture and fittings for a number of other museums.\n", "From 1921 to 1926 he was responsible for the conversion of Frederiks Hospital into the Danish Museum of Art & Design together with Thorkild Henningsen and Ivar Bentsen. In 1927 he also created a chair in mahogany for the museum which was inspired by English 18th-century chairs. \n", "Klint's carefully researched furniture designs are based on functionality, proportions adapted to the human body, craftsmanship, and the use of high-quality materials. Notable examples of his work include the Propeller Stool (1927), the Safari Chair and the Deck Chair (both 1933), the Church Chair (1936), and the Circle Bed (1938) featuring curved sides and rounded ends, with hand-woven textiles by Lis Ahlmann. \n", "As a result of the furniture school he founded at the Royal Academy in 1924, Klint had a strong influence on Danish furniture, inspiring designers such as Poul Kjærholm and Børge Mogensen. \n", "He also designed textiles, lamps, and organs.\n", "Section::::Completion of his father's unfinished works.\n", "After his father's death in 1930, Kaare Klint completed his monumental Grundtvig's Church in Copenhagen. Construction had started in 1921 but was not completed until 1940. He also designed the Bethlehem Church, also in Copenhagen, on the basis of his father's sketches. It was built from 1935 to 1937.\n", "Section::::Awards and distinctions.\n", "BULLET::::- 1949 Honorary Royal Designer for Industry, London\n", "BULLET::::- 1954 C. F. Hansen Medal\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- Le Klint\n", "BULLET::::- Danish modern\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Monography (2919)]\n", "BULLET::::- Klintiana Center for the study of Kaare Klint’s architecture and design\n", "Section::::Literature.\n", "BULLET::::- Harkær, Gorm: \"Kaare Klint\", 2010, Copenhagen: Klintiana, Vol 1: 660 p., Vol 2: 160 p. .\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Gurney Braithwaite\n", "Sir Joseph Gurney Braithwaite, 1st Baronet (24 May 1895 – 25 June 1958) was an English Conservative Party politician.\n", "Gurney Braithwaite came from a Quaker family and was educated at Downs School, Colwall and Bootham School\n", ", York. During World War I, he served in the Royal Navy at the Suvla Bay landing, Gallipoli, and in Palestine. He became a stockbroker and company director.\n", "Braithwaite contested Rotherhithe without success in 1929, and was elected the Member of Parliament (MP) for Sheffield Hillsborough at the 1931 general election, losing the seat in 1935 to the previous incumbent, A. V. Alexander. He re-entered Parliament in a 1939 by-election for Holderness. In Parliament, he was active on issues relating to ex-servicemen and the Navy, and was himself a lieutenant-commander in the RNVR. During World War II he helped organise convoys in the Thames area.\n", "At the 1950 general election, Braithwaite's Holderness seat was abolished and he was elected for the marginal Bristol North West constituency. He served as Parliamentary Secretary to the Minister of Transport in the government of Winston Churchill from 1951 to 1953. He was made a baronet on 28 January 1954. Boundary changes involved his seat being redrawn to Labour's advantage, and at the 1955 general election Braithwaite lost. He died three years later, aged 63.\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "Joseph Gurney Braithwaite", "Sir Joseph Gurney Braithwaite", "Gurney Braithwaite" ] }, "description": "British politician", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q7527013", "wikidata_label": "Sir Gurney Braithwaite, 1st Baronet", "wikipedia_title": "Gurney Braithwaite" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Eriko Hirose\n", "Section::::Career.\n", "She competed at the 2005 World Badminton Championships in Anaheim. In the women's singles event she reached the third round before losing to Wang Chen of Hong Kong. At the same year, she won the women;s singles bronze medal at the Asian Championships after lose to her compatriot Kaori Mori in the semi final.\n", "In the YONEX BWF World Championship 2010, she caused an upset over the world number one ranking player, Wang Yihan in the third round but lost to Wang Lin in the quarterfinals.\n", "In the YONEX All-England Open Badminton Championship 2011, she came second in the women's singles, losing in the final to China's Wang Shixian.\n", "Section::::Achievements.\n", "Section::::Achievements.:Asian Games.\n", "\"Women's Singles\"\n", "Section::::Achievements.:Asian Championships.\n", "\"Women's Singles\"\n", "Section::::Achievements.:Asian Junior Championships.\n", "\"Girls' Singles\"\n", "Section::::Achievements.:BWF Superseries.\n", "The BWF Superseries has two level such as Superseries and Superseries Premier. A season of Superseries features twelve tournaments around the world, which introduced since 2011, with successful players invited to the Superseries Finals held at the year end.\n", "\"Women's Singles\"\n", "Section::::Achievements.:IBF World Grand Prix.\n", "The World Badminton Grand Prix sanctioned by International Badminton Federation (IBF) since 1983.\n", "\"Women's Singles\"\n", "Section::::Achievements.:BWF International Challenge/Series.\n", "\"Women's Singles\"\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "Japanese badminton player", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q457579", "wikidata_label": "Eriko Hirose", "wikipedia_title": "Eriko Hirose" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Jay Thomas\n", "Jay Thomas (born Jon Thomas Terrell; July 12, 1948 – August 24, 2017) was an American actor, comedian, and radio personality. He was heard in New York from 1976-79 on Top 40 station 99X, and later on Rhythmic CHR station WKTU, and in Los Angeles beginning in 1986 on KPWR \"Power 106\", where he hosted the station's top-rated morning show until 1993. His notable television work included his co-starring role as Remo DaVinci on \"Mork & Mindy\" (1979–81), the recurring role of Eddie LeBec, a Boston Bruins goalie on the downside of his career, on \"Cheers\" (1987–89), the lead character of newspaper columnist Jack Stein on \"Love & War\" (1992–95), and a repeat guest role as Jerry Gold, a talk show host who becomes both an antagonist and love interest of the title character on \"Murphy Brown\". He won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actor in a Comedy Series in 1990 and 1991 for portraying Gold.\n", "In 1997, he starred in the television film \"Killing Mr. Griffin\", based on the eponymous novel. In film, he co-starred in \"Mr. Holland's Opus\" as a high school coach with a flair for theatrics, and portrayed the Easter Bunny in \"The Santa Clause 2\" and \"The Santa Clause 3\". He was also an annual guest on \"The Late Show with David Letterman\" during the Christmas season, where he told a story about how he met Clayton Moore, who portrayed the title character on \"The Lone Ranger\". Beginning in 2005, he hosted \"The Jay Thomas Show\" on SiriusXM Satellite Radio, which aired every Friday afternoon on Howard 101.\n", "Section::::Early life and education.\n", "Thomas was born in Kermit, Texas, to Katharine (née Guzzino) and Timothy Harry Terrell. He was raised in his Italian American mother's Catholic religion; his father was Protestant. Thomas was raised in New Orleans, where he attended and graduated from Jesuit High School. He went on to attend and graduate from Jacksonville University. Thomas was the quarterback on his high school football team and also quarterbacked in college, a skill he would later use on \"The Late Show with David Letterman\".\n", "Section::::Letterman appearances.\n", "Thomas made annual Christmas appearances on David Letterman's CBS late night show, beginning in December 1998. Letterman and one of his other guests that evening, then-New York Jets quarterback Vinny Testaverde, took turns throwing footballs trying to knock a large meatball off the top of a Christmas tree at the other end of the stage. As the two took turns futilely attempting to knock off the meatball, Thomas came back out to join in the festivities, and promptly knocked the meatball from the tree. \n", "Beginning on a subsequent visit to Letterman's show, Thomas told a story about when he was a young disc jockey at WAYS 610 AM in Charlotte, North Carolina. Thomas had been making a promotional appearance at a local Dodge dealership which had also booked Clayton Moore, dressed in his Lone Ranger costume.\n", "According to the story, after the broadcast ended Thomas and his colleague, both clad in the hip fashion of the day (including their hair which Thomas' friend wore long while Thomas himself sported what he called a \"White Man's Afro\"), go off and secretly smoke a marijuana joint behind a dumpster. When they return to pack up their equipment, they discover that Moore is still there, as the car that was supposed to pick him up never arrived, so Thomas offers Moore a ride in his own car, which Moore accepts.\n", "While in traffic, with Moore sitting quietly in the back seat, an impatient middle-aged man backs his full-sized Buick into the front end of Thomas' compact Volvo breaking one of his headlights, and then drives off. An angry Thomas chases the Buick through heavy traffic, forgetting all about Moore still sitting in his back seat. When he finally catches up to the man and confronts him about the damage the indignant driver denies all. When Thomas threatens to call the police, the man claims no one will believe \"two hippie freaks\"; at that moment, Moore, still in costume, steps out of the car and says to the man, \"They'll believe \"me\", citizen!\" The man, now in a panic, exclaims \"I didn't know it was you!\"\n", "For every year thereafter except 2013, Thomas appeared to re-tell the Lone Ranger story and once again attempt what Letterman would refer to as the \"\"Late Show\" Quarterback Challenge\". For his final appearance in 2014, Thomas was again successful in knocking the meatball off the top of the tree. Thomas missed the 2013 \"Late Show\" Christmas episode due to throat surgery; John McEnroe took his place and told the Lone Ranger story, then tried, unsuccessfully, to knock the meatball off the tree by hitting tennis balls at it.\n", "Section::::Personal life and death.\n", "Thomas fathered J. T. Harding in an out-of-wedlock relationship, and the child was adopted by another family in Michigan. Thomas and his son spoke about their reunion on the \"Dr. Phil Show\". Harding was the lead singer of the band JTX and is a country music songwriter. Thomas married Sally Michelson in 1987. They had two sons, Samuel and Jacob.\n", "Jay Thomas died of throat cancer on August 24, 2017, in Santa Barbara, California, at the age of 69.\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Jay Thomas Show\" website\n", "BULLET::::- TV.com entry\n", "BULLET::::- Ten Questions with Jay Thomas\n", "BULLET::::- Haunting Jay Thomas\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "Jon Thomas Terrell" ] }, "description": "actor, radio talk show host, businessman", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q1684369", "wikidata_label": "Jay Thomas", "wikipedia_title": "Jay Thomas" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Kristofer Hæstad\n", "Kristofer \"Doffen\" Krüger Hæstad (born 9 December 1983) is a Norwegian former footballer. He played as a central midfielder.\n", "Section::::Club career.\n", "Section::::Club career.:Early career.\n", "Hæstad played for the youth teams of Randesund and Vigør.\n", "Section::::Club career.:Start.\n", "He was signed by Start in 2001, and debuted in the Norwegian Premier League in 2002, when the youthful Start squad only made 11 points and were relegated.\n", "After two seasons in the First Division, Start were once again promoted in 2004, with Hæstad as one of the team's central players. Hæstad has continued in great form after the promotion, and was named player of the month by NRK in April 2005.\n", "In July 2006, Hæstad launched a music single \"This Is For Real\" together with four other professional Norwegian footballers – Morten Gamst Pedersen, Freddy dos Santos, Raymond Kvisvik, and Øyvind Svenning. They call their band \"The Players\".\n", "On 25 August 2006, it was revealed that Manchester United watched the him during a UEFA Cup qualifying game against Drogheda United. He was also rumoured to be wanted by Blackburn Rovers, Bolton Wanderers, West Ham United and Leeds United.\n", "Section::::Club career.:On loan at Wigan.\n", "On 29 December 2006, it was announced that Wigan Athletic had secured Hæstad on a 6 months loan contract. The Wigan boss, Paul Jewell expressed delight on signing the talented midfielder. The Norwegian newspaper VG would later reveal that it not was a standard loan contract, but an intricate deal that could see Hæstad stay at Wigan until July 2010, if they pick up an option to buy him at the end of the current season. Hæstad made his Premier League debut on 13 January 2007 against Chelsea, but was released from his loan contract at Wigan Athletic by mutual consent on 1 April 2007.\n", "Hæstad made a scoring return for Start on his return to Norway after scoring the fourth goal in a 4–2 victory away to Aalesund\n", "Section::::Club career.:Vålerenga.\n", "On 2 January 2008, Kristofer Hæstad signed a four-year contract with Vålerenga. On 29 March 2008, Hæstad made his competitive debut for Vålerenga in the season's first game against Aalesund. After a poor first season plagued by injuries, and failing to score a goal, rumors said that he was heading away from the club, most likely back to his former club Start. However, he stayed at Vålerenga and had a great second season. He scored his first goal against Start in a 2–3 loss. He also scored two goals against Lyn which ended 4–4.\n", "Hæstad announced his retirement from professional football on 1 July 2014.\n", "Section::::International career.\n", "24 May 2005, Hæstad debuted for the national team in a private match against Costa Rica.\n", "Section::::Honours.\n", "BULLET::::- Kniksen award: midfielder of the year in 2005\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Start's bio of Hæstad\n", "BULLET::::- Nor-blimey (subscription required)\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Larnelle Harris\n", "Larnelle Steward Harris (born July 6, 1947) is an American gospel singer and songwriter. During his 40-plus years of ministry, Harris has recorded 18 albums, won five Grammy Awards and 11 Dove Awards, and has had several number one songs on the inspirational music charts.\n", "Section::::Early life.\n", "A native of Danville, Kentucky, Harris started playing the drums at the age of nine. His first formal vocal training came when he attended college at Western Kentucky University, from which he graduated in 1969. Harris then became a part of the popular gospel touring group The Spurrlows (beginning as drummer). He received notability for his solo work and as member of the Gaither Vocal Band from 1984 through 1987.\n", "Section::::Music.\n", "Perhaps Harris' best-known songs are his duets with Sandi Patty, \"More than Wonderful\" (1983) and \"I've Just Seen Jesus\" (1985). Others of his well received and popular songs are his self-penned \"I Miss My Time With You\" (1986) and \"In It After All\", written by Constant Change, a.k.a. Dawn Thomas, on his album \"I Can Begin Again\" (1989), on Benson Records. The song was a No. 1 radio hit.\n", "Harris' song, \"Mighty Spirit\" was featured in a 1993 television campaign for the Points of Light Foundation, headed by President George H. W. Bush. He performed the song for Bush and his wife Barbara at the White House. His recording of \"All Along the Way\", co-written by Greg Nelson and Dan Schafer, reached the No. 1 spot on the CCM Inspirational chart, and stayed for five weeks. His 1995 album, \"Unbelievable Love\", received the 1996 Dove Award as Inspirational Album of The Year.\n", "Harris has received an honorary doctorate of music from Campbellsville University in central Kentucky. He was inducted into the Western Kentucky University Hall of Distinguished Alumni in 1993.\n", "Section::::Television work.\n", "Harris has appeared live on television series such as \"Live with Regis and Kathie Lee\", \"The 700 Club\", several Billy Graham crusades, and the Trinity Broadcasting Network. He has appeared on numerous \"Gaither Homecoming\" shows, and his own Christmas special. In his hometown of Louisville, Kentucky, Harris has made many appearances on the WHAS Crusade for Children, a long-running local telethon benefitting children's charities.\n", "Section::::Personal life.\n", "Harris met his wife Cynthia (Mitzi) while both were students at Western Kentucky University. They have two children Lonnie (Larnelle Jr.) and Teresa. They have lived in Louisville for more than three decades. Despite his schedule, Harris serves as a deacon in his home church, and previously served as its treasurer. Harris is well-known within the gospel music industry for his reluctance to schedule performances that take him away from his family for any length of time.\n", "Section::::Discography.\n", "Section::::Discography.:With First Gear.\n", "BULLET::::- 1972: \"First Gear featuring Larnelle Harris\" (Myrrh 6505)\n", "BULLET::::- 1974: \"Caution!Steep Hill Use First Gear\" (Myrrh 6515)\n", "Section::::Discography.:Solo.\n", "BULLET::::- 1975: Tell It To Jesus\n", "BULLET::::- 1977: \"Larnelle...More\"\n", "BULLET::::- 1978: \"Free\"\n", "BULLET::::- 1980: \"Give Me More Love in My Heart\"\n", "BULLET::::- 1982: \"Touch Me Lord\"\n", "BULLET::::- 1985: \"I've Just Seen Jesus\"\n", "BULLET::::- 1986: \"From a Servant's Heart\"\n", "BULLET::::- 1987: \"The Father Hath Provided\"\n", "BULLET::::- 1988: \"Larnelle...Christmas\"\n", "BULLET::::- 1989: \"I Can Begin Again\"\n", "BULLET::::- 1990: \"Larnelle Live...Psalms Hymns & Spiritual Songs\" (with the Brooklyn Tabernacle Choir)\n", "BULLET::::- 1992: \"I Choose Joy\"\n", "BULLET::::- 1994: \"Beyond All the Limits\"\n", "BULLET::::- 1995: \"Unbelievable Love\" (Dove Award, Inspirational Album of The Year)\n", "BULLET::::- 1998: \"First Love\"\n", "BULLET::::- 2001: \"A Story to Tell\"\n", "BULLET::::- 2003: \"Pass the Love\"\n", "BULLET::::- 2005: \"I Want to Be a Star\"\n", "BULLET::::- 2017: \"Disturb Us, Lord\"\n", "Section::::Discography.:Solo.:Compilations.\n", "BULLET::::- 1991: \"The Best of 10 Years\", Vol. 1&2\n", "BULLET::::- 1986: \"The Best of Larnelle\"\n", "Section::::Discography.:Appearances on other albums.\n", "BULLET::::- 1991: \"Live with Friends\" The Brooklyn Tabernacle Choir; \"I Can Be Glad\"\n", "BULLET::::- 1992: \"Handel's Messiah: A Soulful Celebration\"\n", "BULLET::::- 1993: \"The New Young Messiah\"; \"Ev'ry Valley Shall Be Exalted\", \"Surely He Hath Borne Our Griefs\"\n", "BULLET::::- 1994: \"Promise Keepers: A Life That Shows\"; \"In a Way That Matters\"\n", "BULLET::::- 1994: \"Stories & Songs of Christmas\"; \"Silent Night\"\n", "BULLET::::- 1994: \"Saviour: The Story of God's Passion for His People\" (with Steve Green, Twila Paris, Wayne Watson, Wintley Phipps)\n", "BULLET::::- 1995: \"Christmas Carols of the Young Messiah\"; \"Amen\"\n", "BULLET::::- 1995: \"Master Pieces - Classic Songs Made New\"; \"Just A Little Talk With Jesus\"\n", "BULLET::::- 1995: \"Hymns & Voices\"; \"It Is Well With My Soul\", \"The Lord's Prayer\"\n", "BULLET::::- 1996: \"Emmanuel: A Musical Celebration of the Life of Christ\"; \"Rejoice Emmanuel\"\n", "BULLET::::- 1997: \"God With Us: A Celebration of Christmas Carols & Classics\"; \"Go Tell It on the Mountain\"\n", "BULLET::::- 1998: \"Ralph Carmichael and Friends Live\"; \"Here and Now I Believe\"\n", "BULLET::::- 2000: \"Vestal & Friends, Vol. 2\" Vestal Goodman; \"The Lamb Has Brought Us Home\"\n", "Section::::Video.\n", "BULLET::::- 1991: \"Larnelle Live: My Time With You\" (VHS)\n", "BULLET::::- 1992: \"I Choose Joy\" (VHS)\n", "BULLET::::- 1994: \"Sparrow TV Dinners\" (VHS) various artists; \"Teach Me to Love\", duet with Steve Green\n", "BULLET::::- 2002: \"More Than the Music ...Live\" (VHS) various artists; \"The Lord's Prayer\"\n", "BULLET::::- 2005: \"Timeless: Concert of Faith & Inspiration\" (various artists)\n", "BULLET::::- 2013: \"Live in Nashville\"\n", "Section::::Video.:Gaither Homecoming performances.\n", "BULLET::::- 1993: \"A Christmas Homecoming\" \"Amen\"\n", "BULLET::::- 1996: \"Homecoming Texas Style\" \"Amen\"\n", "BULLET::::- 1998: \"Down By The Tabernacle\" \"I Go To The Rock\"\n", "BULLET::::- 1999: \"Kennedy Center Homecoming\" \"America, the Beautiful\", \"I've Just Seen Jesus\" duet with Sandi Patty\n", "BULLET::::- 2002: \"God Bless America\" \"Jesus Saves\"\n", "BULLET::::- 2002: \"Let Freedom Ring\" \"More Than Wonderful\" with Sandi Patty\n", "BULLET::::- 2003: \"Going Home\" \"Friends in High Places\"\n", "BULLET::::- 2004: \"Dottie Rambo with Homecoming Friends\" \"I Go to the Rock\"\n", "BULLET::::- 2004: \"We Will Stand\" \"Dream On\"\n", "BULLET::::- 2005: \"Israel Homecoming\" \"Amen\"\n", "BULLET::::- 2005: \"Jerusalem Homecoming\" \"I Walked Today Where Jesus Walked\"\n", "BULLET::::- 2009: \"Gaither Vocal Band Reunion\" Volume 1 \"Your First Day in Heaven\", \"Can't Stop Talking About Him\", \"A Few Good Men\"\n", "BULLET::::- 2009: \"Gaither Vocal Band Reunion\" Volume 2 \"Dream On\", \"Build An Ark\", \"The Love of God\"\n", "BULLET::::- 2011: \"Alaskan Homecoming\" \"How Great Thou Art\", \"The Star Spangled Banner\"\n", "BULLET::::- 2011: \"Majesty\" \"I've Just Seen Jesus\" with Ladye Love Smith\n", "BULLET::::- 2011: \"Tent Revival Homecoming\" \"I Don't Want to Get Adjusted\"\n", "BULLET::::- 2011: \"The Old Rugged Cross\" \"His Eye Is on the Sparrow\"\n", "Section::::Awards and honors.\n", "Section::::Awards and honors.:Grammy Awards.\n", "BULLET::::- 1983: Best Gospel Performance by Duo or Group for \"More Than Wonderful\" with Sandi Patty\n", "BULLET::::- 1985: Best Gospel Performance by Duo or Group for \"I've Just Seen Jesus\" with Sandi Patty\n", "BULLET::::- 1985: Best Solo Gospel Performance for \"How Excellent Is Thy Name\"\n", "BULLET::::- 1987: Best Gospel Performance, Male for \"The Father Hath Provided\"\n", "BULLET::::- 1998: Best Gospel Performance, Male for \"Larnelle...Christmas\"\n", "Section::::Awards and honors.:GMA Dove Awards.\n", "BULLET::::- 1981: Contemporary Gospel Album of the Year for \"Give Me More Love in My Heart\"\n", "BULLET::::- 1983: Male Vocalist of the Year\n", "BULLET::::- 1983: Inspirational Album of the Year for \"Touch Me Lord\"\n", "BULLET::::- 1986: Inspirational Album of the Year for \"I've Just Seen Jesus\"\n", "BULLET::::- 1986: Male Vocalist of the Year\n", "BULLET::::- 1988: Songwriter of the Year\n", "BULLET::::- 1988: Male Vocalist of the Year\n", "BULLET::::- 1992: Inspirational Album of the Year for \"Larnelle Live...Psalms, Hymns & Spiritual Songs\"\n", "BULLET::::- 1993: Inspirational Album of the Year for \"Generation 2 Generation\"\n", "BULLET::::- 1996: Inspirational Album of the Year for \"Unbelievable Love\"\n", "Inducted into the Gospel Music Association Foundation Hall of Fame on October 29, 2007\n", "Section::::Awards and honors.:Other honors.\n", "BULLET::::- Silver Bell Award for Distinguished Public Service presented by Ad Council\n", "BULLET::::- \"Cashbox Magazine\" Award for Contemporary Gospel Single of the Year for \"I Can Begin Again\"\n", "BULLET::::- Stellar Award, Best Solo Performance by Male Contemporary for \"The Father Hath Provided\"\n", "BULLET::::- Singing News Fan Award for Favorite Black Artist\n", "BULLET::::- The Christian Music Hall of Fame (inducted in 2009)\n", "BULLET::::- Western Kentucky University Hall of Distinguished Alumni - Inducted 1993\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Videos\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Victor Child Villiers, 7th Earl of Jersey\n", "Victor Albert George Child Villiers, 7th Earl of Jersey, (20 March 1845 – 31 May 1915) was a British banker, Conservative politician and colonial administrator from the Villiers family. He served as Governor of New South Wales between 1891 and 1893.\n", "Section::::Background and education.\n", "Born at Berkeley Square, London, Lord Jersey was the eldest son of George Child Villiers, 6th Earl of Jersey, and Julia Peel, daughter of Prime Minister Sir Robert Peel, Bt. He was educated at Eton and Balliol College, Oxford. He succeeded in the earldom in October 1859, aged 14, on the death of his father, who had only succeeded his father three weeks earlier. He became the principal proprietor of the family banking firm of Child & Co.\n", "Section::::Political career.\n", "Lord Jersey served as a Lord-in-waiting (government whip in the House of Lords) between 1875 and 1877 in the Conservative administration of Benjamin Disraeli. He returned to the government in 1889 when Lord Salisbury made him Paymaster-General, which he remained until 1890. The latter year he was sworn of the Privy Council and made a Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George (GCMG).\n", "In August 1890 Jersey was appointed Governor of New South Wales. He arrived in Australia to take up his position in January 1891. According to the \"Australian Dictionary of Biography\" there were no major political difficulties during his term. He was described by Sir Henry Parkes as \"amiable and well-intentioned\", but \"very much occupied with his own family\". He \"did not excel as a public speaker\". He was the official host at the 1891 Australasian National Convention in Sydney. Jersey tendered his resignation already in November 1892 citing pressing business affairs. This did not go down well with the Colonial Office in London. Lord Salisbury thought that Jersey had found that there was \"less individual power to his office than he imagined\". Jersey himself wrote to the Colonial Secretary: \"the duties and responsibilities of a governor can hardly be called serious nowadays being chiefly of a social character\". He left Australia in March 1893.\n", "Lord Jersey represented the United Kingdom at the 1894 Colonial Conference in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. He also acted as New South Wales agent-general in London between 1903 and 1905 and through his ties with the banking institutions helped the state's loan negotiations. He revisited Australia in 1905 and Prime Minister Alfred Deakin considered appointing him Australia's first High Commissioner to London, although nothing came out of this.\n", "One of Lord Jersey's godparents was Queen Victoria. The Queen accepted her role as a token of friendship to Robert Peel, Prime Minister, who was Lord Jersey's grandfather (his mother, the 6th Countess, being Julia Peel).\n", "Section::::Other public appointments.\n", "On 18 June 1875 the Earl was appointed Honorary Colonel of the 1st Glamorganshire Artillery Volunteers. Lord Jersey was Lord Lieutenant of Oxfordshire from 1877 and from 1885 also served as a Deputy Lieutenant of Warwickshire and as a Justice of the Peace for Warwickshire and Oxfordshire. He was Paymaster-General from 1889-90. In 1894, he was sent to Ottawa to act as the British government's representative to the 1894 Colonial Conference.\n", "From 1896 to 1905 he was Chairman of the Light Railway Commission. He was made a Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath in the 1900 Birthday Honours.\n", "Section::::Freemasonry.\n", "A Freemason, he was initiated to the craft on 25 October 1865 in the Apollo University Lodge No. 357 at the age of 20. In December 1865 he was passed in the Churchill Lodge No. 478 and in February 1866 he was raised in his mother Lodge. In 1870 he was appointed Senior Grand Warden of the United Grand Lodge of England and served for a year. In 1885 he was appointed Provincial Grand Master of Oxfordshire. When he became Governor of New South Wales, he became a member of the Lodge Ionic No. 65. On 11 June 1891 he was installed Grand Master of the Grand Lodge of New South Wales.\n", "Section::::Family.\n", "Lord Jersey married the Hon. Margaret Elizabeth Leigh (29 October 1849 – 22 May 1945), daughter and eldest child of William Henry Leigh, 2nd Baron Leigh, on 19 September 1872. They had six children:\n", "BULLET::::- George Henry Robert Child Villiers, 8th Earl of Jersey (1873–1923)\n", "BULLET::::- Lady Margaret Child Villiers (1874–1874), died in infancy.\n", "BULLET::::- Lady Margaret Child Villiers (1875–1959), married Walter Rice, 7th Baron Dynevor, and had issue.\n", "BULLET::::- Lady Mary Julia Child Villiers (1877–1933), married Thomas Pakenham, 5th Earl of Longford, and had issue.\n", "BULLET::::- Lady Beatrice Child Villiers (1880–1970), married Edward Plunkett, 18th Baron of Dunsany, and had issue.\n", "BULLET::::- Hon. Arthur George Child Villiers (1883–1969)\n", "Having suffered a stroke in 1909, Lord Jersey died at Osterley Park, Middlesex, in May 1915, aged 70. He was succeeded in the earldom by his eldest son, George. The Countess of Jersey survived her husband by 30 years and died at Middleton Park, Oxfordshire, in May 1945, aged 95.\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "Victor Albert George Child Villiers" ] }, "description": "British banker, Conservative politician and colonial administrator", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q336737", "wikidata_label": "Victor Child Villiers, 7th Earl of Jersey", "wikipedia_title": "Victor Child Villiers, 7th Earl of Jersey" }

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Bahnsen", "Kenneth Gentry", "Bahnsen vs. Stein Audio Debate transcribed", "Bahnsen at the Stein Debate", "Review of \"Theonomy in Christian Ethics\"", "Reformed Apologetics" ], "wikipedia_id": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ], "wikipedia_title": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ] }

{ "paragraph": [ "Greg Bahnsen\n", "Greg L. Bahnsen (September 17, 1948 – December 11, 1995) was an American Calvinist philosopher, apologist, and debater. He was a minister in the Orthodox Presbyterian Church and a full-time Scholar in Residence for the Southern California Center for Christian Studies (SCCCS). He is also considered a contributor to the field of Christian apologetics, as he popularized the presuppositional method of Cornelius Van Til. He is the father of David L. Bahnsen, an American portfolio manager, author, and television commentator.\n", "Section::::Early life and education.\n", "He was the first born of two sons of Robert and Virginia Bahnsen in Auburn, Washington, and grew up in Pico Rivera, California. In youth he was beset by a number of medical difficulties, the most serious of which was a lifelong blood platelet problem that made it difficult for him to stop bleeding. He also had heart trouble which came to light only during his first college admissions medical exam.\n", "Raised in the Orthodox Presbyterian Church, he actively participated in religious activities. He first began reading the apologetics of Cornelius Van Til when in high school. While attending Westmont College he began writing for the Chalcedon Foundation of Rousas J. Rushdoony and soon came to admire the latter's strong Calvinistic convictions.\n", "In 1970 Bahnsen graduated \"magna cum laude\" from Westmont College, receiving his B.A. in philosophy as well as the John Bunyan Smith Award for his overall grade point average. From there he went on to Westminster Theological Seminary in Philadelphia, where he studied under Cornelius Van Til. The two became close friends. When he graduated in May 1973, he simultaneously received two degrees, Master of Divinity and Master of Theology, as well as the William Benton Greene Prize in apologetics and a Richard Weaver Fellowship from the Intercollegiate Studies Institute. His next academic stop was the University of Southern California (USC), where he studied philosophy, specializing in the theory of knowledge. In 1975, after receiving ordination in the Orthodox Presbyterian Church, he became an associate professor of Apologetics and Ethics at Reformed Theological Seminary in Jackson, Mississippi. While there, he completed his studies at USC, receiving his Ph.D. in 1978.\n", "Section::::Later life.\n", "One of the original pillars of Christian Reconstruction, Bahnsen was a leading proponent of theonomy, postmillennialism, and presuppositional apologetics. He lectured to a broad range of evangelical Christian groups at many colleges and conferences, not only throughout the United States, but in Scotland and Russia. He published numerous articles and has over 1700 audio tapes, videos, articles, and books to his name.\n", "Greg Bahnsen's vocal advocacy of Christian Reconstructionism and theonomy was highly controversial during his lifetime, and a public disputation pertaining to theonomy led to his dismissal from the Reformed Theological Seminary in Jackson, Mississippi. In addition, he was known for his public debates on apologetics, theonomy, religion (such as Roman Catholicism, Islam, and Judaism), and a variety of socio-political issues (such as abortion, gun control, and homosexuality).\n", "Bahnsen is perhaps best known for his debates with such leading atheists as George H. Smith, Gordon Stein, and Edward Tabash. The debate with Stein marked one of the earliest uses of a transcendental argument for the existence of God (TAG).\n", "In 1994 a controversy emerged after atheist philosopher Michael Martin was informed just three weeks before a scheduled debate with Bahnsen, \"that Bahnsen would not debate unless Martin gave written permission to SCCCS to tape the debate\" for resale to support SCCCS. Martin refused, because \"he did not want SCCCS to profit from his participation\", while SCCCS refused to let Bahnsen debate without the debate being taped. The debate was canceled. Since that time Martin has responded to Bahnsen's use of TAG, doing so in his own debates with Michael Butler, John Frame, and Douglas Jones, and has published his \"Transcendental Argument for the Non-Existence of God\" in the journal of the New Zealand Association of Rationalists and Humanists, as well as in essays posted on the Secular Web.\n", "Section::::Death.\n", "Due to his lifelong medical problems, Bahnsen had to undergo a third aortic valve implant surgery on December 5, 1995. After the completion of the operation, serious complications developed within twenty-four hours. He then became comatose for several days and died on December 11, 1995, at the age of forty-seven.\n", "Section::::Works.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Always Ready: Directions for Defending the Faith\" ()\n", "BULLET::::- \"Van Til's Apologetic: Readings and Analysis\" ()\n", "BULLET::::- \"Theonomy in Christian Ethics\" ()\n", "BULLET::::- \"By This Standard: The Authority Of God's Law Today\"\n", "BULLET::::- \"No Other Standard: Theonomy and Its Critics\"\n", "BULLET::::- \"House Divided: The Breakup of Dispensational Theology\" with Kenneth Gentry.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Homosexuality: A Biblical View\" ()\n", "BULLET::::- \"Five Views on Law and Gospel\" (Chapter contribution) ()\n", "BULLET::::- \"Foundations of Christian Scholarship\" (2 Chapter Contributions) ()\n", "BULLET::::- \"God and Politics: Four Views on the Reformation of Civil Government\" (Chapter contribution) ()\n", "BULLET::::- \"Theonomy: An Informed Response\" (2 Chapter contributions) ()\n", "BULLET::::- \"Victory in Jesus: The Bright Hope of Postmillennialism\" ()\n", "BULLET::::- \"Presuppositional Apologetics: Stated and Defended\" (Edited by Joel McDurmon.) ()\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- Bahnsen Theological Seminary\n", "Section::::Further reading.\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Standard Bearer: A Festschrift for Greg L. Bahnsen\" ()\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Essays by Greg Bahnsen and other writers\n", "BULLET::::- Appointed for the Defense of the Gospel: The Life and Ministry of Greg L. Bahnsen by Kenneth Gentry\n", "BULLET::::- Bahnsen vs. Stein Audio Debate transcribed\n", "BULLET::::- \"Bahnsen at the Stein Debate\" by John Frame\n", "BULLET::::- by Steve M. Schlissel\n", "BULLET::::- Review of \"Theonomy in Christian Ethics\" by John Frame\n", "BULLET::::- Reformed Apologetics includes several articles written by Bahnsen\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "John Fernandes\n", "John Kiran Fernandes is an American multi-instrumentalist musician.\n", "Section::::Professional career.\n", "Fernandes, along with several other members of the Elephant Six Collective, joined the acclaimed psychedelic pop group The Olivia Tremor Control in Athens, GA in 1994. Fernandes was also a member of the side-project Black Swan Network. \n", "Upon that band's demise, Fernandes went on to form the Athens-based group Circulatory System with other members of Olivia Tremor Control, most notably Will Cullen Hart.\n", "In addition, Hart and Fernandes started a record label in 2001 called Cloud Recordings, which issued the Circulatory System's self-titled first album. Fernandes frequently contributes to multiple Athens-based bands' live shows and recordings. He currently plays with Circulatory System, The New Sound of Numbers, Old Smokey, Freehand, Lavender Holyfield, Jacob Morris - Moths, and Dream Boat. All of these groups have recordings available. He has also recently been performing his own live solo shows, and has performed as part of the Elephant 6 Collective's occasional tours.\n", "He released an album of solo material in February 2011 under the name John Kiran Fernandes.\n", "He released a second album of solo material in November 2015 under the name John Kiran Fernandes.\n", "Fernandes works at Wuxtry Records in Athens, where one of his co-workers was Danger Mouse.\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Sean Hood\n", "Sean Hood (born August 13, 1966) is an American screenwriter best known for horror films and action thrillers.\n", "Section::::Early life.\n", "Hood graduated from Brown University, with a double major in pure mathematics and studio art, and then spent several years working in Hollywood as a set dresser, prop assistant and art director working with filmmakers as diverse as James Cameron, David Fincher and David Lynch. He continued his studies at the USC School of Cinematic Arts, graduating in 1997 with an MFA in production. His student short film, \"The Shy and the Naked\" won a grant from the Sloan Foundation for the positive portrayal of science.\n", "Section::::Career.\n", "Section::::Career.:Screenwriting.\n", "Hood sold his first spec screenplay to MTV Films in 2000, and went on to sign a deal with Dimension Films, which included rewrites on \"\" and \"Cursed\". He went on to work on \"Conan the Barbarian\" for producer Avi Lerner, and \"\". Most recently, he penned an screedplay adaptation of the novel Rolling in The Deep, which will be produced by J. Todd Harris and directed by Mary Lambert (director).\n", "Section::::Career.:Television.\n", "He wrote the episode \"Echoes\" for the NBC horror anthology series Fear Itself. Similarly, he contributed to the Showtime horror anthology series Masters of Horror by penning the episode \"Sick Girl\".\n", "Hood also worked on \"Sick\" for The CW. and \"The Dorm\" for MTV.\n", "Section::::Career.:Directing.\n", "He was one of the founding members of Filmmakers Alliance and often collaborates creatively with FA's president, Jacques Thelemaque. His most recent short film is Melancholy Baby.\n", "Section::::Career.:Blogging.\n", "Hood writes the blog Genre Hacks.\n", "Section::::Teaching at USC.\n", "He is a adjunct professor at the USC School of Cinematic Arts. He teaches the courses \"Writing the Feature Script\" and \"Advanced Motion Picture Script Analysis,\"and \"Creating The Short Film.\"\n", "Section::::Credits.\n", "Section::::Credits.:Filmography.\n", "BULLET::::- \"\" (2014) (writer)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Conan the Barbarian\" (2011) (writer)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Melancholy Baby\" (2008) (short film) (writer/director)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Nellie Bly\" (in development) (written by)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Breathtaker\" (in development) (written by)\n", "BULLET::::- \"\" (2005) (screenplay by)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Cursed\" (2005) (uncredited rewrite)\n", "BULLET::::- \"\" (2002) (screenplay by) (story by)\n", "BULLET::::- \"\" (2002) (screenplay by)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Shy and the Naked\" (1998) (short film) (writer/director)\n", "Section::::Credits.:Television.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Sick\" (in development) (written by)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Dorm\" (filming) (written by)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Fear Itself\" (2008) (episode 1.10 \"Echoes\") (written by)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Masters of Horror\" (2006) (episode 1.10 \"Sick Girl\") (written by)\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Genre Hacks\n", "BULLET::::- Scripts & Scribes Interview with Sean Hood\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "American screenwriter", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q445697", "wikidata_label": "Sean Hood", "wikipedia_title": "Sean Hood" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Donnie Jones\n", "Donald Scott Jones Jr. (born July 5, 1980) is an American football punter who is currently a free agent. He played college football for Louisiana State University and was drafted by the Seattle Seahawks in the seventh round of the 2004 NFL Draft. He also played for the Miami Dolphins, St. Louis Rams, Houston Texans, Philadelphia Eagles, and Los Angeles Chargers. With the Eagles, he won Super Bowl LII over the New England Patriots.\n", "Section::::Early years.\n", "Jones attended Catholic High School in Baton Rouge, Louisiana, and was a letterman in football. In football, he won All-District honors as a Punter/Tight End and All-State honors as a punter. Jones graduated from Catholic High School in 1999. He averaged more than nine punts per game and never recorded any injury or fatigue.\n", "Section::::College career.\n", "Jones was offered scholarships to play football at the University of Oklahoma, LSU, and Ohio State University. He accepted a scholarship to attend Louisiana State University, where he played for the LSU Tigers football team. \n", "As a freshman, Jones had 57 punts for 2,174 net yards for a 38.1 average. As a sophomore, he had 47 punts for 2,052 net yards for a 43.7 average. In his junior season, in the first quarter of the Kentucky game, known as the Bluegrass Miracle, he hit an 86-yard punt, the longest punt in school history. As a junior, he had 64 punts for 2,813 net yards for a 44.0 average. In his senior year, he was involved in the final play of the 2003 National Championship game, when the punt unit took the last snap of the game, and punted to ensure a victory for the team over Oklahoma in the Sugar Bowl. As a senior, he had 65 punts for 2,757 net yards for a 42.4 average. He was a four-year starter, averaging 42.4 yards on his 64 punts during his senior year, with a net average of 39 yards. He landed 22 of those punts inside the 20-yard line, and had seven touchbacks. He majored in finance.\n", "Section::::Professional career.\n", "Section::::Professional career.:Seattle Seahawks.\n", "Jones was drafted in the seventh-round (224th overall) by the Seattle Seahawks in the 2004 NFL Draft. He was one of three punters to be selected that year. He played in six games with Seahawks in between stints on the practice squad during his rookie season. He shared punting duties with Tom Rouen and Ken Walter during the season. On the year, Jones punted 26 times for a 38.0 average with a net of 32.2, six inside-the-20 and two touchbacks. He had a season long with a 51-yard punt against the Carolina Panthers on October 31. On November 14 at the St. Louis Rams, he punted three times for a 49.3-yard gross average and a net of 42.7, when he had another 51-yard punt.\n", "Section::::Professional career.:Miami Dolphins.\n", "Jones was awarded off waivers to the Miami Dolphins on July 25, 2005. He was released following training camp and re-signed to the practice squad, but was placed on the active roster prior to the season opener. He went on to play in all 16 games in his first season with the Dolphins. On the season, he had 88 punts for a 43.5-yard average, including a net of 39.3, which led the NFL and marked a new Dolphins’ single-season record. He also added 31 punts inside-the-20, which ranked second in the AFC and was a Dolphins’ single-season record as well. Of his 88 punts, 24 went 50 yards or longer, with three traveling 60 yards or longer. He had a punt of 50 yards or longer in all but three games, and had a net average of 40.0 or better in nine games. He also held for placekicker Olindo Mare throughout the season. Jones' performance during the season earned him a selection as a third alternate for the Pro Bowl.\n", "Jones experienced a bit of regression in 2006 compared to the previous year. For the season, he had 85 kicks for 3,640 yards – an average of 42.8 yards per kick. He also had a net average of 35.7 yards per punt, with 28 punts inside the 20-yard line. He had one punt blocked during the season.\n", "Jones was a restricted free agent in the 2007 offseason. He was tendered a contract by the Miami Dolphins on March 2.\n", "Section::::Professional career.:St. Louis Rams.\n", "On April 13, the St. Louis Rams signed Jones to an offer sheet. Less than a week later, Dolphins general manager Randy Mueller announced that the team would not match the offer sheet and Jones became property of the Rams in exchange for the 225th pick in the 2007 NFL Draft. The contract was worth $5.585 million over five years. It included a signing bonus of $1.175 million and salaries of $510,000 in 2007, $700,000 in 2008, $1 million in 2009, $1.1 million in 2010, and $1.1 million in 2011.\n", "In 2007, Jones broke the Rams record for highest punting average in a single season, punting 78 times for a 47.2-yard punting average. The previous record of 45.5-yard punting average lasted 45 years after being set in 1962 by Danny Villanueva. In 2008, he became the first NFL punter to average at least 50 yards per punt since Sammy Baugh in 1940. He was voted second-team All-Pro and a first alternate to the Pro Bowl. For the second straight year, he was voted an alternate to the Pro Bowl in 2009. In 2009, he broke the Rams career gross average punt record with a 48.0-yard average, surpassing the 44.3-yard average established by Danny Villanueva from 1961 to 1964. In the 2010 season, he finished with 94 punts for 4,276 net yards for a 45.49 average. In the 2011 season, he finished with 105 punts for 4,652 net yards for a 44.30 average.\n", "Section::::Professional career.:Houston Texans.\n", "Jones signed a one-year contract with the Houston Texans on March 29, 2012. He was expected to compete with and briefly replace Brett Hartmann as punter while Hartmann served his three-game suspension, but took over as the full-time punter when Hartmann was released. In the 2012 season, he finished with 88 punts for 4,150 net yards for a 47.16 average.\n", "Section::::Professional career.:Philadelphia Eagles.\n", "On March 25, 2013, Jones signed with the Philadelphia Eagles. On March 11, 2014, Jones re-signed with the Eagles on a three-year deal worth a maximum of $6 million. During the 2013 season, he set a franchise record for net punting average with 40.4 yards. In the 2014 season, he finished with 76 punts for 3,331 net yards for a 43.83 average. In the 2015 season, he finished with 86 punts for 4,038 net yards for a 46.95 average.\n", "On November 18, 2016, Jones signed a three-year, $5.5 million contract extension with the Eagles through 2019. Overall, in the 2016 season, he finished with 63 punts for 2,888 net yards for a 45.84 average.\n", "In the 2017 season, Jones finished with 67 punts for 3,033 net yards for a 45.27 average. He earned a Super Bowl ring when the Eagles defeated the New England Patriots 41-33 in Super Bowl LII. Jones recorded the only punt in the game that went 41 yards.\n", "Section::::Professional career.:Retirement and Comeback.\n", "On February 27, 2018, Jones announced his retirement from the NFL. During his time with the Eagles, Jones set the all-time Eagles gross punting average record with 45.4 yards, punts inside the 20-yard line with 138, and all-time net punting average with 40.5 yards.\n", "On April 4, 2018, Jones requested and was granted his release from the Eagles' reserve/retired list, making him a free agent, citing his desire to play again.\n", "Section::::Professional career.:Los Angeles Chargers.\n", "On October 2, 2018, Jones signed with the Los Angeles Chargers after the team released Drew Kaser.\n", "Section::::Personal life.\n", "Donnie is married to Aubrie, and the couple resides in St. Charles, Missouri. Following the 2003 National Championship season at LSU, Jones penned a book titled \"Nine Seconds to a Championship\" () about his career as a member of the LSU Tigers football team. He is also known as Thunder Foot, Donnie Long-Ball, Donnie J'Owns, Do-Rag Donnie, and Donnie ‘Bag of Bones’ Jones. Donnie also plays rec league slow pitch slowball in Brentwood,MO and is known for his temper on the basepaths. He earned a new moniker, Donnie \"Wahl Burg on my Diamond\" Jones.\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- St. Louis Rams bio\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "American football player, punter", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q5296664", "wikidata_label": "Donnie Jones", "wikipedia_title": "Donnie Jones" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Helena Wolińska-Brus\n", "Helena Wolińska-Brus (28 February 1919 – 26 November 2008) was a military prosecutor in postwar communist Poland with the rank of lieutenant-colonel (podpułkownik), involved in Stalinist regime show trials of the 1950s. She has been implicated in the arrest and execution of many Polish World War II resistance fighters including key figures in Poland’s wartime Home Army. \n", "Post-communist Poland sought the extradition of Wolińska-Brus from the United Kingdom on three separate occasions between . The official charges against her were initiated by the Institute of National Remembrance, which investigates both Nazi and Communist crimes committed in Poland between the years 1939 and 1989. Wolińska-Brus was accused of being an \"accessory to a court murder\". \n", "Section::::Biography.\n", "Wolińska-Brus was born to a Jewish family in Warsaw, where she later married Włodzimierz Brus (born Beniamin Zylberberg). They became separated during the German occupation of Poland after Wolińska-Brus escaped from the Warsaw Ghetto. She joined the communist People's Guard and became the mistress of its commander, Franciszek Jóźwiak, whom she married in 1942, thinking that her first husband was dead. However, she met Brus again in 1944 and they eventually remarried in 1956, after she had separated from Jóźwiak, now a deputy minister of the Stalinist Secret Police (1945–1949) and a member of the Politburo of the governing communist Polish United Workers' Party (until 1968). She was dismissed from her job as prosecutor during the Polish October of 1956.\n", "Wolińska-Brus and her first husband left Poland in 1971, after the 1968 Polish political crisis and they spent the rest of their lives in the United Kingdom. Wlodzimierz Brus became a professor of economics at the University of Oxford and died in 2007. Wolińska-Brus lived in Oxford until her death, having previously acquired UK citizenship.\n", "Section::::Judicial murder.\n", "Wolińska-Brus was accused of being an \"accessory to a court murder\", which is classified as a Stalinist crime and a crime of genocide, and is punishable by up to ten years in prison. She was also accused of organising the unlawful arrest, investigation and trial of Poland's wartime general Emil August Fieldorf, a commander of the underground Polish Home Army during World War II. Fieldorf was executed on 24 February 1953, following a show-trial, and buried in a secret location – his family was never shown the body. A 1956 report commissioned during Poland's period of de-Stalinization concluded that Wolińska-Brus had violated the rule of law by her involvement in biased investigations and had also staged questionable trials that frequently resulted in executions.\n", "Section::::Extradition requests.\n", "The first of three applications for Wolińska-Brus' extradition to Poland was made in 1999, initiated by an investigation carried out by the Institute of National Remembrance. A second application was submitted in 2001. The Polish indictments were based the claim that Wolińska-Brus had fabricated evidence which led to the execution of general Emil Fieldorf and the wrongful arrest and imprisonment of 24 other anti-Nazi resistance fighters. Both requests were refused by the Home Office; in particular, because of her advanced age and the long period of time that had elapsed since the alleged crimes occurred (the Polish authorities considered the latter reason to be unfair, given that any proper investigation of her alleged crimes became possible only after the fall of communism in Poland in 1989).\n", "In an interview with \"The Guardian\", Wolińska-Brus said she would not return to \"the country of Auschwitz and Birkenau\", claiming that she would not receive a fair trial in Poland. She also claimed that her accusers were motivated by anti-Semitism. The interview contained a quote from Fieldorf's daughter, Maria, accusing Wolińska-Brus of having been \"one of those careerists who are the pillars of any dictatorship.\"\n", "Accusations of anti-Semitism were rebutted by, among others, Władysław Bartoszewski, Polish Foreign Affairs Minister (1995, 2000–2001), soldier of the underground Polish Home Army, Auschwitz survivor, a Righteous Among the Nations and an honorary citizen of Israel, who had also been prosecuted by Wolińska-Brus: \"On my indictment affidavit, in red pencil, is the signature of Helena Wolińska. Affirming the accusations against me, she knew that I was co-founder of the Polish Council to Aid Jews. I am a living example of the fact that the statements made by Wolińska and certain people around her about anti-Semitism are nonsense.\" \n", "The Polish media and government also criticised the inefficiency of the international extradition process.\n", "In 2004, Poland joined the European Union, which made possible a third attempt to extradite Wolińska-Brus. In January 2006 her prosecutorial pension was revoked and later that year Polish president Lech Kaczyński also revoked the Polonia Restituta decoration that she was awarded by the Polish communist authorities in 1954. In 2007 the Institute of National Remembrance asked Polish prosecutors to issue a European Arrest Warrant (EAW) against Wolińska-Brus, which was duly issued on 20 November 2007. Helena Wolińska-Brus died on 26 November 2008 in Oxford. Although the funeral was scheduled for 5 December 2008, she was buried on 3 December in a closed ceremony, at Wolvercote Cemetery, Oxford, with only a few family members attending.\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- Stefan Michnik\n", "BULLET::::- Maria Gurowska\n", "BULLET::::- Ministry of Public Security (Poland)\n", "Section::::Further reading.\n", "BULLET::::- – a brief review of the case brought against Wolińska-Brus\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Léopold Davout d'Auerstaedt\n", "Léopold Davout d'Auerstaedt, 3rd Duc d'Auerstaedt (August 9, 1829 – February 9, 1904) was a French General of the Second Empire and restored to the extinct title as 3rd Duc d'Auerstaedt, a title originally held by his uncle Louis Nicolas Davout. The title was resurrected by an Imperial edict of Napoleon III in 1864. He was the son of Charles Isidor Davout (1774-1854) and wife (married in 1824) Claire de Chevery (1804-1895).\n", "Davout was born to a Burgundian noble family and served in the French Army from 1849 until 1877. He took part in Napoleon III's disastrous Franco-Prussian War.\n", "He married on June 16, 1858 Jeanne Alice de Voize, by whom he had issue, three daughters and a son: \n", "BULLET::::- Napoléonie Jeanne Aimée Marguerite (Lyon, December 14, 1869-Paris, March 25, 1952), married in Paris, June 26, 1890 Vicomte Marie Alexandre François Daru (Paris, July 25, 1852-Pau, October 31, 1921)\n", "BULLET::::- Marie-Mathilde (Motel, September 10, 1871-Bizy, May 31, 1955), married in Paris, June 27, 1895 Joseph Gaspard Comte de Berthier-Bizy (Bizy, July 14, 1866-Versailles, July 26, 1910)\n", "BULLET::::- Claire Marie Marguerite (Versailles, August 28, 1873-Chevreuse, September 16, 1967), unmarried and without issue\n", "BULLET::::- \"Louis\" Nicolas Marie Bernard, 4th Duc d'Auerstedt (Clermont-Ferrand, March 24, 1877-Saint-Gaudens, March 1, 1958), married in Paris, February 20, 1902 Hélène Eugénie Françoise Marie Etignard de la Faulotte (Paris, September 10, 1880-Bellozanne, January 24, 1946), and had issue, fourteen children\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Biography (French)\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Rusty Torres\n", "Rosendo \"Rusty\" Torres Hernández (born September 30, 1948, in Aguadilla, Puerto Rico) is a former professional baseball outfielder. He played all or part of nine season in Major League Baseball for five different teams. In an odd coincidence, Torres happened to be in the ballpark when forfeits were called in three different games in the 1970s.\n", "Section::::Early life.\n", "The Puerto-Rican born Torres came to live in New York City early in life, attending from NY Vocational High School in Jamaica, Queens. He was drafted by the New York Yankees in the 54th round of the 1966 Major League Baseball Draft.\n", "Section::::Professional career.\n", "Section::::Professional career.:Early minor league career.\n", "Torres did not make his professional debut until the following season, starting out 1967 with the rookie league Johnson City Yankees. In all, Torres played for four different teams in the Yankees organization in 1967: Johnson City, the Oneonta Yankees, the Fort Lauderdale Yankees, and the Greensboro Yankees. He batted a combined .247 in 75 games.\n", "In 1968, Torres returned to Fort Lauderdale, where he batted just .229 in 126 games. He spent his third season at class-A with the Kinston Eagles in 1969, batting .270 with 13 home runs. This performance earned Torres a promotion to Double-A.\n", "Playing for the Manchester Yankees, he missed a good chunk of the 1970 season due to injury, appearing in just 41 games and batting .244. Still, Torres was promoted to Triple-A in 1971. Playing for the Syracuse Chiefs, Torres batted .290 with 19 home runs in 133 games, earning himself a call-up to the Yankees in September.\n", "Section::::Professional career.:New York Yankees.\n", "Torres made his major league debut as a 22-year-old rookie with the New York Yankees on September 20, 1971, singling in four trips against Baltimore. That same day, the Washington Senators announced they would move to Dallas/Fort Worth for the 1972 season. After a 4-for-5 day (with his first major league home run) against Detroit on September 26, the Yankees started Torres in right field for its final three games of the season in Washington – the last three games the Senators would ever play there. (The relocated Texas Rangers would finally return to the nation's capital for an interleague series in 2008.)\n", "Section::::Professional career.:New York Yankees.:Forfeit #1: Senators' last game in Washington.\n", "On the season's final day, September 30 (Torres' 23rd birthday), the Senators were leading 7–5 with two outs in the top of the ninth when Yankee Horace Clarke stepped to the plate; if he got on, Torres (who already had two hits including a homer) would have been next to bat. Suddenly, outraged Senators fans stormed the field, causing the game to be forfeited to New York. In a 2007 interview, Torres gave his view of the situation: \"Bobby Murcer hits a ground ball. He gets thrown out at first. They thought it was three outs. It was only two outs. And they rushed us! They rushed the field. They took dirt. People were taking dirt, taking the bases. They were tearing up the seats. It was unbelievable. That was a real scary experience. Thankfully, none of us got hurt.\"\n", "Section::::Professional career.:New York Yankees.:1972.\n", "Torres finished 1971 with a .385 batting average, with 10 hits in 26 at bats. The following season, Torres made the Yankees out of spring training, appearing on Opening Day as a pinch hitter. However, Torres hit just .211 in 199 at bats in 1972, earning himself a demotion back to Syracuse in late July. After the season, he was dealt to the Cleveland Indians in a six-player deal that brought third baseman Graig Nettles to New York.\n", "Section::::Professional career.:Cleveland Indians.\n", "Torres was the Indians' Opening Day right fielder and leadoff hitter in 1973. He started 51 games in right field for the Indians that season, more than any other player. Overall, he appeared in 121 games in his first full major league season, but hit just .205. Still, his defensive skills were enough for him to claim a regular spot in the lineup of the lowly Indians.\n", "They were not, however, enough for him to keep that spot in . John Lowenstein moved into the lineup as the everyday left fielder, with Charlie Spikes moving into Torres' position in right field. With Leron Lee also joining the team, Torres became the Indians' fifth outfielder.\n", "Section::::Professional career.:Cleveland Indians.:Forfeit #2: Ten Cent Beer Night.\n", "On June 4, the Indians decided to hold a promotion to attract fans to the park in a game against Texas: the now-infamous Ten Cent Beer Night. Torres did not start the game, but was inserted as a pinch hitter in the ninth inning, delivering a single. Two batters later, John Lowenstein hit a sacrifice fly, tying the game at 5–5, and putting Torres in scoring position (on second base) with the chance to score the game-winning run for Cleveland. But with a crowd that had been consuming as much alcohol as they could for nine innings, the situation finally boiled over. After Texas outfielder Jeff Burroughs violently reacted to a fan stealing his glove, hundreds of fans poured into the outfield, many of them throwing whatever they could lay their hands on, even several chairs. As a result, umpire crew chief Nestor Chylak forfeited the contest to the Rangers—the same franchise, of course, as the old Senators.\n", "Section::::Professional career.:Cleveland Indians.:September trade.\n", "Torres hit a miserable .187 in 1974, starting just 27 games, mostly in center field. On September 12, he was traded to the California Angels in a deal that brought Frank Robinson to Cleveland. However, he did not play for the Angels during the remainder of the season.\n", "Section::::Professional career.:California Angels.\n", "Torres spent the entire 1975 season in the minors. Playing for the Salt Lake City Gulls, Torres batted a minor league career best .306 in 107 games. During the following offseason, the Angels traded their starting center fielder, Mickey Rivers, to the Yankees. In return, they received right fielder Bobby Bonds. This sent their 1975 starting right fielder, Leroy Stanton, to the bench, opening up a spot for Torres.\n", "Torres was the Angels' Opening Day center fielder that year. Overall, he appeared in 120 games for the 1976 Angels, 104 of them in center field. He had one of his best seasons at the plate in 1976—he had just a .205 batting average, but with several walks and decent power to make him a near-league-average offensive player (98 OPS+) that year.\n", "Once again, however, Torres could not hold onto a starting job. The Angels gave the center field job to Gil Flores in 1977. Combined with other acquisitions, Torres wound up buried deep on the bench. Despite spending the entire season in the majors, Torres totaled just 77 at bats with an anemic .156 batting average. He became a free agent at the end of the year.\n", "Section::::Professional career.:Chicago White Sox.\n", "After spending most of the winter without a team, Torres was signed on March 1 by the Texas Rangers. Torres started 1978 back in the minor leagues for the first time in three years, playing for the Tucson Toros. He got off to a hot start, batting .346 with 7 home runs in just 30 games. On May 16, Rusty was traded again to the Chicago White Sox along with Claudell Washington for, coincidentally, Bobby Bonds. After spending a few months with the minor league Iowa Oaks, Torres earned another shot at the majors in September. In 16 games down the stretch, Torres managed to hit at a .316 clip in 44 at bats.\n", "Torres made the White Sox Opening Day roster in 1979. He was batting .286 for the 1979 season by the morning of July 12; that night, Torres would start in right field in the first game of a doubleheader against the Detroit Tigers.\n", "Section::::Professional career.:Chicago White Sox.:Forfeit #3: Disco Demolition Night.\n", "Unfortunately, that night the White Sox decided to stage a promotion: Disco Demolition Night. This time, at least, Rusty wasn't on the field when the madness started; the first game had ended and Torres (who had singled and scored the Sox' only run in the 4–1 loss) was in the locker room when disc jockey Steve Dahl \"blew up\" a box of disco records, causing thousands of fans to run onto the field, which was eventually cleared by police in riot gear. Tigers manager Sparky Anderson refused to field his team citing safety concerns, which resulted in the forfeiture by the White Sox to the Tigers.\n", "Section::::Professional career.:Remaining career.\n", "Torres finished the 1979 season with a .253 average and a career-high eight home runs. He became a free agent again at the end of the season, re-signing with the White Sox before spring training. However, he did not make the club, and was released on April 1. A month later, on May 5, he was signed by the Kansas City Royals. He played eight games for the Omaha Royals to get in shape, then was promoted to the majors. In 51 games for the Royals, however, Torres batted just .167 without an extra base hit, and was released on August 29.\n", "The following January, Torres signed with the Pittsburgh Pirates. He spent the entire 1981 season with their top farm club, the Portland Beavers, batting .257 with 21 home runs. However, it was not enough to get him back to the majors, and after the season he called it a career at age 33.\n", "Section::::Later life and sexual abuse charges.\n", "An excellent stickball player as a kid growing up in the Bronx, Torres was inducted into the \"Stickball Hall Of Fame\" in 2002. Torres was awarded with the Hispanic Heritage Baseball Museum Hall of Fame Pioneer Award in New York on June 8, 2007.\n", "Torres later founded \"Winning Beyond Winning\", a group that helps prepare young athletes for a life beyond sports. \"We help teach the kids how to excel in sports, but just as importantly, we tell them to make sure they get a well-rounded education.\"\n", "In 2012, Torres was arrested and charged with sexually abusing some of the young players he was coaching, including an 8-year-old girl. In July 2014, he was convicted of five counts of first-degree sexual abuse, and acquitted of sexually abusing another girl. Torres was sentenced to three years in prison in December 2014.\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Tom Fazio\n", "Thomas Fazio, ASGCA (born February 10, 1945) is a golf course architect.\n", "Fazio graduated in 1962 from Lansdale Catholic High School and was inducted into its \"Hall of Fame\" in 2007. He began his career in golf course design with his family's firm in suburban Philadelphia, which he left in the 1960s; he established his own firm in Jupiter, Florida in 1972. He is the nephew of George Fazio, who often credited Tom with jump-starting his own career in golf course architecture.\n", "Fazio has designed more than 120 courses and has more courses ranked among the top 100 in the U.S. than anyone else in the business. His individual honors include Best Modern Day Golf Course Architect, which he received from Golf Digest Magazine three times. In 1995, Fazio became only the second course architect to receive the highest recognition awarded by the Golf Course Superintendents Association of America - The Old Tom Morris Award.\n", "Section::::Golf Courses Portfolio.\n", "BULLET::::- River Oaks Country Club, Houston, Texas\n", "BULLET::::- Pronghorn Resort-Fazio Course, Bend, Oregon\n", "BULLET::::- Wade Hampton Golf Club, Cashiers, North Carolina\n", "BULLET::::- Hallbrook Country Club, Leawood, Kansas\n", "BULLET::::- Lake Nona Golf & Country Club, Orlando, Florida\n", "BULLET::::- The Estancia Club\n", "BULLET::::- The Golf Club of Oklahoma, Broken Arrow, Oklahoma\n", "BULLET::::- Karsten Creek, Stillwater, Oklahoma\n", "BULLET::::- Golden Eagle Country Club, Tallahassee, Florida\n", "BULLET::::- Pinehurst No. 4\n", "BULLET::::- Pinehurst No. 8\n", "BULLET::::- Old Overton\n", "BULLET::::- Querencia\n", "BULLET::::- Hudson National Golf Club\n", "BULLET::::- Ventana Canyon- Mountain Course\n", "BULLET::::- Ventana Canyon- Canyon Course\n", "BULLET::::- Sand Ridge Golf Club\n", "BULLET::::- Shadow Creek Golf Course, Las Vegas, Nevada\n", "BULLET::::- Victoria National Golf Club, Newburgh, Indiana\n", "BULLET::::- Squire Creek Country Club\n", "BULLET::::- Primm Valley Golf Club, Nipton, California\n", "BULLET::::- The National Golf Club of Canada, Woodbridge, Ontario\n", "BULLET::::- Martis Camp, Truckee, California\n", "BULLET::::- Caves Valley Golf Club, Owings Mills, Maryland\n", "BULLET::::- Conway Farms Golf Club\n", "BULLET::::- Firestone Country Club West Course, Akron, Ohio\n", "BULLET::::- Town of Oyster Bay Golf Course, Woodbury, New York\n", "BULLET::::- The Golf Club of Tennessee, Kingston Springs, Tennessee\n", "BULLET::::- Belterra Golf Course, Vevay, Indiana\n", "BULLET::::- Maroon Creek, Aspen, Colorado\n", "BULLET::::- Quail Hollow Club, Charlotte, North Carolina\n", "BULLET::::- Vaquero Club Golf Course, Westlake, TX\n", "BULLET::::- Rams Hill Golf Club, Borrego Springs, California\n", "BULLET::::- Pelican Hill Newport Beach California\n", "BULLET::::- Oak Creek Irvine California\n", "BULLET::::- The Vintage Country Club, Indian Wells, California\n", "BULLET::::- Barefoot Resort - Fazio course, North Myrtle Beach, South Carolina\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- ASGCA Architect's Gallery - Tom Fazio entry\n", "BULLET::::- Tom Fazio Interview with Brett Cohen on World Talk LIVE!\n", "BULLET::::- Jonathan's Landing - Jupiter, Florida Community With Course Designed By Tom Fazio\n", "BULLET::::- American Society of Golf Course Architects profile\n" ] }

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{ "end": [ 49, 165, 208, 222, 251, 454, 724, 35, 66, 21, 805, 134, 86, 196, 218, 105, 83, 105 ], "href": [ "Kiowa", "Old%20Chief%20Lone%20Wolf", "skirmish", "teamster", "Howard%20Wells%2C%20New%20Mexico", "Counting%20coup", "Lone%20Wolf%20v.%20Hitchcock", "Audlekoety", "Paugei-to", "Jerome%20Commission", "David%20Jerome", "Fort%20Hall%20Agreement", "Carlisle%20Boarding%20School", "William%20McKendree%20Springer", "William%20McKinley", "Indian%20Rights%20Association", "http%3A//www.utulsa.edu/law/classes/rice/ussct_cases/Lone_Wolf_v_Hitchcock_187_553.htm", "http%3A//caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/scripts/getcase.pl%3Fcourt%3DUS%26amp%3Bvol%3D187%26amp%3Binvol%3D553" ], "paragraph_id": [ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 5, 5, 10, 12, 12, 19, 22, 31, 31 ], "start": [ 44, 146, 200, 214, 227, 432, 702, 25, 57, 4, 793, 115, 62, 170, 210, 80, 12, 100 ], "text": [ "Kiowa", "Old Chief Lone Wolf", "skirmish", "teamster", "Howard Wells, New Mexico", "counted his first coup", "Lone Wolf v. Hitchcock", "Audlekoety", "Paugei-to", "Jerome Commission", "David Jerome", "Fort Hall Agreement", "Carlisle Boarding School", "William McKendree Springer", "McKinley", "Indian Rights Association", "Lone Wolf v. Hitchcock, 187 U.S. 553, 23 S.Ct. 216, 47 L.Ed. 299 (1903)", "ruled" ], "wikipedia_id": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ], "wikipedia_title": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ] }

{ "paragraph": [ "Lone Wolf the Younger\n", "Lone Wolf the Younger (ca. 1843-1923) was a Kiowa. Lone Wolf the Younger was a warrior named Mamay-day-te. In 1872, Mamay-day-te saved the son of Old Chief Lone Wolf, Gui-pah-gah, the Elder, during a skirmish with teamsters at Howard Wells, New Mexico. Two years later, the son of the Old Chief Lone Wolf, Gui-pah-gah, the Elder and his nephew were killed by American Troops. Mamay-day-te was among the raid avenging the deaths and counted his first coup during the attack. Old Chief Lone Wolf, Gui-pah-gah, the Elder gave his name to Mamay-day-te. Lone Wolf the Younger led the Kiowa resistance to United States governmental influence on the reservation, which culminated up to the Supreme Court case Lone Wolf v. Hitchcock.\n", "Lone Wolf was the son of Audlekoety (Big Black Hair) and Paugei-to (Pursuing Them Along A River). He was a full brother to Saudlekongeah (Black Turtle), Bolekonegeah (Black Goose) aka. Chaddlekaungy-ky, Hovekah (Jack Wolf) and Tanequoot (Spottedbird). They comprised a large and influential Kiowa family from the western part of the KCA Reservation.\n", "Lone Wolf the Younger lived along with his Kiowa followers in the northern part of the reservation near Mount Scott and the Elk and Rainy Mountain creeks. The Indian Agents for the reservation called Lone Wolf and his followers \"The Implacables\" due to their strong opposition to governmental policies. They opposed the government at every turn and fought to keep their children out of government run schools and they resisted being turned into farmers and Christians. Lone Wolf and his group particularly opposed the General Allotment Act or the Dawes Act which was enacted in 1887.\n", "Section::::The Jerome Commission.\n", "The Jerome Commission was one of fifteen commissions working throughout Indian Country to allot Indian lands and to open up the last part of the United States to white settlers. The Jerome Commission came to the Kiowa, Comanche, Plains Apache's (commonly referred to as the KCA) Reservation in 1892 to gain Indian approval to change the Medicine Lodge Treaty assurances and Indian consent to the opening of the reserve to white settlers. The Indians of the KCA reserve unanimously opposed allotment as well as any further railroad rights of way through their lands; they wanted their lands to be left as they were. The commission worked to convince the KCA tribes that they only needed 500,000 acres of land to sustain their needs and the other 2.6 million acres should be opened up for sale. David Jerome assured them that living on the new allotments would not be any different than their current life on the reservation. Lone Wolf attended the first two days of meetings to hear what the commissioners had to say and responded for the Kiowas on September 28. Lone Wolf explained that the tribes were working to change the way they had lived their lives and had made progress. Lone Wolf emphasized that if forced to take allotments it would be detrimental to the Kiowa, Comanche, and Apache tribes and that the tribes had decided they did not want to allot the lands currently in their possession on the reservation. They did not want to divert from the Medicine Lodge Treaty's terms and accept allotment.\n", "After much debating on both sides the Jerome Commissioners left for Washington, D.C. confident they had obtained the necessary signatures of three-fourths of the adult male Kiowa, Comanche, and Apache residents of the reservation as agreed upon in the 1867 Medicine Lodge Treaty.\n", "Lone Wolf and the members of the KCA tribes believed the signatures needed had not been met and that many of the signatures obtained were falsified.\n", "Section::::Preceding the Lone Wolf Court Case.\n", "With the assistance of the Indian Rights Association, Lone Wolf and the Kiowa people lobbied against the ratification of the Jerome Agreement by Congress. The basis for the Indian Rights Associations support was that they felt the Agreement was wrongly imposed upon the Indians, it had false signatures, and in effect the lands were being taken without compensation and the size of the allotments offered to the Indians was not adequate to support them. \n", "Despite the various protests, in 1900 Congress added the substantially amended Jerome document as Section 6 to the Fort Hall Agreement of June 6 and passed the legislation allotting the Kiowa, Comanche, and Apache reserve and opened the reservation's surplus lands to white settlers. Under the terms of the Act of June 6, 1900, the United States took over title to over 2.9 million acres of the KCA Reservation.\n", "Section::::The Lone Wolf Case in the Lower Courts.\n", "Lone Wolf and his nephew Delos Knowles Lone Wolf, educated at Carlisle Boarding School who was a farmer and government interpreter on the KCA Reservation, hired attorney William McKendree Springer to handle the litigation. On July 22, 1901 Lone Wolf pursued a temporary restraining order and a permanent injunction stopping the cession and the opening of the surplus lands of the Kiowa, Comanche, Apache Reservation. Springer was accompanied by Hays McMeehan, William C. Reeves, and Charles Porter Johnson. Lone Wolf was joined by Eschiti, White Buffalo, Ko-koy-taudle, Mar-mo-car-wer, Nar-wats, Too-wi-car-ne, William Tivis, and Delos K. Lone Wolf as plaintiffs. On August 17, 1901 Canadian Judge Clinton F. Irwin refused to issue the temporary restraining order requested by Lone Wolf and the other plaintiffs.\n", "Section::::The Case in the Supreme Court for the District of Columbia.\n", "Lone Wolf appealed to the Supreme Court for the District of Columbia and argued that the Jerome Agreement deprived them of their lands without due process of law. Springer for Lone Wolf and the aforementioned plaintiffs argued four points in regards to the Jerome Agreement \n", "1.) The Kiowa, Comanche, and Apache Indians were fraudulently induced to sign the Jerome Agreement and those that did sign did not fully understand its provisions vastly due to the fact that, like Lone Wolf, most of the Indians did not speak English and relied on interpreters. 2.) The Jerome Agreement was not signed by three-fourths of the adult male members of the tribes as required by the Medicine Lodge Treaty. Lone Wolf alleged that the total number of Indian males exceeded the number claimed by the Indian Agent and that the census of 1900 showed there were 639 adult male members of the KCA tribes on the reservation. Thus the Jerome Agreement was twenty-three signatures short of the required amount. 3.) The KCA's had protested the agreement from the beginning. 4.) The version that was ratified by Congress had been significantly altered and amended and the changes made had not been submitted to the KCA for their approval. Springer argued for Lone Wolf that Congress should not be able to unilaterally alter the provisions of the agreement without the Indians' consent and thus the Act should be rejected. \n", "Hitchcock responded by arguing that Lone Wolf and the others had taken allotments for themselves and the KCA had been compensated for the ceded lands and by taking the allotments and accepting money for the lands they had accepted the Jerome Agreement.\n", "On June 21, 1901 Justice A. C. Bradley denied the KCA's application for a temporary injunction. Justice Bradley stated that Indian tribes are not independent nations but they are dependent wards of the United States in a state of pupilage, subject to the control of Congress.\n", "Section::::The Case in the Court of Appeals of the District of Columbia.\n", "Springer appealed the District of Columbia Supreme Court's dismissal of the bill to the Court of Appeals of the District of Columbia. While the Lone Wolf's appeal was pending in the Court of Appeals, President McKinley issued a proclamation ordering the surplus lands of the KCA Indian reservation be opened on August 6, 1901 for white settlement through a lottery.\n", "On December 4, 1901, Chief Justice Alvey of the D.C. Court of Appeals affirmed the decision of the lower court. Justice Alvey stated, in regards to the conflict between the 1867 Medicine Lodge Treaty and an act of Congress, that the Treaty has to yield to the act of Congress.\n", "Section::::The Case in the Supreme Court.\n", "William Springer was now aided by attorney Hampton Carson, whom was paid by the Indian Rights Association to assist Springer with the case in the Supreme Court. Springer and Hampton argued several points in the case. Up until this point, the United States had not taken Indian property without consent, the United States had always treated the right of occupancy the Indians possessed as sacred, the Canons of Construction must be followed in Indian law and the Court cannot interpret treaties in a way that prejudices the Indians, and due to treaties being the laws of the land and since the Medicine Lodge Treaty had created vested property rights in the KCA reservation lands, those lands were protected by the Constitution. \n", "Assistant Attorney General Willis Van Devanter argued on behalf of the United States and characterized the tribes as wards of the State. Justice Edward Douglass White, who wrote for the court on January 5, 1903, agreed. Due to the fact that Indians were seen as dependent nations and wards of the United States Congress had the right to abrogate a treaty with Indians if the provisions of the treaty went against the best interests of the United States. Justice White also relied on the last-in-time rule where a congressional statute that is the latest enactment may supersede a prior treaty and was the reason the 1867 Medicine Lodge Treaty could be abrogated. Justice White noted that the Court held that the appeal could not be decided in the courts of the United States but had to be made to Congress.\n", "Section::::The Allotment of the KCA Reservation.\n", "By July 24, 1901 there were over 150,000 people who had registered for the lottery of the 11,638 homestead allotments. By 1906, 480,000 acres of land on the reservation that had been set aside for the common use of the KCA for grazing was opened up for white settlement. The preallotment total of 2.9 million acres was reduced to approximately 3000 acres by the end of the allotment era.\n", "Section::::Lone Wolf after the Case.\n", "Following the loss in court, Lone Wolf returned to the KCA reservation where he was still looked to for leadership by his fellow tribe members and he lived with his family on his allotment until his death in 1923.\n", "Section::::The Settlement.\n", "In the 1920s, after the loss of Lone Wolf's case in the Supreme Court, the Kiowa Indians went to Congress seeking legislation to help them. In 1955, the Indian Claims Commission awarded the Kiowa, Comanche and Apache tribes over 2 million dollars in additional compensation for the land allotted in the Act of 1900.\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Lone Wolf v. Hitchcock, 187 U.S. 553, 23 S.Ct. 216, 47 L.Ed. 299 (1903) at Findlaw.com; ruled\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "Lone Wolf the Younger" ] }, "description": "Kiowa chief (1843-1923)", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q6671506", "wikidata_label": "Lone Wolf", "wikipedia_title": "Lone Wolf the Younger" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Marcel Martí\n", "Marcel Martí (1925–2010) was an Argentine-born sculptor of Catalan descent. \n", "Section::::Life and work.\n", "At the age of three, he returned with his parents to Spain, where the family became established in Barcelona. His father was imprisoned during the Spanish Civil War for activities related to his membership in \"Acció Catòlica\". Martí began to draw by the age of 17, and became interested in sculpture in 1946. \n", "In 1948 he had his first exhibition in Barcelona. By 1953, he devoted himself almost entirely to sculpture. His works have been displayed at exhibitions and museums throughout the Americas, as well as in Spain. \n", "Following a figurative period, most of his work after 1958 tended to the abstract. Martí died at the age of 85 on August 11, 2010 in Catalonia.\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Review of an installation in Barcelona\n", "BULLET::::- Biography of Marcel Martí\n", "BULLET::::- Review of an installation in Madrid\n", "BULLET::::- Biography from \"Galeria Barcelona\"\n", "BULLET::::- Review of a sculpture in Santa Cruz de Tenerife\n", "BULLET::::- Notice of death in \"El Punt\"\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Stanisław Mokronowski\n", "Stanisław Mokronowski (1761, in Bogucin – 1821, in Warsaw) was a prominent member of the Polish landed gentry of Bogoria coat of arms. A general of the Polish Army and a royal Chamberlain, Mokronowski took part in both the Polish–Russian War of 1792 (War in the Defence of the Constitution) and Kościuszko's Uprising of 1794.\n", "Stanisław Mokronowski was born in 1761 to Ludwik Mokronowski and Józefa née Czosnowska. Educated by Jesuits, he later studied at the Szkoła Rycerska (Knight's School, also known as the Cadet Corps) in Warsaw, and later in Paris. He entered the military service in Poland, but for a few years he served in the French military. He returned to Poland in 1788, and on the sejmik at Wyszogród land he was elected the deputy to the national Sejm (parliament), thus becoming a member of the famous Great Sejm. He became allied to the Poniatowski family.\n", "In 1792, during the War in the Defence of the Constitution he held the rank of vicebrigadier (\"wicebrygadier\"), and after distinguishing himself at the battle of Zieleńce was promoted to the rank of Lieutenant General. In 1793, he married Maria Marianna Sanguszko-Kowelska.\n", "In 1794, he was the commander of Polish troops in Warsaw, and took part in the Warsaw Uprising against the Russian garrison occupying the city. The Russians were defeated in two days, and retreated from the city with very heavy losses. During the insurrection he held the position of commander of the city of Warsaw and the National Forces of the Masovian Duchy (\"komendant miasta Warszawy i Siły Zbrojnej Księstwa Mazowieckiego\"). He was elected to the Provisional Temporary Council (Polish: Rada Zastępcza Tymczasowa), but due to his criticism of Tadeusz Kościuszko he was removed from the political body. As a military commander, he was important in the defense of Warsaw (commander of the defense at the battle of Błonie), and in Lithuania, where he led the retreating Polish forces towards Warsaw. Together with prince Józef Poniatowski, Michał Wielhorski and Eustachy Sanguszko, he formed the core of the \"court\" faction among the insurrectionists.\n", "After the defeat of the Uprising, he retired to Italy. In 1804 his daughter, Antonina Mokronowski, was born. He returned to Poland shortly before his death. He was engaged in the construction of the monument of Józef Poniatowski in Warsaw.\n", "In 1792, he became the fourth person to receive the Virtuti Militari order (the highest Polish military decoration), after prince Józef Poniatowski, Tadeusz Kościuszko and Michał Wielhorski.\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- Andrzej Mokronowski\n", "Section::::References.\n", "BULLET::::- Jozef Poniatowski, biography, mentions several facts about Stanisław Morkonowski\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "Polish noble and general", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q605848", "wikidata_label": "Stanisław Mokronowski", "wikipedia_title": "Stanisław Mokronowski" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Clarence Chamberlin\n", "Clarence Duncan Chamberlin (November 11, 1893 – October 31, 1976) was an American pioneer of aviation, being the second man to pilot a fixed-wing aircraft across the Atlantic Ocean, from New York to the European mainland, while carrying the first transatlantic passenger.\n", "Section::::Early years.\n", "Clarence Duncan Chamberlin was born on November 11, 1893, in the small town of Denison, Iowa, to Elzie Clarence and Jessie Duncan Chamberlin. Elzie, or \"EC\" as he was known around Denison, was the local jeweler and the owner of the first automobile in Denison. This automobile was notorious throughout Crawford County for the racket it emitted while in operation. Indeed, maintenance of the vehicle was a near constant endeavor; however, it was in maintaining the family automobile that Chamberlin first developed an interest in all things mechanical. Additionally, he found great delight in using his mechanical skills to repair the clocks and watches that would be brought into his father's jewelry shop on an almost daily basis. It was also in Denison that Chamberlin would see his first airplane, an early pusher type plane, which had put on a show for a Firemen's Convention that had been held in Denison. From that moment, a desire grew within Chamberlin to one day take to the skies.\n", "Section::::Schooling.\n", "After completing his education in the Denison Public Schools system in 1912, he enrolled at the Denison Normal and Business College. While at Denison Normal and Business College, Chamberlin took college prep courses to help him in his pursuit of a degree in Electrical Engineering at Iowa State College in Ames, Iowa. During his time at the College, in addition to his classes and in order to pay for those classes, Chamberlin worked nights as a tender for the Ft. Dodge, Des Moines, and Southern Railroad Company in the railroad's electrical power sub-station in Ankeny, Iowa. In order to do this, Chamberlin found himself forced to live on trains, where he would study, eat, and sleep during travel between work and classes. However, in 1914, Chamberlin, as a college sophomore, left Denison Normal and Business College, to run a Harley-Davidson dealership in town.\n", "Section::::Before World War I.\n", "Under the control of Chamberlin, the Harley-Davidson dealership thrived. As the owner of the dealership, Chamberlin had the opportunity to utilize his mechanical knowledge to both repair and sell the motorcycles. In 1915, Chamberlin was offered a job by Charles W. Tabor, one of Denison's more prominent citizens, to serve as a chauffeur on a six-month trip through the southwest and to San Francisco for the World's Fair.\n", "It was on this six-month trip that Chamberlin would discover (and rediscover) two of his lifelong loves. In addition to meeting Wilda Bogert of Independence, Iowa, who would later become his wife; it was in San Francisco that Chamberlin would rediscover his passion for flying. It was in San Francisco that Chamberlin saw his second airplane, an early style flying boat that was carrying passengers at $25.00 per head. When he told Tabor of his intention to take a ride on the plane, Tabor replied \"You can risk your fool neck in one of those some other time, but right now I've got a lot more places on the coast that I want to visit, what's more, I don't intend looking around for another driver to get me back home.\" While the opportunity was lost, the passion was not.\n", "When he returned to Denison in 1916, he expanded the motorcycle business by adding a line of REO automobiles and Diamond tires to his dealership. In addition to hiring two more staff members, Chamberlin added a service station for cars, motorcycles, and tire repair. Tire repair, oddly enough, ended up being the most profitable aspect of the business.\n", "Section::::World War I.\n", "In 1917, Chamberlin decided to finally pursue his dream of flying. On Thanksgiving Day, he traveled to Omaha where he enlisted with the Army Signal Corps as an aviator. However, he was told that aviation was too crowded at that time, and he was encouraged to pursue a career as a military balloonist. Chamberlin declined; he didn't want to float, he wanted to fly. Returning to Denison, he waited for a position to open up at the military's flying school. His dream to become an aviator would finally come true on March 16, 1918, when he received orders to report to the School of Military Aeronautics at Champaign, Illinois, where the Aviation Ground School had been established at the University of Illinois.\n", "Following his time at the Ground School, he reported to Chanute Field, Illinois, where he continued his aviation education. Chamberlin's flying ability progressed rapidly under the tutelage of his military instructors and on July 15, 1918, Chamberlin received a commission as a 2nd Lieutenant in the Army Signal Corps. Soon after his promotion he became an instructor himself until November 1, 1918, when he received orders to proceed to Hoboken, New Jersey, where he would await his deployment overseas. When he arrived in Hoboken on November 11 he was greeted by the news that the Great War had ended.\n", "Section::::Return to Denison.\n", "On January 2, 1919, Chamberlin married his sweetheart, Wilda Bogert and then later that year on July 2, he was honorably discharged from military service. By the time of his discharge, he had come to the realization that aviation was something he wanted to do for the rest of his life. Acting upon this realization, he ordered a newly designed airplane by famed aviator Giuseppe Mario Bellanca for $4,000. However, this plane would not be completely constructed or delivered for another 14 months, so, upon the urging of his father, Chamberlin returned to Denison to help run the family jewelry store. However, Chamberlin soon grew tired of the jewelry business and expanded the store's inventory to include \"talking machines\" which he eventually found himself traveling around the county selling. For all intents and purposes, Chamberlin was content until one day he heard an airplane flying overhead. Upon running outside to catch a glimpse of the plane, he decided that his was not a life destined to run a jewelry store or to sell \"talking machines;\" he could no longer deny that flying was in his blood. That next spring Chamberlin closed his bank account and, along with his wife, moved back east to await the delivery of his long-awaited plane.\n", "Section::::Barnstorming.\n", "When the Bellanca Model CE airplane finally arrived, Chamberlin discovered that while it had a smaller engine than he had expected, it could fly faster, land slower, and even carry a passenger beside the pilot. It was with this plane that he hoped to make a living \"barnstorming\" across the country. \"Barnstorming\" involved flying over towns at low altitudes multiple times to catch the attention of the townsfolk. When the pilot finally landed, usually in an open field near the town, the townsfolk would oftentimes come out to see the pilot who would then give folks the opportunity to go up in his plane, for a price of course. Chamberlin, for straight and easy flying, charged $15 per ride, and for the more daring who wanted \"the works\" his price was $25.\n", "Eventually, his Bellanca did catch on fire; luckily, he had insurance on the plane and they gave him a standard biplane to replace his burned out Bellanca. To supplement his income from \"barnstorming\" and to help cover his many expenses, Chamberlin worked as a flight instructor, an air-mail pilot, and an aerial photographer. Additionally, he and a partner would buy surplus Army planes, restore them, and then sell them and split the profits. However, all of these sources of income proved barely enough to keep up with his and his wife's expenses. Yet, fortune would soon smile upon them in the form of aviation success.\n", "Section::::The endurance record and the Orteig Prize.\n", "During his years as a barnstormer, Chamberlin had earned a reputation across the country as a hot shot pilot due to his superb performances in several air races around the country. Even a rather spectacular incident in the 1925 New York International Air Races, where he had crashed his plane after striking some telephone wires, served only to enhance his credibility with the American public. Yet Chamberlin aspired to even greater heights of public fame; he wanted to win the Orteig Prize, a $25,000 reward offered by New York hotel owner Raymond Orteig to the first aviator(s) to fly non-stop from New York City to Paris. However, before he could attempt such a flight, he needed to show that he could stay up in the air long enough to cover the 3,530 miles from NYC to Paris. Chamberlin would do this by breaking the endurance record for flight, which at that time, was held by Drouhin and Landry of France who had stayed in the air for 45 hours, 11 minutes, and 59 seconds of continual flight.\n", "On Tuesday, April 12, 1927, Chamberlin, along with friend and fellow aviator Bert Acosta, took off from Roosevelt Field in New York at 9:30 a.m. Loaded with 375 gallons of fuel and other necessities, the Bellanca-Wright plane (which would later be renamed the \"Miss Columbia\") cruised back and forth over Long Island, New York. While the flight was marred with difficulties, including accidentally triggered gasoline cut-off valves and a lack of water for the pilots, it ultimately proved successful. On April 14, 51 hours, 11 minutes, and 25 seconds after takeoff, Chamberlin and Acosta finally landed having exceeded the Frenchmen's record by nearly 6 hours. \"The craft had flown approximately 4,100 miles, about 500 miles further than that needed for a New York to Paris flight and the $25,000 Raymond Orteig Prize.\" However, as Chamberlin so bluntly stated, \"Bert and I had won a record, but had not won the right to fly the Bellanca to Paris.\"\n", "Section::::\"Miss Columbia\".\n", "The \"Miss Columbia\" was the monoplane Wright-Bellanca WB-2 which Chamberlin would use to break the endurance record for flight in 1927 and later that same year make his famous trans-Atlantic flight. The plane was designed by Giuseppe Bellanca who had been commissioned by the Wright Aeronautical Corporation to produce a plane for their new J-5 \"Whirlwind\" engine. While the Wright-Bellanca, as it was referred to in its early days, appeared to be \"just another straightforward high-wing monoplane with clean if rather angular lines\" it, unlike others of its class, was able to lift a huge payload. This was due mainly to two features: \"a profiled fuselage and wide aerofoil-section wing struts, both [of which] contribut[ed] considerably to [the plane's] total lift.\n", "Following Chamberlin's successful endurance flight, the Wright-Bellanca was purchased by Charles A. Levine, the wealthy, millionaire salvage dealer and the president of the Columbia Aircraft Corporation. However, Charles Lindbergh himself tried to buy the plane after its performance during Chamberlin's endurance flight. Levine refused Lindbergh's offer. Soon after its purchase, the \"aeroplane was christened Miss Columbia by two little girls who performed the ceremony with ginger ale. Afterwards they were treated to a joy-ride by Clarence Chamberlin.\" However, the joy ride almost ended in tragedy when part of the undercarriage tore loose on take-off, but Chamberlin was able to safely and skillfully land the plane.\n", "The Miss Columbia holds the distinction of not only being the first plane to carry a trans-Atlantic passenger, but it also holds the distinction of being the first plane to make the trans-Atlantic crossing twice. Three years after its record breaking flight with Chamberlin, the newly renamed \"Maple Leaf\", flown by Canadian Captain J. Errol Boyd and U.S. Naval Air Service Lieutenant Harry P. Connor, flew from Harbour Grace, Newfoundland, to Pentle Bay, Tresco, in the Isles of Scilly.\n", "After many years of superior service, the \"Miss Columbia\", one of the most significant aircraft in aviation history, was retired to Bellanca Field in New Castle, Delaware, in 1934. That very same year it was scheduled for a well-deserved place in the Smithsonian. However, on January 25, 1934, the day before the transfer was to take place, a fire leveled the storage barn where the \"Miss Columbia\", along with six other aircraft, was being stored. An unfortunate end for a plane that accomplished so much during its years of service.\n", "Section::::Transatlantic flight.\n", "Chamberlin and Acosta's successful endurance flight convinced Levine that an attempt at a crossing of the Atlantic was feasible and that the Orteig Prize was within reach. In Chamberlin and Acosta, Levine had a superb flying team; however, in a move that surprised many, Levine replaced Acosta with Lloyd W. Bertaud, an acclaimed pilot of the east, as the navigator. However, near constant arguments over the choice of crew, the route to be followed, and whether wireless equipment should be installed plagued preparations for the Trans-Atlantic flight. Yet, it still appeared that Chamberlin and Bertaud would beat Charles Lindbergh as the first people to successfully cross the Atlantic.\n", "However, the Orteig Prize was not to be theirs. \"In a move never explained, Levine dumped Bertaud, giving up his chance for history as a result. Bertaud was so upset he obtained a temporary restraining order preventing the Columbia from lifting off without him.\" Indeed, the court injunction against Levine and the \"Miss Columbia\" allowed Charles Lindbergh and his \"Spirit of St. Louis\" to take off for his Trans-Atlantic flight before Chamberlin. On May 19, Lindbergh even met with Chamberlin who gave him his weather charts for the Atlantic Ocean and on May 20, Lindbergh took off for Paris and his date with destiny. Chamberlin, on the other hand, was still grounded by the court injunction and bad weather.\n", "When the court injunction was finally dropped, thanks to personal appeals from the plane's creator Giuseppe Bellanca, it was too late for the \"Miss Columbia\" and Chamberlin to be the first to make the historic Trans-Atlantic flight. Soon after this, Bellanca severed ties with Levine and announced that his \"sole concern [had been] to prove that [his] plane, built in America and manned by Americans, could successfully make the New York-to-Paris flight… adding another stage to the experimental development of aviation in this country.\" However, while the injunction had been dropped, two questions remained to be answered: who would fly with Chamberlin? And what was the purpose of their flight going to be now that Lindbergh had beaten them for the Orteig Prize? Even Chamberlin's participation in the flight seemed uncertain. Levine had started to entertain doubts about Chamberlin, not because of his flying ability, but about his homely appearance, fearing he might not be photogenic enough to get much publicity.\n", "Thankfully, Levine decided to keep Chamberlin, even with his homely looks. It was soon decided by the two men that since they could not achieve the distinction of being the first to cross the Atlantic via airplane, they would instead work to achieve the distance record and blow Lindbergh out of the water… or in this case, the sky. Exactly two weeks after Lindbergh's historic flight, the \"Miss Columbia\" was ready to take to the skies. The plane was grossly overloaded with 455 gallons of gasoline, food, water, and instrumentation, but in order for Chamberlin to beat the distance record, the overloading was a necessary evil. On June 4, 1927, Chamberlin was ready to begin his historic flight from Roosevelt Field; however, the plane still lacked a navigator. The plane was about to take off and Chamberlin still lacked a co-pilot. Literally minutes before the plane was to take off, the engine was even ticking over, Levine, who had been at the airfield with his wife to send off Chamberlin, made \"as if to close the cabin door [but instead] suddenly climbed in to occupy the second seat… and without a single word of explanation either to his wife or to officials on the airfield, Levine gave the order for departure.\" Thus Chamberlin and the first Trans-Atlantic passenger took off into the history books.\n", "Yet, from the beginning there were difficulties. Fog and strong winds soon caused the \"Miss Columbia\" to fly southward off course, even though they were able to roughly maintain a flight plan similar to that of Lindbergh's. However, as they were approaching the European continent they had a stroke of good luck in that they spotted the famous Cunard liner . The ship had been on its way from Southampton to New York and utilizing a copy of the \"New York Times\" they had on board the plane they were able to ascertain the \"Mauretania\"s sailing date and thus calculate their position and realign themselves on a trajectory towards England and within hours, they had land in sight.\n", "However, as soon as they reached Germany, they became lost once again. Urged on by Levine to reach Berlin, Chamberlin pushed the plane to the extreme. When the fuel finally ran out, they were forced to put down at Helfta near Eisleben at 5:35 A.M. (local time) after a non-stop flight of 3,911 miles in 42 hours 45 minutes, having beaten Lindbergh's record by just over 300 miles. Upon landing the locals gave the aviators some fuel and some really bad directions which forced them to take yet another emergency landing which shattered their wooden propeller. \"One day and one new airscrew later, the \"Miss Columbia\" landed in Berlin to the cheers of 150,000 people.\" After the ceremony, \"Chamberlin was informed that his mother was calling him from Omaha, Nebraska. It had been arranged by the American Telegraph Company and the Chicago Daily News… [and while] it was not a direct connection, Chamberlin would talk to the operator in London [who would] relay the message to Mrs. E. C. Chamberlin [and vice versa]. It was believed, at that time, that the call was the longest distance phone call ever completed.\"\n", "Following their successful landing and reception in Berlin, \"they set off on a short tour of European capitals visiting Munich, Vienna, Budapest, Prague, Warsaw, and Zurich. Then they finally left for Paris, reaching the French capital on the last day of June. During the month since leaving New York on the 4th they had covered a grand total of 6,320 miles.\" In Paris, Levine disclosed his plans to Chamberlin to return by air to New York. \"Well aware of the foolhardiness of such a scheme, Clarence Chamberlin wisely elected to return by sea and Levine began to look for another pilot.\" Levine had no luck in finding anyone foolhardy enough to take up the task, so he decided to do it himself. Levine, who had absolutely no flight experience, went rogue and took his plane into the sky heading for London. His scheme had aerodrome officials on both sides of the English Channel frantic. After several failed attempts and near-misses, Levine was able to put down at the Croydon airfield. He then prudently made the decision to return with the plane to New York via ship.\n", "Section::::Flying off the Leviathan.\n", "Returning to America by boat, the of the U.S. Lines, Chamberlin again made history. While on board, U.S. Line officials questioned him \"about the feasibility of using airplanes in conjunction [with] ships like the \"Leviathan\", to hop off from the deck with an airplane as the ocean liner neared port, thus speeding up the delivery of mail and possibly passengers who were in a hurry and willing to pay for being ashore even as much as a day before the vessel docked.\" Chamberlin responded in the affirmative and upon docking in Boston construction began, under the supervision of Chamberlin, on a runway for the \"Leviathan\"s deck. \"On July 31, 1927, a Wright Aeronautical Service airplane with a Wright Whirlwind Engine was loaded aboard the \"Leviathan\". On August 1, the ship headed out to sea accompanied by three Coast Guard destroyers, to be situated in various positions from the ocean liner in case they were needed for rescue.\"\n", "After the rains slackened, the seas calmed down, and all of the reporters were seasick, Chamberlin attempted takeoff. \"The Leviathan's 19 knot speed and the wind blowing gave a component air flow straight up the runway, down which the takeoff would be attempted. Chamberlin had expected to use the entire runway, but at about three-fourths of the way the plane was flung into the air by up-thrusting winds turned skyward by the sides of the big ocean liner.\" Chamberlin's original destination was Teterboro Airport in Teterboro, New Jersey. Unfortunately, thick fog forced him to take a detour to Curtiss Field where he waited an hour for the fog to lift. He then took off for Teterboro Airport to deliver the \"first ship-to-shore mail.\" He was greeted at the airfield by all 17 inhabitants of Teterboro and 15,000 others.\n", "Section::::After 1927.\n", "Following his extremely active aviation exploits in 1927, Chamberlin was considered one of the seven greatest flyers in the world. However, his days of breaking records were behind him; now, he was in the business of designing and selling planes. \"Clarence Chamberlin's Aircraft Plant produced a line of aircraft that he'd intended airlines to use to transport passengers to all parts of the United States.\" The Chamberlin Eight-Seater, or the Crescent Aircraft as it was more commonly known, \"was an improved airplane incorporating designs that his ample flying experience had shown him were needed for a better aircraft.\" The plane could carry eight passengers in addition to the pilot and it even featured \"rest room facilities for the comfort of the passengers.\"\n", "During the 1930s, Chamberlin traveled around the United States in his 26-passenger Curtiss Condor CO plane giving rides to people, not so much as a \"barnstormer\" but as more of a hobbyist. His Curtiss Condor at the time was the largest passenger carrying airship in the United States which landed on earth. Only the China Clipper, which could only land on water, and the Army bomber, which could not carry passengers, exceeded the Curtiss Condor in size. \"His purpose for [traveling around the United States was] to take passengers for short flights at a nominal fee as a means of popularizing travel in passenger ships.\" In 1936, Clarence and Wilda were divorced. Later that year, Chamberlin \"brought [one of his Curtiss Condors] to Maine to display it at an air show where he held a contest to find a young lady to use for promotional purposes and to be a stewardess.\" Louise Ashby, daughter of the Maine Governor at the time, entered the contest and, for the both of them, it was love at first sight. Clarence asked Louise to marry him the very next day.\n", "Section::::Chamberlin Day.\n", "\"On August 24, 1930, a Chamberlin Day took place at the Weberg brothers' airport [in Denison], which at that time was known as ‘Weberg Airways Inc.'\" Around 18,000 people came out to airfield to wish Chamberlin well and to celebrate the airfield's renaming as Chamberlin Field. Entertainment consisted of around 46 planes taking part in aerial maneuvers and races accompanied by several town bands, bugle corps, and drum lines providing musical accompaniment.\n", "Section::::Later years and death.\n", "Over the course of the next few decades, Chamberlin remained busy with a diverse array of projects. In addition to taking time to write a semi-autobiographical book entitled in \"Record Flights\", he also \"trained workers in his aircraft factory to work in defense plants during World War II, giving the plants skilled workers. He trained several thousand such workers, [which greatly] assist[ed] the war effort.\" Chamberlin continued to fly, sell, and tinker with airplanes after WWII. However, age eventually grounded him and forced him into retirement.\n", "In 1970, the town of Denison hosted a Flight Fair at the new Denison Municipal Airport to honor native aviators Clarence Chamberlin and Charles Fink and to celebrate the airfield's new designation as Chamberlin-Fink Field (Fink was a resident of the Denison-Deloit area that served as an airplane commander on one of the three B-52s to make the first jet-powered non-stop round the globe flight in 1957). Chamberlin was unable to attend. In the years prior to 1977, Denison had planned to invite Chamberlin to return to Denison for the celebration of the 50th anniversary of his Trans-Atlantic flight, but on October 31, 1976, Chamberlin died due to complications from a routine flu shot. He was buried at Lawn Cemetery in Huntington, Connecticut.\n", "Section::::Family life.\n", "Chamberlin married Wilda Bogert of Independence, Iowa on January 3, 1919. They would remain married until 1936. Later that same year, Chamberlin married Louise Ashby (1907–2000), a young teacher, who he had met during a barnstorming trip up to Maine. He'd go on to adopt her son, Philip (1925–2011), and the family welcomed two new additions with the births of Clarisse (b. 1940) and Kathy (b. 1942).\n", "Section::::Aviation records (selected).\n", "BULLET::::- April 14, 1927 - Endurance Flight...51 hours, 11 minutes, and 25 seconds\n", "BULLET::::- June 4–6, 1927 - First Transatlantic Passenger Flight (Charles A. Levine, passenger)\n", "BULLET::::- June 4–6, 1927 - Distance Flight...3,905 miles\n", "BULLET::::- Summer 1927 - First Ship-to-Shore Flight off of the\n", "Section::::\"Record Flights\".\n", "\"Record Flights\" was written shortly after his Trans-Atlantic flight and published in 1928. The book was generally well received by the public and well-reviewed by critics. The book covered a diversity of topics other than the Trans-Atlantic flight including his hopes, accomplishments, failures, and even some speculation as to what had happened to pilots who had disappeared over the ocean. In the 1940s, he published a revised version of the book that included information about his adventures after the trans-Atlantic flight and his efforts during World War II. On the cover, the newly revised book read \"Record Flights Book One\", and below it, a second title was \"Give ‘em Hell Book Two\".\n", "Section::::Documentary.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Clarence Chamberlin: Fly First & Fight Afterward\", a documentary by independent filmmaker Billy Tooma, covers, in great depth, Chamberlin's life and historic transatlantic flight. The film saw its world première on April 21, 2011 at the Myrtle Beach International Film Festival and was nominated for the National Aviation Hall of Fame's 2011 Combs-Gates Award. The documentary was recut in 2017, in honor of the 90th anniversary of Chamberlin's flight, and re-released under its new title.\n", "Section::::Legacy.\n", "Honored in the Aviation Hall of Fame at Dayton, Ohio.\n", "Honored in the Iowa Aviation Hall of Fame.\n", "The Clarence D. Chamberlin House is on the National Register of Historic Places.\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Clarence Chamberlin bibliography\n", "BULLET::::- Air Racing History: Clarence Chamberlin\n", "BULLET::::- Early Aviators: Clarence Chamberlin\n", "BULLET::::- Des Moines Register: Clarence Chamberlin\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "Clarence Duncan Chamberlin" ] }, "description": "American aviator", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q1095402", "wikidata_label": "Clarence Chamberlin", "wikipedia_title": "Clarence Chamberlin" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Yurii Khmelnytsky\n", "Yuri Khmelnytsky (, , ) (1641–1685), younger son of the famous Ukrainian Hetman Bohdan Khmelnytsky and brother of Tymofiy Khmelnytsky, was a Zaporozhian Cossack political and military leader. Although he spent half of his adult life as a monk, he also was Hetman of Ukraine on several occasions — in 1659-1660 and 1678–1681 and starost of Hadiach. For background see The Ruin (Ukrainian history).\n", "Section::::Biography.\n", "Section::::Biography.:Hetman of Ukraine.\n", "Yuri Khmelnytsky was born in 1641 in Subotiv near Chyhyryn in central Ukraine. In 1659 the Cossack Rada elected the 17-year-old Yurii as their hetman in Bila Tserkva, replacing the deposed Ivan Vyhovsky. The young hetman faced problems: the uneasy alliance with the Tsardom of Russia and the ongoing wars against Poland-Lithuania and against the Crimean Khanate.\n", "In 1659 the parliament (sejm walny) of Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth granted him nobility. On 24 March 1661 he became starost of Hadiach.\n", "During the latter conflict, Yuri Khmelnytsky's Cossacks were defeated near the town of Korsun, he was captured by the Poles and later pledged loyalty to king Jan II Kazimierz of Poland-Lithuania (reigned 1648-1668). This provoked a civil war within Ukraine in 1661, when the new ataman Yakym Somko led the pro-Moscow Cossacks against Yuri and his new Polish allies. At the battle near the town of Pereiaslav in the summer of 1662 Somko's Cossacks and the Russians under Grigory Romodanovsky defeated Yuri Khmelnytsky.\n", "After the defeat, Khmelnytsky entered an alliance with the Crimean Khanate, but this resulted in little beyond massive looting and raiding of Ukrainian towns and villages by the Tatars. Thereupon Yuri gave up his hetman title and became a monk at the Mharsky Monastery in the autumn of 1662. Between 1664 and 1667 the hetman Pavlo Teteria imprisoned him in Lviv.\n", "Section::::Biography.:Hetman of Right-bank Ukraine.\n", "After his release, in 1672 he participated in a campaign against the Tatars and was captured near Uman and brought to Constantinople, where he was allowed to live in a Greek Orthodox monastery. In 1676 — after the Sultan's ally, Petro Doroshenko, surrendered to the Russians — the Porte decided to use Khmelnytsky's famous name to reinforce their claim to the Right-bank Ukraine starting the Russo-Turkish War (1676–1681).\n", "In 1678 the Turkish army captured Chyhyryn and declared Yuri Khmelnytsky as a new hetman of Ukraine, although in reality he was only a puppet for the Ottoman Sultan. Ottoman Turkish army with Yuri in tow captured and burned down Kaniv and other Ukrainian towns. He then retired to his Sultan dictated capital at Nemyriv in Turkish occupied parts of Ukraine, as a vassal of sultan Mehmed IV until 1681, when the Turks removed him from power due to his unstable mental health and unprecedented cruelty. Two years later, he was briefly re-instated by the Poles. Finally in 1685 the Turks captured Yuri and executed him (strangled) in Kamianets-Podilskyi.\n", "Unlike his father, Yuri was unable to master the very complex situation he faced and was often manipulated by foreign powers.\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- Hetmans of Ukrainian Cossacks\n", "BULLET::::- List of Ukrainian rulers\n", "Section::::References.\n", "BULLET::::- Kostomarov, Mykola. \"The Ruin: A Historical Monograph on the Life of Little Russia from 1663 to 1687\" and \"Rus’ History in the Biographies of Its Important Figures\" - in Russian.\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "Yuri Khmelnytsky" ] }, "description": "Hetman of Ukraine", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q2625011", "wikidata_label": "Yurii Khmelnytsky", "wikipedia_title": "Yurii Khmelnytsky" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Maxwell T. Masters\n", "Maxwell Tylden Masters FRS (15 April 1833 – 30 May 1907) was an English botanist and taxonomist.\n", "He was the son of William Masters, the nurseryman and botanist of Canterbury and author of \"Hortus duroverni\". \n", "Section::::Life.\n", "He was educated at King's College London and the University of St Andrews. \n", "He attended the lectures of Edward Forbes and John Lindley.\n", "His most famous works are perhaps \"Vegetable Teratology\", which dealt with teratology (abnormal mutations) of vegetable species, and several works on Chinese plants (particularly conifers), describing many of the new species discovered by Ernest Henry Wilson.\n", "The larch \"Larix mastersiana\" and the \"Nepenthes\" hybrid \"N. × mastersiana\" are named after him, among other plant species.\n", "He was the editor of the \"Gardeners' Chronicle\" between 1866–1907, which led to him corresponding with Charles Darwin.\n", "He was elected a fellow of the Royal Society in 1870.\n", "He was made a correspondent of the Institute of France in 1888.\n", "He was also a chevalier of the order of Leopold.\n", "He died at the Mount, Ealing, on 30 May 1907. His body was cremated at Woking.\n", "Section::::Family.\n", "In 1858 he married Ellen, daughter of William Tress, by whom he had four children. His wife and two daughters survived him.\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Paul H. Foster\n", "Paul Hellstrom Foster (April 17, 1939 – October 14, 1967) was a United States Marine who posthumously received the Medal of Honor for heroism in Vietnam in October 1967.\n", "Section::::Biography.\n", "Foster was born on April 17, 1939, in San Mateo, California. He attended elementary and high schools there, and was a member of the varsity football and track teams. After graduating from high school in 1957, he went to work as an automobile mechanic helper.\n", "He enlisted in the Marine Corps Reserve on November 4, 1961, in San Francisco, California, and received recruit training with the 1st Recruit Training Battalion at Marine Corps Recruit Depot San Diego, and individual combat training with the 2nd Infantry Training Regiment at Marine Corps Base Camp Pendleton.\n", "After completion of combat training in March 1962, he joined the 5th 105 mm Howitzer Battery (later redesignated Headquarters Battery, 14th Marines, 4th Marine Division), a Reserve unit, at Navy and Marine Corps Training Center Treasure Island in San Francisco. While on inactive duty, he was promoted to private first class in March 1963, to Lance Corporal in August 1963; to Corporal in April 1964, and to Sergeant on February 1, 1966.\n", "Called to active duty in November 1966, Sgt Foster embarked for the Republic of Vietnam, and in December, joined Company H, 3rd Battalion 12th Marines, 3rd Marine Division. While serving as an Artillery Liaison Operations Chief with the 2nd Battalion 4th Marines in Operation Kingfisher near Con Thien at Wash Out Bridge on October 14, 1967, Sgt Foster was mortally wounded when he threw himself upon a hand grenade to save the lives of his five comrades.\n", "The Medal of Honor was presented to his family by President Richard M. Nixon, in a ceremony at the White House on June 20, 1969.\n", "Sergeant Paul H. Foster is buried in Grave 4764, Section V, Golden Gate National Cemetery, San Bruno, California.\n", "Section::::Awards and honors.\n", "Foster's medals and decorations include: \n", "Section::::Awards and honors.:Medal of Honor citation.\n", "The President of the United States in the name of The Congress takes pride in presenting the MEDAL OF HONOR posthumously to\n", "SERGEANT PAUL H. FOSTER\n", "UNITED STATES MARINE CORPS RESERVE\n", "for service as set forth in the following CITATION:\n", "For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty while serving as an Artillery Liaison Operations Chief with the Second Battalion, Fourth Marines, Third Marine Division, near Con Thien in the Republic of Vietnam. In the early morning hours of October 14, 1967, the Second Battalion was occupying a defensive position which protected a bridge on the road leading from Con Thien to Cam Lộ. Suddenly, the Marines' position came under a heavy volume of mortar and artillery fire, followed by an aggressive enemy ground assault. In the ensuing engagement, the hostile forces penetrated the perimeter and brought a heavy concentration of small arms, automatic weapons, and rocket fire to bear on the Battalion Command Post. Although his position in the Fire Support Coordination Center was dangerously exposed to enemy fire and he was wounded when an enemy hand grenade exploded near his position, Sergeant Foster resolutely continued to direct accurate mortar and artillery fire on the advancing North Vietnamese troops. As the attack continued, a hand grenade landed in the midst of Sergeant Foster and his five companions. Realizing the danger, he shouted a warning, threw his armored vest over the grenade, and unhesitatingly placed his own body over the armored vest. When the grenade exploded, Sergeant Foster absorbed the entire blast with his own body and was mortally wounded. His heroic actions undoubtedly saved his comrades from further injury or possible death. Sergeant Foster's courage, extraordinary heroism, and unfaltering devotion to duty reflected great credit upon himself and the Marine Corps and upheld the highest traditions of the United States Naval Service. He gallantly gave his life for his country.\n", "/S/ RICHARD NIXON\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- List of Medal of Honor recipients for the Vietnam War\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Ted Ginn Jr.\n", "Theodore Ginn Jr. (born April 12, 1985) is an American football wide receiver and return specialist for the New Orleans Saints of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at Ohio State, and was drafted by the Miami Dolphins ninth overall in the 2007 NFL Draft. Ginn has also played for the San Francisco 49ers, Arizona Cardinals and Carolina Panthers.\n", "Section::::Early years.\n", "Ginn played for his father, Ted Ginn Sr., in high school at Glenville High School in Cleveland, Ohio, where he played defensive back, quarterback, and wide receiver for the football team. Ginn was selected as the 2004 USA Today Defensive Player of the Year, a 2004 Parade All-American, and named the 2004 SuperPrep National Defensive Player of the Year. He also participated in the U.S. Army All-American Bowl as a member of the East team, along with former Dolphins teammates Ryan Baker and Chad Henne, and was named the Most Valuable Player of the game.\n", "Ginn intercepted eight passes as a senior, returning five of them for touchdowns. One of his interception returns went for a state-record 102-yard touchdown, while another went for a 98-yard score. Ted has two siblings, Tiffany Ginn and Jason Lucas in Akron, Ohio.\n", "Section::::Early years.:Track and field.\n", "In addition to football, Ginn was a standout track athlete for the Glenville track team. As a junior, he became the national champion in the 110 meter hurdles and recorded the best time in the nation as a senior when he won the state title for the second consecutive year. He captured the state title in the 200 meters in a time of 21.51 seconds, after posting a time of 21.44 seconds in the preliminary rounds. He also helped the track team to take the 4 x 400 metres relay crown in a time of 3:15.04 minutes. He was timed at 10.5 in the 100 meters as a high school junior. As a senior, he ran the 60 meter hurdles in 7.98 seconds, 200 meters in 21.16 seconds, 400 meters in 46.57 seconds and posted personal bests of 13.26w seconds and 13.40 seconds in the 39\" 110 meter hurdles\n", "The Ohio State University track coach Russ Rogers recruited Ginn to run track, believing that he could qualify for the 2008 Summer Olympics. However, his track career was put on hold in order to focus on football. He was timed at 10.2 in the 100 meters in his freshman year.\n", "Section::::Early years.:High school awards and honors.\n", "BULLET::::- \"USA Today\" Defensive Player of the Year (2003)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Parade\" All-American (2003)\n", "BULLET::::- Pete Dawkins Trophy (2004)\n", "Section::::College career.\n", "Ginn was recruited as a defensive back by Ohio State University.\n", "Section::::College career.:2004 season.\n", "As a freshman, Ginn saw moderate playing time at wide receiver and finished the 2004 season with 25 receptions for 359 yards and two touchdowns. He also rushed for 113 yards and 2 touchdowns on the ground, led the nation with a 25.6 yards per punt return average, and returned four punts for touchdowns (which broke a Big Ten Conference record first set by Gene Derricotte in 1947 that was later tied twice). One of the most memorable moments in his freshman season was in the 30-7 win over Indiana. A pass at the beginning of the first quarter was tipped by a diving Buster Larkins, only to be grabbed by Ginn. He then broke four tackles on his way to a 59-yard touchdown.\n", "Section::::College career.:2005 season.\n", "Ginn was converted to wide receiver in his sophomore year of 2005, and was named a starter. He finished the season with 51 receptions for 803 yards and four touchdowns. He also returned 18 kickoffs for 532 yards, along with 25 punts for 250 yards.\n", "Section::::College career.:2006 season.\n", "Entering the 2006 season, Ginn was considered by many to be a preseason candidate for the Heisman Trophy and the Biletnikoff Award. He was a second team All-American selection and finished as the Buckeyes top receiver with 59 catches for 781 yards, while adding another 706 yards and two touchdowns on special teams. Ginn returned the opening kickoff of the 2007 BCS National Championship Game for 92 yards and a touchdown. Ginn sprained his left foot when fellow Buckeye Roy Hall slid into him during the celebration following the touchdown and sat on his foot. He left the game soon after and didn't return.\n", "Ginn finished his career at Ohio State with 125 receptions for 1,943 yards and 15 touchdowns in 37 games. He also rushed for 213 yards, returned 38 kickoffs for 1,012 yards, and gained 900 yards on 64 punt returns, the second highest total in Ohio State history. Overall, he gained 4,068 total yards and scored 26 touchdowns.\n", "Ginn set a Big Ten record for most career punt return touchdowns with six.\n", "Section::::College career.:College awards and honors.\n", "BULLET::::- 2004 First-team All-American as a returner by SI.com, Pro Football Weekly, and Rivals.com\n", "BULLET::::- 2005 Honorable mention All-Big Ten\n", "BULLET::::- 2005 First-team All-American as a returner by Rivals.com\n", "BULLET::::- 2006 First-team All-American as an All-Purpose player by Rivals.com\n", "BULLET::::- 2006 Second-team All-American as an All-Purpose player by AP\n", "BULLET::::- 2006 First-team All-Big Ten\n", "Section::::Professional career.\n", "Section::::Professional career.:Pre-Draft.\n", "After having to bypass the field drills at the 2007 NFL combine and Ohio State's official pro day due to a lingering foot injury suffered in the 2007 BCS Title Game, Ginn reportedly ran between 4.37 and 4.45 in a private workout for NFL Scouts held on April 12, 2007. Preceding the workout it was reported that a healthy Ginn had been timed as great as 4.28 in individual team drills during his tenure at Ohio State. In addition, in a 2007 interview with Stack Magazine while discussing his own personal improvement in the 40 yard dash, Ginn himself suggests that he had been timed at a personal best of 4.22 in the 40 yard dash. In the interview, while discussing his improvement since training at one of Tim Robertson's facilities, Ginn states \"...as far as my running, it's changed me a lot. When I first got here I was running like a 5.1 40, 5.2 40 to a 4.22\".\n", "Section::::Professional career.:2007 NFL Draft.\n", "Ginn was selected by the Miami Dolphins with the ninth overall pick in the first round of the 2007 NFL Draft. Many were expecting the Dolphins to select Notre Dame quarterback Brady Quinn with the Dolphins in need of a quarterback, although they would end up drafting BYU quarterback John Beck in the second round. Although Ginn was considered the fastest, and one of the most athletic picks going into the draft, Miami's selection of Ginn was booed heavily by Dolphins fans at the draft and was criticized by football pundits and even teammates. Jason Taylor said he was in shock when Ginn was selected instead of Brady Quinn. Even Ginn himself was surprised by the pick. Saying \"For sure when Brady Quinn was there, and you know Miami is hurting for a quarterback right now, and Brady Quinn is a great quarterback, to be in competition with him and for me to beat him out was good. I guess the coaches saw something in me that they liked.\" \n", "Section::::Professional career.:Miami Dolphins.\n", "Section::::Professional career.:Miami Dolphins.:2007 season.\n", "Although Ginn wore #11 in the team's initial minicamp, it was announced he would wear #19 during the regular season to honor his father, who wore the number in high school.\n", "Ginn eventually reached the end zone for the first time in Week 8 against the New York Giants on a 21-yard touchdown pass from quarterback Cleo Lemon.\n", "In the second quarter of a November 18 game against the Philadelphia Eagles, Ginn returned a Saverio Rocca punt 87 yards for a touchdown. It was Ginn's first career touchdown return and tied for the longest punt return in franchise history. Ginn, who had never had more than three receptions or 37 receiving yards in any game prior, also set career highs with four receptions for 52 yards against the Eagles. For his performance, Ginn beat out four other candidates for the Diet Pepsi Rookie of the Week. He received 40 percent of the fan votes. Also, Ginn was voted by his peers as the third alternate to the 2007 Pro Bowl as a kick returner.\n", "Ginn finished his rookie season with 34 receptions for 420 yards and two touchdowns. He also had 24 punt returns for 230 yards and a touchdown, 63 kick returns for 1,433 yards, four rushes for three yards, and three fumbles.\n", "Section::::Professional career.:Miami Dolphins.:2008 season.\n", "At the start of the 2008 season, Ginn was removed from his return duties and was replaced as a starting wide-receiver. In the season-opening loss to the New York Jets, Ginn had two receptions for 17 yards, a rush for two yards, but also had a fumble. He had a breakout game in a win against the Buffalo Bills, totaling 175 yards on 7 receptions, including a 64-yard reception. After scoring on a 40-yard end-around run and converting a crucial late-game fourth down play against the Oakland Raiders Ginn ended the season with 56 catches for 790 yards and two touchdowns, 32 kick returns for 657 yards and seven punt returns for 54 yards, two rushing touchdowns on five attempts for 73 yards, and five fumbles.\n", "Section::::Professional career.:Miami Dolphins.:2009 season.\n", "Ginn started the 2009 season slowly by catching two passes in his first game against the Atlanta Falcons. Ginn then seemed to have a breakout game against the Indianapolis Colts on September 21, 2009, catching a career-high 11 passes for 108 yards. Although a career game, he was criticized for dropping two potential touchdown passes, one in the final minutes of the game. The next two games, Ginn dropped several passes and caught only one 4-yard pass and had a 22-yard run. In Week 5 against the rival New York Jets, Ginn had just two catches, but one was a 53-yard touchdown against to help the Dolphins win. New Dolphins quarterback Chad Henne was hoped to improve Ginn's game. Ginn however continued to struggle in the passing game and was demoted to backup wide receiver after Week 7. Ginn said he was angry and embarrassed about the benching entering Week 8 against the rival New York Jets. Although Ginn caught no passes in the game, he was given full-time kickoff return duties, and took out his frustrations by tying an NFL record with two kickoff returns for touchdowns, one of 100 yards and the second of 101. Those touchdowns are the only two of that distance in the same game (the previous record was 2 touchdowns of 97 yards in the same game), and the first time a player returned two kickoffs in the same quarter since 1967. Ginn won special-teams player of the month for his efforts. The next game against New England, Ginn again dropped several passes that included one in the fourth quarter during a last minute potentially game-tying drive. In the week 10 game against Tampa Bay, Ginn had zero catches despite several attempts and was ineffective in the return game. Ginn would finish the year 4th in dropped passes.\n", "For the 2009 season, Ginn had 1,826 all-purpose yards, including 1,324 return yards and 502 yards from scrimmage, with two fumbles.\n", "Section::::Professional career.:San Francisco 49ers.\n", "Section::::Professional career.:San Francisco 49ers.:2010 season.\n", "On April 16, 2010, Miami traded Ginn to the San Francisco 49ers for a fifth round pick (Nolan Carroll) in the 2010 NFL Draft.\n", "Ginn scored his first touchdown on a punt return against the St. Louis Rams. He caught his only receiving touchdown in the last game at home against the Arizona Cardinals. Ginn finished the 2010 season with 12 receptions, 163 yards, and 1 touchdown. He also ranked second in the league in punt return yards with a 13.3 average.\n", "Section::::Professional career.:San Francisco 49ers.:2011 season.\n", "Late in the fourth quarter of the 2011 season opener against the Seattle Seahawks, Ginn returned a kickoff (102 yards) and a punt (55 yards) for two touchdowns within 59 seconds for a game total of 268 return yards. For that accomplishment, he earned NFL Special Teams Player of the Week for Week 1. Earlier that week, Ginn had accepted a salary cut from $2.2 million per season to $1 million. An injury late in the season forced the Niners to replace him on kick returns with Kyle Williams, whose mistakes during the NFC Championship Game are widely thought by fans to have cost the 49ers their chance at appearing in Super Bowl XLVI.\n", "Section::::Professional career.:San Francisco 49ers.:2012 season.\n", "On March 22, 2012, Ginn re-signed with the 49ers on a one-year deal. In the 2012 season, the 49ers finished the season 11-4-1. They reached Super Bowl XLVII where they lost 34-31 to the Baltimore Ravens. On the last play of the Super Bowl, Ginn fielded the free kick and got tackled at the 50-yard line.\n", "Section::::Professional career.:Carolina Panthers.\n", "Section::::Professional career.:Carolina Panthers.:2013 season.\n", "On March 21, 2013, Ginn signed a one-year deal with the Carolina Panthers. With Cam Newton as quarterback, Ginn had one of his best seasons. He put up a then career-high five touchdowns on the season, while also recording 556 yards receiving.\n", "Section::::Professional career.:Arizona Cardinals.\n", "Section::::Professional career.:Arizona Cardinals.:2014 season.\n", "On March 13, 2014, Ginn signed a three-year deal with the Arizona Cardinals. He finished the season with 14 receptions for 190 yards, 22 kick returns for 417 net yards, and 26 punt returns for 277 net yards and a punt return touchdown. He was released by the team on February 23, 2015.\n", "Section::::Professional career.:Carolina Panthers (second stint).\n", "Section::::Professional career.:Carolina Panthers (second stint).:2015 season.\n", "On March 9, 2015, Ginn re-signed with the Carolina Panthers on a two-year contract. During a Week 4 victory against NFC South opponent Tampa Bay Buccaneers, Ginn had a career-high two touchdowns. Through the first four games of the season, Ginn had 12 receptions for 209 yards and three touchdowns, exceeding his total numbers for yards and touchdowns from the year before. Through the first 12 games of the season Ginn had 35 receptions for 525 yards and six touchdowns, including 15.0 yards per receptions. The six touchdown receptions during the season tied his totals from his time with Miami, San Francisco, and Arizona. Ginn finished the season with 44 catches for 739 yards and a career-high 10 touchdowns. Ginn's efforts as a receiver and return specialist helped the Panthers reach Super Bowl 50, where Ginn had four catches for 74 yards and three punt returns. However, the Panthers fell to the Denver Broncos by a score of 24–10.\n", "Section::::Professional career.:Carolina Panthers (second stint).:2016 season.\n", "Ginn played as a wide receiver and return specialist throughout the 2016 season, amassing 752 yards and four touchdowns on 54 receptions (third in all three categories), along with 593 return yards as the Panthers' leading punt and kick returner.\n", "Section::::Professional career.:Carolina Panthers (second stint).:Franchise records.\n", "'s NFL off-season, Ted Ginn held at least six Panthers franchise records, including:\n", "BULLET::::- Punt returns: playoffs (8), playoff season (6 in 2015), playoff game (3 on 2016-02-07 NDEN)\n", "BULLET::::- Punt ret. yds: playoff season (40 in 2015)\n", "BULLET::::- Yds/punt ret.: playoff season (6.67 in 2015; min. 4 returns)\n", "BULLET::::- Total return rds: playoffs (129)\n", "Section::::Professional career.:New Orleans Saints.\n", "On March 9, 2017, Ginn signed a three-year, $11 million contract with the New Orleans Saints.\n", "On September 11, 2017, in the season opener against the Minnesota Vikings on \"Monday Night Football\", Ginn had one rush for five yards and four receptions for 53 yards in his Saints debut. Overall, in the 2017 season, he had 53 receptions for 787 receiving yards and four receiving touchdowns. The Saints made the playoffs and faced off against the Carolina Panthers in the Wild Card Round. In the 31–26 victory, he had four receptions for 115 yards and a touchdown. In the Divisional Round, he had eight receptions for 72 yards in the 29–24 loss to the Minnesota Vikings.\n", "On October 18, 2018, Ginn was placed on injured reserve with a knee injury. He was activated off injured reserve on December 22, 2018. He finished the 2018 season with 17 receptions for 209 yards and two touchdowns.\n", "Section::::Professional career.:NFL records.\n", "BULLET::::- Two kickoff return touchdowns of 100 yards or more in a single game (tied with Josh Cribbs)\n", "Section::::Professional career.:Dolphins franchise records.\n", "BULLET::::- Most kickoff return touchdowns in a single season: 2 (2009)\n", "BULLET::::- Most kickoff returns in a single season: 63 (2007)\n", "Section::::Personal life.\n", "Ginn has admitted that he has a learning disability, and it takes him two to three times longer to learn something than most people. After being diagnosed in the eighth grade, Ginn had tutors to help him and he graduated from middle and high school with honors.\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- ESPN profile\n", "BULLET::::- Arizona Cardinals bio\n", "BULLET::::- San Francisco 49ers bio\n", "BULLET::::- New Orleans Saints bio\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "Theodore Ginn, Jr." ] }, "description": "American football wide receiver, kick returner", "enwikiquote_title": "Ted Ginn, Jr.", "wikidata_id": "Q671923", "wikidata_label": "Ted Ginn, Jr.", "wikipedia_title": "Ted Ginn Jr." }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Keith Strickland\n", "Keith Julian Strickland (born October 26, 1953) is an American multi-instrumentalist, singer-songwriter, composer, and one of the founding members of The B-52s. He was born in Athens, Georgia.\n", "Originally the band's drummer, Strickland switched to guitar after the death of guitarist Ricky Wilson in 1985. Strickland also plays keyboards and bass guitar on many of The B-52s recordings, and has occasionally provided backing vocals. Strickland composes the music for The B-52s. He said of the process: \"Ricky and I used to write the music together, but now I write the individual instrument parts and arrange the instrumental compositions myself. I'm trying to convey a feeling when I compose. I think of my instrumentals as soundscapes - the chord progressions, rhythms, harmonics and musical direction are used to evoke various sonic atmospheres or moods.\"\n", "Strickland came out as gay in 1992.\n", "On December 13, 2012, Strickland retired from touring for the B52s. Fred Schneider said of Strickland's announcement, \"We had known about Keith’s decision for a while but we just didn’t want to think about it. Keith will probably still be available for special shows but he wanted to get off the road. Keith will always be able to work with us whenever he wants. He’s a best friend.\"\n", "Section::::Filmography.\n", "BULLET::::- \"A Life in the Death of Joe Meek\" (2008)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Flintstones\" (1994)\n", "BULLET::::- \"\" (1987)\n", "BULLET::::- \"One Trick Pony\" (1980)\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Thierry Lhermitte\n", "Thierry Lhermitte (; born 24 November 1952) is a French actor, director, writer and producer, best known for his comedic roles. He was a founder of the comedy troupe \"Le Splendid\" in the 1970s, along with, among others, Christian Clavier, Gérard Jugnot, and Michel Blanc. The group adapted a number of its stage hits for the cinema, and scored major successes with films such as \"Les Bronzés\" (1978), \"Les Bronzés font du ski\" (1979), \"Le Père Noël est une ordure\" (1982) and \"Un indien dans la ville\" (1994).\n", "Section::::Honours and awards.\n", "In 1981, he received the Prix Jean Gabin. He was made Chevalier of the Légion d'honneur in 2001. He was made \"Officier of the Ordre national du Mérite\" in 2005.\n", "Section::::Selected writing credits.\n", "BULLET::::- 2006: \"Les Bronzés 3: Amis pour la vie\n", "BULLET::::- 2000: \"Le prince du Pacifique\n", "BULLET::::- 1999: \"It's Not My Fault! (adaptation and dialogue)\n", "BULLET::::- 1997: \"Jungle 2 Jungle (earlier screenplay Un indien dans la ville)\n", "BULLET::::- 1994: \"Un indien dans la ville\" (adaptation)\n", "BULLET::::- 1991: \"Les secrets professionnels du Dr Apfelglück\"\n", "BULLET::::- 1986: \"Nuit d'ivresse\"\n", "BULLET::::- 1982: \"Le père Noël est une ordure\"\n", "BULLET::::- 1979: \"Les bronzés font du ski\" (as \"L'équipe du Splendid\")\n", "BULLET::::- 1975: \"Le bol d'air\" (short as \"Le Splendid\")\n", "BULLET::::- 1975: \"C'est pas parce qu'on a rien à dire qu'il faut fermer sa gueule...\" (original idea)\n", "BULLET::::- 1974: \"Bonne présentation exigée\" (short)\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Profile, allocine.fr (in French)\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "French actor, director and screenwriter", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q548400", "wikidata_label": "Thierry Lhermitte", "wikipedia_title": "Thierry Lhermitte" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Hedieh Tehrani\n", "Hedieh Tehrani (, born 25 June 1972) is an Iranian actress. She is most noted for willingness to play mysterious, stony-faced and cold-hearted women. She began her acting career with Masoud Kimiai's \"Soltan\" (1996). For her appearance in \"Ghermez\" (Red) (1998) she received the Crystal Simorgh for Best Actress from the 17th Fajr International Film Festival.\n", "Hediyeh Tehrani received the second Crystal Simorgh of her career from the 24th Fajr International Film Festival, for \"Fireworks Wednesday\". In 2006 she appeared in Bahman Ghobadi's \"Niwemang\". The film received the Gold Shell of the 54th San Sebastián International Film Festival.\n", "Section::::Personal life.\n", "The actress was arrested in 2016, in Tehran’s central Lala Garden for campaigning for Animal Rights, due to the gathering not being authorized by the government. The protest was organized after several Iranian municipalities put down a number of street dogs due to over population. The arrest has been condemned by some activists.\n", "Section::::Early career.\n", "Mohammad Reza Sharifinia and Azita Hajian were the first ones to propose her a role for \"The Day of Incident\". She auditioned for acting in Rooz-e Vaghe'e (aka \"The Day of Incident\") but refused to cooperate and the role went to Ladan Mostofi. Before acting in \"Sultan\", she refused a part in \"Leila\" directed by Iranian director Dariush Mehrjui. Kianoush Ayari then approached her for acting in his movie, \"Boodan ya Naboodan\" and again she refused to play. Masoud Kimiayi was the first director who succeeded to have her playing in his film \"Sultan\".\n", "Section::::Awards and nominations.\n", "BULLET::::- First Prize for painting at the Fajr International Film Festival, 1989\n", "BULLET::::- Hafez Award for Best leading actress for Soltan, 1997\n", "BULLET::::- Crystal Simorgh for Best leading actress in 17th Fajr International Film Festival for Ghermez, 1998\n", "BULLET::::- Hafez Award for Best leading actress for Shokaran, 1998\n", "BULLET::::- Nominated for Best leading actress at the Three Continents Festival for Ghermez, 1999\n", "BULLET::::- Nominated for Best leading actress for Shokaran at the 4th Khaneh Cinema Awards, 2000\n", "BULLET::::- Nominated for Crystal Simorgh for actress in a leading role for Kaghaze Bi Khat, 2001\n", "BULLET::::- Hafiz Award for Best leading actress for Kaghaz-e Bi Khat, 2002\n", "BULLET::::- Hafiz Award for one of the top Actors in Iranian Cinema after the Iranian Revolution, 2002\n", "BULLET::::- Award from Pyongyang International Film Festival for best actress for Party, 2002\n", "BULLET::::- Crystal Simorgh for Best leading actress in 24th Fajr International Film Festival for Fireworks Wednesday, 2005\n", "BULLET::::- House of Cinema Award for best leading actress for Fireworks Wednesday, 2005\n", "BULLET::::- Nominated for Best set and costume design at the Fajr International Theater Festival, 2008\n", "BULLET::::- Nominated for Crystal Simorgh for best leading actress for Haft Daghighe Ta Paeez (Seven Minutes to Autumn), 2009\n", "BULLET::::- Nominated for House of Cinema Award for best leading actress for Haft Daghighe Ta Paeez (Seven Minutes to Autumn), 2010\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "Hediyeh Tehrani", "Hedye Tehrani" ] }, "description": "Iranian actress", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q445774", "wikidata_label": "Hedieh Tehrani", "wikipedia_title": "Hedieh Tehrani" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Katie Sandwina\n", "Katie Sandwina (born Katharina Brumbach; 1884 – January 21, 1952) was a circus strongwoman.\n", "Section::::Life in the circus.\n", "Katie Brumbach was one of fourteen children born to circus performers Philippe and Johanna Brumbach. In her early years, Katie performed with her family. Katie's father would offer one hundred marks to any man in the audience who could defeat her in wrestling; no one ever succeeded in winning the prize. It was during one such performance that Katie met her husband of fifty-two years, Max Heymann.\n", "Brumbach once defeated the famous strongman Eugene Sandow in a weightlifting contest in New York City. Katie lifted a weight of 300 pounds over her head, which Sandow only managed to lift to his chest. After this victory, she adopted the stage name \"Sandwina\" as a feminine derivative of Sandow.\n", "Sandwina worked in the United States with Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus for many years, until she was nearly 60. One of her standard performance feats was lifting her husband (who weighed 165 pounds) overhead with one hand. She performed many other feats, such as bending steel bars and resisting the pull of four horses. Sandwina's record stood for many years until being eclipsed by women's weightlifter Karyn Marshall in 1987.\n", "Reporter Marguerite Martyn described her act when the circus came to St. Louis, Missouri, in 1911:\n", "At the moment she was twirling her husband about in dizzy circles above her head . . . . Carelessly, laughingly, she tosses her husband about as though he were not flesh and bone, but merely an effigy of inflated rubber. And he is no insignificant husband, either.\n", "Section::::Family.\n", "The couple had two sons: Theodore Sandwina, born in Sioux City, Iowa, who was a champion heavyweight boxer in the 1920s; and Alfred Sandwina, who was an actor.\n", "Section::::Retirement and death.\n", "In her later years, Katie and her husband operated a bar and grill restaurant in Ridgewood, Queens, New York. They proudly advertised it as belonging to the world's strongest woman and Katie would occasionally perform minor feats of strength to entertain their patrons, including breaking iron chains, bending iron bars, and using her husband as a human barbell.\n", "Katie Sandwina died of cancer on January 21, 1952.\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Talking with: The World's Strongest Woman \"Iron Game History,\" August 1991, reprinting (and possibly translating) from the German paper \"Woven Man Spricht,\" December 8, 1910, and posted at the Amateur Athletic Foundation of Los Angeles' website\n", "BULLET::::- The Human Marvels presenting peculiar people: SANDWINA - Woman of Steel\n", "BULLET::::- Article about and sketches of Sandwina by Marguerite Martyn, \"St. Louis Post-Dispatch,\" June 4, 1911 \n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "Katharina Brumbach" ] }, "description": "Circus strongwoman", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q84493", "wikidata_label": "Katie Sandwina", "wikipedia_title": "Katie Sandwina" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Jolyon Howorth\n", "Jolyon Michael Howorth (born 4 May 1945) is a British scholar of French history, European politics and defense policy. He is currently Jean Monnet Professor of European Politics and Professor Emeritus of European Studies at the University of Bath; and a Visiting Professor of Public Policy at Harvard University’s Kennedy School of Government (2018-2019). He was Visiting Professor of Political Science and International Affairs at Yale University (2002-2018). He served as Professor of French Civilization at the University of Bath from 1985 to 2004.\n", "His previous appointments were at the , University of Wisconsin–Madison and Aston University. He has held Visiting Professorships at Harvard University, the Institut d’Etudes Politiques (Sciences-Po, Paris), Luiss Guido Carli University (Rome), the Australian Defense Force Academy (Canberra) the University of Washington, Columbia University and New York University.\n", "In addition, Howorth has held a Senior Research Fellowship at the European Union’s Institute for Security Studies. He is a Senior Research Associate at the IInstitut Français des Relations Internationales (Paris), a Fellow of the Royal Society of Arts in (UK), Chevalier dans l’Ordre des Palmes Académiques (France), and has been a Member of the Advisory Boards of the European Institute of Public Administration (Netherlands), the Centre for Defence Studies (UK), the Institut de Recherche Stratégique de l'Ecole Militaire (Paris), the Centre National Jean Jaurès (France), the European Policy Centre (Brussels) and the Centre for the Study of Security and Diplomacy (University of Birmingham, UK). He was a founder member of the \"Association for the Study of Modern and Contemporary France\".\n", "Section::::Early life and education.\n", "Howorth was born in Blackpool, Lancashire, UK and brought up outside Oxford. His father was a photographer and his mother a head-teacher. He was educated at Rossall School (Fleetwood) and at Henry Box School (Witney). He holds a BA in French Studies (1966) from the University of Manchester and a PhD in French History (1972) from the University of Reading. From 1966 to 1967, he taught at the Collège de Genève in Geneva, Switzerland. From 1968 to 1977, he lived in Paris, where in 1969 he was appointed as a lecturer at the Université de la Sorbonne Nouvelle (Paris III).\n", "Howorth’s scholarly work has encompassed social history, comparative politics, political science and international relations. He has published extensively in the field of French and European politics and history, especially security and defense policy and transatlantic relations - fifteen books and two hundred and fifty journal articles and chapters in books. His publications on transatlantic defence issues include: The European Union and National Defence Policy, London, 1997 (co-edited with Anand Menon); European Integration and Defence: The Ultimate Challenge? Paris, 2000; \"Defending Europe: the EU, NATO and the Quest for European Autonomy\", London, 2003 (co-edited with John Keeler) and \"Security and Defence Policy in the European Union\", London, 2007; 2nd edition 2014). His current research focuses on humanitarian intervention since the end of the Cold War and power transition in the 21st century.\n", "Howorth has also served as an advisor for the transatlantic think-tank European Horizons; and for Fair Observer on foreign and defense policy as well as the changing nature of transatlantic relations. He has served on the editorial boards of Politique Etrangère; European Geostrategy; European Review of International Studies; Les Cahiers de Mars; Studia Diplomatica- the Brussels Journal of International Relations; Yale Journal of International Affairs; L'Evénement européen. From 1986 to 1990, he served (with George Ross) as Managing Editor of Contemporary France: a review of interdisciplinary studies. From 1996 to 2003, he served as General Editor of a series of monographs on Contemporary French Politics and Society, Berghahn Books (Oxford and New York).\n", "Section::::Research.\n", "Howorth’s work has covered three distinct fields: French social and political history during the Belle Epoque (1870-1914); French politics and particularly security, defence and nuclear policy since the 1960s; European security and defence policy and its relations with NATO (1990–present).\n", "His Ph.D. dissertation examined the role in the creation of a unified socialist party in France of Edouard Vaillant. Howorth showed that, together with Jean Jaurès, Vaillant forged the intellectual and political compromise that synthesized the many different strands of the French left emerging out of the revolutionary tradition of the nineteenth century (Jacobinism, republicanism, Proudhonism, Blanquism, syndicalism and, eventually, Marxism). This synthesis led to the creation of the only unified socialist party in French history, the Section Française de l’Internationale Ouvrière (SFIO). The united left lasted only between 1905 and 1920. Howorth’s first book, \"Edouard Vaillant et la création de l'unité socialiste en France\", Paris, l982 (préface by Madeleine Rebérioux) was widely hailed as the definitive work on Vaillant as the father of the united left in France. That this unity did not survive the trauma of World War One was the subject of Howorth’s second major research project, which first drew him to international relations. Vaillant was the co-chair of the Second International and its most active member. Between 1900 and 1915, he corresponded almost daily with the International’s central office in Brussels. The overwhelming majority of this correspondence dealt with the looming threat of world war and with the prospects for a trans-national effort, led by the Second International, to avert the imminent catastrophe by organizing a general strike of all workers in all potentially belligerent countries. Howorth unearthed many hundreds of Vaillant’s letters in different archives across Europe and, together with Georges Haupt, published a critical edition of them as: \"Edouard Vaillant, délégué au Bureau socialiste international: correspondance avec le secretariat international, l900-l9l5\", Milan, Feltrinelli, l976.\n", "The collapse of the Second International over war and peace and the subsequent break-up of the SFIO with the creation of the pro-Moscow French Communist Party (PCF) in 1920 led Howorth to specialize more intensely in international relations and issues of war and peace. During several periods of study at Harvard’s Center for European Studies in the early 1980s, he came under the influence of Stanley Hoffmann. His research in the 1980s, at the height of the INF crisis, focused on France’s strategic distinctiveness within the Atlantic alliance. Not only was France, which had formally left the integrated military structures of NATO in 1966, unambiguously supportive of NATO’s policy of enhanced nuclear deployments in Europe, but France was the only European country whose domestic peace movement did not question the validity of the French nuclear deterrent. In two books published in 1984 (\"France: The Politics of Peace\"; and \"Defence and Dissent in Contemporary France\" – the latter co-edited with Patricia Chilton), he analysed French distinctiveness in historical, military and politico-cultural terms, demonstrating how Gaullism had inculcated in all sectors of the French population a belief that nuclear weapons were the ultimate guarantors of peace. These books were enthusiastically reviewed in the scholarly journals, the prestigious Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists concluding, in its review of The Politics of Peace, that “Howorth’s careful analysis of the French movement provides a model of how peace movements can and should be written about”. In a 1990 compendium of ten ground-breaking articles from the 1980s published in the journal Foreign Policy, the editor, Charles William Maynes, commented on Howorth’s Winter 1986-87 article: « In an extraordinary article, Howorth foresaw that the appearance of autonomous East-bloc peace movements and human rights organizations would gradually contribute to a transcontinental process whose aim w[ould] be to move cautiously towards […] a Europe free of blocs ».\n", "Focusing in particular on French President François Mitterrand’s fourteen years in office (1981-1995), Howorth devoted around forty scientific papers to the analysis of the gradual embrace of fundamental Gaullist precepts by the man who had launched his presidential ambitions in 1965 by ridiculing France’s nuclear pretensions and by denouncing de Gaulle as the architect of a permanent coup d’état. This work, which combined research into French military strategy, institutional dynamics, defence economics and above all political culture, explained the progressive transformation of François Mitterrand into the ultimate protector and defender of France’s Gaullist legacy. It was for this sustained analysis that Howorth was honored, in 1994, by French prime minister Edouard Balladur with the award of Chevalier dans l’Ordre des Palmes Académiques.\n", "The third strand of Howorth’s research began in the late-1980s as the imminent end of the Cold War induced an embryonic move, on the part of Europe’s nation states, to coordinate their foreign and defence policies. Using an essentially inductive methodology, based on hundreds of interviews, and in close cooperation with leading European think tanks – especially in Paris, where he has maintained a home for the past thirty years (\"L’Institut des Hautes Etudes de Défense Nationale; L’Institut Français des Relations Internationales ; L’Institut d’Etudes de Sécurité de l’Union Européenne ; l’Institut des Recherches Stratégiques de l’Ecole Militaire\") – Howorth published five books and over one hundred and fifty journal articles or book chapters on the key aspects of what became known as the \"European Union’s Common Security and Defence Policy\" (CSDP): the 2000s quest for an EU military capacity that would be “autonomous” from NATO. In addition, he delivered papers at over four hundred international conferences in thirty countries on four continents. His work has deployed a range of theoretical approaches, depending on the subject matter. He has been diversely categorised by other scholars as a realist, an institutionalist and a constructivist. Realist theory has informed his many publications on the absence of European strategic thinking, as well as those focusing on the EU’s attempts to generate civilian and military capacity for crisis management missions. In his many analyses of the decision-making procedures in CSDP, he has deployed both institutionalist and constructivist approaches. His substantial analyses of relations between CSDP, the US and NATO have been informed by a mix of realism and institutionalism; while his critical work on the EU as a “normative power” has been based both on constructivist and on realist theories.\n", "Section::::The EU and NATO.\n", "In a number of publications in the 2010s, Howorth progressively advocated putting an end to the de facto division of labour between the EU and NATO whereby the latter remained responsible for collective defence in Europe, while the former sought to identify relatively minor tasks (peace-keeping, policing, military training, security sector reform) that differentiated it from NATO. In his earlier work, he had analysed CSDP’s quest for “autonomy” as a necessary development that would allow the EU to grow into a consequential military actor. By 2013, he had become convinced that this development was not happening in large part because of CSDP’s limited ambition, but also because as long as the Americans seemed prepared to bale the Europeans out whenever a serious crisis emerged on the EU’s door-step (Bosnia, Kosovo, Arab Spring and Libya, Russian annexation of Crimea, and meddling in Ukraine, the rise of ISIS) many EU member states were happy to “free-ride” on American security guarantees. At the same time, an increasing number of US analysts and politicians were demanding that the EU take responsibility for the stabilization of its own neighbourhood. Howorth’s alternative proposal, notably sponsored by the European People’s Party (the grouping of all of the EU’s conservative parties) was for CSDP to merge with NATO and, with the active assistance of the Americans, to undergo an “apprenticeship in leadership” that would allow for a rebalancing of responsibilities within the Alliance, facilitating European maturity, gradual assumption of leadership and a US re-focusing on the areas of the world considered to be the most crucial for Washington. This, he argued, was the original purpose of NATO and, in his view, the only serious future for the EU as a military actor. This thesis proved very controversial and was roundly rejected in many countries of Central and Eastern Europe.\n", "Section::::Personal life.\n", "In 2001, in Paris, Jolyon married Vivien Schmidt, a professor at Boston University. They divide their time between Boston, Paris and a “pre-retirement” villa on the Italian Riviera. They have three grandchildren, Sophie, Katie and Annabel, the daughters of Jolyon’s oldest daughter Stephanie, a doctor, and her husband Sanjay Sharma, a surgeon. Jolyon has two other children, Emily, also a doctor, and Alex, a foreign exchange broker.\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Homepage at Bath\n", "BULLET::::- Homepage at Yale\n", "BULLET::::- Advisor List of Fair Observer\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "scholar of European politics and military policy", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q6270167", "wikidata_label": "Jolyon Howorth", "wikipedia_title": "Jolyon Howorth" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Lucia Bosè\n", "Lucia Bosè (born 28 January 1931) is an Italian actress, who was at the height of her fame during the period of Italian Neorealism, the 1940s and 1950s. She is the mother of Spanish singer Miguel Bosé.\n", "Section::::Life and career.\n", "After a number of years working in a bakery, \"Pasticceria Galli\", in her native city, in 1947 she won the second edition of Miss Italia beauty contest. Later she acted in Dino Risi’s short \"The Five days of Milan\", then, in 1950 she made her big screen debut in Giuseppe De Santis’ \"Non c'è pace tra gli ulivi\" (\"No Peace under the Olive Tree\"). The same year, she gave a performance as Paola Molon in Antonioni's \"Cronaca di un amore\". In 1953, Michelangelo Antonioni asked her to play Clara Manni in \"La signora senza camelie\" and Juan Antonio Bardem cast her in the lead of \"Muerte de un ciclista\" (1955). She also appeared in the 1955 film \"Gli Sbandati\" and played the main female role in Luis Buñuel's \"Cela s'appelle l'aurore\", 1956.\n", "Her career had flourished until 1956, when she married Spanish bullfighter Luis Miguel Dominguín, and gave up acting in order to raise their children, Miguel and Paola. In 1960 she eventually played an uncredited role in Jean Cocteau's \"Le testament d'Orphée, ou ne me demandez pas pourquoi!\" and then returned to the screen in the late 1960s, appearing in Fellini's \"Fellini Satyricon\" (1969) and starring in the Taviani Brothers' \"Under the Sign of Scorpio\" (1969), Mario Colucci's \"Something Creeping in The Dark\" (1971), Liliana Cavani's \"L'ospite\" (1972), Giulio Questi's \"Arcana\" (1972), Marguerite Duras' \"Nathalie Granger\" (1972), Beni Montresor's \"La messe dorée\" (1975), Jeanne Moreau's \"Lumière\" (1976) and Daniel Schmid's \"Violanta\" (1976). She has continued to be active in Italian and Spanish films, appearing in Francesco Rosi's \"Cronaca di una morte annunciata\" (1987), Agustí Villaronga's \"El niño de la luna\" (1989), Ferzan Özpetek's \"Harem suaré\" (1999) and Roberto Faenza's \"I vicerè\" (2007).\n", "Section::::Selected filmography.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Under the Olive Tree\" (1950)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Story of a Love Affair\" (1950)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Paris Is Always Paris\" (1951)\n", "BULLET::::- \"È l'amor che mi rovina\" (1951)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Three Girls from Rome\" (1952)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Temptress\" (1952)\n", "BULLET::::- \"\" (1952)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Lady Without Camelias\" (1953)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Of Life and Love\" (1954)\n", "BULLET::::- \"It Happened at the Police Station\" (1954)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Era lei che lo voleva!\" (1954)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Concert of Intrigue\" (1954)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Symphony of Love\" (1954)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Magic Village\" (1955)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Abandoned\" (1955)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Death of a Cyclist\" (1955)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Cela s'appelle l'aurore \" (1956)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Testament of Orpheus\" (1960)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Nocturne 29\" (1968)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Picasso Summer\" (1969)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Fellini Satyricon\" (1969)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Love and Other Solitudes\" (1969)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Jutrzenka\" (1969)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Metello\" (1970)\n", "BULLET::::- \"So Long Gulliver\" (1970)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The House of the Doves\" (1972)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Nathalie Granger\" (1972)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Down the Ancient Stairs\" (1975)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Violanta\" (1976)\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "Lucia Bosé", "Lucia Bose" ] }, "description": "Italian actress", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q267724", "wikidata_label": "Lucia Bosè", "wikipedia_title": "Lucia Bosè" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Stephen Joel Trachtenberg\n", "Stephen Joel Trachtenberg (born December 14, 1937) was the 15th President of George Washington University, serving from 1988 to 2007. On August 1, 2007, he retired from the presidency and became President Emeritus and University Professor of Public Service.\n", "Section::::Background.\n", "Trachtenberg is a native of Brooklyn, New York who graduated from James Madison High School in 1955. He graduated from Columbia University in 1959, and earned a J.D. from Yale in 1962 and a Master of Public Administration degree from Harvard's John F. Kennedy School of Government in 1966.\n", "At the beginning of his career, he served as the special assistant to the U.S. Education Commissioner for the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare. He began his career in higher education at Boston University and later became President at the University of Hartford. From there he went to The George Washington University in Washington, D.C.\n", "He is the author of numerous books including \"Presidencies Derailed\", \"The Art of Hiring in America's Colleges & Universities\", \"Thinking Out Loud\", \"Reflections on Higher Education\", \"Speaking His Mind,\" and \"Big Man on Campus\" as well as a foreword to Commercial Providence. He is co-author of \"The Art of Hiring in America's Colleges & Universities\" and \"Letters to the Next President.\"\n", "He has received 22 honorary degrees in recognition of his contributions to higher education. These include an honorary Doctor of Laws degree from Columbia University in 2007, a Doctor of Public Service degree from The George Washington University in 2008, an honorary Doctor of Public Administration degree from South Korea’s Kyonggi University, an honorary Doctor of Laws degree from Hanyang University in South Korea, and an honorary Doctor of Humanities degree from the University of Hartford in 1989.\n", "Section::::George Washington University.\n", "Trachtenberg started a full scholarship program for DC public school students, increased the national profile of the university, and has fostered the observance of school traditions such as George Washington's birthday celebration.\n", "During Trachtenberg's tenure as president the university created five new schools: Public Health and Health Services, Public Policy and Public Administration, College of Professional Studies, Graduate School of Political Management, and Media and Public Affairs; initiated the University Honors Program; upgraded GW's library system, which now contains more than two million books and is a member of the prestigious Association of Research Libraries; elevated GW's NCAA Division One athletic program, including record-setting years for men's and women's basketball teams; strengthened university relations with District of Columbia civic leadership; established Northern Virginia and Mount Vernon campuses; upgraded and developed University academic, residential, and recreational facilities; and raised tuition prices.\n", "The university Board of Trustees renamed the public policy school for Trachtenberg, calling it the Trachtenberg School of Public Policy and Public Administration, similar to when the university renamed the Elliott School of International Affairs for Lloyd Elliott, the outgoing president. Trachtenberg holds an endowed chair of public service in the newly named Trachtenberg School. In the Spring of 2007, after announcing his retirement, President Trachtenberg announced himself as that year's commencement keynote speaker, a move met by widespread student outcry and petitioning. Trachtenberg withdrew from the keynote position citing the Virginia Tech massacre without further elaboration.\n", "When President Trachtenberg took office in 1988, tuition at GWU was $9,570, significantly below the national median of $11,330 for all four-year colleges. When he left office in 2007, tuition was $37,790, among the highest in the nation and significantly above the national median of $30,226. Financial aid kept pace with tuition.\n", "Trachtenberg was recognized throughout his career at GW for his commitment to education. By Resolution of the Mayor and the Council of the District of Columbia, Dec. 4, 2006, was declared \"Stephen Joel Trachtenberg Day,\" recognizing his 19 years of leadership at GW and in the city. Similarly, by Resolution of the Council of the District of Columbia, January 22, 1998, was declared \"Stephen Joel Trachtenberg Day\" in honor of President Trachtenberg's commitments to minority students, scholarship programs, public school partnerships and community service.\n", "In the \"Chronicle of Higher Education\" survey of college presidents' salaries for 2007-08, then-President Stephen Trachtenberg topped the nation with a compensation of $3.7 million.\n", "Section::::Academic Board and Advisory Positions.\n", "University of the People (Member of President's Council)\n", "Section::::Rimon Law.\n", "Trachtenberg is currently a partner at the international law firm Rimon Law P.C. He joined the firm on December 1, 2014 and is based at the Washington D.C. office. He heads the firm's University Practice group.\n", "Section::::Other.\n", "U.S. President George W. Bush appointed Trachtenberg to serve in the Honorary Delegation to accompany him to Jerusalem for the celebration of the 60th anniversary of the State of Israel in May 2008.\n", "Trachtenberg is a Fellow of the American Bar Association, the American Academy of the Arts and Sciences, and the National Academy of Public Administration. He also chaired the Rhodes Scholarships Selection Committee for Maryland and the District of Columbia.\n", "Trachtenberg has served as Chairman of the Board of the DC Chamber of Commerce and also served on the transition team for the Mayor of the District of Columbia.\n", "After retiring from George Washington University, Trachtenberg joined the retained executive search firm Korn Ferry Korn/Ferry International as Chairman of the Education Specialty Practice.\n", "An inscription on the reverse side of a bust of George Washington on the North lawn of the House of the Temple (a Masonic temple in Washington, D.C.), cites Trachtenberg as a 33° Freemason of the Scottish Rite. Trachtenberg contributed a foreword to the book by William L. Fox, \"Lodge of The Double-Headed Eagle: Two Centuries of Scottish Rite Freemasonry In America's Southern Jurisdiction\" (1997).\n", "Trachtenberg has served on numerous boards and committees, including the Bankiter Foundation, the Ditchley Foundation, the National Board of Trade, the Federal City Council, the Locite Corporation, MNC, Riggs Bank, the CNO Executive Panel, The White House Fellows Selection Panel and The University of the People. He was awarded the Open Forum Distinguished Public Service Award by the Secretary of State and received the Department of the Treasury Medal of Merit.\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- President Emeritus homepage\n", "BULLET::::- GW Hatchet coverage of Trachtenberg's retirement\n", "BULLET::::- GW Hatchet article on Trachtenberg keynoting Commencement 2007 at GWU\n", "BULLET::::- From Strength to Strength: An Exhibit in Tribute to Stephen Joel Trachtenberg\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "Stephen J. Trachtenberg", "Stephen J Trachtenberg", "S. J. Trachtenberg", "S J Trachtenberg", "S. Trachtenberg", "S Trachtenberg", "Trachtenberg", "Trachtenberg S", "Trachtenberg S.", "Trachtenberg S. J.", "Trachtenberg SJ" ] }, "description": "American academic", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q7609601", "wikidata_label": "Stephen Joel Trachtenberg", "wikipedia_title": "Stephen Joel Trachtenberg" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "James Hill (producer)\n", "James Hill (August 1, 1916 – January 11, 2001) was an American film producer in the 1950s and 1960s. He joined Hecht-Hill-Lancaster Productions as a producer with Harold Hecht and Burt Lancaster after working with them as co-screenwriter on \"His Majesty O'Keefe\". Born in Indianapolis, Indiana, he was the fifth (and final) husband of Rita Hayworth from 1958 to 1961. Like Hayworth, he developed Alzheimer's disease. He died in Santa Monica, California.\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Olivia Munn\n", "Lisa Olivia Munn (born July 3, 1980) is an American actress, model, and activist. She began her professional career in television journalism before becoming an actress. In 2006, Munn starred as Mily Acuna on the series \"Beyond the Break\". She co-hosted \"Attack of the Show!\" from 2006 to 2010 and was a correspondent on \"The Daily Show\" from 2010 to 2011.\n", "Munn has also had supporting roles in various films and television series since 2004. She played the character Sloan Sabbith on the television series \"The Newsroom\" from 2012 to 2014, and has appeared in the films \"Magic Mike\" (2012), the horror film \"Deliver Us from Evil\" (2014), the comedy \"Mortdecai\" (2015), and \"\" (2016) as Psylocke. In 2017, she provided the voice of Koko in \"The Lego Ninjago Movie\", and also had a lead role on the History Channel series \"Six\" (2017).\n", "Section::::Early life.\n", "Lisa Olivia Munn was born July 3, 1980 in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. Her father, Winston Barrett Munn, is an American of English, Irish and German descent. Her mother, Kimberly Schmid, was born and raised in Vietnam and is of Chinese descent. Her mother fled to Oklahoma as a Vietnamese refugee in 1975 after the Vietnam War. After college, her mother married Winston.\n", "When Munn was two years old, her parents divorced and her mother remarried to a member of the United States Air Force. Although the family relocated many times, Munn was predominantly raised on Yokota Air Base near Tachikawa in Tokyo, Japan, where her stepfather was stationed. She has said that her stepfather was \"verbally abusive\" and demeaning. Munn has two brothers, John, a physicist, and James, a custom motorcycle shop owner. She also has a sister named Sara, who is a lawyer.\n", "Her mother and stepfather divorced when Munn was a teenager, and she moved back to Oklahoma with her mother, where she attended Putnam City North High School for her junior and senior years of high school. After graduating, Munn attended the University of Oklahoma, where she earned a B.A. in journalism with a minor in Japanese and dramatic arts.\n", "Section::::Career.\n", "Section::::Career.:2004–2009: Beginnings.\n", "After graduating, she became an intern at the NBC affiliate in Tulsa, and later moved to Los Angeles to pursue an acting career.\n", "In 2004, Munn interned at Fox Sports Networks and worked as a sideline reporter for college football and women's basketball. She has gone on to say that she disliked the experience, explaining, \"I was trying to be something I wasn't, and that made me really uncomfortable on live TV.\"\n", "Soon after she moved to Los Angeles, Munn was cast in a small role in the direct-to-video horror film \"Scarecrow Gone Wild\". She appeared in rock band Zebrahead's music video for their song \"Hello Tomorrow\" as the love interest of the lead singer Justin Mauriello.\n", "Munn also appeared in \"National Lampoon's Strip Poker\", which was filmed at Hedonism II, a naturist resort in Negril, Jamaica, with Kato Kaelin. The films aired on DirecTV and In Demand pay-per-view.\n", "In late 2005, Munn began her role as teen surfer Mily Acuna over two seasons of the television drama \"Beyond the Break\" on The N network. She enjoys surfing and continues to practice the sport. She originally auditioned for the role of Kai Kealoha, but the producers wanted a \"local girl\". She also appeared in the film \"The Road to Canyon Lake\".\n", "In 2006, Munn moved on to the G4 network, where she began co-hosting \"Attack of the Show!\" with Kevin Pereira on 10 April. She replaced departing host Sarah Lane. The network, devoted to the world of video games and the video games lifestyle, was at first hesitant to hire Munn. Although she admits video games were her \"weak point\", she was confident in her technical knowledge. On the show, Munn was featured with journalist Anna David in a segment called \"In Your Pants\", which deals with sex and relationship questions from viewers. While working on \"Attack of the Show!\", Munn hosted \"Formula D\", a now defunct program about American drift racing, and an online podcast called \"Around the Net\", formerly known as \"The Daily Nut\", for G4. Munn left \"Attack of the Show!\" in December 2010 and was replaced by Candace Bailey. Munn appeared in the Rob Schneider film \"Big Stan\" (2007). She played Schneider's character's receptionist Maria. Munn had a significant role in the horror film \"Insanitarium\" in which she played a nurse at an insane asylum.\n", "Section::::Career.:2010–present: Breakthrough.\n", "She had roles in the films \"Date Night\" (2010) and \"Iron Man 2\" (2010). Robert Downey, Jr. praised Munn for her improvisation skills and led the crew in a round of applause.\n", "Munn hosted Microsoft's Bing-a-thon, an advertisement on Hulu for the Microsoft search-engine Bing, on 8 June 2009, alongside Jason Sudeikis. Munn appeared in ABC Family's \"Greek\", portraying Cappie's love interest, Lana. In May 2010, NBC announced that Munn would star on the television series \"Perfect Couples\". The half-hour romantic comedy premiered on January 20, 2011. The series was cancelled before it completed its first season run.\n", "On June 3, 2010, Munn debuted in her new role as a correspondent on Comedy Central's \"The Daily Show\". Her hiring prompted criticism from Irin Carmon of \"Jezebel\", who questioned Munn's credentials and said the show's production was sexist for hiring Munn, whom Carmon said was a sex symbol. Carmon said Munn's hiring was a perpetuation of the show production office's history as a male-dominated atmosphere marginalizing and alienating to women. A group of thirty-two female \"Daily Show\" production staff members said Carmon's piece was inaccurate and misinformed. Munn said that Carmon's assertion was an insult both to her and to the rest of the \"Daily Show\" staff. She went on to appear in 16 more episodes as a correspondent, with \"TV Guide\" naming her signature segment \"Tiger Mothering,\" in which she mocked the high expectations of Chinese mothers, in part by interviewing her own mother. Her last episode as a correspondent aired September 2, 2011. She returned for a brief segment in host Jon Stewart's final show on August 6, 2015.\n", "In 2010, Munn guest-starred on NBC's comedy-drama \"Chuck\" as a CIA agent. In 2011, Munn appeared in the comedy film \"I Don't Know How She Does It\" (2011) as Momo. In 2012, Munn had a leading role in \"The Babymakers\", a minor role in \"Freeloaders\", and appeared in \"Magic Mike\", directed by Steven Soderbergh. She played Sloan Sabbith on HBO's drama series \"The Newsroom\". She also appeared as Angie, Nick's stripper girlfriend, in three episodes in Season Two of FOX's sitcom \"New Girl\".\n", "Munn served as a correspondent in \"True Colors,\" the May 12, 2014 episode of the Showtime documentary series \"Years of Living Dangerously\", in which she interviewed Washington State Governor Jay Inslee about his efforts to reduce CO emissions in his home state. As of June 2014, Munn has been hired as the main promoter of Proactiv acne cleanser products starring in several commercials and one infomercial for the product. The commercials show Munn experiencing acne herself. Since January 2015, she has been the voice of the character Phoebe Callisto on the Disney Junior animated series \"Miles from Tomorrowland\". In 2016, Munn was cast as Elizabeth Braddock / Psylocke (one of Apocalypse's Four Horsemen) in \"\".\n", "She also had a starring role in the television series \"Six\" as a CIA operative and appeared on Season 13 of \"America's Got Talent\" as a guest judge in the season's second Judge Cuts episode.\n", "Section::::In print.\n", "Munn has appeared in advertising campaigns for Nike, Pepsi and Neutrogena. She appeared on the Fall 2006 cover of \"Foam\" magazine in September, in \"Men's Edge\" magazine in August, and was featured in a pictorial in \"Complex\" in November 2006, where she later became a columnist. In February 2007, she appeared as \"Babe of the Month\" in a non-nude pictorial in \"Playboy\" magazine. She discusses this shoot in her book \"Suck it, Wonder Woman\".\n", "Munn also appeared in the July/August 2007 issue of \"Men's Health\". In September 2007, she was featured in the Italian \"Vanity Fair\" for their \"Hot Young Hollywood\" Issue. Munn appeared in the Winter/Spring 2009 issue of \"Men's Health Living\". She was featured as the cover girl for the July/August 2009 issue of \"Playboy\", and later on the cover of the January 2010 and February 2011 issues of \"Maxim\". Munn appears on the cover of the January 2012 issue of \"FHM\" magazine. She was voted #2 by readers on \"Maxim\"s list of their Hot 100 Women of 2012.\n", "Munn's book \"Suck It, Wonder Woman: The Misadventures of a Hollywood Geek\" () was released on July 6, 2010. In a review for \"Time Out New York\", Olivia Giovetti said that the book offers glimpses into Munn's life, but does not go into depth.\n", "Section::::Charity work.\n", "In 2011, Munn teamed up with Dosomething.org's Green Your School Challenge. She was a spokesperson for the campaign by filming a PSA regarding the challenge, and sat on the panel of judges that evaluated the entries.\n", "Munn helped PETA with a campaign that ultimately freed a sick elephant from a touring circus. Her blog for \"The Huffington Post\" was credited with encouraging fans to contact the USDA on the elephant's behalf. Munn posed for PETA's \"I'd Rather Go Naked Than Wear Fur\" campaign in April 2010, and again in January 2012. In February 2013, Munn fronted a PETA release of new footage showing cruelty to animals in Chinese fur farms.\n", "Section::::Personal life.\n", "Munn was in a relationship with Aaron Rodgers from 2014 to 2017.\n", "In regard to her faith and work in \"Deliver Us from Evil\", Munn has said that \"I didn't believe in the supernatural before this movie.\" However, the viewing of footage from the New York City Police Department of real-life exorcisms changed her mind, and she has stated that \"I'm a full believer [now].\"\n", "Munn is a black belt in taekwondo.\n", "In November 2017, Munn accused film director Brett Ratner of repeatedly sexually harassing her over a period of several years.\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Erjon Tola\n", "Erjon Tola (born 15 December 1986) is an Albanian alpine ski racer who represented Albania at the 2006, 2010, 2014 and 2018 Winter Olympics.\n", "Section::::Life.\n", "Tola was born in Tirana in 1986. He was ranked last among those who finished the men's super-G, but finished 35th in the men's giant slalom. Tola finished 48th in the men's slalom and 63rd in the men's giant slalom at the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver. He trains in Italy and has been living in Cervinia since 1992.\n", "In 2018 he and Suela Mehilli represented Albania at the Winter Olympic Games in South Korea. It was his fourth and her second Olympics.\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Videos of Erjon Tola in the 2010 Winter Olympics\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Christoph Arnold\n", "Christoph Arnold (December 17, 1650 – April 15, 1695) was a German amateur astronomer.\n", "Born in Sommerfeld near Leipzig, Arnold was a farmer by profession. Interested in astronomy, he spotted the great comet of 1683, eight days before Hevelius did. He also observed the great comet of 1686. In 1686, Kirch went to Leipzig. There, he observed the great comet of 1686, together with Gottfried Kirch. There, Kirch met his second wife, Maria Margarethe Winckelmann (1670–1720), who had actually learned astronomy from Arnold.\n", "Arnold observed the transit of Mercury in front of the sun on October 13, 1690. For this work, he received some money and a tax exemption from the town of Leipzig. He was the author of \"Göttliche Gnadenzeichen, in einem Sonnenwunder vor Augen gestellt\" (Leipzig, 1692) which contains an account of the transit of Mercury in 1690. \n", "He died at Leipzig. \n", "The crater Arnold on the Moon is named after him. \n", "Section::::Sources.\n", "BULLET::::- Chris Plicht, Biographies\n", "BULLET::::- Messier Catalog: Online Biography of Gottfried Kirch\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "German astronomer", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q66389", "wikidata_label": "Christoph Arnold", "wikipedia_title": "Christoph Arnold" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "George Shuckburgh-Evelyn\n", "Sir George Augustus William Shuckburgh-Evelyn, 6th Baronet (23 August 1751 – 11 August 1804) was a British politician, mathematician and astronomer.\n", "Section::::Life.\n", "George Shuckburgh was born on 23 August 1751, the son of Richard Shuckburgh of Limerick. He was educated at Rugby School and Balliol College, Oxford, from which he earned a bachelor's degree in 1772.\n", "He became a baronet in 1773, on the death of his uncle, and (after returning from his postgraduate travels to Europe) moved to Shuckburgh Hall, the family estate in Shuckburgh, Warwickshire. He served in the House of Commons as a Member of Parliament for Warwickshire from 1780 until his death in 1804.\n", "In 1782, he was married to Sarah Johanna Darker, daughter of John Darker. His second marriage on 6 October 1785 was to Julia Annabella Evelyn, the daughter of James Evelyn of Felbridge; when his father-in-law died in 1793, Shuckburgh added Evelyn to his own surname. Their daughter, Julia Evelyn Medley Shuckburgh, married Charles Jenkinson, 3rd Earl of Liverpool.\n", "Shuckburgh died on 11 August 1804 in Shuckburgh, Warwickshire.\n", "Section::::Scientific contributions.\n", "He made a series of astronomical observations and an ephemeris, which he published in twelve volumes between 1774 and 1797. In 1791 the Shuckburgh telescope was installed at his private observatory in Warwickshire, England.\n", "Included among his observations were measurements of lunar surface features. The crater Shuckburgh on the Moon is named after him.\n", "Shuckburgh also contributed to metrology. He performed a series of observations on the change in the boiling point of water at different pressures, and pointed out the need for controlling for this effect when calibrating thermometers. The Shuckburgh scale was a standard brass yard constructed for him by Edward Troughton, whose company later made the Victorian standard yard of 1855; the Shuckburgh scale was used by George Biddell Airy in his measurements of the earth's shape, and in setting standards for many years by the British government.\n", "In statistics, Shuckburgh was a pioneer in the collation of price indexes.\n", "He became a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1774. In 1798, he was co-winner of the Copley Medal, the highest award of the Society.\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "Sir George Augustus William Shuckburgh-Evelyn, 6th Baronet" ] }, "description": "British politician", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q3300195", "wikidata_label": "George Shuckburgh-Evelyn", "wikipedia_title": "George Shuckburgh-Evelyn" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Christelle Laura Douibi\n", "Christelle Laura Douibi (born November 24, 1985) is an Algerian alpine skier at the 2006 Winter Olympics. She dedicated her first race to her deceased father Mohammed. She was also the nation's flag bearer, and the only woman to represent Africa at the 2006 Winter Olympics.\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Article on long-shot athletes\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "French alpine skier", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q2964967", "wikidata_label": "Christelle Laura Douibi", "wikipedia_title": "Christelle Laura Douibi" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Jimmy Conlin\n", "Jimmy Conlin (October 14, 1884 – May 7, 1962) was an American character actor who appeared in almost 150 films in his 32-year career.\n", "Section::::Career.\n", "Conlin was born in Camden, New Jersey in 1884, and his acting career started out in vaudeville, where he and his first wife Myrtle Glass played the Keith-Albee-Orpheum circuits billed as \"Conlin & Glass\", a song-and-dance team. They also starred together in two short films, \"Sharps and Flats\" (1928) and \"Zip! Boom! Bang!\" (1929) for Vitaphone.\n", "Conlin made another comedy short without Glass in 1930 (\"A Tight Squeeze\"), but his film career started for good in 1933, and for the next 27 years, with the single exception of 1951, every year saw the release of at least one film in which Conlin appeared – at the height of his career, often more than a dozen of them. Recognizable by his small size and odd appearance, Conlin played all sorts of small roles and bit parts, many times not receiving an onscreen credit.\n", "In the 1940s, Conlin was part of Preston Sturges' unofficial \"stock company\" of character actors, appearing in nine films written and directed by Sturges. His roles in Sturges' films were often sizable and often came with good billing. One of his best performances came in Sturges' \"The Sin of Harold Diddlebock\" in 1946, when he played \"Wormy\", the racetrack tout who convinces Harold Lloyd to have his first drink, setting off the events of the film. The loyalty between Sturges and Conlin ran both ways, and when the former golden boy of Hollywood fell on hard times, Conlin remained a friend, stayed in contact, and helped out in any way he could.\n", "Conlin did not make many television appearances, but he did have a regular role as a bartender on \"Duffy's Tavern\", a syndicated series from 1954. He made his final film in 1959, when he played a habitual criminal in \"Anatomy of a Murder\".\n", "Section::::Personal life.\n", "Conlin's first wife, Myrtle Glass, died in 1945. They had been married 27 years. Later, he was married to the former Dorothy Ryan.\n", "Section::::Death.\n", "Conlin died at his home in Encino, California on May 7, 1962 at the age of 77.\n", "Section::::Selected filmography.\n", "BULLET::::- \"College Humor\" (1933)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Footlight Parade\" (1933) (uncredited) - in thebr\"Honeymoon Hotel\" number\n", "BULLET::::- \"Cross Country Cruise\" (1934)\n", "BULLET::::- \"City Limits\" (1934)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Bride Comes Home\" (1935)\n", "BULLET::::- \"And Sudden Death\" (1936)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Rose Bowl\" (1936)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Find the Witness\" (1937) (uncredited)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Man Who Found Himself\" (1937)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Crashing Hollywood\" (1938)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Nancy Drew... Reporter\" (1939) (uncredited)\n", "BULLET::::- \"No Place to Go\" (1939)\n", "BULLET::::- \"My Little Chickadee\" (1940)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Calling Philo Vance\" (1940)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Great McGinty\" (1940)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Second Chorus\" (1940)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Ridin' on a Rainbow\" (1941)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Lady Eve\" (1941) (uncredited)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Sullivan's Travels\" (1941)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Remarkable Andrew\" (1942)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Forest Rangers\" (1942)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Palm Beach Story\" (1942)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Madame Spy\" (1942)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Petticoat Larceny\" (1943)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Hitler's Madman\" (1943)\n", "BULLET::::- \"This is the Army\" (1943) (uncredited)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Ali Baba and the Forty Thieves\" (1944)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Miracle of Morgan's Creek\" (1944) (uncredited)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Hail the Conquering Hero\" (1944)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Army Wives\" (1944)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Town Went Wild\" (1944)\n", "BULLET::::- \"An Angel Comes to Brooklyn\" (1945)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Rolling Home\" (1946)\n", "BULLET::::- \"It's a Joke, Son!\" (1947)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Sin of Harold Diddlebock\" (1947)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Seven Keys to Baldpate\" (1947)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Dick Tracy's Dilemma\" (1947)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Hucksters\" (1947) as Blake\n", "BULLET::::- \"Mourning Becomes Electra\" (1947)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Tulsa\" (1949)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Knock on Any Door\" (1949) - Kid Fingers (uncredited)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Great Rupert\" (1950) - Joe Mahoney\n", "BULLET::::- \"Operation Haylift\" (1950) - Ed North\n", "BULLET::::- \"Sideshow\" (1950) - Johnny\n", "BULLET::::- \"On Dangerous Ground\" (1951) - Doc Hyman (uncredited)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Jazz Singer\" (1952) - Mr. Demming, Photographer (uncredited)\n", "BULLET::::- \"It Happens Every Thursday\" (1953) - Matthew\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Seven Little Foys\" (1954) - Stage Doorman in 1898 Chicago (uncredited)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Anatomy of a Murder\" (1959) - Clarence Madigan\n", "BULLET::::- \"The 30 Foot Bride of Candy Rock\" (1959) - Magruder\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Alberto Ríos\n", "Alberto Álvaro Ríos (born September 18, 1952) is the author of ten books and chapbooks of poetry, three collections of short stories, and a memoir.\n", "In August 2013, Rios was named Arizona's first state poet laureate, a position he held until 2015.\n", "Section::::Life.\n", "He graduated from University of Arizona with an MFA.\n", "Ríos is a Regents' Professor at Arizona State University, where he has taught since 1982 and where he holds the further distinction of the Katharine C. Turner Endowed Chair in English.\n", "His most recent book, \"A Small Story About the Sky\" was published in 2015 by Copper Canyon Press. Other books of poems include \"The Dangerous Shirt\", along with \"The Theater of Night\", winner of the 2007 PEN/Beyond Margins Award, \"The Smallest Muscle in the Human Body\", finalist for the National Book Award, \"Teodoro Luna's Two Kisses\", \"The Lime Orchard Woman\", \"The Warrington Poems\", \"Five Indiscretions\", and \"Whispering to Fool the Wind\", which won the Walt Whitman Award.\n", "His three collections of short stories are, most recently, \"The Curtain of Trees\", along with \"Pig Cookies\" and \"The Iguana Killer\", which won the first Western States Book Award for Fiction, judged by Robert Penn Warren.\n", "His memoir about growing up on the Mexico-Arizona border, called \"Capirotada\", won the Latino Literary Hall of Fame Award and was designated the OneBookArizona choice for 2009.\n", "Ríos is the recipient of the Western Literature Association Distinguished Achievement Award, the Arizona Governor's Arts Award, fellowships from the Guggenheim Foundation and the National Endowment for the Arts, the Walt Whitman Award, the Western States Book Award for Fiction, six Pushcart Prizes in both poetry and fiction, and inclusion in \"The Norton Anthology of Modern Poetry\", as well as over 300 other national and international literary anthologies. His work is regularly taught and translated, and has been adapted to dance and both classical and popular music.\n", "In 2013, Rios was named Arizona's first poet laureate, and in 2014, he was elected a Chancellor of the Academy of American Poets.\n", "Section::::Bibliography.\n", "Section::::Bibliography.:Poetry.\n", "His books of poems include:\n", "BULLET::::- \"A Small Story About the Sky\", Copper Canyon Press, 2015,\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Theater of Night\", Copper Canyon Press, 2006,\n", "BULLET::::- nominated for the National Book Award,\n", "BULLET::::- \"Teodoro Luna's Two Kisses\" W. W. Norton, Incorporated, 1992,\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Lime Orchard Woman\" Sheep Meadow Press, 1988,\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Warrington Poems\", Pyracantha Press, Arizona State University, School of Art, 1989\n", "BULLET::::- \"Five Indiscretions\" The Sheep Meadow Press, 1985,\n", "BULLET::::- \"Whispering to Fool the Wind\", Sheep Meadow Press, 1982,\n", "BULLET::::- \"Sleeping on Fists\" (Dooryard Press, 1981)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Elk Heads on the Wall\"(Mango Publications, 1979)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Spring in the Only Place Spring Was\"\n", "Section::::Bibliography.:Short story collections.\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Curtain of Trees\"\n", "BULLET::::- \"Pig Cookies\"\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Secret Lion\"\n", "Section::::Bibliography.:Non-fiction.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Capirotada\", University of New México Press, 1999, , a memoir about growing up on the Mexican border\n", "Section::::Honors.\n", "BULLET::::- 2002 finalist for the National Book Award\n", "BULLET::::- At the request of Governor-elect Janet Napolitano, Ríos wrote and delivered a poem at Arizona's gubernatorial inauguration in 2003.\n", "BULLET::::- At Governor Napolitano's request, wrote a poem for the visit of President Vicente Fox of Mexico.\n", "BULLET::::- 2002 recipient of the Western Literature Association's Distinguished Achievement Award\n", "BULLET::::- Arizona Governor's Arts Award\n", "BULLET::::- Guggenheim Foundation fellowship\n", "BULLET::::- National Endowment for the Arts fellowship\n", "BULLET::::- Walt Whitman Award\n", "BULLET::::- Outstanding Latino/a Cultural Award in Literary Arts or Publications, AAHHE, 2004\n", "BULLET::::- Western States Book Award for Fiction\n", "BULLET::::- six Pushcart Prizes in both poetry and fiction\n", "BULLET::::- inclusion in The Norton Anthology of Modern Poetry\n", "BULLET::::- inclusion in over 175 other national and international literary anthologies\n", "BULLET::::- selected as a 2005 Historymaker by the Arizona History Society's Museum, a Smithsonian affiliate, at Papago Park, Tempe, Arizona\n", "BULLET::::- 2007 recipient of the PEN/Beyond Margins Award for \"The Theater of Night\"\n", "Section::::References.\n", "BULLET::::- Wild, Peter (1998). \"Alberto Ríos\". Boise, Idaho: Boise State University \"Western Writers Series\" #131. pp. 51.\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Alberto Álvaro Ríos faculty/personal website – Arizona State University\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "Alberto Rios" ] }, "description": "American poet", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q4712189", "wikidata_label": "Alberto Ríos", "wikipedia_title": "Alberto Ríos" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Gottfried Kirch\n", "Gottfried Kirch (; also Kirche , Kirkius; December 18, 1639 – July 25, 1710) was a German astronomer and the first 'Astronomer Royal' in Berlin and, as such, director of the nascent Berlin Observatory.\n", "Section::::Life and work.\n", "The son of Michael Kirch, a shoemaker in Guben, Electorate of Saxony, initially he worked as a schoolmaster in Langgrün and Neundorf near Lobenstein. He also worked as a calendar-maker in Saxonia and Franconia. He began to learn astronomy with Erhard Weigel in Jena, and with Hevelius in Danzig. In Danzig in 1667, Kirch published calendars and built several telescopes and instruments. In 1679 he invented a screw micrometer for astronomical measurements. He became an astronomer working in Coburg, Leipzig and Guben as well from 1700 in Berlin.\n", "In the last quarter of the 17th century, Kirch was the most-read calendar maker and counted as one of the leading German. In 1680 he discovered a comet with a telescope for the first time: Komet C/1680 V1, called Kirch's comet. In 1681 he discovered the \"Wild Duck Cluster\" M 11. In 1686 he went to Leipzig. Together with the farmer and astronomer Christoph Arnold he observed the comets of that year. In the same year he discovered the Mira variable χ Cygni. He also dedicated much time to observing the double star Mizar. He introduced three new constellations, the ″Globus cruciger″ (″Reichsapfel\"), the ″Electoral Sword″ (″Kurfürstliches Schwert″) and the Sceptre of Brandenburg, which however were not recognized and adopted by the International Astronomical Union (IAU). Via Arnold he met his second wife Maria Margaretha Winkelmann (1670-1720), who had learnt astronomy from self-study and from Arnold. While jointly observing the comet of 1702, they discovered the globular cluster M 5 (May 5, 1702).\n", "In 1699, he had observed comet 55P/Tempel-Tuttle but this observation was not recognized until later analysis by Joachim Schubart.\n", "For a long period, he was unable to find employment, so he had to earn his living through the publication of Almanacs/ Calendars. He was assisted in the calculations by his second wife and their children. A few series of almanacs appeared across several decades. For a time, he published up to 13 almanacs a year, a few appearing under pseudonyms and he also continued established almanacs from other authors under their name. As examples could be cited \"Christian-, Jewish- und Turkish-Almanac\", the \"Gipsy-Almanac\" the \"Sibylla Ptolemaein, a Gipsywoman from Alexandria in Egypten\", the \"Astronomischen Wunder-Kalender\", the \"Wahrhaftigen Himmels-Boten\", the \"Gespenster- und Haushaltungs-Kalender\" by \"Johann Friedrich von Rosenfeld / Der Astronomiae Ergebener\" and from 1700 the various Academy Almanacs as 'Astronomer Royal' in Berlin.\n", "It is only recently that the importance of the Kirch's Almanacs has been recognized for the distribution of ideas of the Enlightenment and Pietism to the wider population. The functions of almanacs are Information, Education and Discussion. Kirch's Calendars are marked additionally for the announcement of both their own results as well as the results from abroad. A few almanacs anticipate the Astronomisches Jahrbuch. Further aspects are the transmission of new ideas to ordinary people in conjunction with a growing distancing from astrological superstition and criticisms of orthodox beliefs. The accompaniment to all almanacs \"Zugaben / Oder Astrologisches Bedencken / von dem Lauff und der Wirckung des Gestirnten Himmels / …\" (example from the Zigeuner-Kalender) had been demanded by the publishers, as otherwise the almanacs did not sell well. Astrological ideas were still not fully overcome, he attacked the practice of astrological forecasting and mendacity of many almanac makers of his time as being a sin against God, especially prophesies regarding war and peace.\n", "Since 1675 he pursued the idea of founding an \"Astronomical Society in Germany\". It was to be open to all astronomers independent of nationality or religious persuasion. He projected the idea that all astronomers should send their observations to a central location where they could be published as soon as possible. He considered Frankfurt am Main to be the ideal location, for one because of the Messe (fair) and on the other hand because of the easy connection to the Netherlands via the Main and Rhein. The planned society should also serve to coordinate the observing of astronomical events such as eclipses and transits of planets. As examples could be mentioned the transit of Mercury on 31 October or 1 November 1690, which he organized in quasi-military fashion. However he appears to have made no concrete steps to set up such a society.\n", "Then in 1700 he was appointed the first astronomer of the Royal Society of Sciences (″Kurfürstlich-Brandenburgische Societät der Wissenschaften″) in Berlin on 10 May by Prince-elector Friedrich III. of Brandenburg (since 1701: King Friedrich I. of Prussia). The founding of the associated Berlin Observatory was a reaction to the new national observatories in Greenwich, Paris and St. Petersburg. To finance the Academy, the Prince-Elector conferred the \"Kalenderpatent\" on it (a monopoly on publishing almanacs). Kirch and his wife therefore were obliged to also finance the Academy by their almanac calculations.\n", "After his death, his wife continued the almanac calculations. His son Christfried Kirch became director of the Observatory in 1716. When Prussia incorporated the new province of Silesia in the 1740s, a further almanac was needed to be drawn up for the Catholics, for that issue the Academy employed his daughter Christine Kirch (1696–1782). Since 1700, two calendar variants were in force in the \"German Reich\": the Gregorian Calendar in the catholic, the \"Verbesserter Reichskalender\" (improved Reich calendar) in the Protestant regions, however the latter differed from the former solely in respect of calculation of the date of Easter.\n", "The crater Kirch on the Moon and the asteroid 6841 Gottfriedkirch are named after him.\n", "Kirch studied the double star Mizar.\n", "He died at Berlin at the age of seventy.\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- List of astronomical instrument makers\n", "Section::::Sources.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Robert Burnham Jr.: Burnham's Celestial Handbook, Volume Two, p. 762)\"\n", "BULLET::::- Messier Catalog: Online Biography of Gottfried Kirch\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Francis Jammes\n", "Francis Jammes (; 2 December 1868, Tournay, Hautes-Pyrénées ; 1 November 1938, Hasparren, Pyrénées-Atlantiques) was a French poet. He spent most of his life in his native region of Béarn and the Basque Country and his poems are known for their lyricism and for singing the pleasures of a humble country life (donkeys, maidens). His later poetry remained lyrical, but also included a strong religious element brought on by his \"conversion\" to Catholicism (more a return to the faith as he had always been a Catholic).\n", "Section::::Biography.\n", "He was a mediocre student and failed his baccalauréat with a zero for French.\n", "The young author's first poems began to be read in Parisian literary circles around 1895, and they were appreciated for their fresh tone which broke considerably from symbolist tendencies of the period. Jammes fraternised with other writers, including André Gide (with whom he travelled to Algeria in 1896), Stéphane Mallarmé and Henri de Régnier. His most famous collection of poems -- \"De l'angélus de l'aube à l'angélus du soir\" (\"From morning Angelus to evening Angelus\") -- appeared in 1897 in the Mercure de France; \"Le Deuil des Primevères\" (\"The Mourning of Primulas\") (1901) was also well received. While working up to that point as a notary's clerk, the author was thenceforth able to live from his writings. In 1905 Francis Jammes, influenced by the poet Paul Claudel with whom he became close, \"converted\" to Catholicism (in actuality a return to being a practicing Catholic) and his poetry became more austere and occasionally more dogmatic.\n", "In the eyes of Parisian literary circles, Francis Jammes was generally considered a solitary provincial who chose to live a life of retreat in his mountainous Pyrenees, and his poems never became entirely fashionable. The author sought nomination to the Académie française several times, but was never elected.\n", "Jammes was the original author of Georges Brassens's song \"La Prière\" (\"The Prayer\"). The lyrics were taken from the poem \"Les Mystères douloureux\" (\"The Agonies of Christ\") published in the collection \"L'Église habillée de feuilles\" (\"The Church Clothed in Leaves\") (1906); Brassens changed some of the words to make the text more rhythmic.\n", "Jammes was known to have an ardent passion for field sports, especially game hunting. He was known to have also been a believer in the conservation of endangered species.\n", "Thirteen poems from his cycle \"Tristesses\" (\"Sorrows\"), were set to music by composer Lili Boulanger in 1914 under the title \"Clairières dans le ciel\" (\"Clearings in the Sky\") a title Jammes had given to an assorted collection of poetry of which \"Tristesses\" was a part. The whole cycle was composed for soprano, flute and piano by Michel Bosc.\n", "Section::::Works.\n", "Section::::Works.:Poetry.\n", "Each year links to its corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:\n", "BULLET::::- 1891: \"Six Sonnets\"\n", "BULLET::::- 1892: \"Vers\", also 1893 and 1894\n", "BULLET::::- 1895: \"Un jour\"\n", "BULLET::::- 1897: \"La Naissance du poète\" (\"The Birth of the Poet\")\n", "BULLET::::- 1898: \"Quatorze prières\"\n", "BULLET::::- 1898: \"De l'Angélus de l'aube à l'Angélus du soir\" (\"From the Morning Prayer to the Evening Prayer\")\n", "BULLET::::- 1899: \"Le Poète et l'oiseau\" (\"The Poet and the Bird\")\n", "BULLET::::- 1899: \"La Jeune Fille nue\"\n", "BULLET::::- 1900–1901: \"Le Triomphe de la vie\"\n", "BULLET::::- 1901: \"Le Deuil des primevères\"\n", "BULLET::::- 1902–1906: \"Clairières dans le ciel\"\n", "BULLET::::- 1905: \"Tristesses\"\n", "BULLET::::- 1906: \"Clairières dans le Ciel\"\n", "BULLET::::- 1906: \"L'Eglise habillée de feuilles\"\n", "BULLET::::- 1906: \"Le Triomphe de la vie\"\n", "BULLET::::- 1908: \"Poèmes mesurés\"\n", "BULLET::::- 1908: \"Rayons de miel\", Paris: Bibliothèque de l'Occident\n", "BULLET::::- 1911–1912: \"Les Géorgiques chrétiennes\" (\"Christian Georgics\"), three volumes\n", "BULLET::::- 1913: \"Feuilles dans le vent\"\n", "BULLET::::- 1916: \"Cinq prières pour le temps de la guerre\", Paris: Librairie de l'Art catholique\n", "BULLET::::- 1919: \"La Vierge et les sonnets\", Paris: Mercure de France\n", "BULLET::::- 1921: \"Épitaphes\", Paris: Librairie de l'Art catholic\n", "BULLET::::- 1921: \"Le Tombeau de Jean de la Fontaine\", Paris: Mercure de France\n", "BULLET::::- 1922, 1923, 1924, 1925, \"Livres des quatrains\"\n", "BULLET::::- 1923: \"La Brebis égarée\"\n", "BULLET::::- 1923–1925 \"Les Quatrains\", in four volumes\n", "BULLET::::- 1925: \"Brindilles pour rallumer la foi\", Paris: Éditions Spes\n", "BULLET::::- 1926: \"Ma France poétique, Paris: Mercure de France\n", "BULLET::::- 1928: \"Diane\"\n", "BULLET::::- 1931: \"L'Arc-en-ciel des amours\", Paris: Bloud et Gay\n", "BULLET::::- 1935: \"Alouette\"\n", "BULLET::::- 1935: \"De tout temps à jamais\", Paris: Gallimard\n", "BULLET::::- 1936: \"Sources\", Paris: Le Divan\n", "BULLET::::- 1943: \"Elégies et poésies diverses\"\n", "BULLET::::- 1946: \"La Grâce\"\n", "Section::::Works.:Prose.\n", "Each year links to its corresponding \"[year] in literature\" article:\n", "BULLET::::- 1899: \"Clara d'Ellébeuse; ou, L'Histoire d'une ancienne jeune fille\"\n", "BULLET::::- 1901: \"Almaïde d'Etremont; ou, L'Histoire d'une jeune fille passionée\"\n", "BULLET::::- 1903: \"Le Roman du lièvre\"\n", "BULLET::::- 1904: \"Pomme d'Anis; ou, L'Histoire d'une jeune fille infirme\"\n", "BULLET::::- 1906: \"Pensée des jardins\"\n", "BULLET::::- 1910: \"Ma fille Bernadette\"\n", "BULLET::::- 1916: \"Le Rosaire au soleil\", Paris: Mercure de France\n", "BULLET::::- 1918: \"Monsieur le Curé d'Ozeron\"\n", "BULLET::::- 1919: \"Une vierge\", Paris: Édouard-Joseph\n", "BULLET::::- 1919: \"Le Noël de mes enfants\", Paris: Édouard-Joseph\n", "BULLET::::- 1919: \"La Rose à Marie\", Paris: Édouard-Joseph\n", "BULLET::::- 1920: \"Le Poète rustique\", Paris: Mercure de France\n", "BULLET::::- 1921: \"Le Bon Dieu chez les enfants\"\n", "BULLET::::- 1921: \"De l'âge divin à l'âge ingrat\", the first of three volumes of his memoirs, followed by \"L'Amour, les muses et la chasse\", 1922; \"Les Caprices du poète\", 1923\n", "BULLET::::- 1921: \"Le Livre de saint Joseph\", Paris: Plon-Nourrit\n", "BULLET::::- 1922: \"Le Poète et l'inspiration\", Nîmes, France: Gomès\n", "BULLET::::- 1923: \"Cloches pour deux mariages\", Paris: Mercure de France\n", "BULLET::::- 1925: \"Les Robinsons basques\"\n", "BULLET::::- 1926: \"Trente-six femmes\", Paris: Mercure de France\n", "BULLET::::- 1926: \"Basses-Pyrénées\", Paris: Émile-Paul\n", "BULLET::::- 1927: \"Lavigerie\"\n", "BULLET::::- 1928: \"Janot-poète\"\n", "BULLET::::- 1928: \"Les Nuits qui me chantent\"\n", "BULLET::::- 1928: \"La Divine Douleur\"\n", "BULLET::::- 1930: \"Champétreries et méditations\"\n", "BULLET::::- 1930: \"Leçons poétiques\", Paris: Mercure de France\n", "BULLET::::- 1932: \"L'Antigyde; ou, Elie de Nacre\"\n", "BULLET::::- 1934: \"Le Crucifix du poète\", Paris: M. deHartoy\n", "BULLET::::- 1936: \"Le Pèlerin de Lourdes\", Paris: Gallimard\n", "BULLET::::- 1938: \"La Légende de l'aile; ou, Marie-Elisabeth\"\n", "BULLET::::- 1941: \"Saint Louis; ou, L'Esprit de la Croisade\", Paris: F. Sorlot\n", "Section::::Further reading.\n", "BULLET::::- Lowell, Amy (1915). \"Francis Jammes.\" In: \"Six French Poets.\" New York: The Macmillan Company, pp. 211–268.\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Poems by Francis Jammes\n", "BULLET::::- Official site (in French)\n", "BULLET::::- Francis Jammes au \"Club des Poètes\" (in French)\n", "BULLET::::- Selection of poems (in French)\n", "BULLET::::- Francis Jammes Index des titres ou incipits\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Robert Whitaker (author)\n", "Robert Whitaker is an American journalist and author, writing primarily about medicine, science, and history.\n", "Section::::Career.\n", "Whitaker was a medical writer at the \"Albany Times Union\" newspaper in Albany, New York from 1989 to 1994. In 1992, he was a Knight Science Journalism fellow at MIT. Following that, he became director of publications at Harvard Medical School. In 1994, he co-founded a publishing company, CenterWatch, that covered the pharmaceutical clinical trials industry. CenterWatch was acquired by Medical Economics, a division of The Thomson Corporation, in 1998.\n", "In 2002, \"USA Today\" published Whitaker's article \"Mind drugs may hinder recovery\" in its editorial/opinion section.\n", "In 2004, Whitaker published a paper in the non-peer-reviewed journal \"Medical Hypotheses\", titled \n", "\"The case against antipsychotic drugs: a 50-year record of doing more harm than good\". In 2005, he published his paper \"Anatomy of an Epidemic: Psychiatric Drugs and the Astonishing Rise of Mental Illness in America\" in the peer-reviewed journal \"Ethical Human Psychology and Psychiatry\". In his book \"Anatomy of an Epidemic\", published in 2010, Whitaker continued his work.\n", "Section::::\"Mad in America\".\n", "He has written on and off for the \"Boston Globe\" and in 2001, he wrote his first book \"Mad in America\" about psychiatric research and medications, the domains of some of his earlier journalism.\n", "He appeared in the film \"Take These Broken Wings: Recovery from Schizophrenia Without Medication\" released in 2008, a film detailing the pitfalls of administering medication for the illness.\n", "Section::::\"Anatomy of an Epidemic\".\n", "An IRE 2010 book award winner for best investigative journalism, this book investigates why the number of mentally ill patients in America receiving SSI or SSDI disability checks keeps rising, despite the so-called \"psychopharmacological revolution.\" Whitaker's main thesis is that psychopharmacological drugs work well to curb acute symptoms. However, patients receiving prolonged treatment courses often end up more disabled than they started. Despite these results from several landmark studies in the 1970s, in the 1980s pharmaceutical companies such as Eli Lily together with the American Psychiatric Association began more aggressively pushing second generation anti-depressants and anti-psychotics on psychiatric patients. Many prominent academic psychiatrists worked as key opinion leaders for the pharmaceutical companies, and were compensated millions of dollars.\n", "Section::::Awards and honors.\n", "Articles that Whitaker co-wrote won the 1998 George Polk Award for Medical Writing and the 1998 National Association of Science Writers’ Science in Society Journalism Award for best magazine article.\n", "A 1998 \"Boston Globe\" article series he co-wrote on psychiatric research was a finalist for the 1999 Pulitzer Prize for Public Service.\n", "In April 2011, IRE announced that \"Anatomy of an Epidemic\" had won its award as the best investigative journalism book of 2010 stating, \"this book provides an in-depth exploration of medical studies and science and \n", "intersperses compelling anecdotal examples. In the end, Whitaker punches holes in the \n", "conventional wisdom of treatment of mental illness with drugs.\"\n", "Section::::Books.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Mad In America: Bad Science, Bad Medicine, and The Enduring Mistreatment of the Mentally Ill\", Perseus Publishing, December 24, 2001,\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Mapmaker's Wife: A True Tale of Love, Murder, and Survival in the Amazon\", Basic Books, April 13, 2004,\n", "BULLET::::- \"On the Laps of Gods: The Red Summer of 1919 and the Struggle for Justice That Remade a Nation\", Crown, June 10, 2008,\n", "BULLET::::- \"Anatomy of an Epidemic: Magic Bullets, Psychiatric Drugs, and the Astonishing Rise of Mental Illness in America\", Crown, April 13, 2010,\n", "BULLET::::- \"Psychiatry Under The Influence: Institutional Corruption, Social Injury, and Prescriptions for Reform\", Palgrave Macmillan, by Robert Whitaker (Author), Lisa Cosgrove (Author) Paperback – April 23, 2015,\n", "Section::::Further reading.\n", "BULLET::::- \"\"Anatomy of an Epidemic\": The hidden damage of psychiatric drugs\", \"Salon\", Jed Lipinski, April 27, 2010\n", "BULLET::::- \"Are Prozac and Other Psychiatric Drugs Causing the Astonishing Rise of Mental Illness in America?\", \"AlterNet\", Bruce E. Levine, April 28, 2010\n", "BULLET::::- Whitaker, Robert (2007). Preface to: Peter Stastny & Peter Lehmann (Eds.), \"Alternatives Beyond Psychiatry\" (pp. 9–10). Berlin/Eugene/Shrewsbury: Peter Lehmann Publishing. (UK), (USA). E-Book in 2018.\n", "BULLET::::- Whitaker, Robert (2007). Vorwort zu: Peter Lehmann & Peter Stastny (Hg.), \"Statt Psychiatrie 2\" (S. 9-10). Berlin/Eugene/Shrewsbury: Antipsychiatrieverlag. . E-Book in 2018.\n", "BULLET::::- Whitaker, Robert (2012). Πρόλογος, στο: Πέτερ Λέμαν, Πέτερ Στάστνι & Άννα Εμμανουηλίδου (επιμ.), \"Αντί της ψυχιατρικής. Η φροντίδα του ψυχικού πόνου έξω από την ψυχιατρική\" (σ. 9–11). Θεσσαλονίκη: εκδ. Νησίδες 2012. .\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- C-SPAN video, Whitaker talks for 1.5 hours\n", "BULLET::::- Mad in America Robert Whitaker's blog.\n", "BULLET::::- Take These Broken Wings Daniel Mackler - Full movie.\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Pierre-Luc Gagnon\n", "Pierre-Luc Gagnon, commonly known by his initials, PLG (born May 2, 1980 in Boucherville, Quebec), is a Canadian professional skateboarder.\n", "Gagnon began skating in 1988, and entered his first competition in 1992.\n", "A frequent participant in the X-Games, he has won nineteen medals (nine gold) in the Vert, Vert Double, Big Air and Vert Best Trick categories. He has also been victorious on the Dew Tour and in the Gravity Games, and was the winner of the vert division of the Maloof Money Cup with a wide array of technical flip tricks and spins including a nollie heelflip indy 540.\n", "Gagnon won the Skateboard Vert at the AST China Invitational in Beijing in 2008. He won his third successive X-Games gold medal and fifth overall, in 2010. Shortly after, he won his second Maloof Money Cup skateboard vert competition.\n", "Gagnon is tall and weighs . His sponsors include Darkstar skateboards, RDS clothing, Osiris Footwear, Electric visual, Monster energy drink, BOOM Headphones, Capix helmets and Harley-Davidson Motor Company.\n", "Gagnon was a part of the cast in a VH1 reality series titled \"The X-Life\".\n", "Section::::Competition wins.\n", "BULLET::::- 2002 X Games\n", "BULLET::::- 2002 Gravity Games\n", "BULLET::::- 2005 X Games\n", "BULLET::::- 2008 AST Chinese Invitational\n", "BULLET::::- 2008 X Games\n", "BULLET::::- 2008 Maloof Money Cup\n", "BULLET::::- 2009 X Games\n", "BULLET::::- 2010 X Games\n", "BULLET::::- 2010 Maloof Money Cup\n", "BULLET::::- 2011 Dew Cup\n", "BULLET::::- 2012 X Games\n", "BULLET::::- 2015 X Games\n", "Section::::References.\n", "12 https://web.archive.org/web/20150608015146/http://www.rds.ca/sports-extr%C3%AAmes/jeux-extr%C3%AAmes-d-%C3%A9t%C3%A9-le-qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois-pierre-luc-gagnon-remporte-l-%C3%A9preuve-de-rouli-roulant-sur-rampe-1.2410513\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Gagnon's official website.\n", "BULLET::::- Gagnon's bio on ESPN.\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Joachim Albrecht Eggeling\n", "Joachim Albrecht Leo Eggeling (30 November 1884 – 15 April 1945) was the German Nazi Gauleiter of Halle-Merseburg and the High President (\"Oberpräsident\") of the Province of Halle-Merseburg.\n", "Section::::Biography.\n", "Eggeling was born in Blankenburg am Harz in the Duchy of Brunswick. A farmer's son, Eggeling went to the \"Bürgerschule\" (a type of vocational school once found in some parts of Germany) and the Gymnasium in Blankenburg. Between 1898 and 1904 he completed officer training at the cadet schools at Oranienstein and Groß-Lichterfelde.\n", "In March 1904, Eggeling joined the army as an infantry lieutenant, and after August 1914, served in combat units during World War I. By 1915 he was promoted to captain and led a machine-gun unit.\n", "After November 1918, he fought as a member of the Goslar riflemen against the left-wing Marxist Spartacus League in Hanover. In October 1919 Eggeling retired from the army. Eggeling attended the Agricultural College at Halle. He completed his studies at the age of 35 and began work as an agriculturist. In November 1922 he was administering the rural domain at Frose in Anhalt. Eggeling joined the Nazi Party (member number: 11579) in July 1925.\n", "In 1930, Eggeling organized the agrarian policy apparatus in the Gau of Saxony-Anhalt (not to be confused with the current state of Saxony-Anhalt). In June 1933 he was appointed provincial agricultural leader (\"Landesbauernführer\") of the provinces of Saxony and Anhalt. Eggeling's skills so impressed his superiors that he was elected to the Reichstag for the NSDAP in November, 1933. \n", "After Gauleiter Wilhelm Friedrich Loeper's death on 23 October 1935, Eggeling was charged with the leadership of the Gau's business and owing to this, he was granted leave from his job as a provincial agricultural leader in February 1936. In the same year, Eggeling joined the SS (membership number: 186515) and was given the honorary rank of SS-Brigadeführer.\n", "On 20 April 1937 Eggeling was appointed Gauleiter of Halle-Merseburg, succeeding Rudolf Jordan. At the same time, he served as a Prussian state adviser and an SS-Gruppenführer.\n", "In 1943, Eggeling was promoted to SS-Obergruppenführer. On 18 August 1944 he was appointed High President of Merseburg. In April, 1945, convinced of the futility of defending the town of Halle, overcrowded with thousands of refugees, from the advancing American troops, Eggeling tried in vain to get Adolf Hitler to rescind his unconditional order to defend to the death. Having failed in his mission, Eggeling committed suicide by gunshot at Moritzburg Castle in Halle.\n", "Section::::Awards and decorations.\n", "BULLET::::- 1914 Iron Cross, second and first class\n", "BULLET::::- 1914 Wound Badge in black\n", "BULLET::::- Honour Cross of the World War 1914/1918\n", "BULLET::::- Golden Party Badge\n", "BULLET::::- War Merit Cross Second Class and First Class without swords\n", "BULLET::::- SS Honour Ring\n", "BULLET::::- Sword of honour of the Reichsführer-SS\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- Glossary of Nazi Germany\n", "BULLET::::- List of Nazi Party leaders and officials\n", "Section::::References.\n", "BULLET::::- Miller, Michael D. and Schulz, Andreas (2012). \"Gauleiter: The Regional Leaders of the Nazi Party And their Deputies, 1925-1945 (Herbert Albrecht-H. Wilhelm Huttmann)-Volume 1\". R. James Bender Publishing.\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Ernest Clark (governor)\n", "Sir Ernest Clark (13 April 1864 – 26 August 1951) was a British civil servant, who was Governor of Tasmania from 1933 to 1945.\n", "Section::::Early life and education.\n", "Ernest Clark was born on 13 April 1864 in Plumstead, Kent to teacher Samuel Henry Clark, and his wife Ann Leaver. He was educated at King's College London, and entered the civil service in 1881, working for HM Treasury.\n", "Section::::Civil service.\n", "Clark was called to the bar at Middle Temple in 1894, and joined the Treasury's legal staff. In 1904, he had his first experience managing colonial finances when he was seconded to the Cape Colony in Africa to establish the colony's taxation procedures, subsequently serving the government of the Union of South Africa.\n", "When World War I broke out, Clark worked as a Treasury liaison officer with the War Office and the Ministry of Munitions. After the war, he was appointed CBE in the 1918 Birthday Honours, and joined the Board of Inland Revenue as assistant secretary and deputy inspector of taxes. He was knighted in the 1920 Birthday Honours.\n", "From 1920, Clark was appointed to Northern Ireland as assistant under-secretary – the equal in the six counties to Sir John Anderson, the head of the Dublin Castle administration – and was instrumental in resolving amicable relations between Northern Ireland and the newly formed Irish Free State. His friendship with James Hamilton, 3rd Duke of Abercorn, the Governor of Northern Ireland, also eased relations between the new Irish government and Downing Street. Clark was appointed a Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath in 1924.\n", "Section::::Governor of Tasmania.\n", "Clark visited Australia in 1928, as a member of a British government economic delegation tasked with examining the state of the Australian economy. His report on Australian economics greatly impressed the Premier of Tasmania, Joseph Lyons, and it was believed that Lyons (by then Prime Minister) may have suggested Clark for the post of Governor of Tasmania in 1933. The post had been vacant since 1930 due to lack of funds, and Clark's appointment, with his background in finance and contacts in London business may aid both Tasmania and Australia.\n", "Clark's term as governor was extended three times due to World War II. He was enormously popular in Tasmania, especially because of his untiring visits to all parts of the state, encouraging morale during the war. He was given the rare honour of GCMG at the end of hostilities.\n", "Clark returned to England in 1945, where he married his second wife Harriet McLennan in 1947. He died on 26 August 1951 at his home in Seaton, Devon, and his remains were shipped to Tasmania for interment at Cornelian Bay Cemetery.\n", "Section::::Governor of Tasmania.:Freemasonry.\n", "He was a freemason. During his term as Governor (1933–1945), he was also Grand Master of the Grand Lodge of Tasmania.\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Private papers at the Morris Miller Library\n", "BULLET::::- A brief bio at the National Archives of Australia\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Jack Hirschman\n", "Jack Hirschman (born December 13, 1933) is an American poet and social activist who has written more than 50 volumes of poetry and essays.\n", "Section::::Biography.\n", "Born in New York City, Hirschman received a B.A. from the City College of New York in 1955 and an M.A. (1957) and Ph.D. (1961) from Indiana University. While attending City College, he worked as a copy boy for the Associated Press. When he was 19, he sent a story to Ernest Hemingway, who responded: \"I can't help you, kid. You write better than I did when I was 19. But the hell of it is, you write like me. That is no sin. But you won't get anywhere with it.\" Hirschman left a copy of the letter with the Associated Press, and when Hemingway killed himself in 1961, the \"Letter to a Young Writer\" was distributed by the wire service and published all over the world.\n", "Hirschman married Ruth Epstein, whom he'd met and dated when they were students at CCNY, in 1954. Following graduation, Ruth became a program director for KPFK and eventually general manager of Santa Monica public radio station KCRW. The couple had two children. \n", "In the 1950s and 60s, Hirschman taught at Dartmouth College and the University of California, Los Angeles. During his tenure at UCLA, one of the students enrolled in his class was Jim Morrison, later to be a cofounder and lead vocalist of the American band The Doors. The Vietnam War, however, put an end to Hirschman's academic career; he was fired from UCLA after encouraging his students to resist the draft. His marriage disintegrated, and he moved to San Francisco in 1973. \n", "His first volume of poetry, published in 1960, included an introduction by Karl Shapiro: \"What a relief to find a poet who is not afraid of the vulgar or the sentimental, who can burst out laughing or cry his head off in poetry – who can make love to language, or kick it in the pants.\"\n", "For a quarter century, Hirschman has roamed San Francisco streets, cafes (including Caffe Trieste, where he has been a regular patron), and readings, becoming an active street poet and a peripatetic activist. Hirschman is also a painter and collagist, and has translated over two dozen books from German, French, Spanish, Italian, Russian, Albanian, and Greek.\n", "He is an assistant editor at the left-wing literary journal \"Left Curve\" and is a correspondent for \"The People's Tribune\". Among his many volumes of poetry are \"A Correspondence of Americans\" (Indiana U. Press, 1960), \"Black Alephs\" (Trigram Press, 1969), \"Lyripol\" (City Lights, 1976), \"The Bottom Line\" (Curbstone, 1988), and \"Endless Threshold\" (Curbstone, 1992). According to a 2006 book review, Hirschman is a Stalinist. Hirschman translated the youthful poems of Joseph Stalin into English (\"Joey: The Poems of Joseph Stalin\" [Deliriodendron Press, 2001]).\n", "In June 1999, Hirschman married the Swedish poet, writer and artist Agneta Falk. In 2006, Hirschman released his most extensive collection of poems yet, \"The Arcanes.\" Published in Salerno, Italy by Multimedia Edizioni, \"The Arcanes\" comprises 126 long poems spanning 34 years.\n", "Additionally, in 2006, Hirschman was appointed Poet Laureate of San Francisco by Mayor Gavin Newsom. In his Poet Laureate inaugural address, Hirschman envisioned creating an International Poetry Festival in San Francisco, reprising a great tradition from the City's literary past.\n", "In July 2007, Friends of the San Francisco Public Library, Mayor Gavin Newsom, Hirschman and the San Francisco Public Library presented their first San Francisco International Poetry Festival.\n", "Hirschman was named Poet-in-Residence with Friends of the San Francisco Public Library in 2009 and currently holds that status. Hirschman continues his work supporting the literary community and is the key organizer for the now biennial San Francisco International Poetry Festival.\n", "Since the 2007 Festival, Hirschman, in partnership with Friends of the San Francisco Public Library and the San Francisco Public Library, have presented smaller poetry festivals in a variety of languages, including the Latino Poetry Festival, the Vietnamese Poetry Festival and the Iranian Arts Poetry Festival.\n", "Hirschman is active with the Revolutionary Poets Brigade and curates the Poets 11 Anthology, which collects poetry from each of the City's 11 districts.\n", "Section::::Selected Works.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Endless Threshold,\" Curbstone Press, 1992.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Front Lines,\" City Lights Publishers, 2002.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Only Dreaming Sky,\" Manic D Press, 2007.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Passion, Provocation and Prophecy,\" Swimming with Elephants Publications, 2015.\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Jack Hirschman: A bibliography, by Hirschman and Matt Gonzalez, in the May 24, 2002 \"San Francisco Call\".\n", "BULLET::::- \"Defiant\", A Proclamation by Jack Hirschman, and four of Hirschman's poems presented by \"The InstaPLANET Cultural Universe\".\n", "BULLET::::- San Francisco International Poetry Festival, by Nirmala Nataraj, July 23, 2009 \"San Francisco Chronicle\"\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Sam Baker (halfback)\n", "Loris Hoskins Baker (November 12, 1930 – June 5, 2007), was an American football player in the National Football League for the Washington Redskins, Cleveland Browns, Dallas Cowboys and Philadelphia Eagles. While he played several positions, he was best known for being a punter and kicker. He played college football at Oregon State University.\n", "Section::::Early years.\n", "Baker attended Stadium High School, before transferring after his junior year to Corvallis High School where he graduated in 1949. He was an all-around standout in track, but at the time there wasn't a state decathlon championship, so he only participated in individual events.\n", "He helped his team win the 1948 state championship in basketball and also lettered in baseball. He has the distinction of receiving All-State honors in both Washington and Oregon.\n", "Section::::College career.\n", "Baker accepted a football scholarship from Oregon State University. He spent the 1949 season on the rookie team. He lettered for the varsity team from 1950 to 1952 as a running back/kicker/safety.\n", "As a sophomore, he rushed for 668 yards (fourth in the conference). As a junior, he rushed for 830 yards (second in the conference). In his career at Oregon State University, Baker gained 2,043 yards on 487 carries and was the school record-holder in both categories when he left. He was voted most valuable player by teammates for three straight years.\n", "He currently ranks eighth in career yards, and sixth in career carries. He had five 100-yard games, with a best of 159 on 30 carries in the 1951 Civil War game at Hayward Field. He scored the final touchdown at old Bell Field in the final 1952 home game\n", "In 1980, he was inducted into the State of Oregon Sports Hall of Fame. In 1991, he was inducted into the Oregon State University Sports Hall of Fame.\n", "Section::::Professional career.\n", "Section::::Professional career.:Los Angeles Rams.\n", "Baker was selected by the Los Angeles Rams in the eleventh round (133rd overall) of the 1952 NFL Draft with a future draft pick, which allowed the team to draft him before his college eligibility was over. On July 6, 1953, his draft rights were sold to the Washington Redskins.\n", "Section::::Professional career.:Washington Redskins.\n", "In 1953, he played sparingly in his first season with the Washington Redskins, before spending two years out of football, while serving his military service at Fort Ord.\n", "In 1956, although he was initially being considered for the right halfback position, he was asked to become the team's kicker after Vic Janowicz suffered a serious brain injury in an automobile accident that ended his athletic career. That same year he also became the punter after Eddie LeBaron was sidelined with an injury. He was given the nickname \"Sugarfoot\", after leading the NFL in field goals (17), starting an 11-year streak of averaging at least 40 yards per punt attempt and being named to the Pro Bowl.\n", "In 1957, he tied with Lou Groza with a league-high 77 points (including 6 scored on a fake punt he ran in for a touchdown). \n", "In 1958, his 45.4-yard punting average was the best in the league, while he still managed to convert 25 extra points in 25 attempts. On April 25, 1960, he was traded to the Cleveland Browns in exchange for Fran O'Brien and Robert Khayat.\n", "Section::::Professional career.:Cleveland Browns.\n", "In 1960, he relinquished his fullback duties with the Cleveland Browns and would replace the retired Groza. He led the NFL in extra points made (44) and extra points attempted (46). He posted a 42-yard punting average.\n", "In 1961, Groza returned to the team after his back felt better and Baker focused only on punting. He was the league's eighth ranked punter with an average of 43.3-yards per punt. On December 30, he was traded to the Dallas Cowboys in exchange for cornerback Tom Franckhauser.\n", "Section::::Professional career.:Dallas Cowboys.\n", "In 1962, he set the team record of 45.4 yards-per-punt that was not broken until 2006 by Mat McBriar with a 48.2-yard average. He also set club records for most points scored in a season (92), longest field goal (53 yards) and longest punt (72 yards). He was the NFL leader in extra points made (50), extra points attempted (51), ranked third in punting average and sixth in scoring.\n", "In 1963, he became the first Cowboys punter to make the Pro Bowl, after registering a 45.4-yard average. His 40.6-yard net average per punt still ranks third in team history.\n", "Baker played two seasons as a punter and kicker for the Dallas Cowboys, until his disregard for the team rules and discipline wore thin with head coach Tom Landry. In both years he led the league in net punting average. He also became the first player in club history to have 2 seasons with a 44-yard or better gross punting average.\n", "On March, 20, 1964, he was traded to the Philadelphia Eagles along with John Meyers and Lynn Hoyem, in exchange for wide receiver Tommy McDonald.\n", "Section::::Professional career.:Philadelphia Eagles.\n", "Baker remained with the Philadelphia Eagles for the last six seasons of his career. He played in the 1964 and 1968 Pro Bowls. He was waived on September 2, 1970.\n", "Upon retiring he was the second scorer (977 points) in NFL history and held the record of scoring in 110 straight games. He played for 15 seasons, making more than 700 punts and 179 field goals.\n", "Section::::Personal life.\n", "Baker died because of complications with diabetes on June 5, 2007.\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- From Head to Toe, Baker Stood Apart From Crowd\n", "BULLET::::- Oregon Sports Hall of Fame bio\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "Player of American football", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q7407136", "wikidata_label": "Sam Baker", "wikipedia_title": "Sam Baker (halfback)" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Viktor Astafyev\n", "Viktor Petrovich Astafyev also spelled Astafiev or Astaf'ev (; 1 May 1924 – 29 November 2001), was a prominent Soviet and Russian writer.\n", "Section::::Biography.\n", "Viktor Astafyev was born in the village of Ovsyanka (then Krasnoyarsk Uyezd, Yeniseysk Governorate, Russian SFSR) on the bank of the Yenisei river. His father, Pyotr Pavlovich Astafyev, was a son of a relatively rich mill-owner (a part-time hunter who most of his time though spent at home), mother Lydia Ilyinichna Astafyeva (née Potylitsyna) came from a peasant family. In his 2000 autobiography Viktor Astafyev remembered his father's household as a place where men, led by grandfather Pavel Yakovlevich, were on continuous binge, while all the work was being organized and done by two women, Lydia and her mother-in-law, Maria Osipova, Pavel Yakovlevich's young second wife.\n", "In 1931 two tragedies struck. First Pyotr, Pavel and the latter's father (Astafyev grand-grandfather) Yakov Maximovich were arrested as part of the Dekulakization campaign and sent to a Siberian labour camp. In July 1931 Lydia Ilyinichna, Viktor's mother drowned in the Yenisey as the boat which she was rowing, carrying food to the Krasnoyarsk prison where her arrested husband was kept, got upturned. That year Pyotr Astafyev received 5 years of prison as an \"Enemy of the people\" and was sent to the infamous Belomorkanal building-site. Seven-year-old Viktor found himself in the house of Yekaterina Petrovna and Ilya Yevgrafovich Potylitsyns, his mother’s parents who gave the boy all their love and care. In 1932 he joined a local primary school. His life in the early 1930s Astafyev later described in his book of short stories \"The Last Respect\" (Posledny Poklon, 1968).\n", "In 1934 Pyotr Astafyev returned from labour camp and married again. He took Viktor to his new place, a small forest village Sosnovka, then in 1935 moved the family to Igarka where they settled as spetspereselentsy. Ignored by both his stepmother Taisiya Tcherkasova (who’s by now given birth to her own son, Nikolai) and father, the boy rioted and soon found himself on the street, homeless. In 1937 he was taken in an orphanage and joined the 5th form of its special school which years later he remembered with great affection. Two of the teachers, Rozhdestvensky and Sokolov, noticed artistic and literary abilities in the boy who by this time started to write poetry, and did a lot to encourage him. Years later he remembered: Critics for some reason tend to feel sorry for me and for the difficult childhood that I had. This vexes me a lot. More than that... Given such a chance, I’d have chosen the very same life, full of things, happiness, victories and defeats. The latter only help to see the world better, to feel kindness deeper. There would have been just one thing I'd have changed – asked fate to keep mother with me. [Long pause] Orphanage, wandering, the boarding school – all this I had to live through in Igarka. But there were other things – books and songs, skiing trips, childhood happiness, first tears of epiphany... It was there that for the first time I've heard the radio, the gramophone, the brass orchestra... And it was in Igarka that I wrote my first ever short story which my teacher Rozhdestvensky published in our school's self-edited journal. And the newspaper Bolshevik Zapolyarya published my 4-line verse. \n", "On 1 May 1941, Astafyev graduated from the school and joined a brickyard as a transport worker. As the Great Patriotic War broke out, he was working in the Kureika station, a manual worker at local village Soviet. In August he left Igarka and joined the newly formed Railway school in Krasnoyarsk which he graduated in June 1942.\n", "Section::::Biography.:The War years.\n", "In October 1942 Astafyev volunteered for the Soviet Army and, after six months spent in reserve units (first in Berdsk, then in Novosibirsk) in April 1943 was moved to Kaluga region as a soldier of the 92nd Howitzer brigade of the Kiev-Zhitomir division. In May Astafyev went into action, taking part in fierce fighting conducted by the Bryansk, Voronezh and Steppe Fronts. In October he was injured while force-crossing Dnieper (that was where and when he lost his right eye) and on 25 November received his first award, For Courage medal. In January 1944 he returned to action, took part first in Korsun-Shevchenko operation, then (in March and April) in the Kamenets-Podolsky assault and on 25 April was awarded the Order of the Red Star.\n", "On 17 September 1944, Astafyev was heavily injured near Polish town of Dukla and spent the next 8 months in hospitals. \"Since then I was unfit for an active service and was drifting from one reserve unit to another until I settled at the postal point of the 1st Ukrainian Front nearby Zhmerinka station. Here I met a fellow soldier, Maria Semyonovna Koryakina, married her after demobilization and went with her to her place in the town of Chusovoy of the Perm (then Molotov) oblast,\" he wrote in autobiography.\n", "The horrible experience of war has remained with Astafyev forever, becoming the major incentive to become a writer. \"About the War... what do I know? Everything and nothing. I was a common soldier and we had our own, soldiers' truth. One rather glib author called it derogatively 'the truth from the trenches' and our 'point of view' – a 'hillock view'… But I felt like I had to tell about the everyday side of the war, of how the trenches smelt, of the way people there lived... The first killed, one of us. The first one you've killed. I had to write of all the monstrous things I've seen,\" he said years later in an interview.\n", "Section::::Biography.:Literary career.\n", "After his discharge in 1945 Astafyev settled for a while in his wife's parents' house in Chusovoy, then went to Krasnoyarsk, doing various jobs such as locksmith and smelter. In 1950 he started contributing to the Tchusovsky Rabochy (The Tchusovoy Worker) newspaper which in February 1951 published his debut short story \"A Civil Man\" (Grazhdansky tchelovek), which two years later was reprinted by the Perm-based Zvesda newspaper. In 1954 Astafyev was for the first time published by a Moscow magazine (short story \"Splinter\", in \"Smena\"). In 1955 he left the newspaper and started working upon his first novel \"Snows are Melting\" (Tayut Snega) which was published in 1958, as was his first book of short stories \"Warm Rain\" (Tyoply Dozhd), dedicated mostly to the experience of Russian soldiers and civilians during the German-Soviet War. Also in the late 1950s Astafyev joined the regional Perm radio. Working there provided relatively good wages but involved too much blatant propaganda. \"I decided to quit after 1,5 years, feeling that otherwise I'd just stop respecting myself altogether,\" he remembered. On 1 October 1958 Astafyev became the member of the RSFSR Union of Writers.\n", "In 1959, Astafyev enrolled in the Maxim Gorky Literature Institute in Moscow; he became friends with Sergey Vikulov, Yevgeny Nosov and a group of Vologda authors. One of several short novels of this period, \"The Old Oak\" (\"Starodub\", 1960), became Astafyev's first European publication: translated into Czech, in 1963 it was published in Prague. After 1962 Astafyev became a professional writer, his wife Maria helping out as a typist.\n", "In 1969 Astafyev and his family moved to the city of Vologda where most of his literary friends lived. Several major books – \"Notches\" (Zatesi), \"Mountain Pass\", \"The Last Respect\" (book 1), \"Shepherd and His Wife\" followed in the early 1970s and won Astafyev (now the Order of the Red Banner of Labour two-times chevalier) the RSFSR State Maxim Gorky Prize in December 1975. A year later \"Nash Sovremennik\" published \"The Tsar Fish\", one of his most famous short stories (which gave the title to the compilation). His debut play \"The Bird-Cherry Tree\" was premiered at the Moscow Yermolova theatre, also in 1976. On 19 October 1978, for the \"Tsar-Fish\" book Astafyev received the USSR State Prize.\n", "In 1981 the first edition of \"The Complete Astafyev\" in 4 volumes came out. By this time the author bought himself a house in his native Ovsyanka and moved his family to Krasnoyarsk. The first TV documentary (shot by director M.Litvyakov) \"Viktor Astafyev\" was shown in 1983. By 1984 four films based on his work came out, including \"Falling Stars\" by Igor Talankin and Arkady Sirenko's \"Born Twice\", the latter featuring Astafyev as a scriptwriter. Great resonance had his novel \"Sad Detective\" (1986), as well as a set of 1987 short stories, including controversial \"The Catching of Cudgeons in Georgia\". In 1988–1989 Astavyev visited France (where his \"Sad Detective\" was published), Bulgaria (to oversee his 1966 short novel \"The Theft\" being screened) and Greece and took part in the 1989 Congress of People's Deputies of the Soviet Union. The epic novel \"The Cursed and the Slain\" (Proklyaty i Ubity, books 1 and 2, 1992–1993) brought Astafyev The State Prize of the Russian Federation in May 1996. The same month Russian President Boris Yeltsin visited Ovsyanka to meet Astafyev. In 1998 the 15-volumes Krasnoyarsk edition of \"The Complete Astafyev\" came out.\n", "Astafyev's last years were not happy ones. In 2000 he suffered a stroke. Not long before his death Astafyev wrote his last words: \"I entered a world that was kind and open and I loved it wholeheartedly. I leave a world that is alien, evil and vile and I have nothing to say to all of you by way of farewells.\" Viktor Astafyev died on 29 November 2001, in Krasnoyarsk. He was buried in his native Ovsyanka.\n", "Section::::Controversy.\n", "In the mid-1980s, he became embroiled in significant controversy over his writings followed by accusations of chauvinism and xenophobia when the public learned, through samizdat, about the correspondence between the literary historian Natan Eidelman and Astafyev that had been provoked by alleged racist overtones in Astafyev's work \"Sad Detective\" and his \"The Catching of Gudgeons in Georgia\" (both 1986), the latter deemed offensive by the Georgian readership. At the 8th USSR Writers Union Congress in the summer of 1986, Georgian delegates urged the author to apologize publicly for his insult to the Georgian nation; when he refused, they walked out in protest. In October 1993, he signed the Letter of Forty-Two. \n", "In 1999, his novel \"Jolly Soldier\", which portrayed the horrors of the Soviet Army was met with extremely adverse reaction, which may have brought about a heart failure.\n", "Section::::Legacy.\n", "In the years when many Soviet war literature authors (like Fyodor Parfyonov or Ivan Stadnyuk) were singing paeans to an idealized, invincible Soviet war hero, crashing the enemy under the Communist Party leadership, Viktor Astafyev became one of the first to rebel against the officially-approved convention and reveal the darker, unglamorous side of what was happening in 1941–1945. He is credited with being one of the major proponents (alongside Viktor Nekrasov, Vasyl Bykov, Vladimir Bogomolov, Konstantin Vorobyov) of the so-called The Truth from the Trenches (okopnaya pravda) movement (the term was used originally in a derogatory sense by detractors who argued that formers soldier could not be trusted to write about the Great war objectively, being ignorant of its greater 'truths') which brought authenticity and harsh realism to the Soviet war literature.\n", "David Gillespie summed up his career as follows:Astafyev has always been a highly individual writer who conforms to no movements or stereotypes... He has always remained true to himself, and has retained a certain hard-edged integrity. His novel \"Prokliaty i ubity\" [The Damned and the Dead] is a gritty, typically uncompromising picture of war, with many naturalistic descriptions in a style the author has developed since the cathartic \"Pechal'nyi detektiv\". Astafyev remains very much a writer who refuses to be easily categorized: he is neither a Village Prose Writer, nor a writer of \"war prose\", nor a writer who explores the mistakes of the recent Soviet past. At the same time, he is all of these. Capable of surprising and even shocking his reader, Astafev maintains a deep lyrical sense that has produced what Eidel'man called \"the best descriptions of nature for decades\". More than any other writer living in Russia today (with the possible exception of Solzhenitsyn), he is a writer who examines man as subjected to and moulded by the total Soviet experience.\n", "Section::::Honours and awards.\n", "Krasnoyarsk State Pedagogical University is named in his honour.\n", "BULLET::::- USSR State Prize (1978 – for the story \"King Fish\" (1976) and 1991 – for his novel \"Sighted Staff\" (1988))\n", "BULLET::::- Maxim Gorky RSFSR State Prize (1975) – for the story \"The Pass\" (1959), \"Theft\" (1966), \"Last Bow\" (1968), \"Shepherd and Shepherdess\" (1971)\n", "BULLET::::- State Prize of the Russian Federation (1995 – for his novel \"The Cursed and the Slain\", 2003 – posthumously)\n", "BULLET::::- Pushkin Prize (Germany, 1997)\n", "BULLET::::- Award \"Triumph\"\n", "BULLET::::- Hero of Socialist Labour (1989)\n", "BULLET::::- Order of Lenin (1989)\n", "BULLET::::- Order of the Red Banner of Labour, three times (1971, 1974, 1984)\n", "BULLET::::- Order of Friendship of Peoples (1981) – the anniversary of the Union of Soviet Writers\n", "BULLET::::- Order of the Patriotic War, 1st class (1985)\n", "BULLET::::- Order of Friendship – 70th anniversary of his birth\n", "BULLET::::- Order of the Red Star\n", "BULLET::::- Order of Merit for the Fatherland, 2nd class\n", "BULLET::::- Medal For Courage (1943)\n", "BULLET::::- Medal \"For the Victory over Germany in the Great Patriotic War 1941–1945\"\n", "Section::::English translations.\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Horse with the Pink Mane, and Other Siberian Stories\", Progress Publishers, 1970.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Queen Fish: A Story in Two Parts and Twelve Episodes\", Progress Publishers, 1982.\n", "BULLET::::- \"To Live Your Life and Other Stories\", Raduga Publishers, 1989.\n", "Section::::Bibliography.\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Snow is Melting\" (\"Тают снега\" – \"Tayut snega\", 1958)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Theft\" (\"Кража\" – \"Krazha\", 1966)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Last Tribute\" (\"Последний поклон\" – \"Posledniy poklon\", 1968)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Sheppard and His Wife\" (\"Пастух и пастушка\" – \"Pastukh i pastushka\", 1971)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Czar Fish\" (\"Царь-рыба\" – \"Czar ryba\", 1975)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Sad Detective\" (\"Печальный детектив\" – \"Pechalny detektiv\", 1986)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Catching of Gudgeons in Georgia\" (\"Ловля пескарей в Грузии\" – \"Lovlya peskarei v Gruzii\", 1986)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Cursed and the Slain\" (\"Прокляты и убиты\" – \"Proklyaty i ubity\", 1995)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Will to be Alive\" (\"Так хочется жить\" – \"Tak khochetsya zhit\"', 1995)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Jolly Soldier\" (\"Веселый солдат\" – \"Veselyi soldat\", 1999)\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Prominent Russians: Viktor Astafiev Russiapedia article\n", "BULLET::::- Marking the 75th anniversary of Viktor Astafiev and Victory Day by Lyubov Kuznetsova.\n", "BULLET::::- excerpt, from \"The Cursed and the Slain\" New Russian Writing\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "Russian-Soviet writer", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q968184", "wikidata_label": "Viktor Astafyev", "wikipedia_title": "Viktor Astafyev" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Peter Cousens\n", "Peter Cousens is an Australian actor, born in Tamworth, New South Wales. He is the Artistic Director of the Talent Development Project. He attended The Armidale School in Armidale from 1969 to 1973 and then Gordonstoun School, Scotland. He then spent a year reading Arts at St Paul's College, University of Sydney, before studying at the National Institute of Dramatic Art (NIDA), graduating in 1978. Cousins was appointed a Member of the Order of Australia in the Queens Birthday Honours in June 2019 for services to the performing arts and the community.\n", "Section::::Career.\n", "Cousens is currently the Artistic Director of the Talent Development Project. He has worked in television, both as an actor and presenter. In the 1980s he guest starred in a number of major Australian television productions, including \"The Timeless Land\", \"Earth Watch\", \"The Sullivans\", \"The Young Doctors\", \"Sons and Daughters\" and \"The Restless Years\". He then went on to take leading roles in \"Under Capricorn\" and \"Return to Eden\".\n", "Though an actor, Cousens is also known for his work in musical theatre. Major roles include the Phantom in London's West End production of \"The Phantom of the Opera\" (1986); he also portrayed Marius in \"Les Misérables\", Alex in \"Aspects of Love\", Tony in \"West Side Story\", Bobby in \"Company\" Nanki Poo in \"The Mikado\", and Chris in \"Miss Saigon\" in the Australian productions. Cousens appeared in the 2015 television opera \"The Divorce\". He has received a number of Variety Club of Australia awards for his work.\n", "Cousens has performed on a number of cast and solo albums. He sang the role of Chris on the \"International Symphonic Recording of Miss Saigon\" and the Australian musical \"The Hatpin\".\n", "In September 2006 he launched Kookaburra: The National Musical Theatre Company, a non-profit theatre company based in Australia, dedicated to musical theatre. The company closed in 2009.\n", "In 2012–13, Cousens produced and directed \"Freedom\", starring Cuba Gooding Jr, Bill Sadler and Sharon Leal. The film was produced by Production One Inc and released in Australia in August 2014. Cousens has written and is directing the film \"Where is Daniel?\" (working title), chronicling the story of the murder of Daniel Morcombe.. \n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Kookaburra Musical Theatre website\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "Australian actor", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q7173419", "wikidata_label": "Peter Cousens", "wikipedia_title": "Peter Cousens" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Jay Bradley\n", "Bradley Thomas Jay (born November 17, 1980) is an American professional wrestler, best known for his time in Total Nonstop Action Wrestling under the ring names of Jay Bradley and Aiden O'Shea. He also appeared in World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE) as Ryan Braddock in 2008.\n", "Section::::Professional wrestling career.\n", "Section::::Professional wrestling career.:Early career (1999–2005).\n", "Bradley started his wrestling training at the Steel Domain Wrestling school in Chicago, where he trained with wrestlers including CM Punk and Colt Cabana. Bradley suffered several setbacks in his career as he suffered from an overactive thyroid. He worked for several independent promotions in the Mid-West, most notably for IWA Mid-South, before signing a developmental contract with World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE).\n", "Section::::Professional wrestling career.:World Wrestling Entertainment.\n", "Section::::Professional wrestling career.:World Wrestling Entertainment.:Deep South Wrestling (2005–2007).\n", "He debuted in WWE's then-developmental territory Deep South Wrestling (DSW) as \"The Monster of the Midway\" Bradley Jay. During his time in DSW he won the Deep South Heavyweight Championship on three occasions. He also wrestled dark matches for both the Raw and SmackDown! brands. Occasionally, he made appearances on \"Heat\" as well. When WWE ended their relationship with DSW he was then sent to Ohio Valley Wrestling (OVW) to continue his development.\n", "Section::::Professional wrestling career.:World Wrestling Entertainment.:Ohio Valley Wrestling (2007–2008).\n", "On May 16 he debuted in OVW under the name \"Jay Bradley\", defeating former OVW Heavyweight Champion, Chet the Jett. He defeated Paul Burchill and Idol Stevens in a three-way match via two Lariats to win the OVW Heavyweight Championship on June 1 at OVW's first \"Summer Sizzler Series\" event at Six Flags Kentucky Kingdom in Louisville, Kentucky to become the first man to hold both the OVW and DSW heavyweight titles. On June 15, 2007, at Ohio Valley Wrestling's third \"Super Summer Sizzler Series\" event of the year at Six Flags Kentucky Kingdom in Louisville, Kentucky, he defeated Idol Stevens to retain the OVW title.\n", "He then lost the title to Paul Burchill in a match taped on June 27 and aired on June 30. He also wrestled at Raw house shows on August 11 and 12 and September 1 (losing to \"Hacksaw\" Jim Duggan). He wrestled in a dark match against D'Lo Brown before a \"SmackDown\" television taping in August 2007. On December 19, in OVW, he won the \"Love Thy Neighbor\" four corners tag team match to win a future OVW Heavyweight title shot.\n", "He then was starting a feud with Matt Sydal and had defeated him in a tag team match where he and Mike Kruel defeated Sydal and Charles Evans. Unfortunately, before Bradley could exercise his title opportunity, OVW was dropped by World Wrestling Entertainment as a development territory.\n", "Section::::Professional wrestling career.:World Wrestling Entertainment.:\"SmackDown!\" and Florida Championship Wrestling (2008–2009).\n", "Bradley debuted on the main \"SmackDown!\" roster on the August 15, 2008 episode of the show, under the name \"Ryan Braddock\". He was easily defeated by Big Show after a knockout punch. At the August 14, 2008, Florida Championship Wrestling (FCW) television taping, Bradley wrestled under the Ryan Braddock name once again, making it his permanent and new ring name. On the August 22 episode of \"SmackDown!\", Braddock competed in a battle royal to qualify for the WWE Championship Scramble match at Unforgiven, but was eliminated by Big Show, who was not officially in the match. On the September 2 episode of \"ECW\", Braddock faced Ricky Ortiz in a losing effort after being pinned by Ortiz's Big O finisher. On September 19 episode of \"SmackDown!\", Braddock competed in a one fall match-up with Festus, who was accompanied by Jesse. Braddock won the match as a result of a disqualification, after Jesse and Festus wrapped him in bubble wrap and duct tape.\n", "Following this match, Braddock returned to FCW before being released from WWE in March 2009.\n", "Section::::Professional wrestling career.:Independent circuit (2009–present).\n", "After his release from WWE, Bradley began working for the Berwyn, Illinois based All American Wrestling promotion and on March 28, 2009, defeated Tyler Black, Chandler McClure and Egotistico Fantastico to win the AAW Heavyweight Championship. He held the title for five months, before losing it to Jimmy Jacobs on September 5. He also worked for Florida-based Full Impact Pro, losing to T.J. Perkins in his debut match on June 6, 2009.\n", "In 2011, Bradley joined Billy Corgan's wrestling promotion, Resistance Pro. At the promotion's debut show he defeated Icarus.\n", "In November 2012, Bradley made his debut for Extreme Rising at their iPPV debut show Remember November defeating Christian York.\n", "At RPW Draw the Line, Bradley and Mad Man Pondo won the RPW Tag Team Championship. they were stripped of the titles on the same day.\n", "On July 9, 2015, Bradley competed in a triple threat match against Joey Avalon and Matt Cage for Global Force Wrestling for their GFW Grand Slam Tour in Appleton, Wisconsin, Avalon won after pinning Cage.\n", "Section::::Professional wrestling career.:Wrestle-1 (2013).\n", "As part of a working relationship between Impact Wrestling and Wrestle-1 it was announced on November 6, 2013, that Bradley would be working a tour for the Japanese promotion between November 16 and December 1. In their debut match for the promotion, Bradley and fellow Impact Wrestling worker Rob Terry defeated Kaz Hayashi and Shuji Kondo in a tag team match. Bradley and Terry remained undefeated in tag team matches for the entire tour, but Bradley's tour ended with a three match losing streak in singles matches against his fellow Impact Wrestling worker.\n", "Section::::Professional wrestling career.:Return to OVW (2013–2014).\n", "Bradley returned to OVW after his appearance on Impact Wrestling Gut Check. Bradley's first match since returning to OVW was against Tommy Gunn on March 6 which he won. On May 8, Bradley teamed with Rob Terry to face The Coalition (Raul LaMotta & Shiloh Jonze) they ended up getting the victory by DQ after the other members of The Coalition interfered. On May 22, 2013, Bradley defeated the OVW Heavyweight Champion Jamin Olivencia in a non-title match. On June 19, 2013, Bradley was defeated by Rob Terry in a number one contenders match for the OVW Heavyweight Championship. On September 7, 2013, Bradley unsuccessfully challenged Jamin Olivencia for the OVW Heavyweight Championship in a loaded boomstick on a pole match. On December 11, 2013, Bradley and Terry began teaming again getting wins over The Rockstars (Rockstar Spud and Ryan Howe) on two separate occasions. On January 1, 2014, Bradley defeated Deonta Davis and Leon Shelly in a two on one handicap match during an OVW Live Event. on January 4, 2014, Bradley faced Ryan Howe that ended in a no contest they had a rematch where Howe defeated Bradley in a street fight. on January 11, Bradley defeated Leon Shelly. on January 18, at OVW TV, Bradley defeated Bud Dwight. on January 25, Bradley defeated Robbie Walker. on February 1, 2014 at OVW TV, Bradley competed in the Nightmare rumble won by Johnny Spade. on February 1, 2014 at OVW Saturday Night Special, Bradley faced Ryan Howe in a losing effort.\n", "Section::::Professional wrestling career.:Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (2013–2014).\n", "On the January 10, 2013 episode of \"Impact Wrestling\", Bradley appeared as part of the Impact Wrestling Gut Check, defeating Brian Cage. The following week, Bradley was chosen over Cage by the storyline Gut Check judges to earn a contract in Impact Wrestling.\n", "Bradley returned on the May 16 episode of \"Impact Wrestling\", defeating Christian York in the first qualifying round for the Bound for Glory Series Gut Check Tournament. On June 2 at Slammiversary XI, Bradley defeated Sam Shaw to qualify for the 2013 Bound for Glory Series. Bradley would go to lose all of his beginning matches in the BFG series to the likes of Austin Aries, Hernandez, and Joseph Park. Bradley ended his participation in the tournament on the August 28 episode of \"Impact Wrestling Xplosion\", with a pinfall victory over Joseph Park, finishing eleventh out of the ten other wrestlers in a tie with Hernandez in the tournament. On January 13, 2014, Bradley was released from his Impact Wrestling contract \n", "Section::::Professional wrestling career.:Return to TNA (2015–2017).\n", "On October 4, 2015, at Bound for Glory, Bradley made his return to Impact Wrestling under the ring name Aiden O'Shea (and began using an Irish ruffian gimmick) and competed in a twelve-man Bound For Gold Gauntlet match which was won by Tyrus. During October and November, O'Shea also competed in the first Impact Wrestling World Title Series tournament that was taped in July 2015 as a member of Group Wildcard, where he ended third of his block by only defeating Crazzy Steve to receive 3 points. On January 8, 2016, at , O'Shea was defeated by Rockstar Spud after they had a confrontation in the ring. On the October 6, 2016 episode of \"Impact Wrestling\", O'Shea made his return to Impact Wrestling after his hiatus, accompanying Impact Wrestling President Billy Corgan to the ring and serving as muscle/representative. Bradley left TNA quietly in 2017.\n", "Section::::Professional wrestling career.:Second Return to OVW (2017–present).\n", "O'Shea made his return to OVW on April 28, 2017 at Run For The Ropes III where he won a battle royal to face the OVW Heavyweight Championship. Later that night O'Shea was unsuccessful at winning the OVW Heavyweight Championship against Big Jon. On May 13, at OVW Saturday Night Special Uprising, Bradley was defeated by Justin Smooth. On June 2, 2018, Bradley and Shiloh Jonze unsuccessfully challenged The Bro Godz (Colton Cage & Dustin Jackson) for the OVW Southern Tag Team Championships. On August 23, Bradley was defeated by Jax Dane in the first round of the Grand Tournament.\n", "Section::::Professional wrestling career.:Pro Wrestling Noah (2018–present).\n", "On January 6, 2018, at the Korakuen Hall in Tokyo, Jay Bradley made his debut for Pro Wrestling Noah in a singles match against Takashi Sugiura. \n", "Section::::Championships and accomplishments.\n", "BULLET::::- All American Wrestling\n", "BULLET::::- AAW Heavyweight Championship (1 time)\n", "BULLET::::- Pro Wrestling Blitz\n", "BULLET::::- PWB Heavyweight Championship (1 time, current)\n", "BULLET::::- Deep South Wrestling\n", "BULLET::::- Deep South Heavyweight Championship (3 times)\n", "BULLET::::- Independent Wrestling Association Mid-South\n", "BULLET::::- IWA Mid-South Tag Team Championship (2 times) – with Ryan Boz (2) and Tirk Davis (1)\n", "BULLET::::- Mid American Wrestling\n", "BULLET::::- MAW Heavyweight Championship (1 time)\n", "BULLET::::- Ohio Valley Wrestling\n", "BULLET::::- OVW Heavyweight Championship (2 times)\n", "BULLET::::- OVW Television Championship (1 time, current)\n", "BULLET::::- Pro Wrestling Illustrated\n", "BULLET::::- PWI ranked him #137 of the top 500 singles wrestlers in the PWI 500 in 2012\n", "BULLET::::- Resistance Pro Wrestling\n", "BULLET::::- RPW Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Mad Man Pondo\n", "BULLET::::- Total Nonstop Action Wrestling\n", "BULLET::::- TNA Gut Check winner\n", "BULLET::::- TNA Gut Check Tournament (2013)\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Wrestle-1 profile\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "Bradley Thomas Jay", "Jay Bradley", "Aiden O'Shea", "Ryan Braddock" ] }, "description": "American professional wrestler", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q776235", "wikidata_label": "Brad Bradley", "wikipedia_title": "Jay Bradley" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Armando Estrada\n", "Armando Estrada (born Hazem Ali; December 20, 1978) is an American professional wrestler and manager best known by his ring name Armando Estrada.\n", "Section::::Professional wrestling career.\n", "Section::::Professional wrestling career.:World Wrestling Entertainment.\n", "Section::::Professional wrestling career.:World Wrestling Entertainment.:Ohio Valley Wrestling (2004–2006).\n", "Ali began his WWE career wrestling in their developmental territory, Ohio Valley Wrestling, making his OVW television debut as a bodyguard named \"Osama\" in Muhammad Hassan's entourage. When Hassan and Daivari were called up to the main roster, Ali remained in OVW wrestling with an Arab, anti-American character, similar to that of The Iron Sheik, and began wrestling in a tag team with Da Beast.\n", "When Paul Heyman began booking OVW, he expanded Osama's name to \"Osama Rodriguez Alejandro\", revealing him to actually be half Cuban and half Palestinian. Along with being an active wrestler he became a backstage interviewer, conducting interviews with wrestler Robbie Dawber as a sidekick, for his own storyline Spanish language version of OVW's television show. At the same time, he began a storyline campaign to be elected \"Dictator of Kentucky\", which he intended to rename \"Los Kentuckos\", often coming to the ring with a placard reading \"Bote for Lalo\", purposely misspelling \"Vote\", based on his pronunciation and utilizing his nickname at the time: \"Big Lalo\".\n", "Section::::Professional wrestling career.:World Wrestling Entertainment.:Managing Umaga (2006–2007).\n", "In April 2006, Ali was called up to the main WWE roster and placed on the Raw brand. He debuted on the April 3, 2006 edition of \"Raw\" as \"Armando Alejandro Estrada\", a Cuban businessman, and the heel manager for the also debuting Umaga. Estrada was given a backstory where his immediate family exploited its ties with Fidel Castro to live in commodity, while the rest of Havana (and even his uncle Manuel) lived in poverty. His debut saw him mocking Ric Flair, saying he was too old to still be in the business and promising to bring about a new hero (Umaga). Estrada led Umaga in a feud against Flair until the Backlash pay-per-view at the end of the month, where Umaga dispatched Flair.\n", "Following the feud with Flair, Umaga began a period of squashing jobbers, before and after which Estrada would cut promos about his charge's greatness. During this time, he stopped introducing himself before promos, as his use of long rolling r's and a short \"ha ha\" laugh was beginning to get him cheered instead of booed. On top of this, his name was simplified to Armando Estrada.\n", "At August's SummerSlam, Estrada offered the undefeated Umaga's services to The McMahons (Vince and Shane) to \"take out\" their D-Generation X (Shawn Michaels and Triple H) opponents during their tag team match. As Umaga attempted to deliver on Estrada's promise, however, he was attacked by Kane. Kane and Umaga feuded for two months, with Kane attacking Estrada on at least one occasion. The feud seemingly came to an end when, on the October 9, 2006 \"Raw\", Estrada's interference helped Umaga defeat Kane in a Loser Leaves \"Raw\" match.\n", "During December, Umaga, and thus Estrada, began a feud with John Cena over the WWE Championship. In the opening stages Estrada inserted himself into matches and confrontations with the two, leading to Vince McMahon's executive assistant Jonathan Coachman signing a match between Estrada and Cena. Before the match Estrada attempted to buy Cena off (offering him a box of Cohibas, his watch, and finally cash) only to have him refuse. The resulting match was a squash, with Cena winning with his signature FU (later called \"Attitude Adjustment\").\n", "In February 2007, he managed Umaga to his first title, the Intercontinental Championship, and stood beside him during his partnership with Vince McMahon and feud with Bobby Lashley. As the Umaga and Lashley feud intensified, Lashley targeted Estrada after being banned from putting his hands on Umaga, Vince, or Shane McMahon outside of official matches; on the May 8 episode of \"ECW on Sci Fi\", Lashley shoved a wheelchair-bound Estrada down a ramp into a collection of garbage cans, in what turned out to be Estrada's last appearance (except for one cameo) for months. Estrada was written off television after the WWE creative team decided that there was too many people at ringside for the Umaga-Lashley match at WrestleMania 23.\n", "Section::::Professional wrestling career.:World Wrestling Entertainment.:ECW (2007–2008).\n", "On August 14, 2007, Estrada was announced as the General Manager of the ECW brand, giving him (kayfabe) power to book matches and make arrangements for the brand. In early 2008, he was placed into a feud with Colin Delaney—an independent wrestler wrestling on the brand without a contract, offering him a WWE contract if he could beat the likes of the Big Show or, the then ECW Champion, Chavo Guerrero. Delaney was finally awarded a contract after defeating Estrada himself on the May 6 episode of \"ECW on SciFi\". The next week, he signed himself onto the roster, putting himself into his first match against Delaney, picking up the victory. He was removed from his position as General Manager of the \"ECW\" brand on June 3 and replaced by Theodore Long, as the WWE Board of Directors (kayfabe) decided that paying Estrada as both a General Manager and an active wrestler was too much of an expense.\n", "Estrada was then primarily used as a jobber, losing to both established stars (including Delaney) and debuting stars alike whilst attempting to earn a contract in storyline, mirroring the predicament Estrada himself had put Delaney in. Despite this, Delaney aided Estrada in defeating Tommy Dreamer on the August 5 edition of \"ECW\", allowing Estrada to win his contract. His last television appearance was on the August 12, 2008 edition of ECW, losing to Finlay. On November 18, 2008, Estrada was released from his WWE contract after months of inactivity.\n", "Section::::Professional wrestling career.:Independent circuit and semi-retirement (2008–2012).\n", "Following his WWE release, Ali returned to the independent circuit. On January 3, 2009, Ali, wrestling under his Armando Alejandro Estrada ring name, teamed with Elijah Burke in a losing effort against Thunder and Lightning for the World Tag Team Championship at the World Wrestling Council's event Euphoria. Before this, he also managed Team 3D in a match for the titles, which Thunder and Lightning won. On March 21 at Great Lakes Championship Wrestling's event, Two Worlds...Two Sweet, Ali, under the ring name \"Mr. AE\", defeated Al Snow for the GLCW Heavyweight Championship. On October 12, 2012 at a PWS Event, Estrada faced Jim Duggan in a losing effort. On October 20, 2012 at a Great Lakes Championship Wrestling's event, AE lost the GLCW Heavyweight Championship to Robbie E in a 3-way match. on December 1, 2012 at a Great Lakes Championship Wrestling's event, AE teamed with Billy Gunn and Jay Bradley to face Too Cool (Scotty 2 Hotty, Grand Master Sexay) and Rikishi in a six-man tag team match in a losing effort.\n", "Section::::Professional wrestling career.:Return to WWE (2010–2012).\n", "Estrada re-signed with WWE in December 2010, but wouldn't be used until the May 26, 2011 episode of \"WWE Superstars\", when he returned as the manager of Tyson Kidd. Estrada had shed his previous image (including the Estrada character's previous accent), instead being presented as more of a professional businessman. The union proved to be brief, as Kidd's hunt for the right manager continued the following week.\n", "Although he was not seen on TV again, Estrada actually remained contracted until June 26, 2012, before being let go by WWE, officially on July 2, 2012.\n", "Section::::Personal life.\n", "After his first departure from WWE, Estrada opened a restaurant, \"Baby's Steak and Lemonade,\" in Glendale, Arizona. The restaurant has since closed.\n", "He appeared in a Cypress Hill music video in 2010.\n", "Section::::Championships and accomplishments.\n", "BULLET::::- Great Lakes Championship Wrestling\n", "BULLET::::- GLCW Heavyweight Championship (1 time)\n", "BULLET::::- Pro Wrestling Illustrated\n", "BULLET::::- Ranked No. 407 of the top 500 singles wrestlers in the \"PWI 500\" in 2008\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Archived WWE profile\n", "BULLET::::- Online World of Wrestling profile\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "David Ascalon\n", "David Ascalon (; born March 8, 1945) is an Israeli contemporary sculptor and stained glass artist, and co-founder of Ascalon Studios.\n", "Section::::Biography.\n", "Ascalon was born in Tel Aviv, in the British Mandate of Palestine (now Israel) on March 8, 1945. He received his early artistic training as an apprentice of his father, the Hungarian-born sculptor and industrial designer, Maurice Ascalon (1913–2003).\n", "Ascalon came to the United States as a teenager when his father took the family across the Atlantic as a means to broaden their horizons. He attended Beverly Hills High School in Beverly Hills, California and graduated in 1963.\n", "David studied art and design at the California State University at Northridge as well as architecture and interior design at California Polytechnic State University in San Luis Obispo, and Pratt Institute in New York, where he received his degree. Throughout the 1970s, Ascalon worked in the fields of interior design and architecture in New York, and for the firm of the noted Israeli architect Aryeh Elhanani in Tel Aviv. Seeking a more immediate means of artistic expression than the architectural arts would allow, he began experimenting in sculptural metalwork, exploring abstract compositions with a welding torch. He currently resides in the Philadelphia suburb of Cherry Hill, New Jersey, and in the Hamptons on the east end of Long Island, New York. In recent years, Ascalon has taken an active role on issues of artist rights advocacy, and in 2010 filed a federal suit under the Visual Artists Rights Act (VARA) in a case involving the rights of artist with respect to the restoration of public sculpture. Among David's other relatives are his son, contemporary industrial designer Brad Ascalon, and older brother Adir Ascalon (d.2003). Adir was a surrealist painter and sculptor who collaborated with the noted Mexican muralist David Alfaro Siqueiros. David is also a licensed airplane private pilot.\n", "Section::::Ascalon Studios.\n", "In 1977, David relocated to the Philadelphia area where he joined up with his father to form Ascalon Studios. It was then that he began focusing his efforts on the creation of site-specific artwork for worship and public spaces. Much of his work draws on ecclesiastical themes, however utilizing non-traditional approaches and contemporary forms. In the years since its founding, Ascalon Studios, under David’s direction, has executed hundreds of projects throughout North America, ranging from monumental sculptures and liturgical stained glass windows, to mosaic murals. Many of his works adorn synagogue architecture and other venues for worship. Among his sculptural installations are a number of Holocaust Memorials that pay tribute to the victims of the atrocities (included are many from his own family).\n", "Section::::Awards and recognitions.\n", "David has been the recipient of major international design commissions and awards, including from the American Institute of Architects' Interfaith Forum on Religion, Art and Architecture. He is a member of the International Sculpture Center, and he is past president of the American Guild of Judaic Art and has lectured on the subject of Judaic art.\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- Maurice Ascalon\n", "BULLET::::- Brad Ascalon\n", "Section::::References.\n", "BULLET::::- \"100 Artists of the Mid-Atlantic\", by E. Ashley Rooney, Schiffer Books (2011) .\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Visual Artists Rights Act at 20\", by Daniel Grant, \"The Huffington Post\", February 7, 2011.\n", "BULLET::::- \"What is the Meaning of This\", by Martha Lufkin, \"The Art Newspaper\", October 2010 at 28.\n", "BULLET::::- \"When Creator and Owner Clash\", by Daniel Grant, \"The Wall Street Journal\", August 31, 2010.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Public Art: A World's Eye View, Integrating Art Into the Environment\" ICO Publishers, Japan (2008). .\n", "BULLET::::- “Inside, Outside, Sculpture Shows Pieces of His Soul”, by Jan Hefler, \"The Philadelphia Inquirer\", October 31, 2004.\n", "BULLET::::- Smithsonian American Art Museum Art Inventories Catalogue, Call Numbers: PA001671, PA001366, NY000754, 74780001, 747800003, 747800004, 74700005\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Ascalon Studios\n" ] }

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