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{ "paragraph": [ "Richard Falbr\n", "Richard Falbr (born 29 September 1940, in Chester) is a Czech politician and\n", "Member of the European Parliament with the Czech Social Democratic Party, part of the Socialist Group and sits on the European Parliament's Committee on Employment and Social Affairs.\n", "He is a substitute for the Committee on Regional Development, a member of the Delegation for relations with the countries of Central America and a substitute for the Delegation for relations with Mercosur.\n", "Section::::Education.\n", "BULLET::::- 1969: Doctor of Jurisprudence (Law Faculty of Charles University, Prague\n", "Section::::Career.\n", "BULLET::::- 1959–1963: Foreign-language correspondent\n", "BULLET::::- 1963–1969: staff of communist secret police – language teacher\n", "BULLET::::- 1970–1989: Trade union lawyer\n", "BULLET::::- 1989–1990: Lawyer\n", "BULLET::::- 1990–1994: Vice-Chairman of the Czech and Slovak Confederation of Trade Unions\n", "BULLET::::- 1990–1998: Chairman of the Bohemian-Moravian Service Workers' Trade Union\n", "BULLET::::- 1991–1992: Vice-Chairman of ČSSD (Czech Social Democratic Party)\n", "BULLET::::- 1992–2002: Member of the administration of the International Confederation of Free Trade Unions\n", "BULLET::::- 1993–2002: Member of the Governing Body of the International Labour Organisation\n", "BULLET::::- 1994–2002: Chairman of the Bohemian-Moravian Confederation of Trade Unions\n", "BULLET::::- 1995–2002: Member of the administration of the Trade Union European Confederation\n", "BULLET::::- 1996–2004: Member of the Committee on Legal and Constitutional Affairs of the Senate of the Parliament of the Czech Republic\n", "BULLET::::- 1996–2004: Senator\n", "BULLET::::- 1998–2002: Vice-Chairman of the Committee on Legal and Constitutional Affairs of the Senate of the Parliament of the Czech Republic\n", "BULLET::::- 2002–2004: Member of the Committee on Mandate and Parliamentary Privilege of the Senate of the Parliament of the Czech Republic\n", "BULLET::::- 2002–2004: Member of the Standing Senate Commission on the Constitution of the Czech Republic\n", "BULLET::::- 2003–2004: Observer at the European Parliament\n", "\"See also:\" 2004 European Parliament election in the Czech Republic\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "Czech union member", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q942579", "wikidata_label": "Richard Falbr", "wikipedia_title": "Richard Falbr" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Paul Murray (presenter)\n", "Paul Murray (born 14 July 1978) is a conservative radio and TV broadcaster based in Sydney, Australia.\n", "He was the former regular Mornings presenter on 2UE show \"A Sydney Morning\". He also hosts \"Paul Murray Live\" on Sky News Australia which airs Sunday to Thursday at 9pm AEST. and \"Saturday Edition\".\n", "Section::::Career.\n", "Prior to joining 2UE Murray worked for Triple M (most notably as co-host of popular drive show 'Paul and Rach') 2005-2010, Nova969 (Newsroom/Late Nights) 2001-2004, 2SM (Newsroom) 1999-2001 and 2GB (Newsroom) 1998-2000 and again in 2004.\n", "Murray has won a variety of radio awards (ACRA) including Brian White Memorial Award (radio news reporting) and Best Documentary (Triple M's Tribute to Vic Davies).\n", "He has also been nominated several times for best comedy segment and in 2012 was nominated for best talk presenter.\n", "Late in 2005, Murray left Nova 96.9 to commence his television career. In November 2005, he began reporting and hosting segments for the Seven Network's morning current affairs & variety program \"Sunrise\"; later he was a regular guest on \"Weekend Sunrise\".\n", "In 2008, Murray joined \"The Shebang\" with Marty Sheargold and Fifi Box on Triple M's Sydney breakfast shift and also co-hosted the short-lived chat show \"The NightCap\" on 7HD. The latter program debuted with the first known public discussion of the childhood accident that left him with only nine toes. He also joined Sky News Australia where he began hosting 180 with Paul Murray (now known as Paul Murray Live).\n", "At the start of 2009 Murray began hosting the All New Paul Murray Show on Sydney and Melbourne's Triple M from 7pm-10pm weekdays and on Brisbane's Triple M from 10pm-1am. Later that year, he was replaced by Ugly Phil and began hosting a drive program, \"Paul & Rach\" with Rachel Corbett.\n", "In November 2010, it was announced that Murray would be moving to AM radio station 2UE. He hosted both Drive and Morning shows and in early 2013, he began hosting the morning show \"Sydney Mornings\". In October 2013, Murray openly criticised the decision by 2UE to sack fellow radio host Jason Morrison.\n", "In December 2013, after a period of declining ratings for Murray's show, it was announced that Murray was leaving 2UE (his final show was broadcast on 13 December) and moving to Sky News full-time to host the show \"Paul Murray Live\" on weeknights.\n", "Section::::Radio show formats.\n", "In January 2013, Murray started working on a new show \"A Sydney Morning with Paul Murray\" which, unlike other 2UE programs, broadcasts out of the Sydney Morning Herald newsroom. The show is on air from 8:30 to 11:30am on 954AM.\n", "Prior to working on the morning program, Murray was the host of \"Drive with Paul Murray\" from 2011-2012.\n", "In March 2006, he commenced as the new Triple M network presenter from 6-7pm Monday to Thursday, with an hour long current affairs radio show titled \"The Paul Murray Hour\". In July, the Triple M network replaced Murray's show with an 80s music hour, but in August Murray returned hosting a similar program, \"The Paul Murray Show\", but in the 7-9pm timeslot. In 2007, Lisa Millard (Millie, Millhouse) joined the show as co-host. The show broadcast out of Sydney to multiple cities throughout Australia. Murray often announced the frequency as 104.9 MHz, the relevant frequency in Sydney. The show ended at the end of 2007, although in 2009 it was reinstated on Triple M in Sydney, Melbourne and Brisbane.\n", "The 2006-2007 show almost always ended with the song \"Watermelon Man\" and included:\n", "BULLET::::- interviews with media personalities\n", "BULLET::::- fictitious advertisements e.g. for \"La De Da Magazine\"\n", "BULLET::::- sketches satirising current events\n", "BULLET::::- characters parodying other well-known voices\n", "BULLET::::- Pauly's Pub Trivia\n", "BULLET::::- On the job with Paul & Milly\n", "BULLET::::- Clubbing of baby seals\n", "BULLET::::- Nude News\n", "Section::::Radio show formats.:Pauly's Pub Trivia.\n", "This climactic competition every evening followed the common radio-quiz format in which callers call in and the first contestant answers as many questions as they can before the compere passes to the next caller. There were five questions so the winner was the person who answered the fifth question correctly.\n", "When an inadequate number of callers rang in, Mashup (music) of The Doors' \"Riders on the Storm\" and Blondie (band)'s \"Rapture\" was played as punishment music until enough contestants called.\n", "The quiz was normally run in the last 5 minutes of the show. Hints were given to ensure that the quiz finished on time. These got as simple as \"just say answer to question\".\n", "Initially, the prize was \"absolutely nothing\" but eventually it became the chance to hear the song \"Watermelon Man\", which was often the answer to the fifth and last question.\n", "Section::::Characters.\n", "Murray's parodies of Sydney personalities include:\n", "BULLET::::- Ian Waley (not Jim Waley)\n", "BULLET::::- the Love Muscle (not Richard (\"the Love God\") Mercer of Mix 1065)\n", "BULLET::::- Alan Jones\n", "BULLET::::- Bob Carr\n", "BULLET::::- Richard Aspen\n", "Section::::Personal life.\n", "Murray is married and lives in Sydney. He is a lifelong Wests Tigers supporter and a Holden fan. He is an atheist.\n", "Murray and his wife Sian's 1-day-old son, Leo, died in August 2012 due to complications from a premature birth.\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Triple M: Paul & Rach\n", "BULLET::::- A Sydney Morning with Paul Murray\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Jana Hybášková\n", "Jana Hybášková (born 26 June 1965 in Prague) is a Czech and European politician and diplomat, who currently serves as the Ambassador of the European Union in Namibia. She served as a Member of the European Parliament for the European People's Party from 2004 to 2009 and as the Ambassador of the European Union in Iraq from 2011 to 2015. She has been chairwoman of the European Democratic Party (EDS).\n", "As a Member of the European Parliament, she was a member of the Committee on Foreign Affairs, a substitute on the Committee on Budgets and chairwoman of the European delegation for relations with Israel. Jana Hybášková is also a member of the Steering Committee of the World Movement for Democracy. She has been critical of the Iranian government and of President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, and has advocated closer relations between Israel and Europe.\n", "She graduated in Arabic at Charles University, earning a doctorate in 1989, and worked at the Foreign Ministry of Czechoslovakia and then the Czech Republic from 1991 to 1997. She was Ambassador of the Czech Republic to Slovenia 1997–2001, and then in Qatar and Kuwait (2002–2004).\n", "She is a founding signatory of the Prague Declaration on European Conscience and Communism, and the co-organizer (with Senator Martin Mejstřík) of its preceding conference. She co-sponsored the European Parliament resolution of 2 April 2009 on European conscience and totalitarianism on behalf of the European People's Party.\n", "Section::::Education.\n", "BULLET::::- 1989: Doctor of Philosophy (Faculty of Philosophy and Arts, Charles University, Prague\n", "Section::::Career.\n", "BULLET::::- 1997–2001: Ambassador of the Czech Republic to Slovenia\n", "BULLET::::- 2001–2002: Adviser to the State Secretary for European Affairs\n", "BULLET::::- 2002–2004: Ambassador of the Czech Republic to Kuwait and Qatar\n", "BULLET::::- 2004–2008: Member of the 'SNK - Evropští demokraté' (European Democrats) political party\n", "BULLET::::- 2008–2010: Chairwoman of the European Democratic Party\n", "BULLET::::- 2011–2015: Ambassador of the European Union in Iraq\n", "BULLET::::- 2015–present: Ambassador of the European Union in Namibia\n", "Section::::Decorations.\n", "BULLET::::- Holder of the decoration 'Záslužný kříž ministra obrany ČR II stupně' (Cross of Merit of the Minister of Defence of the Czech Republic, Second Class)\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- 2004 European Parliament election in the Czech Republic\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Oldřich Vlasák\n", "Oldřich Vlasák (born 26 November 1955) is a conservative politician who advocates for the interests of self-governing municipalities, cities and regions. He served as Vice-President of the European Parliament between 2012 and 2014.\n", "Section::::Biography.\n", "Vlasák was born in Hradec Králové. He studied at the Czech Technical University in Prague. After graduating he worked in science as a technical professional in the field of the environment. In his following management career he worked for the private sector. He joined the Civic Democratic Party in 1991 and entered local politics in 1994, when he was elected member of the Board of Representatives of the City of Hradec Králové. Between 1998 and 2004 he was mayor of the City. In 2001 Vlasák became the President of the Union of Towns and Municipalities of the Czech Republic. He entered European politics in 2000. He was delegated to the Congress of Local and Regional Authorities of Europe and represented the Czech Republic as an observer in the Committee of the Regions. After his active work in the Policy Committee of the Council of European Municipalities and Regions (CEMR) he was elected its executive president. Between 2004 and 2014 he was a Member of the European Parliament (MEP). In the European Parliament he acted as coordinator of European Conservatives and Reformists in the Committee for Regional Development and was a vice chairman of the Intergroup Urban. In 2012 he became responsible for STOA in the European Parliament Bureau. His time as an MEP ceased in 2014.\n", "Section::::Publications.\n", "BULLET::::- Evropská unie očima studentů; Evropská unie očima podnikatelů; Evropská unie očima občanů ČR; 15 let ODS ve Východočeském a Královéhradeckém regionu; Budoucnost kohezní politiky; co-author of the books Evropská parlamentní demokracie, Naše obce a města v Evropské unii, Naše města a evropské peníze.\n", "BULLET::::- Publisher of the INFO information bulletin. Publications to accompany exhibitions in the European Parliament: III. odboj v Československu ('The third resistance movement in Czechoslovakia') and 100 let mezinárodního ledního hokeje ('100 years of international ice hockey').\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Oldrich Vlasak, Vice President of European Parliament filmneweurope.com, June 13, 2014\n", "BULLET::::- Vlasak Net\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Karl August Varnhagen von Ense\n", "Karl August Varnhagen von Ense (21 February 1785 in Düsseldorf – 10 October 1858 in Berlin) was a German biographer, diplomat and soldier.\n", "Section::::Life and career.\n", "He was born in Düsseldorf, the younger brother of Rosa Maria Varnhagen, a noted poet, writer, and educator. He studied medicine in Berlin, but most of his time was spent examining philosophy and literature, which he later studied more thoroughly at Halle and Tübingen. He began his literary career in 1804 working along with Adelbert von Chamisso on his Berliner \"Musenalmanach\".\n", "In 1809, he joined the main Austrian army under Archduke Charles, serving in IR20 Reuss-Plauen at the Battle of Wagram, where he was wounded. He was then made adjutant to Prince Bentheim, whom he accompanied to Paris, where he continued his studies. In 1812, he entered the Prussian civil service in Berlin but soon left to enter the Russian service as captain. He served in Tettenborn's corps as adjutant to Tettenborn on trips to Hamburg and Paris. He recorded his experiences in \"Geschichte der Hamburger Ereignisse\" (History of the events in Hamburg; London, 1813) and \"Geschichte der Kriegszüge Tettenborns\" (History of Tettenborn's Campaigns, 1814). He worked as a tutor and butler in the homes of several families of the wealthy Jewish bourgeoisie. This allowed him to learn from an early age young characters in his time, some already famous, such as: Adelbert von Chamisso, Justinus Kerner, Friedrich de la Motte Fouqué, Ludwig Uhland and many other poets of romanticism.\n", "He accompanied Prince Hardenberg to the Congress of Vienna in 1814, and between 1815 and 1819 he served as Prussian Minister-Resident at Carlsruhe. After 1819, he resided chiefly in Berlin, bearing the title “Geheimer Legationsrat.” He had no fixed official appointment but was often employed in important political business.\n", "He carried on an extensive correspondence with Alexander von Humboldt, and two volumes of Humboldt's letters to him have been published.\n", "Section::::Writings.\n", "Although he developed a reputation as an imaginative and critical writer, he is most famous as a biographer. He possessed a remarkable ability to group facts together and to bring out their essential significance. His style is distinguished for its strength, grace and purity. Among his principal works are:\n", "BULLET::::- \"Goethe in den Zeugnissen der Mitlebenden\" (1824)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Biographische Denkmäler\" (5 vols., 1824–30; 3rd ed., 1872)\n", "BULLET::::- Biographies of General von Seydlitz (1834), Field-Marshal Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher, victor over Napoleon at Waterloo, Sophia Charlotte, Queen of Prussia (1837), Field-Marshal Schwerin (1841), Field-Marshal Keith (1844), and General Bülow von Dennewitz (1853)\n", "His \"Denkwürdigkeiten und vermischte Schriften\" appeared in nine volumes in 1843-59, the last two volumes appearing after his death. His niece, Ludmilla Assing, between 1860 and 1867, edited several volumes of his correspondence with eminent men and his \"Tagebücher\" (14 vols., 1861–70). \"Blätter aus der preussischen Geschichte\" appeared in five volumes (1868–69); his correspondence with his wife, Rahel, appeared in six volumes in 1874–75; and that with Carlyle in 1892.\n", "His selected writings appeared in 19 volumes in 1871-76.\n", "Section::::Family.\n", "In 1814, he married saloniste Rahel Levin after she converted from Judaism to Christianity. Varnhagen was devotedly attached to her and found in her sympathy and encouragement. She was one of the chief sources of his inspiration as a writer. He never fully recovered from the shock of her death in 1833, but he published memorial volumes containing selections from her papers: \"Rahel, ein Buch des Andenkens für ihre Freunde\" (Rahel, a memorial book for her friends, 3 vols., 1834) and \"Galerie von Bildnissen aus Rahels Umgang\" (A gallery of portraits from Rahel's circle, 2 vols., 1836).\n", "Section::::References.\n", "BULLET::::- Attribution\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "Carl August Varnhagen" ] }, "description": "German biographer, diplomat and soldier", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q215691", "wikidata_label": "Karl August Varnhagen von Ense", "wikipedia_title": "Karl August Varnhagen von Ense" }

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Night of 100 Frights", "Hermie and Friends", "The Andy Griffith Show", "Museum of Broadcast Communications", "West Virginia & Regional History Center", "collection of materials related to the career or Don Knotts" ], "wikipedia_id": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ], "wikipedia_title": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ] }

{ "paragraph": [ "Don Knotts\n", "Jesse Donald Knotts (July 21, 1924February 24, 2006) was an American actor and comedian, best known for his role as Deputy Sheriff Barney Fife on \"The Andy Griffith Show\", a 1960s sitcom for which he earned five Emmy Awards, and for his role as Ralph Furley on the highly rated sitcom \"Three's Company\" from 1979 to 1984. He also starred in multiple comedic films, including playing Luther Heggs in \"The Ghost and Mr. Chicken\" (1966) and Henry Limpet in \"The Incredible Mr. Limpet\" (1964). In 1979 \"TV Guide\" ranked him #27 on its 50 Greatest TV Stars of All Time list.\n", "Section::::Early life.\n", "Jesse Donald Knotts was born in Morgantown, West Virginia, the youngest of four sons born to farmer William Jesse Knotts and his wife, Elsie Luzetta Knotts (\"née\" Moore). His parents were married in Spraggs, Pennsylvania. His English paternal ancestors emigrated to America in the 17th century, originally settling in Queen Anne's County, Maryland. Knotts' brothers were named Willis, William, and Ralph.\n", "Don's mother was 40 at the time of his birth and his father suffered from mental illness; he had a nervous breakdown due to the stress of Don's birth. Afflicted with schizophrenia and alcoholism, he sometimes terrorized Don with a knife, causing Don to turn inward at an early age. The elder Knotts died of pneumonia when Don was 13 years old. Don and his three brothers were then raised by their mother, who ran a boarding house in Morgantown. She died in 1969 at age 84. Her son William preceded her in death in 1941 at age 31. They are buried in the family plot at Beverly Hills Memorial Park in Morgantown. Don graduated from Morgantown High School. After enlisting in the United States Army\n", "and serving in World War II, Don earned a bachelor's degree in education with a minor in speech from West Virginia University in Morgantown, graduating in 1948. He was a member of Phi Sigma Kappa fraternity and Alpha Psi Omega Honor Society while at WVU.\n", "Section::::Career.\n", "Section::::Career.:Early career.\n", "Before he entered high school, Knotts began performing as a ventriloquist and comedian at various church and school functions. After high school, he traveled to New York City to try to make his way as a comedian, but returned home to attend West Virginia University when his career failed to take off. After his college freshman year, Knotts joined the U.S. Army and spent most of his service entertaining troops. He toured the western Pacific Islands as a comedian as part of a G.I. variety show called \"Stars and Gripes\".\n", "His ventriloquist act included a dummy named Danny \"Hooch\" Matador. In a \"TV Guide\" magazine interview in the 1970s, he said that he had grown tired of playing straight man for a hunk of wood when he was in the Army. According to Knotts, he tossed the dummy overboard off a ship in the South Pacific.\n", "Knotts served in the U.S. Army from June 21, 1943 to January 6, 1946. Discharged in the rank of Technician Grade 5, which was the equivalent then of a Corporal. During his military service, Knotts was awarded the World War II Victory Medal, Philippine Liberation Medal, Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal (with 4 bronze service stars), Army Good Conduct Medal, Marksman Badge (with an M1 Carbine) and Honorable Service lapel pin.\n", "Knotts returned to West Virginia University after being demobilized and graduated in 1948. He married and moved back to New York, where connections he had made while in the Special Services Branch helped him break into show business. In addition to doing stand-up comedy at clubs, he appeared on the radio, eventually playing the wisecracking, know-it-all character \"Windy Wales\" on a radio western called \"Bobby Benson and the B-Bar-B Riders\".\n", "Knotts got his first major break on television in the soap opera \"Search for Tomorrow\" where he appeared from 1953 to 1955. He came to fame in 1956 on Steve Allen's variety show, as part of Allen's repertory company, most notably in Allen's mock \"Man in the Street\" interviews, always as an extremely nervous man. He remained with the Allen program through the 1959–1960 season. From October 20, 1955 through September 14, 1957, Knotts appeared in the Broadway play version of \"No Time for Sergeants\", in which he played two roles, listed on the playbill as a Corporal Manual Dexterity and a Preacher. In 1958, Knotts appeared for the first time on film with Andy Griffith in the film version of \"No Time for Sergeants\". In that film, Knotts reprises his Broadway role and plays a high-strung Air Force test administrator whose routine is disrupted by the hijinks of a provincial new recruit.\n", "Section::::Career.:\"The Andy Griffith Show\".\n", "In 1960, Andy Griffith was offered the opportunity to headline his own sitcom, \"The Andy Griffith Show\" (1960–1968). Knotts took the role of Barney Fife, the deputy—and originally cousin—of Sheriff Andy Taylor (portrayed by Griffith). Knotts's portrayal of the deputy on the popular show earned him five Emmy Awards for Best Supporting Actor in a Television Comedy, three awards for the first five seasons that he played the character.\n", "A summary of the show from the website of the Museum of Broadcast Communications describes Deputy Barney Fife:\n", "When the show first aired, Griffith was intended to be the comedic lead with Knotts as his straight man, similar to their roles in \"No Time for Sergeants\". However, it was quickly discovered that the show was funnier with the roles reversed. As Griffith maintained in several interviews, \"By the second episode, I knew that Don should be funny, and I should play straight.\"\n", "Knotts believed remarks by Griffith that \"The Andy Griffith Show\" would end after five seasons, and he began to look for other work, signing a five-film contract with Universal Studios. He was caught off guard when Griffith announced that he would continue the show after all, but Knotts's hands were tied. In his autobiography, Knotts admitted that he had not yet signed a contract when Griffith announced his decision; but he had made up his mind to move on, believing he would not get the chance again. Knotts left the series in 1965. His character's absence on the show was explained by Deputy Fife's having finally made the \"big time,\" joining the Raleigh, North Carolina police force.\n", "Section::::Career.:Post-Mayberry film career.\n", "Knotts went on to star in a series of film comedies that drew on his high-strung persona from the television series: he had a cameo appearance in United Artists' \"It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World\" (1963), and starred in Warner Bros.' \"The Incredible Mr. Limpet\" (1964). Knotts then began his Universal five-film contract with \"The Ghost and Mr. Chicken\" (1966), \"The Reluctant Astronaut\" (1967), \"The Shakiest Gun in the West\" (1968), \"The Love God?\" (1969) and \"How to Frame a Figg\" (1971). Knotts reprised his role as Barney Fife several times in the 1960s: he made five guest appearances on \"The Andy Griffith Show\" (gaining him another two Emmy Awards), and he later appeared once on the spin-off \"Mayberry RFD\", where he was present as best man for the marriage of Andy Taylor and his longtime love, Helen Crump.\n", "After making \"How to Frame a Figg\", Knotts' five-film contract with Universal finished. He continued to work steadily, though he did not appear as a regular on any successful television series until his appearance on \"Three's Company\" in 1979. In the late 1960s and early 1970s, Knotts served as the spokesman for Dodge trucks and was featured prominently in a series of print ads and dealer brochures. On television, he went on to host a variety show/sitcom hybrid on NBC, \"The Don Knotts Show\", which aired Tuesdays during the fall of 1970, but the series was low-rated and short-lived. He also made frequent guest appearances on other shows such as \"The Bill Cosby Show\" and \"Here's Lucy\". In 1970, appeared as a Barney Fife-like police officer in the pilot of \"The New Andy Griffith Show\". In 1972, Knotts voiced an animated version of himself in two episodes of \"The New Scooby Doo Movies\": \"The Spooky Fog of Juneberry\", in which he played a lawman resembling Barney Fife, and \"Guess Who's Knott Coming to Dinner\". He also appeared as Felix Unger in a stage version of Neil Simon's \"The Odd Couple\", with Art Carney as Oscar Madison.\n", "Beginning in 1975, Knotts was teamed with Tim Conway in a series of slapstick films aimed at children, including the Disney film \"The Apple Dumpling Gang\" (1975) and its sequel, \"The Apple Dumpling Gang Rides Again\" (1979). They also did two independent films, the boxing comedy \"The Prize Fighter\" (1979), and the mystery comedy \"The Private Eyes\" (1980). Knotts co-starred in several other Disney films, including \"Gus\" (1976), \"No Deposit, No Return\" (1976), \"Herbie Goes to Monte Carlo\" (1977) and \"Hot Lead and Cold Feet\" (1978).\n", "Section::::Career.:\"Three's Company\".\n", "In 1979, Knotts returned to series television in his second most identifiable role, the wacky-but-lovable landlord Ralph Furley on \"Three's Company\". The series, which was already an established hit, added Knotts to the cast when the original landlords, Helen Roper and her husband Stanley Roper (a married couple played by Audra Lindley and Norman Fell, respectively) left the series to star in their own short-lived spin-off series (\"The Ropers\").\n", "On set, Knotts easily integrated himself to the already-established cast who were, as John Ritter put it, \"so scared\" of Knotts because of his star status when he joined the cast. When Suzanne Somers left the show after a contract dispute in 1981, the writers started giving the material meant for Somers's Crissy to Knotts's Furley. Knotts remained on the series until it ended in 1984. The \"Three's Company\" script supervisor, Carol Summers, became Knotts's agent and often accompanied him to personal appearances.\n", "Section::::Career.:Later years.\n", "In 1986, Don Knotts reunited with Andy Griffith in the made-for-television film \"Return to Mayberry\", again reprising his Barney Fife role. In early 1987, Knotts joined the cast of the first-run syndication comedy \"What a Country!\", playing Principal Bud McPherson for the series' remaining 13 episodes. The sitcom was produced by Martin Rips and Joseph Staretski, who had previously worked on \"Three's Company\". In 1988, Knotts joined Andy Griffith in another show, playing the recurring role of pesky neighbor Les Calhoun on \"Matlock\" until 1992.\n", "After that, Knotts's roles were sporadic, including a cameo appearance in the film \"Big Bully\" (1996) as the principal of the high school. In 1998, Knotts played a small but pivotal role as a mysterious TV repairman in \"Pleasantville\". That year, his home town of Morgantown, West Virginia, changed the name of the street formerly known as \"South University Avenue\" (U.S. Route 119) to \"Don Knotts Boulevard\" on \"Don Knotts Day.\" Also that day, in honor of Knotts's role as Barney Fife, he was named an honorary deputy sheriff with the Monongalia County Sheriff's Department.\n", "Knotts was recognized in 2000 with a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. He continued to act on stage, but much of his film and television work after 2000 was as voice talent. In \"Ghost World\" (2001), Enid (Thora Birch) is asked why she painted a portrait of Don Knotts. She replies, \"I just like Don Knotts.\" The portrait in the film may be the last visual image of Knotts in a motion picture. In 2002, he appeared again with Scooby-Doo in the video game \"Scooby-Doo! Night of 100 Frights\". (Knotts also spoofed his appearances on that show in various promotions for Cartoon Network and in a parody on \"Robot Chicken\", where he was teamed with Phyllis Diller.) In 2003, Knotts teamed up with Tim Conway again to provide voices for the direct-to-video children's series \"Hermie and Friends\", which continued until his death. In 2005, he was the voice of Mayor Turkey Lurkey in \"Chicken Little\" (2005), his first Disney movie since 1979. On September 12, 2003, Knotts was in Kansas City in a stage version of \"On Golden Pond\" when he received a call from John Ritter's family telling him that his former \"Three's Company\" co-star had died of an aortic dissection that day. Knotts and his co-stars attended the funeral four days later. Knotts had appeared with Ritter one final time in a cameo on \"8 Simple Rules for Dating My Teenage Daughter\". It was an episode that paid homage to their earlier television series. Knotts was the last \"Three's Company\" star to work with Ritter.\n", "During this period of time, macular degeneration in both eyes caused the otherwise robust Knotts to become virtually blind. His live appearances on television were few. In 2005, Knotts parodied his Ralph Furley character while playing a Paul Young variation in a \"Desperate Housewives\" sketch on \"The 3rd Annual TV Land Awards\". He parodied that part one final time in \"Stone Cold Crazy\", an episode of the sitcom \"That '70s Show\". In the show, Knotts played Fez and Jackie's new landlord. This was his last live-action television appearance. His final role was in \"Air Buddies\" (2006) (a direct-to-video sequel to \"Air Bud\"), voicing the sheriff's deputy dog, Sniffer.\n", "Section::::Personal life.\n", "Knotts was married three times. His marriage to Kathryn Metz lasted from 1947 until their divorce in 1964. He married Loralee Czuchna in 1974 and they divorced in 1983. His third marriage was to Frances Yarborough, from 2002 until his death in 2006. From his first marriage, Knotts had a son, Thomas Knotts, and a daughter, actress Karen Knotts (born April 2, 1954).\n", "Knotts struggled with hypochondria and macular degeneration. Betty Lynn, one of Knotts' co-stars on \"The Andy Griffith Show\", described him as a \"very quiet man. Very sweet. Nothing like Barney Fife.\" TV writer Mark Evanier called him \"the most beloved person in all of show business.\"\n", "Section::::Death.\n", "Knotts died at age 81 on February 24, 2006, at the Cedars-Sinai Medical Center in Los Angeles, California from pulmonary and respiratory complications of pneumonia related to lung cancer. He had been undergoing treatment at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center in the months before his death, but he returned home after he had reportedly been feeling better. His body was buried at Westwood Memorial Park in Los Angeles.\n", "Knotts' obituaries cited him as a major influence on other entertainers. In early 2011, his grave's plain granite headstone was replaced with a bronze plaque that lists several of Knotts' movie and television roles. A statue honoring Knotts was unveiled on July 23, 2016 in front of The Metropolitan Theatre on High Street in his hometown of Morgantown, West Virginia.\n", "Section::::Filmography.\n", "Section::::Filmography.:Film.\n", "BULLET::::- \"No Time for Sergeants\" (1958) as Cpl. John C. Brown\n", "BULLET::::- \"Wake Me When It's Over\" (1960) as Sgt. Percy Warren\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Last Time I Saw Archie\" (1961) as Captain Harry Little\n", "BULLET::::- \"It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World\" (1963) as the nervous motorist\n", "BULLET::::- \"Move Over, Darling\" (1963) as Shoe Clerk\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Incredible Mr. Limpet\" (1964) as Henry Limpet\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Ghost and Mr. Chicken\" (1966) as Luther Heggs\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Reluctant Astronaut\" (1967) as Roy Fleming\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Shakiest Gun in the West\" (1968) as Dr. Jesse W. Heywood\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Love God?\" (1969) as Abner Audubon Peacock IV\n", "BULLET::::- \"How to Frame a Figg\" (1971) as Hollis Alexander Figg\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Apple Dumpling Gang\" (1975) as Theodore Ogelvie\n", "BULLET::::- \"No Deposit, No Return\" (1976) as Bert\n", "BULLET::::- \"Gus\" (1976) as Coach Venner\n", "BULLET::::- \"Herbie Goes to Monte Carlo\" (1977) as Wheely Applegate\n", "BULLET::::- \"Mule Feathers\" (1977) as Narrator / The Mule (voice)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Hot Lead and Cold Feet\" (1978) as Sheriff Denver Kid\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Apple Dumpling Gang Rides Again\" (1979) as Theodore\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Prize Fighter\" (1979) as Shake\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Private Eyes\" (1980) as Inspector Winship\n", "BULLET::::- \"Cannonball Run II\" (1984) as CHP Officer #2\n", "BULLET::::- \"Pinocchio and the Emperor of the Night\" (1987) as Gee Willikers (voice)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Big Bully\" (1996) as Principal Kokelar\n", "BULLET::::- \"Cats Don't Dance\" (1997) as T.W. Turtle (voice)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Pleasantville\" (1998) as TV Repairman\n", "BULLET::::- \"Tom Sawyer\" (2000) as Muff Potter (voice)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Ghost World\" (2001) as himself in a portrait\n", "BULLET::::- \"Chicken Little\" (2005) as Mayor Turkey Lurkey (voice)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Air Buddies\" (2006) as Sniffer (voice; final film role)\n", "Section::::Filmography.:Television.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Search for Tomorrow\" (1953–1955)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Steve Allen Show\" (1956–1960) as Himself\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Garry Moore Show\" (4 episodes 1962–1964) as himself\n", "BULLET::::- \"McHale's Navy\" (Season 4, Episode 25) as Lt. Pratt\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Joey Bishop Show\" (TV series) (1961–1965) (1 episode 1964) as Barney Fife\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Red Skelton Show\" (TV series) (5 episodes 1951–1971), (1961–1965) as Commodore of Lagoons / 'Steady Fingers' Ferguson / Horaces Horatio / Mr. Pallid / Herbie\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Many Loves of Dobie Gillis\" (1960) as Esmond Metzger\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Andy Griffith Show\" (1960–1968) as Barney Fife\n", "BULLET::::- \"The New Steve Allen Show\" (1961–1963) as Regular\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Jerry Lewis Show\" (1 episode 1963) as Himself\n", "BULLET::::- \"38th Academy Awards\" (1966) (TV) himself co-presenter\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Don Knotts Special\" (1967) (TV) himself host/performer\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Hollywood Palace\" (1 episode #7.17 1970) as Himself\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Don Knotts Show\" (1970–1971) as Himself – Host\n", "BULLET::::- \"Don Knotts' Nice Clean, Decent, Wholesome Hour\" (1970) as Himself – Host / Performer\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Man Who Came to Dinner\" (1972) as Dr. Bradley\n", "BULLET::::- \"The New Scooby-Doo Movies\" (2 episodes 1972) (TV) as Himself (voice)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Flip Wilson Show\" (1970–74) (TV) (2 episodes 1972–1973) as Himself\n", "BULLET::::- \"\" (1973) (TV) as Himself\n", "BULLET::::- \"I Love a Mystery\" (1973) as Alexander Archer\n", "BULLET::::- \"Here's Lucy\" (TV series) (1968–1974) (1 episode 1973) as Ben Fletcher\n", "BULLET::::- \"Hollywood Squares\" (4 episodes, 1974–1977) as Himself – Panelist\n", "BULLET::::- \"Steve Allen's Laugh Back\" (1975)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Captain & Tennille Show\" (1976–1977) as Himself (recurring guest)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Muppet Show\" (1977) as Himself – Special Guest Star\n", "BULLET::::- \"Fantasy Island\" (1978–1979) as Felix Birdsong / Stanley Scheckter\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Love Boat\" (1979) as Herb Grobecker / Devon King\n", "BULLET::::- \"Three's Company\" (1979–1984) as Ralph Furley\n", "BULLET::::- \"George Burns Comedy Week\" (1985) as Himself\n", "BULLET::::- \"Return to Mayberry\" (1986) as Barney Fife\n", "BULLET::::- \"What a Country!\" (1987) as F. Jerry 'Bud' McPherson\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Little Troll Prince\" (1987) as Professor Nidaros (voice)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Matlock\" (1987–1992) as Les Calhoun\n", "BULLET::::- \"Newhart\" (TV series) (1982–1990) (1 episode Iron 1990) as Iron\n", "BULLET::::- \"\" (1991) as Titus (voice)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Andy Griffith Show Reunion\" (1993) (TV) as Himself\n", "BULLET::::- \"Burke's Law\" (1 episode 1994)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Step by Step\" (TV series) (1991–1998) (1 episode 1993) as Deputy Feif\n", "BULLET::::- \"\" (TV series) (2 episodes, 1997–1998) as Additional Voices (voice)\n", "BULLET::::- \"E! True Hollywood Story\" (1 episode 1998) as Himself\n", "BULLET::::- \"Late Night with Conan O'Brien\" (1 episode 1999) as Himself\n", "BULLET::::- \"Jingle Bells\" (1999) as Kris (voice)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Quints\" (2000) as Governor Healy\n", "BULLET::::- \"\" (2000) as Himself\n", "BULLET::::- \"Biography TV Documentary\" (1987–present) (2 episodes 2000–2002) as Himself\n", "BULLET::::- \"Biography \" (2002) as Himself\n", "BULLET::::- \"\" (2002) as Himself\n", "BULLET::::- \"Odd Job Jack\" (2003) as Dirk Douglas\n", "BULLET::::- \"8 Simple Rules\" (2003) as Himself\n", "BULLET::::- \"Larry King Live\" (TV series) (1985–2010) (1 episode 2003) as Himself\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Andy Griffith Show Reunion Back to Mayberry\" (2003) (TV) as Himself / Barney Fife\n", "BULLET::::- \"TV Lands Top Ten\" (2004) (1 episode) as Himself\n", "BULLET::::- \"Johnny Bravo\" (cartoon series), episode \"Johnny Makeover\" (2004) as Don Knotts (voice)\n", "BULLET::::- \"That '70s Show\" (2005) as The Landlord\n", "BULLET::::- \"Las Vegas\" (2005) as Himself\n", "BULLET::::- \"The 3rd Annual TV Land Awards\" (2005) (TV) as Paul Young (segment \"Desperate Classic Housewives\")\n", "BULLET::::- \"Robot Chicken\" (cartoon series) (2005) as Himself\n", "BULLET::::- \"Hatching Chicken Little\" (2006) as Himself\n", "BULLET::::- \"\" (2006) as Himself\n", "Section::::Filmography.:Video games.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Scooby-Doo! Night of 100 Frights\" (2002)\n", "Section::::Filmography.:Animation videos.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Hermie and Friends\" (2003–06)\n", "Section::::Further reading.\n", "BULLET::::- The Andy Griffith Show from the Museum of Broadcast Communications\n", "BULLET::::- Klin, Richard. \"Fife and Drum\". \"Flagpole\", 2006.\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- The West Virginia & Regional History Center has a collection of materials related to the career or Don Knotts\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "Jesse Donald Knotts", "Jesse Don Knotts", "Donald Knotts" ] }, "description": "American actor and stand-up comedian", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q555236", "wikidata_label": "Don Knotts", "wikipedia_title": "Don Knotts" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Luis de Góngora\n", "Luis de Góngora y Argote (\"born\" Luis de Argote y Góngora) (; 11 July 1561 – 24 May 1627) was a Spanish Baroque lyric poet. Góngora and his lifelong rival, Francisco de Quevedo, are widely considered the most prominent Spanish poets of all time. His style is characterized by what was called \"culteranismo\", also known as \"Gongorismo\". This style existed in stark contrast to Quevedo's \"conceptismo\".\n", "Section::::Biography.\n", "Góngora was born to a noble family in Córdoba, where his father, Francisco de Argote, was \"corregidor,\" or judge. In a Spanish era when purity of Christian lineage (limpieza de sangre) was needed to gain access to education or official appointments, he adopted the surname of his mother, Leonor de Góngora. His uncle, Don Franscisco, a prebendary of Córdoba Cathedral, renounced his post in favor of his nephew, who took deacon's orders in 1586.\n", "As a canon associated with this Cathedral, Luis de Góngora traveled on diverse commissions to Navarre, Andalusia and Castile. The cities that he visited included Madrid, Salamanca, Granada, Jaén, and Toledo. Around 1605, he was ordained priest, and afterwards lived at Valladolid and Madrid.\n", "While his circle of admirers grew, patrons were grudging in their admiration. Ultimately, in 1617 through the influence of the Duke of Lerma, he was appointed honorary chaplain to King Philip III of Spain, but did not enjoy the honor long.\n", "He maintained a long feud with Francisco de Quevedo, who matched him in talent and wit. Both poets composed lots of bitter, satirical pieces attacking one other, with Quevedo criticizing Góngora's penchant for flattery, his large nose, and his passion for gambling. Quevedo even accused his enemy of sodomy, which was a capital crime in 17th century Spain. In his \"Contra el mismo (Góngora)\", Quevedo writes of Góngora: \"No altar, garito sí; poco cristiano, / mucho tahúr, no clérigo, sí arpía.\" Góngora's nose, the subject of Quevedo's \"A una nariz\", begins with the lines: \"Érase un hombre a una nariz pegado, / érase una nariz superlativa, / érase una nariz sayón y escriba, / érase un peje espada muy barbado\".\n", "This angry feud came to a nasty end for Góngora when Quevedo bought the house he lived in for the only purpose of ejecting him from it. In 1626 a severe illness, which seriously impaired the poet's memory, forced him to return to Córdoba, where he died the next year. By then he was broke from trying to obtain positions and win lawsuits for all his relatives.\n", "An edition of his poems was published almost immediately after his death by Juan López de Vicuña; the frequently reprinted edition by Hozes did not appear until 1633. The collection consists of numerous sonnets, odes, ballads, songs for guitar, and of some larger poems, such as the \"Soledades\" and the \"Fábula de Polifemo y Galatea\" (\"Fable of Polyphemus and Galatea\") (1612), the two landmark works of the highly refined style called \"culteranismo\" or \"Gongorismo\". Miguel de Cervantes, in his \"Viaje del Parnaso\", catalogued the good and bad poets of his time. He considered Góngora to be one of the good ones.\n", "Velázquez painted his portrait. Numerous documents, lawsuits and satires of his rival Quevedo paint a picture of a man jovial, sociable, and talkative, who loved card-playing and bullfights. His bishop accused him of rarely attending choir, and of praying less than fervently when he did go. Góngora's passion for card-playing ultimately contributed to his ruin. Frequent allusions and metaphors associated with card-playing in Góngora's poetry reveal that cards formed part of his daily life. He was often reproached for activities beneath the dignity of a churchman.\n", "Section::::Style.\n", "\"Culteranismo\" existed in stark contrast with \"conceptismo\", another movement of the Baroque period which is characterized by a witty style, games with words, simple vocabulary, and conveying multiple meanings in as few words as possible. The best-known representative of Spanish \"conceptismo\", Francisco de Quevedo, had an ongoing feud with Luis de Góngora in which each criticized the other's writing and personal life.\n", "The word culteranismo blends \"culto\" (\"cultivated\") and \"luteranismo\" (\"Lutheranism\") and was coined by its opponents to present it as a heresy of \"true\" poetry. The movement aimed to use as many words as possible to convey little meaning or to conceal meaning. \"Góngora's poetry is inclusive rather than exclusive\", one scholar has written, \"willing to create and incorporate the new, literally in the form of neologisms.\"\n", "Góngora had a penchant for highly Latinate and Greek neologisms, which his opponents mocked. Quevedo lampooned his rival by writing a sonnet, \"Aguja de navegar cultos,\" which listed words from Góngora's lexicon: \"He would like to be a culto poet in just one day, / must the following jargon learn: / \"Fulgores, arrogar, joven, presiente / candor, construye, métrica, armonía...\"\" Quevedo actually mocked Góngora's style in several sonnets, including \"Sulquivagante, pretensor de Estolo.\" This anti-Gongorist sonnet mocks the unintelligibility of culteranismo and its widespread use of flowery neologisms, including \"sulquivagante\" (he who plies the seas; to travel without a clear destination); \"speluncas\" (\"caves\"); \"surculos\" (sprouts, scions). He was also the first to write poems imitating the speech of blacks.\n", "Góngora also had a penchant for apparent breaks in syntactical flow, as he overturned the limitations of syntax, making the hyperbaton the most prominent feature of his poetry.\n", "He has been called a man of \"unquestioned genius and almost limitless culture, an initiator who enriched his language with the vast power, beauty, and scope of a mighty pen.\" As far away as Peru, he received the praise of Juan de Espinosa Medrano (ca. 1629–1688), who wrote a piece defending Góngora's poetry from criticism called \"Apologético en favor de Don Luis de Góngora, Príncipe de los poetas lyricos de España: contra Manuel de Faria y Sousa, Cavallero portugués\" (1662).\n", "As Dámaso Alonso has pointed out, Gongora's contribution to the Spanish language should not be underestimated, as he picked up what were in his time obscure or little-used words and used them in his poetry again and again, thereby reviving or popularizing them. Many of these words are quite common today, such as \"adolescente\", \"asunto\", \"brillante\", \"construir\", \"eclipse\", \"emular\", \"erigir\", \"fragmento\", \"frustrar\", \"joven\", \"meta\", and \"porción\".\n", "Section::::Works.\n", "Góngora's poems are usually grouped into two blocks, corresponding more or less to two successive poetic stages. His \"Fábula de Polifemo y Galatea\" (\"Fable of Polyphemus and Galatea\") and his \"Soledades\" (1613) are his best-known compositions and the most studied. The \"Fábula\" is written in royal octaves (\"octavas reales\") and his \"Soledades\" is written in a variety of metres and strophes, but principally in stanzas and \"silvas\" interspersed with choruses.\n", "Góngora's \"Fábula de Polifemo y Galatea\" (1612) narrates a mythological episode described in Ovid's \"Metamorphoses\": the love of Polyphemus, one of the Cyclops, for the nymph Galatea, who rejects him. In the poem's end, Acis, enamored with Galatea, is turned into a river.\n", "Góngora's \"Fábula de Píramo y Tisbe\" (\"Fable of Pyramus and Thisbe\") (1618) is a complex poem that mocks gossiping and avaricious women. Góngora also wrote sonnets concerning various subjects of an amatory, satirical, moral, philosophical, religious, controversial, laudatory, and funereal nature. As well as the usual topics (\"carpe diem\" etc.) the sonnets include autobiographical elements, describing, for example, the increasing decrepitude and advancing age of the author. In addition, Góngora composed one of his most ambitions works, \"El Panegírico al Duque de Lerma\" (1617), a poem in 79 royal octaves. Cervantes, after reading \"El Panegírico\", said: \"the [work] I most esteem from those I've read of his.\"\n", "He also wrote plays, which include \"La destrucción de Troya\", \"Las firmezas de Isabela\", and the unfinished \"Doctor Carlino\".\n", "Although Góngora did not publish his works (he had attempted to do so in 1623), manuscript copies were circulated and compiled in cancioneros (songbooks), and anthologies published with or without his permission. In 1627, Juan Lopez Vicuña published \"Verse Works of the Spanish Homer\", which is also considered very trustworthy and important in establishing the Góngora's corpus of work. Vicuña's work was appropriated by the Spanish Inquisition and was later surpassed by an edition by Gonzalo de Hozes in 1633.\n", "Section::::Góngora and the Generation of '27.\n", "The Generation of '27 took its name from the year 1927 in which the tricentennial of Góngora's death, ignored by official academic circles, was celebrated with recitals, avant-garde happenings, and an ambitious plan to publish a new critical edition of his work, as well as books and articles on aspects of his work that had not been fully researched.\n", "The Generation of '27 was the first to attempt to self-consciously revise baroque literature. Dámaso Alonso wrote that Góngora's complex language conveyed meaning in that it created a world of pure beauty. Alonso explored his work exhaustively and called Góngora a \"mystic of words.\" Alonso dispelled the notion that Góngora had two separate styles –\"simple\" and \"difficult\" poems- that were also divided chronologically between his early and later years. He argued that Góngora's more complex poems built on stylistic devices that had been created in Góngora's early career as a poet. He also argued that the apparent simplicity of some of Góngora's early poems is often deceptive.\n", "Rafael Alberti added his own \"Soledad tercera\" (\"Paráfrasis incompleta\"). In 1961, Alberti declared, \"I am a visual poet, like all of the poets from Andalusia, from Góngora to García Lorca.\"\n", "Lorca presented a lecture called \"La imagen poética en don Luís de Góngora\" at the Ateneo in Seville in 1927. In this lecture, Lorca paid Jean Epstein the compliment of comparing the film director with Góngora as an authority on images.\n", "Section::::References in fiction and philosophy.\n", "The philosopher Baruch Spinoza proposed in his \"Ethics\" (1677) that a man can die before his body stops moving. As an example he mentioned \"a Spanish poet who suffered an illness; though he recovered, he was left so oblivious to his past life that he did not believe the tales and tragedies he had written were his own\". The historian wrote that \"this was probably Góngora, whose works Spinoza possessed, and who lost his memory a year before his death\".\n", "The narrator of the Captain Alatriste series, a friend of Francisco de Quevedo within the stories, illustrates Góngora's feuding with Quevedo, both by quoting poetry from each as well as describing Quevedo's attitude toward Góngora through the course of the story. Excerpts of poetry from one against the other are included within the story itself and poetry from each is included at the back of some of the books.\n", "Lawrence Durrell in his novel \"Clea\" (1960), part of \"The Alexandria Quartet\", includes a passage from the journal of his fictional novelist Pursewarden: \"Why should the artist always be trying to saturate the world with his own anguish…emotional Gongorism!\"\n", "In Giannina Braschi's bilingual novel \"Yo-Yo Boing!\" (1998) contemporary Latin American poets have a heated debate about Góngora's and Quevedo's role in defining the Spanish empire through their works.\n", "The musical group Dead Can Dance used an English translation of Góngora's \"Da bienes Fortuna\" as the lyrics for the song \"Fortune Presents Gifts Not According to the Book\" on their 1990 album Aion.\n", "In the second of the five parts of Roberto Bolaño's novel \"2666\" (published posthumously in 2004), \"The Part about Amalfitano\", one of the characters (the poet, whose name is never explicitly stated) quotes a verse from Góngora: \"Ande yo caliente y ríase la gente\".\n", "Section::::Sources.\n", "BULLET::::- Hennigfeld, Ursula (2008). \"Der ruinierte Körper. Petrarkistische Sonette in transkultureller Perspektive.\" Würzburg: Königshausen & Neumann.\n", "BULLET::::- Spinoza, Baruch (1677/1985). \"Ethics\". In \"The Collected Works of Spinoza\", volume 1. Edited and translated by Edwin Curley. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- English translations of some of Góngora's poems\n", "BULLET::::- Góngora website, Brown University Department of Hispanic Studies\n", "BULLET::::- Poems by Góngora\n", "BULLET::::- Luis de Góngora y Argote (1561–1627) (texts of his poems, in Spanish)\n", "BULLET::::- Luis de Góngora y Argote (1561–1627) (texts of his poems, in Spanish)\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "Luis de Góngora y Argote", "Luis de Gongora", "Luis de Gongora y Argote", "Luis de Argote y Góngora" ] }, "description": "Spanish Baroque lyric poet", "enwikiquote_title": "Luis de Góngora", "wikidata_id": "Q219744", "wikidata_label": "Luis de Góngora", "wikipedia_title": "Luis de Góngora" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Jaroslav Zvěřina\n", "Jaroslav Zvěřina (born on 18 December 1942 in Třebíč) is a Czech politician and former Member of the European Parliament with the Civic Democratic Party, part of the European Democrats and sits on the European Parliament's Committee on Legal Affairs. He was candidate also in European Parliament election in 2009, but he was not reelected.\n", "He is a substitute for the Committee on Culture and Education and a vice-chair of the Delegation for relations with Japan.\n", "Section::::Education.\n", "BULLET::::- 1965: Doctor of Medicine (Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Hradec Králové)\n", "BULLET::::- 1990: holder of the postgraduate qualification 'Candidate of Sciences' and senior lecturer (First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague)\n", "Section::::Career.\n", "BULLET::::- 1965-1969: Doctor\n", "BULLET::::- 1969-1977: Specialised doctor\n", "BULLET::::- 1977-1992: Research fellow\n", "BULLET::::- since 1989: Head of the Institute of Sexology of the First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague\n", "BULLET::::- since 1994: Chairman of the Tábor district association of ODS (Civic Democratic Party)\n", "BULLET::::- since 1994: Member of Tábor Town Council\n", "BULLET::::- 1998: Vice-Chairman of the Chamber of Deputies of the Parliament of the Czech Republic\n", "BULLET::::- 1998-2002: Chairman of the Committee for European Integration of the Chamber of Deputies of the Parliament of the Czech Republic\n", "BULLET::::- 2002-2004: Vice-Chairman of the Committee for European Affairs of the Chamber of Deputies of the Parliament of the Czech Republic\n", "BULLET::::- since 1990: Chairman of the Sexological Society of the Czech Medical Association\n", "BULLET::::- since 2001: Member of the supervisory board of the benevolent society 'Česká hlava'\n", "Section::::Cooperation.\n", "BULLET::::- Konrad Adenauer Foundation\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- 2004 European Parliament election in the Czech Republic\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Jan Zahradil\n", "Jan Zahradil (born 30 March 1963) is a Czech politician for the Civic Democratic Party (ODS) who has been Member of the European Parliament (MEP) since the Czech Republic entered the European Union in 2004. Zahradil also served as Member of the Chamber of Deputies (MP) from 1998 to 2004.\n", "A scientific researcher by profession, Zahradil entered politics during the Velvet Revolution. He was a member of the Federal Assembly of the Czech and Slovak Federative Republic,\n", "before becoming an adviser to Prime Minister Václav Klaus. In 1998, he was elected to the national Chamber of Deputies. Three years later, he became Vice-Chairman of the ODS. Following an unsuccessful attempt to become Chairman in 2002, he was appointed First Vice-Chairman. From his election to the Chamber of Deputies until 2006 he was the ODS shadow minister for Foreign Affairs.\n", "He was appointed an MEP on the Czech Republic's accession to the EU, in May 2004, and was elected at the top of the ODS's list at the June 2004 election. He was elected head of the Civic Democrats' delegation in the European Parliament, in which capacity he led the negotiations that founded the European Conservatives and Reformists. He was re-elected in 2009 and became Vice-Chairman of the newly founded ECR. In March 2011, Zahradil was elected Chairman, replacing Michał Kamiński. He also sits on the Parliament's Committee on Development.\n", "Section::::Background.\n", "Section::::Background.:Early life.\n", "Zahradil was educated at the Institute of Chemical Technology in Prague, and after graduating in 1987, he became a scientific researcher until 1992. He speaks Czech, Slovak, English, Russian, German and Polish. He is married and has two children.\n", "Section::::Background.:Domestic politics.\n", "From 1990 until 1992, Zahradil was a Member of the Federal Assembly of the Czech and Slovak Federative Republic. From 1995 until 1997 Zahradil was a foreign policy adviser to the Prime Minister, Václav Klaus. In 1998, Zahradil was elected as a Member of the Chamber of Deputies of the Czech Republic and held that position until 2004.\n", "In 2001, he was elected a Vice-Chairman of the ODS, and between 2002 and 2004, was the First Vice-Chairman.\n", "Section::::Background.:European Parliament.\n", "In 2004, he was elected a Member of the European Parliament and was the Chairman of the ODS in the European Parliament. Between 2004 and 2009, ODS MEPs sat with the EPP-ED grouping in the European Parliament, but after the 2009 elections, several members of the EPP-ED left to join the newly formed European Conservatives and Reformists (ECR) grouping, which was based on the Movement for European Reform, an alliance between ODS and the British Conservative Party. In his capacity as Chairman of ODS in the European Parliament, Zahradil reportedly led negotiations in forming the new group which after the European elections in 2014 become the third largest group in the European Parliament.\n", "He was elected Vice Chairman of the ECR, sitting on the group's Executive. In March 2011, he was elected to replace Michał Kamiński as chairman of the group, defeating Timothy Kirkhope by 33 votes to 18.\n", "After his re-election in 2014 he was elected Vice-Chairman of the European Parliament's Committee on International Trade.\n", "In October 2018, he announced his intention to become the European Conservatives and Reformists Group's candidate for the European Commission presidency. He was endorsed by the ECR Group on 13 November 2018, making him the first \"Spitzenkandidat\" from Eastern Europe.\n", "Since the Alliance of Conservatives and Reformists in Europe (ACRE) was founded in 2010 Jan Zahradil has been its President.\n", "Section::::Background.:Ethical controversy.\n", "Jan Zahradil made controversial statements whitewashing European Parliament’s criticisms on the state of human rights in Azerbaijan, mentioned in three European Parliament resolutions in the period of 2015–2018. He called the resolutions “short-sighted, one-sided, one-issue resolutions” and argued that Azerbaijan is a “victim of political games” suggesting that the EU should tolerate the massive breaches of human rights, persecutions and imprisonments of journalists in Azerbaijan for the sake of partnership with the country.\n", "In April 2018 a Parliamentary Assembly of Council of Europe investigation revealed that Azerbaijan blindfolded several members of PACE, bringing into play the infamous caviar diplomacy to tone down and soothe criticism towards Azerbaijan. These members were subjected to sanctions. Commenting on these events, Zahradil said: \"The Council of Europe has made unilateral and biased decisions on Azerbaijan and it should be abolished\".\n", "Section::::Political views.\n", "Viewed as being an ideological protégé of former Czech President Václav Klaus, Jan Zahradil is a strong eurosceptic and sceptic on the issue of climate change. He has actively promoted \"The Great Global Warming Swindle\" film and has warned against expensive actions that would bring no results. He has been described as Anglophile, Atlanticist, national liberal and libertarian, and holds liberal viewpoints on immigration and gay marriage.\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- Movement for European Reform\n", "BULLET::::- European Conservatives and Reformists\n", "BULLET::::- Alliance of European Conservatives and Reformists\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Jan Zahradil website\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Maria de Belém Roseira\n", "Maria de Belém Roseira Martins Coelho Henriques de Pina, GCC (b. Porto, 28 July 1949) is a Portuguese politician who served as President of the Socialist Party from 2011 to 2014. She is informally known as \"Maria de Belém\", or, more commonly, \"Maria de Belém Roseira\".\n", "She graduated in Law at the University of Coimbra in 1972.\n", "She was Minister of Health (1995–1999) in the first government of António Guterres, and Minister for Equality (1999–2000) early in his second government.\n", "In December 2006, while she was still President of the Parliamentary Health Commission, she was hired as a consultant by Espírito Santo Saúde, a private health provider. She stated that she did not consider there would be any conflict of interest holding both roles simultaneously In 2015, while she was still a member of parliament, she was put forward as a member of the Executive Council of the Board of Governors of Luz Saúde, (formerly Espírito Santo Saúde).\n", "More recently, she was a candidate on the Portuguese presidential election, 2016, but received only 4.26% of the votes, losing to Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa, and not being supported as the official candidate of her party.\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "Maria de Belem Roseira", "Maria de Belém Roseira Martins Coelho Henriques de Pina" ] }, "description": "Portuguese politician", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q6761683", "wikidata_label": "Maria de Belém Roseira", "wikipedia_title": "Maria de Belém Roseira" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Roger Goldsworthy\n", "Sir Roger Tuckfield Goldsworthy (1839 – 6 May 1900) was a British colonial administrator.\n", "Roger Goldsworthy was born in Marylebone, Middlesex in 1839, and educated at Sandhurst, the younger brother of Major-General Walter Tuckfield Goldsworthy MP (1837–1911). He joined his father and brother in Calcutta in 1855 and later joined the volunteer cavalry known as Havelock's Irregulars. During the Indian rebellion of 1857 he won medals and was mentioned in dispatches. In 1859 he was commissioned as a lieutenant in the 17th Lancers. He resigned in 1866.\n", "From 1868 to 1870, Goldsworthy was Inspector General of Police in Sierra Leone; during this time he married a widow named Eliza Egan. He was then commandant of the Hausa Armed Police and District Magistrate of Lagos until 1873. He then became Inspector of Customs for the Gold Coast until 1874. In 1874 he was made CMG for his role in the war with the Akumahs. His next appointment was as President of Nevis from 1876 to 1877.\n", "In 1877, Goldsworthy was appointed Colonial Secretary of Western Australia, a position which also implied an appointment to the Western Australian Legislative Council. He took up both appointments on 30 August 1877, holding them until his resignation on 7 September 1880. Following this, he was Administrator and Colonial Secretary of Saint Lucia from 1881 to 1884; Governor and Commander-in-Chief of the British Honduras from 1884 to 1891; and Governor of the Falkland Islands from 1891 to 1897.\n", "Goldsworthy was made KCMG in 1889. He died on 6 May 1900.\n", "Section::::References.\n", "BULLET::::- Goldsworthy family, \"pers. comm.\"\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Ali Mohammad Afghani\n", "Ali Mohammad Afghani (, born 1925 in Isfahan, Iran) is an Iranian writer.\n", "Section::::Biography.\n", "Veteran contemporary writer, Ali Mohammad Afghani was born in 1925 in Isfahan. He was raised in a poor family. Although a top student, he dropped out of school to work alongside his father. He failed to get employment with the National Iranian Oil Company. He then decided to continue his education. After obtaining a high school diploma, he joined the armed forces and studied at the Military Academy. During that time the country was experiencing political turmoil. He became a member of a clandestine political organization comprising army colonels. They had left-wing political inclinations and opposed the then leader of Iran Mohammad Reza Pahlavi. On August 19, 1953, the nationalist government of Mohammad Mosaddeq was overturned through a Shah-backed coup d'état. Activities of the organization were disclosed after Zahedi swept to power, and Afghani was arrested along with a number of his colleagues. He was sentenced to life imprisonment, but he was released after five years due to a commutation.\n", "Afghani wrote his masterpiece \"Madam Ahou's Husband\" while in prison and he himself published his masterpiece in 1961 because no publisher accepted to publish such a long novel written by an unknown writer, but after its publication many famous writers admired it. Literary figures such as the renowned translator Najaf Daryabandari and the prominent author Mohammad Ali Jamalzadeh praised his novel. The novel depicts the appalling life of Iranian women in that era.\n", "Daryabandari once stated, \"Looking into the life of the rabble, the author in this book pictures a painful tragedy. The scenes described in the book are reminiscent of masterpieces written by Leo Tolstoy and Honoré de Balzac. I have never had the same opinion about any other Persian books.\"\n", "In March 1962, Jamalzadeh, in a letter to a friend, wrote, \"I received \"Madam Ahou’s Husband\". I think fellow writers and I should kiss goodbye writing. Iran is a bizarre country. It nurtures talented youth in no time. What a wonderful book! Such descriptive images.\"\n", "In 1965, Afghani published his second novel, \"Joyful People of Qarrasu Valley\". The novel is about the love of a poor boy for the daughter of the village lord. It also depicts political currents of the post-1941 period.\n", "His other works include \"Woven of Grief\", \"Sindokht\", \"Turnip Is a Paradisal Fruit\" and \"Cousin Parvin\". His forthcoming books are \"Fathers’ World; Children’s World\" and a novel on the Iran-Iraq War.\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Maria of Yugoslavia\n", "Maria of Romania (6 January 1900 – 22 June 1961), known in Serbian as Marija Karađorđević (), was Queen of the Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, later Queen of Yugoslavia, as the wife of King Alexander from 1922 until his assassination in 1934. She was the mother of Peter II, the last reigning Yugoslav king. Her citizenship was revoked and her property confiscated by the Yugoslav Communist regime in 1947, but she was \"rehabilitated\" in 2014.\n", "Section::::Early life.\n", "Maria was born on January 6, 1900, at Friedenstein Palace in Gotha, a town in Thuringia, in the German Empire. She was named after her maternal grandmother, Grand Duchess Maria Alexandrovna of Russia, and was known as \"Mignon\" in the family to distinguish her from her mother. Her parents were Marie of Edinburgh and Ferdinand of Romania. She had three brothers and two sisters: Carol, future King of Romania (Carol II); Nicholas, Prince of Romania; Elisabetha, Princess of Romania and future Queen of Greece; Ileana, Princess of Romania and future Archduchess of Austria (Tuscan line); and another brother, Mircea, who died at age three. Although plump, Maria was a noted beauty in her youth and resembled her sister Elisabeth.\n", "During World War I, she worked as a nurse with her mother, along with her two sisters.\n", "Section::::Marriage and children.\n", "Maria married Alexander I, second King of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, in Belgrade on 8 June 1922, and had three sons:\n", "BULLET::::- King Peter II (1923–1970)\n", "BULLET::::- Prince Tomislav (1928–2000)\n", "BULLET::::- Prince Andrej (1929–1990)\n", "Following the assassination of her husband, King Alexander I, in Marseille in 1934, her oldest son, then only 11 became Peter II of Yugoslavia, the last reigning Yugoslav king. She was given the title Queen Mother of Yugoslavia in 1941. She moved to a farm in England and lived a relatively normal life without royal extravagance. Maria was well educated. She spoke several languages fluently and enjoyed painting and sculpting under the guidance of artist Iva Despić-Simonović. She also drove a car by herself, which was very unusual for royalty at the time.\n", "She died in exile in London on 22 June 1961 and was interred at the Royal Burial Ground at Frogmore, which adjoins Windsor Castle, before her remains were transferred to Serbia in April 2013 and re-interred on 26 May 2013 in Oplenac, Serbia.\n", "Section::::Humanitarian work.\n", "Queen Maria was popular and respected by the Serbian public, and is still well thought of in the region. She was regarded as an ideal wife and mother according to the contemporary Serbian ideal and described as a humble person. She was engaged in several social projects. In the eyes of the Serbian people, she remains one of the greatest patrons of charities in Serbia. \n", "Streets are named in her memory, such as \"Ulica kraljice Marije\" or \"Queen Maria Street\", and numerous schools and other organizations still carry her name.\n", "Section::::Humanitarian work.:Titles and styles.\n", "BULLET::::- 6 January 1900 – 8 June 1922: \"Her Royal Highness\" Princess Maria of Romania, Princess of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen\n", "BULLET::::- 8 June 1922 – 6 January 1929: \"Her Majesty\" The Queen of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes\n", "BULLET::::- 6 January 1929 – 9 October 1934: \"Her Majesty\" The Queen of Yugoslavia\n", "BULLET::::- 9 October 1934 – 22 June 1961: \"Her Majesty\" Queen Maria of Yugoslavia\n", "Section::::Humanitarian work.:Honours.\n", "BULLET::::- : Dame Grand Cross of the Order of Carol I\n", "BULLET::::- : Dame Grand Cross of the Order of the Crown of Romania\n", "BULLET::::- : Dame Grand Cross of the Order of the Star of Karađorđe (8 June 1922)\n", "BULLET::::- : Dame Grand Cross of the Order of the Yugoslav Crown\n", "BULLET::::- : Dame Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour (1959)\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Royal House of Yugoslavia\n", "BULLET::::- The Mausoleum of the Serbian Royal Family\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Louis Moreau Gottschalk\n", "Louis Moreau Gottschalk (May 8, 1829 – December 18, 1869) was an American composer and pianist, best known as a virtuoso performer of his own romantic piano works. He spent most of his working career outside of the United States.\n", "Section::::Life and career.\n", "Gottschalk was born in New Orleans to a Jewish businessman from London and a Creole mother. He had six brothers and sisters, five of whom were half-siblings by his father's biracial mistress. His family lived for a time in a tiny cottage at Royal and Esplanade in the Vieux Carré. Louis later moved in with relatives at 518 Conti Street; his maternal grandmother Bruslé and his nurse Sally had both been born in Saint-Domingue (known later as Haiti). He was therefore exposed to a variety of musical traditions, and played the piano from an early age. He was soon recognized as a prodigy by the New Orleans bourgeois establishment, making his informal public debut in 1840 at the new St. Charles Hotel.\n", "Only two years later, at the age of 13, Gottschalk left the United States and sailed to Europe, as he and his father realized a classical training was required to fulfill his musical ambitions. The Paris Conservatoire, however, rejected his application without hearing him, on the grounds of his nationality; Pierre Zimmerman, head of the piano faculty, commented that \"America is a country of steam engines\". Gottschalk eventually gained access to the musical establishment through family friends. After a concert at the Salle Pleyel, Frédéric Chopin remarked: \"Give me your hand, my child; I predict that you will become the king of pianists.\" Franz Liszt and Charles-Valentin Alkan, too, recognised Gottschalk's extreme talent.\n", "After Gottschalk returned to the United States in 1853, he traveled extensively; a sojourn in Cuba during 1854 was the beginning of a series of trips to Central and South America. Gottschalk also traveled to Puerto Rico after his Havana debut and at the start of his West Indian period. He was quite taken with the music he heard on the island, so much so that he composed a work, probably in 1857, entitled \"Souvenir de Porto Rico; Marche des gibaros, Op. 31 (RO250)\". \"Gibaros\" refers to the jíbaros, or Puerto Rican peasantry, and is an antiquated way of writing this name. The theme of the composition is a march tune which may be based on a Puerto Rican folk song form.\n", "At the conclusion of that tour, he rested in New Jersey then returned to New York City. There he continued to rest and took on a very young Venezuelan student, Teresa Carreño. Gottschalk rarely took on students and was skeptical of prodigies, but Carreño was an exception and he was determined that she succeed. With his busy schedule, Gottschalk was only able to give her a handful of lessons, yet she would remember him fondly and performed his music for the rest of her days. A year after meeting Gottschalk, she performed for Abraham Lincoln and would go on to become a renowned concert pianist earning the nickname \"Valkyrie of the Piano\".\n", "By the 1860s, Gottschalk had established himself as the best known pianist in the New World. Although born and reared in New Orleans, he was a supporter of the Union cause during the American Civil War. He returned to his native city only occasionally for concerts, but he always introduced himself as a New Orleans native.\n", "In May 1865, he was mentioned in a San Francisco newspaper as having \"travelled 95,000 miles by rail and given 1,000 concerts\". However, he was forced to leave the United States later that year because of a scandalous affair with a student at the Oakland Female Seminary in Oakland, California. He never returned to the United States.\n", "Gottschalk chose to travel to South America, where he continued to give frequent concerts. During one of these concerts, in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, on November 24, 1869, he collapsed from having contracted yellow fever. Just before his collapse, he had finished playing his romantic piece \"Morte!\" (translated from Brazilian Portuguese as \"Death\"), although the actual collapse occurred just as he started to play his celebrated piece \"Tremolo\". Gottschalk never recovered from the collapse.\n", "Three weeks later, on December 18, 1869, at the age of 40, he died at his hotel in Tijuca, Rio de Janeiro, probably from an overdose of quinine. (According to an essay by Jeremy Nicholas for the booklet accompanying the recording \"Gottschalk Piano Music\" performed by Philip Martin on the Hyperion label, \"He died ... of empyema, the result of a ruptured abscess in the abdomen.\")\n", "In 1870, his remains were returned to the United States and were interred at the Green-Wood Cemetery in Brooklyn, New York. His burial spot was originally marked by a magnificent marble monument, topped by an \"Angel of Music\" statue, which was irreparably damaged by vandals in 1959. In October 2012, after nearly fifteen years of fund raising by the Green-Wood Cemetery, a new \"Angel of Music\" statue, created by sculptors Giancarlo Biagi and Jill Burkee to replace the damaged one, was unveiled.\n", "Section::::Works.\n", "Gottschalk's music was very popular during his lifetime and his earliest compositions created a sensation in Europe. Early pieces like \"Bamboula,\" \"La Savane,\" \"Le Bananier\" and \"Le Mancenillier\" were based on Gottschalk's memories of the music he heard during his youth in Louisiana. In this context, some of Gottschalk's work, such as the 13-minute opera \"Escenas campestres\", retains a wonderfully innocent sweetness and charm. Gottschalk also utilized the \"Bamboula\" theme as a melody in his Symphony No. 1: \"A Night in the Tropics\".\n", "Many of his compositions were destroyed after his death, or are lost.\n", "Section::::Recordings.\n", "Various pianists later recorded his piano music. The first important recordings of his orchestral music, including the symphony \"A Night in the Tropics\", were made for Vanguard Records by Maurice Abravanel and the Utah Symphony Orchestra. Vox Records issued a multi-disc collection of his music, which was later reissued on CD. This included world premiere recordings of the original orchestrations of both symphonies and other works, which were conducted by Igor Buketoff and Samuel Adler. More recently, Philip Martin has recorded most of the extant piano music for Hyperion Records.\n", "Section::::In popular culture.\n", "Author Howard Breslin wrote a historical novel about Gottschalk titled \"Concert Grand\" in 1963.\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Great Galloping Gottschalk\"\n", "Section::::References.\n", "Section::::References.:Sources.\n", "BULLET::::- Irving Lowens/S. Frederick Starr: \"Louis Moreau Gottschalk\", Grove Music Online, ed. L. Macy (Accessed June 28, 2007), \n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Louis Moreau Gottschalk, pianiste itinérant (French dedicated website with scores and audio extracts)\n", "BULLET::::- English Works List on French dedicated site\n", "BULLET::::- Louis Moreau Gottschalk, a dedicated website\n", "BULLET::::- Louis Moreau Gottschalk: Pioneering Pianist/Composer of the Americas (Catalogue of works, links to reference information)\n", "BULLET::::- Adam Kirsch, \"Diary of a 'One-Man Grateful Dead'\", \"The New York Sun\", June 7, 2006.\n", "BULLET::::- Free scores at the Mutopia Project\n", "Section::::External links.:Listening.\n", "BULLET::::- Kunst der Fuge: Louis Moreau Gottschalk – MIDI files (piano works)\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "Louis Gottschalk" ] }, "description": "American musician and composer", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q550701", "wikidata_label": "Louis Moreau Gottschalk", "wikipedia_title": "Louis Moreau Gottschalk" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "James Hetfield\n", "James Alan Hetfield (born August 3, 1963) is an American musician, singer, and songwriter known for being the co-founder, lead vocalist, rhythm guitarist, and main songwriter for the American heavy metal band Metallica. Hetfield is mainly known for his intricate rhythm playing, but occasionally performs lead guitar duties and solos, both live and in the studio. Hetfield co-founded Metallica in October 1981 after answering a classified advertisement by drummer Lars Ulrich in the Los Angeles newspaper \"The Recycler\". Metallica has won nine Grammy Awards and released ten studio albums, three live albums, four extended plays and 24 singles.\n", "In 2009, Hetfield was ranked at no. 8 in Joel McIver's book \"The 100 Greatest Metal Guitarists\", and ranked at no. 24 by \"Hit Parader\" on their list of the 100 Greatest Metal Vocalists of All Time. In \"Guitar World's\" poll, Hetfield was placed as the 19th greatest guitarist of all time, as well as being placed second (along with Metallica lead guitarist Kirk Hammett) in \"The 100 Greatest Metal Guitarists\" poll of the same magazine. \"Rolling Stone\" placed Hetfield as the 87th greatest guitarist of all time.\n", "Section::::Early life.\n", "Hetfield was born on August 3, 1963 in Downey, California, the son of Cynthia Bassett (\"née\" Nourse), a light opera singer, and Virgil Lee Hetfield, a truck driver. He is of English, German, Irish, and Scottish descent. He has two older half-brothers from his mother's first marriage and one younger sister. His parents divorced in 1976 when Hetfield was 13. They were very strict Christian Scientists, and in accordance with their beliefs, they strongly disapproved of medicine or any other medical treatment and remained loyal to their faith, even as Cynthia was dying from cancer. This upbringing became the inspiration for many of Hetfield's lyrics during his career with Metallica, most notably in the songs \"Dyers Eve\" and \"The God That Failed\" from \"...And Justice for All\" and The Black Album respectively. Cynthia died of cancer in 1979 when Hetfield was 16 years old. After the death of his mother, Hetfield went to live with his older half-brother David. Virgil died in late 1996, during Metallica's \"Load\" tour. Hetfield attended Downey High School for his freshman and sophomore years and graduated from Brea Olinda High School in 1981.\n", "Hetfield was nine years old when he first began piano lessons, after which he took on his half-brother David's drums and finally, at the age of 14, he began to play guitar with Robert Okner. He was also in a few bands as a teenager – one being Leather Charm and another, Obsession. Hetfield identifies Aerosmith as having been his main musical influence as a child, and has said they were the reason he wanted to play guitar.\n", "Section::::Career.\n", "In the early days of the band, Metallica experimented with a few different vocals and guitar combinations, essentially creating a setup similar to that of British metal band Diamond Head, another major influence on Hetfield. Some of the options considered included adding another guitar player, having John Roads play lead guitar, as well as asking John Bush from Armored Saint (who later joined Anthrax) to sing for the band. The finalized line-up of the band became Hetfield (lead vocals and rhythm guitar), Lars Ulrich (drums), Dave Mustaine (lead guitar), and Ron McGovney (bass) who was soon replaced by Cliff Burton. Hetfield referred to their early sound as power metal. The term \"thrash metal\" was first used when \"Kerrang\" journalist Malcolm Dome described the Anthrax song \"Metal Thrashing Mad\" in an issue of \"Kerrang\" in February 1984.\n", "From 1982 to 1983, Mustaine's overly aggressive behavior and drinking problems led to mounting tensions between himself and Hetfield. Mustaine also once poured beer onto McGovney's bass nearly causing serious damage. On April 1, 1983, the band recruited lead guitarist Kirk Hammett from the band Exodus, and 10 days later, Hetfield and Ulrich officially fired Mustaine from the band due to his erratic indifference. Mustaine was sent home on a 4-day bus journey, and went on to form the heavy metal band Megadeth.\n", "Until the mid-1990s, Hetfield recorded all rhythm tracks and most harmony tracks. Since the recording of \"Load\", Hammett has been recording rhythm guitars as well. Hetfield occasionally plays guitar solos on songs such as \"Nothing Else Matters\", \"My Friend of Misery\", \"Just a Bullet Away\", the outro solo on \"The Outlaw Torn\", the second solo on \"To Live Is to Die\", the first solo on \"Suicide and Redemption\", the first interlude solo on \"Master of Puppets\", the harmonized solo on \"Orion\" and the introduction for \"The Day That Never Comes\". He also writes the majority of the guitar harmonies, as well as writing the lyrics, vocal melodies, and co-arranging the songs with Ulrich.\n", "Hetfield has been involved in a number of onstage accidents, most notable for being an incident with pyrotechnics at Olympic Stadium in Montreal during the Guns N' Roses/Metallica Stadium Tour on August 8, 1992. Hetfield was the victim of a pyrotechnics accident during the song \"Fade to Black\", in which a pyrotechnic charge reacted. Hetfield's guitar protected him from the full force of the blast; however, the reaction struck his left side, burning his hand, arm, eyebrows, face and hair. He suffered second and third-degree burns, but was back on stage 17 days later, although his guitar duties were delegated to former guitar tech and Metal Church guitarist John Marshall for four weeks while he made a full recovery.\n", "Hetfield also suffered a broken arm a number of times while skateboarding, which prevented him from playing guitar on stage, and subsequently caused Hetfield's management company, \"Q Prime\", to put a clause in Hetfield's contract, forbidding him to ride a skateboard while Metallica was touring. During a live performance on tour for \"Metallica\", Hetfield experienced complications with his vocals after performing a cover of the Anti-Nowhere League song \"So What?\", forcing him to take vocal lessons for the first time. He did basic warm-up exercises to piano keys with his vocal coach, who also gave him a cassette tape of the piano warm-up for future use. Hetfield still uses the same cassette he was given in the early 1990's to this day before any live performance or any recording Metallica does. Hetfield talks about his vocal training endeavors in the Metallica documentary film, \"Some Kind of Monster\" produced and directed by Joe Berlinger and Bruce Sinofsky.\n", "During the recording of the band's eighth studio album \"St. Anger\" in 2001, Hetfield went into rehab to address his alcohol usage. He rejoined the band after seven months in rehab and four months recovering with his family. He is now clean and sober, and is determined to remain so, all of which is featured in \"Some Kind of Monster\". \"Some Kind of Monster\" also shows the making of the \"St. Anger\" album, and documents the various conflicts and issues the band were facing at the time including the departure of Jason Newsted, alcoholism, family commitments, and the future of the band with many in the rock press questioning whether the band would even still be together to see the completion of the \"St. Anger\" album.\n", "Hetfield and Metallica addressed their need for a new bassist by recruiting Robert Trujillo, who formerly served under the wing of Ozzy Osbourne. It was more of a swap since Ozzy Osbourne surprisingly recruited Jason Newsted shortly after Trujillo's transfer. The new line-up has continued to make music and tour worldwide. Metallica's ninth studio album, \"Death Magnetic\", was released on September 12, 2008. Like \"St. Anger\" and every album of original material released by Metallica since 1991's \"Metallica\", \"Death Magnetic\" went to #1 on the Billboard charts in over 30 countries during its first week of release.\n", "On April 4, 2009, Hetfield, along with remaining Metallica members Ulrich, Hammett, Trujillo, as well as former bassist Newsted, and the deceased Cliff Burton (who was represented by his father), were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. In an interview after their nomination, Hetfield commented that everyone who had appeared on an album with the band would be inducted. This excluded original guitarist Dave Mustaine and original bassist Ron McGovney, as both had appeared only on the band's early demo tapes. Hetfield and the rest of Metallica, including Newsted, performed \"Master of Puppets\" and \"Enter Sandman\" to end the ceremony.\n", "Section::::Personal life.\n", "Hetfield married Francesca Tomasi on August 17, 1997, and together they have three children. He currently resides in Vail, Colorado, citing a \"multitude of reasons\" for moving there, including it being his wife's childhood hometown, the natural beauty, and the quiet environment.\n", "During an interview on NPR's \"Fresh Air\", Hetfield stated that his wife had helped him to mature and learn to deal with his anger issues more constructively, explaining that after they met, his destructive tendencies embarrassed both of them. He is also sober and has been undergoing a rehab program since 2002 (documented in the film \"Some Kind of Monster\"), maintaining total abstinence from alcohol. In a 2010 interview with \"So What!\", the official magazine of Metallica's fan club, Hetfield stated that he is a \"reborn straight edge\".\n", "Hetfield enjoys a variety of activities, most notably hunting; farming and beekeeping; customizing cars and motorcycles in his garage; watching the Oakland Raiders, the San Francisco Giants, and the San Jose Sharks; and going to hot rod shows. He put his 1968 Chevrolet Camaro up for sale on eBay, with the proceeds going to a Music for Schools program. The car was used in the video for \"I Disappear\" and was given to him as a gift upon the video's completion. Years later, Hetfield donated the car to the Hard Rock Cafe which is featured in the movie \"Hard Rock Treasures\". \"Slowburn\", his 1936 Auburn boat tail speedster, won the 2010 Goodguys West Coast Custom of the Year.\n", "Hetfield has a number of tattoos, including one which shows flames encasing four playing cards – ace (1), 9, 6, and 3 – representing the year of his birth, and the words \"Carpe Diem\" (\"seize the day\"). The flames on the tattoo are in reference to the pyrotechnic accident which he suffered in 1992 during a concert in Montreal. He has tattooed an \"M\" on his right hand for \"Metallica\", and an \"F\" on his left hand for \"Francesca\". He also has some Christian tattoos, including crosses and one of Jesus on his right arm. He has a tattoo of two razors forming the straight edge X symbol on his left wrist.\n", "The first single Hetfield ever bought was \"Sweet Home Alabama\" by Lynyrd Skynyrd. He was featured in a documentary, called \"Absent\", directed by Justin Hunt, which takes a look at the effects of absent fathers on their children and the \"father wound\" that they leave behind.\n", "Hetfield has expressed his disdain for politics and celebrities who \"soapbox their opinions\", stating that \"for us, people are people – you should all have your own opinion\". In 2007, Metallica performed at London's Live Earth concert. When Hetfield was asked for his thoughts on climate change, he responded by saying:\n", "In 2008, he made comments which were perceived as endorsing the use of his music at Guantánamo Bay to torture prisoners. British band Chumbawamba subsequently released a song called \"Torturing James Hetfield\", as a direct response.\n", "Section::::Equipment.\n", "Section::::Equipment.:Guitars.\n", "Hetfield has been a major endorser of ESP Guitars since the 1980s, and is best known for playing custom-made Explorer-style guitars with an EMG 81/EMG 60 set for pickups. Hetfield's main guitar from the early days was a Flying V copy made in Japan by Electra, which was modified with a Seymour Duncan Invader (SH-8) pickup and used almost exclusively until 1984 when he switched to the Gibson Explorer model.\n", "During the mid-1990s, ESP produced the first of his signature model guitars. To date, Hetfield has had six signature guitars with the company. However, Hetfield often uses guitars from Gibson and other companies instead of ESP despite his endorsement.\n", "Some of Hetfield's current tour guitars are:\n", "BULLET::::- ESP Truckster signature models in grey and black finishes\n", "BULLET::::- ESP \"Iron Cross\" – Has the Eclipse body shape; distressed black with gold hardware, with a gold racing stripe and a gold Iron Cross on the body. It is based on the design of his 1970s Gibson Les Paul Custom.\n", "BULLET::::- ESP EXplorer – distressed black finish with white pickguard\n", "BULLET::::- ESP EXplorer – silver diamond plate\n", "BULLET::::- ESP EXplorer – black diamond plate\n", "BULLET::::- ESP EXplorer \"Papa Het\" – with a white finish and some drawings by Dirty Donny\n", "BULLET::::- ESP EXplorer – black diamond plate with deer antler inlay\n", "BULLET::::- ESP Flying V – white finish (replica of his old Flying-V copy)\n", "BULLET::::- ESP LTD \"The Grynch\" – signature guitar, black with green flames on both the front and back of the body and neck, used for the song \"Frantic\".\n", "BULLET::::- ESP \"Snakebyte\" – custom guitars in black and white finishes; feature a custom body and headstock designed by Hetfield. The retail model was revealed to the public at the 2011 Winter NAMM show.\n", "BULLET::::- Gibson Explorer – silverburst with white pickguard\n", "BULLET::::- Gibson Explorer \"Rusty\" – black satin with tarnished metal pickguard\n", "BULLET::::- Gibson Flying V – sunburst\n", "BULLET::::- Gibson Flying V – silverburst\n", "BULLET::::- Gibson Flying V – white, chrome pickups\n", "BULLET::::- Gibson Les Paul Custom 1970s-era Les Paul with distressed black finish, gold stripe and gold iron cross on body; referred to as \"Uncle Milty\" and was the inspiration for his ESP Iron Cross signature model\n", "BULLET::::- Gibson Les Paul Custom – purple satin finish\n", "BULLET::::- Gibson Les Paul Custom – natural finish with drawing on body that says \"Cliff Burton RIP\"\n", "BULLET::::- James Trussart metal Explorer\n", "BULLET::::- James Trussart Steel DeVille – Les Paul-shaped guitar with a perforated, rusted steel front\n", "BULLET::::- Ken Lawrence Explorer – The first of three custom made Explorer-type guitars made by Northern Californian luthier Ken Lawrence. It features a mahogany body with a chechen bark laminate top, modified Ken Lawrence headstock and custom \"Tribal Hunting Scene\" inlays.\n", "BULLET::::- Ken Lawrence Explorer – It features a mahogany body with a quilted bubinga top, modified Ken Lawrence headstock, chechen rear cover plate and custom \"Sun-Ray\" inlays.\n", "BULLET::::- \"'The Carl Ken Lawrence Explorer\" - better known as Carl (as in reference to Carlson Boulevard in California) to the band. The garage that the band wrote Master of Puppets and Ride the Lightning in was torn down and some left over wood from the garage was available so Ken Lawrence turned the remains of the garage into a guitar for Hetfield.\n", "BULLET::::- Line 6 Variax Acoustic 700 – used live for songs featuring acoustic guitars, such as \"Fade to Black\" and \"The Unforgiven\".\n", "BULLET::::- \"Dave of England custom aluminium engraved tattoo finish\" – a Zemaitis guitar with an engraved metal top\n", "BULLET::::- Fender Telecaster – with B-Bender in butterscotch finish\n", "Other guitars owned/previously used by Hetfield include:\n", "BULLET::::- 1984 Gibson Explorer#1 – white finish with \"MORE BEER\" written on white tape in the bottom left corner, the stock pickups were swapped for EMG 81/EMG 81 set\n", "BULLET::::- 1984 Gibson Explorer#2 – white finish with \"So What\" written in the bottom left corner, the stock pickups were swapped for EMG 81/EMG 81 set\n", "BULLET::::- ESP Explorer – black finish with EMG pickups, used as a warm-up guitar in the early 1990s\n", "BULLET::::- Several Gibson Les Paul models – including Standard models in black, cherry sunburst, and lemon burst finishes\n", "BULLET::::- Gibson EDS-1275 – red finish\n", "BULLET::::- 1963 Gibson SG – red finish with Gibson Vibrola vibrato system\n", "BULLET::::- Gibson Moderne – black finish, gold hardware\n", "BULLET::::- Gibson Firebird – seen in practice\n", "BULLET::::- ESP EXplorer#1 – Hetfield's first ESP guitar: white finish, \"EET FUK\" on the body, \"middle finger\" inlays. The headstock broke many times and the guitar was eventually retired from live use, it has been seen in use on the recording of the new album during the making of \"Suicide and Redemption\"\n", "BULLET::::- ESP EXplorer#2 – Hetfield's second ESP guitar: white finish, occasionally used live but Hetfield retired it for studio use\n", "BULLET::::- Numerous other ESP EXplorer models – including models with black finishes and custom inlays (including the \"man-to-wolf\" inlays model and eagle inlay model); a double-neck model; a model with a custom \"Burnt Elk Skull\" finish; and a model with a black finish and EMG pickups in an H/S/S configuration.\n", "BULLET::::- ESP JH1 Flying V – signature guitar with flames over a black finish\n", "BULLET::::- ESP Flying V with green flames (similar to the JH1)\n", "BULLET::::- ESP Eclipse JH3 – Eclipse with black finish, with white \"hot rod\" pinstripe design, gold hardware, and checkered flag inlays\n", "BULLET::::- ESP Eclipse – \"kustom kulture\" graphic finish with iron cross inlays\n", "BULLET::::- Other ESPs include: a Viper with custom artwork, several Eclipses and F-series models (including 7-strings in standard and 6-strings in drop-C tuning)\n", "BULLET::::- ESP Horizon Double-neck – Used while touring for the \"Black Album\". Was possibly used after his ESP Explorer Double-neck was damaged in a pyrotechnic accident\n", "BULLET::::- Ken Lawrence Doubleneck Explorer\n", "BULLET::::- Ken Lawrence Dragon Les Paul\n", "BULLET::::- Zemaitis GZ Series GZV500MF-MBK – V-shaped guitar that has an engraved metal plate on the front of the body. Recently used by Hetfield on the World Magnetic Tour.\n", "BULLET::::- Fender Stratocaster – modified with natural finish, gold hardware and EMG pickups\n", "BULLET::::- Jackson King V – white finish with chrome hardware, used during the Damage, Inc. Tour.\n", "BULLET::::- White Flying V copy – This guitar is not a Gibson Flying V, but a Japanese copy made by Electra which Hetfield purchased for $200. It was retired after the neck broke twice and the guitar started to go out of tune easily. The stock bridge pickup was later replaced with Seymour Duncan Invader. Recently Hetfield had ESP make an exact copy of it even down to the bolt on neck. The pickups were swapped for EMG 81/60, knobs were replaced with Gibson style black speed knobs, pickup selector has been moved up and stock machineheads were replaced with Shaller machineheads. This guitar has been seen during the making of \"'Death Magnetic\" during the making of \"The Judas Kiss\".\n", "Section::::Equipment.:Amplifiers and cabinets.\n", "Throughout Metallica's career, Hetfield has used a wide range of different amplifiers. For the first two albums, he used Marshall heads and cabinets, with occasional effects. The specific Marshall that he used for \"Kill 'Em All\" was stolen after a concert prior to the recording of \"Ride the Lightning\"; Hetfield was extremely upset by the theft, as his mother had helped him purchase the amplifier before her death. In 1985, for the recording of \"Master of Puppets\", he and Kirk Hammett each bought a Mesa/Boogie Mark IIC+ amplifier (the preamp sections of which were connected to Marshall power amplifiers), and since then he has mostly used Mesa/Boogies, including the Triaxis and Rectifier models. Around the time of \"St. Anger\", Hetfield began using the Diezel VH4 head. The majority of his clean tones come from a Roland JC-120 Jazz Chorus Guitar Amplifier, although many different amplifiers have been used over the years.\n", "In December 2011, it was announced by Fortin Amps that they would team up with Randall Amplifiers to start a new line of tube amplifiers based on the Fortin Meathead amplifier. Kirk Hammett currently has two prototypes, and Hetfield will eventually be receiving one.\n", "The amplifiers currently used on tour by Hetfield are:\n", "BULLET::::- Mesa/Boogie TriAxis preamp (x4)\n", "BULLET::::- Mesa/Boogie Simul-Class 2:90 power amp (x2)\n", "BULLET::::- Mesa/Boogie Triple Rectifier heads\n", "BULLET::::- Diezel VH4 heads\n", "BULLET::::- Mesa/Boogie 4x12 cabinets with Celestion V30 speakers in isolation cabinets\n", "BULLET::::- Roland JC-120 combo amplifiers\n", "Section::::Equipment.:Effects.\n", "To avoid problems with pedals being damaged during live performances, Hetfield keeps his effect pedals in a rack along with his amplifiers and his guitar technician controls them through a pedalboard sidestage. The pedal controller allows him to change between different effect pedals and amplifiers.\n", "Hetfield's live rig in 2008 included:\n", "BULLET::::- TC Electronic G-Major\n", "BULLET::::- Line 6 DM4\n", "BULLET::::- Mesa/Boogie Custom Graphic EQ\n", "BULLET::::- MXR Phase 100\n", "BULLET::::- ATI NanoAmp SUM 100\n", "BULLET::::- Klon Centaur\n", "BULLET::::- Boss NS-2 Noise Suppressor\n", "BULLET::::- Voodoo Lab Ground Control Pro\n", "BULLET::::- Voodoo Lab GCX Audio Switcher (x2)\n", "BULLET::::- Voodoo Lab Pedal Power 2 Plus\n", "BULLET::::- DBX 1074 Quad Gate\n", "BULLET::::- Behringer Multigate Pro\n", "In 2010, a Line 6 effects unit was added to the list, along with the TC Electronic unit, perhaps indicating that this had replaced his stompboxes.\n", "Section::::Equipment.:Accessories.\n", "BULLET::::- Ernie Ball Power Slinky strings (.11 –.48)\n", "BULLET::::- Dunlop James Hetfield Black Fang 1.14mm picks\n", "BULLET::::- 3\" Levy's Straps\n", "BULLET::::- Peterson Strobe 420 Tuner\n", "BULLET::::- EMG JH Het Set\n", "BULLET::::- Shure UR-4D Wireless Equipment\n", "BULLET::::- Furman AR Pro Power Conditioner\n", "In addition, Hetfield uses Shure Super 55 microphones for vocals.\n", "Section::::Guest appearances.\n", "BULLET::::- Hetfield sang \"Stone Cold Crazy\" at the Freddie Mercury Tribute Concert, accompanied by the remaining members of Queen and Tony Iommi on rhythm guitar.\n", "BULLET::::- He provided backing vocals on \"Man or Ash\" on the Corrosion of Conformity album \"Wiseblood\".\n", "BULLET::::- He sang backing vocals on \"Twist of Cain\" and \"Possession\" on Danzig's debut album, \"Danzig\".\n", "BULLET::::- He played guitar on \"Eclectic Electric\" from the Primus album \"Antipop\".\n", "BULLET::::- Though previously believed to have been sung by Trey Parker, the song \"Hell Isn't Good\" from the film \"\" was actually sung by Hetfield. He admitted to doing so in 2000, confirming what many Hetfield fans had already recognized as his trademark growling style.The Playboy Interview: Metallica (April 2001).\n", "BULLET::::- Hetfield sang on the Gov't Mule song \"Drivin' Rain\" with fellow guest Les Claypool, which appears on the compilation album \"Crank It Up with NASCAR\".\n", "BULLET::::- He also performed at the Outlaws Concert in 2004, alongside Hank Williams Jr., Cowboy Troy, Big & Rich, Gretchen Wilson, and Kid Rock. Hetfield played one of close friend Waylon Jennings's songs, \"Don't You Think This Outlaw Bit's Done Got Out of Hand,\" the very same he recorded on the tribute album to Jennings, \"I've Always Been Crazy\". At this same event, he performed Metallica's \"Mama Said\" with Jesse Colter, the widow of Waylon Jennings, though this was cut from the television broadcast.\n", "BULLET::::- Hetfield, as well as Metallica's lead guitarist Kirk Hammett, voiced characters in a number of episodes of the Adult Swim cartoon \"Metalocalypse\".\n", "BULLET::::- Hetfield, along with Metallica drummer Lars Ulrich, voiced a pair of teenage dragons in an episode of Disney's \"Dave the Barbarian\", entitled \"Here There Be Dragons\".\n", "BULLET::::- He also appeared as a guest in an episode of \"Space Ghost Coast to Coast\" entitled \"Jacksonville\" alongside Hammett.\n", "BULLET::::- Hetfield, along with the current Metallica lineup, appeared on an episode of Discovery's \"Time Warp\", aptly titled \"Metallica.\"\n", "BULLET::::- Hetfield appeared on an episode the MTV show, \"Celebrity Deathmatch\" in which he killed Limp Bizkit vocalist, Fred Durst, but he and ref Mills Lane disappeared after Mankind jumped from the top of the roof and onto the ring and then it collapsed.\n", "BULLET::::- A photo of Hetfield appeared on Rammstein's music video Haifisch, and was apparently \"picked\" to be the replacement for the \"dead\" Till Lindemann (only a video set and was not official despite him actually still alive as seen later in the clip).\n", "BULLET::::- Hetfield and Metallica also appeared in a Simpson's episode, \"The Mook, the Chef, the Wife and Her Homer\".\n", "BULLET::::- Hetfield appeared onstage with Alice in Chains on June 2, 2006 at Rock Am Ring, singing deceased lead vocalist Layne Staley's vocal parts on the song \"Would?\". Alice in Chains guitarist Jerry Cantrell has also joined Metallica in concert, performing \"Nothing Else Matters\". He again appeared with Alice in Chains to perform \"Would?\" when they played at The Warfield in San Francisco on November 26, 2006.\n", "BULLET::::- Hetfield and filmmaker Justin Hunt were interviewed about the documentary \"Absent\", which was directed by Hunt and features Hetfield and takes a look at the effects of absent fathers on their children, on Fox News Channel's \"Fox and Friends\" program on March 30, 2011.\n", "BULLET::::- Hetfield is a playable character in \"Tony Hawk's Pro Skater HD\".\n", "BULLET::::- Hetfield appeared on the 2012 CMT Artists of the Year Awards Show to congratulate his friend, Eric Church on being named one of the Artists of the Year.\n", "BULLET::::- On November 17, 2000, James Hetfield was at a Misfits concert accompanied by his body guard at Maritime Hall in San Francisco, where he eventually got up on the stage and sang \"Last Caress\", then \"Die, Die My Darling\" whilst being accompanied by the band.\n", "BULLET::::- On February 1, 2016, James Hetfield appeared in the American Dad! episode \"The Life Aquatic with Steve Smith\" as a water polo coach, constantly denying that he was \"The\" James Hetfield\".\n", "BULLET::::- James performed guest vocals on the Heart song \"Beautiful Broken\" from their album of the same name which was released on July 8, 2016.\n", "BULLET::::- Hetfield is the voice of Wolfgang from the animated \"Skylanders Academy\" series.\n", "BULLET::::- Hetfield appeared as Officer Bob Hayward in the 2019 Ted Bundy biopic \"Extremely Wicked, Shockingly Evil and Vile\".\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- NPR Interview With Metallica Guitarist and Vocalist James Hetfield (2004, audio)\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "James Alan Hetfield", "00126306108 IPI" ] }, "description": "American musician, songwriter and record producer", "enwikiquote_title": "James Hetfield", "wikidata_id": "Q484302", "wikidata_label": "James Hetfield", "wikipedia_title": "James Hetfield" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Alexandra of Yugoslavia\n", "Alexandra of Greece and Denmark (, ; 25 March 1921 – 30 January 1993) was, by marriage to King Peter II, the last Queen of Yugoslavia.\n", "Posthumous daughter of King Alexander of Greece and his morganatic wife Aspasia Manos, Alexandra was not part of the Greek royal family until July 1922, when at the behest of Queen Sophia, a law was passed which retroactively recognized marriages of members of the royal family, although on a non-dynastic basis; in consequence, she obtained the style and name of \"Her Royal Highness Princess Alexandra of Greece and Denmark\". At the same time, a serious political and military crisis, linked to the defeat of Greece against Turkey in Anatolia, gradually led to the deposition and exile of the royal family, beginning in 1924. Being the only members of the dynasty allowed to remain in the country by the Second Hellenic Republic, the princess and her mother later found refuge in Italy, with Dowager Queen Sophia.\n", "After three years with her paternal grandmother, Alexandra left Florence to continue her studies in the United Kingdom, while her mother settled in Venice. Separated from her mother, the princess fell ill, forcing Aspasia to make her leave the boarding school where she was studying. After the restoration of her uncle, King George II, on the Hellenic throne in 1935, Alexandra stayed in her native country several times but the outbreak of the Greco-Italian War, in 1940, forcing her and her mother to settle in Athens. The invasion of Greece by the Axis powers in April–May 1941, however, led to their moving to the United Kingdom. Again exiled, Alexandra met in London the young King Peter II of Yugoslavia, who also went into exile after the invasion of his country by the Germans.\n", "Quickly, Alexandra and Peter II fell in love and planned to marry. Opposition from both Peter's mother, Maria, and the Yugoslav government in exile forced the couple to delay their marriage plans until 1944, when they finally celebrated their wedding. A year later, Alexandra gave birth to her only son, Alexander, Crown Prince of Yugoslavia. However, the happiness of the family was short-lived: on 29 November 1945, Marshal Tito proclaimed the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia and Alexandra, who had never set foot in her adopted country, was left without a crown. The abolition of the Yugoslav monarchy had very serious consequences for the royal couple. Penniless and unable to adapt to the role of citizen, Peter II turned to alcoholism and multiple affairs with other women. Depressed by the behaviour of her husband, Alexandra neglected her son and made several suicide attempts. After the death of Peter II in 1970, Alexandra's health continued to deteriorate. She died of cancer in 1993 and her remains were buried in the Royal Cemetery Plot in the park of Tatoi in Greece, before being transferred to the Royal Mausoleum of Oplenac in 2013.\n", "Section::::Life.\n", "Section::::Life.:A birth surrounded by intrigues.\n", "Section::::Life.:A birth surrounded by intrigues.:The issue of the Greek succession.\n", "Princess Alexandra was born in a difficult environment. Five months before her birth, her father, King Alexander, died of sepsis following a monkey bite which occurred in the gardens of Tatoi. The unexpected death of the sovereign caused a serious political crisis in Greece, at a time when public opinion was already divided by the events of the World War I and the Greco-Turkish War. The King had concluded an unequal marriage with Aspasia Manos, and, in consequence, their offspring was not dynastic. Due to the lack of another candidate for the throne, Prime Minister Eleftherios Venizelos was soon forced to accept the restoration of his enemy, King Constantine I, on 19 December 1920. Alexander's brief reign was officially treated as a regency, which meant that his marriage, contracted without his father's permission, was technically illegal, the marriage void, and the couple's posthumous child illegitimate.\n", "The last months of pregnancy of Aspasia are surrounded by intrigue. In the case that she gave birth a boy (who would be named Philip, as the father of Alexander the Great), rumours soon assured that she was determined to place him on the throne after his birth. True or not, this possibility worried the Greek royal family, whose fears about the birth of a male child were exploited by the Venizelists to revive the succession crisis. The birth of a girl, on 25 March 1921, was a great relief for the dynasty, and both King Constantine I and his mother, Queen Dowager Olga, agreed to be the godparents of the newborn.\n", "Section::::Life.:A birth surrounded by intrigues.:Integration into the royal family.\n", "Still, neither Alexandra nor Aspasia received more official recognition: from a legal point of view, they were commoners without any rights in the royal family. Things changed from July 1922 when, after the intervention of Queen Sophia, was passed a law which retroactively recognized marriages of members of the Royal Family, although on a non-dynastic basis; with this legal subterfuge, the little princess obtained the style of \"Royal Highness\" and the title of \"Princess of Greece and Denmark\". Thus, Alexandra's birth became legitimate in the eyes of Greek law, but since the marriage was recognized on a 'non-dynastic basis', her royal status was tenuous at best; however, this belated recognition made it possible for her to later make an advantageous marriage, which would not have been possible if she was nothing more than the daughter of the King's morganatic spouse.\n", "Aspasia, however, was not mentioned in the law and remained a commoner in the eyes of protocol. Humiliated by this difference in treatment, she begged Prince Christopher (whose commoner wife, Nancy Stewart Worthington Leeds, was entitled to be known as a Princess of Greece), to intercede on her behalf. Moved by the arguments of his niece-in-law, he approached Queen Sophia, who eventually changed her opinion. Under pressures from his wife, King Constantine I issued a decree, gazetted 10 September 1922 under which Aspasia received the title \"Princess of Greece and Denmark\" and the style of \"Royal Highness\".\n", "Section::::Life.:Childhood in exile.\n", "Section::::Life.:Childhood in exile.:From Athens to Florence.\n", "Despite these positive developments, the situation of Alexandra and her mother did not improve. Indeed, Greece experiencing a series of military defeats against Turkey and a coup d'état soon forced King Constantine I to abdicate again, this time in favor of \"Diadochos\" George, on 27 September 1922. Things went from bad to worse for the country; a further coup forced the new ruler, his wife and his brother to leave the country on 19 December 1923. On 25 March 1924, the Second Hellenic Republic was proclaimed and both Aspasia and Alexandra were then the only members of the dynasty allowed to stay in Greece.\n", "Penniless, Aspasia chose to take the path of exile with her daughter in early 1924. The two princesses found refuge with Queen Sophia, who moved to the \"Villa Bobolina\" near Florence, shortly after the death of her husband on 11 January 1923. The now dowager queen, who loved Alexandra, was thrilled, even if her financial situation was also precarious. With her paternal grandmother, the princess spent a happy childhood with her aunts Crown Princess Helen of Romania, Princesses Irene and Katerine of Greece, and her cousins Prince Philip of Greece (the future Duke of Edinburgh) and Prince Michael of Romania, who were her playmates during holidays.\n", "Section::::Life.:Childhood in exile.:From London to Venice.\n", "In 1927, Alexandra and her mother moved to Ascot, Berkshire, in the United Kingdom. They were greeted by Sir James Horlick, 4th Baronet, and his family, who harbored them in their castle near the hippodrome. Now seven years old, Alexandra was enrolled in boarding schools in Westfield and Heathfield, as was the custom for the upper class. However, the Princess took very badly to this experience: separated from her mother, she stopped eating and eventually contracted tuberculosis. Alarmed, Aspasia thus moved her daughter to Switzerland for treatment. Later, Alexandra was educated in a Parisian finishing school, during which time she and her mother stayed at the Hotel Crillon.\n", "Eventually, the two Princesses settled on the Island of Giudecca in Venice, where Aspasia acquired a small property with her savings and Horlick's financial support. The former home of Caroline Eden, great-aunt of British Prime Minister Anthony Eden, the villa and its 3.6 hectares of landscaped grounds were nicknamed the \"Garden of Eden\", which delighted the Greek Princesses.\n", "Section::::Life.:Restoration of the Greek monarchy.\n", "Section::::Life.:Restoration of the Greek monarchy.:Between Greece and Venice.\n", "In 1935, the Second Hellenic Republic was abolished and King George II (Alexandra's uncle) was restored to the throne after a referendum organized by General Georgios Kondylis. Alexandra was then allowed to return to Greece, a country she had not seen since 1924. Although she continued to reside in Venice with her mother (who still suffered the ostracism of the royal family), the princess was invited to all the great ceremonies that punctuate the life of the dynasty. In 1936, she participated in the official ceremonies who marked the reburial in Tatoi of the remains of King Constantine I, Queen Sophia and Dowager Queen Olga, all three died in exile in Italy. Two years later, in 1938, she was invited to the wedding of her uncle, the \"Diadochos\" Paul, with Princess Frederica of Hanover.\n", "Despite her participation in the ceremonies of the Greek royal family, at that time Alexandra understood that she was not a full member of the European royalty. Her mother had to claim in her name the share of the inheritance of Alexandra's paternal grandparents. Especially, the princess had to deal with the fact that her mother had no site in the royal necropolis of Tatoi. In fact, during the 1936 ceremonies, a chapel was arranged in the park of the palace for the remains of King Constantine I and Queen Sophia. The remains of King Alexander, previously based in the gardens next to his grandfather King George I, were then transferred at the side of his parents in the chapel, with no space reserved for Aspasia.\n", "Section::::Life.:Restoration of the Greek monarchy.:First marriage proposal.\n", "Now a teenager, Alexandra began to attract the gaze of men. In 1936, the fifteen-years-old Princess received her first marriage proposal: King Zog I of Albania, who wished to marry a member of the European royalty in order to consolidate his position, asked her hand. However, the Greek diplomacy, which maintained complex relations with the Kingdom of Albania because of the possession of Northern Epirus, rejected this proposal and King Zog I eventually married the Hungarian Countess Géraldine Apponyi de Nagy-Appony in 1938.\n", "Like all women of her age, Alexandra participated in numerous dances, which aimed to introduce her to the European elite. In 1937 she was presented in Paris, where she danced with her cousin, the Duke of Windsor, installed in France with Wallis Simpson since his abdication.\n", "Section::::Life.:World War II.\n", "Section::::Life.:World War II.:From Venice to London.\n", "The outbreak of the Greco-Italian War on 28 October 1940 forced Alexandra and her mother suddenly to leave Venice and the fascist Italy. They settled with the rest of the Royal Family in Athens. Eager to serve their country in this difficult moment, both Princesses became nurses alongside the other women of the Royal Family. However, after several months of victorious battles against the Italian forces, Greece was gradually invaded by the army of the Nazi Germany after 6 April 1941. Alexandra and the majority of the members of the Royal Family left the country a few days later, on 22 April. After a brief stay in Crete, where they received a German bombing, the Greek Royal Family departed for Egypt and South Africa.\n", "While several members of the Royal Family were forced to spend World War II in South Africa, Alexandra and her mother obtained the permission of King George II of Greece and the British government to move to the United Kingdom. They arrived at Liverpool in the autumn of 1941 and settled in London in the district of Mayfair. In the English capital, the Greek princesses resumed their activities in the Red Cross. Better accepted than in their own country, they were regular guests of the Duchess of Kent (born Princess Marina of Greece) and of the future Duke of Edinburgh (born Prince Philip of Greece), who was rumoured to be briefly engaged to Alexandra.\n", "Section::::Life.:World War II.:Love and marriage.\n", "However, it was not her cousin Philip whom Alexandra finally married. In 1942, the Princess met her third cousin, King Peter II of Yugoslavia in an officers' gala at Grosvenor House. The 19-year-old sovereign had lived in exile in London since the invasion of his country by the Axis powers on 6 April 1941. Quickly, they fell in love with each other and considered marriage, which greatly delighted Princess Aspasia. However, the sharp opposition of Queen Maria of Yugoslavia, Peter II's mother, and the Yugoslav government-in-exile, which deemed it indecent to celebrate a wedding while Yugoslavia was dismembered and occupied, prevented for a while the marital project. For two years, the lovers had only brief meetings in the residence of the Duchess of Kent.\n", "After a brief stay of Peter II in Cairo, Egypt, the couple finally married on 20 March 1944. The ceremony, at which the King's mother refused to participate, was held at the Yugoslav embassy in London. Marked by restrictions due to the war, Alexandra wore a wedding dress that was lent her by Lady Mary Lygon, wife of Prince Vsevolod Ivanovich of Russia (himself the son of Princess Helen of Serbia). Among the guests at the ceremony, there were four reigning kings and queens (George VI of the United Kingdom, George II of Greece, Haakon VII of Norway and Wilhelmina of the Netherlands) and several other members of European royalty, including the two brothers of the groom (Prince Tomislav and Prince Andrew), the mother of the bride, the British Queen Elizabeth, Prince Henry, Duke of Gloucester and Princess Marina, Duchess of Kent.\n", "Section::::Life.:Queen in exile.\n", "Section::::Life.:Queen in exile.:Liberation of Yugoslavia and the communist victory.\n", "Now queen of Yugoslavia, Alexandra, however, had tenuous links with her new country, living under the Nazi occupation. In 1941, a large portion of the Yugoslav territory was annexed by the Axis powers. Crown Prince Michael of Montenegro refused to resurrect his ancient Kingdom under Italian and German protection and guidance, and thus the region of Montenegro has been transformed into a \"governorate\" by fascist Italy. Finally, the other two main parts of Yugoslavia were reduced to puppet states: the Serbia of General Milan Nedić and the Croatian Kingdom of the Ustaše. As all over occupied Europe, Yugoslav civilians suffered the abuses of the invaders and collaborators who supported them. Two groups emerged in the country: the Chetniks, led by General monarchist Draža Mihailović, and the Partisans, led by the communist Marshal Josip Broz Tito.\n", "From London, the Yugoslav government-in-exile supported the struggle of the royalist forces and appointed General Mihailović as Chief Minister of War. However, the importance of the Partisans gradually pushed the allied forces to trust the Communists and give increasingly limited help to Mihailović, who was accused of collaborating with the Axis powers to shoot communist guerrillas. After the Tehran Conference (1943), the Allies finally broke their ties with the Chetniks, forcing the Yugoslav government-in-exile to recognize the preeminence of the Partisans. In June 1944, Prime Minister Ivan Šubašić officially appointed Marshal Tito as the head of the Yugoslav resistance and Mihailović was dismissed. In October 1944, Churchill and Stalin concluded an agreement to split Yugoslavia into two occupation zones, but after the liberation of Belgrade by the Red Army and the Partisans, it became clear the Communists predominated in the country. A harsh treatment, which affected the monarchists, took place; at the request of Churchill, Tito agreed in March 1945 to recognize a Regency Council (which had almost no activity) but opposed the return of King Peter II, who had to remain in exile with Alexandra while a government coalition dominated by the Communists was constituted in Belgrade.\n", "Section::::Life.:Queen in exile.:Birth of Crown Prince Alexander and Peter II's deposition.\n", "In this turbulent context, Alexandra gave birth to an heir, named Alexander after his two grandfathers, Alexander of Yugoslavia and Alexander of Greece. The birth took place in Suite 212 of Claridge's Hotel in Brook Street, London, on 17 July 1945. To enable the child to be born on Yugoslav soil, the British Prime Minister Winston Churchill reportedly asked King George VI to issue a decree transforming, for a day, Suite 212 into Yugoslav territory, which was to be the only time Alexandra was in Yugoslavia as queen. Some time later, the newborn Crown Prince was baptized by the Serbian Patriarch Gavrilo V in Westminster Abbey, with King George VI and his eldest daughter (the future Queen Elizabeth II) acting as godparents.\n", "The festivities marking the birth of the crown prince, however, were short-lived. Less than eight months after joining the coalition government, Milan Grol and Ivan Šubašić resigned their offices of Vice-Prime Minister (18 August) and Foreign Minister (8 October), respectively, to mark their political disagreement with Marshal Tito. Faced with the rise of the Communists, King Peter II decided, to withdraw his confidence from the Regency Council and regain all his sovereign prerogatives in Yugoslavia (8 August). Tito responded by immediately depriving the Royal Family of the civil list, which was soon to have dramatic consequences in the lives of the royal couple. Especially, Tito ordered the organization of early elections to a Constituent Assembly. The campaign took place in an irregular way, in the middle of pressures and violence of all kinds, with the opposition deciding to boycott the poll. On 24 November 1945 a single list presented by the communists was proposed to voters: while there were hardly more than 10,000 Communists throughout Yugoslavia before the war, their candidates list obtained more than 90% of the votes in the referendum.\n", "In their first meeting on 29 November 1945, the Constituent Assembly voted immediately to abolish the monarchy and proclaimed the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. While no referendum accompanied this institutional change, the new regime was quickly recognized by virtually all of the international countries (except Francoist Spain).\n", "Section::::Life.:Marital problems and suicide attempts.\n", "Section::::Life.:Marital problems and suicide attempts.:Financial and marital difficulties.\n", "Now without income and any prospect of returning to Yugoslavia, Peter II and Alexandra resolved to leave Claridge's Hotel and moved to a mansion in the Borough of Runnymede. Abandoned by the British government, they settled for a time in France, between Paris and Monte Carlo, then in Switzerland at St. Moritz. Increasingly penniless, they ended up leaving Europe and in 1949, they settled in New York City, where the former King hoped to complete a financial project. Still penniless, the couple was forced to sell Alexandra's necklace of emeralds and others pieces of her jewelry to pay their accumulated debts. In addition to these difficulties was the fact that they were unable to manage a budget. As she herself wrote in her autobiography, Alexandra had no idea of the value of things and she quickly proved incapable of maintaining a home.\n", "In the United States, Peter II soon drifted away. Having made poor financial investments, he lost the little money he had left. Unable to adapt to the daily life of a normal citizen, he gradually turned to alcoholism and trying to forget his problems with several affairs with younger women. For her part, Alexandra's love for her husband turned to obsession. Likely prone to anorexia for years. Increasingly unstable, she made her first suicide attempt during a visit to her mother in Venice during the summer of 1950.\n", "The relations of the royal couple went from bad to worse. Alexandra used her son to put pressure on her husband and the child witnessed very violent scenes between his parents. Thanks to the intervention of his maternal grandmother, the 4-year-old Crown Prince Alexander was sent to Italy with the Count and Countess of Robilant, friends of the royal couple. The child then grew up in an atmosphere much more stable and loving, with only few visits from his parents.\n", "Section::::Life.:Marital problems and suicide attempts.:Divorce attempt and reconciliation.\n", "The year 1952 was marked by further financial problems due to bad investments of Peter II. Alexandra also suffered a miscarriage. The couple returned to France, where the situation did not improve. In 1953, Alexandra made another suicide attempt in Paris, which she survived thanks to a phone call from her aunt, Queen Frederica of Greece. Tired by the mental instability of his wife, Peter II finally launched a process of divorce in the French courts. The intervention of his son the crown prince and the king and queen of Greece convinced him, however, to abandon his intentions.\n", "The couple reconciled and for a time they live a second honeymoon. However, the need for money continued to be felt and Alexandra was persuaded by a British publisher to write her autobiography. With the help of the ghostwriter Joan Reeder, in 1956 she published \"For Love of a King\" (translated into French the following year under the title \"Pour l'Amour d'un Roi\"). Alexandra was always in financial need despite the relative success of the book. In 1959, she co-wrote a second book, this time about her cousin, the Duke of Edinburgh. Though it revealed nothing compromising about the Duke of Edinburgh, the book prompted the British Royal Family to distance itself from Alexandra.\n", "For some time, the couple moved to Cannes, while Peter II maintained a chancellery in Monte Carlo. Considering himself still King of Yugoslavia, the former sovereign continued to award titles and decorations. Supported by some monarchists as the \"Duke of Saint-Bar\", he even maintained an embassy in Madrid. However, the reconciliation of the royal couple finally soured and Peter II returned to live in the United States while Alexandra moved with her mother to the \"Garden of Eden\".\n", "In 1963, on September 1 or before, Alexandra made another suicide attempt in Venice. Narrowly saved by her son Crown Prince Alexander, she spent a long period of convalescence under the constant care of her sister-in-law, Princess Margarita of Baden (wife of Peter II's brother Prince Tomislav of Yugoslavia). Once recovered, Alexandra reconciled again with Peter II and the couple returned to live in the French capital in 1967. But, as before, the reconciliation was temporary and soon Peter II returned to live permanently in the United States while Alexandra settled in her mother's residence.\n", "Section::::Life.:Last years.\n", "Peter II died on 3 November 1970 in Denver, United States, during an attempted liver transplant. Lacking resources, his remains were buried in Saint Sava Monastery Church at Libertyville, Illinois, making him the only European monarch so far to have been buried in America. Still unstable and impoverished, Alexandra did not attend the ceremony, which took place in relative privacy.\n", "Two years later, on 1 July 1972, Crown Prince Alexander of Yugoslavia (now Head of the House of Karađorđević), married at Villamanrique de la Condesa, near Seville, Spain, Princess Maria da Glória of Orléans-Braganza, daughter of Brazilian Imperial pretender Prince Pedro Gastão of Orléans-Braganza and first cousin of King Juan Carlos I of Spain. Too fragile emotionally, Alexandra did not attend the wedding of her son and it was her father's cousin Princess Olga of Greece (wife of Prince-Regent Paul of Yugoslavia), who escorted the groom to the altar.\n", "One month later, on 7 August 1972, Alexandra's mother Princess Aspasia died. Now alone, she finally sold the \"Garden of Eden\" in 1979 and returned to the United Kingdom because of her health problems. She died of cancer at Burgess Hill, West Sussex, on 30 January 1993.\n", "The funeral of Alexandra was held in London, in the presence of her son, her three grandsons (Hereditary Prince Peter, Prince Philip and Prince Alexander) and several members of the Greek royal family, including the former King Constantine II and Queen Anne-Marie. Alexandra's remains were then buried in the Royal cemetery park at Tatoi, Greece, next to her mother.\n", "On 26 May 2013, Alexandra's remains were transferred to Serbia for reburial in the crypt of the Royal Mausoleum at Oplenac. With her, the remains of her husband King Peter II, her mother-in-law Queen Mother Maria and brother-in-law Prince Andrew were also reburied at the same time in an official ceremony which was attended by Serbian President Tomislav Nikolić and his government.\n", "Section::::Titles, styles, honours and arms.\n", "Section::::Titles, styles, honours and arms.:Titles and styles.\n", "BULLET::::- 25 March 1921 – 20 March 1944: \"Her Royal Highness\" Princess Alexandra of Greece and Denmark\n", "BULLET::::- 20 March 1944 – 29 November 1945: \"Her Majesty\" The Queen of Yugoslavia\n", "BULLET::::- 29 November 1945 – 30 January 1993: \"Her Majesty\" Queen Alexandra of Yugoslavia\n", "Section::::Titles, styles, honours and arms.:Honours.\n", "BULLET::::- Greek Royal Family: Dame Grand Cross of the Order of Saints Olga and Sophia\n", "BULLET::::- House of Karađorđević: Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Star of Karađorđe\n", "BULLET::::- House of Karađorđević: Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the White Eagle\n", "BULLET::::- House of Karađorđević: Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St. Sava\n", "BULLET::::- House of Karađorđević: Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Yugoslav Crown\n", "Section::::Sources.\n", "BULLET::::- John Van der Kiste, \"Kings of the Hellenes: The Greek Kings, 1863–1974\", Sutton Publishing, 1994 .\n", "BULLET::::- Alan Palmer and Michael of Greece, \"The Royal House of Greece\", Weidenfeld Nicolson Illustrated, 1990 .\n", "BULLET::::- Ricardo Mateos Sainz de Medrano, \"La Familia de la Reina Sofίa, La Dinastίa griega, la Casa de Hannover y los reales primos de Europa\", Madrid, La Esfera de los Libros, 2004 .\n", "BULLET::::- Julia Gelardi, \"Born to Rule : Granddaughters of Victoria, Queens of Europe\", Headline Review, 2006 .\n", "BULLET::::- Marlene Eilers König, \"Descendants of Queen Victoria\".\n", "BULLET::::- Hugo Vickers, \"Alice, Princess Andrew of Greece\", London, Hamish Hamilton, 2000 .\n", "BULLET::::- Thomas de Foran de Saint-Bar, \"Les Karageorges, Rois de Serbie et de Yougoslavie\", Éditions Christian, 1999 .\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- The Royal Family\n", "BULLET::::- The Mausoleum of the Serbian Royal Family\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "Queen Consort of Yugoslavia", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q167423", "wikidata_label": "Alexandra of Yugoslavia", "wikipedia_title": "Alexandra of Yugoslavia" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Jan Gunnar Solli\n", "Jan Gunnar Solli (born 19 April 1981 in Arendal) is a Norwegian footballer.\n", "He has played as a right back for the most of his career, but also plays defensive midfielder and right winger.\n", "Section::::Career.\n", "Section::::Career.:Norway.\n", "Solli made his senior debut for Odd Grenland in the 2000 Tippeligaen season and made five appearances, all as a substitute, in his first season. In total, he played 54 league games for the club over three and a half seasons – and helped Odd reach the 2002 Norwegian Cup Final, where they were beaten 1–0 by Vålerenga. His play with Odd Grenland led to interest from various European clubs including Aston Villa, and AC Milan, with which he had a training stint.\n", "Solli joined Rosenborg of Trondheim in the summer of 2003 and made four starts and ten substitute appearances in the second half of that season as the club won a 12th consecutive league title. During his first season with Rosenborg he scored his first-ever league goal against Viking on 23 August 2003, in his fifth full season as a professional footballer. He was also a regular in the ensuing European campaigns for Rosenborg and scored an important first-leg goal against Maccabi Haifa in the UEFA Champions League third qualifying round in August 2004. He also played an integral role in helping Rosenborg win the 2004 and 2006 league title.\n", "On 16 March 2007, Solli signed a three-year deal with Brann. The transfer fee was . Solli's first season for Brann was a huge success. In partnership with his former Rosenborg colleague Thorstein Helstad, he became an integral part of Brann's title winning squad, and earned a spot on Norway's national squad. During the 2009 season Solli's play with Brann once again led to him receiving interest from other European sides which included German Bundesliga side 1. FC Köln.\n", "Section::::Career.:United States.\n", "Solli signed with Major League Soccer club New York Red Bulls on 24 January 2011. He made his official debut for New York on 19 March 2011, in the Red Bulls' 2011 MLS season opener, a 1–0 victory over Seattle Sounders FC. Solli made 33 official appearances in his first season for New York, playing primarily at right back. In his second season with the club, he scored his first goal for New York on 25 June 2012 in a 3-2 win over D.C. United. On 15 November 2012 New York announced that it would not offer Solli a contract extension, thus ending his tenure with the club.\n", "Section::::Career.:Return to Europe.\n", "Solli signed with Vålerenga of Norway in February 2013. In March 2014 he signed with Swedish side Hammarby.\n", "Section::::Career.:International.\n", "Solli made his debut for Norway in a friendly game against Scotland on 20 August 2003 and scored his only international goal in a 3–2 win against Russia on 28 April 2004. He was capped 40 times. Solli also represented Norway at Under-18 and U-21 level.\n", "Section::::Honours.\n", "Section::::Honours.:Norway.\n", "BULLET::::- Norwegian Premier League: 2003, 2004, 2006 and 2007\n", "BULLET::::- Norwegian Cup: 2003\n", "Section::::Honours.:Individual.\n", "BULLET::::- Norwegian Football Association Gold Watch\n", "Section::::Music career.\n", "Solli is also an acknowledged disc jockey where he performs under the name DJ Solli. Solli has warmed up for Calvin Harris and David Guetta at Lavo, New York and Oslo Spektrum. He has also had gigs at Tryst Nightclub and XS Nightclub in Las Vegas. He has recently started his own music label, Sweet Harmony.\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- altomfotball.no\n", "BULLET::::- SK Brann Profile\n", "BULLET::::- home.no\n", "BULLET::::- DJ Solli\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "Norwegian footballer", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q979563", "wikidata_label": "Jan Gunnar Solli", "wikipedia_title": "Jan Gunnar Solli" }

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"Alexander%20Kara%C4%91or%C4%91evi%C4%87%2C%20Prince%20of%20Serbia", "Principality%20of%20Serbia", "House%20of%20Obrenovi%C4%87", "Princess%20Zorka%20of%20Montenegro", "Nikola%20I%20Petrovi%C4%87-Njego%C5%A1", "Russian%20Empire", "House%20of%20Kara%C4%91or%C4%91evi%C4%87", "Kingdom%20of%20Serbia", "Austria-Hungary", "Mihailo%20Obrenovi%C4%87", "Principality%20of%20Montenegro", "Geneva", "George%2C%20Crown%20Prince%20of%20Serbia", "Page%20Corps", "St%20Petersburg", "Russian%20Empire", "Alexander%20Nevsky", "Alexander%20Suvorov", "coup%20d%27%C3%A9tat", "May%20Overthrow", "Alexander%20I%20of%20Serbia", "Queen%20Draga", "George%2C%20Crown%20Prince%20of%20Serbia", "Nikola%20Pa%C5%A1i%C4%87", "Dragutin%20Dimitrijevi%C4%87", "Petar%20%C5%BDivkovi%C4%87", "typhus", "First%20Balkan%20War", "Battle%20of%20Kumanovo", "Battle%20of%20Bitola", "Ottoman%20Empire", "Field%20of%20Blackbirds", "Lazar%20of%20Serbia", "Battle%20of%20Kosovo", "Murad%20I", "Second%20Balkan%20War", 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"Domino%20Dancing", "Zog%20I%20of%20Albania", "Magda%20Lupescu", "http%3A//www.britishpathe.com/video/assassination-of-king-alexander/query/king%2Balexander%2Bassassination", "http%3A//www.royal.rs", "http%3A//www.oplenac.rs/wpeng/%23sthash.aDfKTmit.dpbs" ], "paragraph_id": [ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 6, 6, 6, 6, 8, 8, 8, 8, 9, 11, 11, 11, 11, 11, 11, 11, 11, 11, 11, 12, 12, 12, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 14, 14, 14, 14, 14, 14, 14, 14, 14, 14, 14, 15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 15, 16, 17, 17, 17, 19, 19, 19, 20, 22, 22, 22, 22, 22, 22, 22, 22, 24, 24, 24, 25, 25, 25, 25, 25, 25, 25, 26, 26, 26, 26, 27, 29, 29, 30, 32, 32, 33, 33, 34, 34, 34, 34, 35, 35, 35, 35, 36, 37, 37, 37, 37, 37, 37, 37, 37, 38, 38, 39, 39, 39, 39, 39, 39, 39, 39, 39, 39, 40, 40, 40, 40, 40, 40, 40, 40, 40, 40, 40, 41, 41, 43, 43, 43, 43, 60, 61, 62 ], "start": [ 103, 148, 290, 301, 336, 59, 122, 149, 255, 275, 299, 348, 414, 488, 682, 748, 856, 33, 129, 220, 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{ "paragraph": [ "Alexander I of Yugoslavia\n", "Alexander I ( – 9 October 1934), also known as Alexander the Unifier, served as a prince regent of the Kingdom of Serbia from 1914 and later became King of Yugoslavia from 1921 to 1934 (prior to 1929 the state was known as the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes). He was assassinated in Marseille, France, by Bulgarian revolutionary Vlado Chernozemski during a state visit.\n", "Section::::Early life.\n", "Alexander Karađorđević was born on 16 December 1888 in the Principality of Montenegro as the fourth child (second son) of Peter Karađorđević (son of Prince Alexander of Serbia who thirty years earlier in 1858 was forced to abdicate and surrender power in Serbia to the rival House of Obrenović) and Princess Zorka of Montenegro (eldest daughter of Prince Nicholas of Montenegro). Despite enjoying support from the Russian Empire, at the time of Alexander's birth and early childhood, the House of Karađorđević was in political exile, with different family members scattered all over Europe, unable to return to Serbia, which had recently been transformed from a principality into a kingdom under the Obrenovićes, who ruled with strong support from Austria-Hungary. The antagonism between the two rival royal houses was such that after the assassination of Prince Mihailo Obrenović in 1868 (an event Karađorđevićes were suspected of taking part in), the Obrenovićes resorted to making constitutional changes, specifically proclaiming the Karađorđevićes banned from entering Serbia and stripping them of their civic rights.\n", "Alexander was two when his mother Princess Zorka died in 1890 from complications while giving birth to his younger brother Andrija, who also died 23 days later.\n", "Alexander spent his childhood in Montenegro; however, in 1894 his widower father took the four children, including Alexander, to Geneva where the young man completed his elementary education. Alongside his older brother George, he continued his schooling at the imperial Page Corps in St Petersburg, Russian Empire. The British historian R.W. Seton-Watson described Alexander as becoming a Russophile during his time in St. Petersburg, feeling much gratitude for the willingness of the Emperor Nicholas II to give him a refuge, where he was treated with much honor and respect. As a page, Alexander was described as hard-working and determined while also being a \"loner\" who kept to himself and rarely showed his feelings. Being a Karađorđeviće led to Alexander being invited by Nicolas II to dinner at the Winter Palace, where he was the guest of honor at meals hosted by the Russian imperial family, which was a great honor for a prince from Serbia's deposed royal family. During his time in St. Petersburg, Alexander visited the Alexander Nevsky Monastery, where the abbot gave Alexander an icon of Prince Alexander Nevsky and guided him to the grave of Marshal Alexander Suvorov. After his visit to the monastery, Alexander expressed the wish to be a great general like Marshal Suvorov or Prince Alexander Nevsky, saying he wanted to be command either a great army or a great armada when he was a man.\n", "In 1903, while young George and Alexander were in school, their father and a slew of conspirators pulled off a bloody coup d'état in the Kingdom of Serbia known as the May Overthrow in which King Alexander and Queen Draga were murdered and dismembered. The House of Karađorđević thus retook the Serbian throne after forty five years and Alexander's 58-year-old father became King of Serbia, prompting George's and Alexander's return to Serbia to continue their studies. After Alexander's 15th birthday, King Peter had Alexander enlisted into the Royal Serbian Army as a private with instructions to his officers to only promote his son if he proved worthy. On 25 March 1909, Alexander was suddenly recalled to Belgrade by his father with no explanation offered other then he had an important announcement for his son.\n", "Section::::Early life.:Becoming crown prince.\n", "One of the key moments in Prince Alexander's life occurred on 27 March 1909 when his older brother Crown Prince George publicly renounced his claim to the throne after strong pressure from political circles in Serbia. George was long considered unfit to rule by many in Serbia including powerful political and military figures such as prime minister Nikola Pašić, as well as high-ranking officers Dragutin \"Apis\" Dimitrijević and Petar Živković who didn't appreciate the young man's impulsive nature and unstable, incident-prone personality. George killed his servant Kolaković by kicking him in the stomach, which served as the final straw. It grew into a huge scandal in the Serbian public as well as in the Austro-Hungarian press, which reported extensively on it, and 21-year-old Prince George was forced into renouncing his claim to the throne.\n", "In 1910 Prince Alexander nearly died from stomach typhus and was left with stomach problems for the rest of his life. In the run-up to the First Balkan War, Alexander played the role of a diplomat, visiting Sofia to meet King Ferdinand of Bulgaria for secret talks for a Balkan League, which was intended to drive the Ottomans out of the Balkans. Both Bulgaria and Serbia had rival claims to the Ottoman region of Macedonia, and the talks with Ferdinand, known as \"Foxy Ferdinand\" due to his cunning, were difficult. Together with Ferdinand's son, Crown Prince Boris (the future King Boris III), Alexander traveled to St. Petersburg to see Nicholas II to ask for Russian mediation on certain points that were dividing the Serbs and Bulgarians. In March 1912, Serbia and Bulgaria signed an alliance that was later joined by Greece.\n", "Section::::Balkan Wars and World War I.\n", "In the First Balkan War in 1912, as commander of the First Army, Crown Prince Alexander fought victorious battles in Kumanovo and Bitola. One of Alexander's most cherished moments came when he drove the Ottomans out of Kosovo and on 28 October 1912 led the Serb Army on a review on the Field of Blackbirds. The Field of Blackbirds was where the Serbs under Prince Lazar had been defeated in a legendary battle by the Ottoman Sultan Murad I on 28 June 1389 and is regarded by the Serbs as holy ground. It was a great honor for him to pay his respects to the Serbs who had fallen on the Field of Blackbirds in 1389. Later in 1913, during the Second Balkan War, Alexander commanded the Serb Army at the Battle of Bregalnica.\n", "After the Turks' withdrawal from Skopje (most of whom had left after the Albanian Revolt of 1912), Prince Alexander was met with flowers by the local people. He stopped and asked a seven-year-old girl, Vaska Zoicheva, \"What are you?\" (Pa shta si ti?) When she replied \"Bulgarian!\" (Bugarka!), the prince slapped her. This news of the event spread quickly around Bulgaria. In 1920 and 1921, Serbian authorities searched for the girl's father, Danail Zoichev, and offered him money to renounce the event as fictional, but he refused.\n", "In the aftermath of the Second Balkan War, Prince Alexander took sides in the complicated power struggle over how Macedonia should be administered. In this Alexander bested Colonel Dragutin Dimitrijević \"Apis\" and in the wake of this Alexander's father, King Peter, agreed to hand over royal powers to his son. Though Colonel Dimitrijević was the mastermind of the 1903 coup that had restored the House of Karađorđević to the Serbian throne, Alexander distrusted him, regarding his attempts to set himself up as a \"kingmaker\" and to have the Serbian Army be a \"state within the state\" existing outside of civilian control as a major threat. Additionally, Alexander saw Dimitrijević as an irresponsible intriguer who having betrayed one king might always betray another. In January 1914, the Serbian prime minister Nikola Pašić sent a letter to the Emperor Nicholas II in which King Peter expressed a desire for his son to marry one of the daughters of Nicholas. Nicholas in his reply stated that his daughters would not be forced into arranged marriages, but noted Alexander on his most recent trips to St. Petersburg had during dinners at the Winter Palace kept giving loving looks at the Grand Duchess Tatiana, leading him to guess that it was Tatiana whom Alexander wanted to marry. On 24 June 1914, Alexander became Regent of Serbia.\n", "At the outbreak of World War I he was the nominal supreme commander of the Serbian army; true command was in the hands of the Chief of Staff of Supreme Headquarters, a position held by Stepa Stepanović (during the mobilisation), Radomir Putnik (1914–1915), Petar Bojović (1916–1917) and Živojin Mišić (1918). The Serbian army distinguished itself in the battles at Cer and at the Drina (the Battle of Kolubara) in 1914, scoring victories against the invading Austro-Hungarian forces and evicting them from the country. The British historian Max Hastings described the Royal Serbian Army in 1914 as the toughest army in Europe and also the most egalitarian with none of the distinctions of rank that characterized the other European armies, exemplified by how the Serb Army was the only army in Europe where officers would shake hands with the other ranks. However, the Serbian Army suffered major shortages of equipment with a third of the men called up in August 1914 having no rifles or ammunition and new recruits being advised to bring their own boots and clothing as there were no uniforms for them. Alexander ordered the Serbian police to conduct searches of houses all over Serbia to see if there were any rifles and ammunition to be seized for the army.\n", "In 1915, the Serbian army with the aged King Peter and Crown Prince Alexander suffered many losses being attacked from all directions by the alliance of Germany, Austria-Hungary and Bulgaria. On 7 October 1915 an Austro-German army group under the command of Field Marshal August von Mackensen invaded Serbia and after encountering fierce resistance took Belgrade on 9 October. On 14 October 1915 Bulgaria invaded Serbia and on 16 October the Bulgarians took Niš, severing the railroad that linked Serbia to Salonika in Greece. Being attacked from the north by the Austrians and the Germans and from the south by the Bulgarians, the Serbs by 25 November 1915 had been forced into the Kosovo region. The massacres committed by the Austrians in 1914 when they invaded Serbia twice caused enormous panic and hundreds of thousands of Serbs fled their homes to escape the Austrians, which greatly delayed the movement of the Serb Army. Field Marshal Radomir Putnik persuaded Crown Prince Alexander and King Peter that it was better to keep the Serb Army intact to one day liberate Serbia rather to stand and fight in Kosovo as many Serb officers wanted.\n", "The Serbian Army withdrew through the gorges of Montenegro and northern Albania to the Greek island of Corfu, where it was reorganized. The march across the Prokletije (\"accursed\") mountains was a harrowing one as the Serb Army together with a mass of refugees had to cross mountains that rose to 3, 000 feet high in the middle of winter with the average daily temperature being -20° with the armies of Austria, Germany and Bulgaria in pursuit. Many Serbs died along the way as one Serb soldier wrote in his diary how the refugees rested by the side of the road were: \"Immobilized by the snow their heads rest to their breasts. The white snowflakes dance around them while the alpine winds whistle their songs of death. The heads of horses and oxen which have fallen protrude from the snow\". As the Serbs braved the icy winds and snowdrifts, the only consolation for Alexander was that the winter weather was also delaying the German, Austrian and Bulgarian armies under the command of Field Marshal von Mackensen that were pursuing his army. Upon reaching the sea, the surviving Serbs who numbered about 140, 000 were rescued by British and French ships, which took them to Corfu. In September 1915, the Royal Serbian Army was estimated to have the strength of about 420, 000 men, of whom 94, 000 had been killed or wounded while another 174, 000 had been captured or were missing during the fall campaign in 1915 and the subsequent retreat to the sea. The losses taken by Serb civilians during the autumn campaign in 1915 together with the retreat to the sea have never been calculated, but are estimated to be massive. Serb losses as a percentage of the population were the greatest of any belligerent in the war.\n", "In the fall of 1916, Alexander's long-standing dispute with the Black Hand group came to a head, when Colonel Dimitrijević began to criticize his leadership. Alexander promptly had officers who members of the Black Hand arrested in December 1916 and tried for insubordination; after their convictions, Dimitrijević and several other Black Hand leaders were executed by firing squad on 23 June 1917. After the army was regrouped and reinforced, it achieved a decisive victory on the Macedonian Front, at Kajmakcalan. The Serbian army carried out a major part in the final Allied breakthrough on the Macedonian Front in the autumn of 1918.\n", "Section::::King of Yugoslavia.\n", "On 1 December 1918, in a prearranged set piece, Alexander, as Prince Regent, received a delegation of the People's Council of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs, an address was read out by one of the delegation, and Alexander made an address in acceptance. This was considered to be the birth of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes. One of Alexander's first acts as Prince Regent of the new kingdom was to declare his support for the widespread demand for land reform, stating: \"In our free state there can and will be only free landowners\". On 25 February 1919 Alexander signed a land reform degree breaking up all estates over the size of 100 cadastral \"yokes\" with compensation to be paid for the former landowners except for those who belonged to the House of Habsburg and the other ruling families of enemy states in the Great War. Under the land reform degree some two million hectares of land was handed over to a half million peasant households, through the implementation was very slow, taking 15 years before land reform was complete. In both Macedonia and Bosnia-Herzegovina the majority of the landlords who lost land were Muslims while the majority of their former tenants who received the land were Christians, and in both places land reform was seen as an attack on the political and economic power of the Muslim gentry. In Croatia, Slovenia, and the Vojvodina, the majority of the landlords who lost their land were Austrian or Hungarian nobility who usually did not reside in those places, meaning that however much they might have resented the loss of their land it did not have the sort of political repercussions it did in Macedonia and in Bosnia where the Albanian and Bosnian Muslim landlords lived.\n", "In August 1921, on the death of his father, Alexander inherited the throne of the \"Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes\", which from its inception was colloquially known both in the Kingdom and the rest of Europe alike as \"Yugoslavia\". The historian Brigit Farley described Alexander as something of a cipher to historians as he was a taciturn and reserved man who loathed to express his feelings either in person or in writing. As Alexander kept no diary or wrote no memoirs, Farley wrote that any biography of Alexander could easily be titled \"In search of King Alexander\" as he remains an elusive and enigmatic figure. The British historian R.W. Seton-Watson, who knew Alexander well, called him a soldiery man most comfortable in a military milieu who was very quiet and surprisingly modest for a king. Seton-Watson described Alexander has having an \"autocratic\" personality, a man who was first and foremost a soldier who spent \"six of his formative years\" in the Serbian Army, which left him with a \"military outlook which unfitted him to deal with the delicate problems of constitutional government and which made compromise hard for him\". Seton-Watson wrote that Alexander \"...was very courageous, though not ever a man of strong physique or robust health. He had a strong fixity of purpose, great devotion to duty, powers of sustained work. He had great charm and simplicity of manner. He was accessible and very open to opinions-though he rarely acted on them, and though occasionally he reacted with positive violence, as in the case of the Slovene Zerjav who fainted in his presence.\" One of the things that historians can be certain about Alexander was his belief in keeping Yugoslavia as an unitary state and his consistent opposition to federalism, which he believed would lead to the break-up of Yugoslavia and perhaps his own assassination. In turn, Alexander's opposition to federalism related to his belief that in a federalised Yugoslavia, the \"prečani\" Serbs would be discriminated against by the Croats and Bosnian Muslims, once telling a Serb Orthodox priest that federalism would be \"stabbing the Serbs in the back\".\n", "As a Karađorđević, Alexander was very conscious of the long blood-feud between the Houses of Obrenoviće and Karađorđević that had disfigured Serb politics in the 19th century and that the 1903 coup d'état that finally brought down the Obrenovićes and led to the Karađorđevićs regaining the throne had happened because the last Obrenoviće king, King Alexander, was widely viewed as too subservient to the Austrian empire and to have betrayed Serb interests. Because of the frequent changes in loyalty in the Royal Serbian Army in the 19th century between the feuding royal families, the Obrenovićes and Karađorđevićs, Alexander was never entirely convinced that the Serb-dominated officer corps of the Royal Yugoslav Army were completely loyal to him, and always had the fear if he was seen to be betraying Serbdom as the last Obrenoviće king was, he too might be overthrown and killed. The fact that the last Obrenoviće king had been cut down in his bedchamber by officers who had sworn solemn oaths of loyalty to serve and obey him unto death was scarcely a reassuring sign of the sanctity of oaths to Serb officers.\n", "On 8 June 1922 he married Princess Maria of Romania, who was a daughter of Ferdinand I of Romania. They had three sons: Crown Prince Peter, and Princes Tomislav and Andrej. He was said to have wished to marry Grand Duchess Tatiana Nikolaevna of Russia, a cousin of his wife and the second daughter of Tsar Nicholas II, and was distraught by her untimely death in the Russian Civil War. The Russophile Alexander was horrified by the murders of the House of Romanov-including the Grand Duchess Tatiana who he had once hoped to marry-and during his reign was very hostile towards the Soviet Union, welcoming Russian emigres to Belgrade. The lavish royal wedding to Princess Maria of Romania was intended to cement the alliance with Romania, a fellow \"victor nation\" in World War I which like Yugoslavia had territorial disputes with the defeated nations like Hungary and Bulgaria. For Alexander, the royal wedding was especially satisfactory as most of the royal families of Europe attended, which showed that the House of Karađorđević, a family of peasant origins who were disliked for slaughtering the rival House of Obrenoviće in 1903, were finally accepted by the rest of European royalty.\n", "In foreign policy, Alexander favored maintaining the international system created in 1918-19 and in 1921 Yugoslavia had joined the Little Entente with Czechoslovakia and Romania to guard against Hungary, which refused to accept the Treaty of Trianon and claims against all three states of the Little Entenete. Besides for Hungary, the principle enemy of Yugoslavia in the 1920s was Fascist Italy, which wanted much of what is now modern Slovenia and Croatia. The origins of the Italo-Yugoslav dispute concerned the Italian contention that they had been \"cheated\" out what they had been promised in the secret Treaty of London in 1915 at the Paris peace conference in 1919. It was largely out of the fear of Italy that Alexander in 1927 signed a treaty of alliance with France, which therefore became Yugoslavia's principle ally.\n", "Starting in 1926, an alliance of the Serb Democrats led by Svetozar Pribićević and the Croat Peasant Party led by Stjepan Radić had systematically obstructed the \"skupshtina\" to press for federalism for Yugoslavia, filibustering and filing nonsensical motions to prevent the government from passing any bills. In response to obstructionism from the opposition parties, in June 1928, one frustrated deputy from Montenegro took out his handgun and shot Radić on the floor of the \"skupshtina\". The charismatic Radić, the \"uncrowned king of Croatia\", had inspired intense devotion in Croatia and his assassination was seen as a sort of Serb declaration of war. The assassination pushed Yugoslavia to the brink of civil war and led Alexander to consider the \"amputation\" of Croatia as preferable to federalism. Alexander mused to Pribićević that: \"We cannot stay together with the Croats. Since we cannot, it would be better to separate. The best way to be to effect a peaceful separation like Sweden and Norway did\". When Pribićević protested that this would be an act of \"treason\", Alexander told him he would think some more about what to do. Alexander appointed the Slovene Catholic priest, Father Anton Korošec prime minister with one mandate, namely to stop the slide towards civil war. On December 1, 1928, the lavish celebrations of the 10th anniversary of the founding of the Triune kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes that the government organized led to rioting that left 10 dead in Zagreb.\n", "In response to the political crisis triggered by the assassination of Stjepan Radić, King Alexander abolished the Constitution on 6 January 1929, prorogued the Parliament and introduced a personal dictatorship (the so-called \"January 6th Dictatorship\", \"Šestojanuarska diktatura\"). One of the first acts of the new regime was to carry out a purge of the civil service with one-third of the civil service being fired by May 1929 in an attempt to address popular complaints about rampant corruption in the bureaucracy. He also changed the name of the country to the Kingdom of Yugoslavia and changed the internal divisions from the 33 oblasts to nine new \"banovinas\" on 3 October. Of the \"banovinas\", only one had a Slovene majority, two had Croat majorities and the rest had Serb majorities, which especially angered the Bosnian Muslims who were in a minority in every \"banovine\". The way in which the \"banovinas\" were based on new borders that did not correspond to the historical regional borders led to much resentment, especially in Bosnia and Croatia. The \"banovinas\" were named after the topography of Yugoslavia rather than the historical names in a bid to weaken regional loyalties, being governed by \"bans\" appointed by the King. In the same month, he tried to banish by decree the use of Serbian Cyrillic to promote the exclusive use of the Latin alphabet in Yugoslavia. Alexander replaced the three regional flags for the Triune kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes with a single flag for the entire country, brought in a single legal code for his realm, imposed a single fiscal code so all of his subjects would pay the same tax rate, and an Yugoslav Agrarian Bank was created by merging all of the regional agrarian banks into one. Alexander tried to promote a sense of Yugoslav identity by always taking his vacations in Slovenia, naming his second son after a Croat king, and being a godfather to a Bosnian Muslim child. Alexander had once fraternised frequently with ordinary people, being known for his habit of making unannounced visits to various villages all over Yugoslavia to chat with ordinary people. But after the proclamation of the royal dictatorship, his social circle consisted of a few generals and courtiers, causing the King to lose touch with his subjects.\n", "Within Serbia, the royal dictatorship for the first time made Alexander into an unpopular figure. The British historian Richard Crampton wrote many Serbs \"...were alienated by the attempt, albeit unsuccessful, to lessen the Serbian domination on which, to add insult to injury, many of the faults of the previous system were blamed. Alexander had implicitly made the Serbs, the most reliable proponents of centralism, the villains of the Vidovdan piece\". The royal dictatorship was seen in Croatia as merely a form of Serbian domination, and one result was a marked upswing in support for fascistic \"Ustashe\", which advocated winning Croat independence via violence. By 1931, the \"Ustashe\" was waging a terrorist campaign of bombings, assassinations and sabotage, which in least in part explained Alexander's reluctance to engage with ordinary people as he done in the past out of the fear of assassination. On 14 February 1931, Alexander visited Zagreb, and the men of the Turnopolje district, whom for centuries always provided a mounted honour guard for any royal visitor to Zagreb, failed to show up, a snub that shown how unpopular Alexander had become in Croatia. On 19 February 1931, the Croat historian Milan Šufflay was murdered by police agents, becoming an international \"cause célèbre\" with Albert Einstein and Heinrich Mann leading a campaign to pressure Alexander to prosecute Šufflay's killers. The Great Depression was especially severe in predominantly rural Yugoslavia as it caused deflation leading to a collapse in price of agricultural products. The Croat politician Ante Trumbić summed up the feelings of many when he gave a speech in early 1931 stating: \"We are in a crisis, an economic, financial and moral crisis. There is no material or moral credit in the country. Nobody believes anything anymore!\" However, Alexander remain unperturbed, stating in an interview with the press: \"Yugoslav politics will never again be driven by narrow religious, regional or national interests\". In response to pressure from Yugoslavia's allies, especially France and Czechoslovakia, led Alexander to decide to lessen the royal dictatorship by bringing in a new constitution which allowed the \"skupshtina\" to meet again.\n", "In 1931, Alexander decreed a new Constitution which transferred executive power to the King. Elections were to be by universal male suffrage. The provision for a secret ballot was dropped and pressure on public employees to vote for the governing party was to be a feature of all elections held under Alexander's constitution. Furthermore, the King would appoint half of the upper house directly, and legislation could become law with the approval of one of the houses alone if it were also approved by the King. The 1931 constitution kept Yugoslavia as an unitary state, which enraged the non-Serbian peoples who demanded a federation and saw Alexander's royal dictatorship as thinly disguised Serbian domination. In the elections for the \"skupshtina\" in December 1931 - January 1932, the call of the opposition parties to boycott the vote were widely heeded, a sign of popular dissatisfaction with the new constitution.\n", "In response to the impoverishment of the countryside caused by the Great Depression, Alexander reaffirmed in a speech that the right of every peasant family to a minimum amount of land that could not be seized by a bank in the event of a debt default, and in 1932 issued a decree suspending all debt payments by farmers to the banks for six months and forbade any more foreclosures by the banks against farmers. Through Alexander's measures preventing the banks to foreclose on farmers who were unable to pay their loans saved many peasants from being ruined and prevented economic distress in the countryside from turning political, in the long run his policies did not solve the economic problems of the rural areas. The losses taken by the banks and their inability to foreclose on farmers who had delinquent loans made the banks unwilling to make new loans to the farmers. As Yugoslav agriculture, especially in the southern parts of the country was backward, the farmers needed loans to modernise their farms, but the unwillingness of the banks to lend to the farmers made modernisation of the farms impossible in the 1930s.\n", "In September 1932, Alexander's friend, the Croat politician Ante Trumbić gave an interview with \"The Manchester Guardian\" newspaper, where he stated that life for ordinary Croats was better when they were part of the Austrian empire and stated that perhaps the Croats would be better off if they broke away from Yugoslavia to form their own state. For Alexander, who always respected and liked Trumbić to see his former friend come very close to embracing Croat separatism was a painful blow. On 7 November 1932, Trumbić and Vladko Maček of the Croat Peasant Party issued the so-called Zagreb Points, which demanded a new constitution which would turn Yugoslavia into a federation, stating that otherwise the Croats would demand independence. Alexander had Maček imprisoned without charges, but the issuing of the Zagreb points inspired the other peoples to issue similar declarations with the Slovenes issuing the Ljubljana Points, the Bosnian Muslims issuing the Sarajevo Points and the Magyars issuing the Novi Sad points. The emergence of a multi-ethnic opposition movement embracing the non-Serb peoples threatened to break the country apart, and forced Alexander to ease the level of repression as his ministers warned him that he could not imprison the entire country. In Macedonia, the Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organisation was continuing its long-running guerrilla struggle while in Croatia the security situation had further deteriorated by 1932. By the end of 1932, the \"Ustashe\" had blown up hundreds of trains while assassinating hundreds of government officials. The often violent response of the mainly Serb gendarmes to \"Ustashe\" terrorism fuelled more support for the \"Ustashe\". To many, it appeared that Yugoslavia was sliding into the civil war that Alexander's \"self-coup\" of January 1929 was supposed to prevent.\n", "Starting in 1933, Alexander had become worried about Germany. In March 1933, the French minister in Belgrade, Paul-Émile Naggiar, told Alexander that France was seriously worried about the stability of Yugoslavia, warning that the King could not continue to rule in face of opposition from the majority of his subjects, and that the viewpoint from Paris was that Alexander was starting to become a liability for France. Naggiar predicated the new regime in Germany was going to challenge the international order created by the Treaty of Versailles sooner or later, and France needed Yugoslavia to be stable and strong, which led Naggiar to advise the King to adopt federalism for his realm. However, one point of agreement that Alexander did have with Mussolini was his fear of \"Anschluss\" which, if successful, would make Germany a direct neighbour of Yugoslavia. Alexander had no desire to have Germany as a neighbour, which led him to support the continuation of Austrian independence. Despite his distaste for communism, the King gave support, albeit in a very cautious and hesitant way, to the plans of the French foreign minister Louis Barthou to bring the Soviet Union into a front meant to contain Germany. In 1933-34, Alexander become the proponent of a Balkan Pact, which would unite Yugoslavia, Greece, Romania and Turkey. Although the Balkan Pact was primarily directed against Italy and its allies Hungary, Albania, and Bulgaria, Alexander also hoped the pact might provide some protection against Germany.\n", "Section::::Assassination.\n", "After the Ustaše's Velebit uprising in November 1932, Alexander said through an intermediary to the Italian government, \"If you want to have serious riots in Yugoslavia or cause a regime change, you need to kill me. Shoot at me and be sure you have finished me off, because that's the only way to make changes in Yugoslavia.\"\n", "The French Foreign Minister Louis Barthou had attempted in 1934 to build an alliance meant to contain Germany consisting of France's allies in Eastern Europe like Yugoslavia together with Italy and the Soviet Union. The long-standing rivalry between Benito Mussolini and King Alexander had complicated Barthou's work as Alexander complained about Italian claims against his country together with support for Hungarian revisionism and the Croat \"Ustaše\" terrorist group. As long as France's ally Yugoslavia continued to have disputes with Italy, Barthou's plans for an Italo-French rapprochement would be stillborn. During a visit to Belgrade in June 1934, Barthou promised the King that France would pressure Mussolini into signing a treaty under which he would renounce his claims against Yugoslavia. Alexander was skeptical of Barthou's plan, noting that there were hundreds of \"Ustašhi\" being sheltered in Italy and it was rumoured that Mussolini had financed an unsuccessful attempt by the \"Ustaše\" to assassinate him in December 1933. Mussolini had come to believe that it was only the personality of Alexander that was holding Yugoslavia together and if the King were assassinated, then Yugoslavia would descend into civil war, thus allowing Italy to annex certain regions of Yugoslavia without the fear of France. However, France was Yugoslavia's closest ally and Barthou invited Alexander for a visit to France to sign a Franco-Yugoslav agreement that would allow Barthou to, in his words, \"go to Rome with the certainty of success\".\n", "As a result of the previous deaths of three family members on Tuesdays, Alexander refused to undertake any public functions on that day of the week. On Tuesday, 9 October 1934, however, he had no choice, as he was arriving in Marseille to start a state visit to France, to strengthen the two countries' alliance in the Little Entente.\n", "While Alexander was being slowly driven in a car through the streets along with French Foreign Minister Louis Barthou, a gunman, the Bulgarian Vlado Chernozemski, stepped from the street and shot the King twice, and the chauffeur, with a Mauser C96 semiautomatic pistol. Alexander died in the car, slumped backwards in the seat, with his eyes open. One of the bullets struck Foreign Minister Barthou in the arm, passing through and fatally severing an artery. He died of blood loss less than an hour later.\n", "It was one of the first assassinations captured on film; the shooting occurred in front of the newsreel cameraman, who was only feet away at the time. While the exact moment of shooting was not captured on film, the events leading to the assassination and the immediate aftermath were. The body of the chauffeur (who had been wounded) slumped and jammed against the brakes of the car, allowing the cameraman to continue filming from within inches of the King for a number of minutes afterwards.\n", "The assassin was a member of the Bulgarian nationalist Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization (IMRO or VMRO) and an experienced marksman. Immediately after assassinating King Alexander, Chernozemski was cut down by the sword of a mounted French policeman, and then beaten by the crowd. By the time he was removed from the scene, the King was already dead. The IMRO was a political organization that fought for secession of the region of Macedonia and becoming independent, as some form of second Bulgarian state. IMRO worked in alliance with the Croatian Ustaše group led by Ante Pavelić. Chernozemski and three Croatian accomplices had travelled to France from Hungary via Switzerland. After the assassination, Chernozemski's accomplices were arrested by French police. A prominent diplomat with the Palazzo Chigi, Baron Pompeo Aloisi, expressed fears that the \"Ustashi\" based in Italy had killed the King, and sought reassurances from another diplomat, Paolo Cortese, that Italy not been involved. Aloisi was not reassured when Cortese told him that with Alexander dead, Yugoslavia was about to break up. Public opinion in Yugoslavia held that Italy had been crucial in the planning and directing of the assassination. Demonstrations took place outside of the Italian embassy in Belgrade together with the Italian consulates in Zagreb and Ljubljana by people blaming Mussolini for Alexander's assassination. An investigation by the French police quickly established that the assassins had been trained and armed in Hungary, had traveled to France on forged Czechoslovak passports, and frequently telephoned \"Ustaše\" leader Ante Pavelić, who was living in Italy. The incident was later used by Yugoslavia as an argument to counter the Croatian attempts of secession and Italian and Hungarian revisionism.\n", "Pierre Laval, who succeeded Barthou as foreign minister, wished to continue the rapprochement with Rome, and saw the assassinations in Marseille as an inconvenience that was best forgotten. Both London and Paris made it clear that they regarded Mussolini as a responsible European statesman and in private told Belgrade that under no circumstances would they allow \"Il Duce\" to be blamed. In a speech in Northampton on 19 October 1934, the British Foreign Secretary, Sir John Simon, expressed his sympathy to the people of Yugoslavia over the king's assassination while also saying he was convinced by Mussolini's speech in Milan denying his involvement in the assassination. When Yugoslavia made an extradition request to Italy for Pavelić on charges of regicide, the Quai d'Orsay expressed concern that if Pavelić were extradited, he might incriminate Mussolini and were greatly reassured when their counterparts at the Palazzo Chigi stated there was no possibility of Pavelić being extradited. Laval cynically told a French journalist \"off-the-record\" that the French press should stop going on about the assassinations in Marseille because France would never go to war to defend the honour of a weak country like Yugoslavia.\n", "The film record of Alexander I's assassination remains one of the most notable pieces of newsreel in existence, alongside the film of Tsar Nicholas II of Russia's coronation, the funerals of Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom and \"Kaiser\" Franz Joseph I of Austria, and the assassination of John F. Kennedy. A 20th Century Fox newsreel presented by Graham McNamee was manipulated in order to give the audience the impression that the assassination had been captured on film. Three identical gunshot sounds were added to the film afterwards, when in reality Chernozemski fired his handgun over ten times, killing or wounding a total of 15 people. A straw hat is shown on the ground, as if it belonged to the assassin, while in reality it did not. A Mauser C96 semi-automatic pistol with a 10-round magazine is shown as the assassination weapon, while the actual one had a 20-round magazine. The exact moment of assassination was never filmed. Just hours later, Chernozemski died of the injuries inflicted on him by the crowd in the chaos.\n", "The following day, the body of King Alexander I was transported back to the port of Split in Croatia by the Yugoslav destroyer JRM \"Dubrovnik\". After a huge funeral in Belgrade attended by about 500,000 people and many leading European statesmen, Alexander was interred in the Oplenac Church in Topola, which had been built by his father. The Holy See gave special permission to bishops Aloysius Stepinac, Antun Akšamović, Dionisije Njaradi, and Gregorij Rožman to attend the funeral in an Orthodox church. As his son Peter II was still a minor, Alexander's first cousin Prince Paul took the regency of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia.\n", "A ballistic report on the bullets found in the car was made in 1935, but the results were not made available to the public until 1974. They revealed that Barthou was hit by an 8 mm Modèle 1892 revolver round commonly used in weapons carried by French police.\n", "Section::::In popular culture.\n", "The song \"Don Juan\" by British synth duo Pet Shop Boys (the B-side to their 1988 single \"Domino Dancing\") contains the phrase \"King Zog's back from holiday, Marie Lupescu's grey and King Alexander is dead in Marseille\".(21)\n", "In Upton Sinclair's historical novel, \"Wide Is The Gate\" (novel 4 in the Lanny Budd series published 1941) the assassination is attributed to the Nazi German government. The novel claims funds and a forged passport were obtained by the Croatian assassin from the head of German foreign policy department.\n", "A heavily fictionalized version of the assassination serves as the opening to the book \"The Second Assassin\" by Christopher Hyde. The gunman is changed to a Croatian, while an Irish hitman kills both him and Barthou using a rifle, undetected in the confusion. It is described as masterminded by Nazi Germany to get rid of both Alexander and Barthou while they are together.\n", "Section::::Titles, styles, honours and arms.\n", "Section::::Titles, styles, honours and arms.:Titles and styles.\n", "BULLET::::- 16 December 1888 – 15 Jun 1903: Prince Alexander Karađorđević\n", "BULLET::::- 15 Jun 1903 – 27 March 1909: \"His Royal Highness\" Prince Alexander of Serbia\n", "BULLET::::- 27 March 1909 – 1 December 1918: \"His Royal Highness\" The Crown Prince of Serbia\n", "BULLET::::- 1 December 1918 – 16 August 1921: \"His Royal Highness\" The Crown Prince of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes\n", "BULLET::::- 16 August 1921 – 6 January 1929: \"His Majesty\" The King of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes\n", "BULLET::::- 6 January 1929 – 9 October 1934: \"His Majesty\" The King of Yugoslavia\n", "Section::::References and notes.\n", "BULLET::::- Notes\n", "BULLET::::1. \"The first central committee of IMRO. Memoirs of d-r Hristo Tatarchev\", Materials for the Macedonian liberation movement, book IX (series of the Macedonian scientific institute of IMRO, led by Bulgarian academician prof. Lyubomir Miletich), Sofia, 1928, p. 102, поредица \"Материяли за историята на македонското освободително движение\" на Македонския научен институт на ВМРО, воден от българския академик проф. Любомир Милетич, книга IX, София, 1928.\n", "BULLET::::2. Farley, Brigit, \"King Aleksandar and the Royal Dictatorship in Yugoslavia,\" in Bernd J. Fischer (ed), \"Balkan Strongmen: Dictators and Authoritarian Rulers of Southeastern Europe\" (West Lafayette, IN, 2007) (Central European Studies), 51-86.\n", "BULLET::::- Bibliography\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Newsreel footage of the Assassination of King Alexander\n", "BULLET::::- The Official Website of the Serbian Royal Family\n", "BULLET::::- Royal Mausoleum Oplenac\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "Prince regent of Kingdom of Serbia and later King of Yugoslavia 1921–34", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q207384", "wikidata_label": "Alexander I of Yugoslavia", "wikipedia_title": "Alexander I of Yugoslavia" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Luc de Clapiers, marquis de Vauvenargues\n", "Luc de Clapiers, marquis de Vauvenargues (; 6 August 1715 – 28 May 1747) was a French writer and moralist. He died at age 31, in broken health, having published the year prior—anonymously—a collection of essays and aphorisms with the encouragement of Voltaire, his friend. He first received public notice under his own name in 1797, and from 1857 on, his aphorisms became popular. In the history of French literature, his significance lies chiefly in his friendship with Voltaire (20 years his senior).\n", "Section::::Life.\n", "He was born in Aix-en-Provence into the nobility, but his family was poor. He spent his youth at the family seat, Chateau of Vauvenargues. Frail health prevented him from pursuing any but minimal schooling; he did not study Latin or Greek. He also suffered poor eyesight. In boyhood, he became friends with Victor Riqueti, marquis of Mirabeau (born 1715), father of the future French Revolution figure, Mirabeau, and with the future archaeologist, Jules-François-Paul Fauris de Saint-Vincens (born 1718), with both of whom he would correspond avidly once he left home.\n", "In the France of that age, the only occupations considered proper for a nobleman were in the military or the church. At age 17 or 18, Vauvenargues embarked on a career in the military, as a cadet in the King's Regiment. By 1739, he had achieved the rank of lieutenant; later, he was promoted to captain. In 1740, he met a fellow officer, an adolescent about nine years his junior, Paul Hippolyte Emmanuel de Seytres, who became a permanent object of the author's devotion. The two were part of the disastrous Siege of Prague (1742), the expedition to Bohemia in support of Frederick II of Prussia's designs on Silesia, in which the French were abandoned by their ally. Seytres died in the spring, at the age of seventeen. The future author's fascination for the boy persisted for the remaining five years of his own life. He addressed his philosophical work, \"Conseil à un jeune homme (Advice to a young Man)\" to Seytres and labored on a funeral eulogy for him, a work which Vauvenargues considered to be among the most important of his life and which he continued to polish until his own death. The Siege of Prague ruined Vauvenargues physically. In December, when half the army was conducted in a strategic retreat, his legs froze, and though he spent a long time in hospital at Nancy he never completely recovered. He was present at the battle of Dettingen, and on his return to France was garrisoned at Arras. He retired from the army.\n", "He began corresponding with Voltaire in April 1743. He was encouraged to turn to literature by his friend the marquis of Mirabeau, author of \"L'Ami des Hommes\", and father of the statesman. Wishing to enter the diplomatic service, for two years he made applications to ministers and to king Louis XV himself. These efforts were unsuccessful, but Vauvenargues nevertheless came close to securing a diplomatic appointment, thanks to the intervention of Voltaire. But he contracted smallpox, which disfigured him, rendered him nearly blind, and left him with a chronic cough. Voltaire then asked him to submit to him his ideas on the difference between Jean Racine and Pierre Corneille. Their acquaintance ripened into a deep friendship.\n", "Vauvenargues managed to move to Paris in 1745, where he lived as a recluse. Among the few people he socialized with were Jean-François Marmontel and Voltaire. He continued to correspond with Fauris de Saint-Vincens. In 1746 he published—anonymously—his sole volume, a collection of writing including \"Introduction à la connaissance de l'esprit humain\", with \"Reflexions\" and \"Maximes\" appended. Voltaire implored him to publish a second edition of the book with improved diction. It was published in the year of his death (different sources disagree on whether he lived to see the publication of the second edition).\n", "He died in Paris on 28 May 1747.\n", "Section::::Works.\n", "In childhood, he developed a great admiration for the work of the ancient Greek writer Plutarch.\n", "Despite the scantiness of Vauvenargues's oeuvre, it has attracted considerable interest. A century after his death, Schopenhauer favorably quoted several of Vauvenargues sayings, including: \"la clarté est la bonne foi des philosophes\" [clarity is the good faith of philosophers], from \"Reflections and Maxims\", 729], and: \"personne n'est sujet a plus de fautes que ceux qui n'agissent que par reflexion\" [none are so prone to make mistakes as those who act only on reflection].\n", "The chief distinction between Vauvenargues and his predecessor François de La Rochefoucauld is that Vauvenargues thinks nobly of man, and is altogether inclined rather to the Stoic than to the Epicurean theory. He has been called a modern Stoic.\n", "Section::::References.\n", "BULLET::::- Coulet, H. 1978. Voltaire lecteur de Vauvenargues. \" Cahiers de l'Association internationale des études francaises\", 30(30):171-180\n", "BULLET::::- Gilbert, D.-L., ed. 1857. \"Oeuvres de Vauvenargues\". Paris: Furne et Cie. (Excerpts at Google Books) With a biographical essay.\n", "BULLET::::- Lee, Elizabeth (translator). 1903. LA BRUYERE AND VAUVENARGUES: Selections from the Characters, Reflexions, and Maxims\". New York: E. P. Dutton.\n", "BULLET::::- Wallas, May. 1928. \"Luc de Clapiers, marquis de Vauvenargues\". Cambridge University Press.\n", "BULLET::::- Sainte-Beuve, Charles Augustin, \"Causeries du lundi\", volumes 3 and 4.\n", "BULLET::::- Villemain, M., \"Tableau de la littérature francaise au XVIIIe siècle\", 1854.\n", "BULLET::::- Paleologue, M., \"Vauvenargues\", 1890.\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Reflections and Maxims of Luc de Clapiers, Marquis of Vauvenargues\". Translated into English by R. G. Stevens.\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Paul-Marie Coûteaux\n", "Paul-Marie Coûteaux (born 31 July 1956 in Paris) is a French politician. He served as a Member of the European Parliament from 2004 to 2009. He is the author of several books.\n", "Section::::Early life.\n", "Paul-Marie Coûteaux was born on 31 July 1956. He is the son of writer and scenarist André Couteaux. He graduated from the École nationale d'administration. In a Gay nightclub, Couteaux discovered Gaullism.\n", "Section::::Career.\n", "Coûteaux was an assistant to Michel Jobert from 1981 to 1983, Philippe de Saint Robert from 1984 to 1987, Jean-Pierre Chevènement from 1988 to 1991, Boutros Boutros-Ghali from 1991 to 1993, Philippe Séguin to the French National Assembly from 1993 to 1996.\n", "Coûteaux served as a Member of the European Parliament (MEP) for Île-de-France from 2004 to 2009. He was a member of the Mouvement pour la France, and a member of the Bureau of the Independence and Democracy. He served on the European Parliament's Committee on Foreign Affairs.\n", "Coûteaux joined the campaign of Marine Le Pen in 2012 and 2017.\n", "Section::::Works.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Clovis, une histoire de France\", Lattès, 1996\n", "BULLET::::- \"L'Europe vers la guerre\", Michalon, 1997\n", "BULLET::::- \"Traité de savoir disparaître à l'usage d'une vieille génération\", Michalon, 1998\n", "BULLET::::- \"La Puissance et la Honte : trois lettres françaises\", Michalon, 1999\n", "BULLET::::- \"De Gaulle philosophe : le génie de la France\", tome 1, Lattès, 2002\n", "BULLET::::- \"Un petit séjour en France\", Bartillat, 2003\n", "BULLET::::- \"Ne laissons pas mourir la France\" (avec Nicolas Dupont-Aignan), Albin Michel, 2004\n", "BULLET::::- \"Être et parler français\", Perrin, 2006\n", "BULLET::::- \"De Gaulle philosophe : la colère du peuple\", tome 2, Lattès, 2010\n", "BULLET::::- \"De Gaulle, espérer contre tout : lettre ouverte à Régis Debray\", Xenia, 2010\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Publius Valerius Publicola\n", "Publius Valerius Poplicola or Publicola (died 503 BC) was one of four Roman aristocrats who led the overthrow of the monarchy, and became a Roman consul, the colleague of Lucius Junius Brutus in 509 BC, traditionally considered the first year of the Roman Republic.\n", "Section::::Early life.\n", "According to Livy and Plutarch, the Valerii were of Sabine origin, but settled in Rome during the reign of Titus Tatius, a contemporary of Romulus, and worked for the peaceful unification of both peoples.\n", "Valerius came from a wealthy family. His father was Volesus Valerius, and his brothers were Marcus Valerius Volusus and Manius Valerius Volusus Maximus. He had a daughter, Valeria, and possibly a son or grandson who was also named Publius Valerius Poplicola who served as consul in 475 BC and 460 BC. Before holding public office, Valerius had spoken in defense of the plebs, the common people of Rome.\n", "Section::::The revolution.\n", "In 509 BC, Valerius was one of the leaders of the Roman revolution, together with Lucius Junius Brutus, Lucius Tarquinius Collatinus, and Spurius Lucretius Tricipitinus. Winning over public opinion while the king was campaigning away from the city, they deposed and banished Lucius Tarquinius Superbus, the seventh and last King of Rome. In place of the monarchy, they established a republic, together with the office of consul. Brutus and Collatinus were elected the first consuls.\n", "From exile, the Tarquins plotted the assassination of the consuls, together with some disaffected members of the Aquillii and Vitellii, who had benefited from the deposed regime. Valerius was informed of the plot by a slave, Vindicius. He personally investigated the conspiracy, sneaking into the Aquillius estate and finding incriminating evidence, based on which the consuls held a public trial. The conspirators, including two of Brutus' sons, were found guilty and executed. Valerius played a leading role in the trial.\n", "Section::::Election as consul and battle of Silva Arsia.\n", "After the trial, Brutus demanded that his colleague, Collatinus, resign the consulship and go into exile, as a member of the hated royal family, whom the people could not trust. Collatinus was stunned by this betrayal, as he had been one of the leaders of the rebellion following the death of his wife, Lucretia, at the hands of the king's son, Sextus Tarquinius. Nevertheless, he resigned, and Valerius was elected to replace him.\n", "Meanwhile, Tarquin, whose family was of Etruscan origin, obtained the support of the Etruscan cities of Tarquinii and Veii. At the head of an Etruscan army, Tarquin fought the consuls Brutus and Valerius at the Battle of Silva Arsia. Valerius commanded the Roman infantry, while Brutus led the cavalry. Arruns Tarquinius, the king's son, died in combat with Brutus, who was also mortally wounded, but the Romans were ultimately victorious. Valerius collected the spoils of battle, and returned to Rome, where he celebrated a triumph on March 1, 509 BC. His four horse chariot subsequently became the traditional vehicle for a victorious Roman general. Then, Valerius held a magnificent funeral for Brutus, and gave a memorable speech.\n", "Livy wrote that Valerius fought the Veientes again in the same year, although the reason is not stated.\n", "Section::::First consulship.\n", "After the death of Brutus, Valerius was the sole surviving consul. Spurius Lucretius was chosen in place of Brutus, but he died after a few days, and was followed by Marcus Horatius Pulvillus. When Valerius began construction of a new house on top of the Velian Hill, which would be conspicuously visible from the Senate house, a rumor began to circulate that he intended to re-establish the monarchy, with himself as king. At once, Valerius stopped building, and demolished the structure in a single night. Addressing an assembly of the people, he caused his lictors to lower their fasces as a mark of humility, and to remove the axes from them within the city. \"I have just liberated Rome, bravely, but now I am slandered, like being either an Aquillius or a Vitellian. I am the bitterest enemy of the former kings, so I shouldn't be accused of wanting to be king.\" In order to allay suspicions, he caused his house to be built at the foot of the hill, rather than its peak. In later times, the Temple of Victory stood in the same place.\n", "For his actions and deference to the people of Rome, Valerius received the surname \"Poplicola\", meaning \"one who courts the people\". Before the impending elections, Valerius filled up the ranks of the Senate, which had been severely reduced as a result of the revolution and the subsequent war. The consul also promulgated new laws, including the right of appeal (\"provocatio\") from the decisions of a magistrate, and demanding the forfeiture of all the rights of anyone convicted of plotting to restore the monarchy.\n", "Section::::Four consulships.\n", "Poplicola was elected consul three more times, in 508, 507, and 504 BC. Horatius was his colleague again in 507, while his colleague in 508 and 504 was Titus Lucretius Tricipitinus. He was the first consul ever to be reelected.\n", "Section::::War with Clusium.\n", "In 508 BC, Lars Porsena, the king of Clusium, attacked Rome at the behest of Tarquin. According to Plutarch, both Poplicola and his colleague, Lucretius, were severely wounded during the battle. During the siege, Poplicola executed a successful sally, defeating a Clusian raiding party. According to Plutarch, Poplicola negotiated a treaty with Porsena, ending the war. He gave the king hostages, including his daughter Valeria, whom Porsena protected from the Tarquins.\n", "Section::::War with the Sabines.\n", "In 506, when his brother Marcus was consul, the Sabines attacked Rome. Poplicola participated in two Roman victories, repelling the invasion. The people rewarded Poplicola with a house on the Palatine Hill.\n", "In 505, the Latin League and the Sabines threatened Rome with a large army. Although diplomatic negotiations were halted, Poplicola meddled with the politics of the Sabines, assisting Attius Clausus, who moved to Rome with five hundred followers. Clausus became a Roman citizen under the name of Appius Claudius; he was the founder of the Claudii. When the Sabines attempted to besiege Rome, Poplicola successfully commanded the army, anticipating their movements and thwarting their plans. He was elected consul for the fourth time in 504 BC, and once again defeated the Sabines. He celebrated a triumph in May of that year.\n", "Section::::Death.\n", "Publius Valerius Poplicola died in 503 BC, shortly after passing the consular office to his successors, Agrippa Menenius Lanatus and Publius Postumius Tubertus. Livy records that at the time of his death, he was considered \"by universal consent to be the ablest man in Rome, in the arts both of peace and war\". He had little money, and so was buried at the public charge, and was mourned by the Roman matrons as had been done for Brutus before him.\n", "By decree, each citizen contributed a quadrans for the funeral. The remains of Poplicola were buried within the city of Rome, on the Velian Hill. His death was mourned for an entire year. After Poplicola, many noted members of the Valerian gens were buried near the same spot.\n", "Section::::Lapis Satricanus.\n", "In 1977 an inscription was discovered in the ruins of the ancient town of Satricum. The Lapis Satricanus dates from the late 6th to early 5th centuries BC and bears the name \"Poplios Valesios\", which would be rendered in Classical Latin as Publius Valerius. This is not does not prove the historicity of the narrative given by later Roman historians, but it does demonstrate that at least one prominent individual did indeed bear the name at the close of the 6th century.\n", "Section::::Legacy.\n", "In \"The Federalist Papers\", a collection of 85 essays promoting the adoption of the United States Constitution, written by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay in 1787–1788, the three statesmen used the allonym \"Publius\" in honor of Poplicola's role in establishing the Roman Republic.\n", "Following the Spanish–American War, a piece titled \"The Duty of the American People as to the Philippines\" was published under the pseudonym \"Publicola\". The author recommended the development of the Philippines to improve the lives of the Filipino people, as well as to further American trading interests in the Orient.\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- Lapis Satricanus\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Plutarch, \"The Lives of the Noble Grecians and Romans\", paired with Solon, in \"Poplicola\"\n", "BULLET::::- Biography of Poplicola, in About.com\n", "BULLET::::- Livius.org: Publius Valerius Publicola\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Carl Mays\n", "Carl William Mays (November 12, 1891 – April 4, 1971) was a right-handed pitcher in Major League Baseball from 1915 to 1929. Although he won over 200 games, 27 in 1921 alone, and was a member of four world championship teams, Mays is primarily remembered for throwing the beanball that killed Ray Chapman of the Cleveland Indians on August 16, 1920. Chapman became the only Major League player to die as a direct result of an on-field injury.\n", "Section::::Playing career.\n", "According to his World War I draft card, Carl William Mays was born November 12, 1891, in Atterson, Kentucky, one of five sons born to Callie Louisa Mays and William Henry Mays. His father was a Methodist minister, and was responsible for his strict religious upbringing. When Mays was 12, his father died and his mother moved the family to Kingfisher, Oklahoma to live near her sister-in-law. Mays internalized his grief, settling into a surly persona with few if any close friends. His best personal support group was a couple named Pierce and Genevieve Mays, who were relatives, and served as a surrogate uncle and aunt. As a professional baseball player, he had few friends in the baseball world. In part because of his strict Methodist upbringing, Mays refused to pitch on Sundays, as did legendary pitcher Christy Mathewson.\n", "Mays quit high school before graduating and began to earn a living as a baseball player on semi-pro teams in Oklahoma, Kansas, and Utah. In 1912, he entered the minor leagues as a member of the Boise, Idaho team in the Class D Western Tri-State League. After a season in Boise, in 1913 Mays played one season for the Portland, Oregon team in the Class A Northwest League. In 1914, Mays was drafted by the Triple-A International League's Providence Grays. The Grays were an affiliate of the Detroit Tigers, and the Tigers sold his contract to the Boston Red Sox.\n", "In one version of the story, Mays learned his underhand style of pitching from Dizzy Dismukes, a pitcher in Negro league baseball. In another, he was taught the technique by Joe McGinnity when McGinnity coached the Tacoma team during Mays's stint with Portland. Wherever he learned to pitch underhanded, he was successful; Mays was nicknamed \"Sub\", a reference to his submarine pitching motion, and he was known to throw a spitball. The pitch was legal at the time of the Chapman incident, but Chapman's death was partly responsible for its ban in Major League Baseball. Mays was also known for a habit of throwing inside to any batter who hugged the plate; despite a stellar win/loss record, he was typically among the American League leaders in hit batsmen. Mays was also regarded as an exceptional fielder, and was capable enough with the bat that he was often used as a pinch-hitter.\n", "In his rookie season of 1915, Mays appeared in 34 games for the Red Sox. Used mostly in relief, he won 6 games and lost 5. During the regular season, Mays was involved in a heated confrontation with Ty Cobb of the Tigers. Mays threw near Cobb each time he came to bat. In the eighth inning, after another close pitch, Cobb threw his bat in Mays' direction, calling him a \"no good son of a bitch.\" Mays responded by calling Cobb a \"yellow dog.\" After order was restored, Mays hit Cobb directly on the wrist. The Tigers won the game 6–1 and the incident cemented Mays' reputation as a head hunter. The Red Sox won that year's World Series by defeating the Philadelphia Phillies in five games, but Mays did not play.\n", "In 1916, Mays appeared in 44 games, and started 24. 18 of his starts were complete games, and he posted a record of 18 wins and 13 losses, with an earned run average of 2.39. In the 1916 World Series, Mays was the losing pitcher in game 3, but the Red Sox defeated the Brooklyn Robins 4 games to 1. In 1917, The Red Sox posted a second place finish. Mays pitched in 35 games, and his record was 22 wins and 9 losses, with an ERA of 1.74. Mays went 22-13 in the 1918 season, with an ERA of 2.21. The Red Sox returned to the World Series, and defeated the Chicago Cubs in 6 games. Mays was the winning pitcher in games 3 and 6, both by scores of 2-1.\n", "Mays married for the first time shortly after the end of the 1918 season. After a brief honeymoon in Missouri, he departed by train from his home in Mansfield for St. Louis as the leader of a group of 18 men who had enlisted in the United States Army for World War I. They were sworn in on November 6, five days before the Armistice that ended that war. Influenza broke out while Mays was stationed at Washington University in St. Louis as a member of the Student Army Training Corps's vocational training unit, and several individuals from his train trip died during the outbreak. The Armistice ended the need to expand the Army, and Mays was discharged in time to begin the 1919 baseball season.\n", "Though he was by now established as one of the game's premier pitchers, Mays began the 1919 season with a record of 5 wins and 11 losses. His slow start resulted in the Red Sox trading him to the New York Yankees that July. Mays went 9-3 after the trade, resulting in a combined 1919 record of 14-14. Mays regained his form in 1920. The Yankees finished in third place, but posted a record of 95 wins and 59 losses, only three games out of first place. Mays went 26-11, including 26 complete games.\n", "Section::::Death of Ray Chapman.\n", "The Yankees were trailing the Indians when Ray Chapman came to the plate in the fifth inning on August 16, 1920. Mays was pursuing his 100th career win that day. Chapman had a sacrifice bunt in the first inning and popped up to Yankee first baseman Wally Pipp in the third. Angered that Chapman was crowding the plate, Mays let loose with a high fastball that he claimed was in the strike zone but that Chapman apparently never saw. The impact of the ball striking Chapman in the head was so loud that Mays, thinking it had hit Chapman's bat and was in play, caught the ball as it bounced onto the field and threw it to Pipp at first base. Chapman, trying to take his base after the hit by pitch, fell to the ground twice and was unable to get up. Cleveland teammate Tris Speaker raced from the on deck circle to check on Chapman. He was joined by several players from the Indians and Yankees. Mays, however, never left the mound.\n", "Chapman was taken to a hospital, where surgeons operated and discovered a skull fracture. He initially seemed to rally after the surgery but died early in the morning on the following day. Mays stayed in the game and continued to pitch until being replaced in the ninth inning. Cleveland won the game 4-3. The New York District Attorney determined that the incident was an accident, and no charges were filed.\n", "In an interview three months after Chapman's death, Mays expressed regret for the outcome, but stated that he did not feel any guilt because he had not hit Chapman on purpose.\n", "Section::::Later career.\n", "Mays enjoyed his best season in 1921, when he led the American League in wins (27), innings pitched (336.2), games pitched (49), and winning percentage (.750). However, that same season Mays, pitching then for the Yankees, played in a World Series that others later accused him of helping to throw, bringing back memories of the Black Sox scandal from just two years prior. These rumors were never proven, but they persisted long enough that, combined with an already negative reputation among other players both from the Chapman incident and from having a personality that few found agreeable, he was never elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame despite having lifetime statistics comparable to some other pitchers who were.\n", "In a 15-year career with the Boston Red Sox, New York Yankees, Cincinnati Reds, and New York Giants, Mays compiled a 207–126 record with 29 shutouts, 862 strikeouts and a 2.92 earned run average when the league average was 3.48. He won twenty or more games five times. He was also noted for his skills with a bat, hitting five home runs, recording 110 runs batted in, and sporting a lifetime .268 batting average—an unusually high mark for a pitcher. Mays is the only Red Sox pitcher to toss two nine-inning complete game victories on the same day, as he bested the Philadelphia Athletics 12–0 and 4–1 on August 30, 1918. Those wins put the Red Sox one step from clinching the league championship, as they led Cleveland by 3 1/2 games with 4 remaining to play.\n", "Section::::Later years.\n", "After his playing career, Mays was the owner and operator of a baseball school in Oregon; among his most notable attendees was Johnny Pesky. Mays also worked as a scout for the Cleveland Indians, Milwaukee and Atlanta Braves, and Kansas City Royals. In addition, his stepson, Jerry Bartow, coached baseball at Hoover High School in San Diego, and each spring Mays made the trip from Oregon to volunteer as a mentor and assistant coach. In an interview, Mays said he especially enjoyed working with young pitchers, but that he regarded his most important task as teaching members of the team how to play the game safely.\n", "He died in El Cajon, California and is buried in River View Cemetery, Portland, Oregon (Sec. 13, Lot 49, Sp. 7). His distant cousin, Joe Mays, was a Major League pitcher from 1999 to 2006.\n", "Section::::Family.\n", "After the 1918 World Series, Mays married Marjorie Fredricka Madden, a graduate of the New England Conservatory of Music whom he had met during his rookie season. They were the parents of two children, Carl Jr. (1925-2017) and Elizabeth (Betty). He was survived by his second wife, Esther Ugstead (1907-1990).\n", "Section::::Legacy.\n", "In August 2008, Mays was one of the ten former players who began their careers before 1943 to be considered by the Veterans Committee for induction into the National Baseball Hall of Fame in 2009. He was named on only about 25 percent of the ballots, so he was not selected for induction.\n", "Section::::Further reading.\n", "The book \"The Pitch That Killed\", by Mike Sowell, is a history of the Chapman-Mays events.\n", "The historical novel, \"The Curse of Carl Mays\", by Howard Camerik, also recounts the history of the incident.\n", "The children's book, \"Ray and Me\" by Dan Gutman, tells of Joe Stoshack and his journey to save Ray's life from Mays' \"killer\" pitch.\n", "The book \"1921: The Yankees, the Giants, and the Battle for Baseball Supremacy in New York\" by Lyle Spatz, Steve Steinberg, Charles C. Alexander, takes a look at how Mays had social problems with his teammates and how that actually led him to be sold to the Yankees from the Red Sox.\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- Baseball Hall of Fame balloting, 2009\n", "BULLET::::- List of Major League Baseball career wins leaders\n", "BULLET::::- List of Major League Baseball annual saves leaders\n", "BULLET::::- List of Major League Baseball annual wins leaders\n", "BULLET::::- List of Major League Baseball career hit batsmen leaders\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- The Death of Ray Chapman – \"NY Times\", 18 August 1920\n", "BULLET::::- Trouble Followed Storm-Center Mays; Sore Arm Made Him Pitch Underhand, by Harry Grayson, June 16, 1943\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "Carl William Mays" ] }, "description": "American baseball player", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q5040536", "wikidata_label": "Carl Mays", "wikipedia_title": "Carl Mays" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Luo Guanzhong\n", "Luo Ben (c. 1330–1400, or c.1280–1360), better known by his courtesy name Guanzhong (), was a Chinese writer who lived during the Ming Dynasty. He was also known by his pseudonym Huhai Sanren (). Luo was attributed with writing \"Romance of the Three Kingdoms\" and editing \"Water Margin\", the first two of the Four Great Classical Novels of Chinese literature.\n", "Section::::Identity.\n", "The location and date of Luo's birth are controversial. One possibility was that he was from Taiyuan, and lived in the late Yuan Dynasty and early Ming Dynasty by the record of his contemporary, the playwright Jia Zhongming (賈仲明), who said that he had met him in 1364. Another possibility was that he was born in Dongyuan, the province of Shandong, in about 1280 – 1360. Literary historians suggest other possibilities for his home, also including Hangzhou and Jiangnan.\n", "According to Meng Fanren (孟繁仁), Luo can be identified in the pedigree of the Luo family, and Taiyuan is most likely his hometown. But, his name is not in this pedigree, and some people believe that pedigree of the Luo Family can't prove that Luo is the author of Three Kingdoms. Some people doubt that If Luo came from Taiyuan, why he had intimate knowledge of people life in Shandong, and he had taken all his time and energy to write them not those people in Taiyuan, Shanxi. Some people believe that the source of Taiyuan statement, which was written by Jia Zhongming (賈仲明), is most likely wrong in handwritten copy. According to the recent research, there were two Luo Guanzhong (陈辽，Chen Liao), one is Drama artist who came from Taiyuan, another is author of Three Kingdoms who came from Dongping.\n", "Recent research has suggested that his date of birth was between 1315-1318. But other sources state it was nearer to 1330.\n", "Section::::Works.\n", "The stories forming the bulk of \"Romance of the Three Kingdoms\" and \"Water Margin\" are thought to have been developed by many independent storytellers. Shi Nai'an is thought to be the first to assemble \"Water Margin\" into a unified work, and Luo subsequently brought it to the current form of 100 chapters. Luo is usually considered the author of \"Romance of the Three Kingdoms\".\n", "\"The Three Sui Quash the Demons' Revolt\" (平妖傳) is a shenmo fantasy story attributed to Luo with 20 chapters, developed from the original pieces of storytelling based on a rebellion at the end of the Northern Song Dynasty, and later expanded by Feng Menglong (馮夢龍) into 40 chapters. \"Can Tang Wudai Shi Yanzhuan\" (殘唐五代史演義傳) is a chronicle of the end of the Tang Dynasty and the following Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period, a compilation of storytelling pieces based on the rebellion of Zhu Wen.\n", "Section::::Bibliography.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Can Tang Wudai Shi Yanzhuan\" (残唐五代史演義, \"The End of Tang Dynasty and the Period of the Five Dynasties\")\n", "BULLET::::- \"Fenzhuang Lou\" (粉妝樓, \"Cosmetical Building\")\n", "BULLET::::- \"Romance of the Three Kingdoms\"\n", "BULLET::::- \"Sui Tang Zhizhuan\" (隋唐志傳)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Sui Tang Liangchao Zhizhuan\" (隋唐兩朝志傳, \"The Chronicle of the Sui and Tang Dynasties)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Three Sui Quash the Demons' Revolt\" (attributed)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Water Margin\" (editing)\n", "Section::::References.\n", "BULLET::::- A record of a conference on \"Romance of the Three Kingdoms\" in China in 1999\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Andrew West, The Textual History of Sanguo Yanyi - Authorship\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "Luo Ben", "Guanzhong", "Huhai Sanren", "Guanzhong Luo" ] }, "description": "Chinese writer", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q264517", "wikidata_label": "Luo Guanzhong", "wikipedia_title": "Luo Guanzhong" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Ottmar Mergenthaler\n", "Ottmar Mergenthaler (May 11, 1854 – October 28, 1899) was a German-born inventor who has been called a second Gutenberg, as Mergenthaler invented the linotype machine, the first device that could easily and quickly set complete lines of type for use in printing presses. This machine revolutionized the art of printing.\n", "Section::::Life and career.\n", "Mergenthaler was born in Hachtel, Württemberg, Germany. He was the third son of a school teacher, Johann Georg Mergenthaler, from Hohenacker near the city of Waiblingen.\n", "He was apprenticed to a watchmaker in Bietigheim before emigrating to the United States in 1872 to work with his cousin August Hahl in Washington, D.C. Mergenthaler eventually moved with Hahl's shop to Baltimore, Maryland. In 1881, Mergenthaler became Hahl's business partner.\n", "In 1876 he was approached by James O. Clephane, who sought a quicker way of publishing legal briefs, via Charles T. Moore, who held a patent on a typewriter for newspapers which did not work and asked Mergenthaler to construct a better model. Mergenthaler recognized that Moore's design was faulty and two years later he assembled a machine that stamped letters and words on cardboard. Although a fire destroyed all his designs and models, he started to work on the invention again as he wrote to himself \"more books — more education for all. At home we had no money for school books...\"\n", "He found a supporter in Whitelaw Reid of the \"New York Tribune\". Another fifty patents were required before Mergenthaler could show a more or less usable model to the \"New York Tribune\" on July 3, 1886. While he was riding on a train, the idea came to him: why a separate machine for casting and another for stamping? Why not stamp the letters and immediately cast them in metal in the same machine? By 1884 the idea of assembling metallic letter molds, called \"matrices\", and casting molten metal into them, all within a single machine, was applied. Mergenthaler reportedly got the idea for the brass matrices that would serve as molds for the letters from wooden molds used to make \"Springerle,\" which are German Christmas cookies. His first attempt proved the idea feasible, and a new company was formed, then fights with shareholders and unions followed with the press even in Germany attacking him. Finally success came with many honors, including a trip to his old home town.\n", "In the printing office of the \"New York Tribune\" the machine was immediately used on the daily paper and a large book. The book, the first ever composed with the new Linotype method was titled \"The Tribune Book of Open-Air Sports\".\n", "Initially, The Mergenthaler Linotype Company was the only company producing linecasting machines, but around 1914 a linecasting machine would be produced by the competition — The Intertype Company — using the same matrices as the Linotype, only where Mergenthaler prided themselves on intricately formed cast-iron parts on their machine, Intertype machined many of their similar parts from steel and aluminum.\n", "During the 1970s and 1980s, linotype and similar \"hot metal\" typesetting machines were retired and replaced with phototypesetting equipment and later computerized typesetting and page composition systems.\n", "Today most operating linotype machines can be found in newspaper museums, producing printing slugs for use together with handset type. , \"The Saguache Crescent\" and its publisher Ray Coombs still used a linotype machine to produce a weekly newspaper much as it has for 134 years.\n", "In 1878, Mergenthaler became a naturalized citizen of the United States. He died of tuberculosis in Baltimore in 1899.\n", "Section::::Legacy.\n", "An operational Linotype machine is on display at the Baltimore Museum of Industry, in the museum's print shop. Baltimore's vocational high school, Mergenthaler Vocational Technical Senior High School, which opened in 1953, is named after him, although it is commonly referred to simply as \"MERVO\".\n", "Mergenthaler Hall on the Homewood Campus of the Johns Hopkins University was constructed in 1940–41 with donations by Eugene and Mrs. Ottmar Mergenthaler, son and widow of Ottmar Mergenthaler.\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- List of German inventors and discoverers\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Baltimore History Site\n", "BULLET::::- \"Linotype – Chronik eines Firmennamens\" [\"Linotype – Chronologie of a Company Name\"]: ebook on the Linotype machine\n", "BULLET::::- Overview of Mergenthaler's life\n", "BULLET::::- Ottmar Mergenthaler at 159 West Lanvale Street - Explore Baltimore Heritage\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "James Bernard, 4th Earl of Bandon\n", "James Francis Bernard, 4th Earl of Bandon, KP (12 September 1850 – 18 May 1924), was a British Deputy Lieutenant in Ireland and Representative Peer. Lord Bandon was a cousin of the Earl of Middleton, who was head of the southern Irish Unionist Alliance at the time of the Anglo-Irish War, 1919-21.\n", "Section::::Estate.\n", "He reorganised his various County Cork estates by way of settlement in 1876 and further in 1895 and 1896 including the mortgaging of the lands to his agents Richard Wheeler Doherty, and the appointment of George and John Jones and Doherty as his attorneys. He was appointed High Sheriff of County Cork for 1875.\n", "Section::::IRA hostilities.\n", "The family seat, Castle Bernard, near Bandon, County Cork, was one of the great houses burned during the Anglo-Irish War in the early 1920s by the Irish Republican Army under Sean Hales on 21 June 1921. The home was burned as a counter-reprisal measure against British policy of burning the homes of suspected Irish republicans. \n", "Lord Bandon was kidnapped and held hostage for three weeks being released on 12 July. The IRA threatened to have him executed if the British went ahead with executing IRA prisoners. During his captivity, Bandon reportedly coolly played cards with his captors, who seem to have treated him fairly well. Reportedly, Lord Bandon would give one of his captors, Daniel (Dan) O'Leary (also known an \"Leabhair\", Irish for 'Book', based on the fact he was so well read), money each day for Leabhair to travel from the house in Kilcolman townland, to Slatterys pub in Ahiohill to purchase Clonakilty Wrastler (a local beer).\n", "Section::::IRA hostilities.:References.\n", "\"Registry of Deeds\", Dublin, 1876, 1895 and 1896\n", "Bandon Historical Journal no 12 (1996)\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "Irish peer and politician", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q6129719", "wikidata_label": "James Bernard, 4th Earl of Bandon", "wikipedia_title": "James Bernard, 4th Earl of Bandon" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Martin Bell\n", "Martin Bell, OBE, (born 31 August 1938) is a British UNICEF (UNICEF UK) Ambassador, a former broadcast war reporter and former independent politician who became the Member of Parliament (MP) for Tatton from 1997 to 2001. He is sometimes known as \"the man in the white suit\".\n", "Section::::Background.\n", "Bell is the son of author-farmer Adrian Bell, compiler of the first ever \"Times\" crossword. He is the brother of literary translator, Anthea Bell OBE and the uncle of Oliver Kamm, now a \"Times\" leader writer who served as his political adviser during his term as a Member of Parliament (MP).\n", "He was educated at The Leys School in Cambridge and King's College, Cambridge, where he achieved a First Class Honours Degree in English. He served on the committee of Cambridge University Liberal Club, including a term as Publicity Officer. He failed to obtain a commission during his two-year national service and served out his time as an acting corporal in the Suffolk Regiment serving in Cyprus during the emergency.\n", "Section::::BBC correspondent.\n", "Martin Bell joined the BBC as a reporter in Norwich in 1962 as a 24-year-old, following his graduation. He moved to London three years later, beginning a distinguished career as a foreign affairs correspondent with his first assignment in Ghana. Over the next thirty years, he covered eleven conflicts and reported from eighty countries, making his name with reports from wars and conflicts in Vietnam, Middle East, Nigeria, Angola, and in Northern Ireland (during the \"Troubles\").\n", "His roles at the BBC included diplomatic correspondent (1977–78), chief Washington correspondent (1978–89), and Berlin correspondent (1989–94).\n", "He won the Royal Television Society's Reporter of the Year award in 1977 and 1993, and was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in 1992. That same year, while covering the war in Bosnia, Bell was seriously wounded by shrapnel while recording a report in Sarajevo.\n", "He remained an official BBC correspondent, although from the mid-1990s he filed relatively few reports, and became disillusioned with the BBC. He was unimpressed by the BBC's introduction of a 24-hour news channel (BBC News 24) and what he described as the increasing \"Murdochisation\" of BBC News.\n", "Section::::Independent politician.\n", "In 1997, twenty-four days before that year's British General Election, Martin Bell announced that he was leaving the BBC to stand as an independent candidate in the Tatton constituency in Cheshire. Tatton was one of the safest Conservative seats in the country, where the sitting Conservative Member of Parliament, Neil Hamilton, was embroiled in \"sleaze\" allegations. The Labour and Liberal Democrat parties withdrew their candidates in Bell's favour in a plan masterminded by Alastair Campbell, Tony Blair's press secretary.\n", "Hamilton was trounced, and Bell was elected an MP with a majority of 11,077 votes – overturning a Conservative majority of over 22,000 – and thus became the first successful independent parliamentary candidate since 1951.\n", "He did not often speak in the House of Commons, and when he did, it was mostly on matters of British policy in the former Yugoslavia and the Third World. Although Bell voted with the Labour government of Tony Blair on many issues, he voted with the Conservatives by opposing an equal age of consent for gay people and voting against the banning of fox hunting. He was cheered from the Conservative benches when he asked Blair about the Bernie Ecclestone affair, \"Does the Prime Minister agree that the perception of wrong-doing can be as damaging to public confidence as the wrong-doing itself? Have we slain one dragon only to have another take its place, with a red rose in its mouth?\"\n", "Bell said that the only thing which could make him change his mind would be Neil Hamilton being re-selected by the Tatton Conservative Party as a candidate for the next General Election. However, future Chancellor George Osborne was selected in March 1999, as Conservative party candidate for Tatton. Hamilton lost his libel case against Mohamed Al-Fayed in December 1999, ending any prospect of him making an immediate political comeback. Though he regretted making the pledge of saying he would only serve for one term, Bell stuck to his promise.\n", "In 2001, Bell stood as an independent candidate against another Conservative MP Eric Pickles in the \"safe\" Essex constituency of Brentwood and Ongar, where there were accusations that the local Conservative Association had been infiltrated by a Pentecostal church. In this election, Labour and the Liberal Democrats did not stand aside for him. Bell came second and reduced the Conservative majority from 9,690 to 2,821.\n", "Having garnered nearly 32% of the votes and second place, Bell announced his retirement from politics, saying that \"winning one and losing one is not a bad record for an amateur\".\n", "The Channel 4 drama \"Mr White Goes to Westminster\" was loosely based on Bell's political career.\n", "Section::::Post-political life.\n", "Bell was appointed UNICEF UK Ambassador for Humanitarian Emergencies in 2001, to work to improve the plight of children affected by conflict and natural disaster.\n", "He made a brief return to television news in 2003 when he provided analysis of the Iraq invasion for ITN's Channel Five News. He compiled films from the daily video footage and drew on his experience to comment upon this material.\n", "Bell reversed his previous decision and stood for the European Parliament in the June 2004 elections, but was ultimately unsuccessful as an independent candidate in the East of England region, winning only 6.2% of the vote.\n", "Before the 2005 general election he became affiliated with the Independent Network to help promote independent candidates (its most prominent candidate being Reg Keys who fought against prime minister Tony Blair in the Sedgefield constituency).\n", "In April 2006, Scottish National Party MP Angus MacNeil asked the Metropolitan Police to investigate whether any law had been broken in the Cash for Peerages scandal. Bell wrote jointly with MacNeil to Prime Minister Tony Blair calling for all appointments to the House of Lords to be suspended.\n", "In May 2009, he came out in support of the Green Party in the weeks before the 2009 European elections, supporting the Green Party's 'Clean Campaigning' pledge in the wake of the scandal over MPs' expenses.\n", "On 21 May 2009, he appeared on the special live edition of BBC's \"Question Time\" which was held in Salisbury in the midst of the political scandal surrounding MPs' expenses.\n", "He announced that he was considering standing against a third Conservative MP, Sir Nicholas Winterton, the MP for Macclesfield in the 2010 General Election, but following the latter's announcement that he was not going to seek re-election, did not do so. He indicated that he might stand against Hazel Blears in Salford (the first sitting MP of a party other than the Conservative party against whom he expressed an interest in standing) although in the end he did not stand in any constituency.\n", "In November 2018 Bell fell at Gatwick Airport and required major maxillo-facial surgery at St George's Hospital to rebuild his face. He praised surgeon Helen Witherow saying \"this lady is an absolutely brilliant surgeon, and I think sometimes the NHS can use a bit of good publicity\".\n", "Section::::Publications.\n", "BULLET::::- \"In harm's way: Bosnia - a war reporter's story\" (London, 1995, revised edition 1996)\n", "BULLET::::- \"An Accidental MP\" (Viking, London, 2000, Penguin paperback 2001)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Through Gates of Fire: a Journey into World Disorder\" (London, 2003, Phoenix paperback 2004)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Truth That Sticks: New Labour's Breach of Trust\" (Icon Books, London, 2007)\n", "BULLET::::- \"A Very British Revolution: The Expenses Scandal and How to Save Our Democracy\" (Icon Books, London, 2009)\n", "BULLET::::- \"For Whom the Bell Tolls: Light and Dark Verse\" (Icon Books, London, 2011)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The End of Empire: the Cyprus emergency - a soldier's story\" (Pen & Sword, Barnsley, 2011)\n", "BULLET::::- \"War and the Death of News: Reflections of a Grade B Reporter\" (Oneworld, London, 2017)\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Gaius Marius Victorinus\n", "Gaius Marius Victorinus (also known as Victorinus Afer; fl. 4th century) was a Roman grammarian, rhetorician and Neoplatonic philosopher. Victorinus was African by birth and experienced the height of his career during the reign of Constantius II. He is also known for translating two of Aristotle's books from ancient Greek into Latin: the \"Categories\" and \"On Interpretation\" (\"De Interpretatione\"). Victorinus had a religious conversion, from being a pagan to a Christian, \"at an advanced old age\" (c. 355).\n", "Section::::Life.\n", "Victorinus, at some unknown point, left Africa for Rome (hence some modern scholars have dubbed him \"Afer\"), probably for a teaching position, and had great success in his career, eventually being promoted to the lowest level of the senatorial order. That promotion probably came at the time when he received an honorific statue in the Forum of Trajan in 354 (Jerome supplied biographical information but was not his student). Victorinus' religious conversion from Platonism to Christianity (c. 355), \"at an advanced old age\" according to Jerome, made a great impression on Augustine of Hippo, as recounted in Book 8 of the latter's \"Confessions\". His conversion is historically important in foreshadowing the conversion of more and more of the traditionally pagan intellectual class, from the gods who in pagan belief had made Rome great.\n", "Brought up a Christian, Emperor Julian had converted to a philosophical and mystical form of paganism; and once in power upon the providential death of Constantius II, then Julian attempted to reorganize the highly decentralized pagan cults, on lines analogous to the Christian Church. The emperor, wanting to purge the schools of Christian teachers, published an edict in June 362 mandating that all state appointed professors receive approval from municipal councils (the emperor's accompanying brief indicated his express disapproval of Christians lecturing on the poems of Homer or Virgil with their religion being incongruous with the religion of Homer and Virgil). Victorinus resigned his position as official \"rhetor of the city of Rome\", professor of rhetoric, not an orator. The sprightly old professor kept writing treatises on the Trinity to defend the adequacy of the Nicene Creed's definition of Christ the Son being \"of the same substance\" (\"homoousios\" in Greek) with the Father. After finishing this series of works (begun probably in late 357), he turned his hand to writing commentaries on the Pauline Epistles, the first in Latin. Although it seems from internal references that he wrote commentaries on Romans and the Corinthians letters as well, all that remains are works, with some lacunae, on Galatians, Ephesians, and Philippians (the comments from the first 16 verses of this latter are missing).\n", "We are fairly well informed on his previous works, mostly texts for his teaching areas of grammar and rhetoric. His most important works from the standpoint of the history of philosophy were translations of Platonist authors (Plotinus and Porphyry at least), which are unfortunately lost. They greatly moved Augustine and set him on a road of creating a careful synthesis of Christianity and Neoplatonism that was tremendously influential. Victorinus wrote a brief treatise \"De Definitionibus\" (\"On Definition\") that lists and discusses various types of definitions used by rhetoricians and philosophers; he recommends the \"substantial definitions\" preferred by the latter (prior to the late 19th century this work was ascribed to Boethius). Victorinus' manual of prosody, in four books, taken almost literally from the work of Aelius Aphthonius, still exists. It is doubtful that he is the author of certain other treatises attributed to him on metrical and grammatical subjects. His commentary on Cicero's \"De Inventione\" is very diffuse.\n", "He retained his Neoplatonic philosophy after becoming Christian, and in \"Liber de generatione divini Verbi\", he states that God is above being, and thus it can even be said that He is not. Victorinus noted, \"Since God is the cause of being, it can be said in a certain sense, that God truly is (vere ων), but this expression merely means that being is in God as an effect is in an eminent cause, which contains it though being superior to it.\"\n", "Section::::Works.\n", "Mary T. Clark has identified the following works of Marius Victorinus\n", "Section::::Works.:Theological works.\n", "BULLET::::- Candidi Arriani ad Marium Victorinum rhetorem de generatione divina\n", "BULLET::::- Marii Victorini rhetoris urbis Romae ad Candidum Arrianum\n", "BULLET::::- Candidi Arriani epistola ad Marium Victorinum rhetorem\n", "BULLET::::- Adversus Arium\n", "BULLET::::- I. Liber Primus\n", "BULLET::::- IA. pars prior\n", "BULLET::::- IB. pars posterior\n", "BULLET::::- II. Liber Secundus\n", "BULLET::::- III. Liber Tertius\n", "BULLET::::- IV. Liber Quartus\n", "BULLET::::- De homoousio recipiendo\n", "BULLET::::- Hymnus Primus\n", "BULLET::::- Hymnus Secundus\n", "BULLET::::- Hymnus Tertius\n", "Section::::Works.:Exegetical works.\n", "BULLET::::- In epistolam Pauli ad Ephesios libri duo\n", "BULLET::::- In epistolam Pauli ad Galatas libri duo\n", "BULLET::::- In epistolam Pauli ad Philippenses liber unicus\n", "Section::::Works.:Secular works.\n", "BULLET::::- Ars grammatica\n", "BULLET::::- Explanationes in Ciceronis Rhetorican\n", "BULLET::::- In Ciceronis Topica commenta \"(lost)\"\n", "BULLET::::- De syllogismis hypotheticis \"(lost)\"\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- Book of the 24 Philosophers\n", "BULLET::::- Maria (gens)\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Opera Omnia by Migne Patrologia Latina\n", "BULLET::::- Corpus Grammaticorum Latinorum: complete texts and full bibliography\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Kenneth Carlsen\n", "Kenneth Carlsen (born 17 April 1973) is a Danish former professional tennis player, who was active between 1992 and 2007. Carlsen played left-handed with a one-handed backhand. His greatest asset was his powerful serve, and his game was therefore best suited to fast surfaces (grass and hardcourt). For most of his long career Carlsen was Denmark's best tennis player, and consistently among the few Danish players playing at the highest international level. He was awarded as best Danish \"Tennis Player of the Year\" seven times by the Danish Tennis Federation (first time in 1991, last time in 2005). Two times the award went to the Danish Davis Cup team, of which Kenneth Carlsen until 2003 was a central part (having a 29–13 record in singles).\n", "Section::::Career.\n", "Carlsen began playing tennis at age nine, and in his teens became one of the best juniors in the world. He finished as no. 3 in the world in 1991. He turned full-time professional in 1992, and his breakthrough as senior in a major tournament came at the Copenhagen Open where he beat top-20 player Alexander Volkov in the first round. Later that year, he reached the final in Brisbane—-only his fourth ATP tournament. His debut in the 1993 Australian Open confirmed his position among the best players in the world as he went to the fourth round. The same year he reached his career-best singles ranking as World No. 41 in June. Since 1993 he was for most of the time ranked within the Top 100. In 1994 he played the most famous match of his career when he beat Stefan Edberg in five sets at Wimbledon.\n", "In 1996 he reached the final of the tournament that triggered his career, Copenhagen Open, but lost to Cédric Pioline. The next year he reached the final in Auckland, but this time lost to Jonas Björkman. This saw his ranking shoot up 20 spots to World No. 52. In 1999, Carlsen reached the final in Newport, but lost to Chris Woodruff.\n", "In 2000 he suffered from a serious shoulder injury, and underwent surgery twice. As a result, he did not play any tournaments that year. His recovery was relatively slow, and he could not return to professional tennis until June 2001. His long absence from the sport, however, did not seem to affect his playing negatively. In 2002 he won his second ATP tournament in Tokyo, and in 2005 he won the Regions Morgan Keegan Championship in Memphis at almost 32 years old. His resurgence saw him in June 2005 become World No. 50.\n", "Carlsen rarely played doubles, but reached three ATP doubles finals in his career. In Copenhagen with Frederik Fetterlein in 1997 (lost to Andrei Olhovskiy/Brett Steven), Tashkent, Uzbekistan with Sjeng Schalken in 1998 (lost to Stefano Pescosolido/Laurence Tieleman), and Beijing with Michael Berrer in 2006 (lost to Mario Ančić/Mahesh Bhupathi).\n", "He played a total of 46 Grand Slam events during his career, and used to hold the record for most first-round exits for a long time; 30. But he was surpassed by Albert Montañés at 2014 Australian Open where he reached 31 career Grand Slam first-round exits.\n", "On June 27, 2007 he announced that he would retire from professional tennis, and he played his last ATP match in first round of the Stockholm Open on October 10, 2007. The week after, he played his final professional tennis match at a Challenger tournament in Kolding, Denmark.\n", "In November 2008 Carlsen was appointed a captain of the Denmark Davis Cup team. Under his guidance the Danes returned in 2011 to the Europe/Africa Zone Group I.\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Peter Grünberg\n", "Peter Andreas Grünberg (18 May 1939 – 7 April 2018) was a German physicist, and Nobel Prize in Physics laureate for his discovery with Albert Fert of giant magnetoresistance which brought about a breakthrough in gigabyte hard disk drives.\n", "Section::::Life and career.\n", "Grünberg was born in Pilsen, Bohemia, which at the time was in the German-occupied Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia (now the Czech Republic) to the Sudeten German family of Anna and Feodor A. Grünberg which first lived in Dysina (Dýšina) to the East of Pilsen. Grünberg was a Catholic.\n", "After the war, the family was interned; the parents were brought to a camp. His father, a Russia-born engineer who since 1928 had worked for Škoda, died on 27 November 1945 in Czech imprisonment and is buried in a mass grave in Pilsen which is also inscribed with \"Grünberg Theodor † 27. November 1945\". His mother Anna (who died in 2002 aged 100) had to work in agriculture and stayed with her parents in the Petermann house in Untersekerschan (Dolní Sekyřany), where her children (a sister was born in 1937) were brought later. The remaining Grünberg family, like almost all Germans, was expelled from Czechoslovakia in 1946. Seven-year-old Peter came to Lauterbach, Hesse where he attended gymnasium.\n", "Grünberg received his intermediate diploma in 1962 from the Johann Wolfgang Goethe University in Frankfurt. He then attended the Darmstadt University of Technology, where he received his diploma in physics in 1966 and his Ph.D. in 1969. While there, he met and married his wife, Helma Prauser, who became a schoolteacher. From 1969 to 1972, he did postdoctoral work at Carleton University in Ottawa, Canada. He later joined the Institute for Solid State Physics at Forschungszentrum Jülich, where he became a leading researcher in the field of thin film and multilayer magnetism until his retirement in 2004.\n", "Section::::Important work.\n", "In 1986 he discovered the antiparallel exchange coupling between ferromagnetic layers separated by a thin non-ferromagnetic layer, and in 1988 he discovered the giant magnetoresistive effect (GMR). GMR was simultaneously and independently discovered by Albert Fert from the Université de Paris Sud. It has been used extensively in read heads of modern hard drives. Another application of the GMR effect is non-volatile, magnetic random access memory.\n", "Apart from the Nobel Prize, Grünberg's work also has been rewarded with shared prizes in the APS International Prize for New Materials, the International Union of Pure and Applied Physics Magnetism Award, the Hewlett-Packard Europhysics Prize, the Wolf Prize in Physics and the 2007 Japan Prize. He won the German Future Prize for Technology and Innovation in 1998 and was named European Inventor of the Year in the category \"Universities and research institutions\" by the European Patent Office and European Commission in 2006.\n", "Section::::Selected publications.\n", "BULLET::::- Grünberg, Peter, Y. Suzuki, T. Katayama, K. Takanashi, R. Schreiber, K. Tanaka. 1997. \"The magneto-optical effect of Cr(001) wedged ultrathin films grown on Fe(001)\". \"JMMM \". 165, 134.\n", "BULLET::::- P. Grünberg, J.A. Wolf, R.Schäfer. 1996. \"Long Range Exchange Interactions in Epitaxial Layered Magnetic Structures\". \"Physica B\" 221, 357.\n", "BULLET::::- M. Schäfer, Q. Leng, R. Schreiber, K. Takanashi, P. Grünberg, W. Zinn. 1995. \"Experiments on Interlayer Exchange Coupling\" (invited at 5th NEC Symp., Karuizawa, Japan). \"J. of Mat. Sci. and Eng. \". B31, 17.\n", "BULLET::::- A. Fert, P. Grünberg, A. Barthelemy, F. Petroff, W. Zinn (invited at ICM in Warsaw, 1994). 1995. \"Layered magnetic structures: interlayer exchange coupling and giant magnetoresistance\". \"JMMM\". 140–144, 1.\n", "BULLET::::- P. Grünberg, A. Fuß, Q. Leng, R. Schreiber, J.A. Wolf. 1993. \"Interlayer Coupling and its Relation to Growth and Structure\". \"Proc. of NATO workshop on \"Magnetism and Structure in Systems of Reduced Dimension\", ed. by R.F.C. Farrow et al., NATO ASI Series B: Physics Vol. 309, p. 87, Plenum Press, N.Y. 1993\".\n", "BULLET::::- A. Fuß, S. Demokritov, P. Grünberg, W. Zinn. 1992. \"Short- and long period oscillations in the exchange coupling of Fe across epitaxially grown Al- and Au-interlayers\". \"JMMM\". 103, L211.\n", "BULLET::::- P. Grünberg, R. Schreiber, Y. Pang, M.B. Brodsky, H. Sowers. 1986. \"Layered Magnetic Structures: Evidence for antiferromagnetic coupling of Fe-layers across Cr-interlayers\". \"Physical Review Letters\". 57, 2442.\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Peter Grünberg webpage at Forschungszentrum Jülich\n", "BULLET::::- List of selected papers\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "German physicist, and Nobel Prize in Physics laureate", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q57120", "wikidata_label": "Peter Grünberg", "wikipedia_title": "Peter Grünberg" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Dave Farrell\n", "David Michael \"Phoenix\" Farrell (born February 8, 1977) is an American musician, best known as the bassist and backing vocalist of the rock band Linkin Park. He was also a member of Tasty Snax, a Christian rock and ska band.\n", "Section::::Early life.\n", "Farrell was taught how to play guitar by his mother when he was in high school. He grew up in Plymouth but later moved to Mission Viejo, California at the age of 5.\n", "Section::::Early life.:Tasty Snax.\n", "While attending high school, Farrell joined a Christian Ska-Punk rock band named 'Tasty Snax', who would later rename themselves to 'The Snax'. What the band sorely needed was a bass guitarist, so Phoenix opted to make the transition from the electric guitar, and has played bass ever since. The band included Farrell's longtime college friend Mark Fiore, who was also associated in making of various video albums for Linkin Park.\n", "The band recorded two studio albums and one compilation album, signed to Screaming Giant Records. Farrell left the band in 2000.\n", "Section::::Early life.:Linkin Park.\n", "When Hybrid Theory were signed to Warner and became Linkin Park, Brad Delson assumed bass guitarist credentials for their debut album, though Farrell was credited on the album as bassist. Farrell returned to the line-up in 2000 after about a year and a half absence touring with Tasty Snax. He has been with the band ever since.\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Farrell's official LPN page\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Hamza Yusuf\n", "Shaykh Hamza Yusuf (born 1958) is an American Islamic scholar and co-founder of Zaytuna College. He is a proponent of classical learning in Islam and has promoted Islamic sciences and classical teaching methodologies throughout the world.\n", "He is an advisor to the Center for Islamic Studies at the Graduate Theological Union in Berkeley. In addition, he serves as vice-president for the Global Center for Guidance and Renewal, which was founded and is currently presided over by Abdallah bin Bayyah. He also serves as the vice-president of the UAE-based Forum for Promoting Peace in Muslim Societies, where Abdullah bin Bayyah also serves as president.\n", "He is one of the signatories of A Common Word Between Us and You, an open letter by Islamic scholars to Christian leaders calling for peace and understanding. \"The Guardian\" has referred to Yusuf as \"arguably the West's most influential Islamic scholar,\" and \"The New Yorker\" magazine also called him \"perhaps the most influential Islamic scholar in the Western world.\"\n", "Section::::Early life and education.\n", "Yusuf was born as Mark Hanson in Walla Walla, Washington to two academics working at Whitman College and he was raised in northern California. He grew up a practicing Greek Orthodox Christian and attended prep schools on both the east and west coasts. In 1977, after a near-death experience in a car accident and reading the Qur'an, he converted from Christianity to Islam. Yusuf has Irish, Scottish and Greek ancestry.\n", "After being impressed by a young couple from Saudi Arabia who were followers of Abdalqadir as-Sufi—a Scottish convert to Islam and leader of the Darqawa Sufi order and the Murabitun World Movement—Yusuf moved to Norwich, England to study directly under as-Sufi. In 1979, Yusuf moved to Al Ain in the United Arab Emirates where he spent the next four years studying Sharia sciences at the Islamic Institute, more often on a one-on-one basis with Islamic scholars. Yusuf became fluent in the Arabic language and also studied Qur'anic recitation (\"tajwid\"), rhetoric, poetry, law (\"fiqh\") and theology (\"aqidah\") among other classical Islamic disciplines.\n", "In 1984, Yusuf formally disassociated himself from as-Sufi's teachings and moved in a different intellectual direction having been influenced by a number of Mauritanian scholars residing in the Emirates. He moved to North Africa in 1984 studying in Algeria and Morocco, as well as Spain and Mauritania. In Mauritania he developed his most lasting and powerful relationship with Islamic scholar Sidi Muhammad Ould Fahfu al-Massumi, known as Murabit al-Hajj.\n", "Section::::Zaytuna College.\n", "He and other colleagues founded the Zaytuna Institute in Berkeley, California, United States, in 1996, dedicated to the revival of traditional study methods and the sciences of Islam. In the early 2000s he was joined by additional colleagues Zaid Shakir and Hatem Bazian in further establishing what was then Zaytuna Institute. Eventually, in the fall of 2010 it would open its doors as Zaytuna College, a four-year Muslim liberal arts college, the first of its kind in the United States. It incorporates Yusuf's vision of combining the classical liberal arts—based in the trivium and quadrivium—with rigorous training in traditional Islamic disciplines. It aims to \"educate and prepare morally committed professional, intellectual, and spiritual leaders\". The Zaytuna Institute became the first accredited Muslim campus in the United States after it received approval from the Western Association of Schools and Colleges. Yusuf stated that \"We hope, God willing, that there will be more such Muslim colleges and universities to come\".\n", "Section::::Views and influence.\n", "Yusuf has taken a stance against religious justifications for terrorist attacks.\n", "Jordan's Royal Islamic Strategic Studies Centre currently places him 36th on its list of the top 500 most influential Muslims in the world.\n", "The magazine \"Egypt Today\" described him as a kind of theological rock star, \"the Elvis Presley of western Muslims.\"\n", "In its 2016 edition Yusuf is described \"as one of the foremost authorities on Islam outside of the Muslim world\" by \"The 500 Most Influential Muslims\", edited by John Esposito and Ibrahim Kalin.\n", "Section::::9/11 attacks views.\n", "He described the 9/11 attacks as \"an act of mass murder, pure and simple.\" Condemning the attacks, he has also stated \"Islam was hijacked... on that plane as an innocent victim.\"\n" ] }

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"Spider%20Riders", "Naruto", "Ikki%20Tousen", "Buzzer%20Beater%20%28manga%29", "Bamboo%20Blade", "Our%20Home%27s%20Fox%20Deity", "Ikki%20Tousen", "Mission-E", "Ikki%20Tousen", "Chu-Bra%21%21", "The%20Qwaser%20of%20Stigmata", "K-ON%21%21", "Amagami%20SS", "Freezing%20%28manga%29", "Many%C5%AB%20Hiken-ch%C5%8D", "Carnival%20Phantasm", "Maji%20de%20Watashi%20ni%20Koi%20Shinasai%21", "Amagami", "Brave10", "Upotte%21%21", "Tanken%20Driland", "Aikatsu%21", "Senran%20Kagura", "Sasami-san%40Ganbaranai", "Ore%20no%20Im%C5%8Dto%20ga%20Konnani%20Kawaii%20Wake%20ga%20Nai", "Love%20Lab", "Fate/kaleid%20liner%20Prisma%20Illya", "Nobunagun", "The%20World%20Is%20Still%20Beautiful", "Riddle%20Story%20of%20Devil", "Akame%20ga%20Kill%21", "The%20Testament%20of%20Sister%20New%20Devil", "Minna%20Atsumare%21%20Falcom%20Gakuen", "The%20Testament%20of%20Sister%20New%20Devil", "Magical%20Girl%20Lyrical%20Nanoha%20ViVid", "Hybrid%20%C3%97%20Heart%20Magias%20Academy%20Ataraxia", "Schoolgirl%20Strikers", "Killing%20Bites", "Today%27s%20Menu%20for%20the%20Emiya%20Family", "Cyber%20Team%20in%20Akihabara", "Azumanga%20Daioh", "Hamtaro", "Hells%20Angels%20%28manga%29", "K-ON%21", "Tetsuwan%20Tantei%20Robotack", "Chousei%20Kantai%20Sazer-X", "Water", "Alan%20Wake", "Amagami", "Anarchy%20Reigns", "Armored%20Core%203", "Azur%20Lane", "Demonbane", "Eternal%20Sonata", "Ever17%20-the%20out%20of%20infinity-", "Fate/stay%20night", "Fate/hollow%20ataraxia", "Stheno", "Euryale%20%28Gorgon%29", "Fate/Grand%20Order", "Gorgon", "Fighting%20Beauty%20Wulong", "Final%20Fantasy%20XIII", "Freedom%20Wars", "Future%20Diary", "Galaxy%20Angel", "Granblue%20Fantasy", "Gunparade%20Orchestra", "Harukanaru%20Toki%20no%20Naka%20de", "Taira%20no%20Kiyomori", "Ima%20Sugu%20Oniichan%20ni%20Im%C5%8Dto%20da%20tte%20Iitai%21", "Jak%20II", "Killer%20Is%20Dead", "Kimi%20ga%20Aruji%20de%20Shitsuji%20ga%20Ore%20de", "Kingdom%20of%20Paradise", "Mind%20Zero", "The%20Legend%20of%20Heroes%20VII", "Love%2C%20Elections%20%26amp%3B%20Chocolate", "Lovely%20Idol", "Luminous%20Arc", "Maji%20de%20Watashi%20ni%20Koi%20Shinasai%21", "Monster%20Monpiece", "Muv-Luv", "Prism%20Ark", "Robot%20Alchemic%20Drive", "Senran%20Kagura", "Summon%20Night%204", "Super%20Robot%20Wars", "Symphonic%20Rain", "Sudeki", "Tokyo%20Majin%20Gakuen", "Twinkle%20Crusaders", "White%20Album%202", "Yoake%20Mae%20yori%20Ruriiro%20na", "Clavius%20%28crater%29", "All%20the%20Boys%20Love%20Mandy%20Lane", "Amber%20Heard" ], "paragraph_id": [ 1, 1, 2, 2, 6, 7, 10, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 19, 20, 21, 22, 24, 25, 26, 28, 29, 30, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 60, 61, 62, 64, 65, 66, 67, 69, 70, 70, 71, 72, 73, 75, 77, 78, 79, 81, 82, 83, 84, 86, 87, 89, 90, 93, 96, 97, 98, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 106, 107, 108, 110, 111, 113, 114, 115, 116, 119, 120, 121, 122, 124, 126, 128, 129, 133, 134, 135, 138, 140, 144, 145, 145, 148, 149, 150, 152, 153, 157, 159, 160, 161, 162, 162, 162, 163, 163, 164, 165, 167, 168, 169, 170, 172, 173, 173, 175, 176, 177, 178, 179, 180, 181, 182, 183, 184, 185, 186, 187, 189, 190, 191, 193, 194, 195, 196, 197, 198, 199, 202, 202, 204, 204 ], "start": [ 49, 166, 42, 110, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 37, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 45, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 50, 58, 13, 57, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 76, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 47, 13, 56 ], "text": [ "Showtaro Morikubo", "Patrick Macias", "Rider", "Fate/stay night", "Those Who Hunt Elves 2", "Chō Mashin Eiyūden Wataru", "Cyberteam in Akihabara", "Space Pirate Mito", "Gokudo", "Shin Hakkenden", "Jibaku-kun", "Seraphim Call", "Boogiepop Phantom", "Love Hina", "Vandread", "Shin Getter Robo vs. Neo Getter Robo", "Viper GTS", "Beyblade", "Immoral Sisters", "Gekito! Crush Gear Turbo", "Hikaru no Go", "Angel Blade", "RahXephon", "Love Hina Again", "Azumanga Daioh", "Detective Conan", "Hikaru no Go: Heian Gensou Ibunroku", "Gekitou! Crush Gear Turbo", "Asobotto Senki Goku", "Gravion", "Hikaru no Go: Insei Choujou Kessen", "Crush Gear Nitro", "Immoral Sisters 2", "Kaleido Star", "Zatch Bell!", "Gravion Zwei", "Kyo kara Maoh!", "Pugyuru", "Samurai 7", "DearS", "Sweet Valerian", "Detective Conan", "School Rumble", "Mobile Suit Gundam Seed Destiny", "Black Jack", "Angel Blade Punish!", "Starship Operators", "Buzzer Beater", "MÄR", "Idaten Jump", "Gunparade Orchestra", "Perfect Dark Zero", "School Rumble: 1st Semester Extra Class", "Brighter than the Dawning Blue", "Fate/stay night", "Medusa", "Kyo no Gononi", "School Rumble: 2nd Semester", "Spider Riders", "Naruto: Shippuden", "Ikki-Tousen: Dragon Destiny", "Buzzer Beater II", "Bamboo Blade", "Our Home's Fox Deity", "Ikki Tousen: Great Guardians", "Mission-E", "Ikki Tousen: Eloquent Fist", "Chu-Bra!!", "The Qwaser of Stigmata", "K-ON!!", "Amagami SS", "Freezing", "Manyū Hiken-chō", "Carnival Phantasm", "Maji de Watashi ni Koi Shinasai!", "Amagami SS+", "Brave10", "Upotte!!", "Tanken Driland", "Aikatsu!", "Senran Kagura", "Sasami-san@Ganbaranai", "Ore no Imōto ga Konnani Kawaii Wake ga Nai", "Love Lab", "Fate/kaleid liner Prisma Illya", "Nobunagun", "The World Is Still Beautiful", "Riddle Story of Devil", "Akame ga Kill!", "The Testament of Sister New Devil", "Minna Atsumare! Falcom Gakuen SC", "The Testament of Sister New Devil BURST", "Magical Girl Lyrical Nanoha ViVid", "Hybrid × Heart Magias Academy Ataraxia", "Schoolgirl Strikers Animation Channel", "Killing Bites", "Today's Menu for the Emiya Family", "Cyber Team in Akihabara: 2011 Summer Vacation", "Azumanga Daioh: The Animation", "Hamtaro", "Hells Angels", "K-ON! the Movie", "Tetsuwan Tantei Robotack", "Chousei Kantai Sazer-X", "Water", "Alan Wake", "Amagami", "Anarchy Reigns", "Armored Core 3", "Azur Lane", "Demonbane", "Eternal Sonata", "Ever17 -the out of infinity-", "Fate/stay night", "Fate/hollow ataraxia", "Stheno", "Euryale", "Fate/Grand Order", "Gorgon", "Fighting Beauty Wulong", "Final Fantasy XIII", "Freedom Wars", "Future Diary", "Galaxy Angel", "Granblue Fantasy", "Gunparade Orchestra", "Harukanaru Toki no Naka de", "Taira no Kiyomori", "Ima Sugu Oniichan ni Imōto da tte Iitai!", "Jak II", "Killer Is Dead", "Kimi ga Aruji de Shitsuji ga Ore de", "Kingdom of Paradise", "Mind Zero", "The Legend of Heroes VII", "Love, Elections & Chocolate", "Lovely Idol", "Luminous Arc", "Maji de Watashi ni Koi Shinasai!", "Monster Monpiece", "Muv-Luv: Alternative", "Prism Ark", "Robot Alchemic Drive", "Senran Kagura", "Summon Night 4", "Super Robot Wars", "Symphonic Rain", "Sudeki", "Tokyo Majin Gakuen", "Twinkle Crusaders", "White Album 2", "Yoake Mae yori Ruriiro na", "Clavius", "All the Boys Love Mandy Lane", "Amber Heard" ], "wikipedia_id": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ], "wikipedia_title": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ] }

{ "paragraph": [ "Yū Asakawa\n", "She was previously married to fellow voice actor Showtaro Morikubo but the two are now divorced. She served as a co-host of an internet webshow Otaku Verse Zero with Patrick Macias, a previous editor-in-chief of Otaku USA.\n", "She is perhaps best known for her role as Rider and the various other incarnations of the character from the \"Fate/stay night\" franchise.\n", "Section::::Filmography.\n", "Section::::Filmography.:Anime television.\n", "1997\n", "BULLET::::- \"Those Who Hunt Elves 2\" (Rena)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Chō Mashin Eiyūden Wataru\" (Mario)\n", "1998\n", "BULLET::::- \"\" (Shiris)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Cyberteam in Akihabara\" (Tsugumi Higashijujo)\n", "BULLET::::- \"\" (Priscilla S. \"Priss\" Asagiri)\n", "1999\n", "BULLET::::- \"Space Pirate Mito\" (Shin)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Gokudo\" (Nanya)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Shin Hakkenden\" (Rei)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Jibaku-kun\" (Alibaba)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Seraphim Call\" (Kasumi Kurenai)\n", "2000\n", "BULLET::::- \"Boogiepop Phantom\" (Nagi Kirima)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Love Hina\" (Motoko Aoyama)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Vandread\" (Jura Basil Elden)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Shin Getter Robo vs. Neo Getter Robo\" (Sho)\n", "2001\n", "BULLET::::- \"Viper GTS\" (Carrera)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Beyblade\" (Raju)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Immoral Sisters\" (Rumi Kitazawa)\n", "BULLET::::- \"\" (Jura Basil Elden)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Gekito! Crush Gear Turbo\" (Hiroomi Taki)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Hikaru no Go\" (Yūki Mitani)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Angel Blade\" (Nailkaizer)\n", "2002\n", "BULLET::::- \"RahXephon\" (Shinobu Miwa)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Love Hina Again\" (Motoko Aoyama)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Azumanga Daioh\" (Sakaki)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Detective Conan\" (Terumi Hoshino)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Hikaru no Go: Heian Gensou Ibunroku\" (Motoyori Mitani)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Gekitou! Crush Gear Turbo\" (Hitomi Taki)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Asobotto Senki Goku\" (Katoruku)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Gravion\" (Mizuki Tachibana)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Hikaru no Go: Insei Choujou Kessen\" (Motoyori Mitani)\n", "2003\n", "BULLET::::- \"Crush Gear Nitro\" (TB)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Immoral Sisters 2\" (Rumi Kitazawa)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Kaleido Star\" (Pamela)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Zatch Bell!\" (Kiyama Tsukishi)\n", "2004\n", "BULLET::::- \"Gravion Zwei\" (Mizuki Tachibana)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Kyo kara Maoh!\" (Berma)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Pugyuru\" (Kanato)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Samurai 7\" (Sanae)\n", "BULLET::::- \"DearS\" (Eiko)\n", "BULLET::::- \"\" (Rebecca Lambert)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Sweet Valerian\" (Pop)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Detective Conan\" (Shunya Ogata)\n", "BULLET::::- \"School Rumble\" (Itoko Osakabe)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Mobile Suit Gundam Seed Destiny\" (Krista Awbrooke)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Black Jack\" (Tom)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Angel Blade Punish!\" (Nailkaizer)\n", "2005\n", "BULLET::::- \"Starship Operators\" (Renna Satomi)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Buzzer Beater\" (Lazuli)\n", "BULLET::::- \"MÄR\" (Sarah Band)\n", "BULLET::::- \"\" (Caldina)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Idaten Jump\" (Whip)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Gunparade Orchestra\" (Momoka Kudou)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Perfect Dark Zero\" (Mayhem)\n", "BULLET::::- \"School Rumble: 1st Semester Extra Class\" (Itoko Osakabe)\n", "2006\n", "BULLET::::- \"Brighter than the Dawning Blue\" (Karen Clavius)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Fate/stay night\" (Rider/Medusa)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Kyo no Gononi\" (Koji Imai)\n", "BULLET::::- \"School Rumble: 2nd Semester\" (Itoko Osakabe)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Spider Riders\" (Beerain)\n", "2007\n", "BULLET::::- \"Naruto: Shippuden\" (Fūka)\n", "BULLET::::- \"\" (Yeoha)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Ikki-Tousen: Dragon Destiny\" (Shiryū Choūn)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Buzzer Beater II\" (Lazuli)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Bamboo Blade\" (Konishi)\n", "2008\n", "BULLET::::- \"Our Home's Fox Deity\" (Enju)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Ikki Tousen: Great Guardians\" (Shiryū Choūn)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Mission-E\" (Katsuura Miharu)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Ikki Tousen: Eloquent Fist\" (Shiryū Choūn)\n", "2010\n", "BULLET::::- \"Chu-Bra!!\" (Takatō)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Qwaser of Stigmata\" (Eva Silver)\n", "BULLET::::- \"\" (Shiryū Choūn)\n", "BULLET::::- \"K-ON!!\" (Norimi Kawaguchi)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Amagami SS\" (Hibiki Tsukahara)\n", "2011\n", "BULLET::::- \"\" (Queen)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Freezing\" (Arnett Macmillan)\n", "BULLET::::- \"\" (Jami Yokoshima)\n", "BULLET::::- \"\" (Ms. Saijō)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Manyū Hiken-chō\" (Mizuki)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Carnival Phantasm\" (Rider)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Maji de Watashi ni Koi Shinasai!\" (Momoyo Kawakami)\n", "2012\n", "BULLET::::- \"Amagami SS+\" (Hibiki Tsukahara)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Brave10\" (Anastasia)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Upotte!!\" (Ms. Fujiko)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Tanken Driland\" (Angela)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Aikatsu!\" (Honoka Tsukikage)\n", "2013\n", "BULLET::::- \"Senran Kagura\" (Daidōji)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Sasami-san@Ganbaranai\" (Juju Tsukuyomi)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Ore no Imōto ga Konnani Kawaii Wake ga Nai\" (Misaki Fujima)\n", "BULLET::::- \"\" (Osome)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Love Lab\" (Yoshida)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Fate/kaleid liner Prisma Illya\" (Rider)\n", "2014\n", "BULLET::::- \"Nobunagun\" (Isaac Newton/Jess Beckham)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The World Is Still Beautiful\" (Mina)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Riddle Story of Devil\" (Irena)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Akame ga Kill!\" (Leone)\n", "BULLET::::- \"\" (Rider)\n", "2015\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Testament of Sister New Devil\" (Chisato Hasegawa)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Minna Atsumare! Falcom Gakuen SC\" (Ilya Plate)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Testament of Sister New Devil BURST\" (Chisato Hasegawa)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Magical Girl Lyrical Nanoha ViVid\" (Micaiah Chevelle)\n", "2016\n", "BULLET::::- \"Hybrid × Heart Magias Academy Ataraxia\" (Zelshione)\n", "2017\n", "BULLET::::- \"Schoolgirl Strikers Animation Channel\" (Tierra〈Yukako Odagiri〉)\n", "2018\n", "BULLET::::- \"Killing Bites\" (Kaori Rikujō)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Today's Menu for the Emiya Family\" (Rider)\n", "2019\n", "BULLET::::- \"\" (Ana)\n", "Section::::Filmography.:Theatrical animation.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Cyber Team in Akihabara: 2011 Summer Vacation\" (1999), Tsugumi Higashijujo\n", "BULLET::::- \"Azumanga Daioh: The Animation\" (2001), Sakaki\n", "BULLET::::- \"Hamtaro\" film series (2001–), Tongari\n", "BULLET::::- \"\" (2003), Shinobu Miwa\n", "BULLET::::- \"\" (2005), Rosamia Badam\n", "BULLET::::- \"Hells Angels\" (2008), Kuronora\n", "BULLET::::- \"\" (2010), Rider\n", "BULLET::::- \"K-ON! the Movie\" (2011), Norimi Kawaguchi\n", "BULLET::::- \"\" (2017-), Rider\n", "BULLET::::- \"\" (2019), Sherilyn Tan\n", "Section::::Filmography.:Tokusatsu.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Tetsuwan Tantei Robotack\" (1998), Mimeena\n", "BULLET::::- \"Chousei Kantai Sazer-X\" (2005), Water General Aqual\n", "Section::::Filmography.:Video games.\n", "BULLET::::- \"\" (Misuzu Kusakabe)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Alan Wake\" (Sarah Breaker)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Amagami\" series (Hibiki Tsukahara)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Anarchy Reigns\" (Sasha Ivanov)\n", "BULLET::::- \"\" (Harvestasha)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Armored Core 3\" (Rain Myers)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Azur Lane\" (USS Ranger, ROC Yat Sen)\n", "BULLET::::- \"\" (Eime)\n", "BULLET::::- \"\" (Ilona) (Japanese dub)\n", "BULLET::::- \"\" (Maika Mizukoshi)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Demonbane\" (Makoto)\n", "BULLET::::- \"\" (Shalua Rui)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Eternal Sonata\" (Rondo)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Ever17 -the out of infinity-\" (Tsugumi Komachi)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Fate/stay night\" (Rider/Medusa)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Fate/hollow ataraxia\" (Rider/Medusa, Stheno, Euryale)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Fate/Grand Order\" (Stheno, Euryale, Medusa, Gorgon)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Fighting Beauty Wulong\" series (Lucky Shimoda)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Final Fantasy XIII\" series (Reburo)\n", "BULLET::::- \"\" (Rolf, Mia)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Freedom Wars\" (Natalia \"9\" Woo)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Future Diary\" (Azami Kirisaki/13th)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Galaxy Angel\" (Riserva Chianti)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Granblue Fantasy\" (Anthuria, Predator)\n", "BULLET::::- \"\" (Sherrice)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Gunparade Orchestra\" series (Momoka Kudou)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Harukanaru Toki no Naka de\" series (Kazuhito, Phantom, Sefuru, Taira no Kiyomori)\n", "BULLET::::- \"\" (Luka Megurine)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Ima Sugu Oniichan ni Imōto da tte Iitai!\" (Satsuki Shinonome)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Jak II\" (Ashelin) (Japanese dub)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Killer Is Dead\" (Betty)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Kimi ga Aruji de Shitsuji ga Ore de\" (Natose)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Kingdom of Paradise\" (Yen Lan)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Mind Zero\" (Reika Kisaki)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Legend of Heroes VII\" (Ilya Plate)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Love, Elections & Chocolate\" (Satsuki Shinonome)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Lovely Idol\" (Sayuki Katagiri)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Luminous Arc\" (Mavi)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Maji de Watashi ni Koi Shinasai!\" (Momoyo Kawakami)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Monster Monpiece\" (Beauty of the Mask)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Muv-Luv: Alternative\" (Misae Munakata)\n", "BULLET::::- \"\" (Michelle Aubert)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Prism Ark\" series (Sister Hell/Theresa)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Robot Alchemic Drive\" (Saki Kyono)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Senran Kagura\" series (Daidōji)\n", "BULLET::::- \"\" (Nel Zelpher)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Summon Night 4\" (Aroeri)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Super Robot Wars\" series (Shou Tachibana, Mizuki Tachibana)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Symphonic Rain\" (Cordell)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Sudeki\" (Rini)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Tokyo Majin Gakuen\" series (Komaki Sakurai)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Twinkle Crusaders\" (Riesling Tōyama)\n", "BULLET::::- \"White Album 2\" (Mari Kazaoka)\n", "BULLET::::- \"\" (Odoriasu Ruby Blood)\n", "BULLET::::- \"\" (Aemiria)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Yoake Mae yori Ruriiro na\" (Karen Clavius)\n", "Section::::Filmography.:Dubbing.\n", "BULLET::::- \"All the Boys Love Mandy Lane\" (Mandy Lane (Amber Heard))\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "Asakawa Yuu", "Yuu Asakawa", "Asakawa Yū", "Yu Asakawa" ] }, "description": "Japanese voice actress", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q1323156", "wikidata_label": "Yū Asakawa", "wikipedia_title": "Yū Asakawa" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Julian Schwinger\n", "Julian Seymour Schwinger (; February 12, 1918 – July 16, 1994) was a Nobel Prize winning American theoretical physicist. He is best known for his work on the theory of quantum electrodynamics (QED), in particular for developing a relativistically invariant perturbation theory, and for renormalizing QED to one loop order. Schwinger was a physics professor at several universities.\n", "Schwinger is recognized as one of the greatest physicists of the twentieth century, responsible for much of modern quantum field theory, including a variational approach, and the equations of motion for quantum fields. He developed the first electroweak model, and the first example of confinement in 1+1 dimensions. He is responsible for the theory of multiple neutrinos, Schwinger terms, and the theory of the spin 3/2 field.\n", "Section::::Biography.\n", "Julian Seymour Schwinger was born in New York City, to Jewish parents originally from Poland, Belle (née Rosenfeld) and Benjamin Schwinger, a garment manufacturer, who had migrated to America. Both his father and his mother's parents were prosperous clothing manufacturers, although the family business declined after the Wall Street Crash of 1929. The family followed the Orthodox Jewish tradition. Schwinger attended the Townsend Harris High School and then the City College of New York as an undergraduate before transferring to Columbia University, where he received his B.A. in 1936 and his Ph.D. (overseen by Isidor Isaac Rabi) in 1939 at the age of 21. He worked at the University of California, Berkeley (under J. Robert Oppenheimer), and was later appointed to a position at Purdue University.\n", "Section::::Biography.:Career.\n", "After having worked with Oppenheimer, Schwinger's first regular academic appointment was at Purdue University in 1941. While on leave from Purdue, he worked at the Radiation Laboratory at MIT instead of at the Los Alamos National Laboratory during World War II. He provided theoretical support for the development of radar. After the war, Schwinger left Purdue for Harvard University, where he taught from 1945 to 1974. In 1966 he became the Eugene Higgins professor of physics at Harvard.\n", "Schwinger developed an affinity for Green's functions from his radar work, and he used these methods to formulate quantum field theory in terms of local Green's functions in a relativistically invariant way. This allowed him to calculate unambiguously the first corrections to the electron magnetic moment in quantum electrodynamics. Earlier non-covariant work had arrived at infinite answers, but the extra symmetry in his methods allowed Schwinger to isolate the correct finite corrections.\n", "Schwinger developed renormalization, formulating quantum electrodynamics unambiguously to one-loop order.\n", "In the same era, he introduced non-perturbative methods into quantum field theory, by calculating the rate at which electron-positron pairs are created by tunneling in an electric field, a process now known as the \"Schwinger effect\". This effect could not be seen in any finite order in perturbation theory.\n", "Schwinger's foundational work on quantum field theory constructed the modern framework of field correlation functions and their equations of motion. His approach started with a quantum action and allowed bosons and fermions to be treated equally for the first time, using a differential form of Grassman integration. He gave elegant proofs for the spin-statistics theorem and the CPT theorem, and noted that the field algebra led to anomalous Schwinger terms in various classical identities, because of short distance singularities. These were foundational results in field theory, instrumental for the proper understanding of anomalies.\n", "In other notable early work, Rarita and Schwinger formulated the abstract Pauli and Fierz theory of the spin 3/2 field in a concrete form, as a vector of Dirac spinors. In order for the spin-3/2 field to interact consistently, some form of supersymmetry is required, and Schwinger later regretted that he had not followed up on this work far enough to discover supersymmetry.\n", "Schwinger discovered that neutrinos come in multiple varieties, one for the electron and one for the muon. Nowadays there are known to be three light neutrinos; the third is the partner of the tau lepton.\n", "In the 1960s, Schwinger formulated and analyzed what is now known as the Schwinger model, quantum electrodynamics in one space and one time dimension, the first example of a confining theory. He was also the first to suggest an electroweak gauge theory, an SU(2) gauge group spontaneously broken to electromagnetic U(1) at long distances. This was extended by his student Sheldon Glashow into the accepted pattern of electroweak unification. He attempted to formulate a theory of quantum electrodynamics with point magnetic monopoles, a program which met with limited success because monopoles are strongly interacting when the quantum of charge is small.\n", "Having supervised 73 doctoral dissertations\n", ", Schwinger is known as one of the most prolific graduate advisors in physics. Four of his students won Nobel prizes: Roy Glauber, Benjamin Roy Mottelson, Sheldon Glashow and Walter Kohn (in chemistry).\n", "Schwinger had a mixed relationship with his colleagues, because he always pursued independent research, different from mainstream fashion. In particular, Schwinger developed the source theory, a phenomenological theory for the physics of elementary particles, which is a predecessor of the modern effective field theory. It treats quantum fields as long-distance phenomena and uses auxiliary 'sources' that resemble currents in classical field theories. The source theory is a mathematically consistent field theory with clearly derived phenomenological results. The criticisms by his Harvard colleagues led Schwinger to leave the faculty in 1972 for UCLA. It is a story widely told that Steven Weinberg, who inherited Schwinger's paneled office in Lyman Laboratory, there found a pair of old shoes, with the implied message, \"think you can fill these?\". At UCLA, and for the rest of his career, Schwinger continued to develop the source theory and its various applications.\n", "After 1989 Schwinger took a keen interest in the non-mainstream research of cold fusion. He wrote eight theory papers about it. He resigned from the American Physical Society after their refusal to publish his papers. He felt that cold fusion research was being suppressed and academic freedom violated. He wrote: \"The pressure for conformity is enormous. I have experienced it in editors' rejection of submitted papers, based on venomous criticism of anonymous referees. The replacement of impartial reviewing by censorship will be the death of science.\"\n", "In his last publications, Schwinger proposed a theory of sonoluminescence as a long distance quantum radiative phenomenon associated not with atoms, but with fast-moving surfaces in the collapsing bubble, where there are discontinuities in the dielectric constant. The mechanism of sonoluminescence now supported by experiments focuses on superheated gas inside the bubble as the source of the light.\n", "Schwinger was jointly awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1965 for his work on quantum electrodynamics (QED), along with Richard Feynman and Shin'ichirō Tomonaga. Schwinger's awards and honors were numerous even before his Nobel win. They include the first Albert Einstein Award (1951), the U.S. National Medal of Science (1964), honorary D.Sc. degrees from Purdue University (1961) and Harvard University (1962), and the Nature of Light Award of the U.S. National Academy of Sciences (1949).\n", "Section::::Biography.:Schwinger and Feynman.\n", "As a famous physicist, Schwinger was often compared to another legendary physicist of his generation, Richard Feynman. Schwinger was more formally inclined and favored symbolic manipulations in quantum field theory. He worked with local field operators, and found relations between them, and he felt that physicists should understand the algebra of local fields, no matter how paradoxical it was. By contrast, Feynman was more intuitive, believing that the physics could be extracted entirely from the Feynman diagrams, which gave a particle picture. Schwinger commented on Feynman diagrams in the following way,\n", "Schwinger disliked Feynman diagrams because he felt that they made the student focus on the particles and forget about local fields, which in his view inhibited understanding. He went so far as to ban them altogether from his class, although he understood them perfectly well. The true difference is however deeper, and it was expressed by Schwinger in the following passage,\n", "Despite sharing the Nobel Prize, Schwinger and Feynman had a different approach to quantum electrodynamics and to quantum field theory in general. Feynman used a regulator, while Schwinger was able to formally renormalize to one loop without an explicit regulator. Schwinger believed in the formalism of local fields, while Feynman had faith in the particle paths. They followed each other's work closely, and each respected the other. On Feynman's death, Schwinger described him as\n", "Section::::Biography.:Death.\n", "Schwinger died of pancreatic cancer. He is buried at Mount Auburn Cemetery; formula_1 is engraved above his name on his tombstone. These symbols refer to his calculation of the correction (\"anomalous\") to the magnetic moment of the electron.\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "List of things named after Julian Schwinger\n", "Section::::Selected publications.\n", "BULLET::::- Feshbach, H., Schwinger, J. and J. A. Harr. \"Effect of Tensor Range in Nuclear Two-Body Problems\", Computation Laboratory of Harvard University, United States Department of Energy (through predecessor agency the Atomic Energy Commission) (November 1949).\n", "BULLET::::- Schwinger, J. \"On Angular Momentum\", Harvard University, Nuclear Development Associates, Inc., United States Department of Energy (through predecessor agency the Atomic Energy Commission) (January 26, 1952).\n", "BULLET::::- Schwinger, J. \"The Theory of Quantized Fields. II\", Harvard University, United States Department of Energy (through predecessor agency the Atomic Energy Commission) (1951).\n", "BULLET::::- Schwinger, J. \"The Theory of Quantizied Fields. Part 3\", Harvard University, United States Department of Energy (through predecessor agency the Atomic Energy Commission) (May 1953).\n", "BULLET::::- Schwinger, J. \"Einstein's Legacy\" (1986). Scientific American Library.\n", "Section::::Further reading.\n", "BULLET::::- Mehra, Jagdish, and Milton, Kimball A. (2000) \"Climbing the Mountain: the scientific biography of Julian Schwinger\". Oxford University Press.\n", "BULLET::::- Revised version published as (2007) \"Julian Schwinger: From Nuclear Physics and Quantum Electrodynamics to Source Theory and Beyond,\" \"Physics in Perspective\" 9: 70–114.\n", "BULLET::::- Ng, Y. Jack, ed. (1996) \"Julian Schwinger: The Physicist, the Teacher, and the Man\". Singapore: World Scientific. .\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Nobel Museum Biography\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "Julian Seymour Schwinger" ] }, "description": "American theoretical physicist", "enwikiquote_title": "Julian Schwinger", "wikidata_id": "Q186465", "wikidata_label": "Julian Schwinger", "wikipedia_title": "Julian Schwinger" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Dale Murphy\n", "Dale Bryan Murphy (born March 12, 1956), is an American former professional baseball player. During an 18-year career in Major League Baseball (MLB) (–), he played as an outfielder, catcher, and first baseman for the Atlanta Braves, Philadelphia Phillies, and Colorado Rockies; Murphy is best noted for his many years with the Braves. His entire big league career was spent in the National League (NL), during which time he won consecutive Most Valuable Player (MVP) awards (–), the Silver Slugger Award for four straight years (1982–), and the Gold Glove Award for five straight years (1982–). Murphy is a member of the Oregon Sports Hall of Fame, Georgia Sports Hall of Fame, and World Sports Humanitarian Hall of Fame.\n", "Section::::Early life.\n", "Dale Murphy was born in Portland, Oregon, on March 12, 1956 to parents Charles and Betty. He had a sister, Sue. Murphy played American Legion Baseball and attended Woodrow Wilson High School.\n", "Section::::Baseball.\n", "Section::::Baseball.:Playing career.\n", "In 1976, Murphy began his major league career with a nineteen-game stint catching with the Atlanta Braves. He appeared in only eighteen games the following season. In 1978, Murphy played first base mostly; at the plate he had a .226 batting average, though he also showed hints of his future power by hitting 23 home runs.\n", "Murphy switched to the outfield in 1980, a move that would help initiate a decade of highly productive play in the National League. Beginning in left field, he soon switched to center field, the position at which he would find his greatest success. By 1982, the most decorated year of Murphy's career, the former catcher had transformed himself into an All-Star MVP outfielder who appeared in each of Atlanta's 162 games. His turnaround as a fielder was equally stark. In 1978, Murphy led all National League first basemen in errors. In 1982, spending time at each of the three outfield positions, he won his first of five consecutive Gold Gloves, as well as the first MVP award by a Brave since Hank Aaron, in 1957 with what were then the Milwaukee Braves.\n", "Playing in the decade before the Braves began their dominance of the National League East, Murphy also made his only postseason appearance in 1982. Although he performed well, the eventual World Series-champion St. Louis Cardinals eliminated the Braves in the 1982 National League Championship Series. The league's most valuable player failed to translate his regular season preeminence into October success, hitting safely only three times and scoring one run. Murphy rebounded from the postseason sweep with another MVP award in 1983. This time period ultimately proved the high-water era of Murphy's career. Each year during the four season span from 1982 to 1986 he won a Gold Glove, appeared in the All-Star Game, and placed in the top ten in MVP voting.\n", "In 1988, however, despite being voted to what would be his final All-Star appearance, Murphy's production began an inexorable slide downward. Murphy saw his batting average free-fall from .295 in 1987 to .226 in 1988. Only once more, in 1991, would Murphy bat above .250. Once a consistent source of power at the plate, he never again hit 25 home runs or more in a season.\n", "The Braves traded Murphy after fifteen seasons to the Philadelphia Phillies in 1990. Murphy's two seasons with the Phillies were mostly uneventful (he spent the entire second year of his Phillie's contract on the Disabled List he didn't play in a single game.) He signed with the Colorado Rockies for their inaugural season but only played 2 months of the regular 1993 season before he retired due to injury. During his last two years in the majors, Murphy's batting average lingered well beneath baseball's Mendoza Line (.200). (However, his entire 1992 season was spent on DL and Murphy only played 2 months of the 1993 season).\n", "Section::::Baseball.:Career summary and honors.\n", "Murphy finished his career with 398 home runs (19th in MLB history at the time of his retirement), 1,266 RBIs and a .265 lifetime batting average. His MVP awards in 1982 and 1983 make him one of only four outfielders in MLB history with consecutive MVP years; at the time, he was the youngest to have accomplished the feat. His many honors include seven All-Star appearances, five Gold Gloves, and four Silver Sluggers. Murphy led the National League in home runs and runs batted in (RBI) twice; he also led the major leagues in home runs and RBI over the 10-year span from 1981 to 1990.\n", "One of the most productive and decorated players of the 1980s, Murphy led the National League in games, at bats, runs, hits, extra base hits, RBIs, runs created, total bases, and plate appearances during the decade. He also accomplished a 30–30 (30 home runs with 30 stolen bases) season in 1983. Murphy played in 740 consecutive games, at the time the 11th longest such streak in baseball history. His jersey number (\"3\") was retired by the Atlanta Braves on June 13, 1994, in his honor as opposed to that of even Babe Ruth, who wore Boston Braves number 3 during the partial season with which his career concluded. Murphy was inducted into both the Oregon Sports Hall of Fame and the Georgia Sports Hall of Fame in 1997.\n", "Section::::Baseball.:Public persona.\n", "Murphy's clean-living habits off the diamond were frequently noted in the media. A devout member of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), Murphy did not drink alcoholic beverages, would not allow women to be photographed embracing him, and paid his teammates' dinner checks as long as alcoholic beverages were not on the tab. He also refused to give television interviews unless he was fully dressed. Murphy had been introduced to the LDS Church early in his career by teammate Barry Bonnell.\n", "For several years the \"Atlanta Constitution\" ran a weekly column, wherein Murphy responded to young fans' questions and letters. In 1987 he shared \"Sports Illustrated\" magazine's \"Sportsmen and Sportswomen of the Year\" award with seven others, characterized as \"Athletes Who Care\", for his work with numerous charities, including the Make-a-Wish Foundation, the Georgia March of Dimes and the American Heart Association.\n", "One of his more memorable incidents was reminiscent of a scene from the classic black-and-white baseball film \"The Pride of the Yankees\":\n", "Before a home game against San Francisco on June 12, 1983, Murphy visited in the stands with Elizabeth Smith, a six-year-old girl who had lost both hands and a leg when she stepped on a live power line. After Murphy gave her a cap and a T shirt, her nurse innocently asked if he could hit a home run for Elizabeth. \"I didn't know what to say, so I just sort of mumbled 'Well, O.K.,' \" says Murphy. That day he hit two homers and drove in all the Braves' runs in a 3–2 victory.\n", "He was ultimately granted several honors because of his integrity, character, and sportsmanship including, Lou Gehrig Memorial Award (1985), \"Sportsman of the Year\" (1987), Roberto Clemente Award (1988), Bart Giamatti Community Service Award (1991), and World Sports Humanitarian Hall of Fame (1991 Induction).\n", "Section::::Baseball.:Hall of Fame candidacy.\n", "Despite his reputation as a true five-tool superstar and multiple MVP awards, Murphy did not get elected to the Hall of Fame. He first appeared on the writers' ballot for the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1999, the earliest possible year of consideration. He has failed to gain election, joining Barry Bonds, late New York Yankees outfielder Roger Maris and recently eligibile Juan González as the only Hall of Fame-eligible recipients of multiple MVP awards not in the Hall. His failed candidacy has drawn particular notice due to his reputation as a clean-living player whose career was immediately followed by baseball's scandal-plagued \"steroids era\".\n", "Baseball writer Rob Neyer feels that the former MVP's candidacy has been hurt by a career that \"got a late start and suffered an early end.\" Stuart Miller, baseball writer for \"The New York Times\", also notes the \"sharp decline\" in production that plagued Murphy after the age of 31 in arguing, \"Players who were great for a short time do not receive much [Hall of Fame] recognition.\" Finding \"one of baseball's best players in the 1980s\" to be \"undervalued\", Miller nonetheless writes that the Brave great \"is typically considered a 'close but no' guy.\" Bill James, father of sabermetrics, says of Murphy, \"It certainly wouldn't offend me to have him in the Hall of Fame. I just wouldn't advocate it.\" James' \"current metric for Hall induction was 300 Win Shares (a complex mathematical equation weighing what players contribute to their victories)...\" Murphy stands at 253 Win Shares. James ranks eight Hall of Famers below Murphy.\n", "However, others contend, \"Murphy's incredible nine-year run in Atlanta was every bit as good as anyone else during his era,\" with many pointing out the fact that he was a rare bright spot of many miserable Braves teams in the 1980s. Neyer notes that the explosion of power during the steroids-fueled era that began after Murphy's retirement may have caused Murphy's numbers to pale in comparison for many voters. Some have argued that Murphy's reputation for clean living may encourage voters to \"look more favorably on what Murphy did without using performance-enhancing drugs.\" (Murphy weighed in on the steroids issue in asserting that career home run leader Barry Bonds \"without a doubt\" used performance-enhancing drugs.) \"Sports Illustrated\"'s Joe Posnanski has endorsed Murphy as an \"emotional pick . . . a larger-than-life character who signed every autograph, spoke up for every charity and played brilliant baseball every day for mostly doomed teams.\"\n", "Nonetheless, though he continued to earn the requisite 5% to remain on the ballot, Murphy averaged only 13.6% over the first twelve years of voting. (Election to the hall requires 75%.) In the first decade of his eligibility, he \"peaked at 23% in 2000 and fell to 11.5% in 2009.\" Moreover, as writers may only vote for ten players each year, some have argued that the candidacy of stars from the 1980s—such as Murphy, pitcher Jack Morris, and outfielder Tim Raines—will become imperiled as a wave of more recently retired players with more statistically impressive credentials becomes eligible in the 2010s. Noting his low vote totals, Murphy has said, \"Since I'm not that close [to election] ... I don't think about it that much.\" On January 9, 2013, his 15th and final appearance on the Hall of Fame ballot, Murphy secured 18.9% of the vote, falling well short of the 75% necessary to enter the Baseball Hall of Fame on the BBWAA ballot.\n", "Section::::Post-baseball life.\n", "From 1997 to 2000, Murphy served as president of the LDS Church's Massachusetts Boston Mission.\n", "In 2005, Murphy started a non-profit organization called the iWontCheat Foundation to promote ethical behavior, and deter steroid use and cheating in youth athletics. Since 2008 all players from the participating teams at the Little League World Series wear the \"I WON'T CHEAT!\" embroidered patch above the Little League Baseball logo on the left sleeve of their jerseys.\n", "In 2008, he was appointed to the National Advisory Board for the national children's charity, Operation Kids. Murphy serves as a national advisor to . Murphy is a long time supporter of Operation Smile and also currently serves on the organization's Board of Governors.\n", "During the 2012 MLB season, Murphy was a part of the Atlanta Braves TV broadcasting crew and participated in the telecast of at least 14 games.\n", "He was the first-base coach for the USA team in the 2013 World Baseball Classic.\n", "In 2017 he opened a restaurant, Murph's, in Atlanta near SunTrust Park, where the Braves have played since the 2017 season. He lives in Alpine, Utah.\n", "Section::::Author.\n", "Murphy has written three books. The first, \"The Scouting Report on Professional Athletics\", elaborates details of the professional athlete's lifestyle. Murphy discusses balancing career and family, working with agents, managing business affairs, serving one's community, and preparing for retirement. In his second book, an autobiography titled \"Murph\", he talked about his religious faith. He discussed the struggles of his early baseball career and how he overcame problems. In 2007 Murphy wrote his third book, \"The Scouting Report for Youth Athletics\", in response to what he saw as the increase in negative behavior in youth sports resulting from poor examples set by professional athletes. Included with each book is a 50-page insert which includes contributions from, among others, Peyton Manning, Dwyane Wade, Tom Glavine, and Danica Patrick. In a question-and-answer format, they discuss the lessons they learned from youth sports and how they apply the lessons today. There is also a physician-penned section about illegal performance-enhancing drug use in sports.\n", "Section::::Personal life.\n", "Murphy and his wife, Nancy, have eight children: sons Chad, Travis, Shawn, Tyson, Taylor, Jake, and McKay and daughter Madison.\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- 30–30 club\n", "BULLET::::- List of Major League Baseball annual home run leaders\n", "BULLET::::- List of Major League Baseball career runs scored leaders\n", "BULLET::::- List of Major League Baseball career runs batted in leaders\n", "BULLET::::- List of Major League Baseball annual runs batted in leaders\n", "BULLET::::- List of Major League Baseball annual runs scored leaders\n", "BULLET::::- List of Major League Baseball career hits leaders\n", "BULLET::::- List of Major League Baseball career home run leaders\n", "BULLET::::- List of Major League Baseball career stolen bases leaders\n", "BULLET::::- Major League Baseball consecutive games played streaks\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Dale Murphy at SABR (Baseball BioProject)\n", "BULLET::::- Dale Murphy at Baseball Almanac\n", "BULLET::::- Dale Murphy at Baseball Gauge\n", "BULLET::::- Dale Murphy at Baseball Library\n", "br\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "Dale Bryan Murphy" ] }, "description": "American baseball player", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q3012322", "wikidata_label": "Dale Murphy", "wikipedia_title": "Dale Murphy" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Jacques Collin de Plancy\n", "Jacques Albin Simon Collin de Plancy (28 January 1793 in Plancy-l'Abbaye – 1881 in Paris) was a French occultist, demonologist and writer; he published several works on occultism and demonology.\n", "Section::::Biography.\n", "He was born Jacques Albin Simon Collin on 28 (in some sources 30) January 1793 in Plancy (presently Plancy-l'Abbaye) son of Edme-Aubin Collin and Marie-Anne Danton, sister of Georges-Jacques Danton who was executed the year after Jacques was born. He later added the aristocratic \"de Plancy\" himself – an addition which would later cause accusations against his son in his career as a diplomat. He was a free-thinker influenced by Voltaire. He worked as a printer and publisher in Plancy-l'Abbaye and Paris. Between 1830 and 1837, he resided in Brussels, and then in the Netherlands, before he returned to France after having converted to the Catholic religion.\n", "Collin de Plancy followed the tradition of many previous demonologists of cataloguing demons by name and title of nobility, as it happened with grimoires like \"Pseudomonarchia Daemonum\", and \"The Lesser Key of Solomon\" among others. In 1818 his best known work, \"Dictionnaire Infernal\", was published. In 1863 were added some images that made it famous: imaginative drawings concerning the appearance of certain demons. In 1822 it was advertised as:\n", "It is considered a major work documenting beings, characters, books, deeds and causes which pertain to the manifestations and magic of trafficking with Hell; divinations, occult sciences, grimoires, marvels, errors, prejudices, traditions, folktales, the various superstitions, and generally all manner of marvellous, surprising, mysterious, and supernatural beliefs.\n", "By the end of 1830 he ostensibly became an enthusiastic Catholic, much to the confusion of his former admirers and detractors. In 1846, he published a two-volume work entitled \"Dictionnaire Sciences Occultes et des Idées superstitieuses\", another listing of demons. The set cost 16 francs.\n", "Jacques Collin de Plancy was the father of Victor Collin de Plancy (1853–1924), who, for nearly a decade, starting in 1884, served as French Minister to Korea and whose collected art works and books became part of the core of the Korean collections of the French Bibliothèque Nationale and the Musée Guimet in Paris.\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Dictionnaire infernal: ou Répertoire universel des êtres, des personnages, 1853 at Google Books, PDF download available\n", "BULLET::::- Réalité de la magie et des apparitions: ou, Contre-poison du Dictionnaire, 1819 at Google Books, PDF download available\n", "BULLET::::- Dictionnaire infernal, ou, Recherches et anecdotes, sur les démons, les, 1818 at Google Books, PDF download available\n", "BULLET::::- Dictionnaire infernal, ou Recherches et anecdotes sur les démons, 1844 at Google Books, PDF download available\n", "BULLET::::- Dictionnaire des sciences occultes: ou, Répertoire universel des êtres, des, 1848 at Google Books, PDF download available\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "Jacques Albin Simon Collin", "Collin de Plancy" ] }, "description": "French occultist, demonologist and writer", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q2283832", "wikidata_label": "Jacques Collin de Plancy", "wikipedia_title": "Jacques Collin de Plancy" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Henry Darcy\n", "Henry Philibert Gaspard Darcy (, 10 June 1803 – 3 January 1858) was a French engineer who made several important contributions to hydraulics including Darcy’s law for flow in porous media.\n", "Section::::Early life.\n", "Darcy was born in Dijon, France. Despite his father's death in 1817 when he was 14, his mother was able to borrow money to pay for his tutors. In 1821 he enrolled at the \"École Polytechnique\" (Polytechnic School) in Paris, and transferred two years later to the School of Bridges and Roads, which led to employment in the Corps of Bridges and Roads.\n", "Henry met an English woman, Henriette Carey, whose family had been living in Dijon, and married her in 1828.\n", "Section::::Engineering career.\n", "As a member of the Corps, he built an impressive pressurized water distribution system in Dijon following the failure of attempts to supply adequate fresh water by drilling wells. The system carried water from Rosoir Spring away through a covered aqueduct (watercourse) to reservoirs near the city, which then fed into a network of 28,000 meters of pressurized pipes delivering water to much of the city. The system was fully closed and driven by gravity, and thus required no pumps with just sand acting as a filter. He was also involved in many other public works in and around Dijon, as well as in the politics of the Dijon city government.\n", "During this period he modified the Prony equation for calculating head loss due to friction, which after further modification by Julius Weisbach would become the well-known Darcy–Weisbach equation still in use today.\n", "In 1848 he became Chief Engineer for the \"département\" of which Dijon is the capital. Soon thereafter he left Dijon due to political pressure, but was promoted to Chief Director for Water and Pavements and took up office in Paris. While in that position, he was able to focus more on his hydraulics research, especially on flow and friction losses in pipes. During this period he improved the design of the Pitot tube, into essentially the form used today.\n", "He resigned his post in 1855 due to poor health, but was permitted to continue his research in Dijon. In 1855 and 1856 he conducted column experiments that established what has become known as Darcy's law; initially developed to describe flow through sands, it has since been generalized to a variety of situations and is in widespread use today. The unit of measure of fluid permeability, the darcy is named in his honour.\n", "Darcy died of pneumonia while on a trip to Paris in 1858, and is buried in Cimetière de Dijon (formerly known as Péjoces) in Dijon.\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- Hydrogeology\n", "Section::::References.\n", "BULLET::::- gives a great deal of biographical detail for Darcy, including his publications, along with a detailed and informed discussion of the history of Darcy's law.\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "French engineer", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q438507", "wikidata_label": "Henry Darcy", "wikipedia_title": "Henry Darcy" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Kikuko Inoue\n", "Section::::Biography.\n", "Inoue's vocal roles are usually female characters characterized as dignified, reserved, beautiful, kind, regal, mature or domestic. For example, Belldandy, a goddess who is kind, compassionate and skilled at domestic tasks. Kasumi Tendo is an older sister who has taken over domestic duties after the death of her mother, and who acts as a counterbalance to the more rambunctious members of her family. Notably, both Kasumi and Belldandy are almost parallels of each other due to their roles as domestics in a home which could explode into chaos at any moment. She also plays Rune Venus in \"El-Hazard\", a princess and leader of her country; as well as Kazami Mizuho in \"Please Teacher!\", a sensible, strong-hearted alien agent in charge of observing humanity that ends up falling in love with an earthling.\n", "She occasionally takes on roles which are more sultry, such as Corvette in \"Idol Project\", a curvaceous dancer who flirts quite intensely with Mimu, the young heroine. In the hentai OVA \"Ogenki Clinic\" she provides the voice of a sex-crazed nurse. Also, as Lust in \"Fullmetal Alchemist: Brotherhood\", she was an antagonist the main characters have to contend with more than once. On very rare occasions she takes male roles, such as Tsubasa Oozora from \"Captain Tsubasa ROAD to 2002\", as she has stated that these roles allow her to shout, which she finds \"liberating\".\n", "She is referred to as \"Onee-chan\" (\"big sister\" in Japanese) and stayed with the title on her official site and a few albums because of her role as Kasumi Tendo in \"Ranma ½\"; this is confirmed in her online profile. She believes that in her past life she was a fish and therefore uses fish as her trademark. She made a guest appearance at the 2007 Animazement anime convention in Durham, North Carolina for an autograph and Q&A session. When asked her age, she often responds that she is only 17, which has become a running gag at events as well as anime shows. At an Otakon 2009 panel, she explained that the number 17 was an aesthetic choice. After voice acting Belldandy from the \"Ah! My Goddess\" anime, subsequent chapters of the manga used Inoue's distinctive style as the basis for Belldandy's character.\n", "She won Best Supporting Voice Actress in the 4th Seiyu Awards. In 2016, at the 10th Seiyu Awards, she won the Kazue Takahashi Award for \"the female performer who broadens the profession of voice acting in every form of media.\"\n", "Inoue is married, and has a daughter named Honoka. Honoka uses Inoue as her stage \"family\" name and she is also a voice actress and singer. She's best friends with fellow voice actress Atsuko Tanaka.\n", "Section::::Live appearances.\n", "BULLET::::- \"TV Champion\" (TV Tokyo, September 15, 2005)\n", "Section::::Stage appearances.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Densha Otoko\" (Erumesu)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Sakura Taisen Paris Mini-Live\" 2001 Tokyo (Lobelia Carlini)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Sakura Taisen Paris no Christmas, Joyeux Noël!\" 2001 Dinner Show, Tokyo (Lobelia Carlini)\n", "Section::::Discography.\n", "Section::::Discography.:Albums.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Bokura no Best da, Onee-chan\"\n", "BULLET::::- \"Funwari, Nobi Nobi Perfect Solo Collection\" (LD + 2-CD set)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Fushigi na Omajinai: Tadaima 2\"\n", "BULLET::::- \"Hidamari\"\n", "BULLET::::- \"merry fish: sound & photo book\"\n", "BULLET::::- \"Mizuumi\"\n", "BULLET::::- \"Shiawase Tambourine\"\n", "BULLET::::- \"Sora Iro no Ehon\" (2-CD set)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Tadaima\"\n", "BULLET::::- \"Tanoshii Koto\"\n", "BULLET::::- \"Yūbi na Osakana\"\n", "BULLET::::- Outside Japan\n", "BULLET::::- \"Anime Toonz Presents Kikuko Inoue\" (Jellybean, 2001)\n", "Section::::Discography.:Singles.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Dōzo Yoroshiku ne.\"\n", "BULLET::::- \"Okaerinasai\"\n", "Section::::Discography.:Talk.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Inoue Kikuko no Gekkan Onee-chan to Issho\" monthly series (1997)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Manbow Hōsōkyoku\" ()\n", "BULLET::::- \"Ruri Iro Aquarium: Manbow Hōsōkyoku 2\" ()\n", "BULLET::::- \"Ruri Iro Aquarium Special: Manbow Hōsōkyoku 3\" ()\n", "BULLET::::- \"Ruri Iro Aquarium Selection\" ()\n", "BULLET::::- \"Shin Onee-chan to Issho\" seasonal series (1999)\n", "Section::::Discography.:Collaboration.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Lu · puty · La · puty\" (\"Shiawase Kurowassan\", Kikuko Inoue and Maria Yamamoto)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Osakana Penguin no Theme\" (\"Osakana Penguin\", Kikuko Inoue and Junko Iwao)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Osakana Penguin CD\" (\"Osakana Penguin\", Kikuko Inoue and Junko Iwao)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Shiawase-san\" (\"Shiawase Kurowassan\", Kikuko Inoue and Maria Yamamoto)\n", "Section::::Discography.:Soundtracks.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Anata no Birthday\" (as Belldandy)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Aria Drama CD I\" (Alicia Florence and Hime M. Granchester from \"Aria\")\n", "BULLET::::- \"Aria Drama CD II\" (Alicia Florence and Hime M. Granchester from \"Aria\")\n", "BULLET::::- \"E-yume, Miyou!\" (Meimi and Seira from \"Saint Tail\")\n", "BULLET::::- \"Gimme Love\" (from \"Voogie's Angel\")\n", "BULLET::::- \"Girl Friends\" (from \"Voogie's Angel\")\n", "BULLET::::- \"Oh My Goddess! Mikami Debut Pack\" (as Belldandy from \"Oh My Goddess!\")\n", "BULLET::::- \"Shin Megami Tensei Devil Children Character File 3\" (as Cool from \"Shin Megami Tensei Devil Children\")\n", "Section::::Radio.\n", "Listed in broadcast order.\n", "Section::::Radio.:AM radio.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Inoue Kikuko no Twilight Syndrome\" (April–September 1995)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Inoue Kikuko no Ruri Iro Aquarium\" (October 1995–March 1996)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Kakikuke Kikuko no Sashisuse Sonata\" (October 1998–March 1999)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Hexamoon Guardians  Kikuko Maria no Otsuki-sama ni Onegai\" (April 1999–March 2000)\n", "BULLET::::- \"It's on!\" (October 2001–March 2003)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Onegai Teacher: Mizuho-sensei no Hachimitsu Jugyō\" (January–October 2002)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Inoue Kikuko no Caramel Heights\" (October 2002–March 2005)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Onegai Teacher: Hachimitsu Jugyō♥Ho · Shu · U\" (October 2002–March 2003)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Onegai Teacher: Hachimitsu Jugyō Shingakki\" (April–June 2003)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Onegai Twins: Mizuho-sensei to Hachimitsu Twins\" (July 2003–March 2004)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Hāi Inoue Shōten Desu yo!\" (April 2005–current)\n", "Section::::Radio.:Satellite digital radio.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Inoue Kikuko no Osakana Radio\" (November 2000–March 2002)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Inoue Kikuko no Shiitake Radio\" (April 2002–March 2003)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Inoue Kikuko no Caramel Town\" (March 2003–current)\n", "Section::::Radio.:Internet radio.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Onegai Hour: Mizuho-sensei no Kojin Jugyō\" (May 2004–March 2005)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Onee-chan ha Mahō Shōjo?\" (June 2005–current)\n", "Section::::Other products.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Coco Macne (white) and Coco Macne (black)\" from the Macne series\n", "BULLET::::- \"Haruno Sora\", a Vocaloid for VOCALOID 5.\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Official agency profile\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "Japanese voice actress and singer", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q1154469", "wikidata_label": "Kikuko Inoue", "wikipedia_title": "Kikuko Inoue" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Nina Ponomaryova\n", "Nina Apollonovna Ponomaryova (née \"Romashkova\"; ; 27 April 1929 – 19 August 2016) was a Russian discus thrower and the first Soviet Olympic champion.\n", "Section::::Career.\n", "Ponomaryova became interested in athletics in 1947, when she entered the Physical Training Faculty of the Stavropol Pedagogical Institute. Her first official performance was in 1948 at the Stavropol Krai Championships, where she set a new regional record at 30.53 m. After just three years of training she became one of the leading Soviet athletes. In 1949 she finished third at the USSR Championships. At that time an experienced coach Dmitry Markov began to train her. In 1951 Romashkova became the Soviet champion, she repeated this success in 1952–1956, 1958 and 1959.\n", "In 1952 she was a member of the Soviet team, which participated in the Olympic Games for the first time in history. At that time the Olympic record was held since 1936 Summer Olympics by Gisela Mauermayer at 47.63 m. Ponomaryova won the qualifying round with a throw of 45.05 m (36 m was enough to qualify). In the final, after the first try Ponomaryova was second with a throw of 45.16 m, the leader being her teammate Nina Dumbadze (45.85 m). In the second try Ponomaryova improved the Olympic record by more than 3 metres (50.84 m). After that she was the leader until the end of the competition. In the third try she set the Olympic record at 51.42 m and earned the first Olympic gold medal for the Soviet Union.\n", "Less than a month after the 1952 Summer Olympics, on 9 August 1952 in Odessa Ponomaryova set a new world record at 53.61 m. In 1954 she won a European title, and in 1956 an Olympic bronze medal. In 1957 she was awarded the Order of the Red Banner. In 1960 Ponomaryova became an Olympic champion for the second time. In 1966 she finished her career and worked as a coach, first in Kiev, and after 1998 in Moscow.\n", "Section::::Personal life.\n", "Soon after the 1952 Olympics, Ponomaryova married and gave birth to a son.\n", "Section::::Quote.\n", "\"Only after I had felt a heavy golden circle in my hand, I realized what happened. I am the first Soviet Olympic Champion, you know, the first record-holder of the 15th Olympiad...Tears were stinging my eyes. How happy I was!..\". After her win at the 1952 Summer Olympics.\n", "In Russian:\"Только ощутив в руке тяжелый золотой кружок, я осознала, что произошло. Ведь я первая советская олимпийская чемпионка, первая рекордсменка XV Олимпиады... Слезы щипали глаза. Как я была счастлива!..\".\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Romashkova-Ponomaryova rzutyiskoki.pl\n", "BULLET::::- Nina Ponomaryova's profile in the Modern Museum of Sports includes photos of her and some of her decorations\n", "BULLET::::- Biography\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "Nina Apollonovna Ponomaryova" ] }, "description": "Soviet discus thrower", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q242402", "wikidata_label": "Nina Ponomaryova", "wikipedia_title": "Nina Ponomaryova" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Allan Cunningham (botanist)\n", "Allan Cunningham (13 July 1791 – 27 June 1839) was an English botanist and explorer, primarily known for his travels in Australia to collect plants.\n", "Section::::Early life.\n", "Cunningham was born in Wimbledon, Surrey, the son of Allan Cunningham (head gardener at Wimbledon Park House), who came from Renfrewshire, Scotland, and his English wife Sarah (née Juson/Jewson née Dicken). Allan Cunningham was educated at a Putney private school, Reverend John Adams Academy and then went into a solicitor's office (a Lincoln's Inn Conveyancer). He afterwards obtained a position with William Townsend Aiton superintendent of Kew Gardens, and this brought him in touch with Robert Brown and Sir Joseph Banks.\n", "Section::::Brazil and Australia (New South Wales).\n", "On Banks' recommendation, Cunningham went to Brazil with James Bowie between 1814 and 1816 collecting specimens for Kew Gardens. On 28 September 1816 he sailed for Sydney where he arrived on 20 December 1816. He established himself at Parramatta. Among other explorations, he joined John Oxley's 1817 expedition beyond the Blue Mountains to the Lachlan and Macquarie rivers and shared in the privations of the 1,200 miles (1,930 km) journey. He collected specimens of about 450 species and gained valuable experience as an explorer.\n", "Section::::Coastal exploration.\n", "Cunningham traveled as the ship's botanist aboard HMS \"Mermaid\" under Phillip Parker King from 1817 to 1820. The \"Mermaid\" was of only 85 tons, but sailing on 22 December 1817 they reached King George Sound on 21 January 1818. Though their stay was short many specimens were found but the islands on the west coast were comparatively barren. Towards the end of March the Goulburn Islands on the north coast were reached and many new plants were discovered. They reached Timor on 4 June 1818 and, turning for home, arrived at Port Jackson on 29 July 1818. Cunningham's collections during this voyage included about 300 species.\n", "Shortly after his return, Cunningham made an excursion south from Sydney, ascending the prominent peak of Mount Keira overlooking the Illawarra region and present day Wollongong. Towards the end of the year he made a voyage to Tasmania arriving at Hobart on 2 January 1819. He next visited Launceston and though often finding the botany interesting, he found little that was absolutely new, as Brown had preceded him. In May he went with King in the \"Mermaid\" on a second voyage to the north and north-west coasts. On this occasion they started up the east coast and Cunningham found many opportunities for adding to his collections. One of these was after the ship reached the mouth of the Endeavour River (the site of modern Cooktown) on 28 June 1819.\n", "The circumnavigation of Australia was completed on 27 August when they reached Vernon Island in Clarence Strait. They again visited Timor and arrived back in Sydney on 12 January 1820. The third voyage to the north coast with King began on 15 June, but meeting bad weather the bowsprit was lost and a return was made for repairs. Sailing again on 13 July 1820 the northerly course was followed and eventually the continent was circumnavigated. Though they found the little vessel was in a bad state when they were on the north-west coast, and though serious danger was escaped until they were close to home, they were nearly wrecked off Botany Bay. The \"Mermaid\" was then condemned and the next voyage was on the \"Bathurst\" which was twice the size of the \"Mermaid\". They left on 26 May 1821, the northern route was chosen, and when they were on the west coast of Australia it was found necessary to go to Mauritius to refit, where they arrived on 27 September 1821. They left after a stay of seven weeks and reached King George Sound on 24 December 1821. A sufficiently long stay was made for Cunningham to make an excellent collection of plants, and then turning on their tracks the \"Bathurst\" sailed up the west coast and round the north of Australia. Sydney was reached again on 25 April 1822. Cunningham provided a chapter on botany to King's \"Narrative of a Survey\".\n", "Section::::Further exploration of eastern Australia.\n", "In September 1822 Cunningham went on an expedition over the Blue Mountains and arrived at Bathurst on 14 October 1822 and returned to Parramatta in January 1823. His account of about 100 plants met with will be found in \"Geographical Memoirs on New South Wales\", edited by Barron Field, 1825, under the title \"A Specimen of the Indigenous Botany ... between Port Jackson and Bathurst\".\n", "In 1823 Cunningham set out from the upper Hunter River to explore inside the Great Dividing Range. With five men and five horses, he set out from Bathurst to explore from the Cudgegong River, passing through Rylstone to Coolah and then eastwards to Scone and returning to Coolah through Merriwa. He examined the Cudgegong and Goulburn Rivers. On 2 June passing through Coolah to the north east, he explored Pandora's Pass, which could have opened out a fair and practicable road to Liverpool Plains. He returned to Bathurst through an undeveloped Mudgee on 27 June 1823. \n", "In September 1824 Cunningham accompanied John Oxley on his second expedition to Moreton Bay and explored up the Brisbane River.\n", "Cunningham also undertook an expedition to what is now Canberra in 1824. He travelled with three convicts, three horses and a cart and he travelled via Lake Bathurst, Captains Flat and the valley in which flows the Queanbeyan River. Poor weather prevented him from continuing his journey south.\n", "Cunningham had long wished to visit New Zealand and on 28 August 1826 he was able to sail on a whaler. He was hospitably received by the missionaries in the Bay of Islands, was able to do much botanical work, and returned to Sydney on 20 January 1827. Accounts of his work in New Zealand will be found in Hooker's \"Companion to the Botanical Magazine\", 1836, and \"Annals of Natural History\", 1838 and 1839.\n", "Cunningham set out to explore the area to the west of Moreton Bay in 1827, crossing to the west of the Great Dividing Range from the Hunter Region and travelling north. In June 1827, Cunningham climbed to the top of Mount Dumaresq (near what is now Clintonvale close to Maryvale) and after wrote in his diary that this lush area was ideal for settlement. Exploring around Mount Dumaresq, Cunningham found a pass, now known as Cunninghams Gap.\n", "Cunningham returned to the Moreton Bay penal colony in 1828, setting off from Brisbane with Patrick Logan, Charles Fraser and five men to find Mount Warning and to establish the route to Cunningham's Gap which he did, on 24 July. The peaks on either side of the gap were also named, Mount Cordeaux and Mount Mitchell. After exploring the McPherson Range area, Cunningham travelled on the south side of the Gap whereas the highway today runs further north, through the gap, from the small township of Aratula. Spicer's Gap which runs parallel to Cunningham's Gap was actually the pass first identified by Cunningham in 1827. After its rediscovery by Henry Alphen in 1847, Spicer's Gap was used as a stagecoach route. In 1829, Cunningham explored the Brisbane River.\n", "Section::::Contributions to botany.\n", "Australia's most prolific plant collector of the early nineteenth century, Cunningham had been sent to Australia to expand the collection at the King' Garden at Kew and he was given the title of \"King's Collector for the Royal Garden at Kew\". He was so successful that a hothouse built for specimens from Africa was renamed \"Botany Bay House\". Although his main role was to collect propagation material, his lasting legacy are his herbarium sheets which are thought by his biographer, Anthony Orchard, to exceed 20,000.\n", "It is often thought that Cunningham published few papers on botany and in his obituary, John Lindley wrote, \"How little he regarded posthumous fame is seen by the fewness of his published works, a brief sketch of the Flora of New Zealand being the only systematic account of his Botanical discoveries...\". In fact, although he was effectively barred from publishing on botany whilst employed as \"King's Collector\", he nevertheless later published seven major papers, and 57 shorter papers on subjects including taxonomy, geology, physical geography and zoology. He was one of the first scientists to publish papers on botanical geography.\n", "Cunningham was concerned that many of his discoveries sent to Kew were not published, allowing others, including William Baxter to be credited with their discovery. (Baxter had risked arrest and a possible flogging for undermining Cunningham's work by sending specimens to commercial interests.) When Cunningham returned to London,\n", "he sent duplicates of his herbarium specimens to other botanists, including de Candolle, Schauer, William Jackson Hooker, Bentham, Lindley and others, who published his descriptions with acknowledgement to \"A.Cunn.\".\n", "Section::::Later life.\n", "In 1831 Cunningham returned to England, but went back to Australia in 1837 on board as government botanist, resigning in the following year on finding that he was required to grow vegetables for government officials. He died in Sydney on 27 June 1839, of consumption and was buried in the Devonshire Street Cemetery. In 1901 his remains were \"reverently removed\" and reinterred in an obelisk within the Royal Botanic Gardens in Sydney.\n", "Section::::Legacy.\n", "Some of Australia's plants: \"Araucaria cunninghamii\" (hoop pine), \"Archontophoenix cunninghamiana\" (Bangalow palm), \"Banksia cunninghamii\", \"Bauhinia cunninghamii\", \"Casuarina cunninghamiana\" (river sheoak), \"Centipeda cunninghamii\" (old man weed), \"Ficus cunninghamii\", \"Medicosma cunninghamii\" (bone wood), \"Nothofagus cunninghamii\" (myrtle tree, Tasmania), \"Pennantia cunninghamii\" (brown beech), and \"Polyosma cunninghamii\" commemorate Allan and his brother Richard, a botanist. The Cunningham Highway is named in honour of Allan. The genus \"Alania\" was created by Endlicher in Cunningham's honour. \n", "A species of Australian lizard, \"Egernia cunninghami\", is named in honour of Allan Cunningham.\n", "The Australian federal seat of Cunningham, which stretches from Port Kembla in the south of Wollongong to Heathcote in Southern Sydney, was named after him in honour of his being the first European explorer to visit the Illawarra region.\n", "The locality of Allan, Queensland was named after him.\n", "Section::::References.\n", "BULLET::::- Cunningham's Pandora's Pass, Tracking and Mapping the Explorers, 1823, Volume 4, 2nd Edition, Sunnyland Press\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- The Allan Cunningham Project dedicated to documenting accurate information related to Allan Cunningham\n", "BULLET::::- Toowoomba City Council\n", "BULLET::::- Indian Academy of Sciences\n", "BULLET::::- National Library of Australia\n", "BULLET::::- Kew Gardens\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "A.Cunn." ] }, "description": "British botanist", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q545888", "wikidata_label": "Allan Cunningham", "wikipedia_title": "Allan Cunningham (botanist)" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "William Henry Cushing\n", "William Henry Cushing (August 21, 1852 – January 25, 1934) was a Canadian politician. Born in Ontario, he migrated west as a young adult where he started a successful lumber company and later became Alberta's first Minister of Public Works and the 11th mayor of Calgary. As Minister of Public Works in the government of Alexander Cameron Rutherford, he oversaw the creation of Alberta Government Telephones.\n", "Cushing's resignation in 1910 precipitated the Alberta and Great Waterways Railway scandal, which forced Rutherford's resignation. Though Cushing had hopes of being asked to replace Rutherford, that role fell instead to Arthur Sifton, the province's chief judge. Left out of Sifton's cabinet, Cushing did not seek re-election in the 1913 election, and did not re-enter politics thereafter. He was the chairman of Mount Royal College's board of governors for sixteen years. He died in 1934.\n", "Section::::Early life.\n", "Cushing was born August 21, 1852 in Kenilworth, Ontario to William Cushing and Sarah Thomson. His father was a farmer who had immigrated from Norwich, England in 1840. In 1879, Cushing indentured as a carpenter. He moved to Calgary in 1883, where in partnership with Stephen Jarett, he engaged in carpentry, building houses and stores. In 1877 Cushing married Elizabeth Rinn, who died three years later. In 1883 he married Mary Jane Waters, with whom he had two children. In 1885 he opened a sash and door factory, which made him wealthy. His business flourished and expanded; by 1900, it occupied 42 city lots and employed more than one hundred workers; by 1911, this number had reached two hundred. He was also active in the local Methodist church and the Bowness golf club, and served eight years as a school trustee with the Calgary Board of Education. He was a supporter of the Temperance Movement.\n", "Section::::Municipal politics.\n", "Cushing was elected Calgary town councillor for a term beginning on January 20, 1890. He remained in that capacity until January 16, 1893. Two years later he became an alderman on the council of Calgary, which was now a city. He served as alderman from January 7, 1895 until January 4, 1897, and again from May 1899 until January 2, 1900. During his last term he was elected the thirteenth mayor of Calgary, a position he held from January 2, 1900 until January 7, 1901. He subsequently served another term as alderman from January 6, 1902 until January 2, 1905.\n", "He also served as the president of Calgary's Board of Trade in 1906.\n", "Section::::Provincial politics.\n", "After Alexander Cameron Rutherford was asked to form Alberta's first government in 1905, he appointed Cushing as his Minister of Public Works. Historian L. G. Thomas notes that this was an important portfolio, given the rapid development of infrastructure expected in the new province. In keeping with custom for cabinet ministers in Westminster parliamentary systems, Cushing ran for the first Legislative Assembly of Alberta in the district of Calgary in the 1905 election. Cushing, a Liberal, was opposed by Conservative leader R. B. Bennett. The campaign was acrimonious; at one meeting, Bennett accused Cushing of giving his fellow Liberal candidates road-building money with which they could bribe their districts. On election day, Cushing defeated Bennett, who attributed his defeat to \"Roman Catholic influence\".\n", "Once elected, he was Calgary's primary supporter in the legislature's debate over Alberta's capital city, claiming that it was the new province's economic centre, that Alberta's status as a province was the result of a political movement that had begun in Calgary, and that it would be cheaper to build a legislature there than in Edmonton, site of the interim capital. His motion to name Calgary as the capital was defeated 16 votes to eight, and permanent capital was located at Edmonton. Though it was not to be at his preferred location, as Public Works Minister Cushing did choose the design for the new Alberta Legislature Building, which was based on the Minnesota State Capitol.\n", "As Calgary's representative, Cushing was further dismayed when Rutherford elected to locate the University of Alberta in his own hometown of Strathcona, immediately across the North Saskatchewan River from Edmonton. Calgarians felt that, having been denied the capital, they should be first in line for the university.\n", "As Public Works Minister, Cushing was a primary advocate of government intervention in the labour disputes plaguing Alberta's coal industry in 1907; Rutherford eventually appointed a commission to examine the problem. Cushing also presided over the government's entry into the telephone business: in 1906, most telephone lines in Alberta were privately owned, and the largest of these private owners was the Bell Telephone Company. Bell controlled all telephone service in Calgary, and refused to extend its operations into less densely populated, and therefore less profitable, regions of the province. In response, Cushing attacked Bell as \"the most pernicious and iniquitous monopoly that had ever been foisted upon a people claiming to be free\" and sponsored legislation creating Alberta Government Telephones to service areas that Bell would not. This new company later purchased Bell's lines, financing the venture by issuing debentures, in contrast to the government's usual policy of \"pay as you go\". Cushing's zeal for government involvement was such that member of the House of Commons of Canada Peter Talbot in 1908 warned Rutherford that his Public Works Minister was \"going crazy\" with public ownership and that Rutherford would \"someday find a lot of trouble through him\". Thomas has argued that it was strange for a successful businessman like Cushing to be so aggressive rhetorically against a successful corporation, but Mount Royal College historian Patricia Roome has suggested that Cushing was soured by his own experience as a Calgarian living under the monopoly, hostile to what he saw as a symbol of \"eastern capitalism\", and hopeful that bringing telephone service to rural areas would guarantee continued Liberal success.\n", "Section::::Provincial politics.:Railway scandal.\n", "By the 1909 election, Calgary's growth had earned it a second seat in the legislature. Cushing finished first in a five candidate field, and was elected to fill one of these seats; Bennett, finishing second, was elected to the other.\n", "Though Cushing, as Minister of Public Works, was initially responsible for railway policy, on November 1, 1909 Rutherford created a new ministry of Railways, which he appointed himself to head. In February 1910, Cushing resigned as Minister of Public Works, expressing disagreement with Rutherford's policy of offering loan guarantees to private railway builders, including the Alberta and Great Waterways (A&GW) Railway. He stated in his letter of resignation that this policy had been adopted without his knowledge or consent. Rutherford accepted the resignation with regret, but publicly disagreed with Cushing's claim that he had been kept unaware of government railway policy. On February 25, Cushing gave his account of the events leading to his resignation In the legislature: after responsibility for railways was removed from his department, Rutherford had offered the A&GW guarantees of $20,000 per mile of railway constructed. In making this guarantee, Rutherford had not consulted government engineers in the department of Public Works about construction costs, relying instead on the A&GW's engineer. Cushing felt that guaranteeing $20,000 per mile, regardless of actual construction costs, was unwise, and further believed that the government's reliance on the A&GW's engineer could let the company get away with building a sub-standard railway.\n", "There followed a dramatic series of legislative debates and votes, in which many Liberals, including Cushing, frequently voted against their own government, even on motions of non-confidence. In March, Rutherford invited Cushing to rejoin the cabinet; according to Cushing, he was assured that if he did so his rival, Attorney General Charles Wilson Cross, would resign. He declined Rutherford's offer, both because he considered that he was no longer able to work with the premier and because his allies among the anti-Rutherford Liberals urged him to fight on. Rumours began to circulate that Rutherford would resign, to be replaced by Cushing. Lieutenant Governor of Alberta George Bulyea was indeed convinced that Rutherford would have to resign in order to save the Liberals, but he and other powerful Liberals did not view Cushing as capable of leading the government. Bulyea instead invited provincial Chief Justice Arthur Sifton to form a government, though Cushing was reputed to have been \"sitting in his hotel room, his ear glued to the telephone, waiting for the summons from the Lieutenant-Governor to assume the robes of Rutherford\".\n", "Sifton left Cushing, along with all other major figures of the A&GW dispute, out of his first cabinet; Ezra Riley, a staunch Cushing ally, resigned his seat in protest. Cushing did not do the same, but did not seek re-election in the 1913 election.\n", "Section::::Later life and legacy.\n", "Cushing was the first chairman of the Mount Royal College Board of Governors, holding the post from 1910 until 1926, when he was designated Honorary Chairman. He died in Calgary January 25, 1934 of a heart attack. Calgary's W. H. Cushing Workplace School is named in his honour.\n", "Cushing is primarily remembered for his role in the Alberta and Great Waterways Railway Scandal. In assessing his role in that episode, Thomas has suggested that his actions were motivated by something other than \"revulsion against what appeared to be an unwise contract with a railway company\". Instead, he believes that Cushing had concluded that he, rather than Rutherford, should be premier, and began to conduct himself publicly in such a way as to undermine Rutherford's authority. Whatever his motivations, Cushing's resignation precipitated a scandal that ended Alexander Rutherford's political career, and in so doing had a profound effect on Alberta's political history. In evaluating his legacy, Roome also considers his role in establishing the government telephone system, which in her opinion \"produced serious financial difficulties\" for the province in the years ahead.\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Delia Ephron\n", "Delia Ephron ( ; born July 12, 1944) is an American bestselling author, screenwriter, and playwright.\n", "Section::::Life and career.\n", "Ephron was born in New York City, the second eldest of four daughters of screenwriters Phoebe and Henry Ephron. She is Jewish. Her movies include \"You've Got Mail\", \"The Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants\", \"Hanging Up\" (based on her novel), and \"Michael\". She has written novels for adults (\"Hanging Up,\" \"The Lion Is In\" and the recent \"Siracusa\") and teenagers (\"Frannie in Pieces\" and \"The Girl with the Mermaid Hair\"), books of humor, (\"How to Eat Like a Child\"), and essays. Her family is Jewish.\n", "Her journalism has appeared in \"The New York Times\", \"Oprah Magazine\", \"Vogue\", \"More\", \"The Wall Street Journal\", and \"The Huffington Post\". In 2011, she won an Athena Film Festival award for creativity and panache as a screenwriter.\n", "Ephron collaborated with her elder sister, Nora, on \"Love, Loss, and What I Wore\", which ran for over two and a half years Off-Broadway. It has played in cities across the U.S., as well as in cities around the world including Paris, Rio de Janeiro, Cape Town, Manila, and Sydney.\n", "Section::::Filmography.\n", "Section::::Filmography.:Screenplays.\n", "BULLET::::- \"How to Eat Like a Child\" (TV special, 1981)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Brenda Starr\" (1989) – as by \"Jenny Wolkind\"\n", "BULLET::::- \"This Is My Life\" (1992)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Mixed Nuts\" (1994)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Michael\" (1996)\n", "BULLET::::- \"You've Got Mail\" (1998)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Hanging Up\" (2000)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants\" (2005)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Bewitched\" (2005)\n", "Section::::Filmography.:Producer.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Sleepless in Seattle\" (1993)\n", "BULLET::::- \"You've Got Mail\" (1998)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Hanging Up\" (2000)\n", "Section::::Books.\n", "BULLET::::- (with Lorraine Bodger, under name Delia Brock) \"The Adventurous Crocheter\"\n", "BULLET::::- \"My Life and Nobody Else's\"\n", "BULLET::::- \"Santa and Alex\"\n", "BULLET::::- \"How to Eat Like a Child\" (1979), illustrated by cartoonist Edward Koren\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Girl Who Changed the World\"\n", "BULLET::::- \"Teenage Romance: Or, How to Die of Embarrassment\" (1981)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Funny Sauce\" (1986)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Do I Have to Say Hello?: Aunt Delia's Manners Quiz for Kids/Grownups\" (1991)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Hanging Up\" (1995)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Big City Eyes\" (2000)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Frannie in Pieces\" (2007)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Girl with the Mermaid Hair\" (2010)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Lion Is In\" (2012)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Sister Mother Husband Dog: Etc\" (2013)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Siracusa\" (2016)\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Hey! You Stole My Name! by Delia Ephron, in \"The New York Times\" (March 10, 2012)\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Greg Puciato\n", "Gregory John Puciato (born March 27, 1980) is best known as the lead singer of the disbanded The Dillinger Escape Plan and is currently the lead singer of The Black Queen and Killer Be Killed. He is noted for reckless live performances, wide vocal range, outspoken views, and controversy stemming from his bands' performances and interviews.\n", "In the December 2007 issue of \"Revolver\" Puciato was voted one of the \"37 greatest metal frontmen\" of all time. In 2013 he was named number one by MetalSucks in their listing of \"top 25 modern metal frontmen\".\n", "Section::::Early life.\n", "Greg Puciato grew up in Baltimore, Maryland. The city was surrounded by poverty and African-American culture that \"had a giant influence on [him],\" both in the sense that he does not \"feel uncomfortable in any area\" and on his fondness for R&B and hip-hop. As a child, he became a fan of Guns N' Roses through MTV, which was the first band he was \"obsessed with.\" Around the age of nine, he saw Metallica's video for \"One\" which bridged him from hard rock to extreme metal music. During that period, Puciato started playing guitar, with \"Seek & Destroy\" being the first song that he learned how to play. He describes the following years as centered around thrash metal and Nintendo, and shortly afterward, the Bad Brains.\n", "At fourteen, Puciato was in a thrash metal group, and they did not have a singer, which lead him to move to vocals because he was \"too much of a control freak to let someone else sing\" and could not do both at the same time, but he continued playing by himself. During that time, Puciato became a fan of funk metal bands including the Bad Brains, Faith No More, Primus and Living Colour. Pucaiato cites Mike Patton and H.R. as his biggest vocal inspirations when growing up, who \"opened my eyes a lot to what could be done with the voice overtop of heavy music.\"\n", "Although raised in a non-practicing home, Puciato attended a Catholic private school. He was a good student and skipped grades, graduating at the age of seventeen. Later, he studied for a year in Maryland and decided to take a break, during which he was invited to join The Dillinger Escape Plan.\n", "Section::::Career.\n", "Section::::Career.:The Dillinger Escape Plan.\n", "Puciato joined The Dillinger Escape Plan in September 2001 and first performed with the group weeks later at the \"CMJ music conference\" in October 2001.\n", "In a scenario mirroring that of young Henry Rollins and Black Flag, Puciato started out as a fan of The Dillinger Escape Plan in their earlier days. When the band split with their singer Dimitri Minakakis (due to him wanting to focus more on Graphic Arts/Design), they searched publicly for a new singer by releasing the instrumental version of the song \"43% Burnt\" (off of their debut album). Puciato sent in a tape with one version of him mimicking Dimitri Minakakis and one with his own take on the song. He was contacted shortly after by the band, auditioned in person, and was subsequently asked to join. Coincidentally, the band's first release with Puciato was for a Black Flag tribute compilation, where they covered Damaged I and II. He has since sung on every subsequent release.\n", "In August 2016 he told \"Metal Hammer\" magazine that the previously announced Dillinger \"hiatus\" was in fact a \"break up\" and explained the artistic reasoning for doing so.\n", "Section::::Career.:Spylacopa.\n", "Puciato was also involved with Spylacopa, an experimental musical project headed by Candiria guitarist John LaMacchia (along with Julie Christmas of Made Out of Babies and Jeff Caxide of Isis). Spylacopa released a self-titled EP in 2008, with vocals, as well as some guitar and piano/programming, written by Puciato. Similar programming and piano playing would appear on The Dillinger Escape Plan's \"Option Paralysis\" album as the bonus track \"Chuck McChip\". Puciato confirmed in 2012 that Spylacopa is \"dead\".\n", "Section::::Career.:Killer Be Killed.\n", "Later in February 2011, Max Cavalera, in an interview with Swedish magazine \"Metalshrine\", revealed that he and Greg were working on a full-length album, similar in style to Cavalera's Nailbomb project. The band, later named Killer Be Killed, was also announced to feature former Mars Volta drummer Dave Elitch, and Troy Sanders of Mastodon. In September 2013 the band recorded their self-titled debut album at Fortress Studio in Los Angeles with producer Josh Wilbur. It was released on May 13, 2014.\n", "Section::::Career.:The Black Queen.\n", "He announced in an interview with \"Revolver Magazine\" that he was involved in a new band with Josh Eustis and Nine Inch Nails/A Perfect Circle guitar tech Steven Alexander, called The Black Queen, with a release originally expected at some stage in 2014. The band posted their first song, \"The End Where We Start\", and an explanation for the long wait in June 2015. The debut album \"Fever Daydream\" was self-released on January 29, 2016, debuting at Number 2 on the Billboard Electronic chart.\n", "On June 15, 2018, the band announced that a new album called \"Infinite Games\" would be released on September 28, as well as the formation of a label named Federal Prisoner with frequent visual collaborator and fine artist Jesse Draxler. Puciato called the label \"as much an act of refusal as it is a statement of intent\", further elaborating in a blog post for Spotify that they would be \"giving more than we would be gaining\" by signing to an outside label, and that \"everything I used to see as help, I suddenly saw as unnecessary at best, and a liability at worst.\"\n", "Section::::Career.:Guest Work and Non-Musical.\n", "Puciato sang all of the vocals on the five-song, self-titled EP of digital hardcore band Error (founded by future NIN-member Atticus Ross and Epitaph Records owner and Bad Religion founding guitarist Brett Gurewitz. His position was mainly considered as temporary studio work, since the band never played any concerts. Puciato confirmed in 2012 that Error is \"dead\".\n", "Puciato is furthermore a frequent collaborator, and guest on other shows. He lent his vocals to Genghis Tron's song \"The Feast\" on their 2008 release \"Board Up the House\".\n", "He contributed a remix of the song \"Bad Fall\" on the 2009 Prong remix album \"Power of the Damn Mixxxer\". He features in A Static Lullaby's song \"The Pledge\" from their 2008 album \"Rattlesnake!\"\n", "He and The Dillinger Escape Plan repeatedly joined the stage with Nine Inch Nails during their Wave Goodbye Tour in North America, and in Australia (both with The Dillinger Escape Plan, and solo, performing the songs \"Wish\" and \"Mr. Self Destruct\").\n", "He contributed minor backup vocals on the song \"The Marvelous Slut\" on the Every Time I Die album \"New Junk Aesthetic\". In late November 2009 he appeared on stage during the two Deftones concerts at the Avalon Hollywood.\n", "He sang the Deftones songs \"Passenger\" and \"Hexagram\", as well as the Metallica classic \"Battery\", all with Chino Moreno, as part of the Chi Cheng benefit show, and then later performed \"Passenger\" most nights on the 2011 Deftones/Dillinger Escape Plan North American tour.\n", "In 2010 he appeared on and co-wrote (with Max Cavalera) the Soulfly track \"Rise of the Fallen\" on their record \"Omen\", and has on occasion performed the song live with them.\n", "He also appears on the Architects track \"Year In/Year Out\" on their 2011 release \"The Here and Now\".\n", "In February 2011 Puciato and Devin Townsend publicly decided to collaborate after both being Tweeted by a fan expressing interest in seeing them work together. The track ended up being called \"The Mighty Masturbator\" and was released as part of Townsend's \"Deconstruction\" album. Upon hearing the vocals, Townsend remarked \"Ladies and Gentlemen, Greg Puciato just tore me a new asshole. Fucking hell…AWESOME\".\n", "In 2012 Puciato appeared as vocalist on Igor Cavalera's electronic duo Mixhell's track \"Exit Wound\".\n", "In May 2014 Suicide Silence announced that Puciato had contributed guest vocals to a song called \"Monster Within\", on the album \"You Can't Stop Me\", their first album after the death of vocalist Mitch Lucker.\n", "In January 2015 Puciato appeared as a murderer in the Retox video \"Let's Not Keep in Touch\", in which he chases and kills Retox guitar player Mike Crain with a baseball bat, before dumping him out of a van which Justin Pearson is driving.\n", "In July 2015 Puciato appeared as a guest vocalist on the Lamb of God track \"Torches.\"\n", "In December 2016 Puciato appeared as a \"shadow figure\" in the Drab Majesty video \"39 By Design\".\n", "Puciato wrote the foreword for Jesse Draxler's 2018 visual arts book \"Misophonia\".\n", "Puciato released a book of poetry and photography, titled \"Separate The Dawn\", on February 12th, 2019. Initially 1000 hardcover copies were made available, selling out quickly. A second pressing of 200 was subsequently made available, also selling out quickly.\n", "Section::::Personal life, views and controversies.\n", "In a 2013 interview, Puciato said that he does not \"have a filter\" on his statements, live performances and songs' lyrics, and in the past he thought that this \"was a plus\". For this reason, he claims that his social media had become a \"distraction\" and their original intention was distorted, which was to have a closer relationship with his fans, and that led him to close them all in early 2013, including Facebook, Twitter and Instagram.\n", "On July 23, 2010, Puciato's death was faked by bandmates Ben Weinman and Liam Wilson, when they posted on their Twitter accounts that Puciato had passed in his sleep. Shortly after their Warped Tour set on July 23, Every Time I Die vocalist Keith Buckley tweeted, \"If Greg Puciato is dead, then his corpse just played a great set on mainstage today.\" debunking the rumors of Puciato's death.\n", "He has been outwardly critical of both organized religion and mainstream politics, and of the relationship between the two, and has been consistently supportive of LGBT rights, criticizing homophobia in metal, releasing a shirt in support of LGBT rights with The Dillinger Escape Plan, and debuting a video from The Black Queen on \"Out\"'s magazine website.\n", "Puciato has been outspoken on his opinions about other musicians, especially during his tenure with The Dillinger Escape Plan, criticizing artists such as Puddle of Mudd, Fall Out Boy, and Jared Leto of Thirty Seconds to Mars, the latter whom he called a \"poser\".\n", "In an interview with \"The Independent\" in 2016, Puciato revealed that he has struggled with panic attacks and agoraphobia.\n", "In 2017, he detailed his vocal writing and recording processes. He stated: \"I don't leave anything out of the realm of possibility when it comes to vocal style, as far as getting what I want. I'm more interested in capturing or amplifying the emotion of the song\". Puciato compared writing a song to a \"morphing straight line\", rather than a \"collection of parts\".\n", "Section::::Personal life, views and controversies.:Incident at the Reading Festival 2002.\n", "During The Dillinger Escape Plan's 2002 performance at the Reading Festival in the United Kingdom, Puciato defecated onstage, put it into a bag, and threw it into the crowd before smearing the rest onto himself, proclaiming \"This is a bag of shit, I just wanted to show you this so you'll recognize it later on throughout the day\" referring to other bands that would appear that day of the festival, especially Puddle of Mudd. The act caused much controversy and had them on the verge of being banned in the UK.\n", "Section::::Discography.\n", "Section::::Discography.:With The Dillinger Escape Plan.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Miss Machine\" (2004)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Ire Works\" (2007)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Option Paralysis\" (2010)\n", "BULLET::::- \"One of Us Is the Killer\" (2013)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Dissociation\" (2016)\n", "Section::::Discography.:With Spylacopa.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Spylacopa\" (2008)\n", "Section::::Discography.:With Killer Be Killed.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Killer Be Killed\" (2014)\n", "Section::::Discography.:With The Black Queen.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Fever Daydream\" (2016)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Infinite Games\" (2018)\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- The Dillinger Escape Plan's Official Facebook\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "American musician", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q746768", "wikidata_label": "Greg Puciato", "wikipedia_title": "Greg Puciato" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Regina King\n", "Regina Rene King (born January 15, 1971) is an American actress and television director. She is the recipient of various accolades, including an Academy Award, a Golden Globe Award, and three Primetime Emmy Awards. \"Time\" magazine named King one of the 100 most influential people in the world in 2019.\n", "King first gained attention in 1985 as Brenda Jenkins in the NBC television series \"227\". She would go on to star in both television and film, rising to greater prominence with roles like Dana Jones in \"Friday\" (1995), Marcee Tidwell in \"Jerry Maguire\" (1996), Riley and Huey Freeman on the hit animated series \"The Boondocks\", and Detective Lydia Adams on \"Southland\". For \"Southland\", she earned two Critics' Choice Award nominations for Best Supporting Actress in a Drama Series in 2012 and 2013. In 2018, her performance as Sharon Rivers in the film \"If Beale Street Could Talk\" earned her the Academy Award and Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress.\n", "From 2015 to 2017, King starred in the ABC anthology series \"American Crime\", for which she received three Primetime Emmy Award nominations, winning twice, and was also nominated for a Golden Globe Award. Also from 2015 to 2017, she played Erika Murphy in the HBO drama \"The Leftovers\", for which she received a Critics' Choice Television Award nomination. In 2018, she starred in the Netflix miniseries \"Seven Seconds\", for which she won her third Emmy Award. King had a recurring role as Janine Davis in the CBS sitcom \"The Big Bang Theory\", and has starred in various films, including \"Boyz n the Hood\", \"Poetic Justice\", \"\", \"Ray\" and \"\".\n", "Section::::Early life and education.\n", "Regina Rene King was born on January 15, 1971, in Los Angeles and grew up in View Park-Windsor Hills. She is the eldest daughter of Gloria (Cain), a special education teacher, and Thomas King, an electrician. King's parents divorced in 1979. King's younger sister is former actress Reina King, who appeared on \"What's Happening Now!!\" King attended Westchester High School; graduating in 1988 and later attended the University of Southern California.\n", "Section::::Career.\n", "King began her acting career in 1985 playing the role of Brenda Jenkins on the television series \"227\", a role she played until the show ended in 1990. She went on to appear in the John Singleton films \"Boyz n the Hood\", \"Poetic Justice\" and \"Higher Learning\". In 1995, she was featured in the hit comedy film \"Friday\". In 1996, she starred in the Martin Lawrence dark comedy-romance \"A Thin Line Between Love and Hate\" as Mia. King gained fame starring in the 1996 blockbuster romantic comedy film \"Jerry Maguire\" as Marcee Tidwell, the wife of Cuba Gooding, Jr.'s character. She played Will Smith's character's wife in \"Enemy of the State\", and was also featured in \"How Stella Got Her Groove Back\", \"Mighty Joe Young\", \"Down to Earth\", \"Daddy Day Care\", \"\", \"A Cinderella Story\", \"Ray\" and \"\".\n", "Beginning in the mid-2000s, she had ongoing roles on several TV series, including acclaimed work as the voice of Huey and Riley Freeman for the animated series \"The Boondocks\" and Detective Lydia Adams on the TNT police drama \"Southland\". She also appeared in roles on \"24\", \"The Big Bang Theory\", and \"Shameless\". In 2007 she played Lisa Moore in \"This Christmas\". She was a cast member on ABC's John Ridley-penned ensemble drama \"American Crime,\" and played a devout member of the Nation of Islam and sister to a drug addict accused of murder. \n", "In September 2015 and September 2016, King won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Limited Series or a Movie for \"American Crime\". In 2018, she played the role of the mother of a murdered black teenager in Netflix original series \"Seven Seconds\", winning her third Primetime Emmy Award. Her performance in the 2018 film \"If Beale Street Could Talk\", directed by Barry Jenkins, garnered critical acclaim and earned her the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress.\n", "Section::::Personal life.\n", "In 1997, King married Ian Alexander, but they divorced in 2007. They have one son, Ian Alexander Jr., born January 19, 1996. King dated actor Malcolm-Jamal Warner from 2011 until March 2013.\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- King, Regina. \"The Emmys: As White As Ever\", \"The Huffington Post\", September 3, 2010; retrieved October 9, 2010.\n", "! colspan=\"3\" style=\"background:#DAA520;\" | BET Award\n", "! colspan=\"3\" style=\"background:#DAA520;\" | NAACP Image Award\n", "! colspan=\"3\" style=\"background:#DAA520;\" | Satellite Award\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "Regina Rene King" ] }, "description": "American actress and director", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q234544", "wikidata_label": "Regina King", "wikipedia_title": "Regina King" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Dick Siegel\n", "Dick Siegel is an American singer-songwriter. He won the Best New Folk Artist award at the 1991 Kerrville Folk Festival.\n", "In 2003, Siegel released \"A Little Pain Never Hurt\" under Arden Records.\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Official Website\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "American musician", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q5273370", "wikidata_label": "Dick Siegel", "wikipedia_title": "Dick Siegel" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Thomas S. Ray\n", "Thomas S. Ray (also known as Tom Ray; born September 21, 1954) is an ecologist who created and developed the Tierra project, a computer simulation of artificial life.\n", "In 1975, he and Donald R. Strong were the first to propose the theory of skototropism in an article in the journal \"Science\" (190: 804-806), which he later worked into his senior thesis at Florida State University (FSU), after conducting additional experiments. The thesis was expanded into his Ph.D. thesis at Harvard University. While at FSU, he earned undergraduate degrees in biology and chemistry.\n", "He is currently Professor of Zoology and Adjunct Professor of Computer Science at the University of Oklahoma in Norman. Previously, he was assistant professor and associate professor in the School of Life and Health Sciences at the University of Delaware from 1981 to 1998. \n", "Tom Ray is also a former member of the International Core War Society.\n", "Section::::Cultural references.\n", "In The Rise of Endymion, Dan Simmons's conclusion to his famous Hyperion Cantos sci-fi series, it is revealed by the character of Aenea that the TechnoCore originated from a human experiment in which computer programs were allowed to compete for resources (e.g. memory) and evolve accordingly. It is specified that the one responsible for it was Tom Ray, which possibly refers to the biologist's Tierra project.\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Thomas S. Ray's web site\n", "BULLET::::- Kurzweil's Turing Fallacy\n", "BULLET::::- Mediamatic.net\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Tyler Florence\n", "Tyler Florence (born March 3, 1971) is a chef and television host of several Food Network shows. He graduated from the College of Culinary Arts at the Charleston, South Carolina, campus of Johnson & Wales University in 1991. He was later given an honorary doctorate from the university for his culinary success. He is the owner and executive chef of Wayfare Tavern in San Francisco.\n", "Section::::Professional Career.\n", "Section::::Professional Career.:Television.\n", "Florence was a presenter on \"Globe Trekker\", hosted \"Food 911\" and \"How to Boil Water\", co-hosted Worst Cooks in America with Anne Burrell and currently hosts \"Tyler's Ultimate\" ,\"The Great Food Truck Race\" and has a new show premiering in August 2018 called Bite Club on the Food Network. Chef Tyler was a Judge on Worst Cooks in America for seasons 6,8, 12-13, 15-present. He was featured on the ABC TV show Shaq's Big Challenge, which aired on July 17, 2007 and Momma's Boys, a reality show produced by Ryan Seacrest. He has also appeared on The Oprah Winfrey Show in a nationwide Sandwich Showdown. He has appeared a number of times on The Today Show, and was featured on The View in 2008. Florence serves on the board of the national nonprofit Afterschool Alliance, an organization that works to promote and to support quality after-school programs. In 2007, Florence and fellow chef Joey Altman co-hosted a celebrity chef cook-off to benefit Afterschool Alliance.\n", "Section::::Professional Career.:Multimedia.\n", "In 2018, Florence directed a documentary about the 2017 California Wildfires called \"\". It features first-person footage of first responders and interviews with those directly affected by the disaster.\n", "Florence also created a podcast called \"Wolf it Down\" where he interviewed several players in the food and tech space.\n", "Section::::Professional Career.:Restaurants.\n", "In 1997 Florence worked as a chef at Restaurant 147 on West 15th Street, New York. In 2008, he developed a plan to open Bar Florence, in the Hotel Vertigo in San Francisco, California. In 2009 he opened a small chain of luxury kitchen supply stores in Northern California and developed three new restaurant concepts for the area: Wayfare Tavern in downtown San Francisco (formerly, Rubicon restaurant); Rotisserie & Wine, a fast food restaurant in downtown Napa; and with Sammy Hagar, El Paseo in downtown Mill Valley, California, an American tavern featuring ingredients only from Marin County.\n", "Section::::Professional Career.:Other.\n", "In 2008, Florence was named the Dean of Culinary Education at Copia, a now-defunct museum in Napa, California.\n", "Section::::Personal life.\n", "Florence married his wife Tolan Florence in 2006. Florence has 3 children.\n", "In 2007 Florence and his wife moved from New York City to Mill Valley, north of San Francisco, where in July 2008 Florence opened an eponymously named retail kitchen store.\n", "Section::::Books.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Real Kitchen\", 2003\n", "BULLET::::- \"Eat This Book: Cooking With Global Fresh Flavors\", 2005\n", "BULLET::::- \"Tyler's Ultimate: Brilliant Simple Food to Make Any Time\", 2006\n", "BULLET::::- \"Stirring the Pot\", 2008\n", "BULLET::::- \"Dinner at My Place\", 2008\n", "BULLET::::- \"Family Meal\", 2010\n", "BULLET::::- \"Start Fresh: Your Child's Start to Lifelong Healthy Eating\", 2011\n", "BULLET::::- \"Tyler Makes Pancakes\", with Craig Frazier, 2012\n", "BULLET::::- \"Tyler Florence Fresh\", 2012\n", "BULLET::::- \"Tyler Makes Spaghetti,\" with Craig Frazier, 2013\n", "BULLET::::- \"Inside The Test Kitchen,\" 2014\n", "Section::::References.\n", "Fresh 2012\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Tyler Florence - Food Network Biography\n", "BULLET::::- Tyler Florence Official Homepage\n", "BULLET::::- Blog at San Francisco Chronicle\n", "BULLET::::- Tyler Florence Recipes, Videos, and More at AOL Food\n", "BULLET::::- Tyler Florence at the Chef and Restaurant Database\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Eufemio Zapata\n", "Eufemio Zapata Salazar (1873, Ciudad Ayala - June 18, 1917, Cuautla, Morelos) was a participant in the Mexican Revolution and the brother of Mexican revolutionary Emiliano Zapata. He was known as a womanizer, a macho man, and a very heavy drinker.\n", "He was killed by Sidronio \"el Loco\" Camacho, one of Zapata's commanders, because Eufemio had become drunk and in this state, for no particular reason, proceeded to beat and insult Camacho's father. Camacho tracked Eufemio down in Cuautla and shot Eufemio in the abdomen.\n", "Realizing he was about to die, it is said that Eufemio asked the man to end his suffering and give him a quick death. To this Camacho replied:\n", "\"You have made many people suffer a great deal. Live a little longer, so that you also will learn what it is to suffer.\"\n", "He then took Eufemio upon his horse, and threw him face-first on an anthill. Camacho, knowing Emiliano would want revenge, joined Zapata's enemies for safety.\n", "Section::::Trivia.\n", "BULLET::::- Eufemio Zapata was portrayed by actor Anthony Quinn in the 1952 film \"Viva Zapata!\", a role which earned him an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor.\n", "Section::::Sources.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Villa and Zapata: A History of the Mexican Revolution\" by Frank Mclynn\n", "BULLET::::- \"Viva Zapata!\" (novel), John Steinbeck\n", "BULLET::::- Mexican Revolution of 1910 at www.latinoartcommunity.org\n", "BULLET::::- Biography in Spanish\n" ] }

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Bush", "Freedom's Watch", "George Soros", "Democratic", "MoveOn.org", "2008 elections", "American Solutions for Winning the Future", "political action committee", "Speaker of the House", "Newt Gingrich", "bid for the U.S. presidency", "Palestinians", "Carly Fiorina", "Hewlett-Packard", "Sharron Angle", "Sue Lowden", "Scott Brown", "Roy Blunt", "Mark Kirk", "Pat Toomey", "Charlie Crist", "Virginia Foxx", "Eric Cantor", "Joe Heck", "2012 Republican Party presidential primaries", "Newt Gingrich", "Mitt Romney", "2012 United States presidential election", "super PAC", "Winning Our Future", "South Carolina primary", "Mitt Romney", "super PAC", "Congressional Leadership Fund", "Republican National Committee", "Woody Johnson", "John Rakolta", "Paul Singer", "Bloomberg Businessweek", "Chinese yuan", "Right to Medical Marijuana Initiative", "Medical cannabis", "gateway drug", "2016 United States presidential election", "Jeb Bush", "Chris Christie", "Scott Walker", "John Kasich", "Republican Jewish Coalition", "The Venetian Las Vegas", "December 2015 Republican debate", "Donald Trump", "Massachusetts Legalization, Regulation and Taxation of Marijuana Initiative", "Florida medical Marijuana Legalization Initiative", "Donald Trump's presidential bid", "2018 United States elections", "political action committee", "Robert Mueller", "Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections", "The Adelson Educational Campus", "Yad Vashem", "Adelson Family Foundation", "Birthright Israel", "Friends of the Israel Defense Forces", "Miriam Farbstein Ochshorn", "Mandatory Palestine", "Poland", "Haifa", "Hebrew University of Jerusalem", "Tel Aviv University", "Sackler Medical School", "substance abuse", "Fortune Magazine", "drug addict", "The New Yorker", "Nevada Supreme Court", "Daily Mail", "Royal Marsden Hospital", "Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee", "Forbes", "bankruptcy", "ABC News", "Las Vegas Sands", "Airbus A340-500", "Ben Gurion International Airport", "peripheral neuropathy", "non-Hodgkin's lymphoma", "List of people and organisations named in the Paradise Papers", "Campaign contributions in 2012 to outside spending groups", "Center for Responsive Politics", "\"Break the Immigration Impasse\"", "Warren E. Buffett", "Bill Gates", "\"An Interview with Philanthropist Extraordinaire Sheldon Adelson\"", "The Jewish Press", "\"Who Is Sheldon Adelson, the Gingrich Super PAC's Billionaire Backer?\"", "The Atlantic", "\"Secrets of the billionaire bankrolling Gingrich's shot at the White House\"", "The Guardian", "\"Sheldon Adelson Spent Far More on Campaign ($150 Million) Than Previously Known\"", "The Huffington Post", "\"Tallying the Adelsons' $92 million\"", "Sunlight Foundation" ], "wikipedia_id": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ], "wikipedia_title": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ] }

{ "paragraph": [ "Sheldon Adelson\n", "Sheldon Gary Adelson (pronounced ; born August 4, 1933) is an American business magnate, investor, philanthropist, and political donor. He is the founder, chairman and chief executive officer of Las Vegas Sands Corporation, which owns the Marina Bay Sands in Singapore, and is the parent company of Venetian Macao Limited, which operates The Venetian Resort Hotel Casino and the Sands Expo and Convention Center. He owns the Israeli daily newspaper \"Israel Hayom\" and the American daily newspaper \"Las Vegas Review-Journal\". Adelson, a philanthropist and donor to a variety of causes, created the Adelson Foundation in 2007 at the behest of his wife, Miriam. He is a member of the Republican Party, and made the largest single donation to any U.S. presidential inauguration when he gave the Trump inaugural committee US$5 million.\n", ", Adelson was listed by \"Forbes\" as having a fortune of US$33.3 billion, making him the 15th-richest person in the world. He is a major contributor to Republican Party candidates. He was the largest donor, of any party, in both the 2012 and 2016 presidential campaigns. He sat out the Republican primary season during the 2016 presidential campaign but on September 23, he announced a $25 million donation to Donald Trump's 2016 presidential campaign, making him the largest donor to the Trump campaign and the largest donor in the presidential election (although this was less than the $100 million donation some had predicted).\n", "Section::::Early life and education.\n", "Sheldon Gary Adelson was born in 1933, into a low-income family and grew up in the Dorchester neighborhood of Boston, the son of Sarah (née Tonkin) and Arthur Adelson. His father's family was of Ukrainian Jewish and Lithuanian Jewish ancestry. His mother immigrated from England, and one of Sheldon Adelson's grandfathers was a Welsh coal miner. His father drove a taxi, and his mother ran a knitting shop.\n", "He started his business career at the age of 12, when he borrowed $200 from his uncle (or $2,740 in 2017 dollars) and purchased a license to sell newspapers in Boston. At age 16 in 1948, he then borrowed $10,000 (or $102,349 in 2017 dollars) from his uncle to start a candy-vending-machine business. He attended the City College of New York, but did not graduate. He attended trade school in a failed attempt to become a court reporter, then subsequently joined the army.\n", "After being discharged from the army he established a business selling toiletry kits, then started another business named De-Ice-It which sold a chemical spray to help clear frozen windshields. In the 1960s, he started a charter tours business. He soon became a millionaire, although by his 30s he had built and lost his fortune twice. Over the course of his business career, Adelson has created almost 50 of his own businesses, making him a serial entrepreneur.\n", "Section::::Business career.\n", "Section::::Business career.:COMDEX.\n", "In the late 1970s, Adelson and his partners developed the COMDEX trade shows for the computer industry, beginning in 1979. It was the premier computer trade show through much of the 1980s and 1990s.\n", "In 1995, Adelson and his partners sold the Interface Group Show Division, including the COMDEX shows, to SoftBank Corporation of Japan for $862 million; Adelson's share was over $500 million.\n", "Section::::Business career.:Sands Casino.\n", "Section::::Business career.:Sands Casino.:Las Vegas, Nevada.\n", "In 1988, Adelson and his partners purchased the Sands Hotel and Casino in Las Vegas, the former hangout of Frank Sinatra and the Rat Pack. The following year, Adelson and his partners constructed the Sands Expo and Convention Center, then the only privately owned and operated convention center in the U.S.\n", "In 1991, while honeymooning in Venice with his second wife, Miriam, Adelson found the inspiration for a mega-resort hotel. He razed the Sands and spent $1.5 billion to construct The Venetian, a Venice-themed resort hotel and casino. The Venetian opened May 3, 1999. In 2003, The Venetian added the 1,013-suite Venezia tower giving the hotel 4,049 suites; 18 restaurants and a shopping mall with canals, gondolas and singing gondoliers.\n", "Section::::Business career.:Sands Casino.:Bethlehem, Pennsylvania.\n", "In the late 2000s, Adelson and the company decided to build a casino resort in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania. It is one of five stand-alone casinos that were awarded a slots license by the Pennsylvania Gaming Control Board in 2006. The casino opened May 22, 2009. Table games began operation on July 18, 2010. The hotel opened May 27, 2011. Adelson said \"If we have the opportunity to build an integrated resort, we're going to do it. We think it will attract the customers and the tax revenue to the state of Pennsylvania and the Lehigh Valley and the cities that are in it.\"\n", "In 2010, during the late-2000s global recession, Adelson told \"The Wall Street Journal\" \"If it were today, we probably wouldn't have started it.\"\n", "Section::::Business career.:Sands Casino.:Macau, China.\n", "Adelson spearheaded a major project to bring the Sands name to Macau, the Chinese gambling city that had been a Portuguese colony until December 1999. The one-million-square-foot Sands Macao became the People's Republic of China's first Las Vegas-style casino when it opened in May 2004. He recovered his initial $265-million investment in one year and, because he owns 69% of the stock, he increased his wealth when he took the stock public in December 2004. Since the opening of the Sands Macao, Adelson's personal wealth has multiplied more than fourteen times.\n", "In August 2007, Adelson opened the $2.4-billion Venetian Macao Resort Hotel on Cotai and announced that he planned to create a massive, concentrated resort area he called the Cotai Strip, after its Las Vegas counterpart. Adelson said that he planned to open more hotels under brands such as Four Seasons, Sheraton and St. Regis. His Las Vegas Sands planned to invest $12 billion and build 20,000 hotel rooms on the Cotai Strip by 2010.\n", "Adelson's company was reportedly under federal investigation over alleged violations of the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act relating to payments made to a Macau lawyer. In 2015, Sands agreed to pay a $9 million settlement with the Securities and Exchange Commission, which included no admission of wrongdoing.\n", "Section::::Business career.:Sands Casino.:Marina Bay, Singapore.\n", "In May 2006, Adelson's Las Vegas Sands was awarded a hotly contested license to construct a casino resort in Singapore's Marina Bay. The new casino, Marina Bay Sands, opened in 2010 at a rumored cost of $5.5 billion. It includes stores at The Shoppes, convention center for Sands Live concert series, multiple swimming pools, night clubs, and 2,500 luxury hotel rooms.\n", "Section::::Other activities.\n", "Section::::Other activities.:Israeli press.\n", "In 2007, Adelson made an unsuccessful bid to purchase the Israeli newspaper \"Maariv\". When this failed, he proceeded with parallel plans to publish a free daily newspaper to compete with \"Israeli\", a newspaper he had co-founded in 2006 but had left. The first edition of the new newspaper, \"Israel Hayom\", was published on July 30, 2007. On March 31, 2014, Adelson received the go-ahead from a Jerusalem court to purchase \"Maariv\" and the conservative newspaper \"Makor Rishon\". In 2016 Adelson's attorney announced that he does not own Israel Hayom, but that it is owned by a relative of his.\n", "According to a Target Group Index (TGI) survey published in July 2011, \"Israel Hayom\", which unlike all other Israeli newspapers is distributed for free, became the number-one daily newspaper (on weekdays) four years after its inception. This survey found that \"Israel Hayom\" had a 39.3% weekday readership exposure, \"Yedioth Ahronoth\" 37%, \"Maariv\" 12.1%, and \"Haaretz\" 5.8%. The \"Yedioth Ahronoth\" weekend edition was still leading with a 44.3% readership exposure, compared to 31% for the \"Israel Hayom\" weekend edition, 14.9% for \"Maariv\", and 6.8% for \"Haaretz\". This trend was already observed by a TGI survey in July 2010.\n", "In 2011, the Israeli press said that Adelson was unhappy with coverage of him on Israeli Channel 10, which alleged that Adelson had acquired a casino license in Las Vegas inappropriately through political connections. The channel apologized after Adelson threatened a lawsuit. This led to the resignations of the news chief, Reudor Benziman; the news editor, Ruti Yuval; and the news anchor, Guy Zohar, who objected to the apology. After two months of deliberations, the Israeli Second Authority for Television and Radio ruled that although there were some flaws in the manner in which the apology had been conducted, the decision to apologize had been correct and appropriate.\n", "Section::::Other activities.:Las Vegas Review-Journal.\n", "In December 2015 Adelson purchased the \"Las Vegas Review-Journal\" newspaper. The purchase was made through a limited liability company called News + Media Capital Group LLC, and his involvement with the deal was initially kept secret. A week after the purchase was announced, three \"Review-Journal\" reporters revealed that the deal had been orchestrated by Adelson's son-in-law Patrick Dumont on Adelson's behalf. Commentators described the $140 million paid for the paper as \"lavish\" and as a dramatic overpayment, and speculated that the move was a power play to further Adelson's business or political agendas.\n", "Within a few weeks the paper's editor stepped down in a \"voluntary buyout\". In January 2016 a set of editorial principles were drawn up and publicized to ensure the newspaper's independence and to deal with possible conflicts of interest involving Adelson's ownership. In February Craig Moon, a veteran of the Gannett organization, was announced as the new publisher and promptly withdrew those principles from publication. He also began to personally review, edit, and sometimes kill stories about an Adelson-promoted proposal for a new Las Vegas football stadium. In the months since, reporters say that stories about Adelson, and particularly about an ongoing lawsuit involving his business dealings in Macau, have been heavily edited by top management.\n", "Many reporters and editors left the newspaper citing \"curtailed editorial freedom, murky business dealings and unethical managers.\" All three reporters who originally broke the story about Adelson's ownership have left. Longtime columnist John L. Smith, who had often written about Adelson and had been unsuccessfully sued for libel by him, resigned after he was told he could no longer write anything about Adelson.\n", "On September 23, Adelson announced a $25 million donation to Trump's presidential campaign, as part of a $65 million donation to the Republican electoral campaign for 2016. This makes Adelson by far the biggest donor in either party (Republicans or Democrats) in the 2016 election cycle. It also makes him by far the largest donor to Donald Trump's White House bid.\n", "Adelson's newspaper, the \"Las Vegas Review-Journal\", was the only major newspaper nationwide to endorse Trump.\n", "Adelson was also the largest donor to Trump's inaugural celebrations, with a $5 million donation to the celebrations.\n", "Section::::Other activities.:U.S. policy on Iran.\n", "In a panel discussion at Yeshiva University on October 22, 2013, Adelson said that the United States must get tougher about Iran's suspected nuclear weapons program. Controversy arose when he said: \"You pick up your cell phone and you call somewhere in Nebraska and you say 'OK, let it go' and so there's an atomic weapon goes over, ballistic missiles in the middle of the desert that doesn't hurt a soul, maybe a couple of rattlesnakes and scorpions or whatever\". He went on to explain that, after a show of force and a threat to also drop a nuclear bomb on Tehran, the U.S. should then say: if \"You [Iran] want to be peaceful, just reverse it all and we will guarantee that you can have a nuclear power plant for electricity purposes, energy purposes.\" Adelson's spokesman told reporters that Adelson \"was obviously not speaking literally\" about using an atomic bomb in the desert, and that he was \"using hyperbole to make a point that ... actions speak louder than words\".\n", "Section::::Other activities.:DeLay controversy.\n", "During the Suen trial, Bill Weidner, the president of Adelson's Las Vegas Sands company, testified about a telephone conversation between Adelson and his friend then-House Majority Leader Tom DeLay (R-TX) about a bill proposed by Representative Tom Lantos (D) that would have prevented the U.S. Olympic Committee from voting in favor of the Chinese bid to host the 2008 Summer Olympics. A few hours later, DeLay called back and told Adelson he could tell the mayor of Beijing \"this bill will never see the light of day\". The resolution did not pass. Adelson testified in court that the demise of the resolution \"...resulted from the press of other legislation, (not from) a deliberate move by DeLay to help his benefactor.\"\n", "Section::::Other activities.:Cannabis.\n", "Fighting the \"mainstreaming\" of cannabis legalization is a personal passion of Adelson, whose son Mitchell died of an overdose of heroin and cocaine. Mitchell was said to have used cocaine and heroin from an early age.\n", "Adelson believes cannabis is a gateway drug. Andy Abboud, vice president of Las Vegas Sands, has stated that \"Pro-marijuana folks have awoken a sleeping giant in Sheldon and Miriam Adelson\".\n", "Section::::Other activities.:Repurposing the Israeli-American Council.\n", "At the November 2017 conference of the Israeli-American Council, Adelson declared that the organization should become primarily a political lobbying group on Israel-related issues. In contrast to the American Israel Public Affairs Committee (AIPAC), which supports a two-state solution and continued aid to the Palestinians, Adelson charted a course for IAC to oppose both of these positions. Israeli journalist Chemi Shalev said that IAC had not intended to become a political pressure group and that Adelson had \"hijacked\" it.\n", "Section::::Other activities.:Internet gambling.\n", "Adelson has fought increasingly hard against internet based gambling in recent years. Despite the legalization, and acceptance from many Las Vegas Casino CEOs, Adelson has poured money into candidates who want to overturn recent state legislation that legalizes online gambling. In early 2015 Adelson publicly backed a bill introduced in the U.S. House of Representatives. The legislation, named the Restore America's Wire Act, has been met with mixed reviews by the Republican Party.\n", "Section::::Other activities.:Honors.\n", "Adelson and his wife, Miriam Adelson, were presented with the Woodrow Wilson Award for Corporate Citizenship by the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars of the Smithsonian Institution on March 25, 2008.\n", "Adelson received the Chairman's Award from the Nevada Policy Research Institute, a think tank in Las Vegas, for his efforts to advance free market principles in Nevada.\n", "Additionally, President George W. Bush appointed the Adelsons to serve on the Honorary Delegation to accompany him to Jerusalem for the celebration of the 60th anniversary of the State of Israel in May 2008.\n", "In 2014, Adelson was named to CNBC's list of 200 people who have transformed business over the last 25 years; those on the list were described as \"top leaders, icons and rebels, a definitive list of people who have had the greatest influence, sparked the biggest changes and caused the most disruption in business over the past quarter century.\"\n", "Section::::Involvement in politics.\n", "Section::::Involvement in politics.:Ideology.\n", "Adelson says that because of his upbringing in an immigrant family in an underprivileged neighborhood of Boston, \"it went without saying that we were Democrats\". He attributed his family's loyalty to their belief that the Democratic Party of the 1930s and 1940s shared their commitment to charity, self-reliance, and accountability, as well as support for Jewish causes. In a 2012 \"Wall Street Journal\" op-ed titled \"I Didn't Leave the Democrats. They Left me\", Adelson specifies three reasons why he switched political parties to the Republicans. First, he cites foreign policy, pointing to a Gallup poll that suggests Republicans are more supportive of Israel than Democrats. Second, he cites statistics that suggest Republicans are more charitable than Democrats. To support this claim Adelson cites a report from the Chronicle of Philanthropy, which claims, after studying tax data from the IRS, that U.S. states that vote Republican are more generous to charities than those states that vote Democratic. \"My father, who kept a charity box for the poor in our house ... would have frowned on this fact about modern Democrats.\" Third, he cites a nonpartisan study of Illinois's finances by the State Budget Crisis Task Force and political scientist Walter Russell Mead claiming that Democratic Party economic policies don't deliver on their promises of social justice and have wrecked one of the country's potentially most prosperous and dynamic states (Illinois).\n", "Adelson also states that he doesn't agree with every Republican position and is liberal on several social issues; but believes the Republicans are better at supporting liberal democracies like Israel, better exemplify the spirit of charity, and support economic policies that would certainly be better for those Americans now looking for work.\n", "Others have attributed different motives for Adelson's party switch. \"Why is it fair that I should be paying a higher percentage of taxes than anyone else?\", he reportedly said to an associate according to \"The New Yorker\", which claims Adelson began making major contributions to the Republican National Committee following clashes with labor unions at his Las Vegas properties.\n", "The \"New Yorker\" article also quoted Shelley Berkley, a Nevada Democratic Party congresswoman, with whom Adelson has had a long and notable feud, who formerly worked for him in the 1990s as vice-president of legal and governmental affairs, who said Adelson told her that \"old Democrats were with the union and he wanted to break the back of the union, consequently he had to break the back of the Democrats\". \"The Boston Globe\" claims that Adelson has \"waged some bitter anti-union battles in Las Vegas\". Berkley is further quoted in the \"New Yorker\" article as saying that Adelson \"seeks to dominate politics and public policy through the raw power of money\".\n", "Adelson denies those explanations for his political beliefs and behavior, suggesting such depictions of him are tainted by his critics' own political ideology.\n", "In February 2012, Adelson told \"Forbes\" magazine that he is \"against very wealthy people attempting to or influencing elections. But as long as it's doable I'm going to do it. Because I know that guys like Soros have been doing it for years, if not decades. And they stay below the radar by creating a network of corporations to funnel their money. I have my own philosophy and I'm not ashamed of it. I gave the money because there is no other legal way to do it. I don't want to go through ten different corporations to hide my name. I'm proud of what I do and I'm not looking to escape recognition.\"\n", "Section::::Involvement in politics.:2004.\n", "In May 2004, Adelson opened Sands Macao, Asia's first American style casino.\n", "Section::::Involvement in politics.:2005.\n", "In 2005, Adelson and his wife each contributed $250,000 to the second inauguration of George W. Bush.\n", "Section::::Involvement in politics.:2008.\n", "Adelson was the principal financial backer of Freedom's Watch, a now-defunct political advocacy group founded to counter the influence of George Soros and Democratic-leaning lobby groups such as MoveOn.org. \"Almost all\" of the $30 million Freedom's Watch spent on the 2008 elections came from Adelson.\n", "Section::::Involvement in politics.:2010.\n", "In 2010, Adelson donated $1 million to American Solutions for Winning the Future, a political action committee (PAC) supporting Republican former Speaker of the House Newt Gingrich. In December 2011, during Gingrich's bid for the U.S. presidency, Adelson spoke favorably of controversial remarks Gingrich had made about Palestinians, saying \"read the history of those who call themselves Palestinians, and you will hear why Gingrich said recently that the Palestinians are an invented people.\"\n", "U.S. Senate candidates he donated to:\n", "BULLET::::- Carly Fiorina (R-CA), former chief executive officer of Hewlett-Packard\n", "BULLET::::- Sharron Angle (R-NV), Assemblywoman\n", "BULLET::::- Sue Lowden (R-NV), former State Senator\n", "BULLET::::- Scott Brown (R-MA), U.S. Senator and former State Senator\n", "BULLET::::- Roy Blunt (R-MO), U.S. Congressman\n", "BULLET::::- Mark Kirk (R-IL), U.S. Congressman\n", "BULLET::::- Pat Toomey (R-PA), former U.S. Congressman\n", "BULLET::::- Charlie Crist (R-FL, later D-FL), Governor\n", "Congressional candidates:\n", "BULLET::::- Virginia Foxx (R-NC);\n", "BULLET::::- Eric Cantor (R-VA);\n", "BULLET::::- Joe Heck (R-NV).\n", "Section::::Involvement in politics.:2012.\n", "During the 2012 Republican Party presidential primaries, Adelson first supported Newt Gingrich and then the eventual nominee Mitt Romney. Altogether he spent $92 million supporting losing candidates during the 2012 United States presidential election cycle.\n", "On January 7, 2012, Adelson bolstered Gingrich's then-faltering campaign with a $5-million donation to the pro-Gingrich super PAC Winning Our Future. By the next day, the super PAC had reserved more than $3.4 million in advertising time in the South Carolina primary, which included production and distribution of a half-hour movie that portrayed Gingrich's political rival Mitt Romney as a \"predatory corporate raider\".\n", "On January 23, Adelson's wife, Miriam, contributed an additional $5 million to the same organization with instructions to use it to advance a \"pro-Newt message\". Adelson told \"Forbes\" that he was willing to donate as much as $100 million to Gingrich.\n", "He also donated $5 million to the right-leaning super PAC Congressional Leadership Fund and over $60,000 to the Republican National Committee.\n", "In June 2012, Adelson donated $10 million to the pro-Romney PAC Restore Our Future. In July, Adelson attended a Romney fundraiser held in Jerusalem. Adelson joined Woody Johnson, John Rakolta, Paul Singer, and several dozen other contributors on the trip. According to \"Bloomberg Businessweek\", as of July Adelson had given Republicans more than $30 million for the 2012 election cycle.\n", "Romney believes that China should be pressured to drop its presumptively low fixed exchange rate policy; according to Bloomberg, Adelson would benefit financially in U.S. dollar terms through his interest in Chinese casinos if the Chinese yuan were to appreciate.\n", "Section::::Involvement in politics.:2014.\n", "Early in 2014 Adelson donated $2.5 million to the Drug Free Florida Committee, the political committee trying to defeat Florida's Right to Medical Marijuana Initiative which would legalize Medical cannabis in that state. Later in 2014, Adelson donated an additional $1.5 million to the No On 2 campaign. He believes that cannabis is a gateway drug.\n", "Section::::Involvement in politics.:2016.\n", "According to a 2014 \"Washington Post\" report, Adelson's strategy for the 2016 United States presidential election was to support a mainstream candidate capable of winning the presidency. In March 2014 Adelson was set to hold one-on-one chats with possible candidates Jeb Bush, Chris Christie, Scott Walker, and John Kasich during the spring meeting of the Republican Jewish Coalition held at Adelson's hotel and casino The Venetian Las Vegas. During the December 2015 Republican debate held at that same venue, Adelson was reported to have held one-on-one meetings with several of the candidates prior to the start of the debate, including front runner Donald Trump. The bidding to become Adelson's favorite, and ultimately receive tens of millions in financial support, was informally called \"The Adelson Primary\". On May 13, he endorsed Trump for president, and pledged as much as $100 million to support his campaign.\n", "In October 2016 Adelson, whose son died of a drug overdose, donated one million dollars to the campaign against Massachusetts ballot question 4 the Massachusetts Legalization, Regulation and Taxation of Marijuana Initiative which legalized marijuana for personal use. Adelson also donated $1,500,000 towards the unsuccessful effort to thwart the 2016 Florida medical Marijuana Legalization Initiative.\n", "Section::::Involvement in politics.:2016.:Views on Donald Trump.\n", "Adelson sat out the 2016 Republican primaries, with some early indicators at the beginning of 2016 interpreted as showing that Adelson favored Trump. In May 2016, explaining his reasons for officially endorsing Donald Trump's presidential bid, Adelson cited the importance of CEO experience in a presidential nominee.\n", "Section::::Involvement in politics.:2018.\n", "For the 2018 United States elections, Adelson donated approximately $113 million to the Republican Party through various conservative political action committees.\n", "Section::::Involvement in politics.:2019.\n", "On January 31, ABC News reported that Adelson and his wife Miriam had contributed $500,000 to the Patriot Legal Expense Fund Trust, which was set up in 2018 to assist aides of President Trump under investigation by special counsel Robert Mueller's probe into Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections. The contributions are the Trust's largest to date.\n", "Section::::Philanthropy.\n", "Adelson donated over $25 million to The Adelson Educational Campus in Las Vegas to build a high school. In 2006, Adelson contributed $25 million to the Yad Vashem Holocaust Martyrs' and Heroes' Remembrance Authority.\n", "Since 2007, the Adelson Family Foundation has made contributions totalling $140 million to Birthright Israel, which finances Jewish youth trips to Israel. He also donated $5 million to the Friends of the Israel Defense Forces in 2014.\n", "Adelson also has funded the private, Boston-based Dr. Miriam and Sheldon G. Adelson Medical Research Foundation. This foundation initiated the Adelson Program in Neural Repair and Rehabilitation (APNRR) with $7.5 million donated to collaborating researchers at 10 universities.\n", "In a 2016 listing of the top 100 people positively influencing Jewish life, Adelson was described as one of the world's most generous and influential Jewish philanthropists, who 'continues to make outsized gifts to a range of Jewish and non-Jewish groups'.\n", "Section::::Personal life.\n", "Section::::Personal life.:Marriage.\n", "In the 1970s, Sheldon Adelson lived in Massachusetts with his wife, Sandra, and her three children, Mitchell, Gary and Shelley, whom Sheldon adopted when they were young. They divorced in 1988.\n", "Adelson met Miriam Farbstein Ochshorn, a medical doctor, on a blind date the following year and married in 1991. She was previously married to a Tel Aviv physician, Dr. Ariel Ochshorn, with whom she had two daughters. Miriam \"Miri\" Farbstein was born in Mandatory Palestine in 1946, to parents that fled Poland before the Holocaust and settled in the city of Haifa. After earning a Bachelor of Science in Microbiology and Genetics from the Hebrew University of Jerusalem and a medical degree from Tel Aviv University's Sackler Medical School, she went on to become the chief internist in an emergency room at Tel Aviv's Rokach (Hadassah) Hospital. In 1993, she founded a substance abuse center and research clinic there, and in 2000, the couple opened the Dr. Miriam and Sheldon G. Adelson Research Clinic in Las Vegas. Miriam spoke about her lifelong work in a 2012 interview with Fortune Magazine, saying that \"saving a drug addict is the equivalent of saving about 20 people. Treating one drug addict reduces his criminal activity, reduces his arrests, reduces his appearances in court, reduces his time sitting in prison, reduces his injecting drugs, reduces him being infected with HIV & Hepatitis C while sharing needles, and reduces his infecting others if he is already infected. It also improves his general medical condition, improves his behavior at home and in the environment, improves his work habits, and has a positive impact on his family by having a normal person around them. By treating one person, we can save many lives, and a mission like that is very much fulfilling.\"\n", "Section::::Personal life.:Litigation.\n", "A June 2008 profile in \"The New Yorker\" detailed several controversies involving Adelson. In 2008 Richard Suen, a Hong Kong businessman who had helped Adelson make connections with top Chinese officials in order to obtain the Macau license, took Adelson to court in Las Vegas alleging he had reneged on his agreement to allow Suen to profit from the venture. Suen won a $43.8 million judgement; in November 2010, the Nevada Supreme Court overturned the judgment and returned the case to the lower court for further consideration. In the 2013 retrial, the jury awarded Suen a verdict for $70 million. The judge added another $31.6 million in interest, bringing the total judgment against Adelson to $101.6 million. Adelson is appealing again. Adelson faces another trial over claims by three alleged \"middlemen\" in the deal who are suing for at least $450 million.\n", "In February 2013, the Las Vegas Sands, in a regulatory filing, acknowledged that it had likely violated federal law that prohibits the bribing of foreign officials. Allegedly, Chinese officials were bribed to allow Adelson to build his Macau casino.\n", "Adelson successfully sued the \"Daily Mail\" of London for libel in 2008. The newspaper had accused him of pursuing \"despicable business practices\" and having \"habitually and corruptly bought political favour\". Adelson won the libel case, which was described as \"a grave slur on Mr Adelson's personal integrity and business reputation\", and he won a judgment of approximately £4 million, which he said he would donate to London's Royal Marsden Hospital.\n", "In August 2012, the Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee (DCCC), after being threatened with a libel suit, apologized and withdrew two blog posts that claimed Adelson had donated \"Chinese prostitution money\" to Republicans. Another organization, the National Jewish Democratic Council, posted on their website that Adelson \"personally approved\" of prostitution at his Macau resorts. Adelson sued for libel, but a federal judge dismissed the suit in September 2013, ordering Adelson to pay the NJDC's legal fees.\n", "Section::::Personal life.:Wealth.\n", "In 2007, Adelson's estimated wealth was $26.5 billion, making him the third-richest person in the United States according to Forbes. and $26 billion for 2008.\n", "In 2008, the share prices of the Las Vegas Sands Corp. plunged. In November 2008, Las Vegas Sands Corp. announced it might default on bonds that it had outstanding, signaling the potential bankruptcy of the concern. Adelson lost $4 billion in 2008, more than any other American billionaire. In 2009, his net worth had declined from approximately $30 billion to $2 billion, a drop of 93%. He told ABC News \"So I lost $25 billion. I started out with zero...(there is) no such thing as fear, not to an entrepreneur. Concern, yes. Fear, no.\" In the \"Forbes\" 2009 world billionaires list, Adelson's ranking dropped to #178 with a net worth of $3.4 billion, but by 2011, after his business had recovered, he was ranked as the world's 16th-richest man with a net worth of $23.3 billion.\n", "In 2013, Adelson earned a top ranking on Forbes' Annual \"Biggest Winner\" List, his dramatic growth a result of the success of his casinos in Macau and Singapore, adding an estimated $15 billion to his net worth during the year. In 2013, Adelson was worth $37.2 billion according to Forbes, and as of December 2014, his net worth is $30.4 billion.\n", "Section::::Personal life.:Private jet fleet.\n", "Adelson owns a fleet of private jets through Las Vegas Sands. On January 2, 2017, Adelson's Airbus A340-500 jet set a record for the Ben Gurion International Airport by making the longest flight ever leaving the airport by flying nonstop to Honolulu, Hawaii by way of the Arctic Ocean.\n", "Section::::Health.\n", "In 2001, Adelson was diagnosed with peripheral neuropathy, which restricts his ability to stand and walk. On February 28, 2019, Las Vegas Sands announced that Adelson was receiving treatment for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. The news was disclosed after a Sands attorney claimed Adelson was too weak to sit for a deposition in a court case involving Richard Suen. Sands spokesman Ron Reese said the side effects of Adelson's medical treatment had \"restricted his availability to travel or keep regular office hours” but had not “prevented him from fulfilling his duties as chairman and CEO” of Las Vegas Sands.\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- List of people and organisations named in the Paradise Papers\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Campaign contributions in 2012 to outside spending groups at Center for Responsive Politics\n", "BULLET::::- \"Break the Immigration Impasse\", a \"NYT\" article co-authored by Sheldon G. Adelson, Warren E. Buffett and Bill Gates, July 10, 2014\n", "BULLET::::- \"An Interview with Philanthropist Extraordinaire Sheldon Adelson\", Marcia Friedman, \"The Jewish Press\", December 28, 2011\n", "BULLET::::- \"Who Is Sheldon Adelson, the Gingrich Super PAC's Billionaire Backer?\", Molly Ball, \"The Atlantic\", January 25, 2012\n", "BULLET::::- \"Secrets of the billionaire bankrolling Gingrich's shot at the White House\", Paul Harris, \"The Guardian\", January 28, 2011\n", "BULLET::::- \"Sheldon Adelson Spent Far More on Campaign ($150 Million) Than Previously Known\", Peter H. Stone, \"The Huffington Post\", December 3, 2012\n", "BULLET::::- \"Tallying the Adelsons' $92 million\", Lindsay Young, Sunlight Foundation, December 7, 2012\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "Saw", "Sheldon Gary Adelson" ] }, "description": "American businessman, investor, and philanthropist", "enwikiquote_title": "Sheldon Adelson", "wikidata_id": "Q319137", "wikidata_label": "Sheldon Adelson", "wikipedia_title": "Sheldon Adelson" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Andrew Lawrence-King\n", "Andrew Lawrence-King (born 3 September 1959) is a harpist and conductor from Guernsey known for his work in early music.\n", "Section::::Career.\n", "Lawrence-King received an organ scholarship to Selwyn College, Cambridge following on his work as Head Chorister at the Cathedral and Parish Church of St Peter Port Guernsey. Lawrence-King taught himself the techniques of early harp performance after acquiring an early harp, emphasizing a heavily improvisational style. After Selwyn, he attended the London Early Music Centre, subsequently becoming an ensemble continuo player with various groups in Europe and a harp soloist with Hespèrion XX. In addition to his work with other ensembles, Lawrence-King founded continuo group Tragicomedia which he co-directed from 1988-1994, the year he founded The Harp Consort, which performs internationally and releases recordings on Harmonia Mundi.\n", "Lawrence-King has worked as a conductor with a number of ensembles, including conducting at the 400th anniversary of the earliest opera at the Getty Center in Los Angeles (2001). He has served as Senior Visiting Research Fellow for the Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for the History of Emotions, studying baroque opera performance customs of the 17th century alongside professor Jane Davidson of the University of Western Australia and as professor of harp and continuo at the Akademie für Alte Musik in Bremen.\n", "Section::::Awards and honors.\n", "In 1992, he received the Erwin Bodky Award from the Cambridge Society for Early Music in Massachusetts. In 1996, his recording of \"Alcina\" brought him the American Handel Society Prize. In 1997, the American Musicological Society bestowed on him its Noah Greenberg Award. In 1998, he won the Echo Klassik award for Best Early Music Recording.\n", "Section::::Discography.\n", "BULLET::::- \"A Baroque Festival\". Music by Handel, Purcell, Pachelbel, J.S. Bach. As one of the Taverner Players, with Elizabeth Wallfisch (violin) and Jakob Lindberg (archlute), and the Taverner Consort (SATB: Emily Van Evera, Caroline Trevor, Rufus Miller, Simon Grant), directed by Andrew Parrott. Veritas Virgin Edition 7243-5-61304-2-5 (1996), originally EMI (1988).\n", "BULLET::::- \"La Harpe Royale\": Musical portraits, dances, and laments from the court of Louis XIV. Deutsche Harmonia Mundi 05472 77371 2.\n", "BULLET::::- \"His Majesty's Harper\", historical harps (Italian arpa doppia, Irish cláirseach). Deutsche Harmonia Mundi 05472 77504 2 (CD, 1999)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Bitter Ballads\": Poetry set to medieval melodies. With Paul Hillier. HMU 908204.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Distant Love\": Songs of Jaufré Rudel and Martin Codax. HMU 907203.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Il Zazzerino\": Music of Jacopo Peri. HMU 907234.\n", "BULLET::::- \"¡Jacaras!\": Guitar music of Santiago de Murcia. HMU 907212.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Pavaniglia\": Dances & madrigals from 17th century Italy. HMU 907246.\n", "BULLET::::- \"English Country Dances\": 17th century publications of John Playford. HCX 3957186.\n", "BULLET::::- \"French Troubadour Songs\". HCX 3957184.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Italian Renaissance Dances\" volume 1. HCX 3957159.\n", "BULLET::::- See also The Harp Consort.\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Emma Kirkby\n", "Dame Carolyn Emma Kirkby, (born 26 February 1949) is an English soprano and one of the world's most renowned early music specialists. She has sung on over 100 recordings.\n", "Her entry in \"The Grove Book of Opera Singers\" (2008) reads:Her uncommonly pure, crystalline voice, deployed with minimal vibrato, her natural declamation, agile coloratura and her sensitivity to words have been widely admired by interpreters of early, Renaissance and Baroque music and have served as a model for many specialists in this repertory.\n", "Section::::Education and early career.\n", "Kirkby was educated at Hanford School, Sherborne School for Girls in Dorset, and Somerville College, Oxford University. Her father was Geoffrey John Kirkby, a Royal Navy Officer.\n", "Kirkby did not originally intend to become a professional singer. In the late 1960s, while she was studying classics at Oxford, she joined the Schola Cantorum of Oxford, a student choir which, at the time, was being conducted by Andrew Parrott. After graduation, Kirkby went to work as a school teacher, but became increasingly involved in singing with the growing number of music ensembles that were being founded during the Early music revival of the early 1970s. She married Parrott, and sang with his Taverner Choir which he founded in 1973. Her vocal career developed throughout the 1970s, and she became noted as a soloist in performances and recordings with prominent early music performers, including Anthony Rooley and the Consort of Musicke and Christopher Hogwood's Academy of Ancient Music.\n", "She taught for many years at Dartington International Summer School, the Guildhall School of Music & Drama, as well as the Bel Canto Summer School.\n", "Section::::Recordings.\n", "Kirkby has made well over 100 recordings, including madrigals of the Italian and English Renaissance, cantatas and oratorios of the Baroque, works of Mozart, Haydn and Johann Christian Bach. Some of her most noted recordings have included a 1981 recording with the Gothic Voices of sequences of Hildegard of Bingen, \"A Feather on the Breath of God\"; the Taverner Consort's 1984 recordings of Claudio Monteverdi's \"Selva Morale e Spirituale\" and Johann Sebastian Bach's \"Mass in B minor\"; and her 1980 recording of George Frideric Handel's \"Messiah\" conducted by Christopher Hogwood, which brought her international acclaim. The Messiah recording was later named one of the top 20 recordings of all time by \"BBC Music Magazine\".\n", "Other recordings include: Handel \"Opera Arias and Overtures 2\" for Hyperion, Bach wedding cantatas for Decca, Bach \"Cantatas 82a and 199\" for Carus; and four projects for BIS: with London Baroque, one of Handel motets and one of Christmas music by Scarlatti, Bach and others; with the Royal Academy Baroque Orchestra the first recording of the newly rediscovered \"Gloria\" by Handel; and with the Romantic Chamber Group of London, \"Chanson d'amour\", an album of songs by the American composer Amy Beach.\n", "In the 2000s: an anthology, \"Classical Kirkby\", devised and performed with Anthony Rooley, on the BIS label, 2002; Cantatas by Cataldo Amodei, also for BIS, 2004; with Fretwork, consort songs by William Byrd, for Harmonia Mundi USA, 2005.; Scarlatti \"Stabat Mater\" with Daniel Taylor, for ATMA, 2006; \"Honey from the Hive\", songs of John Dowland, with Anthony Rooley, for BIS, 2006: and \"Musique and Sweet Poetrie\", also for BIS, 2007; lute songs from Europe with Jakob Lindberg.\n", "Section::::Recordings.:Selected discography.\n", "Emma Kirkby's recordings include:\n", "BULLET::::- \"Messiah, A Sacred Oratorio (Foundling Hospital Version 1754)\", with the Academy Of Ancient Music (L'Oiseau-Lyre, 1980)\n", "BULLET::::- \"A Feather on the Breath of God\"; with the Gothic Voices (Hyperion Records, 1984)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Monteverdi – Vespro Della Beata Vergine 1610\", with the Taverner Consort and Players (EMI Reflexe, 1983)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Claudio Monteverdi — Selva Morale e Spirituale\", with the Taverner Consort and Players (EMI Reflexe, 1984)\n", "BULLET::::- \"J S Bach – Mass in B minor\", with the Taverner Consort and Players (EMI Reflexe, 1985)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Handel,— Opera Arias\" (Hyperion Records, 1996)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Bach: Wedding Cantatas\", Christopher Hogwood, The Academy of Ancient Music, Decca 1996\n", "BULLET::::- \"Handel — Sacred Cantatas\" (BIS Records, 2001)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Chanson d´amour — Songs and instrumental works\" (BIS Records, 2002)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Byrd – Consort Songs\", with Fretwork (Harmonia Mundi, 2004)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Alessandro Scarlatti — Stabat Mater\", with the Theatre of Early Music (Atma Classique, 2005)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Classical Kirkby — 17th Century English Songs on classical themes\" (BIS Records)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Cataldo Amodei — Cantatas\" (BIS Records)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Musique and Sweet Poetrie — Jewels from Europe around 1600\", with Jakob Lindberg (BIS Records)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Honey from the Hive — Songs by John Dowland (1563–1626)\" (BIS Records)\n", "BULLET::::- \"In Nativitate Domini — Festive Christmas Music\"; with Susanne Rydén and Bell'Arte Salzburg (Berlin Classics)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Handel in Italy — Solo Cantatas\"; with London Baroque (BIS Records, 2008)\n", "Section::::Honours.\n", "In 1994, Kirkby was awarded an Honorary Degree (Doctor of Music) from the University of Bath.\n", "In 1999 Kirkby was voted 'Artist of the Year' by Classic FM Radio listeners and in November 2000 she received the Order of the British Empire. \"BBC Music Magazine\" in April 2007 published a survey of critics to nominate \"The 20 greatest sopranos\", placing Kirkby at number 10.\n", "She was appointed a Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire in the 2007 Queen's Birthday Honours List.\n", "In 2010 she became President of Dartington Community Choir.\n", "On 21 January 2011 it was announced that Kirkby had been awarded the Queen's Medal for Music, an award funded by the Privy Purse and given to an individual who has had a major influence on the musical life of the nation.\n", "In 2018, Kirkby was awarded the REMA Early Music Award in recognition of her career as an artist and mentor to young Early Music performers.\n", "Section::::Personal life.\n", "From 1971–83 she was married to conductor Andrew Parrott. She was later in a long-term relationship with lutenist Anthony Rooley, with whom she has a son. On 30 April 2015 she married conductor Howard Williams.\n", "Emma Kirkby is a Co-President of the opera company Hampstead Garden Opera.\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Bel Canto Summer School\n", "BULLET::::- BIS records – artist's page\n", "BULLET::::- Harmonia Mundi records – artist's page\n", "BULLET::::- Hyperion records – artist's page\n", "BULLET::::- ATMA records – artist's page\n", "BULLET::::- Decca records – artist's page\n", "BULLET::::- Goldberg, the early-music portal\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Charles Hopper Gibson\n", "Charles Hopper Gibson (January 19, 1842March 31, 1900) was a U. S. Senator from Maryland, serving from 1891–1897. He also served as a U.S. Congressman from 1885–1891.\n", "Gibson was born near Centreville, Maryland, and attended the Centreville Academy and the Archer School in Harford County. He graduated from Washington College in Chestertown, Maryland, engaged in the study law, and was admitted to the bar in 1864, commencing practice in Easton, Maryland.\n", "President Andrew Johnson appointed Gibson as collector of internal revenue for the Maryland Eastern Shore district in 1867, but Gibson was not confirmed. He became auditor and commissioner in chancery in 1869 and resigned in 1870 to accept the appointment of State’s attorney for Talbot County, Maryland, serving from 1871 until 1875.\n", "Gibson was elected as a Democrat to the Forty-ninth, Fiftieth, and Fifty-first Congresses from Maryland's 1st congressional district, serving from March 4, 1885 until March 3, 1891, but was not a candidate for reelection in 1890. He was appointed and subsequently elected as a Democrat to the United States Senate to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Ephraim King Wilson II, and served in that position from November 19, 1891 until March 3, 1897. As senator, Gibson served as chairman of the Committee on Manufactures (Fifty-third Congress).\n", "After his service as U.S. senator, Gibson resumed the practice of law, and later died in Washington, D.C. in 1900. He is interred in Chesterfield Cemetery in his home town of Centreville.\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Bryan Cranston\n", "Bryan Lee Cranston (born March 7, 1956) is an American actor, producer, director, screenwriter, and comedian. He is best known for his roles as Walter White on the AMC series \"Breaking Bad\" (2008–2013), Hal on the Fox sitcom \"Malcolm in the Middle\" (2000–2006), and Dr. Tim Whatley on the NBC sitcom \"Seinfeld\" (1989–1998). His performance on \"Breaking Bad\" is widely regarded as one of the best performances in television history.\n", "For \"Breaking Bad\", Cranston won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series four times (2008, 2009, 2010, and 2014), the first three of which were consecutive wins—the second time in television history after Bill Cosby in \"I Spy\" during the 1960s. After becoming a producer of the show in 2011, he also won the award for Outstanding Drama Series twice. He was previously nominated three times for the Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series for his role in \"Malcolm in the Middle\". \"Breaking Bad\" earned Cranston five Golden Globe nominations (with one win), nine Screen Actors Guild Award nominations (with four wins), and six Satellite Award nominations (with four wins).\n", "In June 2014, Cranston won a Tony Award for Best Actor in a Play for his portrayal of president Lyndon B. Johnson in the play \"All the Way\" on Broadway, a role he reprised in HBO's 2016 television film of the same name. In April 2018, he won the Laurence Olivier Award for Best Actor for his portrayal of Howard Beale in \"Network\" at London's National Theatre, later winning his second Tony Award for playing the role on Broadway. For the film \"Trumbo\" (2015), he received widespread acclaim and was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actor.\n", "Cranston has directed episodes of \"Malcolm in the Middle\", \"Breaking Bad\", \"Modern Family\", and \"The Office\". He has also appeared in several acclaimed films, such as \"Saving Private Ryan\" (1998), \"Little Miss Sunshine\" (2006), \"Drive\" (2011), \"Argo\" (2012), and \"Godzilla\" (2014). In 2015, Cranston and David Shore created, executive produced, and wrote the story for the Amazon Studios original crime drama \"Sneaky Pete\".\n", "Section::::Early life.\n", "Bryan Lee Cranston was born on March 7, 1956, in Hollywood, California, the second of three children born to Annalisa (née Sell; 1923–2004), a radio actress, and Joseph Louis Cranston (1924–2014), an actor and former amateur boxer. His father was of Austrian-Jewish, German, and Irish descent, while his mother was the daughter of German immigrants. He has an older brother, Kyle, and a younger sister, Amy. Cranston was raised in Canoga Park, California. His father held many jobs before deciding to become an actor, but did not secure enough roles to provide for his family. He eventually walked out on the family when Cranston was 11 years old, and they did not see each other again until a 22-year-old Cranston and his brother Kyle decided to track him down. He then maintained a relationship with his father until his father's death in 2014.\n", "Cranston has claimed that he based his portrayal of Walter White on his own father, who had a slumped posture \"like the weight of the world was on his shoulders\". After his father left, he was raised partly by his grandparents, living on their poultry farm in Yucaipa, California. He has called his parents \"broken people\" who were \"incapacitated as far as parenting\" and caused the family to lose their house in a foreclosure. In 1968, when he was 12 years old, he encountered a young Charles Manson while riding horses with his cousin at the Spahn Ranch. This happened about a year before Manson ordered the Tate-LaBianca murders. Cranston graduated from Canoga Park High School, where he was a member of the school's chemistry club, and earned an associate's degree in police science from Los Angeles Valley College in 1976.\n", "Section::::Career.\n", "Section::::Career.:Early work.\n", "After college, Cranston began his acting career in local and regional theaters, getting his start at the Granada Theater in the San Fernando Valley. He had previously performed as a youth, but his show business parents had mixed feelings about their son being involved in the profession, so he did not continue until years later. Cranston was ordained as a minister by the Universal Life Church, and performed weddings for $150 a service to help with his income. He also worked as a waiter, night-shift security guard at the gates of a private LA community, truck loader, camera operator for a video dating service, and CCTV security guard at a supermarket. He started working regularly in the late 1980s, mostly doing minor roles and advertisements. He was an original cast member of the ABC soap opera \"Loving\", where he played Douglas Donovan from 1983 to 1985. Cranston starred in the short-lived series \"Raising Miranda\" in 1988. Cranston's voice acting includes English dubbing of Japanese anime (for which he primarily used the non-union pseudonym Lee Stone), including \"Macross Plus\" and \"Armitage III: Poly-Matrix\", and most notably, \"\" as Fei-Long, and the children's series \"Mighty Morphin Power Rangers\". Cranston did voice work for the 1993-94 first season of that series, playing characters such as Twin Man and Snizzard, for which he was paid about $50 an hour for two or three hours of daily work. The Blue Power Ranger, Billy Cranston, was named for him.\n", "Section::::Career.:Career breakthrough and \"Malcolm in the Middle\".\n", "In 1994, Cranston got the recurring role of Dr. Tim Whatley, Jerry's dentist, on \"Seinfeld\". He played the role until 1997.\n", "In 1996, he played the first of his two biographical roles as an astronaut when he portrayed Gus Grissom in the film \"That Thing You Do!\"\n", "In 1997, he played a supporting role in the Michael Dudikoff action vehicle, the air hijack picture \"Strategic Command,\" with alongside Richard Norton, Paul Winfield, and Stephen Quadros. Later that year he had a small role in \"Babylon 5\" as Ericsson, a starship captain who sacrifices himself to save humanity.\n", "In 1998, Cranston appeared in an episode of \"The X-Files\" written by Vince Gilligan. That same year, he played his second astronaut role when he portrayed Buzz Aldrin in the HBO miniseries \"From the Earth to the Moon\". In 1999, Cranston wrote and directed the film \"Last Chance\". That same year he made his second appearance for a recurring role on the CBS sitcom \"The King of Queens\", playing Doug Heffernan's neighbor, Tim Sacksky.\n", "In 1998, he appeared in Steven Spielberg's \"Saving Private Ryan\", as one-armed War Department Colonel I.W. Bryce, who reported to General George Marshall that Private Ryan was the last survivor of his brothers, and his assumed location. His theatrical credits include starring roles in \"The God of Hell\", \"Chapter Two\", \"The Taming of the Shrew\", \"A Doll's House\", \"Barefoot in the Park\", \"Eastern Standard\", \"Wrestlers\" and \"The Steven Weed Show\", for which he won a Drama-Logue Award. In 2000, Cranston landed a leading role as Hal on the comedy series \"Malcolm in the Middle\". He would remain with the show until its end in 2006. Cranston ended up directing several episodes of the show and received three Primetime Emmy Award nominations for his performance. Cranston reprised his role in a cutaway gag during the \"Family Guy\" episode \"I Take Thee Quagmire\", killing Lois (his wife on \"Malcolm in the Middle\") with a refrigerator door, and in a leaked alternate ending of \"Breaking Bad\" with Jane Kaczmarek reprising her role as Lois.\n", "He has had guest roles in many television series, including a white-collar criminal searching for his estranged wife and daughter on \"The Flash\", a lawyer attempting to free the title character from a contract in \"Sabrina the Teenage Witch\", and a bigoted man being driven insane by extremely low frequency sonar waves in \"The X-Files\" episode \"Drive\". He also had a guest role in late 2006 on the CBS sitcom \"How I Met Your Mother\", playing Ted Mosby's obnoxious co-worker and former boss Hammond Druthers. He played Lucifer in the ABC Family miniseries \"Fallen\" and appeared as Nick Wrigley, an irresponsible uncle who accidentally brings Christmas close to destruction when he steals Santa's sleigh to have a crazy ride, in the 2001 Disney Channel Original Movie \"'Twas the Night\". In that same year, he provided the voice of Gary's father in Gary & Mike. He appeared as the more successful business colleague of Greg Kinnear's character in the film \"Little Miss Sunshine\" (2006). In September 2008, Cranston narrated a pre-teen adventure/fantasy audiobook called \"Adventures with Kazmir the Flying Camel\".\n", "Section::::Career.:\"Breaking Bad\" to the present.\n", "From 2008 to 2013, Cranston starred in the AMC series \"Breaking Bad\", created by Vince Gilligan, in which he played Walter White, a high-school chemistry teacher who is diagnosed with terminal lung cancer. Walter teams up with former student Jesse Pinkman (played by Aaron Paul), to manufacture and sell methamphetamine to ensure the well-being of Walter's family after he dies. Cranston's work on the series was met with widespread critical acclaim, winning him the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series in each of the show's first three seasons and being nominated in 2012 and 2013 for seasons four and five (winning again in 2014 for the second half of season 5). Cranston and Bill Cosby are the only actors to have won the award three consecutive times. Cranston was also a producer for the fourth and fifth seasons of the series, and directed three episodes of the show during its run.\n", "In 2011, Cranston had supporting roles in three successful films, the drama \"The Lincoln Lawyer\", as well as the thrillers \"Drive\" and \"Contagion\". He voiced James Gordon in the animated film \"\" (2011). In 2012, he had supporting roles in \"John Carter\", \"\" as Vitaly the tiger, and \"Rock of Ages\", and a major role in the hostage drama \"Argo\". He also lent his voice to several episodes of the animated series \"Robot Chicken\". In 2012, he starred in the remake of the 1990 film \"Total Recall\", as Chancellor Vilos Cohaagen, the corrupted president of a fictional war-ravaged United Federation of Britain. In the same year, he made a guest appearance as Kenneth Parcell's step-father, Ron, on the NBC sitcom \"30 Rock\", and was invited to join the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences.\n", "From September 2013 to June 2014, Cranston played U.S. president Lyndon B. Johnson in the American Repertory Theater and Broadway productions of \"All the Way\", in a performance that has received widespread acclaim, and he won the Tony Award for Best Actor in a Play for the role. He also played scientist Joe Brody in the 2014 reboot of \"Godzilla\".\n", "Cranston has produced an instructional DVD called \"KidSmartz\", which is designed to teach families how to stay safe from child abductors and Internet predators. \"KidSmartz\" raises money for the National Center for Missing & Exploited Children by donating half the proceeds from sales. Also, following the success of \"Breaking Bad\", the year 2014 saw reports of Cranston developing new TV projects in collaboration with Sony Pictures Television. In 2016, it was announced that he would star in an episode of the Channel 4/Amazon Video series \"Philip K. Dick's Electric Dreams\", and would also serve as an executive producer on the series.\n", "On July 16, 2014, it was announced that Cranston would star in an HBO adaptation of his hit play \"All the Way\". Steven Spielberg was set to be an executive producer on the film. Following the film's premiere on May 21, 2016, Cranston's performance was widely praised by critics, garnering eight Primetime Emmy Award nominations and a Television Critics Choice Award nomination. In 2015, Cranston starred as screenwriter Dalton Trumbo in the biopic \"Trumbo\", for which he received his first Academy award nomination. In 2016, Cranston voiced Li, the biological father of Po, in \"Kung Fu Panda 3\". Also that year, he appeared in many films, including \"The Infiltrator\" and \"Wakefield\". Cranston's memoir, \"A Life in Parts\", was published on October 11, 2016, became a \"New York Times\" bestseller, and received positive reviews. In 2017, he voiced Zordon in Lionsgate's \"Power Rangers\", which marked his return to the franchise after providing voices for the series' first season.\n", "Cranston starred in a stage adaptation of the 1976 film \"Network\" playing Howard Beale, directed by Ivo van Hove at the West End Royal National Theatre, opening in November 2017. The play, with Cranston as star, transferred to Broadway, opening at the Belasco Theatre on December 6, 2018. Cranston received the 2019 Drama League Award, Distinguished Performance Award., as well as his second Tony Award for best lead actor in a play.\n", "In 2017, he acted the role of Phillip Lacasse, a wealthy paraplegic in the movie \"The Upside\" along with Kevin Hart and Nicole Kidman. The film had scheduled a release in 2018, but was delayed because of the Harvey Weinstein sexual abuse allegations scandal. It was eventually released on January 11, 2019.\n", "He was part of the ensemble cast of the 2018 animated film \"Isle of Dogs\", by Wes Anderson, which premiered at the 68th Berlin International Film Festival, where he played the lead dog Chief. The film was released on March 23, 2018.\n", "Cranston appears in season 9 of HBO's \"Curb Your Enthusiasm\", playing Larry David's therapist. He announced that he will guest star in season 10 of NBC's \"Will & Grace\" along with David Schwimmer and Courteney Cox.\n", "Starting in October 2018, Cranston became the voice for a new series of Ford commercials featuring the tagline 'Built Ford Proud'.\n", "Section::::Charity work.\n", "In April 2014, Cranston presented at Broadway Cares/Equity Fights AIDS Easter Bonnet Competition with Idina Menzel, Fran Drescher, and Denzel Washington, after raising donations at his Broadway show \"All the Way\".\n", "Section::::Personal life.\n", "From 1977 to 1982, Cranston was married to writer Mickey Middleton. On July 8, 1989, he married Robin Dearden, whom he had met on the set of the series \"Airwolf\" in 1984; he was playing the villain of the week and she played a hostage he held at gunpoint. Their daughter, Taylor Dearden Cranston (born February 12, 1993), is a theatre studies student at the University of Southern California and played an extra in the \"Breaking Bad\" episode \"No Más\", directed by her father. She played Ophelia Mayer in \"Sweet/Vicious\".\n", "Cranston played baseball when he was a student and remains a collector of baseball memorabilia. He is an avid fan of the Philadelphia Phillies and the Los Angeles Dodgers. When he accepted his third Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series, Cranston thanked his wife and daughter, and told them he loves them \"more than baseball\". The family has a beach house in Ventura County, California, which Cranston designed. While filming \"Breaking Bad\", Cranston lived in Albuquerque, New Mexico. He was a co-owner of the former independent theater Cinemas Palme d'Or in Palm Desert, California.\n", "To commemorate the final episode of \"Breaking Bad\", Cranston and castmate Aaron Paul both got \"Breaking Bad\" tattoos on the last day of filming; Cranston's tattoo consists of the show's logo on one of his fingers, while Paul's tattoo consists of \"no half measures\" on his biceps.\n", "Section::::Publications.\n", "\"A Life in Parts\" (autobiography, published in 2016) \n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Bryan Cranston on Box Office Mojo\n", "BULLET::::- Bryan Cranston discusses \"Breaking Bad\" at AMCtv.com\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "Bryan Lee Cranston" ] }, "description": "American actor and director", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q23547", "wikidata_label": "Bryan Cranston", "wikipedia_title": "Bryan Cranston" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Ellis Ashmead-Bartlett\n", "Ellis Ashmead-Bartlett (11 February 1881 – 4 May 1931) was an English war correspondent during the First World War. Through his reporting of the Battle of Gallipoli, Ashmead-Bartlett was instrumental in the birth of the Anzac legend which still dominates military history in Australia and New Zealand. Through his outspoken criticism of the conduct of the campaign, he was instrumental in bringing about the dismissal of the British commander-in-chief, Sir Ian Hamilton – an event that led to the evacuation of British forces from the Gallipoli peninsula.\n", "Section::::Biography.\n", "Section::::Biography.:Early years.\n", "Born in 1881, Ashmead-Bartlett was the eldest son of Conservative Party MP Sir Ellis Ashmead-Bartlett. He went to Marlborough College and served as a lieutenant in The Bedfordshire Regiment during the Boer War. In April 1902 he was called to the bar at Inner Temple. Two years later, Ashmead-Bartlett arrived in Manchuria to report the Russo-Japanese War. Soon after the war, he published one of the major books on that conflict: \"Port Arthur: The Siege and Capitulation\" (William Blackwood & Sons).\n", "Section::::Biography.:Arrival at Gallipoli.\n", "Ashmead-Bartlett's role as a war correspondent reached maturity during World War I. As correspondent for the Fleet Street papers, Ashmead-Bartlett, who worked for \"The Daily Telegraph\", covered 25 April 1915 landing at Anzac Cove. He had gone ashore at Anzac Cove at 9.30 p.m. on the evening of the landing and, wearing a non-regulation green hat, was promptly arrested as a spy but was released when the boatswain who had brought him ashore testified for him.\n", "Ashmead-Bartlett was responsible for the first eyewitness accounts of the battle. His report of the landing was published in Australian newspapers on 8 May, before the reports of the Australian correspondent Charles Bean. His colourful prose, unrestrained by the pursuit of accuracy which hampered Bean's dispatches, was thick with praise for the Anzacs and went down well with Australian and New Zealand audiences:\n", "On 27 May 1915, Ashmead-Bartlett was aboard , a Royal Navy battleship anchored off W Beach at Cape Helles, when it was torpedoed by the German U-boat . Two days earlier he had seen go down off Anzac, the first victim of the \"U-21\", and he was well aware that the \"Majestic\" would likely suffer the same fate. On the night of 26 May he helped drink the last of the ship's champagne. He had his mattress brought up on deck so that he would not be trapped in his cabin. Ashmead-Bartlett survived the sinking but lost all his kit. He sailed for Malta to acquire a new wardrobe.\n", "Section::::Biography.:Return to London.\n", "As the battle progressed, Ashmead-Bartlett's reports became highly critical which left him in disfavour with the British commander-in-chief, General Sir Ian Hamilton. Instead of returning to the Dardanelles from Malta, he went on to London, arriving on 6 June, to report in person on the conduct of the campaign. During his time in London, he met with most of the senior political figures including Bonar Law (the Colonial Secretary), Winston Churchill (by that time displaced as First Lord of the Admiralty), Arthur Balfour (Churchill's replacement at the Admiralty) and the Prime Minister, H. H. Asquith. He was also questioned by the Secretary of State for War, Lord Kitchener.\n", "Section::::Biography.:Return to Gallipoli.\n", "When he returned to Gallipoli, Ashmead-Bartlett established himself on the island of Imbros which was also the site of Hamilton's headquarters. Here he lived in relative safety and comfort, even having brought his own cook from Paris. Returning to the peninsula, he witnessed the new landing at Suvla during the August Offensive:\n", "\"Confusion reigned supreme. No-one seemed to know where the headquarters of the different brigades and divisions were to be found. The troops were hunting for water, the staffs were hunting for their troops, and the Turkish snipers were hunting for their prey.\"\n", "Ashmead-Bartlett had obtained a movie camera while in London with which he captured the only film footage of the battle. On 21 August he was watching from Chocolate Hill when the British IX Corps launched the final attack of the campaign, the Battle of Scimitar Hill. While filming, he was buried when an artillery shell landed nearby but was quickly dug free.\n", "Section::::Biography.:Criticism of Gallipoli.\n", "When Australian journalist Keith Murdoch arrived at Gallipoli in September 1915, Ashmead-Bartlett found a receptive audience for his commentary and analysis of the campaign. Murdoch travelled to London carrying a letter from Ashmead-Bartlett – it is disputed whether Murdoch knew the contents – which damned the campaign, describing the final offensive as \"the most ghastly and costly fiasco in our history since the Battle of Bannockburn\". The letter, intended for Asquith, was intercepted in Marseilles and on 28 September, Ashmead-Bartlett was told to leave Gallipoli.\n", "On his return to London, Ashmead-Bartlett gave an \"interview\" to \"The Sunday Times\" (an opinion piece presented as an interview to circumvent censorship rules). Published on 17 October, it was the first detailed account of the campaign and was widely circulated, published in \"The Times\" and \"Daily Mail\" as well as in Australian papers.\n", "Section::::Biography.:After Gallipoli.\n", "Short of money, Ashmead-Bartlett undertook a lecture tour of England and Australia. He reported on the fighting on the Western Front in France. Following the war, Ashmead-Bartlett, (an opponent of Communism) fought in Hungary against the Bolsheviks. He spent two years (1924–1926) as a Conservative Member of Parliament for the Hammersmith North constituency in London.\n", "Ashmead-Bartlett later became the \"Daily Telegraph's\" India correspondent. His coverage was noted for his strong hostility to Gandhi's campaign for Indian Independence.\n", "He died in Lisbon in 1931.\n", "Section::::Select works.\n", "BULLET::::- (1906)\n", "BULLET::::- Ellis Ashmead-Bartlett (1910). \"The Passing of The Shereefian Empire\". Edinburgh and London, William Blackwood and sons . 1910\n", "BULLET::::- Ellis Ashmead-Bartlett (1923). \"The Tragedy of Central Europe\". London, Thornton Butterworth Ltd. 1923\n", "BULLET::::- Ellis Ashmead-Bartlett (1929). \"The Riddle of Russia\". Series of 22 articles for the Daily Telegraph, 22 January-20 February 1929\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Institute of Commonwealth Studies: Ellis Ashmead-Bartlett (1881–1931)\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "British politician and war correspondent", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q5365836", "wikidata_label": "Ellis Ashmead-Bartlett", "wikipedia_title": "Ellis Ashmead-Bartlett" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Michel Ancel\n", "Michel Ancel (born March 29, 1972) is a Monegasque-born French video game designer for Ubisoft. He is best known for creating the \"Rayman\" franchise, for which he was the lead designer for the first two games, and the recent \"Rayman Origins\" and its sequel \"Rayman Legends\". He is also known for the cult hit video game \"Beyond Good & Evil\" and for the video game adaptation of Peter Jackson's \"King Kong\", which was critically acclaimed. He is currently working on \"Beyond Good & Evil 2\" with a small team of developers, using development tools specially designed to make game development more accessible to a greater audience.\n", "Section::::Career.\n", "Ancel's first demo, \"Mechanic Warriors\", was developed for software house Lankhor. Ancel then joined Ubisoft as a graphic artist after meeting the game author Nicolas Choukroun in Montpellier at the age of 17. He made the graphics of Nicolas' games such as \"The Intruder\", \"Pick'n Pile\" before doing his first game as both programmer and graphic artist \"Brain Blaster\" published by Ubi Soft in 1990. In 1992, he began to work on \"Rayman\", his directorial debut. It was released in 1995 for PlayStation, Atari Jaguar and Sega Saturn.\n", "Ancel was also heavily involved in the development of \"\", but had only an advisory role on \"\". Although he praised its development team, he claims he would have \"made the game differently\".\n", "In 2003, he created \"Beyond Good & Evil\", which garnered critical acclaim and a cult following, but was a commercial failure. However, film director Peter Jackson's admiration of the game — and his frustration with EA's handling of \"The Lord of the Rings\" license — led to Ancel being given direction of the \"King Kong\" video game adaptation. In spite of Ubisoft's reluctance to produce a sequel \"Beyond Good and Evil 2\", Ancel has expressed a clear wish to produce one in the future., which was officially announced at Ubidays 2008 event on May 28, 2008. On December 18, 2008, at the VGL event in Paris.\n", "On April 5, 2006, Ubisoft announced Ancel was leading the development of the fourth game in the Rayman series, \"Rayman Raving Rabbids\", for Wii. The game began production in early 2005 and was released on November 15, 2006 for the launch of the Wii. However, Ancel was notably absent from the project after its E3 announcement, and he has made no public appearances regarding the game after the development team switched focus from a free-roaming platformer to the final mini games format shortly after E3. In the final game Ancel was only credited with storyboarding and character design, while design credits were shared between multiple other people.\n", "In 2010, Ubisoft announced \"Rayman Origins\", first an episodic video game designed by Michel Ancel and developed by a small team of five people, but then it was announced that it transformed into a full game. The title uses the UBIart Framework developed by Ubisoft Montpellier and Ancel. UBIart is a developer platform that allows artists and animators to easily create content and use it in an interactive environment. The engine is optimized for HD resolutions and is capable of running games at 60 frames per second in 1920x1080 resolution. UBIart tools will be released as open-source software in 2011. \n", "In 2014, Michel Ancel revealed he had formed an independent games studio called Wild Sheep. It was also revealed that he would continue to contribute to the development of projects at Ubisoft, including \"an extremely ambitious new title that is very close to his and the team’s heart.\" Wild Sheep are currently (2015) developing an open world pre-historic survival game called \"WiLD\".\n", "Section::::Recognition.\n", "On March 13, 2006, he, along with Shigeru Miyamoto and Frédérick Raynal, were knighted by the French Minister of Culture and Communication, Renaud Donnedieu de Vabres, a knight of arts and literature. It was the first time that video game developers were honored with this distinction.\n", "Ancel is also recognized as one of the best game designers in IGN's Top 100 Game Creators, ranking 24th out of 100.\n", "Section::::Design philosophy.\n", "Ancel aims for a high degree of freedom in his games. He is critical of games that claim to offer freedom, but present limits or invisible boundaries where players do not expect them.\n", "In designing \"Peter Jackson's King Kong\", Ancel chose not to show any overlay information to increase the player's immersion in the game world, a design choice also seen in games such as \"Ico\" or \"Another World\". For instance, low health is conveyed not with a meter but through blurred vision and the sound of heavy breathing.\n", "Ancel rejects the often held belief that video games of French origin are more original, claiming the problem lies not in the development process, but in risk-averseness at US publishers.\n", "Section::::Games.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Brain Blasters\" (also known as \"The Teller\") (1990) – Programmer & graphic artist\n", "BULLET::::- \"Pick 'n Pile\" (1990) – Story\n", "BULLET::::- \"Rayman\" (1995) – Concept & Design\n", "BULLET::::- \"Tonic Trouble\" (1999) – Concept\n", "BULLET::::- \"\" (1999) – Concept, Game Design, Artistic Design & Story Concept\n", "BULLET::::- \"Rayman M\" (2001) – Character Design\n", "BULLET::::- \"Beyond Good & Evil\" (2003) – Director, Game Design & Story\n", "BULLET::::- \"Peter Jackson's King Kong\" (2005) – Creative Director & Game Designer\n", "BULLET::::- \"Rayman Raving Rabbids\" (2006) – Character Design & Based on a World Created By\n", "BULLET::::- \"Rayman Raving Rabbids 2\" (2007) – Character Design & Based on a World created By\n", "BULLET::::- \"\" (2008) – Character Design & Based on a World created By\n", "BULLET::::- \"Rayman Origins\" (2011) - Concept, Design & Direction\n", "BULLET::::- \"Rayman Legends\" (2013) - Concept, Design & Direction\n", "BULLET::::- \"Beyond Good and Evil 2\" (TBA) – Designer, Director & Story\n", "BULLET::::- \"Wild\" (TBA)\n", "Ancel worked on, but did not design, \"Tonic Trouble\" (1999), which features limbless characters in the same mould as \"Rayman\". He shares credit on his \"Rayman\" games with Frédéric Houde, while Jacques Exertier contributed many of the cinematic and story elements of \"Beyond Good & Evil\" and \"King Kong\". He is also credited in Rayman games not designed by him because he was responsible for the creation of the character.\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Michel Ancel profile at MobyGames\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Ryan Newman (racing driver)\n", "Ryan Joseph Newman (born December 8, 1977), nicknamed \"Rocket Man\", is an American professional stock car racing driver. He currently competes full-time in the Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series, driving the No. 6 Ford Mustang for Roush Fenway Racing.\n", "Section::::Early career.\n", "Newman made his racing debut in 1993 in the United Midget Auto Racing Association and the All-American Midget Series, winning both Rookie of the Year and the championship. His 100 feature wins and two titles have him in the Quarter Midget Hall of Fame. Moving to USAC in 1995 running the C.E. Lewis No. 39 Drinan Chassis powered Brayton Motor, he was ROTY again in both the Midget Series and the Silver Crown in 1996. In 1999, he was the first driver to win in all three divisions while being the Silver Bullet Series champion in the No. 14 Beast Chassis powered Chevy.\n", "Section::::NASCAR.\n", "Section::::NASCAR.:Monster Energy Cup Series.\n", "Section::::NASCAR.:Monster Energy Cup Series.:Penske Racing (2000–2008).\n", "Newman began driving for legendary racing icon Roger Penske in 2000, in order to transition to stock car racing. Newman ran the No. 27 Alltel-sponsored Ford for Penske Racing in the ARCA RE/MAX Series. Newman won three of the five ARCA races he entered, and made his Winston Cup debut at Phoenix International Raceway in the No. 02 Alltel-sponsored Ford for Penske. In 2001, Penske planned for Newman to run at least 23 combined events in both ARCA and NASCAR, while Newman attended Purdue University. In addition to five ARCA events, Newman ran 15 Busch Series races that season, winning poles in his second and third career starts and scoring his first career win at Michigan International Speedway in just his 9th career start. He also had a series-high six poles. Around this time he would meet racing legend Buddy Baker, who would eventually become his mentor on superspeedways.\n", "In 2002, Newman won a season-high six poles, breaking the rookie record set by Davey Allison. Newman joined Dale Earnhardt Jr. as the second rookie to win The Winston all-star race. At Watkins Glen later that summer, Newman led 11 laps and finished second behind Tony Stewart. However the race ended in controversy as it was discovered that Stewart had restarted the race too early and jumped the restart. Despite a protest by Penske, NASCAR upheld Stewart's win. In September, he scored his first career Winston Cup win at New Hampshire Motor Speedway after starting from the pole. Newman beat out Jimmie Johnson for the Rookie of the Year award on the strength of rookie records in top-fives (14) and top-tens (22), even though Johnson had more wins, finished higher in the points standings, and led the standings at one point.\n", "Newman's sophomore season began with a flip at the 2003 Daytona 500 after contact with Ken Schrader and Bobby Labonte. At Watkins Glen, he spun and hit the foam blocks, sending him on his side. The near-flip was at the 2003 Aaron's 499, when he blew a tire mid-pack and nearly turned on his side in turn 1, sparking a 27-car crash. Though finishing the season with a series-high eight wins and eleven poles, Newman also suffered seven DNF's, which left him sixth in points. His number of poles during the season led to him being nicknamed 'Rocket Man\".\n", "In 2004, Newman qualified for the inaugural Chase for the Cup by finishing seventh in points with two wins and nine poles. He made the 2005 Chase as well, while returning to the Busch Series after a four-year absence, winning six out of the nine races he entered, including a series-record five straight.\n", "Newman endured his first winless season in 2006, finishing a career-worst 18th in points, while his longtime crew chief, Matt Borland, left for Michael Waltrip Racing. His pole ratio between his rookie year and 2006 was one in every three races, tying him for fifteenth on the all-time poles list. As of July, 2017 Ryan has 50 poles, placing him 9th all-time. \n", "In 2007, despite a streak of three consecutive poles, Newman again failed to win a race, including a near win at Lowe's Motor Speedway that was spoiled by a blown tire. His winless drought ended after he won the 2008 Daytona 500 on February 17, 2008. It was also the first Daytona 500 win for Penske.\n", "Section::::NASCAR.:Monster Energy Cup Series.:Stewart-Haas Racing (2009–2013).\n", "On July 15, 2008, Newman announced that he was leaving Penske at the end of the season, and a month later, it was confirmed he was joining Haas CNC Racing for 2009, in the No. 39 Chevy Impala. The team was renamed Stewart-Haas Racing before the season.\n", "Despite a slow start, Newman earned a pole, five top 5s, and 12 top 10s, and an average finish of 14.0, his best since his 8-win season in 2003. On September 12 at Richmond, Newman finished 10th and clinched a spot in the Chase for the first time since 2005. On November 1, 2009, at the Amp Energy 500 at Talladega Superspeedway, Newman was involved in a heavy crash on the back stretch in which he flipped over on top of Kevin Harvick entering Turn 3. He ended up on his roof and because the roof was crushed, crews had to use the Jaws of Life to pry the roof off the car after NASCAR officials flipped it back over. Newman was unharmed.\n", "On April 10, 2010, Newman broke a 78-race winless streak with a win in the Subway Fresh Fit 600 at Phoenix International Raceway. He only led 4 laps during the race. The win was the first in NASCAR history for a car numbered 39. In September 2010, he was chosen as \"honorable mention\" in a list of the smartest athletes in sports by \"Sporting News\".\n", "Newman began his 2011 season by leading the most laps in the Daytona 500, but crashed twice late and finished 22nd. He got his first win of the season winning on a fuel mileage having enough to get the checkered flag at the Lenox Industrial Tools 301 at New Hampshire, giving him his 3rd career win at the track. Tony Stewart finished 2nd, giving Stewart/Haas Racings their first ever 1–2 finish. At the same track in September, Newman grabbed his 3rd pole of the season at the Sylvania 300. The 49th pole of his career put him in a tie for 10th all time on career poles with Bobby Isaac.\n", "On April 1, 2012, at Martinsville Speedway, Newman survived a wild finish to get the 16th win of his career. The finish involved a controversial caution with 3 laps to go involving the No. 10 of David Reutimann which set up a green-white-checkered finish. Jeff Gordon and Jimmie Johnson dominated but on the restart, they crashed with Clint Bowyer and Newman came through unscathed en route to the win.\n", "Newman's 2013 campaign started with a 5th-place finish in the Daytona 500, but his momentum changed with two crashes at Phoenix the following week. He finished 38th at Las Vegas, but recovered with a 7th-place finish at Bristol. Newman collected two more Top 10 finishes in the next three races, but during that span he also had a controversial 31st-place finish in Martinsville. After a puncture, Newman appeared to stop deliberately and was penalized three laps. Two mediocre races at Kansas and Richmond followed, before the series went to Talladega. There, Newman was initially running well but finished 32nd when he and his teammate Danica Patrick were caught up in a spectacular late crash that saw Kurt Busch flip over and land on top of Newman. Newman, however, recovered well to collect two consecutive Top 10 finishes at both Darlington and Charlotte, displaying a large performance difference between the All-Star Race and the Coca-Cola 600.\n", "At Dover, Newman was running well until a pit road accident. There, he nearly tapped Jimmie Johnson after locking up his wheels when coming into pit road. He was penalized for a speeding violation resulting from the locked wheels and was one lap down after the penalty. Not long after the penalty, Newman was involved in an accident with David Gilliland, ending his race.\n", "The following week at Pocono, Newman led 19 laps and finished 5th, after running most of the race on an off-sequence pit stop strategy.\n", "Newman strung together three unimpressive races at Michigan, Kentucky, and Sonoma, before finishing 10th at Daytona after a crash at the finish line. This made him, Jimmie Johnson and Dale Earnhardt, Jr. the only three drivers to sweep the Top 10 at Daytona in 2013 (with only Johnson sweeping the Top 5 by winning both).\n", "At New Hampshire, Newman finished 39th in the Camping World RV Sales 301 after a crash with Kurt Busch, giving Newman his 5th DNF of 2013. On July 27, Newman won the pole for the Brickyard 400. The race was mainly a duel between Newman and Jimmie Johnson. On the final set of pit stops, Newman capitalized on a mistake by Johnson's pit crew and held on to the lead to win the race. It was Newman's first victory since the 2012 Goody's Fast Relief 500. Newman was leading near the finish of the Richmond race when Clint Bowyer spun with seven laps to go. Newman pitted, and ended up falling behind Carl Edwards, Kurt Busch and Paul Menard on the restart. He got past Menard, but could not catch Busch or Edwards on the last three laps, and lost the tiebreaker for the runner-up Wildcard spot with Martin Truex, Jr.\n", "On September 9, 2013, it was announced that Newman would replace Truex in the Chase after an investigation into Bowyer's spin proved that Bowyer had spun himself out intentionally to give Truex an opportunity to hold off Newman for the spot, under which Truex would have clinched a tiebreaker over Newman.\n", "Section::::NASCAR.:Monster Energy Cup Series.:Richard Childress Racing (2014–2018).\n", "On July 12, 2013, it was announced that Kevin Harvick would be joining Stewart-Haas Racing, driving the No. 4 Chevrolet SS, and that Newman would depart from the team at season's end, due to the team having no funding to run a four-car team.\n", "On September 9, 2013, it was announced that Newman would be moving to Richard Childress Racing for the 2014 NASCAR Sprint Cup Series season, replacing Jeff Burton in the No. 31 Chevrolet.\n", "Newman's first highlight of the year was at The Profit on CNBC 500 Phoenix Spring race. During the Cup series event, Newman controlled the race with less than 50 laps to go battling Kyle Busch for the lead for several laps. An untimely caution came out with less than 40 to go. Having not pitted in over 60 laps, Newman and Busch were forced to pit during the caution. As a result, Newman and Busch lost their shot at the win.\n", "At Michigan in August, Newman questioned a move that Jimmie Johnson pulled on him in the final five laps of the Pure Michigan 400. Jimmie and him exchanged heated words after the race. Newman refused to comment and when asked what Newman had to say, Johnson replied \"Typical Ryan Newman stuff.\"\n", "Because of consistency throughout the season, Newman beat veteran Jeff Gordon for the final wildcard spot in the 2014 Chase for the Sprint Cup. Newman almost won at Talladega when he controlled the final 10 laps. However, a final Green-White-Checkered finish attempt relegated Newman to a fifth-place finish. Although his car failed post-race inspection, NASCAR gave no penalties because of damage received during the Talladega race.\n", "Newman was so consistent that after starting the Chase 11th in the standings, he moved up each round and was fourth when they came to Phoenix for the next-to-last round of the Chase.\n", "At Phoenix, Newman was in danger of missing the final round. On the final lap, Newman pulled a controversial move on Kyle Larson, forcing Larson to slap the wall. Newman with finishing 11th, bumped Jeff Gordon out of the Chase. Newman defended his move stating that while it was unintentional, he felt like he owed Larson one for a previous accident. Larson later himself agreed with Newman's situation but admitted to have been initially furious over the move.\n", "At Homestead, Newman almost won the Championship but because he finished second to Kevin Harvick in the race, he finished second to Harvick in the standings. When Newman was interviewed he stated that he was not going to play dirty and wanted to have a clean race with Harvick. Ryan Newman was in position to win the race with a two-tire call prior to the final caution. Jeff Gordon pit which allowed Harvick to gain one row for the upcoming restart for the championship. \n", "Newman announced in January 2015 that he renewed his Richard Childress Racing contract and would drive the No. 31 again for the 2015 NASCAR Cup series season. Though Newman did not win a pole in 2014 he was listed as being among the drivers allowed in the Sprint Unlimited because NASCAR allowed all Chase drivers to participate in the race.\n", "Newman began his season with a string of Top 10s, including a third-place finish at Las Vegas. While running sixth in the standings in late-March, NASCAR confiscated various tires from Newman's team following the 2015 Auto Club 400 suspecting that Newman's team illegally tampered with the tires. Many teams including Newman's were accused of poking holes in the tires to allow air to bleed, which produces more grip for the tires and allows a car to maintain faster speed. Two weeks later NASCAR penalized Newman's team with a 75-point deduction, a $125,000 fine, a six-race suspension for crew chief Luke Lambert and two key crew members. Richard Childress Racing announced that they would appeal the penalties. Both appeals were exhausted with the same outcome, when the Final Appeals officer upheld the partially reduced penalties including the suspensions. The only reason the penalties were partially reduced was because of a gray area in the NASCAR rulebook over whether or not the penalties were post-race inspection penalties.\n", "Newman went on to make the Chase, but was eliminated at the end of round 2. He went on to finish 11th in the final standings, one point short of the Top 10. Jimmie Johnson beat him out for 10th by one point.\n", "On October 10, 2016, Newman signed a multi-year extension with Richard Childress Racing to return in 2017. This extension was rewarded with Newman's and Childress's first victory in four years with his triumph in the Camping World 500 at Phoenix International Raceway. The race was dominated by Kyle Busch, but a late caution caused by Joey Loganoblowing a tire with five laps to go set up a final restart. Newman elected to stay out and held off Kyle Larson to claim the win. The win marked Newman's 18th and RCR's 106th Cup victory, ending 127- and 112-race winless streaks, respectively. This was also the first win for the No. 31 car since Jeff Burton won at Lowe's Motor Speedway in 2008. Newman was eliminated in the first round, after finishing only 2 points behind Ricky Stenhouse Jr.\n", "On September 15, 2018, it was announced that Newman will not return to Richard Childress Racing in 2019.Newman barely missed the Playoffs since 2016 and wound up 17th in the final standings despite also concluding his first full-time season with zero top-five finishes for the first time in his career.\n", "Section::::NASCAR.:Monster Energy Cup Series.:Roush Fenway Racing (2019–present).\n", "On September 22, 2018, it was announced that Newman will drive the No. 6 Ford Mustang GT full-time for Roush Fenway Racing starting in 2019. At the conclusion of the 2019 Monster Energy NASCAR All-Star Race, Clint Bowyer chopped Newman's nose which sent Bowyer into the wall during the cool-down lap. Following the race, Bowyer attacked Newman on pit road. Both drivers were called to the NASCAR hauler, but neither was penalized for the incident. During an autograph session at a Bass Pro Shops store on May 23, a fan brought a pair of boxing gloves for both drivers to sign.\n", "Section::::NASCAR.:Nationwide Series.\n", "Newman made his Busch Series debut on February 24, 2001, at Rockingham in the Alltel 200. He started second and finished ninth; it was his first of fifteen appearances in the 2001 season, where he finished with one win and eight Top 10 finishes.\n", "He joined Dale Earnhardt Jr.'s JR Motorsports for the 2009 campaign as the driver of the No. 5 Chevy, signing on for four appearances for the year. In May 2010, Newman was hired to drive the No. 1 car for Phoenix Racing at Dover. In 2011, Newman drove the No. 30 Chevrolet for Turner Motorsports at Phoenix International Raceway.\n", "Section::::NASCAR.:Camping World Truck Series.\n", "Newman made his Truck Series debut on October 25, 2008 at Atlanta Motor Speedway, starting 10th in the 33 truck field driving Kevin Harvick's No. 2 Truck and passed his teammate Ron Hornaday with less than five laps to go to pick up his first truck series win in his first start making him the first driver to get their first Truck win at Atlanta and becoming the fourth driver to win in their first Truck race and joining the list of drivers who have won in all three of NASCAR's top series.\n", "Newman made his Truck Series return on July 24, 2013 at the inaugural Mudsummer Classic at Eldora Speedway, and finished third.\n", "In 2015, Newman made his return to the Truck Series at Kansas, replacing Joe Nemechek to drive the No. 8 Chevrolet Silverado where he finished 2nd.\n", "On July 10, 2018, it was announced that Newman drove the No. 3 Chevrolet for Jordan Anderson Racing at Eldora.\n", "Section::::Personal life.\n", "Newman was born December 8, 1977 in South Bend, Indiana. He graduated from Purdue University in 2001 with a B.S. in engineering. He has a sister, Jamie. Newman is married to Krissie, and they have two daughters.\n", "Newman's car was featured on the cover of the 2005 EA Sports computer game \"NASCAR SimRacing\", and he was actively involved in its development.\n", "Newman was on an episode of \"American Pickers\", buying bumper cars for his children.\n", "Section::::Personal life.:Charity.\n", "Newman and his wife, Krissie, operate Rescue Ranch, whose mission is to promote, through its education, respect for all animals, as well as agricultural, environmental,\n", "and wildlife conservation; and facilitates rehabilitation, rescue, and responsible pet ownership in order to enhance the human-animal bond. The Newmans themselves have rescued and cared for five dogs: Socks, Dunkin, Fred, Jasmine, and Hollow. They are also the proud owners of an orange feline whom they named Benjamin Ries-Roncalli after the famous ex-driver. He helped fund the construction of the Catawba County, North Carolina Humane Society shelter, in the county where he once lived.\n", "Section::::Personal life.:Hobbies.\n", "Newman is a car enthusiast and owns 14 cars. He enjoys driving and working on vintage cars, particularly 1950s Chryslers. His first car was a 74 Triumph TR-6. His favorite car is his 1948 Buick Roadmaster convertible he received from his wife as a birthday gift. His collection can be viewed on the History Channel show \"American Pickers\" (Episode: \"Art of the Deal\").\n", "Newman also enjoys fishing when he finds time during race weekends.\n", "Newman is the proud owner of Suds Hut Pub and Grille, which he operates with his wife and two kids.\n", "Section::::Awards and honors.\n", "On April 29, 2008, the St. Joseph County, Indiana, Board of Commissioners dedicated a half-mile stretch of newly rerouted Lincoln Way West (formerly U.S. Route 20) near the South Bend Regional Airport to Newman.\n", "Section::::Motorsports career results.\n", "Section::::Motorsports career results.:NASCAR.\n", "Section::::Motorsports career results.:NASCAR.:Camping World Truck Series.\n", " Season still in progressbr\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- List of all-time NASCAR Cup Series winners\n", "BULLET::::- List of NASCAR drivers who have won in each of top three series\n", "BULLET::::- List of NASCAR Sprint All-Star Race drivers\n", "BULLET::::- List of people from Indiana\n", "BULLET::::- List of Purdue University people\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Ryan Newman Foundation\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Bob McGrath\n", "Robert Emmet McGrath (born June 13, 1932) is an American singer, musician, actor, voice artist, and children's author best known for playing original human character Bob Johnson on the long-running educational television series \"Sesame Street\".\n", "Along with series matriarch Susan Robinson, played by Loretta Long, Bob had been one of the two longest-lasting human characters on the series since the show's debut. A Noggin segment proclaimed the four decades of Bob when promoting \"Sesame Street\" on that network. In July 2016, Sesame Workshop announced that McGrath would not return to the show for its 47th season because it would be re-tooling the series, but the company did say that McGrath would continue to represent the Workshop at public events. Sesame Workshop later announced that there would be talks to bring him back. Sesame Workshop said that he would still represent Sesame Street.\n", "McGrath has said that his two favorite moments on \"Sesame Street\" were \"Christmas Eve on Sesame Street\" (a 1978 Christmas special that included a pastiche of \"The Gift of the Magi\"), and the 1983 sequence that candidly addressed the death of longtime character Mr. Hooper, played by his good friend Will Lee who had died the previous year.\n", "Section::::Early life and career.\n", "McGrath was born in Ottawa, Illinois on June 13, 1932, named for Irish patriot Robert Emmet. In 1950 he graduated from Marquette High School. McGrath is a 1954 graduate of the University of Michigan's School of Music. While attending Michigan, he was a member of the University of Michigan Men's Glee Club and of the fraternity of Phi Gamma Delta, where during fraternity events, he washed dishes while fraternity brother David Connell waited tables, a connection which Connell would use when casting began for \"Sesame Street\". He worked with Mitch Miller and was the featured tenor on Miller's NBC-TV television singalong series \"Sing Along with Mitch And The Gang\" for five seasons from 1959 to 1964. He was a singer on the Walt Kelly album \"Songs of the Pogo\".\n", "In the mid-1960s, McGrath became a well-known recording artist in Japan, releasing a series of successful albums of Irish and other folk songs and ballads sung in Japanese. This aspect of his career was the basis of his \"secret\" when he appeared on the game shows \"To Tell the Truth\" in 1966 and \"I've Got a Secret\" (February 20, 1967).\n", "Section::::Other accomplishments.\n", "For 38 years, McGrath was a regular fixture on Telemiracle, a telethon broadcast annually on CTV outlets in the Canadian province of Saskatchewan. 2015 was his final regular appearance at Telemiracle, where performers at the show paid tribute to him. He returned for a special appearance in 2018. On March 3, 2006, he was awarded the Commemorative Medal for the Centennial of Saskatchewan for this work by the Lieutenant Governor of Saskatchewan, Lynda Haverstock. He was given the Saskatchewan Distinguished Service Award in 2013 by the Premier of Saskatchewan, Brad Wall.\n", "He has written many children's books, including \"Uh Oh! Gotta Go!\" and \"OOPS! Excuse Me Please!\".\n", "In 1995, he was awarded a grant from the Foundation for Contemporary Arts Grants to Artists Award.\n", "McGrath's \"Sing Me a Story\" was nominated for the 7th Annual Independent Music Awards for children's album of the year.\n", "On April 10, 2010, he was the first recipient of the University of Michigan Men's Glee Club Lifetime Achievement Award. McGrath also served as master of ceremonies at the Glee Club's 150th anniversary celebration weekend.\n", "Section::::Personal life.\n", "He and his wife Ann have five children, six granddaughters, and two grandsons. The couple resides in Teaneck, New Jersey.\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- NAMM (National Association of Music Merchants) Oral History Interview with Bob McGrath December 19, 2006\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Koda Kumi\n", ", known professionally as , is a Japanese singer from Kyoto, known for her urban and R&B songs. \n", "After debuting with the single \"Take Back\" in December 2000, Koda gained fame in March 2003 when the songs from her seventh single, \"Real Emotion/1000 no Kotoba\", were used as themes for the video game \"Final Fantasy X-2\". Her popularity grew with the release of her fourth studio album \"Secret\" (2005), her sixteenth single \"Butterfly\" (2005), and her first greatest hits album \"\" (2005), reaching the number-three, number-two, and number-one spots respectively.\n", "Though her early releases presented a conservative, quiet image, since as early as 2003 Koda has adopted a sexier and more provocative style. Because of this image, she has become a fashion leader among young women, setting trends such as the ero-kakkoii style. In 2006 and 2007, Oricon named Koda as the top selling artist of the year.\n", "Section::::Life and career.\n", "Section::::Life and career.:Early life.\n", "Koda was born into a family of musicians. Her grandfather was a Shakuhachi master and her mother was a Koto teacher; she is the older sister of Misono, current solo artist and former lead singer of Day After Tomorrow. Inspired by her mother, who performed in karaoke bars, Koda, from a young age, had aspirations of becoming a singer. Her school years were unhappy; she described her junior and high school years as \"obscure times\", as she was ridiculed due to her \"fatness\", \"shortness\", \"ugliness\", and other factors related to her appearance. During her second year of high school Koda auditioned in Avex’s \"Dream Audition\", where she came in second out of 120,000 participants. She was then signed onto the Avex sub-label Rhythm Zone. Koda's first semi-biographical book, \"Koda-shiki\" (\"Koda-style\") was officially described as \"a story about a girl who was filled with inferiority complex pursuing her way\".\n", "Section::::Life and career.:2000–2004: Early career and image change.\n", "Koda debuted on December 6, 2000, with the single \"Take Back\"; it was followed by \"Trust Your Love\", \"Color of Soul\" (both 2001), and \"So into You\" (2002). \"Trust Your Love\" and \"Color of Soul\" were both Top 30 singles; the former reached number 18 on the chart and became Koda's first Top Twenty single. Using the stage name Koda, Koda recorded \"Take Back\" and \"Trust Your Love\" in English and released the singles in the United States under Orpheus Records. \"Take Back\" peaked at number 18 on the Hot Dance Music/Maxi-Singles Sales chart;ref\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Andrew Orlowski\n", "Andrew Orlowski (born 1966) is a British columnist, an investigative journalist and was the executive editor of the IT news and opinion website \"The Register\".\n", "Section::::Journalism career.\n", "In his youth, Orlowski had been involved in a school magazine called \"Within These Walls\", and a fanzine named \"Paradise Demise\". Moving from Northallerton, Yorkshire, to Manchester in 1984, he studied at University of Manchester and worked as a receptionist in the IT department at GM Buses, before taking a course in computer programming. He worked as a programmer in Altrincham in the early 1990s, and later said that he \"found that a lot less creative than I'd expected, and this being my first proper job I soon got disillusioned.\"\n", "Orlowski wrote reviews for Manchester's \"City Life\" magazine from 1988, and in 1992 started an alternative newspaper called \"Badpress\" in Manchester. In 1994 he became computer correspondent at \"Private Eye\" magazine. In the late 1990s, he wrote for \"PC Pro\" and was news editor at \"IT Week\". Today, Orlowski is a columnist and the executive editor of IT news and opinion website \"The Register\"; he was based in San Francisco for five years in the early 2000s, reporting for \"The Register\", but returned to England in 2006. \n", "Orlowski also gave one of the earliest mentions of the term \"iPhone\", which he wrote in a \"The Register\" article in August 2002 amid speculation of a mobile phone partnership between Apple and Sony Ericsson.\n", "Section::::Journalism career.:\"Googlewashing\".\n", "In 2003, Orlowski coined the term \"googlewashing\" to describe the potential for accidental or intentional censorship of concepts through the way search engines like Google Search operate. An article in \"The New York Times\" commenting on worldwide anti-war demonstrations had stated that \"there may still be two superpowers on the planet: the United States and world public opinion\", and the term \"the Second Superpower\" suddenly acquired widespread currency. However, within a few weeks, most of the top search engine results for the term had come to be about something else, because a prominent blogger had used the same term in what Orlowski described as a \"plea for net users to organize themselves as a 'superpower'.\" The blogger's piece was so well linked and so widely commented upon online that the first few pages of Google hits in a search for \"the second superpower\" all were about his new meaning, with the original anti-war meaning relegated to \"other links not shown because they are deemed to be irrelevant.\" Even the term \"googlewashing\" itself almost came to be \"googlewashed\" in a similar manner, with Orlowski's original definition temporarily disappearing from the top Google search results for the term.\n", "Section::::Journalism career.:Writings on techno-utopianism.\n", "Orlowski is a frequent writer on techno-utopianism. Concerning the political influence of Google, Orlowski has said, \"The web is a secular religion at the moment and politicians go to pray at events like the Google Zeitgeist conference. Any politician who wants to brand himself as a forward-looking person will get himself photographed with the Google boys. [...] It's the big regulatory issue of the next 10 years: how politicians deal with Google. If the web is as important as the politicians say, it seems odd that one company sets the price and defines the terms of business.\"\n", "Commenting on the vision of the technological singularity, a future time when people and machines would combine to form a new superintelligence, and at least a part of humanity might overcome biological limitations like death and disease, he has stated that \"The Singularity is not the great vision for society that Lenin had or Milton Friedman might have. It is rich people building a lifeboat and getting off the ship.\" \n", "In December 2004, Orlowski was invited to a discussion panel on techno-utopianism at Harvard Law School's Berkman Center for Internet and Society. He was Assistant Producer of Adam Curtis' 2011 BBC TV series on techno-utopianism, \"All Watched Over By Machines of Loving Grace\".\n", "Section::::Journalism career.:English Wikipedia criticism.\n", "In the 2000s, Orlowski often took a critical view of English Wikipedia, noting in 2005, \"Readability, which wasn't great to begin with, has plummeted. Formerly coherent and reasonably accurate articles in the technical section have gotten worse as they've gotten longer.\" In a 2005 BBC article, Bill Thompson said Orlowski was \"scathing in his dismissal of the site as a cult-like organisation where faith triumphs rationality, and even suggests we look at English Wikipedia as 'a massively scalable, online role-playing game' where 'players can assume fictional online identities and many \"editors\" do just that'.\"\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- andreworlowski.com\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Register\"\n", "BULLET::::- badpress.net in the Internet archive\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Matilde Hidalgo\n", "Matilde Hidalgo Navarro (Loja, Ecuador, September 29, 1889 - Guayaquil, February 20, 1974) was an Ecuadorian physician, poet, and activist. Matilde Hidalgo was the first woman to exercise the right to vote in Ecuador, and also the first to receive a Doctorate in Medicine. Hidalgo fought for the recognition of women's rights and is now known as one of the most important women in Ecuadorian history.\n", "Section::::Biography.\n", "Matilde Hidalgo Navarro became the first woman to graduate from a high school in Ecuador, the first woman to vote in an election in Latin America and the first woman to hold elected office in her country. She was born in Loja, to a family of six children born to Juan Manuel Hidalgo and Carmen Navarro. After her father died, her mother had to work as a seamstress to maintain them. Matilde studied at the school the Immaculate Conception of the Sisters of Charity.\n", "Upon graduating from sixth grade, Matilde told her older brother Antonio of her wish to continue studying. Antonio made the request to the secular high school Colegio Bernardo Valdivieso. The director of the school, Dr. Angel Rubén Ojeda, after thinking about it for a month, agreed. Reaction in the community was not very good: mothers prohibited their daughters from befriending her, the local priest forced her to listen to mass two steps outside the church’s entrance. Nevertheless, her mother staunchly defended her daughter. Eventually Matilde graduated with honors and continued her studies at the University of Cuenca, obtaining a Doctorate in Medicine in 1921, making her the first Ecuadorian woman to receive such a title. Two years later, Matilde married the lawyer Fernando Procel, and they had two children named: Fernando and Gonzalo Procel, Fernando was a doctor while Gonzalo was an architect.\n", "Section::::Professional life and suffrage.\n", "During the presidency of José Luis Tamayo, Matilde announced that she was going to vote in the next presidential elections. The issue was put under ministerial consultation, eventually ruling in her favor, and on June 9, 1924, Matilde Hidalgo becomes the first woman in Latin America to exercise her constitutional right to vote in a national election.\n", "In 1924, she was able to vote in Loja, making Ecuador the first country in the continent to grant women voting rights.\n", "She set the precedent for women in politics and her victories kept adding up.\n", "Matilde opened many more doors: she became the first elected councilwoman of Machala and, the first vice-president of the Council of Machala. In 1941, she became the first woman candidate and the first elected woman public administrator in Loja, the city that was once horrified by her ambitions, with the title \"Assistant Deputy\".\n", "Hidalgo Navarro practiced medicine in Guayaquil until 1949, when she received a scholarship to study Pediatrics, Neurology, and Dietetics in Argentina.\n", "Section::::Awards/recognitions.\n", "BULLET::::- First woman to receive a Bachelor's Degree in Loja and the country.\n", "BULLET::::- First woman licensed in Medicine Universidad del Azuay (today Universidad de Cuenca)\n", "BULLET::::- First Doctorate in Medicine Universidad de Quito\n", "BULLET::::- First Academic Professional woman in the country.\n", "BULLET::::- First woman to vote in Latin America.\n", "BULLET::::- First female Vice President of a Municipal Council.\n", "BULLET::::- First Deputy Elected to Congress.\n", "BULLET::::- Teacher, politician, poet, professional, public official, wife, mother.\n", "BULLET::::- National Merit Award, granted by Presidential Decree in 1956.\n", "BULLET::::- Homage from the city of Loja, declaring her \"Illustrious Woman\" (1966).\n", "BULLET::::- National Merit Award, from the Department of Public Health, granted by the Public Health Minister of Ecuador (1971).\n", "Section::::Poems.\n", "Literary critic Cecilia Ansaldo Briones offers a compilation of twenty poems by Matilde Hidalgo in the book by Jenny Estrada, \"Matilde Hidalgo of Prócel, Biography and Poetry Book\". From there it is known that Matilde Hidalgo Navarro wrote her first poems when she was in secondary school and in college, writing on topics such as \"the cult of Science, the admiration of Nature, praise of people or dates, Marian devotion, little poetry about love, and the topic of women\".\n", "Other known titles include: \n", "BULLET::::- \"The woman and love.\"\n", "BULLET::::- \"The goldfinch.\"\n", "BULLET::::- \"Where is my happiness?\"\n", "BULLET::::- \"In the apotheosis of Don Bernardo Valdivieso.\"\n", "BULLET::::- \"The constant woman's plea.\"\n", "BULLET::::- \"Forget me by God.\"\n", "BULLET::::- \"To María.\"\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Tenth of August.\"\n", "BULLET::::- \"Proscription.\"\n", "BULLET::::- \"My ideal.\"\n", "BULLET::::- \"To Cuenca Jonah.\"\n", "BULLET::::- \"Celicano patriotic hymn.\"\n", "BULLET::::- \"Sacrifice.\"\n", "BULLET::::- \"The poet.\"\n", "BULLET::::- \"The drop of dew.\"\n", "BULLET::::- \"By leaving we do not raise our store.\"\n", "BULLET::::- \"Song of spring.\"\n", "BULLET::::- \"In the agony of the evening.\"\n", "Section::::Memberships.\n", "BULLET::::- Medical Federation of Ecuador (founding member)\n", "BULLET::::- Surgical Association of Quito (founding member)\n", "BULLET::::- Press circle of Quito\n", "BULLET::::- Machala Feminine Institute of Culture\n", "BULLET::::- Committee of Women of the Red Cross in the Gold Province.\n", "BULLET::::- House of the Ecuadorian Culture, center of the Gold Province.\n", "BULLET::::- Committee of Women Lions of Machala.\n", "BULLET::::- Medical Society of Ecuador.\n", "BULLET::::- Society of Women Physicians of Guayas.\n", "BULLET::::- National Federation of Journalists.\n", "BULLET::::- College of Physicians of El Oro.\n", "BULLET::::- Union of American Women, UMA.\n", "BULLET::::- National Union of Ecuadorian Women, UNME.\n", "BULLET::::- Pan-American Medical Association (PAMA), Ecuador Chapter.\n", "BULLET::::- Benemérita Surgical Society of Guayas.\n" ] }

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"Republic", "pneumonia", "Görz", "Nova Gorica", "Roman Catholic", "Archduchess Marie-Thérèse of Austria-Este", "Francis IV", "Modena", "Maria Beatrice of Savoy", "Louise, Duchess of Parma", "Duke of Blacas", "Louis XIX of France", "Hildburghausen", "Thuringia", "Germany", "Dark Counts", "Ernestine Lambriquet", "television", "Gladys Cooper", "The Iron Duke", "George Arliss", "Duke of Wellington", "Marilyn Knowlden", "Marie-Antoinette", "Norma Shearer", "Anne-Laura Meury", "The French Revolution", "Jane Seymour", "Jeanne Moreau", "Cinderella", "Ever After: A Cinderella Story", "Daisy Bevan", "The Affair of the Necklace", "Joely Richardson", "Marie Antoinette", "Sofia Coppola", "Lauriane Mascaro", "Florrie Betts", "Kirsten Dunst", "Northern Irish", "Elena Maria Vidal", "Sharon Stewart", "Suzanne Weyn", "Archduchess Marie-Antoinette of Austria", "Empress Maria Theresa I, Holy Roman Empress", "Duchess of Angoulême's Memoirs on the Captivity in the Temple", "Duchess of Angoulême's Memoir on the Flight to Varennes", "John Wilson Croker", "Duchess of Angoulême's Memoirs on the Captivity in the Temple", "\"The Ruin of a Princess as told by the Duchesse d'Angoulême, Madame Elisabeth, Sister of Louis XVI, and Cléry, the King's Valet de Chambre\"", "A Celebration of Women Writers", "English language site of the franciscan Monastery in Kostanjevica Slovenia", "English and German language site about the substitution theory of Madame Royale and the \"Dark Countess of Hildburghausen\"" ], "wikipedia_id": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ], "wikipedia_title": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ] }

{ "paragraph": [ "Marie Thérèse of France\n", "Marie-Thérèse Charlotte of France (19 December 1778 – 19 October 1851), \"Madame Royale\", was the eldest child of Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette, and the only one to reach adulthood (her siblings all dying before the age of 11). She was married to Louis Antoine, Duke of Angoulême, who was the eldest son of the future Charles X, her father's younger brother; thus the bride and groom were also first cousins.\n", "After her marriage, she was known as the Duchess of Angoulême. She became the Dauphine of France upon the accession of her father-in-law to the throne of France in 1824. Technically she was Queen of France for twenty minutes, on 2 August 1830, between the time her father-in-law signed the instrument of abdication and the time her husband, reluctantly, signed the same document.\n", "Section::::Early life.\n", "Marie-Thérèse was born at the Palace of Versailles on 19 December 1778, the first child (after eight years of her parents' marriage), and eldest daughter of King Louis XVI of France and Queen Marie Antoinette. As the daughter of the king of France, she was a \"fille de France\", and as the eldest daughter of the king, she was styled \"Madame Royale\" at birth.\n", "Marie Antoinette almost died of suffocation during this birth due to a crowded and unventilated room, but the windows were finally opened to let fresh air in the room in an attempt to revive her. As a result of the horrible experience, Louis XVI banned public viewing, allowing only close family members and a handful of trusted courtiers to witness the birth of the next royal children. When she was revived, the queen greeted her daughter (whom she later nicknamed \"Mousseline\") with delight:\n", "Marie-Thérèse was baptized on the day of her birth. She was named after her maternal grandmother, the reigning Empress Maria Theresa of Austria. Her second name, Charlotte, was for her mother's favourite sister, Maria Carolina of Austria, queen consort of Naples and Sicily, who was known as Charlotte in the family.\n", "Marie-Thérèse's household was headed by her governess, the princesse de Guéméné, who later had to resign due to her husband's bankruptcy and was replaced by one of the queen's closest friends, the duchesse de Polignac. The actual care was however given by the sub governesses, notably Marie Angélique de Mackau. Louis XVI was an affectionate father, who delighted in spoiling his daughter, while her mother was stricter.\n", "Marie Antoinette was determined that her daughter should not grow up to be as haughty as her husband's unmarried aunts. She often invited children of lower rank to come and dine with Marie-Thérèse and encouraged the child to give her toys to the poor. In contrast to her image as a materialistic queen who ignored the plight of the poor, Marie Antoinette attempted to teach her daughter about the sufferings of others. On New Year's Day in 1784, after having some beautiful toys brought to Marie-Thérèse's apartment, she told her:\n", "Marie-Thérèse was joined by two brothers and a sister, Louis Joseph Xavier François, Dauphin of France, in 1781, Louis-Charles de France, Duke of Normandy, in 1785, and Sophie Hélène Béatrix, \"Madame Sophie\", in 1786. Out of all her siblings, she was closest to Louis Joseph, and after his death, Louis Charles. As a young girl, Marie Therese was noted to be quite attractive, with beautiful blue eyes, inheriting the good looks of her mother and maternal grandmother. She was the only one of her parents' four children to survive past age 10.\n", "Section::::Life during the Revolution.\n", "As Marie-Thérèse matured, the march toward the French Revolution was gaining momentum. Social discontent mixed with a crippling budget deficit provoked an outburst of anti-absolutist sentiment. By 1789, France was hurtling toward revolution as the result of bankruptcy brought on by the country's support of the American Revolution and high food prices due to drought, all of which was exacerbated by propagandists whose central object of scorn and ridicule was the Queen of France, Marie Antoinette.\n", "As the attacks upon the queen grew ever more vicious, the popularity of the monarchy plummeted. Inside the Court at Versailles, jealousies and xenophobia were the principal causes of resentment and anger toward Marie Antoinette. Her unpopularity with certain powerful members of the Court, including the Duke of Orléans, led to the printing and distribution of scurrilous pamphlets which accused her of a range of sexual depravities as well as of spending the country into financial ruin. While it is now generally agreed that the queen's actions did little to provoke such animosity, the damage these pamphlets inflicted upon the monarchy proved to be a catalyst for the upheaval to come.\n", "The worsening political situation, however, had little effect on Marie-Thérèse, as more immediate tragedies struck when her younger sister, Sophie, died in 1787, followed two years later by the Dauphin, Louis-Joseph, who died of tuberculosis, on 4 June 1789, one day after the opening of the Estates-General.\n", "Section::::Life during the Revolution.:Move to the Tuileries.\n", "When the Bastille was stormed by an armed mob on 14 July 1789, the situation reached a climax. The life of the 10-year-old \"Madame Royale\" began to be affected as several members of the royal household were sent abroad for their own safety. The comte d'Artois, her uncle, and the \"duchesse de Polignac\", governess to the royal children, emigrated on the orders of Louis XVI.\n", "The \"Duchesse de Polignac\" was replaced by the \"marquise de Tourzel\", whose daughter Pauline became a lifelong friend of Marie-Thérèse.\n", "On 5 October, a mixed \"cortège\" of mainly working women from Paris marched to Versailles, intent on acquiring food believed to be stored there, and to advance political demands. After the invasion of the palace in the early hours of 6 October had forced the family to take refuge in the king's apartment, the crowd demanded and obtained the move of the king and his family to the Tuileries Palace in Paris.\n", "As the political situation deteriorated, Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette realized that their lives were in danger, and went along with the plan of escape organised with the help of Count Axel von Fersen. The plan was for the royal family to flee to the northeastern fortress of Montmédy, a royalist stronghold, but the attempted flight was intercepted in Varennes, and the family escorted back to Paris.\n", "Section::::Life during the Revolution.:Temple.\n", "On 10 August 1792, after the royal family had taken refuge in the Legislative Assembly, Louis XVI was deposed, although the monarchy was not abolished before 21 September. On 13 August, the entire family was imprisoned in the Temple Tower, remains of a former medieval fortress. On 21 January 1793, Louis XVI was executed on the guillotine, at which time Marie-Thérèse's young brother Louis Charles was recognized as King Louis XVII of France by the royalists.\n", "Almost six months later, in the evening of 3 July 1793, guards entered the royal family's apartment, forcibly took away the eight-year-old Louis Charles, and entrusted him to the care of Antoine Simon, a cobbler and Temple commissioner. Remaining in their apartment in the Tower were Marie Antoinette, Marie-Thérèse and Madame Élisabeth, Louis XVI's youngest sister. When Marie Antoinette was taken to the \"Conciergerie\" one month later, in the night of 2 August, Marie-Thérèse was left in the care of her aunt Élisabeth who, in turn, was taken away on 9 May 1794 and executed the following day. Of the royal prisoners in the Temple, Marie-Thérèse Charlotte was the only one to survive the Reign of Terror.\n", "Her stay in the Temple Tower was one of solitude and often great boredom. The two books she had, the famous prayer book by the name of \"The Imitation of Christ\" and \"Voyages\" by La Harpe, were read over and over, so much so that she grew tired of them. But her appeal for more books was denied by government officials, and many other requests were frequently refused, while she often had to endure listening to her brother's cries and screams whenever he was beaten. On 11 May, Robespierre visited Marie-Thérèse, but there is no record of the conversation. During her imprisonment, Marie-Thérèse was never told what had happened to her family. All she knew was that her father was dead. The following words were scratched on the wall of her room in the tower:\n", "In late August 1795, Marie-Thérèse was finally told what had happened to her family, by Madame Renée de Chanterenne, her female companion. When she had been informed of each of their fates, the distraught Marie-Thérèse began to cry, letting out loud sobs of anguish and grief.\n", "It was only once the Terror was over that Marie-Thérèse was allowed to leave France. She was liberated on 18 December 1795, on the eve of her seventeenth birthday, exchanged for prominent French prisoners (Pierre Riel de Beurnonville, Jean-Baptiste Drouet, Hugues-Bernard Maret, Armand-Gaston Camus, Nicolas Marie Quinette and Charles-Louis Huguet de Sémonville) and taken to Vienna, the capital city of her cousin, the Holy Roman Emperor Francis II, and also her mother's birthplace.\n", "Section::::Exile.\n", "Marie-Thérèse arrived in Vienna on 9 January 1796, in the evening, twenty-two days after she had left the Temple.\n", "She later left Vienna and moved to Mitau, Courland (now Jelgava, Latvia), where her father's eldest surviving brother, the comte de Provence, lived as a guest of Tsar Paul I of Russia. He had proclaimed himself King of France as Louis XVIII after the death of Marie-Thérèse's brother. With no children of his own, he wished his niece to marry her cousin, Louis-Antoine, duc d'Angoulême, son of his brother, the comte d'Artois. Marie-Thérèse agreed.\n", "Louis-Antoine was a shy, stammering young man. His father tried to persuade Louis XVIII against the marriage. However, the wedding took place on 10 June 1799 at Jelgava Palace (modern-day Latvia). The couple had no children.\n", "Section::::Exile.:In Britain.\n", "The royal family moved to Great Britain, where it settled at Hartwell House, Buckinghamshire, while her father-in-law spent most of his time in Edinburgh, where he had been given apartments at Holyrood House.\n", "The long years of exile ended with the abdication of Napoleon I in 1814, and the first Bourbon Restoration, when Louis XVIII stepped upon the throne of France, twenty-one years after the death of his brother Louis XVI.\n", "Section::::Bourbon Restoration.\n", "Louis XVIII attempted to steer a middle course between liberals and the Ultra-royalists led by the comte d'Artois. He also attempted to suppress the many men who claimed to be Marie Thérèse's long-lost younger brother, Louis XVII. These claimants caused the princess a good deal of distress.\n", "Marie-Thérèse found her return emotionally draining and she was distrustful of the many Frenchmen who had supported either the Republic or Napoleon. She visited the site where her brother had died, and the Madeleine Cemetery where her parents were buried. The royal remains were exhumed on 18 January 1815 and re-interred in Saint-Denis Basilica, the royal necropolis of France, on 21 January 1815, the 22nd anniversary of Louis XVI's execution.\n", "In March 1815, Napoléon returned to France and rapidly began to gain supporters and raised an army in the period known as the Hundred Days. Louis XVIII fled France, but Marie-Thérèse, who was in Bordeaux at the time, attempted to rally the local troops. The troops agreed to defend her but not to cause a civil war with Napoléon's troops. Marie-Thérèse stayed in Bordeaux despite Napoléon's orders for her to be arrested when his army arrived. Believing her cause was lost, and to spare Bordeaux senseless destruction, she finally agreed to leave. Her actions caused Napoléon to remark that she was \"the only man in her family.\"\n", "After Napoléon was defeated at Waterloo on 18 June 1815, the House of Bourbon was restored for a second time, and Louis XVIII returned to France.\n", "On 13 February 1820, tragedy struck when the comte d'Artois' younger son, the duc de Berry, was assassinated by the anti-Bourbon and Bonapartist sympathiser Pierre Louvel, a saddler. Soon after, the royal family was cheered when it was learned that the \"duchesse de Berry\" was pregnant at the time of her husband's death. On 29 September 1820, she gave birth to a son, Henri, \"duc de Bordeaux\", the so-called \"Miracle child\", who later, as the Bourbon pretender to the French throne, assumed the title of \"comte de Chambord\".\n", "Section::::Bourbon Restoration.:Madame la Dauphine.\n", "Louis XVIII died on 16 September 1824, and was succeeded by his younger brother, the \"comte d'Artois\", as Charles X. Marie-Thérèse's husband was now heir to the throne, and she was addressed as \"Madame la Dauphine\". However, anti-monarchist feeling was on the rise again. Charles's ultra-royalist sympathies alienated many members of the working and middle classes.\n", "On 2 August 1830, after \"Les Trois Glorieuses\", the Revolution of July 1830 which lasted three days, Charles X, who with his family had gone to the Château de Rambouillet, abdicated in favor of his son, who in turn abdicated in favor of his nephew, the nine-year old \"duc de Bordeaux\". However, in spite of the fact that Charles X had asked him to be regent for the young king, Louis-Philippe, \"duc d'Orléans\" accepted the crown when the \"Chambre des Députés\" named him King of the French.\n", "On 4 August, in a long \"cortège\", Marie-Thérèse left Rambouillet for a new exile with her uncle, her husband, her young nephew, his mother, the \"duchesse de Berry\", and his sister Louise Marie Thérèse d'Artois. On 16 August, the family had reached the port of Cherbourg where they boarded a ship for Britain. King Louis-Philippe had taken care of the arrangements for the departure and sailing of his cousins.\n", "Section::::Final exile.\n", "The royal family lived in what is now 22 (then 21) Regent Terrace in Edinburgh until 1833 when the former king chose to move to Prague as a guest of Marie-Thérèse's cousin, Emperor Francis I of Austria. They moved into luxurious apartments in Prague Castle. Later, the royal family left Prague and moved to the estate of Count Coronini near Gorizia, which was then Austrian but is in Italy today. Marie-Thérèse devotedly nursed her uncle through his last illness in 1836, when he died of cholera.\n", "Her husband died in 1844 and was buried next to his father. Marie-Thérèse then moved to Schloss Frohsdorf, a baroque castle just outside Vienna, where she spent her days taking walks, reading, sewing and praying. Her nephew, who now styled himself as the comte de Chambord, and his sister joined her there. In 1848, Louis Philippe's reign ended in a revolution and, for the second time, France became a Republic.\n", "Marie-Thérèse died of pneumonia on 19 October 1851, three days after the fifty-eighth anniversary of the execution of her mother. She was buried next to her uncle, Charles X, and her husband, Louis XIX, in the crypt of the Franciscan Monastery church of Castagnavizza in Görz, then in Austria, now Kostanjevica in the Slovenian city of Nova Gorica. Like her deceased uncle, Marie-Thérèse had remained a devout Roman Catholic.\n", "Section::::Final exile.:After death.\n", "Later, her nephew Henri, the \"comte de Chambord\", last male of the senior line of the House of Bourbon; his wife, the \"comtesse de Chambord\" (formerly the Archduchess Marie-Thérèse of Austria-Este, daughter of Duke Francis IV of Modena and his wife, Princess Maria Beatrice of Savoy); and the comte's only sister, Louise, Duchess of Parma, were also laid to rest in the crypt in Görz. The famous antiquarian the Duke of Blacas was also buried there in honor of his dutiful years of service as a minister to Louis XVIII and Charles X.\n", "Marie-Thérèse is described on her gravestone as the \"Queen Dowager of France\", a reference to her husband's twenty-minute rule as king Louis XIX of France.\n", "Section::::Final exile.:\"Dark Countess\" mystery.\n", "In October 2013, the grave of a woman in Hildburghausen, Thuringia, Germany, was exhumed to obtain DNA for testing, to determine if she was Marie-Thérèse. The woman, who gave her name as Sophie Botta, lived in a castle in the area from 1807 until her death in 1837, and never spoke in public, or was seen outside without her face being veiled. She was accompanied by Leonardus Cornelius van der Valck, 'a secretary in the Dutch embassy in Paris from July 1798 to April 1799', and together they were known as the Dark Counts. Van der Valck referred to Botta as 'Your Grace' and they only spoke to each other in French. Some German historians believe she was the real Marie Thérèse, who had swapped places with her adoptive-sister, and possible half-sister, Ernestine Lambriquet, following the revolution. Possibly as she was too traumatised to resume a role in society, but also as a result of a pregnancy, after abuse by her captors, which was referred to in a letter from a family friend, at the Spanish Court, in 1795.\n", "This research revealed that the Dark Countess was not Marie-Thérèse, but rather, another woman whose identity remains a mystery. On 28 July 2014 the 'Interessenkreis Dunkelgräfin' broadcast the results which proved beyond doubt that the Dunkelgräfin was not Marie-Thérèse, on television.\n", "Section::::Titles, styles and arms.\n", "BULLET::::- 19 December 1778 – 10 June 1799 \"Her Royal Highness\" Madame Royale\n", "BULLET::::- 10 June 1799 – 16 September 1824 \"Her Royal Highness\" The Duchess of Angoulême\n", "BULLET::::- 16 September 1824 – 2 August 1830 \"Her Royal Highness\" The Dauphine of France, Duchess of Angoulême\n", "BULLET::::- 2 August 1830 – 2 August 1830 \"Her Majesty\" The Queen of France\n", "BULLET::::- 2 August 1830 – 19 October 1851 \"Her Royal Highness\" The Countess of Marnes\n", "Section::::In fiction.\n", "Section::::In fiction.:Film.\n", "Marie-Thérèse has been portrayed in several motion picture adaptations, mainly to do with her mother's life.\n", "BULLET::::- In 1934, she was played, under the name Duchess d'Angoulême, by Gladys Cooper in \"The Iron Duke\", opposite George Arliss as the Duke of Wellington.\n", "BULLET::::- In 1938, she was played by Marilyn Knowlden in \"Marie-Antoinette\", opposite Norma Shearer as the queen.\n", "BULLET::::- In 1975, in the French television drama \"Marie-Antoinette\", Marie-Thérèse was played by Anne-Laura Meury.\n", "BULLET::::- In 1989 she was played by Katherine Flynn in \"The French Revolution\". Katherine's on-screen mother, Marie Antoinette, was played by her real mother, Jane Seymour.\n", "BULLET::::- In 1998, she was played by Jeanne Moreau, who narrates the story of Cinderella for the Brothers Grimm in \"Ever After: A Cinderella Story\", claiming the real-life inspiration for the fairy-tale heroine was her great-great-grandmother.\n", "BULLET::::- In 2001, Daisy Bevan played Marie-Thérèse briefly in the costume-drama \"The Affair of the Necklace\" opposite her mother Joely Richardson as Marie Antoinette.\n", "BULLET::::- In 2006, \"Marie Antoinette\", directed by Sofia Coppola, was released. Marie-Thérèse was played by two different child actresses. At age two, she was played by Lauriane Mascaro, and at age six she was played by Florrie Betts. Kirsten Dunst starred as her mother, Marie Antoinette.\n", "Section::::In fiction.:Theatre and literature.\n", "She has also been portrayed in the following:\n", "BULLET::::- \"All Those Who Suffered\"; a Northern Irish play on the mystery of Louis XVII.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Madame Royale\", a novel by Elena Maria Vidal, based on Marie-Thérèse's life.\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Dark Tower\", a novel by Sharon Stewart, based on \"The Journal of Madame Royale\", which were the writings of Marie-Thérèse. The novel was later re-released as part of the \"Beneath the Crown\" series under the title \"The Princess in the Tower\".\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Lacemaker and the Princess\" (2007), a children's novel by Kimberly Brubaker Bradley\n", "BULLET::::- \"Faces of the Dead\" by Suzanne Weyn (2014)\n", "Section::::Ancestry.\n", "Marie-Thérèse was a descendant of the Holy Roman Emperors through her mother, Archduchess Marie-Antoinette of Austria who was a daughter of Empress Maria Theresa I, Holy Roman Empress; The Empress wanted all her eldest granddaughters to be named after her.\n", "Section::::Further reading.\n", "BULLET::::- Castelot, André, \"Madame Royale\", Librairie Académique Perrin, Paris, 1962,\n", "BULLET::::- Desmond, Alice Curtis. \"Marie Antoinette's Daughter\" . NY: Dodd, Mead & Company, 1967. .\n", "BULLET::::- Lenotre, G., \"La fille de Louis XVI, Marie-Thérèse-Charlotte de France, duchesse d'Angoulême\", in \"Mémoires et Souvenirs sur la Révolution et l'Empire\", Librairie Académique Perrin, 1908.\n", "BULLET::::- Nagel, Susan. \"Marie-Therese, Child of Terror: The Fate of Marie Antoinette's Daughter\"'. NY: Bloomsbury, 2008.\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "Section::::External links.:Primary sources.\n", "BULLET::::- Duchess of Angoulême's Memoirs on the Captivity in the Temple (from the autograph manuscript)\n", "BULLET::::- Duchess of Angoulême's Memoir on the Flight to Varennes, (1823 English translation, by John Wilson Croker, of a slightly redacted French edition)\n", "BULLET::::- Duchess of Angoulême's Memoirs on the Captivity in the Temple, (same 1823 English translation)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Ruin of a Princess as told by the Duchesse d'Angoulême, Madame Elisabeth, Sister of Louis XVI, and Cléry, the King's Valet de Chambre\", translated by Katharine Prescott Wormeley. New York: The Lamb Publishing Co., 1912 at A Celebration of Women Writers\n", "Section::::External links.:Other material.\n", "BULLET::::- English language site of the franciscan Monastery in Kostanjevica Slovenia, where Marie Thérèse Charlotte is buried, together with the last French kings/a\n", "BULLET::::- English and German language site about the substitution theory of Madame Royale and the \"Dark Countess of Hildburghausen\"\n", "BULLET::::- The Ruin of a Princess, which contains the life and letters of Madame Élisabeth, Journal of the Tower of the Temple by Cléry and Narrative of Madame Royale.\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "Marie-Thérèse Charlotte, duchesse d' Angoulême", "Duchesse d' Angoulême Marie-Thérèse Charlotte", "Marie Therese of France" ] }, "description": "French princess", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q659488", "wikidata_label": "Marie Thérèse Charlotte of France", "wikipedia_title": "Marie Thérèse of France" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Terence Hamilton-Temple-Blackwood, 2nd Marquess of Dufferin and Ava\n", "Terence John Temple Hamilton-Temple-Blackwood, 2nd Marquess of Dufferin and Ava DL JP (16 March 1866 – 7 February 1918), styled Lord Terence Blackwood between 1888 and 1900 and Earl of Ava between 1900 and 1902, was a British diplomat.\n", "Section::::Early life.\n", "Lord Dufferin was the second son of Frederick Hamilton-Temple-Blackwood, 1st Marquess of Dufferin and Ava and Hariot Hamilton-Temple-Blackwood, Marchioness of Dufferin and Ava.\n", "As a younger son, he was not expected to inherit the title, but on the death of his brother Archibald, Earl of Ava at the Siege of Ladysmith in the Second Boer War on 11 January 1900, he became the heir and assumed the courtesy title Earl of Ava himself before succeeding his father in 1902.\n", "Section::::Career.\n", "He was a clerk at the Foreign Office, Second Secretary of the Diplomatic Service and a Justice of the Peace and Deputy Lieutenant for County Down.\n", "Section::::Family.\n", "Lord Dufferin married Florence \"Flora\" Davis, a rich American singer who was the daughter of banker John H. Davis, of 24 Washington Square, New York City, in 1893. Together, they were the parents of three daughters:\n", "BULLET::::- Lady Doris Gwendoline Hamilton-Temple-Blackwood (1895–1984), who married Captain Cecil Bernard Gunston, MC (1885–1934) of the Coldstream Guards, son of Major Bernard Gunston, formerly of the 5th Dragoon Guards, on 19 October 1922.\n", "BULLET::::- Lady Ursula Florence Hamilton-Temple-Blackwood (b. 1899), who married Arthur Swithin Newton Horne, formerly of The King's Own Royal Border Regiment and Government Secretary of the Federated Malay States (d. 1954).\n", "BULLET::::- Lady Patricia Ethel Hamilton-Temple-Blackwood (1902–1983), who married Henry Russell (1871–1937), the former director of the Boston Opera Company and the son of musician Henry Russell, on 11 June 1926.\n", "Lord Dufferin died from pneumonia on 7 February 1918 and was buried at the Dufferin ancestral seat of Clandeboye, County Down. The marquessate passed to his youngest brother, Lord Frederick Blackwood. Two years after his death his widow married again, to Richard George Penn Curzon, 4th Earl Howe, and died on 14 April 1925.\n", "Section::::Family.:Descendants.\n", "Through his eldest daughter, he was the grandfather of Hermione Hamilton Gunston (b. 1923), who married Lt. Col. Sir Walter Luttrell MC, and Sonia Helen Gunston JP (b. 1926), appointed Temporary Lady of the Bedchamber to Queen Elizabeth II in 1967, and who married Thomas Fairfax, 13th Lord Fairfax of Cameron (d.1964) and had issue including Nicholas Fairfax, 14th Lord Fairfax of Cameron (b. 1956).\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Photograph of the 2nd Marquess of Dufferin and Ava photogravure by Walker & Boutall and by Gunn & Stuart\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "Terence Hamilton-Temple-Blackwood," ] }, "description": "British diplomat", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q7701912", "wikidata_label": "Terence Hamilton-Temple-Blackwood, 2nd Marquess of Dufferin and Ava", "wikipedia_title": "Terence Hamilton-Temple-Blackwood, 2nd Marquess of Dufferin and Ava" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Massouda Jalal\n", "Massouda Jalal is a politician in Afghanistan, who served as Minister of Women's Affairs from October 2004 to July 2006. She was also the only woman candidate in the\n", "2004 Afghan presidential election.\n", "She has a background as a pediatrician, teacher at Kabul University, and a UN World Food Programme worker.\n", "Section::::Early life and education.\n", "Born in Gul Bahar in Kapisa Province, one of seven children, Jalal moved to Kabul to attend high school. She later attended Kabul University, where she was a member of the faculty until 1996, when the Taliban government had her removed. Jalal, a psychiatrist and pediatrician, also worked at several Kabul hospitals and, after her removal from the university faculty, as a United Nations employee within the World Food Programme. Her husband is a law instructor at Kabul University; they have three children.\n", "Section::::Career.\n", "Although she was uninvolved in politics during the Taliban regine, Jalal emerged after the fall of the Taliban in 2001 as a leading voice for the role of women in Afghan society. A representative of her Kabul neighborhood to the 2002 loya jirga, her name was placed into consideration to lead Afghanistan as interim president, but she placed a distant second to Hamid Karzai, with support from only 171 of the 1575 delegates. Dr. Massoda Jalal served as Minister of Women’s Affairs from October 2004 to July 2006, and she has since vocally criticized the Karzai government for not significantly advancing the social position of women.\n", "As an outsider in Afghanistan's power structure, Jalal stressed her independence from the warlords and past oppressive regimes. Although many of the candidates for the Afghan presidency withdrew from the race and called for a boycott of the election following reports of voting irregularities at some polling places, Jalal was one of the few candidates who did not join the protest. An exit poll taken during the October 2004 election showed Jalal taking about seven percent of the vote among Afghan women.\n", "Jalal received 1.1 percent of the vote in the 2004 election, placing 6th among 17 male candidates. She was a member of the Karzai Administration from October 2004 to July 2006, serving at the Women's Affairs minister in the cabinet.\n", "In January 2009 an article by Ahmad Majidyar of the American Enterprise Institute included Jalal on a list of fifteen possible candidates in the 2009 Afghan Presidential election.\n", "Although Majidyar wrote that Jalal had said she would run again, she did not run. Two other women Dr. Frozan Fana and Shahla Atta did run.\n", "Between the two of them they got a smaller share of the popular vote than Jalal got on her own.\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- http://mowa.gov.af/english/?page_id=30\n", "BULLET::::- \"Frontrunner\", New View Films, feature documentary about Jalal's campaign for President\n", "BULLET::::- \"Jalal Foundation\"\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Amos Lawrence\n", "Amos Lawrence (22 April 1786 – 31 December 1852) was an American merchant and philanthropist.\n", "Section::::Biography.\n", "Born in Groton, Massachusetts, Lawrence was the son of Samuel Lawrence, a Revolutionary War officer, and one of the founders of Groton Academy (now Lawrence Academy at Groton), where Amos was educated. Samuel was in turn descended from John Lawrence of Wissett in Suffolk, England, who was one of the first settlers of Groton.\n", "In 1799, Amos Lawrence became a clerk at a country store in Dunstable, Massachusetts and a few months afterward was promoted to a variety store in Groton run by a Mr. Brazer. After the completion of his apprenticeship, in April 1807, Amos went to Boston with $20 of his savings. His employers' business there failed. Amos was appointed by the creditors to settle the firm's accounts, and after doing that to their satisfaction he rented a shop on Cornhill and founded a dry-goods establishment on his own account in December. In 1808, his brother Abbott entered his employ as chief clerk, and in 1814 became a partner in the firm, now called A. & A. Lawrence and later A. & A. Lawrence and Co. The firm continued until Amos's death and became the greatest wholesale mercantile house in the United States. It was successful even in the hard times of 1812 to 1815, and afterwards engaged particularly in selling woolen and cotton goods on commission.\n", "The firm did much for the establishment of the cotton textile industry in New England. In 1830, it came to the aid of financially distressed mills of Lowell, Massachusetts. In that year, the Suffolk, Tremont and Lawrence companies were established in Lowell, and Luther Lawrence, the eldest brother, represented the firm's interests there. In 1845–1847, the firm established and built up Lawrence, Massachusetts, named in honor of Abbott Lawrence, who was a director of the Essex Company, which controlled the water power of Lawrence, and afterwards was president of the Atlantic Cotton Mills and Pacific Mills there.\n", "In 1831 when his health failed, Amos Lawrence retired from active involvement in the firm, where thereafter Abbott Lawrence was the head. The later years of Amos's life were spent mostly in furthering various philanthropic enterprises. According to his records, from 1829 until his death, Amos Lawrence gave over $639,000 (in 1840s dollars) to charitable causes. In 1842, he decided not to allow his property to increase any further, and in the last eleven years of his life he spent in charity at least $525,000. To Williams College, he gave nearly $40,000; to Groton Academy, which later changed its name to Lawrence Academy to honor both Amos and his brother, William, he gave over $20,000; to Wabash College, Kenyon College, and the theological seminary at Bangor, Maine, he also gave sizable sums.\n", "His private donations were numerous, requiring several rooms in his house to coordinate them. Among other things, Amos Lawrence donated libraries to academic institutions, established a children's hospital in Boston, and gave $10,000 for the completion of the Bunker Hill Monument (Lawrence's father had fought at the Battle of Bunker Hill). He gave to many good causes on a smaller scale, taking especial delight in occasionally giving books from a bundle in his sleigh or carriage as he drove.\n", "Upon his death in 1852 in Boston, his fortune was estimated at $8,100,000—roughly $ in today's dollars.\n", "Section::::Family.\n", "The family firm, with Lawrence's brother Abbott Lawrence at its head, founded Lawrence, Massachusetts. Amos's son, Amos Adams Lawrence, founded the University of Kansas in Lawrence, Kansas, was responsible for the founding of Lawrence, Kansas (thus its name) through his work with the New England Emigrant Aid Company, and also helped found Lawrence University in Appleton, Wisconsin. His grandson, Bishop William Lawrence, was the longtime Episcopal bishop of Massachusetts.\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Alexander Wetmore\n", "Frank Alexander Wetmore (June 18, 1886 – December 7, 1978) was an American ornithologist and avian paleontologist. He was the sixth Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution.\n", "Section::::Life.\n", "Wetmore studied at the University of Kansas. He later studied at George Washington University, receiving his master's degree and doctorate. Wetmore began federal service in 1910, working for the Biological Survey of the Department of Agriculture. In 1915, he researched the use of lead shot in causing death in waterfowl. His paleontological research led to his work on the fossil birds \"Palaeochenoides mioceanus\" and \"Nesotrochis debooyi\".\n", "From April 1923 to July 1924, Wetmore was the lead scientist of the Tanager Expedition, a series of five biological surveys to study the flora, fauna and geology of the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands, Johnston Atoll and Wake Island. In 1924, Wetmore joined the Smithsonian Institution as the superintendent of the National Zoo in Washington, D.C. In 1925, Wetmore was appointed assistant secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, becoming secretary between 1945 and 1952. In 1929 he participated in the Pinchot South Sea Expedition. In 1939 he was elected a Corresponding Member of the Royal Australasian Ornithologists Union\n", "He wrote \"A Systematic Classification for the Birds of the World\" (1930, revised in 1951 and 1960). This Wetmore Order received widespread acceptance, remaining popular until the end of the twentieth century. From 1944 to 1946 Wetmore served as the 15th president of The Explorers Club. Between 1946 and 1966 Wetmore made annual trips to Panama to study and collect specimens of the birds of the Isthmus. His 4-volume magnum opus, \"Birds of the Republic of Panama\", was published by the Smithsonian between 1965 and 1984, the last volume appearing posthumously. He also served on the boards of trustees of Science Service, now known as Society for Science & the Public, from 1946 to 1953, and of the National Geographic Society, where he served successively as vice chairman, acting chairman, and chairman emeritus of the Committee for Research and Exploration, from 1933 until his death, in his final years as a trustee emeritus.\n", "Several taxa of birds have been named in his honor, including the Cretaceous genus \"Alexornis\" and the tanagers \"Wetmorethraupis sterrhopteron\" and \"Buthraupis wetmorei\". Insects, mammals, amphibians, mollusks, and one plant (an Argentinian cactus), as well as a bridge in Panama and the Wetmore Glacier in the Antarctic, have also been named after him. Wetmore is commemorated in the scientific names of one species and two subspecies of reptiles: \"Ameiva wetmorei\", \"Uromacer frenatus wetmorei\", and \"Anolis brevirostris wetmorei\".\n", "In 1953 he married Annie Beatrice van der Biest Thielan, who became guarantor of the American Ornithologists' Union after his death in 1978. His papers and an oral history interview are held at the Smithsonian Institution.\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Biography at Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History\n", "BULLET::::- Alexander Wetmore from the Smithsonian Institution Archives\n", "BULLET::::- Wetmore, Alexander materials at Internet Archive\n", "BULLET::::- Wetmore Oral History Interviews from the Smithsonian Institution Archives\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Rob Fleming\n", "Rob Fleming is a Canadian politician who represents the riding of Victoria-Swan Lake in the Legislative Assembly of British Columbia. Fleming was elected the British Columbia New Democratic Party Member of the Legislative Assembly (MLA) for the district of Victoria-Hillside in the 2005 British Columbia general election, defeating incumbent British Columbia Liberal Party MLA Sheila Orr. He was re-elected on May 12, 2009 in the renamed constituency of Victoria-Swan Lake. In the 38th Parliament Fleming was the New Democrat critic for Advanced Education, sat on the Select Standing Committee on Education, and introduced two education-related private member bills: the \"Private Post-Secondary Accountability and Student Protection Act, 2007\" and the \"Restoring Credibility to Universities Act, 2008\". He was also assigned to the Select Standing Committee on Public Accounts and introduced the \"Payday Lending Act, 2006\" which sought to regulate the conditions of payday loans and led to the government adopting the \"Business Practices and Consumer Protection (Payday Loans) Amendment Act\" a year later.\n", "In the 39th Parliament Fleming became the NDP's environment critic. He introduced the \"Cosmetic Pesticide and Carcinogen Control Act\" and sat on the subsequent Special Committee on Cosmetic Pesticides which investigated potential bans or regulations on pesticides used for cosmetic purposes. Fleming also introduced the \"Species at Risk Protection Act\", after the government delayed a promise to review its species-at-risk legislation, and the \"Sustainable Development Indicators and Reporting Act, 2011\" which sought to create a Sustainable Development Board to report on provincial sustainability-related indicators. Fleming sat on the Select Standing Committee on Legislative Initiatives which considered the petition seeking the repeal of the Harmonized Sales Tax.\n", "In the 40th Parliament Fleming was appointed to be the NDP's education critic. He introduced the private member bill \"Youth Voter Registration Act\" that would have allowed provisional voter registration of people between the ages of 16 and 18.\n", "Section::::Background.\n", "Before attending the University of Victoria, Fleming spent two years (1993–95) at Camosun College which later awarded him the 2008 Distinguished Alumni Award. At the University of Victoria he was elected the president of the UVic Students' Society. He was active in acquiring a universal access to BC Transit for students through a U-Pass system. Fleming graduated with a bachelor of arts with a major in history. Following graduation, he started work with a communication consulting business. He stood as a candidate for Victoria City Council in the 1999 municipal elections as a member of the Victoria Civic Electors which ran a joint slate of seven candidates with the Green Party. Fleming finished third in voting, securing him a seat on the eight-member council. Fleming was re-elected to the council in 2002 election. He traveled to El Salvador, in 2004, as part of a 13-member delegation of election observers to monitor the presidential election.\n", "While on Victoria City Council, Fleming gained a reputation for being a \"fiscally prudent democratic socialist\". He supported the legalization of secondary suites, the construction of the Save-On-Foods Memorial Centre (but voted against the option to have it privately operated), and amendments to bylaws to target aggressive panhandling. As a director on the board of the Capital Regional District, Fleming was vice-chair of the CRD Housing Corporation where he advocated for an Affordable Housing Trust Fund. He sat on the Victoria Regional Transit Commission and has advocated for transit service expansion and light rail in the Capital Region. He was a member of the Provincial Capital Commission and was the only member to vote against, due to concerns with the long-term lease agreement and risks involved, replacing the plant and animal conservatory Crystal Gardens with the multi-media tourist attraction, The B.C. Experience, which filed for bankruptcy protection three months after opening.\n", "Section::::Provincial politics.\n", "With the 2005 BC general election still a year away, Fleming declared his interest in seeking the NDP nomination in the Victoria-Hillside riding. Within a few months, former-MLA Steve Orcherton, who had won the riding in 1996 but lost in 2001, declared his candidacy for the NDP nomination. The primary was billed as a contest between the hard line \"old-school union man\" Orcherton versus the \"new wave\" moderate Fleming which was seen as the symbolic struggle that was occurring throughout the party. Fleming won the NDP nomination in January and began campaigning in April for the general election. Fleming was one of five candidates across the province who were endorsed by the Conservation Voters of British Columbia. In the May general election Fleming defeated the incumbent BC Liberal Sheila Orr and Green Party candidate and small business owner Steve Filipovic. Fleming resigned from his position as Victoria city councillor to become a New Democrat Member of the Legislative Assembly, as part of the Official Opposition.\n", "Section::::Provincial politics.:38th Parliament.\n", "In the 38th Parliament, Fleming and chaired the Select Standing Committee on Public Accounts and part way through the 2nd session he was assigned to the Select Standing Committee on Education which focused on adult literacy. He introduced several pieces of legislation, including the \"Payday Lending Act, 2006\", which sought to license payday lenders and regulate the conditions of payday loans, including plain language rules, rights to cancellation, signage requirements. While Solicitor General John Les stated he was in favour of many of the regulations, he felt the bill was premature and that changes to the federal Criminal Code were required before proceeding with such regulations, despite other provinces already having passed similar legislation. The bill was granted first reading on May 8, 2006 but without the government support the bill was not adopted. However, a year later, a similar bill, introduced by Les, the \"Business Practices and Consumer Protection (Payday Loans) Amendment Act, 2007\" was introduced and adopted concurrent with federal amendments to the Criminal Code.\n", "Fleming was assigned the role of critic for advanced education. He introduced the \"Private Post-Secondary Accountability and Student Protection Act, 2007\" which was intended to increase the accountability of private career training institutions and increasing the enforcement abilities of the Degree Quality Assessment Board. He spoke out against deregulation that allowed diploma mills like Rutherford University and Kingston College which advertised to foreign students. He introduced the \"Restoring Credibility to Universities Act, 2008\" which sought to repeal the \"World Trade University Canada Establishment Act\" and portions of the 2007 \"Education Statutes Amendment Act\" concerning private post-secondary institutions. Fleming also took on the role as the NDP tourism critic and objected to Tourism Minister Bill Bennett's decision not to participate in the National Vigil Project (a light display honouring Canadians killed World War One) due to costs and, in response to funding cuts to Tourism BC, he criticized government self-promotional advertising.\n", "Section::::Provincial politics.:39th Parliament.\n", "While his riding was re-aligned to create Victoria-Swan Lake, Fleming easily won re-election facing no opposition for the NDP nomination and receiving 61% of the votes in the May 2009 general election. In the 39th Parliament, his party once again formed the Official Opposition to a BC Liberal majority government. Party leader Carole James assigned him the role of environment critic with the intent of re-casting the party's image on environmental issues following the party's negatively received campaign plank of repealing the carbon tax. Fleming, and the party, stopped calling for a repeal of the carbon tax and instead emphasized a more nuanced position in providing alternatives which would improve the tax. He linked planned increases in transit fares to global warming and spoke out against fee increases at provincial park campsites.\n", "In November 2009, and again in April 2010, he introduced the \"Cosmetic Pesticide and Carcinogen Control Act\" (Bill M-203) which would have prohibited the sale or use of cosmetic pesticides, other than those deemed low-risk. The Special Committee on Cosmetic Pesticides was struck, with Fleming as deputy chair, to investigate the potential for regulating or banning the use or sale of pesticides used for cosmetic purposes. They first convened in July 2011 and reported in 2012.\n", "In the August 2009 Throne Speech the BC government committed to striking a task force on the topic of species-at-risk, but with no action since then, Fleming introduced his own \"Species at Risk Protection Act\" (Bill M-207) in May 2010, based on similar legislation in Ontario. The Minister of Environment Barry Penner responded in June by striking a ten member species-at-risk task force consisting of academics and representatives of industry and non-profit organizations, who were told to make recommendations to directly cabinet. The task force report was submitted in January 2011 but, with the government not making the report public, Fleming re-introduced his legislation (Bill M-211) in June 2011 (the report was made public less than a month later).\n", "In addition, Fleming participated in two committees. In the first two sessions he was deputy chair of the Select Standing Committee on Parliamentary Reform, Ethical Conduct, Standing Orders and Private Bills, which met once in each session to review private bills. He was member of the Select Standing Committee on Legislative Initiatives, the committee that only met twice, both times in September 2010, to deal with a petition seeking the repeal of the Harmonized Sales Tax; Fleming and the three other New Democratic Party members voted to recommend introducing the draft \"HST Extinguishment Act\" into the Legislative Assembly, while the five BC Liberal members voted to initiate the 2011 British Columbia sales tax referendum. During the BC NDP leadership election to replace Carole James, Fleming supported Mike Farnworth, though Adrian Dix eventually won. Dix kept Fleming as the critic for Environment. When Parliament re-convened for a fourth session Fleming introduced another private member bill, the \"Sustainable Development Indicators and Reporting Act, 2011\" (Bill M-207) which sought to create a Sustainable Development Board to measure and report on indicators of BC's economic, environmental and social sustainability.\n", "Section::::Provincial politics.:40th Parliament.\n", "With the May 2013 election approaching, the 41 year old Fleming sought re-election in the Victoria-Swan Lake riding. He defeated the BC Liberal candidate, small-business owner Christina Bates, and the BC Green candidate Spencer Malthouse. \n", "Despite his win and favourable polling, Fleming's party lost the general election and, again, formed the official opposition. Fleming was critical of party leader Adrian Dix's positive-only campaigning during the election, partly blamed for the upset loss, saying that it allowed their opponents to define who they were and then attack that without response. Dix appointed Fleming to the role of education critic, moving his previous role of environment critic to Spencer Chandra Herbert. Upon Dix, resignation as leader of the BC NDP, Fleming was considered as a potential candidate and actively considered seeking the role. However, after both John Horgan and Mike Farnworth announced their intention run, Fleming decided he would not. Fleming later endorsed Horgan's candidacy. Horgan went on to become the leader and kept Fleming in his education critic role. In December 2015, Fleming fired his constituency assistant who was subsequently arrested, in July 2016, for defrauding the Victoria-Swan Lake constituency office of $120,420 since March 2009.\n", "Fleming sponsored the private member bill \"Youth Voter Registration Act, 2015\" (Bill M-205) which sought allow provisional voter registration of people between the ages or 16 and 18, one of the recommendations of a 2011 report by the Chief Electoral Officer. The bill was not advanced and he re-introduced it in February 2017 as the \"Election (Increasing Youth Participation) Amendment Act, 2017\" (Bill M-218).\n", "Section::::Provincial politics.:41st Parliament.\n", "For the 2017 general election Fleming was challenged by digital media management consultant Stacey Piercey for the BC Liberal Party, Vancouver medical researcher Chris Maxwell for the Green Party, and David Costigane for the Vancouver Island Party.\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Victoria-Swan Lake MLA - Rob Fleming's blog\n", "BULLET::::- BC New Democratic Party - Rob Fleming\n", "BULLET::::- Legislative Assembly of British Columbia - Rob Fleming\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "Canadian politician", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q7340129", "wikidata_label": "Rob Fleming", "wikipedia_title": "Rob Fleming" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Paul Walsh\n", "Paul Anthony Walsh (born 1 October 1962) is a former England international footballer who now works as a television pundit.\n", "A pacey and skilful forward, he scored a total of 127 goals in 521 league games in a 17-year career in the English Football League and Premier League; he also won five senior caps for England in an eleven-month international career beginning in June 1983. He began his career at Charlton Athletic, making his first team debut aged 16 in September 1979. He helped Charlton to win promotion out of the Third Division in 1980–81, and then won a place on the PFA Team of the Year in 1981–82. He moved from the Second Division into the First Division when Luton Town paid £400,000 to acquire his services in July 1982. He continued to impress, and was named as PFA Young Player of the Year in 1984. He moved to Liverpool for a £700,000 fee in May 1984, and was named in the PFA Team of the Year in his debut season for the club as Liverpool won the league title and the Football League Super Cup. He went on to struggle with injury at Anfield, though still managed to appear in losing finals of the 1984 FA Charity Shield, 1984 European Super Cup, 1985 European Cup, and 1987 Football League Cup, as well as help Liverpool to the league title and FA Cup double in 1985–86, and to finish as runners-up in the league in 1984–85 and 1986–87.\n", "He was sold on to Tottenham Hotspur for a £500,000 fee in February 1988 and played for Spurs in their 1991 FA Cup Final victory over Nottingham Forest. However, he was frozen out of the first team after punching a coach at the club, and after a brief loan spell at Queens Park Rangers was moved on to Portsmouth for a £400,000 fee in June 1992. A popular player at Fratton Park, supporters voted him Player of the Season in 1992–93 and he was named on the PFA Team of the Year in 1993–94. He returned to the top-flight with Manchester City after being signed for £750,000 in March 1994. He returned to Portsmouth for a £600,000 fee in September 1995, but was forced to retire due to cruciate ligament damage in February 1996. After retiring as a player he became a football pundit, and became a regular face on Sky Sports' \"Soccer Saturday\". His son, Mason, plays for Bognor Regis Town F.C..\n", "Section::::Club career.\n", "Paul Walsh was born to Don and June Walsh in Plumstead on 1 October 1962; his father was an electrician and his mother worked at Tate & Lyle. He grew up supporting Arsenal, though his father was a season-ticket holder at West Ham United. Despite his natural skill, his small stature meant he was frequently overlooked at junior football. He was spotted playing for local youth side Londinium by Charlton Athletic scout Jim Fibbins, and signed schoolboy forms aged 14. In a 1986 interview with \"Shoot\" magazine Walsh cited Londinium manager John O' Connor as the biggest influence on his career. After leaving school he also began working part-time at a meat factory and later a fruit packing factory before he joined Charlton on a full-time basis.\n", "Section::::Club career.:Charlton Athletic.\n", "Walsh made his debut for the Reserves in September 1978, playing right midfield against Portsmouth at Fratton Park. He made his first team debut in the English Football League at 16 years old, coming on as a half-time substitute for Dick Tydeman in a Second Division fixture with Shrewsbury Town on 22 September 1979; he provided the assist for Martin Robinson's winning goal. Manager Andy Nelson handed him his first professional contract on his 17th birthday, a two-year contract paying £100 a week. However Nelson was sacked the following March and the \"Addicks\" were relegated into the Third Division at the end of the 1979–80 season.\n", "Following the sale of Mike Flanagan to Crystal Palace, new manager Mike Bailey played Walsh in a strike partnership with Derek Hales in the 1980–81 campaign. Due to a League Cup draw the season opened with three matches against Brentford, and Walsh scored his first senior goal at Griffin Park in a 3–1 defeat before scoring a hat-trick in the return fixture at The Valley, a 5–0 victory; this made him the youngest player to score a hat-trick in the club's history. He ended the campaign with 18 goals in all competitions, whilst Hales was named in the division's PFA Team of the Year. Charlton were top of the table for most of the season but a loss of form from February cost them the title, though promotion was still secured with a third-place finish.\n", "Bailey left Charlton to replace Alan Mullery as Brighton & Hove Albion manager, and the Charlton board ironically decided to name Mullery as Bailey's successor. Charlton finished the 1981–82 season in 13th place, and Walsh scored 15 goals in total. He performed well against divisional champions Luton Town, giving captain Mal Donaghy a difficult afternoon, which was enough to win him a move to his next club.\n", "Section::::Club career.:Luton Town.\n", "Walsh was signed by Luton Town manager David Pleat for £400,000 plus Steve White in July 1982. Pleat had an attacking philosophy which gave Walsh the freedom to express himself and score goals. In only his second game for Luton at Kenilworth Road he scored a hat-trick in a 5–3 win over Notts County, the second goal of which was voted Goal of the Season as he beat numerous defenders before chipping the goalkeeper. On the final day of the 1982–83 season Luton needed to beat Manchester City at Maine Road to remain in the First Division, and a late Radomir Antić volley secured the \"Hatters\" a 1–0 win and a place in the top-flight. After the game Pleat celebrated by running down the touchline in a scene that became an iconic moment of 1980s football in England.\n", "Luton enjoyed an excellent start to the 1983–84 season, and were in third place on Boxing day. On 10 December, Walsh scored a hat-trick in a 4–2 win over Stoke City at the Victoria Ground. However a run of just three wins in 24 games saw Luton go from title contenders to relegation candidates, as well as exit the FA Cup in a 4–3 defeat to rivals Watford at Vicarage Road. Luton ended the campaign in 16th place, and Walsh was voted as PFA Young Player of the Year, ahead of candidates such as Ian Rush, Nigel Callaghan and John Barnes.\n", "Section::::Club career.:Liverpool.\n", "Liverpool manager Joe Fagan bought Walsh for a £700,000 fee in May 1984. Walsh turned down an approach from Italian Serie A side Calcio Como to join Liverpool. He joined Liverpool in time to travel with the players to Rome to see them win the 1984 European Cup Final. He made his debut as a substitute on 18 August 1984 in the 1–0 Charity Shield defeat to derby rivals Everton. With Ian Rush injured at the start of the 1984–85 season, Walsh partnered Kenny Dalglish up front, and he scored just 14 minutes into his Anfield debut on 27 August in a 3–0 win over West Ham United. However, he picked up a knee injury in October which caused him to miss six weeks and allowed Rush to re-establish himself as Dalglish's preferred strike partner. He scored 13 goals in 39 appearances in all competitions throughout the 1984–85 campaign, the most significant goal being the equaliser in the last minute of extra-time against rivals Manchester United in the FA Cup semi-finals at Goodison Park. However Liverpool would lose the replay, and also finished as runners-up in the league and European Cup. Walsh started the 1985 European Cup Final against Juventus at Heysell Stadium, but had to come off early in the second half after aggravating a stomach injury; Liverpool lost the game 1–0, though the day would be remembered for the disaster which cost 39 lives.\n", "Fagan's retirement in May 1985 and Dalglish's subsequent promotion to player-manager meant that instead of gradually succeeding Dalglish as Liverpool's main striker Walsh instead had to contend with a rival for his position as the club's manager. He missed 1985–86 pre-season after undergoing a hernia operation. He returned to fitness against Oxford United on 14 September, but had a bitter argument with Dalglish at half-time which initially seemed to spell the end to his Liverpool career as he was placed on the transfer list. He returned to the first team though and was taken off the transfer list by his own request and soon entered a scoring streak, though his form was ended after he ruptured his ankle ligaments in a collision with Manchester United's Kevin Moran on 9 February. He returned to action six weeks later but continued to suffer with ankle trouble and was ruled out for the rest of the season, ending the campaign with 18 goals in 32 appearances in all competitions throughout the campaign. His injury caused him to miss the 1986 FA Cup Final, though he secured a First Division winners medal as Liverpool won the league by a two-point margin over Everton. His contribution to the club's success was not forgotten as he was named in the First Division's PFA Team of the Year, alongside teammate Mark Lawrenson.\n", "Writing in his 2015 autobiography, Walsh was highly critical of Liverpool's Boot Room culture, particularly then-medical staff Ronnie Moran and Roy Evans:\n", "He again missed pre-season in summer 1986, as he underwent an operation to correct his ankle injury. He recovered to earn a place on the bench for the second leg of the Super Cup final victory over Everton on 30 September, but though he only entered the game as a late substitute he broke his hand after falling awkwardly. The day after the match he had to drive himself to the hospital for an x-ray and to receive treatment. Having recovered from this injury, he went on to score a hat-trick in a 6–2 home win over Norwich City. He then went 12 games without a goal, and John Aldridge was signed to add competition to the forward roles. Walsh started at Wembley in the 2–1 League Cup final defeat to Arsenal, before being taken off for Dalglish after 73 minutes. Liverpool finished second in the league, nine points behind Everton, and Walsh scored only six goals in 32 appearances throughout the campaign.\n", "The arrival of new signing of Peter Beardsley left Walsh restricted to only sporadic appearances in the 1987–88 campaign, and he played just nine games without scoring a goal, though maintained fitness by playing games for the reserves. He began drinking heavily, later admitting \"the only thing I was interested in by that point was getting pissed and enjoying myself\".\n", "Section::::Club career.:Tottenham Hotspur.\n", "Walsh was signed by Tottenham Hotspur for £500,000 in February 1988. He continued to drink heavily, and admitted to being a \"ring leader\" of a drinking culture alongside Neil Ruddock, Terry Fenwick and David Howells which was to the detriment of the club's on-field progress. He ended the 1987–88 season with one goal in 11 games for Spurs. He later said he was \"running at 70% capacity\".\n", "Walsh was partnered with new-signing Paul Stewart for the 1988–89 season, whilst fellow new arrival Paul Gascoigne boosted both the club's attacking potential and drinking culture. Spurs had a poor start to the season and were in a relegation battle by December, and only Gascoigne and Chris Waddle were creating and scoring goals. Walsh felt that manager Terry Venables was too easy on the players, and particularly too easy on Walsh himself who \"needed someone on my case a bit more\". He later described the season as \"just a blur\" as Spurs turned their campaign around to finish in sixth place despite Walsh scoring just six goals from 32 starts and five substitute appearances.\n", "Venables brought Gary Lineker back from Barcelona, and Stewart was selected to be Lineker's striker partner for the 1989–90 season, leaving Walsh on the bench. An injury to Stewart gave Walsh the chance to win back his first team place, and he marked his return to the first team with the winning goal in a 2–1 victory over rivals Arsenal, though failed to capitalise on this performance and again was dropped. Later in the season he had to be taken off at half-time against Wimbledon as he had a long night of drinking with George Best the previous night. He ended the campaign with three goals from 13 starts and 18 substitute appearances.\n", "He was on the bench for the first nine games of the 1990–91 campaign, but in his first start scored a hat-trick in a 4–0 win over Sheffield United. However Venables dropped him to the bench for the following game, and Walsh became \"cynical and pissed off\" as he felt nothing he could do could displace either Stewart and Lineker, though he ended the season with 20 starts and 19 substitute appearances. He did though make an appearance at Wembley in the 1991 FA Cup Final, coming on for Vinny Samways 82 minutes into a 2–1 victory over Nottingham Forest.\n", "Walsh missed two weeks of the 1991–92 pre-season with a groin injury, and on his first game back for the reserves at White Hart Lane punched reserve team manager Ray Clemence in the face after Clemence substituted him off after an hour. Walsh was suspended for two weeks and upon his return was loaned out to Queens Park Rangers for a month. QPR manager Gerry Francis wanted to make the signing a permanent one, but the club were unable to afford the £800,000 fee Spurs had asked for. After returning to Spurs he again punched someone in the face, this time a supporter who had shouted abuse to Walsh on the pitch after a game against Norwich City. He ended the campaign with three goals in 22 starts and 15 substitute appearances.\n", "Section::::Club career.:Portsmouth.\n", "Walsh was signed by First Division (second tier) club Portsmouth for a £400,000 fee in June 1992. In order to tempt him out of the top-flight \"Pompey\" manager Jim Smith offered him a four-year contract on a higher wage than he had been on at Spurs, whilst the club also bought his London home off him in order to facilitate his move to the south coast. In his autobiography he admitted that he was not keen on joining Portsmouth, but stated that he decided to take a much more professional approach to his career in terms of training and eating healthier food so as to start the 1992–93 pre-season in good physical condition; he credited his new approach to the birth of his first child. Ironically though a virus picked up on a family holiday to Saint Lucia caused him to miss a month early in the season and drained him of fitness. He recovered to build a strike partnership with Guy Whittingham, whilst midfielders Alan McLoughlin and Mark Chamberlain made an effective four-pronged attack, and with two games to go Portsmouth were top of the table and needed only to beat relegation threatened Sunderland to secure an automatic promotion place. However they lost the match 4–1 and Walsh was sent off; he wrecked the Roker Park dressing rooms in retaliation. He was suspended for the play-off games, and Portsmouth lost at the semi-final stage to Leicester City. Despite Whittingham scoring 47 league and cup goals, it was Walsh who the fans voted as their Player of the Year.\n", "With Whittingham sold, Walsh failed to build an effective partnership with new signing Gerry Creaney and Portsmouth failed to put together a promotion push for the 1993–94 season. However Walsh scored both goals in a 2–2 draw with Manchester United at Old Trafford in the League Cup, putting himself back on the radar for top-flight clubs in need of strikers.\n", "Section::::Club career.:Manchester City.\n", "Manchester City manager Brian Horton, his former captain at Luton, paid Portsmouth £750,000 for Walsh's services in March 1994. With star striker Niall Quinn out injured, City were fourth from bottom with eleven Premier League games left to play and Walsh's strike partner Uwe Rösler was also a new signing – and had yet to learn English. The pair soon built an understanding however, and the arrival of wingers Peter Beagrie and Nicky Summerbee gave City the attacking firepower to steer clear of the relegation zone as Walsh and Rösler scored nine goals between them in the final ten games.\n", "Horton tried to accommodate Quinn, Rösler and Walsh in the first team for the 1994–95 season, and as a result had a very strong attacking team. The \"Sky Blues\" were in sixth place by December, but then ten games without a win and three months without a goal for Walsh saw City fall down the table. They ended the campaign in 17th place and Horton was sacked. New manager Alan Ball tried to build a team around new signing Georgi Kinkladze for the 1995–96 campaign, and Walsh felt that the time had come to leave Maine Road.\n", "Section::::Club career.:Return to Portsmouth.\n", "Former Spurs teammate Terry Fenwick, now manager at Portsmouth, took Walsh back to Fratton Park in exchange for Gerry Creaney (valued at £600,000) in September 1995; Walsh signed a three-year contract with the club. He scored five goals in 21 league games in the 1995–96 season before suffering a micro-fracture of the fibula in a seemingly innocuous incident during a 1–1 draw with Millwall at The Den on 27 January. He played against Leicester City on 10 February, but his knee collapsed and the resulting cruciate ligament damage ended his career. He became assistant first-team coach at the club upon his retirement. He had a testimonial game at Fratton Park in May 1998. He was a popular figure at the club, and in February 2005 he came second in the \"Football Focus\" poll to find the club's \"cult hero\", behind teammate Alan Knight.\n", "Section::::International career.\n", "Walsh was selected for the England youth team's summer trip to the Adria Cup at Yugoslavia in 1979. He was selected for the 1980 UEFA European Under-18 Championship in East Germany, which England won, though he made only two substitute appearances during the tournament. Soon after signing for Luton Town in 1982, he became a regular in the England under-21 side during the 1984 UEFA European Under-21 Championship. He played both legs against Greece, and scored the winning goal against Hungary to take England into the knock-out stages.\n", "Walsh won his first senior England cap under Bobby Robson on 12 June 1983, in a 0–0 friendly draw with Australia at Sydney Cricket Ground during a two-week tour of the continent. Three days later he scored the only goal of the game against Australia in the second match of the tour at Brisbane's Lang Park. He then went on to secure his third cap within the space of seven days in a 1–1 draw with Australia at the Olympic Park Stadium. He earned a fourth cap playing alongside club-mate Brian Stein in a 2–0 defeat to France at Parc des Princes on 29 February 1984. The last of his five senior appearances for England came on 2 May 1984 in a 1–0 British Home Championship defeat to Wales at Wrexham's Racecourse Ground.\n", "Section::::Style of play.\n", "In 1986 Bob Paisley described Walsh as an \"individualist\" best suited for a lone striker role due to his selfish play, tremendous pace and dribbling ability. He was able to shoot powerfully with both feet. He had an aggressive temperament, which led to occasional bookings and red cards for ill discipline.\n", "Section::::Post-retirement.\n", "Walsh became a football agent for a short time, and represented Lee Bradbury during his move to Manchester City. He also invested in property and other businesses, though lost money by investing in Australian fraudster Peter Foster. Walsh began working in the media after retiring as a player, and first began working as a pundit on Sky Sports in 2001, and since that time has appeared regularly on \"Soccer Saturday\" and \"Football First\". He has also worked as an after dinner speaker. In December 2007, he led a campaign against speeding fines in Hampshire.\n", "Section::::Personal life.\n", "He married Bev in 1990, and the couple had their first child, Jordan, on 12 January 1991. They had another son, Mason, on 22 November 1995, who turned professional at A.F.C. Bournemouth in April 2014. Walsh published his autobiography, \"Wouldn't It Be Good\", in 2015.\n", "Section::::Career statistics.\n", "Section::::Career statistics.:Club statistics.\n", "Source:\n", "Section::::Honours.\n", "BULLET::::- Individual\n", "BULLET::::- PFA Team of the Year (Second Division): 1981–82\n", "BULLET::::- PFA Young Player of the Year: 1984\n", "BULLET::::- PFA Team of the Year (First Division): 1985–86, 1993–94\n", "BULLET::::- Portsmouth F.C. Player of the Season: 1993\n", "BULLET::::- England U18\n", "BULLET::::- UEFA European Under-18 Championship winner: 1980\n", "BULLET::::- Charlton Athletic\n", "BULLET::::- Football League Third Division third-place promotion: 1980–81\n", "BULLET::::- Liverpool\n", "BULLET::::- Football League First Division champion: 1985–86\n", "BULLET::::- Football League Super Cup winner: 1986\n", "BULLET::::- Charity Shield runner-up: 1984\n", "BULLET::::- European Super Cup runner-up: 1984\n", "BULLET::::- Football League First Division runner-up: 1984–85, 1986–87\n", "BULLET::::- European Cup runner-up: 1985\n", "BULLET::::- League Cup runner-up: 1987\n", "BULLET::::- Tottenham Hotspur\n", "BULLET::::- FA Cup winner: 1991\n", "Section::::References.\n", "Specific\n", "General\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "English footballer", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q1362206", "wikidata_label": "Paul Walsh", "wikipedia_title": "Paul Walsh" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Bret Michaels\n", "Bret Michael Sychak (born March 15, 1963), professionally known as Bret Michaels, is an American singer-songwriter and musician. He gained fame as the lead singer of the glam metal band Poison who have sold over 40 million records worldwide and 15 million records in the United States alone. The band has also charted 10 singles to the Top 40 of the \"Billboard\" Hot 100, including six Top 10 singles and a number-one single, \"Every Rose Has Its Thorn\".\n", "Besides his career as lead singer, he has several solo albums to his credit, including the soundtrack album to the movie \"A Letter from Death Row\" in which Michaels starred, wrote and directed in 1998, and a Poison-style rock album, \"Songs of Life\", in 2003. Michaels has appeared in several movies and TV shows, including as a judge on the talent show \"Nashville Star\" which led to his country influenced rock album \"Freedom of Sound\" in 2005. He starred in the hit VH1 reality show \"Rock of Love with Bret Michaels\" and its sequels, which inspired his successful solo album \"Rock My World\". He was also the winning contestant on NBC's reality show \"Celebrity Apprentice 3\" and also featured in his own reality docu-series \"\", which inspired his highest charting album as a solo artist, \"Custom Built\", reaching No. 1 on Billboard's Hard Rock list. He is also known for hosting on the Travel Channel. In 2006, \"Hit Parader\" ranked Michaels at #40 on their list of greatest Heavy metal singers of all-time.\n", "Section::::Early life.\n", "Michaels was born Bret Michael Sychak on March 15, 1963, to Wally and Marjorie Sychak, north of Pittsburgh in the city of Butler, Pennsylvania, and grew up in Mechanicsburg, Pennsylvania. He attended Mechanicsburg Area Senior High School. He has two sisters, Michelle and Nicole. He claims that his parents had originally intended for him to have the middle name \"Maverick\", after the title character in the popular James Garner TV Western series \"Maverick\". He is of Carpatho-Rusyn (from his paternal grandfather), Irish, English, German, and Swiss descent. Bret's great-uncle Nick Sychak fought at Omaha Beach in the Invasion of Normandy and was killed in action in France in 1944.\n", "At the age of 6, Michaels fell ill, and during a three-week stay in the hospital, he was diagnosed with Type 1 diabetes.\n", "Section::::Music career.\n", "Michaels began playing the guitar as a teenager, forming a band with drummer Rikki Rockett, bass player Bobby Dall and guitarist David Besselman. Shortly thereafter, Besselman left the band due to creative differences and in 1983 the band hired Matt Smith to form a new band named Paris in Mechanicsburg, Pennsylvania. In early 1984 the band tired of playing the Pennsylvania bar circuit, changed their name to Poison and moved west to Los Angeles to seek fame in the Sunset Boulevard scene. That same year, Michaels met 16-year-old Tracy Lewis, who would become both his girlfriend and the muse for one of his most memorable songs. Eventually, Matt Smith tired of the band's struggle to find fame and returned home. He was replaced by C.C. DeVille, who would become both Michaels' friend and a source of conflict.\n", "Section::::Music career.:1980s–1990s.\n", "Local publicity about the band eventually led to a record deal with Enigma Records, and their first album, \"Look What the Cat Dragged In\". It did not see great success until 1987, when Michaels convinced the band to film a video for their song, \"Talk Dirty to Me\". The album went platinum, and the band became famous. In March of that year, Poison headlined a show at Madison Square Garden. Michaels took his insulin injection before the show but was so nervous about performing that he neglected to eat. Several songs into Poison's set, Michaels went into insulin shock and collapsed onstage. When subsequent media reports alleged that Michaels collapsed due to a drug overdose, Michaels publicly announced that he was a diabetic.\n", "1987 also saw the dissolution of his relationship with Lewis, who felt that fame had changed him. Though Michaels contends that Lewis was unfaithful to him, Lewis (now Lewis Crosby) insists that it was Michaels who was unfaithful. Michaels was inspired by the breakup to write \"Every Rose Has Its Thorn\", explaining that the rose represented his fame and success, whereas the loss of his relationship represented the thorn. The song was released as a power ballad single in December 1988, and is regarded as \"the ultimate '80s anthem about heartbreak\".\n", "Throughout the 1980s and early 1990s, Poison became one of the biggest glam metal bands in the world, recording their second album, the multi-platinum selling \"Open Up and Say... Ahh!\", and their third album, the multi-platinum selling \"Flesh & Blood\". However, their lives were characterized by the escalating tension between Michaels and DeVille that derived from their mutual drug use, which came to a head during their 1990/91 \"Flesh and Blood\" world tour. Also cited is the spectacle of DeVille's behavior during the 1991 MTV Video Music Awards. After getting into a fistfight with Michaels, DeVille left the band, and descended further into addiction. Poison went on with new guitarist Richie Kotzen recording the Gold album \"Native Tongue\" and then with guitarist Blues Saraceno recording the album \"Crack a Smile... and More!\". In the mid-1990s, after a night of partying, Michaels came close to dying when he crashed his Ferrari into a telephone pole. He incurred serious injury, including broken ribs, a disfigured nose and lost teeth.\n", "In 1999, reunited with original guitarist C.C. Deville, Poison went on a successful greatest hits reunion tour. In the next decade, Bret Michaels would split his time between Poison and a successful solo career.\n", "Section::::Music career.:2000s.\n", "Michaels recorded his first solo album in 1998 titled \"A Letter from Death Row\" which was the soundtrack to the same-titled movie he directed, wrote, and starred in. In 2000 Michaels released a country demos ep and also released the album \"Show Me Your Hits\" which featured re-recorded Poison classics, the album featured Michaels performing Poison hits in a new way and also featured other artists with Michaels on selected tracks. In 2001 Michaels released a unique storytellers CD titled \"Ballads, Blues & Stories\" which featured Poison and Michaels solo tracks along with recorded stories about each song.\n", "In 2003, Michaels released a brand new studio album \"Songs of Life\" which featured the singles \"Raine\" (dedicated to his daughter) and \"Bittersweet\". Michaels also released his first solo music video for the single \"Raine\" which was directed by award-winning director Shane Stanley.\n", "The album also featured a music video for \"Menace to Society\" and a 9/11 tribute \"One More Day\".\n", "Michaels served as a judge on the 2005 season of the reality television singing competition \"Nashville Star\" and released a country rock album in the same year called \"Freedom of Sound\". The album features the singles \"Right Now, Right Here\", \"Open Road\" which Michaels performed live on the show and the hit single \"All I Ever Needed\" (featuring Jessica Andrews) which appeared on Billboard's \"Hot Country Songs\" chart, with its best position being number 45. The song also featured a music video which appeared on Billboard's \"Hot Videoclip Tracks\" chart in 2008.\n", "Michaels released a best of album called \"Rock My World\" in June 2008 which featured music from his reality television series \"Rock of Love\" including the new singles \"Go That Far\" (Rock of Love theme), \"Fallen\" and \"Start Again\", the first two singles also featuring music videos with clips from the series. The album charted at No. 40 on the \"Billboard\" 200, No. 4 on the Top Independent Albums, No. 4 on the Top Hard Rock Albums and No. 16 on the Top Rock Albums chart. In December 2008, Michaels released a single version of \"Driven\" (rock mix) which also featured a music video with preview clips for the third season of Rock of Love, titled \"Rock of Love Bus\". Michaels also re released the \"Fallen\" single with acoustic, piano and demo versions included.\n", "Michaels released a 30-minute DVD from Time Life in 2008 called \"Hard & Heavy Confidential featuring Bret Michaels\" which included acoustic versions of \"All I Ever Needed\", \"Driven\", \"Every Rose Has Its Thorn\" and \"Something to Believe In\", it also included in depth interviews. The DVD was included in the Hard & Heavy CD/DVD collection from (Time Life) advertised on TV by Bret Michaels. The same four acoustic performances were also released on CD titled \"Bret Michaels Acoustic Sessions\".\n", "Section::::Music career.:2010–2014.\n", "In 2010, Michaels released a new single called \"Nothing to Lose\" from his upcoming new studio album, \"Custom Built\". The song featured the guest vocals of Miley Cyrus and was the most added song to radio the week of its release, topping both Bon Jovi and Nickelback. In April 2010, he released the second single \"Lie to Me\" and in May 2010 released the third single, \"Wasted Time\".\n", "Michaels performed on the \"American Idol\" season 9 finale on May 26 against his doctor's recommendation.\n", "Michaels also performed a duet of \"Every Rose Has Its Thorn\" with Miley Cyrus on the June 18, 2010 episode \"Good Morning America\".\n", "On July 6, 2010, Michaels released his new album \"Custom Built\". The album became Michaels highest charting solo album to date peaking at No. 1 on both the Top Independent Albums and Top Hard Rock Albums chart and also charting at No. 4 on the Top Rock Albums and No. 14 on the \"Billboard\" 200.\n", "On August 4, 2010, Michaels appeared in the fifth season of \"America's Got Talent\" and performed \"Every Rose Has Its Thorn\", accompanying himself on acoustic folk guitar.\n", "Despite not being released as a single, a music video was produced for \"Riding Against the Wind\" a song from Michaels' latest album \"Custom Built\" that also doubles as the theme song for his new VH1 reality show \"\". The music video was released on October 7, 2010, exclusively at Billboard's and contains footage from the series, which officially premieres on VH1 on October 18, 2010.\n", "Michaels also released a music video for the cover of Sublime's song \"What I Got\", which is the fourth single from \"Custom Built\". The music video is a special tribute to his fans and was released on Thanksgiving.\n", "In early 2011 Michaels recorded a brand new song \"Hit and Roll\" for \"Top Gear (U.S. TV series)\" which also included a music video featured on the series and the promo commercials.\n", "On December 31, 2011, Michaels celebrated the new year with a New Year’s Eve concert from the 'Get Your Rock On' Solo tour. The concert took place in Springfield, IL at the Prairie Capital Convention Center. To make the night complete, this New Year's Eve bash will be featured and well documented in the music video for the new single \"Get Your Rock On\" from Bret's upcoming new album. The single \"Get Your Rock On (featuring Phil Collen & Sal Costa)\" was released January 9, 2012.\n", "In conjunction with his new single Michaels also released an alternate version titled \"Get Your Ride On (featuring Phil Collen)\" on January 10, 2012. The song will also Serve as Monster Energy AMA Supercross Opener all season on Speed with an exclusive video that premiered on SPEED TV January 7, 2012. The video will\n", "be customized for each race throughout the season.\n", "Michaels toured with Def Leppard and Lita Ford in 2012. In August 2012 Michaels released a new single \"They Don't Make An App For That (The App Song)\" through Michaels official Bret Michaels App. The song is a fun, tongue-in-cheek country crossover tune that takes on today’s social media culture. \"The App song\" features a teaser video.\n", "In January 2013, Michaels released a new single \"You Know You Want It (Featuring Peter Keys)\" from his upcoming new album titled \"Jammin' With Friends\". The new album features collaborations with some of the top artists and players in music from a variety of genres and generations. The album was released June 25, 2013 and charted at #13 on the Top Hard Rock Albums chart, #23 on the Top Independent Albums chart, #29 on the Top Rock Albums chart and #80 on The Billboard 200.\n", "On April 1, 2014, Michaels released his new solo single, \"A Beautiful Soul\", with a music video being released on April 2. Michaels announced that he will perform the track live on the April 2 edition of \"Oprah's Lifeclass\" which will be taped live on Oprah's website.\n", "Section::::Music career.:2015–present.\n", "On April 7, 2015, Michaels released a new song titled \"Girls On Bars\", making it the second year in a row he released a new song during the month of April.\n", "The song was co written with Grammy award-winning songwriter of the year, Luke Laird. \"Girls on Bars” boasted the highest number of views of any debut single ever on CMT.\n", "On April 9, 2015 Michaels announced his new solo album titled \"True Grit\". The album will feature 21 new and classic hits. The compilation was released digitally May 5, 2015 and Michaels released the video for the new single \"Girls On Bars\" on May 12. The album is on physical release as a cd exclusively via his website.\n", "In May 2017, Bret Michaels released a brand-new single which is a heartfelt tribute to his youngest daughter, Jorja Bleu, in honor of her 12th birthday.\n", "The song titled \"Jorja Bleu\" features a music video which was posted at Michaels’ official YouTube channel and is a sequel to his 2003 single \"Raine\" which is titled after his oldest daughter.\n", "In 2019 Michaels released an official music video for his new single \"Unbroken\", which was co written with his 13-year old daughter, Jorja Bleu. The song is about mental and physical strength over adversity.\n", "Section::::\"Rock of Love\".\n", "Michaels starred in the reality television dating competition series \"Rock of Love with Bret Michaels\", the first season of which premiered in July 2007. Jes Rickleff was the winner of Season One. However, she announced during the October 2007 reunion show that she and Michaels were not right for each other and told runner-up Heather he was all hers and that he should have chosen Heather. The first season was released on DVD in early 2008.\n", "The show's second season premiered on January 13, 2008. On April 13, 2008, Michaels selected Ambre Lake as his \"Rock of Love\". After the show the two maintained a relationship, but parted ways after just a few months due to personal commitments, but they remain good friends.\n", "A third season, \"Rock of Love Bus\", premiered on January 4, 2009, to ratings which represented a series high for VH1. Michaels chose Penthouse Pet Taya Parker as the winner.\n", "When asked about a fourth season of \"Rock of Love\", Michaels said \"Now they want me to come back for a fourth 'Rock of Love.' I feel that it should be something that changes up, but I still want that fun element. What you see is what you get with me.\"\n", "Section::::Television and film appearances.\n", "Michaels and actor Charlie Sheen established a film production company, Sheen/Michaels Entertainment, which produced the movie \"A Letter from Death Row\" (1998), in which Michaels wrote, directed and starred, and for which he released a soundtrack album. They also produced \"No Code of Conduct\" that same year, which Michaels also directed and acted in. Their company also produced the feature film \"Free Money\", starring Marlon Brando and Mira Sorvino, and the surfer movie \"In God's Hands\" in which Michaels also had a small acting role.\n", "Michaels appeared in the CBS sitcom \"Yes, Dear\", Season 1, Episode 6, titled \"Greg's Big Day\", first aired November 6, 2000. He also appeared as himself in three episodes of \"The Chris Isaak Show\" from 2001 to 2004.\n", "On May 1, 2008, Michaels appeared on a special celebrity edition of \"Don't Forget the Lyrics!\", on which he raised $200,000 to donate to charity.\n", "In 2010, Michaels was the winning contestant on the NBC reality television series \"Celebrity Apprentice 3\" on NBC.\n", "Michaels stars in a series named \"\", which depicts his life at home with his daughters and their mother. \n", "Filming of the series began before Michaels' health troubles, and filming was suspended after his hospitalization. VH1 aired a preview of the series on May 31, 2010, and the series aired in fall 2010.\n", "Michaels hosted the Miss Universe 2010 pageant along with Natalie Morales on August 23, 2010.\n", "Section::::In other media.\n", "Michaels was portrayed as a guest singer in the video game \"\", which features him singing \"Go That Far\" from his solo career, and Poison's \"Talk Dirty to Me\".\n", "Section::::Charity work.\n", "Michaels and his band visited troops at Al Asad Air Base on October 6, 2007, while on a tour of U.S. bases in Iraq in support of Armed Forces Entertainment.\n", "Bret Michaels has done extensive work for Operation Homefront- a charity that provides emergency financial and other assistance to the families of service members and wounded warriors.\n", "He earned $640,000 for the American Diabetes Association for competing in and ultimately winning the Celebrity Apprentice 3.\n", "In June, 2014, while on a national tour date in Omaha, NE, Bret became aware of a series of tornadoes that hit the Nebraska town of Pilger. He, his band, and crew, went to Pilger to see the damage and assist with clean-up. When his tour came near the area again in August, 2014, he hosted a fundraising performance in Norfolk, Nebraska to help tornado victims in the area. \n", "Section::::Personal life.\n", "Bret is married to long-time love Kristi Gibson. Kristi is the mother of his two daughters Raine Elizabeth (b. May 20, 2000) and Jorja Bleu (b. May 5, 2005) Michaels has a line of pet clothing and accessories called Pets Rock, sold at PetSmart.\n", "Michaels was involved with Pamela Anderson. After Poison's and Michaels's longtime attorney, Ed McPherson obtained a federal injunction prohibiting the distribution of an explicit sex tape that the couple had made, an abridged version of the sex tape appeared on the Internet in 1998 and was released on DVD on September 7, 2005, by Metro Studios.\n", "On May 20, 2010, it was reported on his official website that Michaels has been \"readmitted to the hospital this week after suffering numbness on the left side of his body\". While conducting diagnostic tests it was found that Michaels has a \"patent foramen ovale (PFO), a hole in the heart\". It was further reported that his condition is \"operable and treatable\" and his doctors believe they \"have diagnosed the problem that caused the transient ischemic attack (TIA) or warning stroke\", but that they \"feel it is highly unlikely this is connected to the brain hemorrhage he suffered just a few weeks earlier\". On October 11, 2011, Michaels commented on his 2010 health scare with the following: \"2010 was, without question, a roller coaster year for me. But when you have an amazing family, and you still have a lot of music left to make, and you have such incredible and supportive fans behind you, you’re going to fight until the very last breath before you throw in that towel.\"\n", "Section::::Personal life.:Lawsuit with Tony Awards and CBS.\n", "Michaels was injured during his opening performance at the 63rd Tony Awards on June 7, 2009. As he was ending his performance with Poison and exiting to the stage rear, a large portion of the descending set struck him on the head and knocked him down. The initial injuries reported was a broken nose. However the hemorrhage incident in 2010 prompted Michaels to file a lawsuit for unspecified damages against the Tony Awards and CBS claiming the incident caused the hemorrhage. On May 14, 2012, the parties announced that they had agreed to settle the lawsuit for an undisclosed amount. Michaels thanked the Barrow Neurological Institute at St. Joseph’s Hospital and Medical Center in Phoenix for saving his life and career.\n", "Section::::Discography.\n", "BULLET::::- Studio albums\n", "BULLET::::- \"A Letter from Death Row\" (1998)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Songs of Life\" (2003)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Freedom of Sound\" (2005)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Custom Built\" (2010)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Jammin' with Friends\" (2013)\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "Bret Michael Sychak" ] }, "description": "American musician, actor, director, screenwriter, producer and reality television personality", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q365042", "wikidata_label": "Bret Michaels", "wikipedia_title": "Bret Michaels" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Andre Agassi\n", "Andre Kirk Agassi ( ; born April 29, 1970) is an American retired professional tennis player and former world No. 1 whose career spanned from the late 1980s to the mid-2000s. In singles, Agassi is an eight-time Grand Slam champion and a 1996 Olympic gold medalist, as well as being a runner-up in seven other Grand Slam tournaments. During the Open Era, Agassi was the first male player to win four Australian Open titles, a record that was later surpassed by Novak Djokovic when he won his fifth title in 2015, and then by Roger Federer in 2017. Agassi is one of five male singles players to achieve the Career Grand Slam in the Open Era and one of eight in history, the first of two to achieve the Career Golden Slam (Career Grand Slam and Olympic Gold Medal, the other being Rafael Nadal), and the only man to win the Career Golden Slam and the ATP Tour World Championships: a distinction dubbed as a \"Career Super Slam\" by \"Sports Illustrated\".\n", "Agassi was the first male player to win all four Grand Slam tournaments on three different surfaces (hard, clay and grass), and the last American male to win both the French Open (in 1999) and the Australian Open (in 2003). He also won 17 ATP Masters Series titles and was part of the winning Davis Cup teams in 1990, 1992 and 1995. Agassi reached the world No. 1 ranking for the first time in 1995 but was troubled by personal issues during the mid-to-late 1990s and sank to No. 141 in 1997, prompting many to believe that his career was over. Agassi returned to No. 1 in 1999 and enjoyed the most successful run of his career over the next four years. During his 20-plus year tour career, Agassi was known by the nickname \"The Punisher\".\n", "After suffering from sciatica caused by two bulging discs in his back, a spondylolisthesis (vertebral displacement) and a bone spur that interfered with the nerve, Agassi retired from professional tennis on September 3, 2006, after losing in the third round of the US Open to Benjamin Becker. He is the founder of the Andre Agassi Charitable Foundation, which has raised over $60 million for at-risk children in Southern Nevada. In 2001, the Foundation opened the Andre Agassi College Preparatory Academy in Las Vegas, a K-12 public charter school for at-risk children. He has been married to fellow tennis player Steffi Graf since 2001.\n", "Section::::1970–1985: Early life.\n", "Andre Agassi was born in Las Vegas, Nevada to Emmanuel \"Mike\" Agassi, a former Olympic boxer from Iran and Elizabeth \"Betty\" Agassi (née Dudley). His father is of Armenian and Assyrian heritage. One of his ancestors changed his surname from Armenian Aghassian to less noticeable Agassi to avoid persecution. Andre Agassi's mother, Betty, is a breast cancer survivor. He has three older siblings – Rita (last wife to Pancho Gonzales), Philip and Tami. Andre was given the middle name Kirk after Kirk Kerkorian, an Armenian American billionaire. Agassi, a waiter at Tropicana Las Vegas, met Kerkorian in 1963.\n", "Agassi at the age of 12 (with his good friend and doubles partner Roddy Parks) won the 1982 National Indoor Boys 14s Doubles Championship in Chicago. Agassi describes more of his memorable experiences and juvenile pranks with Roddy in his book \"Open\".\n", "At the age of 13, Agassi was sent to Nick Bollettieri's Tennis Academy in Florida. He was meant to stay for only three months, because that was all his father could afford. After thirty minutes of watching Agassi play, Bollettieri, deeply impressed by his talent, called Mike and said: \"Take your check back. He's here for free.\" Agassi then dropped out of school in the ninth grade to pursue a full-time tennis career.\n", "Section::::International tennis career biography.\n", "Section::::International tennis career biography.:1986–1993: Breakthrough and the first major title.\n", "Agassi turned professional at the age of 16 and competed in his first tournament at La Quinta, California. He won his first match against John Austin, but then lost his second match to Mats Wilander. By the end of 1986, Agassi was ranked No. 91. He won his first top-level singles title in 1987 at the Sul American Open in Itaparica and ended the year ranked No. 25. He won six additional tournaments in 1988 (Memphis, U.S. Men's Clay Court Championships, Forest Hills WCT, Stuttgart Outdoor, Volvo International and Livingston Open), and, by December of that year, he had surpassed US$1 million in career prize money after playing in just 43 tournaments—the fastest anyone in history had reached that level. During 1988, he also set the open-era record for most consecutive victories by a male teenager (a record that stood for 17 years until Rafael Nadal broke it in 2005). His year-end ranking was No. 3, behind second-ranked Ivan Lendl and top-ranked Mats Wilander. Both the Association of Tennis Professionals and \"Tennis\" magazine named Agassi the Most Improved Player of the Year for 1988.\n", "In addition to not playing the Australian Open (which later became his best Grand Slam event) for the first eight years of his career, Agassi chose not to play at Wimbledon from 1988 through 1990 and publicly stated that he did not wish to play there because of the event's traditionalism, particularly its \"predominantly white\" dress code to which players at the event are required to conform.\n", "Strong performances on the tour meant that Agassi was quickly tipped as a future Grand Slam champion. While still a teenager, he reached the semifinals of both the French Open and the US Open in 1988 and made the US Open semifinals in 1989. He began the 1990s with a series of near-misses. He reached his first Grand Slam final in 1990 at the French Open, where he was favored before losing in four sets to Andrés Gómez, which he later attributed in his book to worrying about his wig falling off during the match. He reached his second Grand Slam final of the year at the US Open, defeating defending champion Boris Becker in the semifinals. His opponent in the final was Pete Sampras; a year earlier, Agassi had crushed Sampras, after which time he told his coach that he felt bad for Sampras because he was never going to make it as a pro. Agassi lost the US Open final to Sampras in three sets. The rivalry between these two American players became the biggest one in tennis over the rest of the decade. Agassi ended 1990 on high note as he helped the United States win its first Davis Cup in 8 years and won his only Tennis Masters Cup, beating reigning Wimbledon champion Stefan Edberg in the final.\n", "In 1991, Agassi reached his second consecutive French Open final, where he faced fellow Bollettieri Academy alumnus Jim Courier. Courier emerged the victor in a five-set final. Agassi decided to play at Wimbledon in 1991, leading to weeks of speculation in the media about the clothes he would wear. He eventually emerged for the first round in a completely white outfit. He reached the quarterfinals on that occasion, losing in five sets to David Wheaton.\n", "Agassi's Grand Slam tournament breakthrough came at Wimbledon, not at the French Open or the US Open, where he had previously enjoyed success. In 1992, he defeated Goran Ivanišević in a five-set final. Along the way, Agassi overcame two former Wimbledon champions: Boris Becker and John McEnroe. No other baseliner would triumph at Wimbledon until Lleyton Hewitt ten years later. Agassi was named the BBC Overseas Sports Personality of the Year in 1992. Agassi once again played on the United States' Davis Cup winning team in 1992. It was their second Davis cup title in three years.\n", "In 1993, Agassi won the only doubles title of his career, at the Cincinnati Masters, partnered with Petr Korda. He missed much of the early part of that year due to injuries. Although he made the quarterfinals in his Wimbledon title defense, he lost to eventual champion and No. 1 Pete Sampras in five sets. Agassi lost in the first round at the US Open to Thomas Enqvist and required wrist surgery late in the year.\n", "Section::::International tennis career biography.:1994–1997: Rise to the top, Olympic Gold and the fall.\n", "With new coach Brad Gilbert on board, Agassi began to employ more of a tactical, consistent approach, which fueled his resurgence. He started slowly in 1994, losing in the first week at the French Open and Wimbledon. Nevertheless, he emerged during the hard-court season, winning the Canadian Open. His comeback culminated at the 1994 US Open with a five-set fourth-round victory against Michael Chang. He then became the first man to capture the US Open as an unseeded player, beating Michael Stich in the final. Along the way, he beat 5 seeded players.\n", "In 1995, Agassi shaved his balding head, breaking with his old \"image is everything\" style. He competed in the 1995 Australian Open (his first appearance at the event) and won, beating Sampras in a four-set final. Agassi and Sampras met in five tournament finals in 1995, all on hardcourt, with Agassi winning three. Agassi won three Masters Series events in 1995 (Cincinnati, Key Biscayne, and the Canadian Open) and seven titles total. He compiled a career-best 26-match winning streak during the summer hard-court circuit, with the last victory being in an intense late night four-set semifinal of the US Open against Boris Becker. The streak ended the next day when Agassi lost the final to Sampras.\n", "Agassi reached the world No. 1 ranking for the first time in April 1995. He held that ranking until November, for a total of 30 weeks. Agassi skipped most of the fall indoor season which allowed Sampras to surpass him and finish ranked No. 1 at the year-end ranking. In terms of win/loss record, 1995 was Agassi's best year. He won 73 and lost 9 matches, and was also once again a key player on the United States' Davis Cup winning team—the third and final Davis Cup title of his career.\n", "1996 was a less successful year for Agassi, as he failed to reach any Grand Slam final. He suffered two early-round losses to Chris Woodruff and Doug Flach at the French Open and Wimbledon, respectively, and lost to Chang in straight sets in the Australian and US Open semifinals. At the time, Agassi blamed the Australian Open loss on the windy conditions, but later said in his biography that he had lost the match on purpose, as he did not want to play Boris Becker, whom he would have faced in that final. The high point for Agassi was winning the men's singles gold medal at the Olympic Games in Atlanta, beating Sergi Bruguera of Spain in the final. Agassi also successfully defended his singles titles in Cincinnati and Key Biscayne.\n", "1997 was the low point of Agassi's career. His wrist injury resurfaced, and he played only 24 matches during the year. He later confessed that he started using crystal methamphetamine at that time, allegedly on the urging of a friend. He failed an ATP drug test, but wrote a letter claiming the same friend had spiked a drink. The ATP dropped the failed drug test as a warning. In his autobiography, Agassi admitted that the letter was a lie. He quit the drug soon after. At this time Agassi was also in a failing marriage with actress Brooke Shields and had lost interest in the game. He won no top-level titles, and his ranking sank to No. 141 on November 10, 1997, prompting many to believe that his run as one of the sport's premier competitors was over and he would never again win any significant championships.\n", "Section::::International tennis career biography.:1998–2003: Return to glory and Career Super Slam.\n", "In 1998, Agassi began a rigorous conditioning program and worked his way back up the rankings by playing in Challenger Series tournaments, a circuit for pro players ranked outside the world's top 50. After returning to top physical and mental shape, Agassi recorded the most successful period of his tennis career and also played classic matches in that period against Pete Sampras and Patrick Rafter.\n", "In 1998, Agassi won five titles and leapt from No. 110 to No. 6, the highest jump into the top 10 made by any player during a calendar year. At Wimbledon, he had an early loss in the second round to Tommy Haas. He won five titles in ten finals and was runner-up at the Masters Series tournament in Key Biscayne, losing to Marcelo Ríos, who became No. 1 as a result. At the year end he was awarded the ATP Most Improved Player of the Year for the second time in his career (the first being 10 years earlier in 1988).\n", "Agassi entered the history books in 1999 when he came back from two sets to love down to beat Andrei Medvedev in a five-set French Open final, becoming, at the time, only the fifth male player (joining Rod Laver, Fred Perry, Roy Emerson and Don Budge—these have since been joined by Roger Federer, Rafael Nadal, and Novak Djokovic) to win all four Grand Slam singles titles during his career. Only Laver, Agassi, Federer, Nadal and Djokovic have achieved this feat during the open era. This win also made him the first (of only four, the next being Federer, Nadal and Djokovic respectively) male player in history to have won all four Grand Slam titles on three different surfaces (clay, grass and hard courts). Agassi also became the only male player to win the Career Super Slam, consisting of all four Grand Slam tournaments plus an Olympic gold medal in singles and a Year-End Championship.\n", "Agassi followed his 1999 French Open victory by reaching the Wimbledon final, where he lost to Sampras in straight sets. He rebounded from his Wimbledon defeat by winning the US Open, beating Todd Martin in five sets (rallying from a two sets to one deficit) in the final. Overall during the year Agassi won 5 titles including two majors and the ATP Masters Series in Paris, where he beat Marat Safin. Agassi ended 1999 as the No. 1, ending Sampras's record of six consecutive year-ending top rankings (1993–98). This was the only time Agassi ended the year at No. 1.\n", "He began the next year by capturing his second Australian Open title, beating Sampras in a five-set semifinal and Yevgeny Kafelnikov in a four-set final. He was the first male player to have reached four consecutive Grand Slam finals since Rod Laver achieved the Grand Slam in 1969. At the time, Agassi was also only the fourth player since Laver to be the reigning champion of three of four Grand Slam events, missing only the Wimbledon title.. 2000 also saw Agassi reach the semifinals at Wimbledon, where he lost in five sets to Rafter in a match considered by many to be one of the best ever at Wimbledon. At the inaugural Tennis Masters Cup in Lisbon, Agassi reached the final after defeating Marat Safin in the semifinals to end the Russian's hopes to become the youngest No. 1 in the history of tennis. Agassi then lost to Gustavo Kuerten in the final, allowing Kuerten to be crowned year-end No. 1.\n", "Agassi opened 2001 by successfully defending his Australian Open title with a straight-sets final win over Arnaud Clément. En route, he beat a cramping Rafter in five sets in front of a sell-out crowd in what turned out to be the Aussie's last Australian Open. At Wimbledon, they met again in the semifinals, where Agassi lost another close match to Rafter, 8–6 in the fifth set. In the quarterfinals at the US Open, Agassi lost a 3-hour, 33 minute epic match with Sampras, 7–6, 6–7, 6–7, 6–7, with no breaks of serve during the 52-game match. Despite the setback, Agassi finished 2001 ranked No. 3, becoming the only male tennis player to finish a year ranked in the top 3 in three different decades (1980s, 1990s, 2000s). He was also the oldest player at the time (age 31) to finish in the top three since 32-year-old Connors finished at No. 2 in 1984.\n", "2002 opened with disappointment for Agassi, as injury forced him to skip the Australian Open, where he was a two-time defending champion. Agassi recovered from the injury and later that year defended his Key Biscayne title beating then rising Roger Federer in a four-set final. The last duel between Agassi and Sampras came in the final of the US Open, which Sampras won in four sets and left Sampras with a 20–14 edge in their 34 career meetings. The match was the last of Sampras's career. Agassi's US Open finish, along with his Masters Series victories in Key Biscayne, Rome and Madrid, helped him finish 2002 as the oldest year-end No. 2 at 32 years and 8 months.\n", "In 2003, Agassi won the eighth (and final) Grand Slam title of his career at the Australian Open, where he beat Rainer Schüttler in straight sets in the final. In March, he won his sixth career and third consecutive Key Biscayne title, in the process surpassing his wife, Steffi Graf, who was a five-time winner of the event. The final was his 18th straight win in that tournament, which broke the previous record of 17 set by Sampras from 1993–95. (Agassi's winning streak continued to 20 after winning his first two matches at the 2004 edition of that tournament before bowing to Agustín Calleri.) With the victory, Agassi became the youngest (19 years old) and oldest (32) winner of the Key Biscayne tournament (before Djokovic and Federer overtook him in 2007 and 2017 respectively).\n", "On April 28, 2003, he recaptured the No. 1 ranking after winning the U.S. Men's Clay Court Championship and regained it after a quarterfinal victory over Xavier Malisse at the Queen's Club Championships to become the oldest top-ranked male player since the ATP rankings began at 33 years and 13 days. The record was later surpassed by Roger Federer in 2018. He had held the No. 1 ranking for two weeks, when Lleyton Hewitt took it back on May 12, 2003. Agassi then recaptured the No. 1 ranking once again on June 16, 2003, which he held for 12 weeks until September 7, 2003. There he managed to reach the US Open semifinals, where he lost to Juan Carlos Ferrero, surrendering his No. 1 ranking to him. During his career, Agassi held the ranking for a total of 101 weeks. Agassi's ranking slipped when injuries forced him to withdraw from a number of events. At the year-end Tennis Masters Cup, Agassi lost in the final to Federer and finished the year ranked No. 4. At age 33, he had been one of the oldest players to rank in the top 5 since Connors, at age 35, was No. 4 in 1987.\n", "Section::::International tennis career biography.:2004–2006: Final years.\n", "In 2004, Agassi began the year with a five-set loss in the semifinals of the Australian Open to Marat Safin; the loss ended Agassi's 26-match winning streak at the event. He won the Masters series event in Cincinnati to bring his career total to 59 top-level singles titles and a record 17 ATP Masters Series titles, having already won seven of the nine ATP Masters tournament—all except the tournaments in Monte Carlo and Hamburg. At 34, he became the second-oldest singles champion in Cincinnati tournament history (the tournament began in 1899), tied with Roger Federer and surpassed only by Ken Rosewall, who won the title in 1970 at age 35. He finished the year ranked No. 8, one of the oldest players to finish in the top 10 since the 36-year-old Connors was No. 7 in 1988. At the time, Agassi also became the sixth male player during the open era to reach 800 career wins with his first-round victory over Alex Bogomolov in Countrywide Classic in Los Angeles.\n", "Agassi's 2005 began with a quarterfinal loss to Federer at the Australian Open. Agassi had several other deep runs at tournaments, but had to withdraw from several events due to injury. He lost to Jarkko Nieminen in the first round of the French Open. He won his fourth title in Los Angeles and reached the final of the Rogers Cup, before falling to No. 2 Rafael Nadal.\n", "Agassi's 2005 was defined by an improbable run to the US Open final. After beating Răzvan Sabău and Ivo Karlović in straight sets and Tomáš Berdych in four sets, Agassi won three consecutive five-set matches to advance to the final. The most notable of these matches was his quarterfinal victory over James Blake, where he rallied from two sets down to win in the fifth set tie-breaker. His other five-set victories were on Xavier Malisse in the fourth round and Robby Ginepri in the semifinals. In the final, Agassi faced Federer, who was seeking his second consecutive US Open title and his sixth Grand Slam title in two years. Federer defeated Agassi in four sets. Agassi finished 2005 ranked No. 7, his 16th time in the year-end top-10 rankings, which tied Connors for the most times ranked in the top 10 at year's end.\n", "Agassi had a poor start to 2006, as he was still recovering from an ankle injury and also suffering from back and leg pain and lack of match play. Agassi withdrew from the Australian Open because of the ankle injury, and his back injury and other pains forced him to withdraw from several other events, eventually skipping the entire clay-court season including the French Open. This caused his ranking to drop out of the top 10 for the last time. Agassi returned for the grass-court season, playing a tune-up, and then Wimbledon. He was defeated in the third round by world No. 2 (and eventual runner-up) Rafael Nadal. Against conventions, Agassi, the losing player, was interviewed on court after the match. At Wimbledon, Agassi announced his plans to retire following the US Open. Agassi played only two events during the summer hard-court season with his best result being a quarterfinal loss at the Countrywide Classic in Los Angeles to Fernando González of Chile, which resulted in him being unseeded at the US Open.\n", "Agassi had a short, but dramatic, run in his final US Open. Because of extreme back pain, Agassi was forced to receive anti-inflammatory injections after every match. After a tough four-set win against Andrei Pavel, Agassi faced eighth-seeded Marcos Baghdatis in the second round who had earlier advanced to the 2006 Australian Open final and Wimbledon semifinals. Agassi won in five tough sets as the younger Baghdatis succumbed to muscle cramping in the final set. In his last match, Agassi fell to 112th-ranked big-serving Benjamin Becker of Germany in four sets. Agassi received a four-minute standing ovation from the crowd after the match and delivered a retirement speech.\n", "Section::::Rivalries.\n", "Section::::Rivalries.:Agassi vs. Sampras.\n", "The rivalry has been called the greatest of the generation of players competing in the 90's, as Sampras and Agassi were the most successful players of that decade. They also had very contrasting playing styles, with Sampras being considered the greatest server and Agassi the greatest serve returner at the time. Agassi and Sampras met 34 times on the tour level with Agassi trailing 14–20.\n", "The 1990 US Open was their first meeting in a Grand Slam tournament final. Agassi was favored as he was ranked No. 4 at the time, compared to the No. 12 ranking of Sampras and because Agassi had defeated Sampras in their only previously completed match. Agassi, however, lost the final to Sampras in straight sets. Their next meeting in a Grand Slam was at the 1992 French Open, where they met in the quarterfinals. Although Sampras was ranked higher, Agassi came out winning in straight sets. They met again on a Grand Slam level at the quarterfinals of Wimbledon in 1993, where Agassi was the defending champion and Sampras was the newly minted world No. 1. Agassi dug himself out from a two-sets-to-love hole, levelling the match at 2 sets apiece; however, Sampras prevailed in five sets, and went on to win his first Wimbledon championship.\n", "With both Sampras and Agassi participating, the U.S. won the Davis Cup in 1995. The year should be considered the peak of the rivalry as together they won 3 out of 4 major titles, meeting each other twice in the finals, and were occupying the top two spots in the rankings for the whole year. They met 5 times during the year, all in the title matches, including the Australian Open, the Newsweek Champions Cup (now Indian Wells), the Lipton International Players Championships (now Miami Open), the Canadian Open, and the US Open. Agassi won three of the finals, including the Australian Open; however, Sampras took the US Open title, ending Agassi's 26-match winning streak. After Agassi had taken most of the fall season off, Sampras took over the No. 1 ranking for the end of the season.\n", "In the following 3 years, while Sampras continued winning Grand Slam titles every season, Agassi slumped in the rankings and struggled in major competitions. The next time Sampras and Agassi met in a Grand Slam final was at Wimbledon in 1999, where Sampras won in straight sets. For both, it was considered a career rejuvenation, as Sampras had suffered a string of disappointments in the previous year while Agassi was regaining his status as a top-ranked player after winning the French Open. Sampras forfeited the No. 1 ranking to Agassi when injury forced him to withdraw from that year's US Open, which Agassi went on to win. They faced each other twice in the season-ending ATP Tour World Championships, with Sampras losing the round-robin match, but winning the final.\n", "In the 2000's, they met three more times on the Grand Slam level offering three memorable contests. In 2000, the top-ranked Agassi defeated No. 3 Sampras in the semifinals of the Australian Open in five sets, which was an important win for Agassi who had lost 4 of the previous 5 matches against Sampras. In arguably their most memorable match ever, Sampras defeated Agassi in the 2001 US Open quarterfinals in four sets. There were no breaks of serve during the entire match. Reruns of the match are frequently featured on television, especially during US Open rain delays, and the match is considered one of the best in history because of the level of play presented by both players.\n", "Their last meeting was the final of the 2002 US Open, which was their third meeting in a US Open final, but the first since 1995. The match was also notable because they had defeated several up-and-coming players en route to the final. Sampras had defeated No. 3 Tommy Haas in the fourth round and future No. 1 Andy Roddick in the quarterfinals, while Agassi had defeated No. 1 and defending champion Lleyton Hewitt in the semifinals. Sampras defeated Agassi in four sets. This was the final ATP tour singles match of Sampras's career.\n", "Section::::Rivalries.:Agassi vs. Chang.\n", "Michael Chang was the opponent Agassi faced the most frequently from all the players other than Sampras. They met 22 times on the tour level with Agassi leading 15-7. Chang, unlike most of Agassi's big rivals, had a playing style similar to his. Both players preferred to stay at the baseline with Chang being more defensive-minded. The outcome was that most of their meetings were built on long and entertaining rallies. The rivalry began late in the 1980s with both players being considered the prodigies of the next great generation of American tennis players, despite both having a foreign descent.\n", "Agassi won the first four matches including a straight-set victory in round 16 of the 1988 US Open and defeating Chang, the defending champion, in the 1990 French Open in a four-set quarterfinal. Arguably their best match took place in round 16 of the 1994 US Open. While both players presented high-quality shot-making, the momentum changed from set to set with Agassi eventually prevailing in a five-set victory. It turned out to be the toughest contest on his way to his first US Open title. Their next two Grand Slam meetings came in 1996, with Chang recording easy straight-set victories in the semifinals of both the Australian Open and the US Open. Years after, Agassi shockingly admitted in his book that he had lost the first of the matches on purpose as he did not want to face Boris Becker, who was awaiting the winner in the final. Agassi won the last four of their matches, with the last being in 2003 at the Miami Open with Chang being clearly past his prime.\n", "Section::::Rivalries.:Agassi vs. Becker.\n", "Boris Becker and Agassi played 14 times with Agassi leading 10–4. Becker won their first three matches in 1988 and 1989 before Agassi reversed the rivalry in 1990, and won 10 of their last 11 matches. They first played at Indian Wells in 1988, with Becker prevailing. Their most notable match was the 1989 Davis Cup semifinal match, which Becker won in five sets after losing the first two in tiebreaks. Agassi, considered a baseliner with a playing style not suiting grass, shocked Becker, a three-time champion, in a five-set quarterfinal at Wimbledon in 1992 on his way to his first Grand Slam title. The intensity of the rivalry peaked in 1995. Becker won that year's Wimbledon semifinal after being down a set and two breaks, to eventually win in four sets. In a highly anticipated rematch in the US Open semifinal, this time it was Agassi who came out victorious in four tight sets. Their final match was played at Hong Kong in 1999, which Agassi won in three sets.\n", "Section::::Rivalries.:Agassi vs. Rafter.\n", "Agassi and Pat Rafter played fifteen times with Agassi leading 10–5. The rivalry has been considered special and delivered memorable encounters, because of the players' contrasting styles of play, with Rafter using traditional serve-&-volley methods against Agassi's variety of return of serves and passing shots as his main weapons. Agassi led 8–2 on hard courts, but Rafter surprisingly won their sole match on clay at the 1999 Rome Masters. They played four matches at Wimbledon with both winning two matches each. Agassi won the first two in 1993 and 1999, while Rafter took their 2000 and 2001 encounters, both of the gruelling 5-setters often being presented on the lists of best matches ever played. Agassi also won both their meetings at the Australian Open, in 1995 and 2001, on his way to the title on both occasions. Rafter, however, took their only US Open encounter in 1997 and went on to win the title.\n", "Section::::Rivalries.:Agassi vs. Federer.\n", "Agassi and Roger Federer played 11 times, and Federer led their head-to-head series 8–3. With the retirement of Sampras, the rivalry against the 11-years-younger Federer, who was another great server like Sampras, became Agassi's main rivalry for the final years of his career. Agassi won their first three matches, but then went on to lose eight consecutive ones. They first met in just the third tournament of Federer's career at the 1998 Swiss Indoors in Federer's hometown, with Agassi prevailing over the 17-year-old. Agassi also defeated Federer at the 2001 US Open and the finals of the Miami Open in 2002. Federer began to turn the tide at the Masters Cup in 2003, when he defeated Agassi in both the round robin and the final. They played a memorable quarterfinal match at the 2004 US Open that spanned over two windy days, with Federer eventually prevailing in five sets. At the 2005 Dubai Championships, Federer and Agassi attracted worldwide headlines with a publicity stunt that saw the two tennis legends play on a helipad almost 220 meters above sea level at the hotel Burj al-Arab. Their final duel took place in the final of the 2005 US Open. In the historic clash of generations, Federer was victorious in four sets in front of a pro-Agassi crowd. The match was the last appearance by Agassi in any tournament final.\n", "Section::::Earnings.\n", "Agassi earned more than $30 million in prize-money during his career, sixth only to Djokovic, Federer, Nadal, Sampras and Murray to date (May 2018). He also earned more than $25 million a year through endorsements during his career, which was ranked fourth in all sports at the time.\n", "Section::::Post-retirement.\n", "Since retiring after the 2006 US Open, Agassi has participated in a series of charity tournaments and continues his work with his own charity. On September 5, 2007, he was a surprise guest commentator for the Andy Roddick/Roger Federer US Open quarterfinal. He played an exhibition match at Wimbledon, teaming with his wife, Steffi Graf, to play with Tim Henman and Kim Clijsters. He played World Team Tennis for the Philadelphia Freedoms in the summer of 2009. At the 2009 French Open, Agassi was on hand to present Roger Federer, who completed his Career Grand Slam by winning the tournament and joined Agassi as one of six men to complete the Career Grand Slam, with the trophy.\n", "Also in 2009, Agassi played at the Outback Champions Series event for the first time. He played the Cancer Treatment Centers of America Tennis Championships at Surprise, Arizona, where he reached the final before bowing to eventual champion Todd Martin. He also announced that he will not be playing the tour on a full-time basis, and played the tournament as a favor to long-time friend Jim Courier. Agassi returned to the tour renamed for the PowerShares Series in 2011 and participated in a total of seven events while winning two. Agassi beat Courier in the final of the Staples Champions Cup in Boston and later defeated Sampras at the CTCA Championships at his hometown Las Vegas.\n", "In 2012, Agassi took part in five tournaments, winning three of those. In November, at first he won BILT Champions Showdown in San Jose, beating John McEnroe in the final. The following day, he defended his title of the CTCA Championships, while defeating Courier in the decisive match. In the series season finale, he beat Michael Chang for the Acura Champions Cup. The series and Agassi came back to action in 2014. Agassi won both tournaments he participated in. At the Camden Wealth Advisors Cup's final in Houston, Agassi beat James Blake for a rematch of their 2005 US Open quarterfinal. He defeated Blake again in Portland to win the title of the Cancer Treatment Centers of America Championships. In 2015, Agassi took part in just one event of the PowerShares Series, losing to Mark Philippoussis in the final of the Champions Shootout. The following year he took part in two events, at first losing to Blake in Chicago, and the next day defeating Mardy Fish, but losing to Roddick in Charleston.\n", "In 2009, in Macau Agassi and Sampras met for the first time on court since the 2002 US Open final. Sampras won the exhibition in three sets. The rivalry between the former champions headlined sports media again in March 2010 after the two participated in the \"Hit for Haiti\" charity event organized to raise money for the victims of the earthquake. Partnered with Roger Federer and Rafael Nadal, the old rivals began making jokes at each other's expense, which ended up with Sampras intentionally striking a serve at Agassi's body. After the event, Agassi admitted that he had crossed the line with his jokes and publicly apologized to Sampras. Agassi and Sampras met again one year later for an exhibition match at Madison Square Garden in New York in front of 19 000 spectators as Sampras defeated Agassi in two sets. On March 3, 2014, Agassi and Sampras squared off for an exhibition in London for the annual World Tennis Day. This time, it was Agassi who came out on top in two straight sets.\n", "He returned to the tour in May 2017 in the position of coach to Novak Djokovic for the French Open. Agassi announced the end of the partnership on March 31, 2018, stating that there were too many disagreements in the relationship.\n", "Section::::Playing style.\n", "Early in his career, Agassi would look to end points quickly by playing first-strike tennis, typically by inducing a weak return with a deep, hard shot, and then playing a winner at an extreme angle. On the rare occasion that he charged the net, Agassi liked to take the ball in the air and hit a swinging volley for a winner. His favored groundstroke was his flat, accurate two-handed backhand, hit well cross-court but especially down the line. His forehand was nearly as strong, especially his inside-out to the ad court.\n", "Agassi's strength was in dictating play from the baseline, and he was able to consistently take the ball on the rise. While he was growing up, his father and Nick Bollettieri trained him in this way. When in control of a point, Agassi would often pass up an opportunity to attempt a winner and hit a conservative shot to minimize his errors, and to make his opponent run more. This change to more methodical, less aggressive baseline play was largely initiated by his longtime coach, Brad Gilbert, in their first year together in 1994. Gilbert encouraged Agassi to wear out opponents with his deep, flat groundstrokes and to use his fitness to win attrition wars, and noted Agassi's two-handed backhand down the line as his very best shot. A signature play later in his career was a change up drop shot to the deuce court after deep penetrating groundstrokes. This would often be followed by a passing shot or lob if the opponent was fast enough to retrieve it.\n", "Agassi was raised on hardcourts, but found much of his early major-tournament success on the red clay of Roland Garros, reaching two consecutive finals there early in his career. Despite grass being his worst surface, his first major win was at the slick grass of Wimbledon in 1992, a tournament that he professed to hating at the time. His strongest surface over the course of his career, was indeed hardcourt, where he won six of his eight majors.\n", "Section::::Business ventures.\n", "Agassi established a limited liability company named Andre Agassi Ventures (formerly named Agassi Enterprises). Agassi, along with five athlete partners (including Wayne Gretzky, Joe Montana, Shaquille O'Neal, Ken Griffey, Jr., and Monica Seles) opened a chain of sports-themed restaurant named Official All Star Café in April 1996. The restaurant closed down in 2001. In 1999, he paid $1 million for a 10 percent stake in Nevada First Bank and made a $10 million profit when it was sold to Western Alliance Bancorp in 2006. In 2002, he joined the Tennis Channel to promote the channel to consumers and cable and satellite industry, and made an equity investment in the network. After meeting chef Michael Mina at one of his restaurants in San Francisco, Agassi partnered with him in 2002 to start Mina Group Inc. and opened 18 concept restaurants in San Francisco, San Jose, Dana Point, Atlantic City and Las Vegas. Agassi was an equity investor of a group that acquired Golden Nugget Las Vegas and Golden Nugget Laughlin from MGM Mirage for $215 million in 2004. One year later, the group sold the hotel-casino to Landry's, Inc. for $163 million in cash and $182 million in assumed debt. In 2007, he sat on the board of Meadows Bank, an independent bank in Nevada. He has invested in start-up companies backed by Allen & Company.\n", "Agassi and Graf formed a company called Agassi Graf Holdings. They invested in PURE, a nightclub at Caesars Palace, which opened in 2004, and sold it to Angel Management Group in 2010. In August 2006, Agassi and Graf developed a joint venture with high-end furniture maker Kreiss Enterprises. They launched a furniture line called Agassi Graf Collection. In September, Agassi and Graf, through their company Agassi Graf Development LLC, along with Bayview Financial LP, finalized an agreement to develop a condominium hotel, Fairmont Tamarack, at Tamarack Resort in Donnelly, Idaho. Due to difficult market conditions and delays, they withdrew from the project in 2009. The group still owns three small chunks of land. In September, they collaborated with Steve Case's Exclusive Resorts to co-develop luxury resorts and design Agassi-Graf Tennis and Fitness Centers.\n", "They also invested in online ticket reseller viagogo in 2009 and both serve as board members and advisors of the company.\n", "In October 2012, Village Roadshow and investors including Agassi and Graf announced plans to build a new water park called Wet'n'Wild Las Vegas in Las Vegas. Village Roadshow has a 51% stake in the park while Agassi, Graf, and other private investors hold the remaining 49%. The park opened in May 2013.\n", "IMG managed Agassi from the time he turned pro in 1986 through January 2000 before switching to SFX Sports Group. His business manager, lawyer and agent was childhood friend Perry Rogers, but they have been estranged since 2008. In 2009, he and Graf signed with CAA.\n", "Section::::Business ventures.:Equipment and endorsements.\n", "Agassi used Prince Graphite rackets early in his career. He signed a $7 million endorsement contract with Belgian tennis racquet makers Donnay. He later switched to Head Ti Radical racket and Head's LiquidMetal Radical racket, having signed a multimillion-dollar endorsement deal with Head in 1993. He renewed his contract in 1999, and in November 2003 he signed a lifetime agreement with Head. He also endorses Penn tennis balls. On July 25, 2005, Agassi left Nike after 17 years and signed an endorsement deal with Adidas. A major reason for Agassi leaving Nike was because Nike refused to donate to Agassi's charities, and Adidas was more than happy to do so. On May 13, 2013, Agassi rejoined Nike.\n", "Agassi was sponsored by DuPont, Ebel, Mountain Dew in 1993, Mazda in 1997, Kia Motors in 2002, American Express and Deutsche Bank in 2003. In 1990, he appeared in a television commercial for Canon Inc., promoting the Canon EOS Rebel camera. Between 1999 and 2000, he signed a multimillion-dollar, multiyear endorsement deal with Schick and became the worldwide spokesman for the company. Agassi signed a multiyear contract with Twinlab and promoted the company's nutritional supplements. In mid-2003, he was named the spokesman of Aramis Life, a fragrance by Aramis, and signed a five-year deal with the company. In March 2004, he signed a ten-year agreement worth $1.5 million a year with 24 Hour Fitness, which will open five Andre Agassi fitness centers by year-end. Prior to the 2012 Australian Open, Agassi and Australian winemaker Jacobs Creek announced a three-year partnership and created the Open Film Series to \"[share] personal stories about the life defining moments that shaped his character on and off the court.\" In 2007, watchmaker Longines named Agassi as their brand ambassador.\n", "Agassi and his mother appeared in a Got Milk? advertisement in 2002.\n", "Agassi has appeared in many advertisements and television commercials with Graf. They both endorsed Deutsche Telekom in 2002, Genworth Financial and Canon Inc. in 2004, LVMH in 2007, and Nintendo Wii and Wii Fit U and Longines in 2013.\n", "Section::::Personal life.\n", "Section::::Personal life.:Relationships and family.\n", "In the early 1990s Agassi dated American singer and entertainer Barbra Streisand. He wrote about the relationship in his 2009 autobiography, \"We agree that we're good for each other, and so what if she's twenty-eight years older? We're sympatico, and the public outcry only adds spice to our connection. It makes our friendship feel forbidden, taboo – another piece of my overall rebellion. Dating Barbra Streisand is like wearing Hot Lava.\" \n", "He was married to Brooke Shields from 1997 to 1999.\n", "He married Steffi Graf on October 22, 2001 at their Las Vegas home; the only witnesses were their mothers. They have two children: son Jaden Gil (born 2001) and daughter Jaz Elle (born 2003). Agassi has said that he and Graf are not pushing their children toward becoming tennis players. The Graf-Agassi family resides in Summerlin, a community in the Las Vegas Valley. Graf's mother and brother, Michael, with his four children also live there.\n", "Long-time trainer Gil Reyes has been called one of Agassi's closest friends; some have described him as being a \"father figure\" to Agassi. In 2012, Agassi and Reyes introduced their own line of fitness equipment, BILT By Agassi and Reyes. In December 2008, Agassi's childhood friend and former business manager, Perry Rogers, sued Graf for $50,000 in management fees he claimed that she owed him.\n", "Section::::Personal life.:Autobiography.\n", "Agassi's autobiography, \"Open: An Autobiography,\" (written with assistance from J. R. Moehringer), was published in November 2009. In it, Agassi opens up about his childhood or having to grow up with a very unconventional Armenian father who came to the United States from Iran where he was a professional boxer. Overly demanding and emotionally abusive to the whole family, his father groomed young Agassi for tennis greatness by building a tennis court in their backyard and sending Agassi to tennis boarding school under the supervision of Nick Bollettieri, who later coached and managed part of Agassi's professional career.\n", "Agassi's struggle to cope throughout his youth whilst he was forced to be away from his family and friends at such a young age, to become a top-rated player and celebrity, to build a team that he can trust, to fight on the court physically and emotionally for every point, to succeed in so many games but also experience devastating defeats across unrelenting rivals — this is all meticulously detailed in his autobiography.\n", "There is also mention in the book of using and testing positive for methamphetamine in 1997. In response to this revelation, Roger Federer declared himself shocked and disappointed, while Marat Safin argued that Agassi should return his prize money and be stripped of his titles. In an interview with CBS, Agassi justified himself and asked for understanding, saying that \"It was a period in my life where I needed help.\"\n", "Agassi said that he had always hated tennis during his career because of the constant pressure it exerted on him. He also said he wore a hairpiece earlier in his career and thought Pete Sampras was \"robotic\". \n", "The book reached No. 1 on the \"New York Times\" Best Seller list and received favorable reviews. It won the Autobiography category of the 2010 British Sports Book Awards. In 2018 the book was listed on \"Esquire\" as one of \"The 30 Best Sports Books Ever Written\", and was also recommended by self-help author Tim Ferriss who described it as \"very candid, very amusing, and very instructional\".\n", "Section::::In media.\n", "In 2017, Agassi appeared in the documentary film \"Love Means Zero\", which highlighted the troubled relationship between his coach Nick Bollettieri and him.\n", "Section::::Politics.\n", "Agassi has donated more than $100,000 to Democratic candidates, and $2000 to Republicans. On September 1, 2010, when he appeared on daily WNYC public radio program \"The Brian Lehrer Show,\" he stated that he is registered as Independent.\n", "Section::::Philanthropy.\n", "Agassi founded the Andre Agassi Charitable Association in 1994, which assists Las Vegas' young people. He was awarded the ATP Arthur Ashe Humanitarian award in 1995 for his efforts to help disadvantaged youth. He has been cited as the most charitable and socially involved player in professional tennis. It has also been claimed that he may be the most charitable athlete of his generation.\n", "Agassi's charities help in assisting children reach their athletic potential. His Boys & Girls Club sees 2,000 children throughout the year and boasts a world-class junior tennis team. It also has a basketball program (the Agassi Stars) and a rigorous system that encourages a mix of academics and athletics.\n", "In 2001, Agassi opened the Andre Agassi College Preparatory Academy in Las Vegas, a tuition-free charter school for at-risk children in the area. He personally donated $35 million to the school. In 2009, the graduating class had a 100 percent graduation rate and expected a 100 percent college acceptance rate. Among other child-related programs that Agassi supports through his Andre Agassi Charitable Foundation is Clark County's only residential facility for abused and neglected children, Child Haven. In 1997, Agassi donated funding to Child Haven for a six-room classroom building now named the Agassi Center for Education. His foundation also provided $720,000 to assist in the building of the Andre Agassi Cottage for Medically Fragile Children. This 20-bed facility opened in December 2001, and accommodates developmentally delayed or handicapped children and children quarantined for infectious diseases.\n", "In 2007, along with several other athletes, Agassi founded the charity Athletes for Hope, which helps professional athletes get involved in charitable causes and aims to inspire all people to volunteer and support their communities. He created the Canyon-Agassi Charter School Facilities Fund, now known as the Turner-Agassi Charter School Facilities Fund. The Fund is an investment initiative for social change, focusing on the \"nationwide effort to move charters from stopgap buildings into permanent campuses.\"\n", "In September 2013, the Andre Agassi Foundation for Education formed a partnership with V20 Foods to launch Box Budd!es, a line of kids' healthy snacks. All proceeds go to the Foundation.\n", "In February 2014, Agassi remodeled the vacant University of Phoenix building as a new school called the Doral Academy West through the Canyon-Agassi Charter School Facilities Fund. Doral Academy opened in August 2014. The Fund purchased a 4.6-acre plot in Henderson, Nevada to house the Somerset Academy of Las Vegas, which will relocate from its campus inside a church.\n", "Section::::Career statistics.\n", "Section::::Career statistics.:Grand Slam finals (8 titles, 7 runner-ups).\n", "By winning the 1999 French Open, Agassi completed a men's singles Career Grand Slam. He is the 5th of 8 male players in history (after Budge, Perry, Laver and Emerson, and before Federer, Nadal and Djokovic) to achieve this.\n", "Section::::Career statistics.:Grand Slam finals (8 titles, 7 runner-ups).:Open Era records.\n", "BULLET::::- These records were attained in the Open Era of tennis and in ATP World Tour Masters 1000 series since 1990.\n", "BULLET::::- Records in bold indicate peer-less achievements.\n", "Section::::Legacy.\n", "Considered by numerous sources to be one of the greatest tennis players of all time, Agassi has also been called one of the greatest service returner ever to play the game, and was described by the BBC upon his retirement as \"perhaps the biggest worldwide star in the sport's history\". As a result, he is credited for helping to revive the popularity of tennis during the 1990s.\n", "Section::::Professional awards.\n", "BULLET::::- ITF World Champion: 1999.\n", "BULLET::::- ATP Player of the Year: 1999.\n", "BULLET::::- ATP Most Improved Player: 1988, 1998\n", "Section::::Recognition.\n", "BULLET::::- In 1992, Agassi was named the BBC Overseas Sports Personality of the Year.\n", "BULLET::::- In 2010, \"Sports Illustrated\" named Agassi the 7th greatest male player of all time.\n", "BULLET::::- On July 9, 2011, Agassi was inducted into the International Tennis Hall of Fame at a ceremony in Newport, Rhode Island.\n", "Section::::Video.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Wimbledon 2000 Semi-final – Agassi vs. Rafter (2003)\" Starring: Andre Agassi, Patrick Rafter; Standing Room Only, DVD Release Date: August 16, 2005, Run Time: 213 minutes, .\n", "BULLET::::- \"Charlie Rose with Andre Agassi (May 7, 2001)\" Charlie Rose, Inc., DVD Release Date: August 15, 2006, Run Time: 57 minutes.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Wimbledon: The Record Breakers (2005)\" Starring: Andre Agassi, Boris Becker; Standing Room Only, DVD Release Date: August 16, 2005, Run Time: 52 minutes, .\n", "Section::::Video games.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Andre Agassi Tennis\" for the SNES, Sega Genesis, Sega Game Gear, Master System, and Mobile phone\n", "BULLET::::- \"Agassi Tennis Generation\" for PS2 and GBA\n", "BULLET::::- \"Agassi Tennis Generation 2002\" for Windows\n", "BULLET::::- \"Smash Court Pro Tournament\" for PS2\n", "BULLET::::- \"Top Spin 4\" (On cover of game) for Xbox 360, PlayStation 3 and Wii\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- List of Grand Slam Men's Singles champions\n", "BULLET::::- Agassi–Sampras rivalry\n", "BULLET::::- Tennis male players statistics\n", "BULLET::::- All-time tennis records – men's singles\n", "BULLET::::- Tennis records of the Open Era – men's singles\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Andre Agassi Ventures\n", "BULLET::::- Farewell to Tennis Speech at the U.S. Open\n", "BULLET::::- Agassi's Tennis Hall of Fame Induction for Steffi Graf\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "Andre Kirk Agassi" ] }, "description": "American tennis player", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q7407", "wikidata_label": "Andre Agassi", "wikipedia_title": "Andre Agassi" }

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Lewis, & Aldous Huxley", "Watts Mortuary Chapel", "Compton, Guildford", "Igor Stravinsky", "Robert Craft", "James Tait Black Memorial Prize", "American Academy of Arts and Letters", "Point Counter Point", "The Devils", "Brave New World", "Brave New World", "Crome Yellow", "Antic Hay", "Those Barren Leaves", "Point Counter Point", "After The Fireworks", "Brave New World", "Eyeless in Gaza", "After Many a Summer", "Time Must Have a Stop", "Ape and Essence", "The Devils of Loudun", "The Genius and the Goddess", "Island", "Limbo", "Mortal Coils", "Little Mexican", "Two or Three Graces", "Brief Candles", "Collected Short Stories", "Oxford Poetry", "full text", "Music at Night", "full text", "The Perennial Philosophy", "Science, Liberty and Peace", "The Doors of Perception", "Heaven and Hell", "Brave New World Revisited", "Literature and Science", "Brave New World", "Ape and Essence", "Pride and Prejudice", "Madame Curie", "Jane Eyre", "A Woman's Vengeance", "Prelude to Fame", "Alice in Wonderland", "Eyeless in Gaza", "Jesting Pilate: The Diary of a Journey", "Beyond the Mexique Bay", "The Crows of Pearblossom", "full text", "Knowledge and Understanding", "Who Are We?", "full text", "They Still Draw Pictures: A collection of 60 drawings made by Spanish children during the war", "Grey Eminence", "The Art of Seeing", "Bates method", "The Devils of Loudun", "Anderson, Jack", "Barnes, Clive", "Spies, Claudio", "Firchow, Peter", "Firchow, Peter", "Firchow", "Sawyer, Dana", "Portraits", "National Portrait Gallery", "Raymond Fraser", "\"Interview: Aldous Huxley: The Art of Fiction No. 24\"", "The Paris Review", "BBC discussion programme \"In our time\": \"Brave New World\"", "BBC \"In their own words\" series", "\"The Ultimate Revolution\" (talk at UC Berkeley", "Huxley interviewed", "The Mike Wallace Interview", "Centre for Huxley Research", "Aldous Huxley Papers", "University of California, Los Angeles Library" ], "wikipedia_id": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ], "wikipedia_title": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ] }

{ "paragraph": [ "Aldous Huxley\n", "Aldous Leonard Huxley (26 July 1894 – 22 November 1963) was an English writer and philosopher. He authored nearly fifty books—both novels and non-fiction works—as well as wide-ranging essays, narratives, and poems.\n", "Born into the prominent Huxley family, he graduated from Balliol College, Oxford with an undergraduate degree in English literature. Early in his career, he published short stories and poetry and edited the literary magazine \"Oxford Poetry\", before going on to publish travel writing, satire, and screenplays. He spent the latter part of his life in the United States, living in Los Angeles from 1937 until his death. By the end of his life, Huxley was widely acknowledged as one of the foremost intellectuals of his time. He was nominated for the Nobel Prize in Literature seven times and was elected Companion of Literature by the Royal Society of Literature in 1962.\n", "Huxley was a humanist and pacifist. He grew interested in philosophical mysticism and universalism, addressing these subjects with works such as \"The Perennial Philosophy\" (1945)—which illustrates commonalities between Western and Eastern mysticism—and \"The Doors of Perception\" (1954)—which interprets his own psychedelic experience with mescaline. In his most famous novel \"Brave New World\" (1932) and his final novel \"Island\" (1962), he presented his vision of dystopia and utopia, respectively.\n", "Section::::Early life.\n", "Huxley was born in Godalming, Surrey, England, in 1894. He was the third son of the writer and schoolmaster Leonard Huxley, who edited \"Cornhill Magazine\", and his first wife, Julia Arnold, who founded Prior's Field School. Julia was the niece of poet and critic Matthew Arnold and the sister of Mrs. Humphry Ward. Aldous was the grandson of Thomas Henry Huxley, the zoologist, agnostic, and controversialist (\"Darwin's Bulldog\"). His brother Julian Huxley and half-brother Andrew Huxley also became outstanding biologists. Aldous had another brother, Noel Trevelyan Huxley (1891–1914), who committed suicide after a period of clinical depression.\n", "As a child, Huxley's nickname was \"Ogie\", short for \"Ogre\". He was described by his brother, Julian, as someone who frequently \"[contemplated] the strangeness of things\". According to his cousin and contemporary, Gervas Huxley, he had an early interest in drawing.\n", "Huxley's education began in his father's well-equipped botanical laboratory, after which he enrolled at Hillside School near Godalming. He was taught there by his own mother for several years until she became terminally ill. After Hillside he went on to Eton College. His mother died in 1908, when he was 14 (his father later remarried). He contracted the eye disease keratitis punctata in 1911; this \"left [him] practically blind for two to three years.\" This \"ended his early dreams of becoming a doctor.\" In October 1913, Huxley entered Balliol College, Oxford, where he studied English literature. He volunteered for the British Army in January 1916, for the Great War; however, he was rejected on health grounds, being half-blind in one eye. His eyesight later partly recovered. He edited \"Oxford Poetry\" in 1916, and in June of that year graduated BA with first class honours. His brother Julian wrote:\n", "Following his years at Balliol, Huxley, being financially indebted to his father, decided to find employment. He taught French for a year at Eton College, where Eric Blair (who was to take the pen name George Orwell) and Steven Runciman were among his pupils. He was mainly remembered as being an incompetent schoolmaster unable to keep order in class. Nevertheless, Blair and others spoke highly of his excellent command of language.\n", "Significantly, Huxley also worked for a time during the 1920s at Brunner and Mond, an advanced chemical plant in Billingham in County Durham, northeast England. According to the introduction to the latest edition of his science fiction novel \"Brave New World\" (1932), the experience he had there of \"an ordered universe in a world of planless incoherence\" was an important source for the novel.\n", "Section::::Career.\n", "Huxley completed his first (unpublished) novel at the age of 17 and began writing seriously in his early twenties, establishing himself as a successful writer and social satirist. His first published novels were social satires, \"Crome Yellow\" (1921), \"Antic Hay\" (1923), \"Those Barren Leaves\" (1925), and \"Point Counter Point\" (1928). \"Brave New World\" was his fifth novel and first dystopian work. In the 1920s he was also a contributor to \"Vanity Fair\" and British \"Vogue\" magazines.\n", "Section::::Career.:Bloomsbury Set.\n", "During the First World War, Huxley spent much of his time at Garsington Manor near Oxford, home of Lady Ottoline Morrell, working as a farm labourer. There he met several Bloomsbury Group figures, including Bertrand Russell, Alfred North Whitehead, and Clive Bell. Later, in \"Crome Yellow\" (1921) he caricatured the Garsington lifestyle. Jobs were very scarce, but in 1919 John Middleton Murry was reorganising the \"Athenaeum\" and invited Huxley to join the staff. He accepted immediately, and quickly married the Belgian refugee Maria Nys, also at Garsington. They lived with their young son in Italy part of the time during the 1920s, where Huxley would visit his friend D. H. Lawrence. Following Lawrence's death in 1930, Huxley edited Lawrence's letters (1932).\n", "Works of this period included important novels on the dehumanising aspects of scientific progress, most famously \"Brave New World\", and on pacifist themes (for example, \"Eyeless in Gaza\"). In \"Brave New World\", set in a dystopian London, Huxley portrays a society operating on the principles of mass production and Pavlovian conditioning. Huxley was strongly influenced by F. Matthias Alexander, and included him as a character in \"Eyeless in Gaza\".\n", "Beginning in this period, Huxley began to write and edit non-fiction works on pacifist issues, including \"Ends and Means\", \"An Encyclopedia of Pacifism\", and \"Pacifism and Philosophy\", and was an active member of the Peace Pledge Union. Huxley supported the Republican side in the Spanish Civil War, \"especially the anarchists\". He described the war as a war \"between pacifism and militarism\".\n", "Section::::Career.:United States.\n", "In 1937 Huxley moved to Hollywood with his wife Maria, son Matthew Huxley, and friend Gerald Heard. He lived in the U.S., mainly in southern California, until his death, and also for a time in Taos, New Mexico, where he wrote \"Ends and Means\" (published in 1937). The book contains tracts on war, religion, nationalism and ethics.\n", "Heard introduced Huxley to Vedanta (Upanishad-centered philosophy), meditation, and vegetarianism through the principle of ahimsa. In 1938, Huxley befriended Jiddu Krishnamurti, whose teachings he greatly admired. Huxley and Krishnamurti entered into an enduring exchange (sometimes edging on debate) over many years, with Krishnamurti representing the more rarefied, detached, ivory-tower perspective and Huxley, with his pragmatic concerns, the more socially and historically informed position. Huxley provided an introduction to Krishnamurti's quintessential statement, \"The First and Last Freedom\" (1954).\n", "Huxley also became a Vedantist in the circle of Hindu Swami Prabhavananda, and introduced Christopher Isherwood to this circle. Not long afterward, Huxley wrote his book on widely held spiritual values and ideas, \"The Perennial Philosophy\", which discussed the teachings of renowned mystics of the world. Huxley's book affirmed a sensibility that insists there are realities beyond the generally accepted \"five senses\" and that there is genuine meaning for humans beyond both sensual satisfactions and sentimentalities.\n", "Huxley became a close friend of Remsen Bird, president of Occidental College. He spent much time at the college, which is in the Eagle Rock neighbourhood of Los Angeles. The college appears as \"Tarzana College\" in his satirical novel \"After Many a Summer\" (1939). The novel won Huxley a British literary award, the 1939 James Tait Black Memorial Prize for fiction. Huxley also incorporated Bird into the novel.\n", "During this period, Huxley earned a substantial income as a Hollywood screenwriter; Christopher Isherwood, in his autobiography \"My Guru and His Disciple\", states that Huxley earned more than $3,000 per week (an enormous sum in those days) as a screenwriter, and that he used much of it to transport Jewish and left-wing writer and artist refugees from Hitler's Germany to the US. In March 1938, Huxley's friend Anita Loos, a novelist and screenwriter, put him in touch with Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (MGM), which hired him for \"Madame Curie\" which was originally to star Greta Garbo and be directed by George Cukor. (Eventually, the film was completed by MGM in 1943 with a different director and cast.) Huxley received screen credit for \"Pride and Prejudice\" (1940) and was paid for his work on a number of other films, including \"Jane Eyre\" (1944). He was commissioned by Walt Disney in 1945 to write a script based on \"Alice's Adventures in Wonderland\" and the biography of the story's author, Lewis Carroll. The script was not used, however.\n", "Huxley wrote an introduction to the posthumous publication of J. D. Unwin's 1940 book \"Hopousia or The Sexual and Economic Foundations of a New Society\".\n", "On 21 October 1949, Huxley wrote to George Orwell, author of \"Nineteen Eighty-Four\", congratulating him on \"how fine and how profoundly important the book is.\" In his letter to Orwell, he predicted:\n", "Huxley had deeply felt apprehensions about the future the developed world might make for itself. From these, he made some warnings in his writings and talks. In a 1958 televised interview conducted by journalist Mike Wallace, Huxley outlined several major concerns: the difficulties and dangers of world overpopulation; the tendency toward distinctly hierarchical social organisation; the crucial importance of evaluating the use of technology in mass societies susceptible to persuasion; the tendency to promote modern politicians to a naive public as well-marketed commodities.\n", "Section::::Career.:Post-World War II.\n", "In 1953, Huxley and Maria applied for United States citizenship and presented themselves for examination. When Huxley refused to bear arms for the U.S. and would not state that his objections were based on religious ideals, the only excuse allowed under the McCarran Act, the judge had to adjourn the proceedings. He withdrew his application. Nevertheless, he remained in the U.S. In 1959 Huxley turned down an offer of a Knight Bachelor by the Macmillan government without putting forward a reason; his brother Julian had been knighted in 1958, while another brother Andrew would be knighted in 1974.\n", "Section::::Association with Vedanta.\n", "Beginning in 1939 and continuing until his death in 1963, Huxley had an extensive association with the Vedanta Society of Southern California, founded and headed by Swami Prabhavananda. Together with Gerald Heard, Christopher Isherwood and other followers, he was initiated by the Swami and was taught meditation and spiritual practices.\n", "In 1944, Huxley wrote the introduction to the \"Bhagavad Gita: The Song of God\", translated by Swami Prabhavananda and Christopher Isherwood, which was published by the Vedanta Society of Southern California.\n", "From 1941 until 1960, Huxley contributed 48 articles to \"Vedanta and the West\", published by the society. He also served on the editorial board with Isherwood, Heard, and playwright John Van Druten from 1951 through 1962.\n", "Huxley also occasionally lectured at the Hollywood and Santa Barbara Vedanta temples. Two of those lectures have been released on CD: \"Knowledge and Understanding\" and \"Who Are We?\" from 1955. Nonetheless, Huxley's agnosticism, together with his speculative propensity, made it difficult for him to fully embrace any form of institutionalised religion.\n", "Section::::Psychedelic drug use and mystical experiences.\n", "In the spring of 1953, Huxley had his first experience with the psychedelic drug mescaline. Huxley had initiated a correspondence with Doctor Humphry Osmond, a British psychiatrist then employed in a Canadian institution, and eventually asked him to supply a dose of mescaline; Osmond obliged and supervised Huxley's session in southern California. After the publication of \"The Doors of Perception\", in which he recounted this experience, Huxley and Swami Prabhavananda disagreed about the meaning and importance of the psychedelic drug experience, which may have caused the relationship to cool, but Huxley continued to write articles for the society's journal, lecture at the temple, and attend social functions. Huxley later had an experience on LSD that he considered more profound than those detailed in \"The Doors of Perception\".\n", "Huxley wrote that \"\"The mystical experience is doubly valuable; it is valuable because it gives the experiencer a better understanding of himself and the world and because it may help him to lead a less self-centered and more creative life.\"\"\n", "Section::::Eyesight.\n", "Differing accounts exist about the details of the quality of Huxley's eyesight at specific points in his life. In about 1939 Huxley encountered the Bates method for better eyesight, and a teacher, Margaret Darst Corbett, who was able to teach the method to him. In 1940, Huxley relocated from Hollywood to a \"ranchito\" in the high desert hamlet of Llano, California, in northern Los Angeles County. Huxley then said that his sight improved dramatically with the Bates Method and the extreme and pure natural lighting of the southwestern American desert. He reported that, for the first time in more than 25 years, he was able to read without glasses and without strain. He even tried driving a car along the dirt road beside the ranch. He wrote a book about his successes with the Bates Method, \"The Art of Seeing\", which was published in 1942 (U.S.), 1943 (UK). The book contained some generally disputed theories, and its publication created a growing degree of popular controversy about Huxley's eyesight.\n", "It was, and is, widely believed that Huxley was nearly blind since the illness in his teens, despite the partial recovery that had enabled him to study at Oxford. For example, some ten years after publication of \"The Art of Seeing\", in 1952, Bennett Cerf was present when Huxley spoke at a Hollywood banquet, wearing no glasses and apparently reading his paper from the lectern without difficulty: \"Then suddenly he faltered—and the disturbing truth became obvious. He wasn't reading his address at all. He had learned it by heart. To refresh his memory he brought the paper closer and closer to his eyes. When it was only an inch or so away he still couldn't read it, and had to fish for a magnifying glass in his pocket to make the typing visible to him. It was an agonising moment\".\n", "Brazilian author João Ubaldo Ribeiro, who as a young journalist spent several evenings in the Huxleys' company in the late 1950s, wrote that Huxley had said to him, with a wry smile, \"I can hardly see at all. And I don't give a damn, really\".\n", "On the other hand, Huxley's second wife, Laura Archera, later emphasised in her biographical account, \"This Timeless Moment\": \"One of the great achievements of his life: that of having regained his sight\". After revealing a letter she wrote to the \"Los Angeles Times\" disclaiming the label of Huxley as a \"poor fellow who can hardly see\" by Walter C. Alvarez, she tempered her statement with, \"Although I feel it was an injustice to treat Aldous as though he were blind, it is true there were many indications of his impaired vision. For instance, although Aldous did not wear glasses, he would quite often use a magnifying lens\". Laura Huxley proceeded to elaborate a few nuances of inconsistency peculiar to Huxley's vision. Her account, in this respect, agrees with the following sample of Huxley's own words from \"The Art of Seeing\": \"The most characteristic fact about the functioning of the total organism, or any part of the organism, is that it is not constant, but highly variable\". Nevertheless, the topic of Huxley's eyesight continues to endure similar, significant controversy.\n", "American popular science author Steven Johnson, in his book \"Mind Wide Open\", quotes Huxley about his difficulties with visual encoding: \"I am and, for as long as I can remember, I have always been a poor visualizer. Words, even the pregnant words of poets, do not evoke pictures in my mind. No hypnagogic visions greet me on the verge of sleep. When I recall something, the memory does not present itself to me as a vividly seen event or object. By an effort of the will, I can evoke a not very vivid image of what happened yesterday afternoon ...\".\n", "Section::::Personal life.\n", "Huxley married Maria Nys (10 September 1899 – 12 February 1955), a Belgian he met at Garsington, Oxfordshire, in 1919. They had one child, Matthew Huxley (19 April 1920 – 10 February 2005), who had a career as an author, anthropologist, and prominent epidemiologist. In 1955, Maria Huxley died of cancer.\n", "In 1956, Huxley married Laura Archera (1911–2007), also an author, as well as a violinist and psychotherapist. She wrote \"This Timeless Moment\", a biography of Huxley. She told the story of their marriage through Mary Ann Braubach's 2010 documentary, \"Huxley on Huxley\".\n", "Huxley was diagnosed with laryngeal cancer in 1960; in the years that followed, with his health deteriorating, he wrote the Utopian novel \"Island\", and gave lectures on \"Human Potentialities\" both at the University of California's San Francisco Medical Center and at the Esalen Institute. These lectures were fundamental to the beginning of the Human Potential Movement.\n", "Huxley was a close friend of Jiddu Krishnamurti and Rosalind Rajagopal and was involved in the creation of the Happy Valley School, now Besant Hill School of Happy Valley, in Ojai, California.\n", "The most substantial collection of Huxley's few remaining papers, following the destruction of most in a fire, is at the Library of the University of California, Los Angeles. Some are also at the Stanford University Libraries.\n", "On 9 April 1962, Huxley was informed he was elected Companion of Literature by the Royal Society of Literature, the senior literary organisation in Britain, and he accepted the title via letter on 28 April 1962. The correspondence between Huxley and the society are kept at the Cambridge University Library. The society invited Huxley to appear at a banquet and give a lecture at Somerset House, London in June 1963. Huxley wrote a draft of the speech he intended to give at the society; however, his deteriorating health meant he was not able to attend.\n", "Section::::Death.\n", "On his deathbed, unable to speak owing to advanced laryngeal cancer, Huxley made a written request to his wife Laura for \"LSD, 100 µg, intramuscular.\" According to her account of his death in \"This Timeless Moment\", she obliged with an injection at 11:20 a.m. and a second dose an hour later; Huxley died aged 69, at 5:20 p.m. (Los Angeles time), on 22 November 1963.\n", "Media coverage of Huxley's death, along with that of the author C. S. Lewis, was overshadowed by the assassination of President John F. Kennedy on the same day. In an article for \"New York\" magazine titled “The Eclipsed Celebrity Death Club”, Christopher Bonanos wrote,\n", "This coincidence served as the basis for Peter Kreeft's book \"Between Heaven and Hell: A Dialog Somewhere Beyond Death with John F. Kennedy, C. S. Lewis, & Aldous Huxley\", which imagines a conversation among the three men taking place in Purgatory following their deaths.\n", "Huxley's memorial service took place in London in December 1963; it was led by his elder brother Julian. On 27 October 1971 his ashes were interred in the family grave at the Watts Cemetery, home of the Watts Mortuary Chapel in Compton, Guildford, Surrey, England.\n", "Huxley had been a long-time friend of Russian composer Igor Stravinsky, who later dedicated his last orchestral composition to Huxley. Stravinsky began \"Variations\" in Santa Fé, New Mexico, in July 1963, and completed the composition in Hollywood on 28 October 1964. It was first performed in Chicago on 17 April 1965, by the Chicago Symphony Orchestra conducted by Robert Craft.\n", "Section::::Awards.\n", "BULLET::::- 1939: James Tait Black Memorial Prize\n", "BULLET::::- 1959: American Academy of Arts and Letters Award of Merit .\n", "BULLET::::- 1962: Companion of Literature\n", "Section::::Film adaptations of Huxley's work.\n", "BULLET::::- 1968: \"Point Counter Point\"\n", "BULLET::::- 1971: \"The Devils\"\n", "BULLET::::- 1980: \"Brave New World\"\n", "BULLET::::- 1998: \"Brave New World\"\n", "Section::::Works.\n", "BULLET::::- Novels\n", "BULLET::::- 1921 \"Crome Yellow\"\n", "BULLET::::- 1923 \"Antic Hay\"\n", "BULLET::::- 1925 \"Those Barren Leaves\"\n", "BULLET::::- 1928 \"Point Counter Point\"\n", "BULLET::::- 1930 \"After The Fireworks\"\n", "BULLET::::- 1932 \"Brave New World\"\n", "BULLET::::- 1936 \"Eyeless in Gaza\"\n", "BULLET::::- 1939 \"After Many a Summer\"\n", "BULLET::::- 1944 \"Time Must Have a Stop\"\n", "BULLET::::- 1948 \"Ape and Essence\"\n", "BULLET::::- 1952 \"The Devils of Loudun\"\n", "BULLET::::- 1955 \"The Genius and the Goddess\"\n", "BULLET::::- 1962 \"Island\"\n", "BULLET::::- Short story collections\n", "BULLET::::- 1920 \"Limbo\"\n", "BULLET::::- 1922 \"Mortal Coils\"\n", "BULLET::::- 1924 \"Little Mexican\"\n", "BULLET::::- 1926 \"Two or Three Graces\"\n", "BULLET::::- 1930 \"Brief Candles\"\n", "BULLET::::- 1944 \"Collected Short Stories\"\n", "BULLET::::- Poetry collections\n", "BULLET::::- 1916 \"Oxford Poetry\"\n", "BULLET::::- 1916 \"The Burning Wheel\"\n", "BULLET::::- 1917 \"Jonah\"\n", "BULLET::::- 1918 \"The Defeat of Youth and Other Poems\"\n", "BULLET::::- 1920 \"Leda\"\n", "BULLET::::- 1925 \"Selected Poems\"\n", "BULLET::::- 1929 \"Arabia Infelix and Other Poems\"\n", "BULLET::::- 1931 \"The Cicadas and Other Poems\"\n", "BULLET::::- 1971 \"Collected Poems\"\n", "BULLET::::- Essay collections\n", "BULLET::::- 1923 \"On the Margin\"\n", "BULLET::::- 1926 \"Essays New and Old\"\n", "BULLET::::- 1927 \"Proper Studies\"\n", "BULLET::::- 1929 \"Do What You Will\" (Essays - full text)\n", "BULLET::::- 1930 \"Vulgarity in Literature\"\n", "BULLET::::- 1931 \"Music at Night\"\n", "BULLET::::- 1932 \"Texts and Pretexts\"\n", "BULLET::::- 1936 \"The Olive Tree and other essays\" (full text)\n", "BULLET::::- 1937 \"Ends and Means\" Reissued by Transaction Publishers (2012), with a new Introduction - \"Pacifism and Non-Attachment\", by Howard G. Schneiderman\n", "BULLET::::- 1940 \"Words and their Meanings\"\n", "BULLET::::- 1945 \"The Perennial Philosophy\"\n", "BULLET::::- 1946 \"Science, Liberty and Peace\"\n", "BULLET::::- 1950 \"Themes and Variations\"\n", "BULLET::::- 1954 \"The Doors of Perception\"\n", "BULLET::::- 1956 \"Heaven and Hell\"\n", "BULLET::::- 1956 \"Adonis and the Alphabet\"\n", "BULLET::::- 1958 \"Collected Essays\"\n", "BULLET::::- 1958 \"Brave New World Revisited\"\n", "BULLET::::- 1960 \"On Art and Artists\"\n", "BULLET::::- 1963 \"Literature and Science\"\n", "BULLET::::- 1977 \"Moksha: Writings on Psychedelics and the Visionary Experience 1931–63\"\n", "BULLET::::- 1977 \"The Human Situation: Lectures at Santa Barbara, 1959\"\n", "BULLET::::- Screenplays\n", "BULLET::::- \"Brave New World\"\n", "BULLET::::- \"Ape and Essence\"\n", "BULLET::::- 1940 \"Pride and Prejudice\"\n", "BULLET::::- 1943 \"Madame Curie\"\n", "BULLET::::- 1944 \"Jane Eyre\"\n", "BULLET::::- 1947 \"A Woman's Vengeance\"\n", "BULLET::::- 1950 \"Prelude to Fame\"\n", "BULLET::::- 1951 Original screenplay (rejected) for Disney's animated \"Alice in Wonderland\"\n", "BULLET::::- 1971 \"Eyeless in Gaza\"\n", "BULLET::::- Travel books\n", "BULLET::::- 1925 \"Along The Road: Notes and Essays of a Tourist\"\n", "BULLET::::- 1926 \"Jesting Pilate: The Diary of a Journey\"\n", "BULLET::::- 1934 \"Beyond the Mexique Bay: A Traveller's Journey\"\n", "BULLET::::- Children's fiction\n", "BULLET::::- 1967 \"The Crows of Pearblossom\"\n", "BULLET::::- Drama\n", "BULLET::::- 1924 \"The Discovery\"\n", "BULLET::::- 1931 \"The World of Light\" (full text)\n", "BULLET::::- 1948 \"Mortal Coils – A Play\"\n", "BULLET::::- 1958 \"The Genius and the Goddess\"\n", "BULLET::::- 1967 \"The Ambassador of Captripedia\"\n", "BULLET::::- 2000 \"Now More Than Ever\"\n", "BULLET::::- Articles written for \"Vedanta and the West\"\n", "BULLET::::- 1949 \"Art and Religion\"\n", "BULLET::::- 1950 \"Foreword to an Essay on the Indian Philosophy of Peace\"\n", "BULLET::::- 1955 \"Who Are We?\"\n", "BULLET::::- 1957 \"The 'Inanimate' is Alive\"\n", "BULLET::::- 1960 \"Symbol and Immediate Experience\"\n", "BULLET::::- Audio recordings\n", "BULLET::::- 1955 \"Knowledge and Understanding\"\n", "BULLET::::- 1955 \"Who Are We?\"\n", "BULLET::::- Other\n", "BULLET::::- 1936 \"Pacifism and Philosophy\"\n", "BULLET::::- 1937 \"An Encyclopedia of Pacifism\" (full text)\n", "BULLET::::- 1938 \"They Still Draw Pictures: A collection of 60 drawings made by Spanish children during the war\", The Spanish Child Welfare Association (Huxley as illustrator)\n", "BULLET::::- 1941 \"Grey Eminence\"\n", "BULLET::::- 1942 \"The Art of Seeing\" (exploration of Bates method of vision improvement)\n", "BULLET::::- 1953 \"The Devils of Loudun\"\n", "BULLET::::- 1962 \"The Politics of Ecology\"\n", "BULLET::::- 2007 \"Selected Letters\"\n", "Section::::Sources.\n", "BULLET::::- Anderson, Jack. 1982. \"Ballet: Suzanne Farrell in 'Variations' Premiere\". \"New York Times\" (4 July).\n", "BULLET::::- Barnes, Clive. 1966. \"Ballet: Still Another Balanchine-Stravinsky Pearl; City Troupe Performs in Premiere Here 'Variations' for Huxley at State Theater\". \"New York Times\" (1 April): 28.\n", "BULLET::::- Spies, Claudio. 1965. \"Notes on Stravinsky's Variations\". \"Perspectives of New Music\" 4, no. 1 (Fall-Winter): 62–74. Reprinted in \"Perspectives on Schoenberg and Stravinsky\", revised edition, edited by Benjamin Boretz and Edward T. Cone, [pages]. New York:W. W. Norton, 1972.\n", "BULLET::::- White, Eric Walter. 1979. \"Stravinsky: The Composer and His Works\", second edition. Berkeley and Los Angeles: The University of California Press. .\n", "Section::::Further reading.\n", "BULLET::::- Atkins, John. \"Aldous Huxley: A Literary Study\", J. Calder, 1956\n", "BULLET::::- Firchow, Peter. \"Aldous Huxley: Satirist and Novelist\", U of Minnesota P, 1972\n", "BULLET::::- Firchow, Peter. \"The End of Utopia: A Study of Aldous Huxley's Brave New World\", Bucknell UP, 1984\n", "BULLET::::- Huxley, Aldous. \"The Human Situation: Aldous Huxley Lectures at Santa Barbara 1959\", Flamingo Modern Classic, 1994,\n", "BULLET::::- Huxley, Laura Archera. \"This Timeless Moment\", Celestial Arts, 2001,\n", "BULLET::::- Meckier, Jerome. \"Aldous Huxley: Modern Satirical Novelist of ideas\", Firchow and Nugel editors, LIT Verlag Berlin-Hamburg-Münster, 2006,\n", "BULLET::::- Murray, Nicholas. \"Aldous Huxley\", Macmillan, 2003,\n", "BULLET::::- Rolo, Charles J. (ed.). \"The World of Aldous Huxley\", Grosset Universal Library, 1947.\n", "BULLET::::- Sexton, James (ed.). \"Aldous Huxley: Selected Letters\", Ivan R. Dee, 2007,\n", "BULLET::::- Sawyer, Dana. \"Aldous Huxley\", Crossroad Publishing Co., 2002,\n", "BULLET::::- Shaw, Jeffrey M. \"Illusions of Freedom: Thomas Merton and Jacques Ellul on Technology and the Human Condition\". Eugene, OR: Wipf and Stock. 2014. .\n", "BULLET::::- Watt, Conrad (ed.). \"Aldous Huxley\", Routledge, 1997,\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Portraits at the National Portrait Gallery\n", "BULLET::::- Raymond Fraser, George Wickes (Spring 1960). \"Interview: Aldous Huxley: The Art of Fiction No. 24\". \"The Paris Review\".\n", "BULLET::::- BBC discussion programme \"In our time\": \"Brave New World\". Huxley and the novel. 9 April 2009. (Audio, 45 minutes)\n", "BULLET::::- BBC \"In their own words\" series. 12 October 1958 (video, 12 mins)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Ultimate Revolution\" (talk at UC Berkeley, 20 March 1962)/a\n", "BULLET::::- Huxley interviewed on \"The Mike Wallace Interview\" 18 May 1958 (video)\n", "BULLET::::- Centre for Huxley Research\n", "BULLET::::- Aldous Huxley Papers at University of California, Los Angeles Library Special Collections\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "Aldous Leonard Huxley" ] }, "description": "English writer", "enwikiquote_title": "Aldous Huxley", "wikidata_id": "Q81447", "wikidata_label": "Aldous Huxley", "wikipedia_title": "Aldous Huxley" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Declan McGonagle\n", "Declan McGonagle is a prominent figure in Irish contemporary art, most notable for his positions as director at the Orchard Gallery in Derry (for which he was shortlisted for a Turner prize in 1987); director at the Irish Museum of Modern Art from its beginnings in 1990 until 2001, and director of the National College of Art and Design, Dublin since 2008. He has stated that he is committed to raising the profile of Irish art internationally. According to his profile on the National College of Art and Design website, he is a contributing editor of \"Artforum\", New York City, and a member of the International Advisory Panel of Engage, London, and is a former board member of Derry – UK City of Culture 2013, having worked on the bid document and chaired the interim board. He writes, lectures and publishes regularly on art and museum/gallery policy issues, and curates exhibitions with a focus on the relationship between art/artist and society.\n", "Section::::Early life.\n", "McGonagle was born in Derry in 1953 and attended St Columb's College in Derry. He studied Fine Art at the College of Art and Design in Belfast (1971–1975), where he also completed a Postgraduate Higher Diploma in Painting in 1976. In the mid seventies and early eighties he worked as a painter and a lecturer of Art and Design at the Regional Technical College, Letterkenny, County Donegal before he took up the post of director at the newly established Orchard Gallery in County Londonderry.\n", "Section::::1978–1990 (Orchard and ICA London).\n", "Derry City Council was responsible for setting up the Orchard Gallery on Orchard Street in the city of Derry and McGonagle was appointed to the post of curator in 1978 and remained there until 1984. He gave up painting a year after he joined the Orchard. The Orchard established itself on a minimal budget, and McGonagle found that international artists were attracted by the concept of addressing the issues of communities in conflict. \n", "In 1983, he worked for the Institute of Contemporary Arts in London while keeping close contact and transferring exhibitions to the Orchard, before returning in 1986 to continue running the gallery for another four years. In 1987 he became the first ever arts administrator to be shortlisted for the Turner prize for his work at the Derry gallery.\n", "Section::::1990–2001 (IMMA).\n", "In 1990, McGonagle was appointed director of the newly established Irish Museum of Modern Art in Dublin.\n", "There was considerable controversy over the decision to house the modern art museum in the historical Royal Hospital Kilmainham building. Many members of the public were unconvinced that the 1684 building would not have to be radically altered to be suitable for the display of large-scale contemporary art works. The structure had been refurbished by the state a decade previously at a cost of over £20 million and the changes for the museum would cost a subsequent £600,000. McGonagle encouraged the use of this site as opposed to a new purpose-built premises in the then redeveloping Dublin Docklands area.\n", "While living and working at the gallery, McGonagle developed a strategy for working with contemporary artists to collect \"for the future\". At IMMA, he proposed to give educational and community-related programmes equal importance in his curatorial work. The inaugural exhibition included works of Picasso, Mondrian, Gris, Braque, Giacometti and Miró.\n", "In 1993 McGonagle sat on a subcommittee of the Cultural Relations Committee (CRC) to reinstate the Irish Pavilion at the Venice Biennale. The exhibition in 1993 saw Dorothy Cross and Willie Doherty represent Ireland. It was the first time Ireland had participated in the event since 1962. Also that year, McGonagle was a member of the Turner Prize jury.\n", "In relation to IMMA's collection, McGonagle is quoted as saying \"[m]ost of what we buy is Irish,\" in 1993, \"but I'm not operating a quota system. Part of that has to do with the practical dimension of how often you see international work. £100,000 is actually quite a modest sum, although it's a lot in Irish terms, so it's only right that we redistribute that wealth back into the system [...] \" In 1994 the gallery acquired a semi-permanent Lawrence Weiner work for £20,000. \n", "During his ten-year appointment as director at the Irish Museum of Modern Art, McGonagle saw the conversion of the property's stables into accommodation and studio spaces, the (then) part-derelict Deputy Master's House restored as a specialist exhibition space, and the 48 acres of the grounds dotted with contemporary sculptures.\n", "In 1996, Irish abstract artist Gerald Davis wrote an article in \"The Irish Times\", criticising McGonagle's vision for IMMA and calling for more historical and contemporary Irish artists to be represented at the gallery. He noted that \"the Irish Museum of Modern [sic] largely ignores the contribution made by our own artists of the last 50 years and does not regularly make a cross-section of their work accessible to the public. The current policy of promoting that which is internationally fashionable is, in essence, provincial.\" The gallery's highest footfall to date was recorded in 1997 at 350,000, as a result of the popular Andy Warhol exhibition. In 1999, IMMA administered the first Nissan Millenium Art Project award of £40,000 for a temporary artwork. The award was granted to Dorothy Cross for her 'Ghost Ship' project.\n", "On the first of December 2000, it was announced that McGonagle was to take legal proceedings against the board of IMMA to prevent his removal from the post of director. Board members were informed that lawyers for McGonagle were applying to the high court for an injunction restraining the museum from publicly advertising the director's position. The Minister for Arts, Heritage, Gealtacht and the Islands (at the time), Síle de Valera, appointed Marie Donnelly and a new board to the gallery in February 2000. Only two members of the previous board had been reappointed. Marie Donnelly allegedly informed McGonagle that the post was being \"redefined\" a week previously and would therefore have to be publicly advertised. McGonagle's second five-year term had ended several months previously. The board was split for and against McGonagle's, and at least one member threatened resignation if he was not reappointed. According to another member, McGonagle did not have \"an absolute right\" to the position of director. After his first five years in the position, his contract had been rolled over without the post being publicly advertised. IMMA sources at the time described the dispute as a clash of \"opposing cultures\". Marie Donnelly was said to favour a \"block-buster\" approach to the arts and pushed for a greater international flavour to the museum's activities. She was anxious for the next director to have the necessary financial and fund-raising skills to achieve this. Supporters of McGonagle said he was a proponent of a \"people's museum,\" accessible to all. Marie Donnelly was described as a leading socialite and charity fundraiser. During this time there was an outcry of public support for McGonagle and a number of high profile threats were made to withdraw collections and funding from the gallery should the director lose his position. The businessman and art collector Gordon Lambert claimed he intended to reassess his relationship with IMMA. Lambert had donated the largest collection at time in to the museum in 1992 and also established a trust that supplemented the museum. Others who expressed disquiet were Gerard O'Toole, Nissan Ireland (Nissan Art Award) and Lochlann Quinn of Glen Dimplex and chairman of AIB (then sponsors of the annual award). The High Court deferred judgement on the case until 5 February 2000.\n", "In his final years at IMMA, attendance dropped to 260,000 (in 1999/2000) from 330,000 in 1997/8. This amounted to less than half the National Gallery's intake at the time. \"The Irish Times\" cited public disillusionment from a highly personalised campaign waged by McGonagle's supporters as a possible reason for the disinterest. IMMA's ten-year anniversary was noticeably overshadowed by the controversy. After a five-month dispute, McGonagle stepped down as the director of IMMA despite being offered a new contract. He was able to negotiate a severance package with government mediator Paddy Teehan and was allegedly awarded €250,000 in the settlement\n", "Section::::2001–2008 (City Arts Centre and University of Ulster).\n", "Dublin's City Arts Centre was set to close after a complete withdrawal of Arts Council funding in 2001. In October, McGonagle was drafted in by the Dublin City Arts Centre to lead a review of the organisation. It was announced that the centre would close for up to two years, and staff would be made redundant while a future plan was being worked out under McGonagle's leadership. He was given a salary of £40,000 to lead the review. In 2003, it was decided that the Arts Centre building on Moss Street would be sold for €4.25m. In light of this development, \"The Civil Arts Inquiry\" review was dismissed as purely profit-driven by other Dublin arts organisations at the time. McGonagle stressed the review process had created a healthy discourse. He insisted that all resources from the sale would be used to develop a new model for the centre with a future emphasis on programming and community involvement, rather than physical location.\n", "From 2004 to 2008, McGonagle was the first director of a new research centre in the School of Art and Design at the Ulster University, Belfast. By 2007, he was set to succeed Colm O'Briain as director of NCAD.\n", "Section::::2008–2015 (NCAD).\n", "In 2008 McGonagle took up the post as Director of the National College of Art and Design, Dublin. Under his governance, NCAD began an academic alliance in 2010, meaning the colleges have worked together on teaching and research in areas such as art history and cultural policy at UCD and visual culture at NCAD.\n", "In 2012, McGonagle announced that the college was in talks regarding a possible merger with University College Dublin. McGonagle assured staff and students that a campus move to Belfield was not on the agenda at this time and that they would be kept informed on the progress of the debate.\n", "On 11 September 2015 McGonagle announced his intention to retire as director of the National College of Art and Design at the end of the year.\n", "Section::::2016 - Present.\n", "In 2016 Dublin Port Company announced the artists commissioned to create a series of site-specific public artworks in response to Dublin Port and its relationship with the City. Coordinated by Declan McGonagle, new works by Sheelagh Broderick, Silvia Loeffler and AEMI & Cliona Harmey were unveiled at sites and on structures within Dublin Port over the coming months. \n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "Irish curator", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q5249364", "wikidata_label": "Declan McGonagle", "wikipedia_title": "Declan McGonagle" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Michael Schwerner\n", "Michael Henry \"Mickey\" Schwerner (November 6, 1939 – June 21, 1964), was one of three Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) field/social workers killed in Philadelphia, Mississippi, by members of the Ku Klux Klan. Schwerner and two others were killed in response to their civil rights work, which included promoting voting registration among African Americans, most of whom had been disenfranchised in the state since 1890.\n", "Section::::Early life and education.\n", "Born and raised in a family of Jewish heritage, Schwerner attended Pelham Memorial High School in Pelham, New York. He was called Mickey by his friends. His mother was a science teacher at nearby New Rochelle High School, and his father was a businessman. Schwerner attended Michigan State University, originally intending to become a veterinarian. He transferred to Cornell University and switched his major to rural sociology. While an undergraduate at Cornell, he was initiated into the school's chapter of Alpha Epsilon Pi Fraternity. He entered graduate school at the School of Social Work at Columbia University.\n", "As a boy, Schwerner befriended Robert Reich, who later became U.S. Secretary of Labor. Schwerner helped protect Reich, who was smaller, from bullies.\n", "Section::::Civil rights activism.\n", "In the early 1960s Schwerner became active in working for civil rights for African Americans; he led a local Congress of Racial Equality group on the Lower East Side of Manhattan, called \"Downtown CORE.\" He participated in a 1963 effort to desegregate Gwynn Oak Amusement Park in Maryland. As activism increased in the South, Schwerner and his wife Rita Schwerner Bender volunteered to work for National CORE in Mississippi, under the tutelage of Dave Dennis, the CORE state director. Bob Moses assigned the Schwerners to organize the community center and activities in Meridian. James Chaney was a local youth who started working with them there. The Schwerners were the first whites to be assigned by CORE permanently outside the state capital of Jackson. In the summer of 1964 CORE intended to hold classes and drives to register African Americans to vote in the state, what they called \"Freedom Summer\". Many volunteers, mostly college students and young adults, had been recruited from local communities and northern/western states to work on this project.\n", "Civil rights activists were resented and held under suspicion in Mississippi. Spies paid by the Mississippi State Sovereignty Commission, a taxpayer-funded agency, kept track of all northerners and suspected activists. The Commission conducted economic boycotts and intimidation against activists. In 1998 its records were opened by court order, revealing the state's deep complicity in the 1964 murders of three civil right workers because its investigator, A. L. Hopkins, passed on information about the workers, including their car license number, to the Commission. Records showed the Commission passed the information on to the Sheriff of Neshoba County, who was implicated in the murders.\n", "The Ku Klux Klan targeted Schwerner after he and his wife, Rita, had taken over the Meridian CORE field office, where they established a community center for blacks as part of grassroots organizing. Schwerner tried to establish contact with white working-class citizens of Meridian and went door-to-door to speak with them. He also organized a black boycott of a popular variety store until it hired its first African American, under the principle of \"don't shop where you can't work\".\n", "Section::::Murder.\n", "James Chaney, Andrew Goodman, and Michael Schwerner were murdered near the town of Philadelphia, Mississippi. They were investigating the burning of Mt. Zion Methodist Church, which had been a site of a CORE Freedom School, in a nearby community. Parishioners had been beaten in the wake of Schwerner and Chaney's voter registration rallies for CORE. The Sheriff's Deputy, Cecil Price, had been accused by parishioners of stopping their caravan and forcing the deacons to kneel in the headlights of their own cars, while they were beaten with rifle butts. That same group of white men was identified as having burned the church.\n", "Deputy Sheriff Cecil Price arrested Chaney, Goodman, and Schwerner for an alleged traffic violation and took them to the jail in Neshoba County. They were released that evening, without being allowed to telephone anyone. On the way back to Meridian, they were stopped by patrol lights and two carloads of KKK members on Highway 19, then taken in Price's car to another remote rural road. The KKK men shot and killed Schwerner, then Goodman, and finally Chaney, after chain-whipping him.\n", "The men's bodies remained undiscovered for 44 days. In the meantime, the case of the missing civil-rights workers became a major national story, especially coming on top of other events during Freedom Summer. The federal government quickly assigned the FBI to a full investigation, and called in Navy sailors and other forces to aid in the search.\n", "Schwerner's widow Rita, who also worked for CORE in Meridian, expressed indignation publicly at the way the story was handled. She said she believed that if only Chaney (who was black) was missing and the two older white men from New York had not been killed along with him, the case would not have received nearly as much national attention, as other black civil rights workers had earlier been killed in the South.\n", "Section::::First trial.\n", "The US government prosecuted the case under the Enforcement Act of 1870. Seven men, including Deputy Sheriff Price, were convicted. Three strongly implicated defendants were acquitted because of a jury deadlock.\n", "Section::::Reinvestigation.\n", "Journalist Jerry Mitchell, an award-winning investigative reporter for the \"Jackson Clarion-Ledger\" had written extensively about the case for many years in the late 20th century. Mitchell had earned renown for helping secure convictions by his investigation of several other high-profile Civil Rights Era murder cases, including the assassination of Medgar Evers, the 1963 Birmingham church bombing, and the murder of Vernon Dahmer. Mitchell developed new evidence, found new witnesses, and pressured the State to take action. Barry Bradford, an Illinois high school teacher, and three students: Allison Nichols, Sarah Siegel, and Brittany Saltiel, joined Mitchell's efforts. Their documentary, produced for the National History Day contest, presented important new evidence and compelling reasons for reopening the case. Bradford also obtained an interview with Edgar Ray Killen, which helped convince the State to reinvestigate. Mitchell was able to determine the identity of \"Mr. X\", the mystery informer who had helped the FBI discover the bodies and smash the conspiracy of the Klan in 1964. He relied in part on evidence developed by Bradford.\n", "On January 7, 2005, Edgar Ray Killen, an outspoken white supremacist nicknamed \"Preacher,\" pleaded \"Not Guilty\" to state charges of the murders of the three men. The jury found him guilty of three counts of manslaughter on June 21, 2005. He was sentenced to sixty years in prison—twenty years for each count, served consecutively.\n", "Section::::Personality.\n", "Schwerner \"was described by family and friends as friendly, good-natured, gentle, mischievous, and 'full of life and ideas'. He believed all people were essentially good. He loved sports, animals, poker, W.C. Fields, and rock music.\"\n", "Robert Reich, the American political commentator, professor, and author who served in the administrations of Presidents Gerald Ford, Jimmy Carter, and Bill Clinton, says that as a child, he was bullied, and sought out the protection of older boys; one of them was Michael Schwerner. Reich cites this event as an inspiration to \"fight the bullies, to protect the powerless, to make sure that the people without a voice have a voice.\"\n", "Section::::Legacy and honors.\n", "Section::::Legacy and honors.:Schwerner.\n", "BULLET::::- In 2008, his hometown of Pelham, New York renamed a section of Harmon Avenue as \"Michael Schwerner Way\" in his honor.\n", "BULLET::::- Schwerner, along with Goodman and Chaney, received a posthumous Presidential Medal of Freedom from President Barack Obama in 2014.\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- Civil Rights Movement\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- The True Story Of How The Mississippi Burning Case Was Reopened\n", "BULLET::::- Biography of Michael Schwerner from University of Missouri–Kansas City Law School\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "Michael Henry Schwerner" ] }, "description": "American civil rights activist", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q1354034", "wikidata_label": "Michael Schwerner", "wikipedia_title": "Michael Schwerner" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Piper Laurie\n", "Piper Laurie (born Rosetta Jacobs; January 22, 1932) is an American stage and screen actress known for her roles in the films \"The Hustler\" (1961), \"Carrie\" (1976), and \"Children of a Lesser God\" (1986), all of which brought her Academy Award nominations. She is also known for her performances as Kirsten Arnesen in the original TV production of \"Days of Wine and Roses\" and as Catherine Martell in the cult television series \"Twin Peaks\", for which she won a Golden Globe Award in 1991. In 2018, she appeared in the film \"White Boy Rick\". In addition, she appeared with Dana Andrews, Rex Reason, William Talman, Milburn Stone, Douglas Spenser, and others in the 1956 Western \"Smoke Signal\".\n", "Section::::Early life.\n", "Piper Laurie was born Rosetta Jacobs on January 22, 1932, in Detroit, Michigan. She was the younger daughter of Charlotte Sadie (née Alperin) and Alfred Jacobs, a furniture dealer. Her grandparents were Jewish immigrants from Poland on her father's side and Russia on her mother's.\n", "She was delivered, according to her 2011 autobiography \"Learning to Live Out Loud\", where she lived in a one-bedroom walk-up on Tyler Street in Detroit. Alfred Jacobs moved the family to Los Angeles, California in 1938, where she attended Hebrew school. To combat her shyness, her parents provided her with weekly elocution lessons; this eventually led to minor roles at nearby Universal Studios. For much of her early childhood, her parents placed Laurie and her older sister in a children's home, which they both despised.\n", "Section::::Career.\n", "In 1949, Rosetta Jacobs signed a contract with Universal Studios, and changed her screen name to Piper Laurie, which she has used since then. At Universal, she met other soon-to-be familiar actors James Best, Julie Adams, Tony Curtis and Rock Hudson. Her breakout role was in \"Louisa\", with Ronald Reagan, whom she dated a few times before his marriage to Nancy Davis. In her autobiography, she claimed that she lost her virginity to him. Several other roles followed: \"Francis Goes to the Races\" (1951, co-starring Donald O'Connor); \"Son of Ali Baba\" (1951, co-starring Tony Curtis); and \"Ain't Misbehavin'\" (1955, co-starring Rory Calhoun).\n", "To enhance her image, Universal Studios told gossip columnists that Laurie bathed in milk and ate flower petals to protect her luminous skin. Discouraged by the lack of substantial film roles, she moved to New York to study acting and to seek work on the stage and in television. She appeared in \"Twelfth Night\", produced by Hallmark Hall of Fame; in \"Days of Wine and Roses\" with Cliff Robertson, presented by Playhouse 90 on October 2, 1958 (in the film version, their roles were taken over by Jack Lemmon and Lee Remick); and in \"Winterset\", presented by Playhouse 90 in 1959.\n", "She was again lured to Hollywood by the offer to co-star with Paul Newman in \"The Hustler\", which was released in 1961. She played Newman's girlfriend, Sarah Packard, and for her performance she received an Academy Award nomination for Best Actress. Substantial movie roles did not come her way after \"The Hustler\", so she and her husband moved to New York. In 1964, she appeared in two medical dramas — as Alicia Carter in \"The Eleventh Hour\" episode \"My Door Is Locked and Bolted\", and as Alice Marin in the \"Breaking Point\" episode \"The Summer House\". In 1965, she starred in a Broadway revival of Tennessee Williams' \"The Glass Menagerie\", opposite Maureen Stapleton, Pat Hingle, and George Grizzard.\n", "Laurie did not appear in another feature film until she accepted the role of Margaret White in the horror film \"Carrie\" (1976). She received an Oscar nomination for Best Supporting Actress for her performance in that role, and it, along with the commercial success of the film, relaunched her career. Her co-star, Sissy Spacek, praised her acting skill: \"She is a remarkable actress. She never does what you expect her to doshe always surprises you with her approach to a scene.\"\n", "In 1979, she appeared as Mary Horton in the Australian movie \"Tim\" opposite Mel Gibson. After her 1981 divorce, Laurie relocated to California. She received a third Oscar nomination for her portrayal of \"Mrs. Norman\" in \"Children of a Lesser God\" (1986). That same year, she was awarded an Emmy for her performance in \"Promise\", a \"Hallmark Hall of Fame\" television movie, co-starring James Garner and James Woods. She had a featured role in the Off-Broadway production of \"The Destiny of Me\" in 1992, and returned to Broadway for Lincoln Center's acclaimed 2002 revival of Paul Osborn's \"Morning's at Seven\", with Julie Hagerty, Buck Henry, Frances Sternhagen and Estelle Parsons.\n", "In 1990-91, she starred as the devious Catherine Martell in David Lynch's television series \"Twin Peaks\". She also appeared in \"Other People's Money\" with Gregory Peck (1991), and in horror maestro Dario Argento's first American film, \"Trauma\" (1993). She played George Clooney's character's mother on \"ER\". In 1997, she appeared in the film \"A Christmas Memory\" with Patty Duke (then known as Patty Duke Astin), and in 1998, she appeared in the sci-fi thriller \"The Faculty\". She made guest appearances on television shows such as \"Frasier\", \"Matlock\", \"State of Grace\", and \"Will & Grace\". Laurie also appeared in \"Cold Case\" and in a 2001 episode of \"\" entitled \"Care\", in which she played an adoptive mother, and foster grandmother, who killed one of the foster granddaughters in her daughter's charge, and who abused her adoptive son and foster grandchildren.\n", "She returned to the big screen for independent films, such as \"Eulogy\" (2004) and \"The Dead Girl\" (2006), opposite actress Toni Collette.\n", "Section::::Personal life.\n", "Laurie married once, to \"New York Herald Tribune\" entertainment writer Joe Morgenstern. They met shortly after the release of \"The Hustler\" in 1961 when Morgenstern interviewed her during the film's promotion. They soon began dating, and nine months after the interview, they were married on January 21, 1962. When no substantial roles came her way after \"The Hustler,\" she and Morgenstern relocated to Woodstock, New York. In 1971, they had a daughter, Anne Grace Morgenstern. In 1982, the couple divorced, after which she relocated to the Hollywood area and continued working in films and television. In 1962 she was Harvard’s \"Hasty Pudding Woman of the Year,\" and in 2000 she received \"The Spirit of Hope Award\" in Korea for her service during the Korean War. Laurie is a sculptor working in marble and clay and exhibits her work. As of 2010, she still resides in Southern California; her daughter is in New York. \n", "She appeared at the September 2014 Mid-Atlantic Nostalgia Convention in Hunt Valley, Maryland.\n", "Section::::Awards.\n", "Laurie won a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Miniseries or a Movie for her role in the 1986 TV movie \"Promise\", opposite James Garner and James Woods. In addition, she received several Emmy nominations, including one for playing Magda Goebbels, wife of Joseph Goebbels, in \"The Bunker\", opposite Anthony Hopkins as Hitler; and for her role in the miniseries, \"The Thorn Birds\", two nominations for her work in \"Twin Peaks\", as Catherine Martell, and a nomination for her guest appearance on \"Frasier\". She has been nominated for an Academy Award for her performances in three films.\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Piper Laurie at Virtual History\n", "BULLET::::- Interview with Piper Laurie, August 25, 2014, Classic Film & TV Cafe\n", "BULLET::::- – Interview with Piper Laurie. The Spectrum, January, 2016.\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "Rosetta Jacobs" ] }, "description": "American actress", "enwikiquote_title": "Piper Laurie", "wikidata_id": "Q232282", "wikidata_label": "Piper Laurie", "wikipedia_title": "Piper Laurie" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Karl-Birger Blomdahl\n", "Karl-Birger Blomdahl (19 October 1916 – 14 June 1968) was a Swedish composer and conductor born in Växjö. He was educated in biochemistry, but was primarily active in music and by his experimental compositions he became one of the big names in Swedish modernism. His teachers included Hilding Rosenberg. He died in Kungsängen, Stockholm.\n", "His third symphony, \"Facettes\" – a work in one subdivided movement as a twelve-tone variation-form piece – from 1950 is a major contribution to the repertoire. In 1959 he composed the opera \"Aniara\" based on the poem by Harry Martinson. His output of compositions also includes concertos for violin and viola, a chamber concerto for piano, winds and percussion, at least one other opera (\"Herr von Hancken\"), and much chamber music, including a trio for clarinet, cello and piano.\n", "Section::::Works.\n", "Section::::Works.:Stage.\n", "BULLET::::- (1958) \"Aniara\", (libretto by Erik Lindegren based on a poem by Harry Martinson) Recorded and released by Columbia Masterworks as a double-album in the mid-60s. An edited version of Aniara was also side 2 of Columbia Masterworks 1968 Eugene Ormandy – Leonard Bernstein cover-version-album of music from \"\".) It was conducted by Werner Janssen, a noted conductor of the 20th Century. Columbia dropped Janssen's credit from its later releases of the album, leading to a wide but mistaken impression that the performance was conducted by Bernstein.\n", "BULLET::::- (1962) \"Herr von Hancken\" (libretto by Erik Lindegren based on a book by Hjalmar Bergmans)\n", "BULLET::::- (1949) \"Agamemnon\"\n", "Section::::Works.:Ballet.\n", "BULLET::::- (1954) \"Sisyfos\"\n", "BULLET::::- (1957) \"Minotaurus\"\n", "BULLET::::- (1962) \"Spel för åtta\"\n", "Section::::Works.:Orchestra.\n", "BULLET::::- (1939) \"Symphonic Dances\"\n", "BULLET::::- (1943) Symphony No. 1\n", "BULLET::::- (1947) Symphony No. 2\n", "BULLET::::- (1948) \"Pastoralsvit\"\n", "BULLET::::- (1950) Symphony No. 3, \"Facetter\"\n", "BULLET::::- (1961) \"Forma Ferritonans\"\n", "Section::::Works.:Concerto.\n", "BULLET::::- (1941) Concerto for Viola and Orchestra\n", "BULLET::::- (1946) Concerto for Violin and String Orchestra\"\n", "BULLET::::- (1953) Chamber Concerto for Piano, Winds and Percussion\n", "Section::::Works.:Choir.\n", "BULLET::::- (1951–52) \"I speglarnas sal\" (after a poem by Erik Lindegren)\n", "Section::::Works.:Film music.\n", "BULLET::::- (1953) \"Gycklarnas afton\"\n", "BULLET::::- (1965) \"Så börjar livet\"\n", "Section::::Works.:Chamber music.\n", "BULLET::::- (1938) Trio for Brass\n", "BULLET::::- (1939) String Quartet No. 1\n", "BULLET::::- (1945) Little Suite, for bassoon & piano\n", "BULLET::::- (1948) Dance Suite No. 1, for flute, percussion & string trio\n", "BULLET::::- (1951) Dance Suite No. 2, for clarinet, cello & percussion\n", "BULLET::::- (1955) Trio for clarinet, cello and piano\n", "Section::::Works.:Songs.\n", "BULLET::::- (1966) \"... The Journey in This Night\" for soprano & string orchestra (on a poem by Erik Lindegren)\n", "Section::::Works.:Electronic.\n", "BULLET::::- (1966) \"Altisonans\"\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "Swedish composer", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q1208405", "wikidata_label": "Karl-Birger Blomdahl", "wikipedia_title": "Karl-Birger Blomdahl" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Anne Bancroft\n", "Anna Maria Louisa Italiano (September 17, 1931 – June 6, 2005), known professionally as Anne Bancroft, was an American actress, director, screenwriter, and singer associated with the method acting school, having studied under Lee Strasberg. Respected for her acting prowess and versatility, Bancroft was acknowledged for her work in film, theatre, and television. She won one Academy Award, three BAFTA Awards, two Golden Globes, two Tony Awards, and two Emmy Awards, and several other awards and nominations.\n", "After her film debut in \"Don't Bother to Knock\" (1952) and a string of supporting film roles during the 1950s, she won an Academy Award for Best Actress for her lead role in \"The Miracle Worker\" (1962) as the teacher of young Helen Keller, reprising her role in the Broadway stage play, winning a Tony Award for Best Actress in a Play. On Broadway in 1965, she played a medieval nun obsessed with a priest (Jason Robards) in John Whiting's play \"The Devils\", based on the Aldous Huxley novel \"The Devils of Loudun\". She was perhaps best known as the seductress, Mrs. Robinson, in \"The Graduate\" (1967), a role that she later said had come to overshadow her other work.\n", "Bancroft received several other Oscar nominations and continued in lead roles until the late 1980s; notable film roles during this time include \"The Turning Point\" (1977) and \"Agnes of God\" (1985). In 1987, she starred with Anthony Hopkins in \"84 Charing Cross Road\". She appeared in several movies directed or produced by her second husband, comedian Mel Brooks, including the award-winning drama \"The Elephant Man\" (1980), as well as comedies \"To Be or Not to Be\" (1983) and \"\" (1995). She received an Emmy Award nomination for 2001's \"Haven\", and a Screen Actors Guild Award nomination for \"The Roman Spring of Mrs. Stone\" (2003). She died two years later, in 2005, after battling cancer.\n", "Section::::Early life.\n", "Bancroft was born Anna Maria Louisa (or Luisa?) Italiano in the Bronx, New York, the middle of three daughters of Mildred (née DiNapoli; 1908–2010), a telephone operator, and Michael G. Italiano (1905–2001), a dress pattern maker.\n", "Bancroft's parents were both children of Italian immigrants. In an interview, she stated her family was originally from Muro Lucano, in the province of Potenza. She was brought up Roman Catholic. She was raised in the Belmont neighborhood of the Bronx, later moving to 1580 Zerega Ave. and graduated from Christopher Columbus High School in 1948. She later attended HB Studio, the American Academy of Dramatic Arts, the Actors Studio and the American Film Institute's Directing Workshop for Women at the University of California, Los Angeles. After appearing in a number of live television dramas under the name Anne Marno, she was told to change her surname, as it was \"too ethnic for movies\"; she chose Bancroft \"because it sounded dignified.\"\n", "Section::::Career.\n", "In 1958, Bancroft made her Broadway debut as lovelorn, Bronx-accented Gittel Mosca opposite Henry Fonda (as the married man Gittel loves) in William Gibson's two-character play \"Two for the Seesaw\", directed by Arthur Penn. For Gittel, she won the Tony Award for Best Performance by a Featured Actress in a Play.\n", "She won the Tony Award for Best Performance by a Leading Actress in a Play in 1960, again with playwright Gibson and director Penn, when she played Annie Sullivan, the young woman who teaches the child Helen Keller to communicate in \"The Miracle Worker\". She appeared in the 1962 film version of the play and won the 1962 Academy Award for Best Actress, with Patty Duke repeating her own success as Keller alongside Bancroft. She had returned to Broadway to star in \"Mother Courage and Her Children\", so Joan Crawford accepted Bancroft's Oscar on her behalf, and later presented the award to her in New York.\n", "Bancroft is one of ten actors to have won both an Academy Award and a Tony Award for the same role.\n", "Bancroft co-starred as a medieval nun obsessed with a priest (Jason Robards) in the 1965 Broadway production of John Whiting's play \"The Devils\". Produced by Alexander H. Cohen and directed by Michael Cacoyannis, it ran for 63 performances.\n", "Bancroft received a second Academy Award nomination in 1965 for her performance in the 1964 film \"The Pumpkin Eater\".\n", "Bancroft was widely known during this period for her role as Mrs. Robinson in \"The Graduate\" (1967), for which she received a third Academy Award nomination. In the film, she played an unhappily married woman who seduces the son of her husband's business partner, the much younger recent college graduate played by Dustin Hoffman. In the movie, Hoffman's character later dates and falls in love with her daughter. Bancroft was ambivalent about her appearance in \"The Graduate\"; she said in several interviews that the role overshadowed her other work. Despite her character becoming an archetype of the \"older woman\" role, Bancroft was only six years older than Hoffman.\n", "A CBS television special, \"Annie: the Women in the Life of a Man\" (1970), won Bancroft an Emmy Award for her singing and acting.\n", "Bancroft is one of very few entertainers to win an Oscar, an Emmy and a Tony award. This rare achievement is also known as the Triple Crown of Acting.\n", "She followed that success with a second television special, \"Annie and The Hoods\" (1974), which was telecast on ABC and featured her husband Mel Brooks as a guest star. She made an uncredited cameo in the film \"Blazing Saddles\" (1974), directed by Brooks. She received a fourth Academy Award nomination for Best Actress in 1977 for her performance in \"The Turning Point\" (1977) opposite Shirley MacLaine, and a fifth nomination for Best Actress in 1985 for her performance in \"Agnes of God\" (1985) opposite Jane Fonda.\n", "Bancroft made her debut as a screenwriter and director in \"Fatso\" (1980), in which she starred with Dom DeLuise.\n", "Bancroft was the original choice to play Joan Crawford in the film \"Mommie Dearest\" (1981), but backed out, and was replaced by Faye Dunaway. She was also a front-runner for the role of Aurora Greenway in \"Terms of Endearment\" (1983), but declined so she could act in the remake of \"To Be or Not to Be\" (1983), with her husband Mel Brooks. In 1988 she played Harvey Feirstein's mother in the film version of his play \"Torch Song Trilogy\".\n", "In the 1990s and the first half of the 2000s, Bancroft took supporting roles in a number of films in which she co-starred with major film stars—including \"Honeymoon in Vegas\" (1992) with Nicolas Cage, \"Love Potion No. 9\" (1992) with Sandra Bullock, \"Malice\" (1993) with Nicole Kidman, \"Point of No Return\" (1993) with Bridget Fonda, \"Home for the Holidays\" (1995) with Robert Downey Jr. and directed by Jodie Foster, \"How to Make an American Quilt\" (1995) with Winona Ryder, \"G.I. Jane\" (1997) with Demi Moore, \"Great Expectations\" (1998) with Gwyneth Paltrow, \"Keeping the Faith\" (2000) with Ben Stiller, and \"Heartbreakers\" (2001) with Jennifer Love Hewitt, Sigourney Weaver and Gene Hackman. She also lent her voice to the animated film \"Antz\" (1998), which also featured performances from Jennifer Lopez, Sharon Stone, and Woody Allen.\n", "Bancroft also starred in several television movies and mini-series, receiving six Emmy Award nominations (winning once for herself and shared for \"Annie, The Women in the Life of a Man\"), eight Golden Globe nominations (winning twice), and two Screen Actors Guild Awards.\n", "Her final appearance was as herself in a 2004 episode of HBO's \"Curb Your Enthusiasm\".\n", "Her last project was the animated feature film \"Delgo\", released posthumously in 2008. The film was dedicated to her.\n", "She received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 6368 Hollywood Boulevard, for her work in television. At the time of her star's installation (1960), she had recently appeared in several TV series. Bancroft is also a member of the American Theater Hall of Fame, having been inducted in 1992.\n", "Section::::Marriage and family.\n", "Bancroft's first husband was lawyer Martin May; they married in 1953, separated in 1955, and divorced in 1957.\n", "In 1961, Bancroft met Mel Brooks at a rehearsal for the Perry Como variety show (\"Kraft Music Hall\"). Bancroft and Brooks married on August 5, 1964, at the Manhattan Marriage Bureau near New York City Hall, and remained married until her death. Their son, Maximillian \"Max\" Brooks, was born on May 22, 1972.\n", "Bancroft and Mel Brooks worked together three times on the screen: once dancing a tango in Brooks's \"Silent Movie\" (1976); in his remake of \"To Be or Not to Be\" (1983); and in the episode entitled \"Opening Night\" (2004) of the HBO show, \"Curb Your Enthusiasm\". They were also in \"\" (1995), but never appeared together. Brooks produced the film \"The Elephant Man\" (1980), in which Bancroft acted. He also was executive-producer for the film \"84 Charing Cross Road\" (1987) in which she starred. Both Brooks and Bancroft appeared in season six of \"The Simpsons\". According to the DVD commentary, when Bancroft came to record her lines for the episode \"Fear of Flying\", the \"Simpsons\" writers asked if Brooks had come with her (which he had); she joked, \"I can't get rid of him!\"\n", "In a 2010 interview, Brooks credited Bancroft as being the guiding force behind his involvement in developing \"The Producers\" and \"Young Frankenstein\" for the musical theatre. In the same interview, he said of their first meeting in 1961, \"From that day, until her death on June 6, 2005, we were glued together.\"\n", "In April 2005, two months before her death, Bancroft became a grandmother when her daughter-in-law Michelle gave birth to a boy, Henry Michael Brooks.\n", "Section::::Death.\n", "Anne Bancroft died of uterine cancer at age 73 on June 6, 2005, at Mount Sinai Hospital in Manhattan. Her death surprised many, including some of her friends, as the intensely private Bancroft had not released details of her illness. Her body was interred at Kensico Cemetery in Valhalla, New York, near her parents, Mildred (who died in April 2010, five years after Anne) and Michael Italiano. A white marble monument with a weeping angel adorns the grave. Her last film, \"Delgo\", was dedicated to her memory.\n", "Section::::Work.\n", "Section::::Work.:Theatre.\n", "Source:\n", "Section::::Work.:Film.\n", "Sources:;\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Anne Bancroft at the University of Wisconsin's Actors Studio audio collection\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "American actress", "enwikiquote_title": "Anne Bancroft", "wikidata_id": "Q183532", "wikidata_label": "Anne Bancroft", "wikipedia_title": "Anne Bancroft" }

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Scott", "The Recruit", "Justice Department", "Tom Cruise", "Minority Report", "Matt Damon", "Ocean's Eleven", "Daredevil", "Ben Affleck", "Frank Miller", "method acting", "Company", "Cillian Murphy", "independent film", "A Home at the End of the World", "Michael Cunningham", "A Home at the End of the World", "Mick LaSalle", "Alexander the Great", "Oliver Stone", "Academy Award", "The New World", "Captain John Smith", "Jamestown, Virginia", "Pocahontas", "Q'Orianka Kilcher", "Terrence Malick", "Ask the Dust", "Salma Hayek", "Manohla Dargis", "The New York Times", "Jamie Foxx", "Michael Mann", "Miami Vice", "TimeOut New York", "Peter Travers", "Rolling Stone", "Oscar", "Woody Allen", "Mick LaSalle", "Ewan McGregor", "Martin McDonagh", "In Bruges", "New Yorker", "TimeOut London", "Brendan Gleeson", "Golden Globe", "Kicking It", "Homeless World Cup", "ESPN2", "Edward Norton", "\"Pride and Glory\"", "Entertainment Weekly", "Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy", "Terry Gilliam", "The Imaginarium of Doctor Parnassus", "Christopher Plummer", "Andrew Garfield", "Johnny Depp", "Jude Law", "Heath Ledger", "Triage", "Danis Tanović", "Variety", "Todd McCarthy", "\"Vanity Fair\"", "PTSD", "Crazy Heart", "Jeff Bridges", "\"Ondine\"", "Neil Jordan", "Castletownbere", "Wong Kar-wai", "Christopher Doyle", "Keira Knightley", "crime", "romance", "London Boulevard", "William Monahan", "The Departed", "Body of Lies", "Horrible Bosses", "Seth Gordon", "Jennifer Aniston", "Jason Bateman", "Charlie Day", "Jason Sudeikis", "Jamie Foxx", "Anton Yelchin", "David Tennant", "Toni Collette", "DreamWorks", "Craig Gillespie", "Lars and the Real Girl", "Marti Noxon", "Telegraph", "Kate Beckinsale", "Columbia Pictures", "Total Recall", "1990 film", "Arnold Schwarzenegger", "Len Wiseman", "Jessica Biel", "Toronto International Film Festival", "Seven Psychopaths", "McDonagh", "black comedy", "Sam Rockwell", "Woody Harrelson", "Christopher Walken", "The Hollywood Reporter", "Details", "thriller", "Niels Arden Oplev", "Terrence Howard", "Noomi Rapace", "The Girl with a Dragon Tattoo", "Empire", "The Hollywood Reporter", "New York Daily News", "Mark Helprin", "Winter's Tale", "Akiva Goldsman", "1983 novel", "Jessica Brown Findlay", "Russell Crowe", "Will Smith", "Garrett Hedlund", "Tom Hiddleston", "Aaron Taylor-Johnson", "Mick LaSalle", "P.L. Travers", "Saving Mr. Banks", "Liv Ullmann", "August Strindberg", "\"Miss Julie\"", "Jessica Chastain", "Samantha Morton", "Stephen Holden", "HBO", "True Detective", "Vince Vaughn", "Taylor Kitsch", "Rachel McAdams", "Justin Lin", "The Lobster", "Yorgos Lanthimos", "Rotterdam International Film Festival", "Rachel Weisz", "Ben Whishaw", "Olivia Colman", "Léa Seydoux", "John C. Reilly", "Harry Potter", "Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them", "The Beguiled", "The Killing of a Sacred Deer", "Roman J. Israel, Esq.", "Steve McQueen", "Widows", "Tim Burton", "Dumbo", "Special Olympics World Games", "BeLonG To", "The Ellen DeGeneres Show", "Homeless World Cup", "Amelia Warner", "Quills", "The Sun", "Tahiti", "Britney Spears", "\"Playboy\" cover girl", "Nicole Narain", "Josie Maran", "Angelina Jolie", "Maeve Quinlan", "Demi Moore", "Kim Bordenave", "Cedars-Sinai Medical Center", "Angelman syndrome", "Emma Forrest", "Emily Blunt", "Emma Watson", "Stanley Tucci", "Francesca Gregorini", "Alicja Bachleda-Curuś", "Jay Leno", "The Tonight Show", "NBC", "Burbank", "restraining order", "lie detector test", "Ion Television", "Playboy", "Nicole Narain", "sex tape", "Homeless World Cup Ambassador Profile", "Colin reads his thoughts on gay bullying on \"Ellen\"", "\"New Yorker\" caricatures of Farrell and Brendan Gleeson in \"In Bruges\"" ], "wikipedia_id": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ], "wikipedia_title": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ] }

{ "paragraph": [ "Colin Farrell\n", "Colin Farrell (; born 31 May 1976) is an Irish actor. Farrell appeared in the BBC drama \"Ballykissangel\" in 1998, made his film debut in the Tim Roth-directed drama \"The War Zone\" in 1999, and was discovered by Hollywood when Joel Schumacher cast him as the lead in the war drama \"Tigerland\" in 2000. He then starred in Schumacher's psychological thriller \"Phone Booth\" (2003) where he plays a hostage in a New York city phone booth, and the American thrillers \"S.W.A.T.\" (2003) and \"The Recruit\" (2003), establishing his international box-office appeal. During that time, he also appeared in Steven Spielberg's science fiction thriller \"Minority Report\" (2002) and as the villain Bullseye in the superhero film \"Daredevil\" (2003).\n", "After starring in the independent films \"Intermission\" (2003) and \"A Home at the End of the World\" (2004), Farrell headed Oliver Stone's biopic \"Alexander\" (2004) and Terrence Malick's \"The New World\" (2005). Roles in Michael Mann's \"Miami Vice\" (2006), the adaptation of John Fante's \"Ask the Dust\" (2006), and Woody Allen's \"Cassandra's Dream\" (2007) followed, underscoring Farrell's popularity among Hollywood writers and directors; however, it was his role in Martin McDonagh's \"In Bruges\" (2008) that earned him a Hollywood Foreign Press Association Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy.\n", "Farrell starred in the black comedy film \"Horrible Bosses\" (2011), for which he received critical praise, along with the comedy-horror film \"Fright Night\" (2011) and the sci-fi action film \"Total Recall\" (2012), both remakes, and McDonagh's second feature, the black comedy crime film \"Seven Psychopaths\" (2012). He also starred in the Niels Arden Oplev action film \"Dead Man Down\" (2013), and as Travers Goff in the period drama \"Saving Mr. Banks\" (2013). In 2014, Farrell starred as Peter Lake in the supernatural fable \"Winter's Tale\", an adaptation of the novel of the same name by Mark Helprin. In 2015, he starred as Detective Ray Velcoro in the second season of HBO's \"True Detective\", and also starred in the film \"The Lobster\", for which he was nominated for his second Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy. In 2016, he played Percival Graves in the \"Harry Potter\" spin-off film \"Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them\".\n", "Section::::Early life.\n", "Farrell was born in Castleknock, Dublin, Ireland, the son of Rita (\"née\" Monaghan) and Eamon Farrell. His father played football for Shamrock Rovers FC and ran a health food shop. His uncle, Tommy Farrell, also played for Shamrock Rovers. Farrell has an older brother, Eamon, Jr., and two sisters, Claudine and Catherine. Claudine works as his personal assistant. Farrell was educated at St. Brigid's National School, followed by secondary school at Castleknock College, an exclusive all boys private school and then Gormanston College in County Meath. He unsuccessfully auditioned for the Irish musical group Boyzone around this time.\n", "Farrell was inspired to try acting when Henry Thomas' performance in \"E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial\" moved him to tears. With his brother's encouragement, he attended the Gaiety School of Acting, dropping out when he was cast as Danny Byrne on \"Ballykissangel\", a BBC drama about a young English priest who becomes part of an Irish rural community. As an 18-year-old travelling in Sydney, he was at one time suspected for attempted murder. The police sketch looked remarkably like him and he had even described blacking out during the night in question. His only alibi was apparently a journal kept by his friend that explained the two had been across town that night, taking MDMA.\n", "Section::::Career.\n", "Section::::Career.:Early career.\n", "Farrell had roles in television shows and films, including \"Ballykissangel\" and \"Falling for a Dancer\" in 1998 and 1999. He made his feature film debut in English actor Tim Roth's directorial debut \"The War Zone\", a drama about an incident of child abuse, starring Ray Winstone and Tilda Swinton as parents of a girl Farrell's character (Nick) dates. Farrell also appeared in \"Ordinary Decent Criminal\" with Kevin Spacey and Linda Fiorentino, a film loosely based on the life of Martin Cahill. In 2000, Farrell was cast in the lead role of Private Roland Bozz in \"Tigerland\", an under-released film directed by American Joel Schumacher. He reportedly got the part on the basis of his charm. Emanuel Levy of \"Variety\" said that Farrell \"shines as the subversive yet basically decent lad whose cynicism may be the only sane reaction to a situation\". Michael Holden of \"The Guardian\" wrote that Farrell was \"too much the hero\" to fit the classic rebel archetype properly, but he did not mind. \"Tigerland\" earned $139,500.\n", "Section::::Career.:First box office successes (2001–2003).\n", "Farrell's next American films, \"American Outlaws\" (2001) and \"Hart's War\" (2002), were not commercially successful. His 2002–2003 films, including \"Phone Booth\", \"The Recruit\" and \"S.W.A.T.\" (all thrillers, with the former two his first starring roles), were well received by critics and successful at the box office. Of \"Phone Booth\", Ebert wrote that it is \"Farrell's to win or lose, since he's onscreen most of the time, and he shows energy and intensity\". Philip French of \"The Observer\" praised Farrell's performance. In \"S.W.A.T.,\" the actor starred in an ensemble cast including Samuel L. Jackson, Michelle Rodriguez, Olivier Martinez and Jeremy Renner; Renner became a friend. Alan Morrison of \"Empire\" wrote, \"Farrell can usually be relied upon to bring a spark to the bonfire. That's also true of [this movie].\" Elvis Mitchell of the \"New York Times\" criticised Farrell's accent, writing that he \"employ[ed] a wobbly American accent that makes him sound like an international criminal a step ahead of the authorities\". Ebert and the \"New York Times\"s A.O. Scott disagreed on the actor's effectiveness in \"The Recruit\"; Ebert noted the actor's likability, but Scott felt that Farrell \"spends his time in a caffeinated frenzy, trying to maintain his leading-man sang-froid while registering panic, stress and confusion\". \"Phone Booth\" earned $46.6 million, \"S.W.A.T.\" $116.9 million and \"The Recruit\" $52.8 million at the box office.\n", "Farrell's supporting roles include an ambitious Justice Department agent opposite Tom Cruise, a potential criminal in \"Minority Report\" (2002), and the villain Bullseye in \"Daredevil\" (2003). Matt Damon was originally offered the \"Minority Report\" role, turning it down to appear in \"Ocean's Eleven\". Farrell said \"he had no problem\" being the producer's fallback after Damon declined. Bullseye is an assassin, proud of his accuracy. Farrell was signed to the role in December 2001, although he was considered for the lead role of Matt Murdock (Daredevil) until Ben Affleck signed. Farrell was encouraged to keep his Irish accent, since this version of Bullseye is from Ireland. He read Frank Miller's Daredevil comics to understand Bullseye \"because the expression on the character's faces in the comic books, and just the way they move sometimes, and the exaggerations of the character I'm playing...he's so over-the-top that you do draw from that. But it's not exactly a character you can do method acting for...you know, running around New York killing people with paper clips\". That year, he was voted sixth World's \"Sexiest Man\" by \"Company\" magazine.\n", "Section::::Career.:From independents to epics (2003–2008).\n", "In late 2003 Farrell starred as a criminal who plots a bank robbery with Cillian Murphy in the dark comedy \"Intermission\", which held the record for highest-grossing Irish independent film in Irish box-office history for three years and remains a cult classic there. In 2004, he appeared in several other independent films receiving limited theatrical release in most countries, including \"A Home at the End of the World\" (adapted from Michael Cunningham's \"A Home at the End of the World\"). Roger Ebert praised Farrell, saying that he was \"astonishing in the movie, not least because the character is such a departure from everything he has done before\". Mick LaSalle of the \"San Francisco Chronicle\" differed, saying that the actor \"is keen on making good...The effort is there, but it's a performance you end up rooting for rather than enjoying, because there's no way to just relax and watch\".\n", "Farrell played the title role of Alexander the Great in Oliver Stone's 2004 biographical film \"Alexander\", which, while receiving some favourable reviews internationally, was poorly received in the United States. Its portrayal of the conqueror as bisexual was controversial; the film was criticised by some historians for its treatment of the ancient Persians, although others praised it for its accuracy. An ancient-history scholar at the University of Nebraska wrote:\n", "The film grossed $167 million worldwide, just exceeding its budget of $155 million.\n", "Farrell's next film was 2005's Academy Award-nominated \"The New World\", his second historical epic. He played the lead role of Captain John Smith, the founder of 17th-century colonial Jamestown, Virginia who falls in love with the Native American princess Pocahontas (Q'Orianka Kilcher). Director Terrence Malick went out of his way to keep Farrell and Kilcher apart until they were filmed together. Although it was released in only 811 theatres worldwide and had a relatively low box-office gross, the film received a large number of positive reviews. In one of four reviews in \"The Guardian\", John Patterson described it as a \"bottomless movie, almost unspeakably beautiful and formally harmonious\". \"The New World\" was followed by \"Ask the Dust\", a period romance set in Los Angeles based on a John Fante novel and co-starring Salma Hayek. Reviews were mixed; Manohla Dargis of \"The New York Times\" favourably described Farrell's work, but Peter Bradshaw of \"The Guardian\" found \"something a little forced in both lead performances\". With a limited theatrical release, it was not a financial success.\n", "The actor was more successful in 2006 with his role opposite Jamie Foxx in Michael Mann's action crime drama, \"Miami Vice\". The film grossed $164 million worldwide on a budget of $135 million, and \"TimeOut New York\" ranked it among the top 50 movies of the decade. (The DVD, released the same year, also managed to sell over a million copies (equivalent to $7.91 million in pirated versions) in its first week alone., and, as of 11 February 2007, had grossed over $36.45 million in rentals. A. O. Scott criticised Farrell's work: \"When he's not on screen, you don't miss him, and when he is, you find yourself, before long, looking at someone or something else.\" Conversely, Peter Travers of \"Rolling Stone\" was enthusiastic. The actor also reportedly took a slight pay cut to make friend and recent Oscar winner Jamie Foxx happy: His salary was initially larger than Foxx's.\n", "Farrell next appeared in Woody Allen's \"Cassandra's Dream\", which premiered in 2007 and was distributed in the US in early 2008. Reviews were mixed, with Maitland McDonagh of \"TV Guide\" writing that Allen's work was \"shallow and unconvincing from beginning to end\" and Mick LaSalle of the \"San Francisco Chronicle\" saying that although \"it's not as good as \"Match Point\" or \"Crimes and Misdemeanors\"...taken on its own, it's a fairly impressive piece, a directorially vigorous, well-acted, tightly constructed movie\". LaSalle praised Farrell: \"Allen is notorious for not giving his actors explicit instructions, and yet somehow this worked wonders for Farrell, who has never seemed so naked, so clear and so unencumbered as he does here.\" Manohla Dargis concurred in the \"New York Times\", adding that she thought Farrell was well-matched with co-star Ewan McGregor.\n", "Farrell's next film, Martin McDonagh's first full-length feature \"In Bruges\", opened the 2008 Sundance Film Festival. While the \"New Yorker\" and \"TimeOut London\"s film critics found co-star Brendan Gleeson's performance the stronger of the two, Bradshaw of \"The Guardian\" found Farrell (as hitman Ray) \"absolutely superb: moody and funny, lethally sexy, sometimes heartbreakingly sad and vulnerable like a little boy\". \"Time\" called the film \"the prettiest bloodbath of 2008\", and Farrell received his first Golden Globe.\n", "Shortly thereafter he appeared in \"Kicking It\", a documentary following six homeless men from Kenya, Russia, Afghanistan, Ireland, Spain and the US as they attempt to qualify for the Homeless World Cup. Farrell appeared on screen and provided the narration, donating his earnings to a homeless shelter in Ireland. The film was released simultaneously in theatres and on television, airing on ESPN2 in a very short window before its DVD release. Farrell received positive reviews for his involvement in the true story.\n", "Later in 2008 Farrell was brother-in-law to Edward Norton's character in \"Pride and Glory\", a police drama directed by American Gavin O'Connor. Roger Ebert disliked the film and A. O. Scott said that the actor \"once again indulges his blustery mixture of menace and charm, overdoing both,\" but Gregory Kirschling of \"Entertainment Weekly\" liked Farrell's work.\n", "Section::::Career.:More independent productions (2009–2010).\n", "On 11 January 2009, Farrell won the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy for \"In Bruges\", in which he co-starred with Brendan Gleeson. That year he also appeared in Terry Gilliam's film \"The Imaginarium of Doctor Parnassus\", starring Christopher Plummer and Andrew Garfield. Farrell was one of three actors (with Johnny Depp and Jude Law), who helped to complete Heath Ledger's role when Ledger died before filming ended. They played \"Imaginarium\" versions of Ledger's character Tony, donating their earnings to Ledger's daughter Matilda.\n", "Farrell also starred that year in \"Triage\", directed by Oscar-winning Bosnian screenwriter and director Danis Tanović, about the life of a war correspondent. He lost 30 pounds for the role. The actor's work was described as \"dedicated\" by \"Variety\"s Todd McCarthy, and Julian Sancton of \"Vanity Fair\" wrote that the film was \"a hell of a lot more insightful than other movies that deal with a similar topic\". However, \"Triage\" was not widely distributed due to the marketing challenges posed by its difficult topics (including PTSD). That year, Farrell played a supporting role (as Tommy Sweet) in \"Crazy Heart\" with Jeff Bridges.\n", "Another 2009 release was \"Ondine\", a fantasy-drama directed by Neil Jordan starring Farrell as a fisherman with a handicapped daughter. Shot in the village of Castletownbere on Ireland's southwest coast, it featured cinematography by longtime Wong Kar-wai collaborator Christopher Doyle. Mary Pols of \"Time\" magazine called the role \"tailor-made for Farrell\", saying that the actor gave a \"beautifully confident performance\". Todd McCarthy of \"Variety\" singled Farrell out, noting that he worked well as an ensemble actor \"graciously allowing [child star Alison Barry] to steal every scene she's in\".\n", "The next year, Farrell starred with Keira Knightley in the crime romance \"London Boulevard\". The film, American William Monahan's debut as director after writing screenplays for \"The Departed\" and \"Body of Lies\", was panned by critics. Peter Bradshaw of the \"Guardian\" wrote that the film \"uses up all its energy, wit and ideas in the first 20 or so minutes, before collapsing into a flurry of boring violence\". Leslie Felperin of \"Variety\" described it as \"like a fancy, retro-styled pocket watch that someone accidentally broke and tried to reassemble with only a vague idea of clockwork\". Felperin thought the stars' work was frail, with Farrell \"mostly taciturn and vacuous.\"\n", "Section::::Career.:Blockbuster and independent films (2011–present).\n", "The actor starred in the 2011 comedy \"Horrible Bosses\", directed by Seth Gordon, with Jennifer Aniston, Jason Bateman, Charlie Day, Jason Sudeikis and his \"Miami Vice\" co-star Jamie Foxx. The film focuses on a trio of employees who plot to murder their tyrannical superiors. The \"London Observer\"s Mark Kermode wrote that although the film would have benefited from a tighter script, Farrell and Jamie Foxx had juicy roles which they \"riff with panache\". Michael Phillips of the \"Los Angeles Times\" wrote that Farrell brought \"massive, slobby relish\" to his role as Sudeikis's cocaine-fiend boss.\n", "Later that year, Farrell played the main antagonist in the \"Fright Night\" remake, joining Anton Yelchin, David Tennant and Toni Collette in the story of a charismatic vampire who moves next door to a high-school student and his single mother. The film was released by DreamWorks, with Craig Gillespie (of \"Lars and the Real Girl\") directing a script by \"Buffy the Vampire Slayer\" writer Marti Noxon. Sukhdev Sandhu of the \"Telegraph\" wrote that Farrell \"proves his comedy credentials once more...utterly seductive as the plushly eyebrowed carpenter-cum-bloodsucker\", while the \"New York Times\"s A.O. Scott thought that Farrell played his role with \"a wink and a snarl and a feline purr\". Logan Hill of \"New York\" magazine, on the other hand, was confused by the actor's performance: \"Sure, [it] may not make much sense, but neither do centuries-old vampires living in Nevadan subdivisions. So he goes for it.\"\n", "Farrell starred with Kate Beckinsale in Columbia Pictures' \"Total Recall\", a 2012 remake of the 1990 film with Arnold Schwarzenegger. Filmed from May to September 2011 in Toronto and directed by Len Wiseman, the film was a new sci-fi take about a sleeper agent. Costar Jessica Biel appreciated Farrell's skills, calling the actor \"surprising and exciting. He just has the ability to be trying different things all the time.\" Roger Ebert and the \"New York Times\" said that although they believed Farrell the better actor, Schwarzenegger in the original was \"more of a movie presence and better suited for the role\".\n", "After premiering at the Toronto International Film Festival, \"Seven Psychopaths\" (Farrell's second film with McDonagh) was released in October 2012. The actor starred as creatively blocked writer Marty in a black comedy with Sam Rockwell, Woody Harrelson and Christopher Walken. It broke even at the box office and reviews were generally good, with David Rooney of \"The Hollywood Reporter\" writing that Farrell \"serves as an excellent foil for Rockwell\" and the actor \"is in subdued mode...his performance largely defined by the endless expressivity of his eyebrows\". That month, Farrell appeared on the cover of the magazine \"Details\".\n", "March 2013 saw the release of \"Dead Man Down,\" a thriller directed by Niels Arden Oplev reuniting Farrell with Terrence Howard for the first time since \"Hart's War\" ten years earlier. Noomi Rapace, star of Oplev's \"The Girl with a Dragon Tattoo\", starred as a facially scarred woman who blackmails Farrell's character into killing the man who disfigured her in a car crash. Reviews were mixed, with \"Empire\" calling the film \"a pleasingly intricate double (or is it triple?) revenge plot anchored by excellent acting\" and \"The Hollywood Reporter\" saying that \"[J.H.] Wyman's script and the measured pace don't lend themselves to the necessary escalating tension that would have resulted in a more rewarding climax.\" The \"New York Times\" Manola Dargis called the film a failure, but said of the actor: \"Farrell and his sensitive, hardworking eyebrows help keep it from becoming a full-bore lampoon.\" Joe Neumaier of the \"New York Daily News\" also disliked the film; it contained \"a lot to roll your eyes over\" and, while Farrell was commendable, he was \"as stoic as a statue\".\n", "In 2014, Farrell starred in a film adaptation of Mark Helprin's \"Winter's Tale\". The film was written and directed by Akiva Goldsman and based on Helprin's 1983 novel, and co-starred Jessica Brown Findlay, Russell Crowe, and Will Smith. Farrell won the lead role over younger actors Garrett Hedlund, Tom Hiddleston and Aaron Taylor-Johnson. Although the film generally received negative reviews due to the overly romantic nature of the film, writers such as \"The Village Voice\"s Stephanie Zacharek had nothing but praise for Farrell. She described him as \"an extraordinary appealing actor\" who \"has always made a terrific bad boy, but ... seems to be settling into some very serious, responsible-adult roles.\" Mick LaSalle of the \"San Francisco Chronicle\" agreed, writing that the actor \"holds the movie together\" and is part of \"the most beautiful [love scene] so far of 2014.\"\n", "His work as the alcoholic father that P.L. Travers adores in \"Saving Mr. Banks\" got contrasting reviews with \"Variety\"'s Scott Foundras calling it \"excellent\" and Leslie Felperin of \"The Hollywood Reporter\" \"his best work in some time\" but \"The Guardian\"s Peter Bradshaw describing it as \"bland\" and \"uninspired\" and \"The Telegraph\"s Robbie Collin expressing that the actor was wrong for the role.\n", "Farrell appeared in Liv Ullmann's adaptation of August Strindberg's \"Miss Julie\" with Jessica Chastain and Samantha Morton. His turn as John, the serving man to Chastain's character's father, was described by Stephen Holden of the New York Times as the \"strongest\" of the three performances, though Ullmann's direction was deemed too flat by most reviewers. He starred in the second season of HBO's \"True Detective\" as Ray Velcoro, alongside Vince Vaughn, Taylor Kitsch, and Rachel McAdams. The first two episodes were directed by Justin Lin. He worked with a dialect coach to get the nonstandard California accent for his character, which he found challenging.\n", "Farrell starred in \"The Lobster\", a romantic science fiction thriller which was released in 2015 and directed by Greek director Yorgos Lanthimos in his English-language debut. Its script was awarded the ARTE International Prize for Best CineMart 2013 Project at the 42nd Rotterdam International Film Festival. Set in a dystopian near-future in which finding a partner is a matter of life and death, the film tells an unconventional love story. The film also stars Rachel Weisz, Ben Whishaw, Olivia Colman, Léa Seydoux and John C. Reilly.\n", "Farrell also appeared in the \"Harry Potter\" spin-off film \"Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them\". In 2017, Farrell had leading roles in the films \"The Beguiled\", \"The Killing of a Sacred Deer\", and \"Roman J. Israel, Esq.\" In 2018, he co-starred in Steve McQueen's thriller \"Widows\", and then starred in Tim Burton's 2019 live-action fantasy \"Dumbo\".\n", "Section::::Charity work and causes.\n", "In 2007, Farrell joined other celebrities as a spokesman for the Special Olympics World Games in Shanghai, China. He has also lent his support to the anti-bullying campaign Stand Up! organised by the Irish LGBT youth organisation BeLonG To in March 2012. The actor appeared on \"The Ellen DeGeneres Show\" two years earlier to increase awareness of the subject. In 2015 Farrell became an official Ambassador of the Homeless World Cup which uses street football to inspire homeless people to change their lives.\n", "Section::::Personal life.\n", "Section::::Personal life.:Relationships and children.\n", "Farrell met English actress and singer Amelia Warner at the premiere of \"Quills\" in 2000. They dated from July to November 2001. There was speculation that they married; of the experience, the actor said \"Too fast, too young.\" However, in December 2011 Warner told \"The Sun\" that the marriage was never legal: \"We had a ceremony on a beach in Tahiti that was by no means legal and we knew it wasn't... It was just a thing we did on holiday. We went shark feeding and then we did that. We booked them both on the activities desk at the hotel.\"\n", "By the end of 2003 he was linked to singer Britney Spears, \"Playboy\" cover girl Nicole Narain, model Josie Maran and actresses Angelina Jolie, Maeve Quinlan and Demi Moore.\n", "Farrell and Kim Bordenave became parents of a son (James Padraig), born in 2003, in Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles. In October 2007 he said his son has Angelman syndrome, a rare genetic disorder characterised by intellectual and developmental delay, lack of speech and a happy, excitable demeanor.\n", "From 2007 to 2008 the actor dated Muireann McDonnell, an Irish medical student.\n", "Farrell and British-American writer Emma Forrest dated for over a year, an experience she discusses in depth in her memoir \"Your Voice in My Head\" (focusing on her relationship with her therapist, who died unexpectedly); it is a planned film starring either Emily Blunt or Emma Watson, and Stanley Tucci, and directed by Francesca Gregorini. According to Forrest, she and Farrell planned to have a child together before he ended the relationship.\n", "Farrell fathered his second child, a son born on 9 October 2009, with Polish actress Alicja Bachleda-Curuś. His relationship with Bachleda-Curuś ended in mid-2010.\n", "Section::::Personal life.:Drug addiction.\n", "In December 2005, Farrell checked into a rehabilitation treatment centre for addictions to recreational drugs and painkillers. He spoke about it on the \"Late Show with David Letterman\" after coming out of rehab and continued to do so in the years following. \"There was an energy that was created,\" he says of the time when he was addicted, \"a character that was created, that no doubt benefited me. And then there was a stage where it all began to crumble around me.\"\n", "Section::::Personal life.:Stalker.\n", "On 20 July 2006, as Farrell was being interviewed by Jay Leno on \"The Tonight Show\", telephone sex worker Dessarae Bradford evaded security, walked on stage, confronted Farrell, and threw a self-published book-length exposé of Farrell on Leno's desk. As Farrell escorted her off the stage and handed her over to NBC security, she shouted, \"I'll see you in court!\" After being held by the Burbank police, Bradford was released. The next day, Farrell obtained a restraining order against her and the incident was edited out of the broadcast.\n", "Bradford had twice attempted to sue Farrell for abusive messages, but the lawsuits were dismissed due to a lack of evidence. She failed a lie detector test on an Ion Television programme when attempting to prove her claims.\n", "Section::::Personal life.:Sex tape.\n", "In January 2006, Farrell filed a lawsuit against his former girlfriend, \"Playboy\" model Nicole Narain, and the Internet Commerce Group (ICG) for the unauthorised public distribution of a 13-minute sex tape which they made in 2003. He was offered $5 million for its rights. While ICG tried to release it, Narain said that she would work with Farrell to ensure that the tape remained private; Farrell said she tried to release it to damage his acting career and \"make money out of it\", a claim Narain denies. On 16 April 2006 they reached a confidential settlement; Farrell's lawsuit against ICG continued, with a trial date of 21 July 2006. Eventually, it was settled amicably.\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Homeless World Cup Ambassador Profile\n", "BULLET::::- Colin reads his thoughts on gay bullying on \"Ellen\"\n", "BULLET::::- \"New Yorker\" caricatures of Farrell and Brendan Gleeson in \"In Bruges\"\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "Colin James Farrell" ] }, "description": "Irish actor", "enwikiquote_title": "Colin Farrell", "wikidata_id": "Q172035", "wikidata_label": "Colin Farrell", "wikipedia_title": "Colin Farrell" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Geraldine Page\n", "Geraldine Sue Page (November 22, 1924June 13, 1987) was an American actress. She earned acclaim for her work on Broadway as well as in major Hollywood films and television productions, garnering an Academy Award (from eight nominations), two Primetime Emmy Awards, two Golden Globes, one BAFTA Award, and four nominations for the Tony Award.\n", "A native of Kirksville, Missouri, Page studied at the Art Institute of Chicago and with Uta Hagen and Lee Strasberg in New York City before being cast in her first credited part in the Western film \"Hondo\" (1953), which earned her her first Academy Award nomination for Best Supporting Actress. She was subsequently blacklisted in Hollywood based on her association with Hagen and did not work in film for eight years. Page continued to appear in television and on stage and earned her first Tony Award nomination for her performance in \"Sweet Bird of Youth\" (1959–60), a role she reprised in the 1961 film adaptation, the latter of which earned her a Golden Globe Award.\n", "She earned additional Academy Award nominations for her roles in \"You're a Big Boy Now\" (1966) and \"Pete 'n' Tillie\" (1972), followed by a Tony nomination for her performance in the stage production of \"Absurd Person Singular\" (1974–75). Other film appearances during this time included in the thrillers \"What Ever Happened to Aunt Alice?\" (1969) opposite Ruth Gordon, and \"The Beguiled\" (1971) opposite Clint Eastwood. In 1977, she provided the voice of Madam Medusa in Walt Disney's \"The Rescuers\", followed by a role in Woody Allen's \"Interiors\" (1978), which earned her a BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role.\n", "After being inducted into the American Theater Hall of Fame in 1979 for her stage work, Page returned to Broadway with a lead role in \"Agnes of God\" (1982), earning her her third Tony Award nomination. Page was nominated for Academy Awards for her performances in \"The Pope of Greenwich Village\" (1984) and \"The Trip to Bountiful\" (1985), the latter of which earned her the award for Best Actress. Page died in New York City 1987 in the midst of a Broadway run of \"Blithe Spirit\", for which she earned her fourth Tony Award nomination.\n", "Section::::Early life.\n", "Page was born November 22, 1924 in Kirksville, Missouri, the second child of Edna Pearl (née Maize) and Leon Elwin Page who worked at Andrew Taylor Still College of Osteopathy and Surgery (combined with the American School of Osteopathy, eventually to form A.T. Still University). He was an author whose works included \"Practical Anatomy\" (1925), \"Osteopathic Fundamentals\" (1926), and \"The Old Doctor\" (1932). She had one older brother, Donald.\n", "At age five, Page relocated with her family to Chicago, Illinois. Raised a Methodist, Page and her family were active parishioners of the Englewood Methodist Church in Chicago, where she had her first foray into acting within the church's theatre group, playing Jo March in a 1941 production of Louisa May Alcott's \"Little Women\". After graduating from Chicago's Englewood Technical Prep Academy, she attended the Goodman School of Drama at the Art Institute of Chicago (later renamed The Theatre School at DePaul University), with the intention of becoming a visual artist or pianist.\n", "After graduating from the Art Institute of Chicago in 1945, Page studied acting at the Herbert Berghof School and the American Theatre Wing in New York City, studying with Uta Hagen for seven years, and then at the Actors Studio with Lee Strasberg. During this time, Page would return to Chicago in the summers to perform in repertory theatre in Lake Zurich, Illinois, where she and several fellow actors had established their own independent theater company. While attempting to establish her career, she worked various odd jobs, including as a hat-check girl, theater usher, lingerie model, and a factory laborer.\n", "Section::::Career.\n", "Section::::Career.:Early stage and film.\n", "Page, a trained method actor, spent five years appearing in various repertory theater productions in the Midwest and New York after graduating from college. On October 25, 1945, she made her New York stage debut in \"Seven Mirrors\", a play devised by Immaculate Heart High School students from Los Angeles. The play ran for a total of 23 performances at Blackfriars Repertory Theatre on Manhattan's Upper East Side. In February 1952, director José Quintero cast Page in a minor role in \"Yerma\", a theatrical interpretation of a poem by Federico García Lorca, staged at Circle in the Square Theatre in New York City's Greenwich Village. Page was subsequently cast in the role of Alma in the Quintero-directed production of \"Summer and Smoke\", written by Tennessee Williams (also staged at the Circle Theatre in 1952). Page's role in \"Summer and Smoke\" garnered her significant exposure, including a Drama Desk Award, and a profile in \"Time\" magazine.\n", "Her official film debut and role in \"Hondo\", opposite John Wayne, garnering her a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress. Prior, she appeared in an uncredited role in \"Taxi\". Speaking to a Kirksville newspaper, she said: \"Actually \"Hondo\" wasn't my first movie. I had one small, but satisfactory scene in a Dan Dailey picture called \"Taxi\", which was filmed in New York.\" Page was blacklisted in Hollywood after her debut in \"Hondo\" based on her association with Uta Hagen and did not work in film for nearly ten years. Her work continued on Broadway playing a spinster in the 19541955 production of \"The Rainmaker\", written by N. Richard Nash; and as the frustrated wife whose husband becomes romantically obsessed with a young Arab, played by James Dean, in the 1954 production of \"The Immoralist\", written by Augustus Goetz and Ruth Goetz and based on the novel of the same name (1902) by André Gide. Page remained friends with Dean until his death the following year and kept several personal mementos from the play—including two drawings by him. After Page's death, these items were acquired by Heritage Auctions in 2006.\n", "In 1959, Page earned an Emmy nomination, of Best Single Performance by an Actress, for her role in the \"Playhouse 90\" episode \"The Old Man,\" written by William Faulkner. She subsequently earned critical accolades for her performance in the 1959–1960 Broadway production of Tennessee Williams's \"Sweet Bird of Youth\" opposite Paul Newman, in which she originated the role of a larger-than-life, addicted, sexually voracious Hollywood legend trying to extinguish her fears about her career with a young hustler named Chance Wayne (played by Newman). For her performance, Page received her first nomination for the Tony Award for Best Actress in a Play, as well as the Sarah Siddons Award for her performance in Chicago. She and Newman subsequently starred in the 1962 film adaptation of the same name and Page earned a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Actress for the film.\n", "In 1963, Page starred in \"Toys in the Attic\", based on Lillian Hellman's play of the same name, and garnered a Golden Globe nomination. She received another nomination the following year starring in Delbert Mann's \"Dear Heart\" as a self-sufficient but lonely postmistress visiting New York City for a convention, finding love with a greeting card salesman. In 1964, she starred in a Lee Strasberg-directed Broadway revival of Anton Chekhov's \"Three Sisters\" playing eldest sister Olga to Kim Stanley's Masha with Barbara Baxley as the interloper Natasha. Both Shirley Knight and Sandy Dennis played the youngest sister Irina at different stages in this production.\n", "Between 1966 and 1969, Page appeared in two holiday-themed television productions based on stories by Truman Capote: \"The Christmas Memory\" (for \"ABC Stage 67\") and the television film \"The Thanksgiving Visitor\", both of which earned her two consecutive Emmy Awards for Best Actress. In 1967, Page appeared again onstage in Peter Shaffer's \"Black Comedy/White Lies,\" a production which also included Michael Crawford and Lynn Redgrave, who were making their Broadway debuts. The same year, she appeared opposite Fred MacMurray in the Walt Disney-produced musical \"The Happiest Millionaire\". Bosley Crowther of \"The New York Times\" was critical of the film, noting: \"Geraldine Page and Gladys Cooper...square off in one musical scene of socially up-staging each other that is drenched in perfumed vulgarity. But, then, the whole picture is vulgar. It is an over-decorated, over-fluffed, over-sentimentalized endeavor to pretend the lace-curtain millionaires are—or were—every bit as folksy as the old prize-fighters and the Irish brawlers in the saloon.\"\n", "Section::::Career.:Mid-career work.\n", "Page starred opposite Ruth Gordon in the thriller \"What Ever Happened to Aunt Alice?\" (1969), the third and final film in the Robert Aldrich-produced trilogy which followed \"What Ever Happened to Baby Jane?\" (1962) and \"Hush… Hush, Sweet Charlotte\" (1964). The film is based on the novel \"The Forbidden Garden\" by Ursula Curtiss and features Page as Claire Marrable, a recently widowed socialite, who, discovers that her husband has left her virtually nothing. The widow hires a number of unsuspecting housekeepers whom she murders one by one and robs them of their life savings in order to keep up her extravagant lifestyle. Writing for \"The New York Times\", Vincent Canby deemed the film \"an amusingly baroque horror story told by a master misogynist,\" and praised Page's \"affecting\" performance.\n", "Page subsequently appeared in the Don Siegel-directed thriller \"The Beguiled\" (1971) opposite Clint Eastwood, playing the headmistress of a Southern girls' boarding school who takes in a wounded Confederate soldier. Director Siegel called Page \"certainly as fine an actor as I've ever worked with. I never have gotten along better with anyone than I did with her.\" This was followed by a supporting role in the comedy \"Pete 'n' Tillie\" (1972), for which she earned an Academy Award nomination for Best Supporting Actress. She also appeared in three episodes of Rod Serling's \"Night Gallery\" between 1972 and 1973. In January 1973, she returned to Broadway playing Mary Todd Lincoln opposite Maya Angelou in the two-character play \"Look Away\", written by Jerome Kilty. Page received a nomination for the Tony Award for Best Featured Actress in a Play (her second Tony Award nomination) for the 1975 production of Alan Ayckbourn's \"Absurd Person Singular\" with Sandy Dennis and Richard Kiley.\n", "She also had a supporting role as a charismatic Hollywood evangelist (modeled after Aimee Semple McPherson) in \"The Day of the Locust\" (1975), an adaptation of the Nathanael West novel of the same name. In 1977, she appeared as a nun in the British comedy \"Nasty Habits\", and provided the voice role of Madame Medusa in the Walt Disney animated film \"The Rescuers\". During this time, she also appeared on television, guest-starring in the popular series \"Kojak\" (1976) and \"Hawaii Five-O\" (1977).\n", "Page appeared as the mother of three siblings and wife of a prominent attorney in Woody Allen's \"Interiors\" (1978). For her performance, Page was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Actress, and won a BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role. \"The New York Times\"s Vincent Canby lauded her performance in the film, writing: \"Miss Page, looking a bit like a youthful Louise Nevelson with mink-lashed eyes, is marvelous — erratically kind, impossibly demanding, pathetic in her loneliness and desperate in her anger.\" The following year, in November 1979, Page was inducted into the American Theater Hall of Fame.\n", "Section::::Career.:Later work and final performances.\n", "Page starred as Zelda Fitzgerald in the last major Broadway production of a Williams play, \"Clothes for a Summer Hotel\" in 1980, followed by a supporting role in \"Harry's War\" (1981). Page starred as the secretive nun Mother Miriam Ruth in the Broadway production of \"Agnes of God,\" which opened in 1982 and ran for 599 performances with Page performing in nearly all of them; for her role, she received a nomination for the Tony Award for Best Actress in a Play.\n", "Also in 1983, Page invited the young actress Sabra Jones Strasberg to her dressing room to talk to Strasberg about how much she had liked her performance in \"St. Joan\" by Maxwell Anderson, in which Page had just seen her play the part originated by Ingrid Bergman. During this conversation, Strasberg asked her advice in forming a classic theatre based on alternating repertory. Strasberg later founded the Mirror Theater Ltd with its repertory program the Mirror Repertory, and Page accepted the role of Founding Artist in Residence. Page remained continually active in theater, appearing in numerous repertory, Broadway, and Off-Broadway productions throughout the 1980s; this included roles in a revivals of \"Inheritors\" by Susan Glaspell and \"Paradise Lost\" by Clifford Odets in 1983, \"Rain\" by John Colton (based on the short story \"Miss Thompson\" by W. Somerset Maugham) the following year. Further revivals followed in 1985: \"Vivat! Vivat Regina!\" by Robert Bolt (in which she played Elizabeth I), \"Clarence\" by Booth Tarkington, and \"The Madwoman of Chaillot\" (by Jean Giraudoux) in which she played the Madwoman to great acclaim).\n", "Page earned her seventh Academy Award nomination for her performance in the dark comedy \"The Pope of Greenwich Village\" (1984). This marked a record at the time for most Academy Award nominations without a win, for which Page was tied with Peter O'Toole and Richard Burton (who themselves had also garnered seven nominations without winning). On television, Page had a supporting role in the miniseries \"The Dollmaker\" (1984), opposite Jane Fonda and Amanda Plummer. She appeared in the British horror film \"The Bride\" opposite Sting and Jennifer Beals; the drama \"White Nights\", directed by Taylor Hackford; and opposite Rebecca de Mornay in the drama \"The Trip to Bountiful\" (all 1985), in which she played an aging Southern Texas woman seeking to return to her hometown. The role earned Page wide critical acclaim, with the \"Los Angeles Times\" referring to it as \"the performance of a lifetime.\"\n", "In 1986, she appeared on Broadway in \"The Circle\" by W. Somerset Maugham; during this production, Page won the Academy Award for Best Actress for her performance in \"The Trip to Bountiful\". During her acceptance speech, she thanked The Mirror Theater Ltd. Page wore her costume from \"The Circle\", which had been designed and made by Gail Cooper-Hecht, the Mirror Theater's costume designer. She received the award from F. Murray Abraham, who, after winning his Oscar for \"Amadeus\", also joined the Mirror Repertory Company to play the rag-picker in the \"Madwoman of Chaillot\". Prior to winning the Academy Award, Page said to \"People\" magazine: \"If I lose the Oscar this year, I’ll have the record for the most nominations without ever winning... I’d love to be champion, [but the loser] doesn’t have to get up there and make a fool of herself.\"\n", "After winning the Academy Award, Page returned to finish her run performing in \"The Circle\" for Mirror Theater and appeared opposite Carroll Baker, Oprah Winfrey, and Elizabeth McGovern in \"Native Son\" (1986). Page followed up \"Native Son\" with a lead role opposite Mary Stuart Masterson in \"My Little Girl\" (1987). In the fall of 1986, Page asked permission to return to Broadway in a revival of Noël Coward's \"Blithe Spirit\" in the role of Madame Arcati. She was cast in the role, though the production would be Page's last. She was again nominated for the Tony Award for Best Actress in a Play, though she did not win. A week after the Tony Awards ceremony, Page failed to appear for two performances of the play and was found dead in her Manhattan home. The show lasted several weeks more, with Page's understudy Patricia Conolly taking over her role.\n", "Section::::Acting style.\n", "Page was trained as a method actor, and at times worked with psychoanalysts when developing her interpretations of roles. She once told the \"Los Angeles Times\": \"If I read a part and think I can connect to it, that I can touch people with it, I will do it, no matter what its size. And if I think I can't do something with a part, I won't take it.\" In a 1964 interview upon completing the Broadway run of \"The Three Sisters\", Page discussed her method acting at length. When asked if she used emotional recall as a technique, she responded: \"I would never shut it out. But I don't try to get one. My whole effort is to relax and keep the doors open so that there's room if one should pop up.\"\n", "During her life, Page was regarded as a respected character actress. Speaking of her stage career in 1986, she said: \"I used to think that by opening [night] all the work was done. Now I'm finding how much you can learn from the audience.\" She described acting as a \"bottomless cup,\" adding: \"If I studied for the next ninety years I'd just be scratching the surface.\"\n", "Section::::Personal life.\n", "Page was married to violinist Alexander Schneider from 1954 to 1957. On September 8, 1963, she married actor Rip Torn, who was six years her junior, in Pinal, Arizona. They had three children: a daughter, actress Angelica Page, and twin sons, Anthony \"Tony\" and Jonathan \"Jon\" Torn.\n", "Beginning in the early 1980s, Page and Torn lived separately after he started dating actress Amy Wright; Torn had first met Wright in 1976 and began an affair shortly after. Page was aware of Torn and Wright's relationship, and appeared onstage opposite Wright in the 1977 Off-Broadway production of \"The Stronger\", under Torn's direction. In 1983, Torn fathered a child with Wright. Upon the birth of the child, Page was questioned about her marriage by columnist Cindy Adams, to which she responded: \"Of course Rip and I are still married. We've been married for years. We're staying married. What's the big fuss?\" In spite of their separation, Page and Torn remained married until her death; her daughter described their relationship as still \"close\" up until Page died in 1987.\n", "Page considered herself a gourmand, once joking: \"Greedy gut is my middle name...Rip is wonderful. He does the cooking and I do the eating. I love everything but eggplant.\"\n", "Section::::Death.\n", "On June 13, 1987, Page failed to arrive at the Neil Simon Theatre for both the afternoon and evening performances of Sir Noël Coward's \"Blithe Spirit\", which had begun its run in March. At the end of the show's evening performance, the play's producer announced that Page had been found dead in her lower Manhattan townhouse. She was determined to have died of a heart attack.\n", "Five days after her death, \"an overflow crowd of colleagues, friends and fans,\" including Sissy Spacek, James Earl Jones, Amanda Plummer, Jerry Stiller, Anne Meara, and husband Torn filled the Neil Simon Theatre to pay tribute. In highlighting Page’s achievements, actress Anne Jackson said \"[Page] used a stage like no one else I'd ever seen. It was like playing tennis with someone who had 26 arms.\" Rip Torn called her \"Mi corazon, mi alma, mi esposa\" (\"My heart, my soul, my wife\") and said they had \"never stopped being lovers, and ... never will.\" Page was cremated.\n", "Section::::Accolades.\n", "Page earned a total of seven Academy Award nominations before winning her first Academy Award for Best Actress in 1985 for \"The Trip to Bountiful\". She was also a winner of two Golden Globe Awards, two Primetime Emmy Awards, and one BAFTA award.\n", "For her stage work on Broadway, Page earned a total of four Tony Award nominations, and was referred to by the \"New York Daily News\" as \"one of the finest stage actors of her generation.\" She was inducted into the American Theatre Hall of Fame in 1979.\n", "Section::::In popular culture.\n", "Sarah Paulson portrayed Page in the 2017 anthology television series \"Feud\", which chronicles the rivalry between actresses Bette Davis and Joan Crawford on the set of \"What Ever Happened to Baby Jane?\" (1962).\n", "She was also portrayed by her daughter, Angelica Page, in the stage production \"Turning Page\". A monologue play chronicling Page's life, it was also written by her daughter: \"I grew up in the center of her sparkling career,\" Angelica recalled. \"As her only daughter I feel compelled to share her lessons and gifts with others who did and did not have the opportunity to know her magic intimately. She was a true rebel and trail blazer. A masterful woman who was ahead of her time and should not be forgotten anytime soon.\" The play premiered in Los Angeles in 2016, followed by performances in New York City in 2017.\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "Academic resources\n", "BULLET::::- Geraldine Page Papers at Yale University Digital Collections (family photographs and other papers)\n", "BULLET::::- Geraldine Page at the University of Wisconsin's Actors Studio audio collection\n", "Videography\n", "BULLET::::- Page's award acceptance speech at the 58th Academy Awards\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "Geraldine Sue Page" ] }, "description": "American actress", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q228650", "wikidata_label": "Geraldine Page", "wikipedia_title": "Geraldine Page" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Anna Freud\n", "Anna Freud (3 December 1895 – 9 October 1982) was an Austrian-British psychoanalyst. She was born in Vienna, the sixth and youngest child of Sigmund Freud and Martha Bernays. She followed the path of her father and contributed to the field of psychoanalysis. Alongside Melanie Klein, she may be considered the founder of psychoanalytic child psychology.\n", "Compared to her father, her work emphasized the importance of the ego and its normal \"developmental lines\" as well as incorporating a distinctive emphasis on collaborative work across a range of analytical and observational contexts.\n", "After the Freud family were forced to leave Vienna in 1938, with the advent of the Nazi regime in Austria, she resumed her psychoanalytic practice and her pioneering work in child psychology in London, establishing the Hampstead Child Therapy Course and Clinic in 1952 (now renamed the Anna Freud National Centre for Children and Families) as a centre for therapy, training and research work.\n", "Section::::Life and career.\n", "Section::::Life and career.:Vienna years.\n", "Anna Freud was born in Vienna, Austria-Hungary on 3 December 1895. She was the youngest daughter of Sigmund Freud and Martha Bernays. She grew up in \"comfortable bourgeois circumstances.\" Anna Freud appears to have had a comparatively unhappy childhood, in which she \"never made a close or pleasurable relationship with her mother, and was instead nurtured by their Catholic nurse Josephine.\" She had difficulties getting along with her siblings, specifically with her sister Sophie Freud. Sophie, who was the more attractive child, represented a threat in the struggle for the affection of their father: \"the two young Freuds developed their version of a common sisterly division of territories: 'beauty' and 'brains', and their father once spoke of her 'age-old jealousy of Sophie.'\n", "As well as this rivalry between the two sisters, Anna had other difficulties growing up – 'a somewhat troubled youngster who complained to her father in candid letters how all sorts of unreasonable thoughts and feelings plagued her'. It seems that 'in general, she was relentlessly competitive with her siblings...and was repeatedly sent to health farms for thorough rest, salutary walks, and some extra pounds to fill out her all too slender shape': she may have suffered from depression which caused eating disorders.\n", "The close relationship between Anna and her father was different from the rest of her family. She was a lively child with a reputation for mischief. Freud wrote to his friend Wilhelm Fliess in 1899: \"Anna has become downright beautiful through naughtiness.\" Freud is said to refer to her in his diaries more than others in the family.\n", "Later on Anna Freud would say that she didn't learn much in school; instead she learned from her father and his guests at home. This was how she picked up Hebrew, German, English, French and Italian. At the age of 15, she started reading her father's work and discovered a dream she had 'at the age of nineteen months ... appeared in \"The Interpretation of Dreams\". Commentators have noted how 'in the dream of little Anna ... little Anna only hallucinates forbidden objects'. Anna finished her education at the Cottage Lyceum in Vienna in 1912. Suffering from a depression and anorexia, she was very insecure about what to do in the future.\n", "A visit to Britain in the autumn of 1914, which her father's colleague, Ernest Jones, chaperoned, became of concern to Freud when he learned of the latter's romantic intentions. His advice to Jones, in a letter of 22 July 1914, was that his daughter \"... does not claim to be treated as a woman, being still far away from sexual longings and rather refusing man. There is an outspoken understanding between me and her that she should not consider marriage or the preliminaries before she gets two or three years older\".\n", "In 1914 she passed the test to work as a teaching apprentice at her old school, the Cottage Lyceum. From 1915 to 1917, she worked as a teaching apprentice for third, fourth, and fifth graders. For the school year 1917-18, she began 'her first venture as Klassenlehrerin (head teacher) for the second grade'. For her performance during the school years 1915-18 she was highly praised by her superior, Salka Goldman who 'wrote ... she showed \"great zeal \"for all her responsibilities, but she was particularly appreciated for her \"conscientious preparations\" and for her \"gift for teaching\" ... being such a success that she was invited to stay on with a regular four-year contract starting in the fall of 1918'.\n", "Section::::Life and career.:Vienna years.:Early psychoanalytic work.\n", "After experiencing multiple episodes of illness Anna Freud resigned her teaching post in 1920. This enabled her to pursue further her growing interest in her father's work and writings. From 1918 to 1921 and from 1924 to 1929 she was in analysis with her father.\n", "In 1922 she presented her paper \"Beating Fantasies and Daydreams\" to the Vienna Psychoanalytical Society and became a member of the society. In 1923, she began her own psychoanalytical practice with children and by 1925 she was teaching at the Vienna Psychoanalytic Training Institute on the technique of child analysis, her approach to which she set out in her first book, \"An Introduction to the Technique of Child Analysis\" published in 1927. \n", "From 1925 until 1934, she was the Secretary of the International Psychoanalytical Association while she continued child analysis and contributed to seminars and conferences on the subject. In 1935, she became director of the Vienna Psychoanalytical Training Institute and the following year she published her influential study of the \"ways and means by which the ego wards off depression, displeasure and anxiety\", \"The Ego and the Mechanisms of Defence\". It became a founding work of ego psychology and established Freud's reputation as a pioneering theoretician.\n", "Among the first children Anna Freud took into analysis were those of Dorothy Burlingham. In 1925 Burlingham, heiress to the Tiffany luxury jewellery retailer, had arrived in Vienna from New York with her four children and entered analysis firstly with Theodore Reik and then, with a view to training in child analysis, with Freud himself. Anna and Dorothy soon developed \"intimate relations that closely resembled those of lesbians\", though Anna \"categorically denied the existence of a sexual relationship\". After the Burlinghams moved into the same apartment block as the Freuds in 1929 she became, in effect, the children's stepparent.\n", "Section::::Life and career.:London years.\n", "In 1938, following the Anschluss in which Nazi Germany occupied Austria, Anna was taken to Gestapo headquarters in Vienna for questioning on the activities of the International Psychoanalytical Association. Unknown to her father, she and her brother Martin had obtained Veronal from Max Schur, the family doctor, in sufficient quantities to commit suicide if faced with torture or internment. However, she survived her interrogation ordeal and returned to the family home. After her father had reluctantly accepted the urgent need to leave Vienna, she set about organising the complex immigration process for the family in liaison with Ernest Jones, the then President of the International Psychoanalytical Association, who secured the immigration permits that eventually led to the family establishing their new home in London at 20 Maresfield Gardens, Hampstead.\n", "In 1941 Freud and Burlingham collaborated in establishing the Hampstead War Nursery for children whose lives had been disrupted by the war. Premises were acquired in Hampstead, North London and in Essex to provide education and residential care with mothers encouraged to visit as often as practicable. Many for the staff were recruited from the exiled Austro-German diaspora. Lectures and seminars on psychoanalytic theory and practice were regular features of staff training. Freud and Burlingham went on to publish a series of observational studies on child development based on the work of the Nursery with a focus on the impact of stress on children and their capacity to find substitute affections among peers in the absence of their parents. The Bulldog Banks Home, run on similar lines to the Nursery, was established after the war for a group of children who had survived the concentration camps. Building on and developing their war-time work with children, Freud and Burlingham established the Hampstead Child Therapy Course and Clinic (now the Anna Freud National Centre for Children and Families) in 1952 as a centre for therapy, training and research work.\n", "During the war years the hostility between Anna Freud and Melanie Klein and their respective followers in the British Psychoanalytic Society (BPS) grew more intense. Their disagreements, which dated back to the 1920s, centered around the theory of the genesis of the super-ego and the consequent clinical approach to the pre-Oedipal child; Klein argued for play as an equivalent to free association in adult analyses. Anna Freud opposed any such equivalence, proposing an educative intervention with the child until an appropriate level of ego development was reached at the Oedipal stage. Klein held this to be a collusive inhibition of analytical work with the child. To avoid a terminal split in the BPS Ernest Jones, its President, chaired a number of \"extraordinary business meetings\" with the aim of defusing the conflict, and these continued during the war years. The meetings, which became known as the Controversial Discussions, were established on a more regular basis from 1942. In 1944 there finally emerged a compromise agreement which established parallel training courses, providing options to satisfy the concerns of the rival groups that had formed: followers of Anna Freud, followers of Melanie Klein and a non-aligned group of Middle or Independent Group analysts. It was agreed further that all the key policy-making committees of the BPS should have representatives from the three groups.\n", "From the 1950s until the end of her life Freud travelled regularly to the United States to lecture, to teach and to visit friends. During the 1970s she was concerned with the problems of emotionally deprived and socially disadvantaged children, and she studied deviations and delays in development. At Yale Law School, she taught seminars on crime and the family: this led to a transatlantic collaboration with Joseph Goldstein and Albert J. Solnit on children's needs and the law, published in three volumes as \"Beyond the Best Interests of the Child\" (1973), \"Before the Best Interests of the Child\" (1979), and \"In the Best Interests of the Child\" (1986).\n", "Freud naturalised as a British subject on 22 July 1946. She was elected as a Foreign Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1959 and in 1973 she was made an Honorary President of the International Psychoanalytic Association.\n", "Freud died in London on 9 October 1982. She was cremated at Golders Green Crematorium and her ashes placed in a marble shelf next to her parents' ancient Greek funeral urn. Her life-partner Dorothy Burlingham and several other members of the Freud family also rest there. In 1986 her London home of forty years was transformed, according to her wishes, into the Freud Museum, dedicated to the memory of her father.\n", "Section::::Contributions to psychoanalysis.\n", "Anna Freud was a prolific writer, contributing articles on psychoanalysis to many different publications throughout her lifetime. Her first publication was titled, \"An Introduction to Psychoanalysis: Lectures for Child Analysts and Teachers 1922-1935\", and was the result of four different lectures she was delivering at the time, to teachers and caretakers of young children in Vienna. \"\n", "Anna Freud's first article Beating fantasies and daydreams (1922), 'drew in part on her own inner life, but th[at] ... made her contribution no less scientific'. In it she explained how, 'Daydreaming, which consciously may be designed to suppress masturbation, is mainly unconsciously an elaboration of the original masturbatory fantasies'. Her father, Sigmund Freud, had earlier covered very similar ground in '\"A Child is Being Beaten\"' – 'they both used material from her analysis as clinical illustration in their sometimes complementary papers' – in which he highlighted a female case where 'an elaborate superstructure of day-dreams, which was of great significance for the life of the person concerned, had grown up over the masochistic beating-phantasy ... [one] which almost rose to the level of a work of art'.\n", "'Her views on child development, which she expounded in 1927 in her first book, \"An Introduction to the Technique of Child Analysis\", clashed with those of Melanie Klein ... [who] was departing from the developmental schedule that Freud, and his analyst daughter, found most plausible'. In particular, Anna Freud's belief that 'In children's analysis, the transference plays a different role ... and the analyst not only \"represents mother\" but is still an original second mother in the life of the child' became something of an orthodoxy over much of the psychoanalytic world.\n", "For her next major work in 1936, her 'classic monograph on ego psychology and defense mechanisms, Anna Freud drew on her own clinical experience, but relied on her father's writings as the principal and authoritative source of her theoretical insights'. Here her 'cataloguing of regression, repression, reaction formation, isolation, undoing, projection, introjection, turning against the self, reversal and sublimation' helped establish the importance of the ego functions and the concept of defence mechanisms, continuing the greater emphasis on the ego of her father – 'We should like to learn more about the ego' – during his final decades.\n", "Special attention was paid in it to later childhood and adolescent developments – 'I have always been more attracted to the latency period than the pre-Oedipal phases' – emphasising how the 'increased intellectual, scientific, and philosophical interests of this period represent attempts at mastering the drives'. The problem posed by physiological maturation has been stated forcefully by Anna Freud. \"Aggressive impulses are intensified to the point of complete unruliness, hunger becomes voracity... The reaction-formations, which seemed to be firmly established in the structure of the ego, threaten to fall to pieces\".\n", "Selma Fraiberg's tribute of 1959 that 'The writings of Anna Freud on ego psychology and her studies in early child development have illuminated the world of childhood for workers in the most varied professions and have been for me my introduction and most valuable guide spoke at that time for most of psychoanalysis outside the Kleinian heartland.\n", "Arguably, however, it was in Anna Freud's London years 'that she wrote her most distinguished psychoanalytic papers – including \"About Losing and Being Lost\", which everyone should read regardless of their interest in psychoanalysis'. Her description therein of 'simultaneous urges to remain loyal to the dead and to turn towards new ties with the living' may perhaps reflect her own mourning process after her father's recent death.\n", "Focusing thereafter on research, observation and treatment of children, Anna Freud established a group of prominent child developmental analysts (which included Erik Erikson, Edith Jacobson and Margaret Mahler) who noticed that children's symptoms were ultimately analogue to personality disorders among adults and thus often related to developmental stages. Her book \"Normality and Pathology in Childhood\" (1965) summarised 'the use of developmental lines charting theoretical normal growth \"from dependency to emotional self-reliance\"'. Through these then revolutionary ideas Anna provided us with a comprehensive developmental theory and the concept of developmental lines, which combined her father's important drive model with more recent object relations theories emphasizing the importance of parents in child development processes.\n", "Nevertheless, her basic loyalty to her father's work remained unimpaired, and it might indeed be said that 'she devoted her life to protecting her father's legacy ... In her theoretical work there would be little criticism of him, and she would make what is still the finest contribution to the psychoanalytic understanding of passivity', or what she termed 'altruistic surrender ... excessive concern and anxiety for the lives of his love objects'.\n", "Sigmund Freud biographer Louis Breger observed that Anna Freud's publications 'contain few original ideas and are, for the most part, a slavish application of her father's theories.'\n", "Jacques Lacan called 'Anna Freud \"the plumb line of psychoanalysis\". 'Well, the plumb line doesn't make a building ... [but] it allows us to gauge the vertical of certain problems.'\n", "With psychoanalysis continuing to move away from classical Freudianism to other concerns, it may still be salutary to heed Anna Freud's warning about the potential loss of her father's 'emphasis on conflict within the individual person, the aims, ideas and ideals battling with the drives to keep the individual within a civilized community. It has become modern to water this down to every individual's longing for perfect unity with his mother ... There is an enormous amount that gets lost this way'.\n", "Section::::Opinions on psychoanalysis.\n", "In perhaps not dissimilar vein, she wrote in 1954 that 'With due respect for the necessary strictest handling and interpretation of the transference, I feel still that we should leave room somewhere for the realization that analyst and patient are also two real people, of equal adult status, in a real personal relationship to each other'.\n", "Section::::Selected works.\n", "BULLET::::- Freud, Anna (1966–1980). The Writings of Anna Freud: 8 Volumes. New York: Indiana University of Pennsylvania (These volumes include most of Freud's papers.)\n", "BULLET::::- Vol. 1. \"Introduction to Psychoanalysis: Lectures for Child Analysts and Teachers\" (1922–1935)\n", "BULLET::::- Vol. 2. \"Ego and the Mechanisms of Defense\" (1936); (Revised edition: 1966 (US), 1968 (UK))\n", "BULLET::::- Vol. 3. \"Infants Without Families Reports on the Hampstead Nurseries\"\n", "BULLET::::- Vol. 4. \"Indications for Child Analysis and Other Papers\" (1945–1956)\n", "BULLET::::- Vol. 5. \"Research at the Hampstead Child-Therapy Clinic and Other Papers\" (1956–1965)\n", "BULLET::::- Vol. 6. \"Normality and Pathology in Childhood: Assessments of Development\" (1965)\n", "BULLET::::- Vol. 7. \"Problems of Psychoanalytic Training, Diagnosis, and the Technique of Therapy\" (1966–1970)\n", "BULLET::::- Vol. 8. \"Psychoanalytic Psychology of Normal Development\"\n", "BULLET::::- Freud in collaboration with Sophie Dann: \"An Experiment in Group Upbringing\", in: \"The Psychoanalytic Study of the Child\", VI, 1951.\n", "Section::::In popular culture.\n", "In 2002, Freud was honoured with a blue plaque, by English Heritage, at 20 Maresfield Gardens, Hampstead in London, her home between 1938 and 1982.\n", "On 3 December 2014, Freud was the subject of a Google Doodle.\n", "The final track on the 2001 eponymous debut album of indie-rock band The National is titled \"Anna Freud\".\n", "The novel \"Hysterical: Anna Freud's Story\", by Rebecca Coffey was published by She Writes Press in 2014.\n", "Section::::References.\n", "BULLET::::- Edmundson, M. (2007). \"Freud and Anna\". \"The Chronicle of Higher Education\", 54(4).\n", "BULLET::::- The Freud Museum. (n.d.). Retrieved February 17, 2015.\n", "BULLET::::- Fisher, C., & Lerner, R. (2005). \"Encyclopedia of Applied Developmental Science\" (Vol. 2, p. 1360). Thousands Oaks, California: Sage Publications.\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Anna Freud Centre\n", "BULLET::::- Life and Work of Anna Freud\n", "BULLET::::- International Psychoanalytical Association\n", "BULLET::::- Biography of Anna Freud\n", "BULLET::::- \"Lost Girl\" by Doug Davis\n", "BULLET::::- Commentary on Freud's \"The Ego and the Mechanisms of Defense\" from \"50 Psychology Classics\" (2003)\n", "BULLET::::- Anna Freud correspondence/ from the Historic Psychiatry Collection, Menninger Archives, Kansas Historical Society]\n", "BULLET::::- Anna Freud Profile on Psychology's Feminist Voices\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "Austrian-British psychoanalyst & essayist", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q78485", "wikidata_label": "Anna Freud", "wikipedia_title": "Anna Freud" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Steve Askew\n", "Steve Askew is a British guitarist best known as the lead guitarist for Kajagoogoo. He was born on 9 December 1957 in Middlesex, London. Later he moved with his family to Leighton Buzzard in 1962/63 and attended Beaudesert Primary School, Pulford Junior School and Brooklands School.\n", "After Kaja Kajagoogoo split up in 1986, Askew set up a band called the Smalltown Elephants, he created the music concept, image and direction for the band and co-wrote all material.\n", "Askew lives in Leighton Buzzard, Bedfordshire, with his wife Anna Conti, and their sons. He has his own recording studio writing and recording & producing . \n", "In October 2003, he appeared in a Kajagoogoo reunion on VH1's \"Bands Reunited\".\n", "Section::::Industrial Salt.\n", "Askew collaborated with Industrial Salt from 2004. Their first single was 'Sugar Bomb Baby', written ten years earlier by Steve Askew and Nick Beggs but never used.\n", "Section::::REDdot Music Ltd.\n", "Askew formed a music studio and production company with long term friend and ex Kajagoogoo manager Glenn Kelly in 2010.\n", "REDdot Studio is a part of REDdot Music Ltd.\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q7611823", "wikidata_label": "Steve Askew", "wikipedia_title": "Steve Askew" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Johan Vilhelm Snellman\n", "Johan Vilhelm Snellman (; 12 May 1806, Stockholm – 4 July 1881, Kirkkonummi) was an influential Fennoman philosopher and Finnish statesman, ennobled in 1866.\n", "Snellman was born in Stockholm, Sweden, the son of Kristian Henrik Snellman, a ship's captain. After the Russian conquest of Finland in 1808–09, and the promising establishment of the semi-autonomous Grand Duchy of Finland, his family moved there in 1813, to the Ostrobothnian coastal town of Kokkola, where his mother Maria Magdalena Snellman died only a year later.\n", "In 1835, after academic work amongst followers of Hegel, Snellman was appointed lecturer at the University of Helsinki, where he belonged to the famous circle of Cygnaeus, Lönnrot, and Runeberg comprising the brightest of their generation. Snellman's lectures quickly became popular with the students, but in November 1838 his lectureship was temporarily recalled after a judicial proceeding that ultimately aimed to establish firm governmental control of new and oppositional thought among the academics.\n", "As a consequence Snellman exiled himself to Sweden and Germany, more or less voluntarily, from 1839 to 1842. By the time he returned to Helsinki, his popularity had increased further, but the political juncture did not allow the university to employ him. Instead, he took up the position as headmaster for a school in distant Kuopio and published starkly polemical periodicals, including the paper \"Saima\" in Swedish, which advocated the duty of the educated classes to take up the language of the then circa 85% majority of Finns, and develop Finnish into a language of the civilized world, useful for academic works, fine arts, state craft, and nation building.\n", "\"Saima\" was suppressed by the government in 1846. In 1848–49, Snellman was again rebuffed when applying for the position of professor at Finland's University in Helsinki. After having contemplated a renewed exile in Sweden, this time possibly definitive, Snellman in 1850 gave up the position in Kuopio and moved to Helsinki, where he and his family lived under economically awkward conditions until the death of Emperor Nicholas in 1855, when it again became possible for Snellman to publish periodical papers on political issues.\n", "In 1856, Snellman was finally appointed professor, which was met with great satisfaction among politically interested Finns. However, Snellman's unparalleled popularity could not remain. He was a generation older than the most active political opposition, and now a man of the government who had the brightest expectations for Finland under the rule of Emperor Alexander II. The language strife in Finland, which he was the chief initiator of, contributed also to substantial opposition against him and his views, and finally not the least his stance against the Polish rebels of the January Uprising of 1863 was seen by many as the ultimate sign of unprincipled ingratiation.\n", "In 1863 Snellman was called to a cabinet post in the Senate of Finland, in effect as Chancellor of the Exchequer, where he became an energetic and valued senator, accomplishing a \"language decree\" from the Emperor that would gradually give Finnish a position equal to that of Swedish within the Finnish government, and thereby practically in Finland at large, the re-establishment of the Parliament, which had remained inhibited since the Russian conquest. \n", "Separate Finnish currency, the Markka, was introduced in 1860, and Snellman managed to tie it to silver instead of to the ruble. The Markka came to be of the utmost value for Finland. Snellman's tenure as Finance Minister would be tainted by the Finnish famine of 1866–1868, aggravated by the government's strict fiscal policy, but Snellman worked to get aid while trying to protect the new currency.\n", "Snellman's inflexibility and high prolific position in the political debate would however, together with his old reputation as radical agitator of the 1830s–1840s, accumulate too much resistance and aversion to his person and his policies. In 1868 he was forced to resign from the senate.\n", "For the remainder of his life, he continued to participate in the political debate, and now ennobled he belonged to the Nobles' Chamber of the parliament. Snellman never lost in popularity among his Fennoman followers, but he had become a highly divisive symbol in Finland's political landscape.\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "Johan Vilhelm Snellman first appeared on a 1960 coin, commemorating the introduction of the markka denomination in 1860. He was recently selected as the main motif for another commemorative coin, the €10 Johan Vilhelm Snellman commemorative coin, minted in 2006 celebrating the 200th anniversary of his birth. The obverse depicts J.V. Snellman. It also depicts the logo of the Europe Coins Programme. The reverse design features represent the dawn of Finnish culture.\n", "Section::::Works.\n", "In 1842 Snellman published his foremost work \"Läran om staten\" (\"Study of the State\").\n", "Section::::References.\n", "BULLET::::- http://finland.fi/Public/default.aspx?contentid=160109&nodeid=37598&culture=en-US\n", "BULLET::::- http://www.kansallisbiografia.fi/english/person/3639\n", "BULLET::::- http://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/550446/Johan-Vilhelm-Snellman\n", "BULLET::::- http://runeberg.org/authors/snellman.html\n", "BULLET::::- http://www.taidemuseo.fi/english/veisto/veistossivu.html?id=95\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- J. V. Snellman in 375 humanists – 12 May 2015. Faculty of Arts, University of Helsinki.\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "J. V. Snellman", "Juhana Vilhelm Snellman" ] }, "description": "Finnish politician and author", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q127688", "wikidata_label": "Johan Vilhelm Snellman", "wikipedia_title": "Johan Vilhelm Snellman" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Johanna Spyri\n", "Johanna Louise Spyri (née Heusser; ; 12 June 1827 – 7 July 1901) was a Swiss-born author of novels, notably children's stories, and is best known for her book \"Heidi\". Born in Hirzel, a rural area in the canton of Zurich, Switzerland, as a child she spent several summers near Chur in Graubünden, the setting she later would use in her novels.\n", "Section::::Biography.\n", "In the 1800s, Johanna Heusser married Bernhard Spyri. Bernhard was a lawyer. Whilst living in the city of Zürich she began to write about life in the country. Her first story, \"A Leaf on Vrony's Grave\", which deals with a woman's life of domestic violence, was published in 1880; the following year further stories for both adults and children appeared, among them the novel \"Heidi\", which she wrote in four weeks. \"Heidi\" tells the story of an orphan girl who lives with her grandfather in the Swiss Alps, and is famous for its vivid portrayal of the landscape.\n", "Her husband and her only child, named Bernhard, both died in 1884. Alone, she devoted herself to charitable causes and wrote over fifty more stories before her death in 1901. She was interred in the family plot at the Sihlfeld-A Cemetery in Zürich. An icon in Switzerland, Spyri's portrait was placed on a postage stamp in 1951 and on a 20 CHF commemorative coin in 2009.\n", "Section::::Plagiarism claim.\n", "In April 2010 a professor searching for children's illustrations found a book written in 1830 by a German history teacher, Hermann Adam von Kamp, that Johanna may have used as a basis for Heidi. The 1830 story is titled \"Adelheide - das Mädchen vom Alpengebirge\"—translated, \"Adelaide, the girl from the Alps\". The two stories were alleged to share many similarities in plot line and imagery. Spyri biographer Regine Schindler said it was entirely possible that Johanna may have been familiar with the story as she grew up in a literate household with many books. However, the professor's claims have been examined and afterwards described as \"un-scientific\", due to 'superficial coincidences' he brings up in descriptions and the many actual differences in the story, that he doesn't, as well as the \"Swiss disease\" of homesickness already being a common trope in fiction in the eighteenth (nineteenth in the article) century (as well as, while not mentioned in the article, it being discovered before von Kamp was even born) and characters that are either drastically different or not in \"Adelaide\", at all.\n", "Section::::Bibliography.\n", "The following is a list of her main books:\n", "BULLET::::- \"Heimatlos: Two stories for children, and for those who love children\" (1877)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Heidi\" (1880-1)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Story of Rico\" (200000)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Uncle Titus and His Visit to the Country\" (1883)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Gritli's Children\" (1883-4)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Rico and Wiseli\" (1885)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Veronica And Other Friends\" (1886)\n", "BULLET::::- \"What Sami Sings with the Birds\" (1887)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Toni, the Little Woodcarver\" (1890)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Erick and Sally\" (1891)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Mäzli\" (1891)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Cornelli\" (1892)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Vinzi: A Story of the Swiss Alps\" (1892)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Moni the Goat-Boy\" (1897)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Little Miss Grasshopper\" (1898)\n", "Her books were originally written in German. The translations into English at the end of the 19th century, or the early 1900s, mention H. A. Melcon (1839-1910), Marie Louise Kirk (1860-1936), Emma Stelter Hopkins, Louise Brooks, Helen B. Dole and the couple Charles Wharton Stork and Elisabeth P. Stork.\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Works by Johanna Spyri at Classicreader.com\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Jules Lund\n", "Jules Lund (born 24 April 1979) is an Australian television and radio presenter from Melbourne and founder of TR|BE.\n", "Section::::Early life.\n", "Lund was born in Melbourne in 1979, where he attended De La Salle College, Malvern. Lund studied Graphic Design, Photography and Film before winning the FOX FM Radio's '15 Days of Fame' competition in 2001. The show was presented by Matt Tilley and Tracy Bartram and helped launch Lund's career.\n", "Section::::Family and personal life.\n", "Lund and his wife Anna married in 2009. They have two daughters Billie (born 2010) and Indigo (born 2012).\n", "Section::::Career.\n", "In 2004, he became a presenter on the Channel Nine show \"Getaway\" and appeared in almost 400 episodes before leaving in 2012.\n", "He has hosted the Logies red carpet arrivals every year since 2006 (now in his tenth consecutive year). In July 2006, Lund appeared in Channel Nine's \"Torvill and Dean's Dancing on Ice\" and was partnered with professional ice skater, Kristina Cousins. He was 5th eliminated in the competition. In October he also appeared on a panel discussion show named \"Big Questions\". In 2008, he hosted a short-lived game show \"Hole in the Wall\" and in 2009 a short-lived reality show called \"Australia's Perfect Couple\". In July 2009, he filled in for Richard Wilkins on \"Today\" while Wilkins was on holidays.\n", "In December 2007, Lund along with Ryan Shelton and Tamsyn Lewis presented \"Summer Fling\", a breakfast show across the Austereo Today Network. From February 2011, Lund and Fifi Box co-hosted a Drive Shift radio show called \"Fifi and Jules\" across the Today Network leaving Friday's show open for Hamish and Andy to do their show. In 2013, the show aired five days a week and Lund’s interest in the digital world became clear when he led ‘The Fifi & Jules’ Facebook Page to become the most engaged brand-page in the entire country. In 2014, Lund co-hosted the breakfast show Jules, Merrick and Sophie on 2Day FM.\n", "In October 2014, Southern Cross Austereo announced that Jules, Merrick & Sophie on 2Day FM would be axed due to poor ratings throughout the year and replaced by \"The Dan & Maz Show\".\n", "In January 2015, Emma Freedman and Lund were announced as hosts of \"The Scoopla Show\", an entertainment news segment which was cancelled in February 2016 by the Hit Network.. JULES continues to have a behind the scenes role.\n", "In September 2015 Lund launched TR|BE, a marketplace for social influencers and the brands that need them. The influencer marketing platform connects brands directly with social media influencers, to create campaigns aimed at the influencer's audience.\n", "Section::::Other Projects.\n", "In 2010 Lund produced the documentary 'Every Heart Beats True: The Jim Stynes Story'. The film documented Lund's good friend and mentor Jim Stynes life and his battle with cancer. Lund met Stynes through his involvement with The Reach Foundation and Stynes was Lund’s groomsman at his wedding. When Stynes was diagnosed with cancer, Lund found Stynes so compelling and inspiring that he captured moments on his handy-cam throughout his battle. The footage illustrates their deep bond and is used throughout the documentary. His family name is also very offensive to Indians In 2018 Jules Lund was featured on Nathanial Bibby's LinkedIn video series #LinkedInHeroes to discuss challenges he's overcome since becoming an entrepreneur and reveals TRIBE's plan for influencer marketing on LinkedIn.\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Marsha Collier\n", "Marsha Collier (born in New York City) is an author, radio personality, podcast host, and educator specializing in technology, Internet marketing, and E-commerce. \n", "Section::::Early Career.\n", "Before her online career began, Collier owned and operated her own marketing and advertising firm, The Collier Company, and won numerous awards including “Small Businessperson of the Year” accolades from several organizations. \n", "In 2003, her book \"Starting an eBay Business For Dummies\" appeared on the BusinessWeek list of best-selling paperback business books. In December 2011, her book \"Ultimate Online Customer Service Guide: How to Connect with Your Customers to Sell More\" ranked #4 among \"What Corporate America Is Reading.\" By 2013, her book \"eBay For Dummies\" was one of the best sellers on the topic. As of 2016, with over 1 million copies of her books in print, she was the all-time best selling eBay author. She hosts the \"Computer and Technology\" \"Radio\" podcast with broadcaster Mark Cohen.\n", "Section::::eBay and eCommerce.\n", "Collier started her eBay career during the site's nascent years, becoming one of the site’s first successful sellers. From there, Collier became an eBay Top Rated Seller., and later, decided to co-author the first edition of \"eBay For Dummies\", which was published in 1999. Collier co-authored the first edition with Roland Woerner and Stephanie Becker, and became the sole author of the series, beginning with the second edition. The series is currently in its ninth edition. \n", "In 2001, Collier expanded the eponymous series to reach individuals interested in making eBay their full-time profession, \"Starting an eBay Business For Dummies\". The series is currently in its fourth edition. Soon after, Collier went on to teach at eBay University as an instructor. \n", "In 2003, her book \"Starting an eBay Business For Dummies\" appeared on the BusinessWeek list of best-selling paperback business books. \n", "In December 2005, Collier hosted the Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) Public television program \"Making Your Fortune Online\", a complete guide to starting and operating an online business. The two-hour program, shot in front of a live studio audience in San Francisco, was a full seminar on conceiving a business idea, finding products or services to sell, finding the best sites for your products, and understanding the legal, operational and tax issues related to having a successful online business.\n", "In 2008, Collier was named one of 20 iCitizens in the book \"The Open Brand: When Push Comes to Pull in a Web-Made World\" by Kelly Mooney. That same year, she gave the luncheon keynote at the Online Market World conference in San Francisco.\n", "In December 2011, her book \"Ultimate Online Customer Service Guide: How to Connect with Your Customers to Sell More\" ranked #4 among \"What Corporate America Is Reading.\" \n", "By 2013, her book \"eBay For Dummies\" was one of the best sellers on the topic. As of 2016, with over 1 million copies of her books in print, she was the all-time best selling eBay author. She hosts the \"Computer and Technology\" \"Radio\" podcast with broadcaster Mark Cohen.\n", "Section::::Journalism.\n", "In 2014, Collier was a columnist with American Express OPEN. She is also on the Board of Advisors for Buysafe, a bonding service for online sellers. She also wrote about business trends for American Express, Social Business for IBM, Pitney Bowes and multiple features on Entrepreneur.\n", "Section::::Podcast.\n", "Collier co-hosts a podcast, \"Marsha Collier & Marc Cohen Techradio\" with former KABC journalist Marc Cohen, which they have run since 2008\n", "Section::::Podcast.:Public Speaking.\n", "Collier has spoken at universities and conferences translating the use of social media into social commerce, including:\n", "BULLET::::- 140 Character Conference Los Angeles (2016) and London (2009)\n", "BULLET::::- Parallels Cloud Summit Keynote (2012)\n", "BULLET::::- eBay Radio Party & Conference (2011, 2013, 2014, 2015)\n", "BULLET::::- SXSW 2013: Real Talk: The Social Customer Service Shift\n", "BULLET::::- Retail Global 2014\n", "BULLET::::- IBM Social Business Futurists Insights Series 3-minute YouTube video (2015)\n", "BULLET::::- Blogworld (2009, 2010, and 2011)\n", "BULLET::::- PayPal x Innovate 2009\n", "BULLET::::- iCitizen (2008)\n", "Section::::Accolades.\n", "She has also been named in online lists:\n", "BULLET::::- ICMI's Top 50 Contact Center Thought Leaders on Twitter (2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018)\n", "BULLET::::- Brand Quarterly Magazine: 50 Marketing Leaders Over 50 2014, 2015\n", "BULLET::::- Scott Goodson in Forbes: Must-Follow Marketing Minds On Twitter 2014\n", "BULLET::::- Huffington Post: 100 Must Follow On Twitter 2014\n", "BULLET::::- Social Marketing 2016: Top 100 Influencers and Brands\n", "BULLET::::- Content Marketing 2017: Top 200 Global Influencers\n", "BULLET::::- Top 100 Most Social Customer Services Pros on Twitter\n", "Section::::Bibliography.\n", "Section::::Bibliography.:Books.\n", "BULLET::::- \"eBay For Dummies\" 1999, 2000, 2002, 2004, 2006, 2009, 2012, 2014, 2016\n", "BULLET::::- \"Twitter and Facebook For Seniors For Dummies\" 2010, 2014\n", "BULLET::::- \"eBay Business All-in-One for Dummies\" 2006, 2007, 2009, 2013, 2018\n", "BULLET::::- \"Facebook, Twitter & Instagram for Seniors (For Dummies)\" 2018\n", "BULLET::::- \"Social Media Commerce For Dummies\" 2012\n", "BULLET::::- \"Facebook fúr Senioren Fúr Dummies\" (Germany) 2012\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Ultimate Online Customer Service Guide: How to Connect with your Customers to Sell More\" 2011 (Audible 2012)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Facebook fúr Senioren Fúr Dummies\" (Germany) 2012\n", "BULLET::::- \"AARP Facebook: Tech To Connect\" 2012\n", "BULLET::::- \"eBay For Seniors For Dummies\" 2009\n", "BULLET::::- \"Making Money on eBay For Dummies\" (Pocket Edition) 2009\n", "BULLET::::- \"eBay PowerSeller Business Practices For Dummies\" 2008\n", "BULLET::::- \"eBay Timesaving Techniques For Dummies\" 2004\n", "BULLET::::- \"eBay Listings That Sell For Dummies\" 2006\n", "BULLET::::- \"Starting an eBay Business For Dummies\" 2001, 2004, 2011\n", "BULLET::::- \"Starting an E-Bay Business for Dummies\" (Playaway Audio) 2009\n", "BULLET::::- \"PayPal For Dummies\" (forward) 2005\n", "BULLET::::- \"eBay Bargain Shopping For Dummies\" 2003\n", "BULLET::::- \"Santa Shops on eBay\" 2006\n", "BULLET::::- \"eBay Para Dummies\" (Spanish) 2004\n", "BULLET::::- \"eBay-Schnappchen Fur Dummies\" (German) 2004\n", "BULLET::::- \"Mein eBay-Shop\" (German) 2005\n", "BULLET::::- 开创你的eBay商务 玛莎•科莉尔，，，美国 (Chinese) 2007\n", "BULLET::::- \"eBay Pour Les Nuls\" (French) 2006\n", "BULLET::::- \"eBay Per Negati\" (Italian) 2008\n", "BULLET::::- \"eBay For Dummies\" adapted for Australia 2006\n", "BULLET::::- \"eBay For Canadians For Dummies\" 2006, 2008\n", "BULLET::::- \"Starting an eBay Business For Canadians For Dummies\" 2006, 2008\n", "BULLET::::- \"eBay.co.uk For Dummies\" 2006, 2008\n", "BULLET::::- \"Starting a Business on eBay.co.uk for Dummies\" 2006, 2008\n", "BULLET::::- \"eBay.co.uk Business All-in-One for Dummies\" 2009\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Internet GigaBook For Dummies\" (Co-Author) 2004\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Marsha Collier's Blog\n", "BULLET::::- Portland State University 2011\n", "BULLET::::- PayPal Innovate 2010\n", "BULLET::::- Singapore Infocomm 2016\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Angela Aki\n", "Section::::Biography.\n", "Section::::Biography.:Early life.\n", "Aki was born in the small town of Itano, population 14,600, in the mostly rural island of Shikoku.\n", "Aki began to take piano lessons when she was three years old and lived in Tokushima through sixth grade and spent her junior high school days in Okayama. She has admitted that growing up in rural Japan proved very difficult, as she was bullied and she turned to the piano as an escape from the isolation she felt. She grew up listening to a mix of enka, The Carpenters and The Bee Gees.\n", "Aki moved to Hawaii when she was fifteen years old and attended the Hawaii Preparatory Academy, but transferred to and graduated from Iolani School. She speaks English and Japanese. She was immersed in music there for four years. She graduated from George Washington University in Washington, D.C., and majored in political science.\n", "Section::::Biography.:Personal life.\n", "Angela's first marriage was to an engineer, producer and artist Tony Alany, who co-produced her first album These Words in Vienna, Virginia, USA. On March 9, 2007, Aki announced that she had married Japanese A&R director and publisher Taro Hamano, and made public that she had been briefly married previously and got divorced. In September 2011, she announced that she was pregnant. In February 2012, she announced that she had given birth to her first child, a baby boy.\n", "She is good friends with J-Pop star Yuna Ito. Both singers attended the same Japanese language school.\n", "Janis Ian is her mentor and friend.\n", "Section::::Career.\n", "Section::::Career.:Beginnings.\n", "In 1997, Aki went to a Sarah McLachlan concert at age 20 and felt that she wanted to go into the music world, deciding to become a singer-songwriter. In 2000, she released an indie's album in the United States, called \"These Words\". After graduation from university, she found a job in Washington, D.C. and worked as a secretary. She could not give up her dream of being a singer, however, and quit her job in 2001. She worked as a waitress for 2 dollars 13 cents during the day, and she played songs at night at a nightclub. Aki briefly married her first album’s engineer in Vienna, Virginia, USA. In 2002, she composed two tracks for \"Let It Fall\" by Dianne Eclar, a teenage pop singer from the Philippines.\n", "Section::::Career.:Debut in Japan.\n", "After producing commercial music for several Japanese companies, including one for milk product Yakult which was sung by US Jazz vocalist Jimmy Scott, she decided to move back to Japan. On September 27, 2003, Aki saw Shiina Ringo's concert in Nippon Budokan Hall, and promised herself she would perform at the same place within three years, even though she was unheard of, had not yet been offered a contract with any record label, nor had she made an album or major debut. She performed live in many small venues and bars in Tokyo while working as a waitress in a Chinese restaurant, wrote 100 or more songs, and also made several demo CDs. \n", "In 2005, she released an independent mini-album under Virgo Music entitled \"One,\" which was the #1 selling Indies album of 2005. This alerted Nobuo Uematsu to her music, and he asked her to write lyrics and perform the theme song for Final Fantasy XII, \"Kiss Me Good-Bye\".\n", "She contracted with Epic Records and made her major debut with the single \"HOME\" in September, 2005. The album sold over half a million copies and reached #2 on the Oricon charts.\n", "On December 26, 2006, she held a concert in Nippon Budokan Hall, making history there as the first artist to ever perform in the famous venue solo (with just her piano) -- no backup singers, band or opening act.\n", "Section::::Career.:Reaching an English audience (2006-2007).\n", "In May 2006, Angela signed with Tofu Records in order to release English singles and albums. Her first release with Tofu was \"Kiss Me Good-Bye\" as a digital single in the USA, with a slightly altered track list. Later that month she performed the \"Final Fantasy XII\" theme song, \"Kiss Me Good-Bye\" at the premiere PLAY! A Video Game Symphony concert in Chicago on May 27, 2006. With orchestral backup, she played piano and sang the English lyrics, which she had written herself. She also performed a cover version of Faye Wong's \"Eyes On Me\", the theme song of \"Final Fantasy VIII\", with her piano accompaniment.\n", "In 2007 Aki's second major label album, Today, reached #1.\n", "Section::::Career.:Recent career (2009-2014).\n", "In February 2009, Aki released her third full album in Japan, Answer — the first she produced entirely by herself.\n", "Angela Aki was chosen to sing Bob Dylan's \"Knockin' on Heaven's Door\" with her original Japanese lyrics for the movie Heaven's Door, and was chosen to write and perform the theme song titled “Ai no Kisetsu” for the NHK morning drama “Tsubasa” broadcast from March 30, 2009.\n", "In September 2010, Aki released her fourth full album in Japan, Life, and then in September 2011 released her fifth full album White.\n", "Songbook, a cover album by Aki, was released on January 11, 2012.\n", "BLUE was released as Aki's 7th full Japanese studio album on July 18, 2012, along with the single from the same album, \"Confession\" (告白), released July 11, 2012.\n", "On March 5, 2014, was released in two versions, the standard version consisting of tracks of singles released since 2005 (通常盤 ESCL-4170), and a two disc version (初回生産限定盤 ESCL-30010), which added songs Aki considered her favourites on the second disc.\n", "In 2014, she announced that she would be putting her music career on hold while she went to America to study music as she prepares herself to take on the role of musical director for a Broadway project being undertaken by a friend.\n", "Section::::Discography.\n", "BULLET::::- Studio albums\n", "BULLET::::- 2001: \"These Words\"\n", "BULLET::::- 2006: \"Home\"\n", "BULLET::::- 2007: \"Today\"\n", "BULLET::::- 2009: \"Answer\"\n", "BULLET::::- 2010: \"Life\"\n", "BULLET::::- 2011: \"White\"\n", "BULLET::::- 2012: \"Blue\"\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "Japanese musician", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q235203", "wikidata_label": "Angela Aki", "wikipedia_title": "Angela Aki" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Lado Papava\n", "Vladimer Papava () (born March 25, 1955) is a Professor of Economics at the Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, an Academician at the Georgian National Academy of Sciences (2013), and the former Rector of the Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University (August 16, 2013 - April 20, 2016).\n", "Born in Tbilisi, Georgia, Vladimer Papava graduated Tbilisi State University (with a specialization in Economic Cybernetics) in 1978. He received his Candidate of Science degree in Economics (PhD) from the Central Economic Mathematical Institute of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Moscow, in 1982, and his Doctor of Science degree in Economics from Tbilisi State University in 1989 and Leningrad State University in 1990.\n", "In 2005-2006 he was a Visiting Scholar at the Central Asia-Caucasus Institute (), the Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies, Johns Hopkins University. He is the author of more than 300 publications, including many works on the theoretical and applied studies on post-Communist economies and the economic development of the Central Caucasus countries. His research efforts are underpinned by practical experience gained during his work for the Georgian Government: from 1994 to 2000, as Minister of Economy he was actively involved in currency reform, the liberalization of the economy, including the liberalization of foreign trade, institutional transformations and other ambitious governmental programs. As a member of the Georgian Government and an Alternative Governor of the World Bank, he was one of the main participants in the negotiations with the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank. From 2004 to 2008 he was a Member of the Parliament of Georgia (Committee for Finance and Budget).\n", "Vladimer Papava is the author of The Semi-Productive Matrix Approach for Input-Output Models, The Theory of the Economic Ability of the Government and Egalitarian Goods, The Model of an ‘Economy Without Taxes,’ The Theory of Laffer-Keynesian Synthesis(), the Theory of the ‘Shadow Political Economy’ (with Nodar Khaduri), The Indexes of Tax Corruption(), The Method of Measuring of the Catch-Up Effect(), The Method of the ‘Social Promotion’ for Post-Communist Transition to a Market Economy, The Doctrine of Market Equality and Its Application to the Process of Post-Communist Transformation, The Theory of ‘Necroeconomics' – the Political Economy of Post-Communist Capitalism(), and the 'Retroeconomics' – the Theory of Moving from Dying to Brisk Economy().\n", "Vladimer Papava (with Eldar Ismailov) elaborated the geopolitical Concept of the Central Caucasus. He also is an author of the geopolitical Concept of the Central Caucaso-Asia.\n", "Vladimer Papava is a Member of the Editorial Boards of the Problems of Economic Transition (USA) (), Journal of Business and Economics (USA) (), Mega Journal of Business Research (USA) (), Central Asia and the Caucasus (Sweden) (), European Journal of Economic Studies (Slovak Republic) (), Caucasian Review of International Affairs (Germany) (), Transformations (Poland) (), Economy of Ukraine (Ukraine) (), Society and Economy (Russia) (), and Finance: Theory and Practice (Russia) (). In 1992-2005 he was the Chief-Editor of the Proceedings of the Georgian Academy of Sciences – Economic Series.\n", "From 1997 Vladimer Papava has been a Corresponding Member of the Georgian National Academy of Sciences and an Active Member Academician since 2013. He is an Active Member of the International Academy of Sciences, Education, Industry and Arts (CA, USA), an Active Member of the New York Academy of Sciences (NY, USA), an Active Member of the International Informatization Academy (UN) and other international societies and associations. In 2008-2010 he was the Deputy Chairman of the Scientific Committee for Economics and Law of the Georgian National Academy of Sciences; from 2010 he has been the Chairman of the Scientific Committee for Economics of the Georgian National Academy of Sciences; from 2007 he has been a Member of the CASE (Center for Social and Economic Research) Advisory Council (Warsaw, Poland) and a Member of the International Scientific Council of the International Institute for Social Development (Moscow, Russia). He is also a member of the Tbilisi-based think-tank Georgian Foundation for Strategic and International Studies.\n", "In 2004 Vladimer Papava together with a group of Georgian economists was awarded the State Prize of Georgia in Science for the Series of Publications – “The Methods and Models of Macroeconomic Regulations.”\n", "In 2008 Vladimer Papava was awarded the Philippe Gogichaishvili Prize of the National Academy of Sciences of Georgia for the book – Necroeconomics: The Political Economy of Post-Communist Capitalism. New York, iUniverse, 2005().\n", "Section::::Bibliography.\n", "BULLET::::- Papava, Vladimer (2018). Catching Up and Catch-Up Effect: Economic Growth in Post-Communist Europe (Lessons from the European Union and the Eastern Partnership States). European Journal of Economic Studies, Vol. 7, Iss. 2, pp. 109–125 ().\n", "BULLET::::- Papava, Vladimer, & Ismailov, Eldar (2018). Caucasian Tandem and the Belt and Road Initiative. Central Asia and the Caucasus, Vol. 19, Iss. 2, pp. 7–17 ().\n", "BULLET::::- Papava, Vladimer, & Charaia, Vakhtang (2018). Agflation and other modifications of inflation (the cases of Georgia and its neighboring countries). Annals of Agrarian Science\n", "Volume 16, Iss. 2, pp. 201–205 ().\n", "BULLET::::- Papava, Vladimer, Charaia, Vakhtang, & Wang, Fanmei (2018). China-Georgia Economic Relations in the Context of the Belt and Road Initiative. Bulletin of the Georgian National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 12, No. 1, pp. 153–160 ().\n", "BULLET::::- Papava, Vladimer (2017). On Production Factors. Bulletin of the Georgian National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 11, No. 4, pp. 145–149 ().\n", "BULLET::::- Papava, Vladimer, & Charaia, Vakhtang (2017). Belt and Road Initiative: Implications for Georgia and China-Georgia Economic Relations. China International Studies, November/December, pp. 122–139 ().\n", "BULLET::::- Papava, Vladimer (2017). Retroeconomics – Moving from Dying to Brisk Economy. Journal of Reviews on Global Economics, 2017, Vol. 6, pp. 455–462 ().\n", "BULLET::::- Papava, Vladimer, & Charaia, Vakhtang (2017). The Role of Inflation and its Targeting for Low-Income Countries (Lessons from Post-Communist Georgia). European Journal of Economic Studies, Vol. 6, Iss. 2, pp. 96–103 ().\n", "BULLET::::- Papava, Vladimer (2017). A Eurasian or a European Future for Post-Soviet Georgia's Economic Development: Which is better? Archives of Business Research, Vol.5, No.1, pp. 159–170 ().\n", "BULLET::::- Papava, Vladimer (2016). The Problem of the Catch-Up Effect and Post-Crises Economic Growth in the World Leading Countries. Bulletin of the Georgian National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 10, No. 4, pp. 97–104().\n", "BULLET::::- Papava, Vladimer (2016). Georgia's Choice: The European Union or the Eurasian Economic Union. Tbilisi, GFSIS, Expert Opinion, No. 57, ().\n", "BULLET::::- Papava, Vladimer (2015). Economic models of Eurasianism and the Eurasian Union: why the future is not optimistic. The Central Asia-Caucasus Analyst, October 29, ().\n", "BULLET::::- Papava, Vladimer, & Taphladze, Tamar (2015). Pseudo-Libertarianism in Post-Revolutionary Georgia. Bulletin of the Georgian National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 9, No. 2. pp. 150–153 ().\n", "BULLET::::- Papava, Vladimer (2015). Necroeconomics of Post-Soviet Post-Industrialism and the Model of Economic Development of Georgia and Russia. Journal of Business and Economics, Vol. 6, No. 5, pp. 976–983 ().\n", "BULLET::::- Papava, Vladimer, & Charaia, Vakhtang (2014). Regional Railways in the Central Caucasus and Georgia's Economic Interests. The Caucasus & Globalization, Vol. 8, Iss. 1-2, pp. 58–67 ().\n", "BULLET::::- Papava, Vladimer (2014). OLD OR NEW COLD WAR? IS THE NEW COLD WAR A CONTINUATION OF THE OLD? CICERO FOUNDATION GREAT DEBATE PAPER No. 14/07 ().\n", "BULLET::::- Papava, Vladimer (2014). Georgia's Economy The Search for a Development Model. Problems of Economic Transition, Vol. 57, No. 3, pp. 83–94().\n", "BULLET::::- Papava, Vladimer (2014). The Catch-Up Effect and Regional Comparisons of Growth Indicators (With the Eastern Partnership Countries as an Example). Problems of Economic Transition, Vol. 57, No. 3, pp. 3–52().\n", "BULLET::::- Papava, Vladimer (2013). The Eurasianism of Russian Anti-Westernism and the Concept of “Central Caucaso-Asia”. Russian Politics & Law, Vol. 51, No. 6, pp. 45–86 ().\n", "BULLET::::- Papava, Vladimer (2013). The Main Challenges of 'Post-Rosy' Georgia's Medium Term Economic Development. GFSIS Center for Applied Economic Studies Research Paper—01.2013 ().\n", "BULLET::::- Papava, Vladimer (2012). Economic Growth in the Central Caucaso-Asian Countries Adjusted for the Catch-Up Effect. Central Asia and The Caucasus, Vo. 13, No. 4, pp. 120–128 ().\n", "BULLET::::- Ananiashvili Iuri and Papava, Vladimer (2012). Impact of the Average Tax Rate on the Aggregate Demand (Keynesian Models). Bulletin of the Georgian National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 6, No. 2, pp. 162–169 ().\n", "BULLET::::- Papava, Vladimer (2012). Economic Component of the Russian-Georgian Conflict. The Caucasus & Globalization, Vol. 6, Issue 1, pp. 61–71 ().\n", "BULLET::::- Papava, Vladimer (2011). On the First-Generation Post-Communist Reforms of Georgia's Economy (A Retrospective Analysis). The Caucasus & Globalization, Vol. 5, Issue 3-4, pp. 20–30 ().\n", "BULLET::::- Papava, Vladimer (2011). Arménie, Azerbaïdjan, Géorgie: vingt ans de transition économique. Les Cahiers de L'Orient, N° 101, pp. 35–43 ().\n", "BULLET::::- Papava, Vladimer (2011). Economic Transformation and the Impacts of the Global Financial Crisis in the Southern Caucasus. In Mustafa Aydin, ed., Non-Traditional Security Threats and Regional Cooperation in the Southern Caucasus. Amsterdam: IOS Press, pp. 17–29 ().\n", "BULLET::::- Papava, Vladimer (2010). The Problem of Zombification of the Postcommunist Necroeconomy. Problems of Economic Transition, Vol. 53, No. 4, pp. 35–51 ().\n", "BULLET::::- Papava, Vladimer (2010). The Economic Challenges of the Black Sea Region: the Global Financial Crisis and Energy Sector Cooperation. Southeast European and Black Sea Studies, Vo. 10, No. 3, pp. 361–371 ().\n", "BULLET::::- Papava, Vladimer (2010). Economy of the Post-Communist Capitalism under the Financial Crisis. Studies in Economics and Finance, Vol. 27, No. 2, pp. 135–147 ().\n", "BULLET::::- Papava, Vladimer (2010). Post-Communist Capitalism and Financial Crisis, or the Mixing of the Necroeconomics and the Zombie-Nomics. Georgian International Journal of Science and Technology, Vol. 2, Issue 1, pp. 37–55 ().\n", "BULLET::::- Papava, Vladimer (2009). Is Zombie Economicus Coming? The Market Oracle, February 7().\n", "BULLET::::- Papava, Vladimer (2009). The End of the Frozen Cold War? Caucasian Review of International Affairs, Vol. 3 (1) – Winter, pp. 98–102. ().\n", "BULLET::::- Papava, Vladimer (2005). On the Theory of Post-Communist Economic Transition to Market. International Journal of Social Economics, Vol. 32, No. 1/2, pp. 77–97 ().\n", "BULLET::::- Papava, Vladimer (2004). Central’nyi Kavkaz i ekonomika Gruzii (The Central Caucasus and the Economy of Georgia). Baku, “Nurlan,” with Teimuraz Beridze and Eldar Ismailov. (In Russian). \n", "BULLET::::- Papava, Vladimer (2003). Splendours and Miseries of the IMF in Post-Communist Georgia. Laredo, we-publish.com.\n", "BULLET::::- Papava, Vladimer (2002). Necroeconomics - the Theory of Post-Communist Transformation of an Economy. International Journal of Social Economics, Vol. 29, No. 9-10, pp. 796–805 ().\n", "BULLET::::- Papava, Vladimer (2000). State, Public Sector and Theoretical Prerequisites to a Model of an “Economy without Taxes”. International Journal of Social Economics, Vol. 27, No. 1-2, pp. 45–61 ().\n", "BULLET::::- Papava, Vladimer, and Nodar Khaduri (1997). On the Shadow Political Economy of the Post-Communist Transformation: An Institutional Analysis. Problems of Economic Transition, Vol. 40, No. 6, pp. 15–34 ().\n", "BULLET::::- Papava, Vladimer (1996). The Georgian Economy: From “Shock Therapy” to “Social Promotion” (Theory of Laffer-Keynesian Synthesis). Communist Economies & Economic Transformation, Vol. 8, No. 2, pp. 251–267 ().\n", "BULLET::::- Papava, Vladimer (1995). Marxist Points of View on the Soviet Communist Economic System and the Manifestation of Egalitarianism in Post-Communist Economic Reform. International Journal of Social Economics, Vol. 22, No.6, pp. 29–37 ().\n", "BULLET::::- Papava, Vladimer (1993). A New View of the Economic Ability of the Government, Egalitarian Goods and GNP. International Journal of Social Economics, Vol. 20, No.8, pp. 56–62 ().\n", "BULLET::::- Papava, Vladimer (1988). Effertivnost obshchestvennogo proizvodstva i mezhotraslevye vodeli (Efficiency of Social Production in the Input-Output Models). Tbilisi, “Metsniereba,” 1988. (In Russian).\n", "See also:\n", "Reviews:\n", "BULLET::::- Макашева Н. (2015). Макроэкономическое примерение? (О книге Ю. Ананиашвили и В. Папавы \"Лафферо-кейнсианский синтез и макроэкономическое равновесие\".)\n", "Вопросы экономики, No. 3, (). \n", "BULLET::::- Jan Künzl. Book Review (2009). The Central Caucasus: Problems of Geopolitical Economy. Caucasian Review of International Affairs, Vol. 3 (1) – Winter ().\n", "BULLET::::- Michael D. Kennedy, and Elizabeth Eagen (2007). Post-Communist Capitalism and Transition Culture in Georgia. The Caucasus & Globalization, Vol. 1 (2) ().\n", "BULLET::::- Stephen Jones (2006). “Papava, Vladimer. Necroeconomics: The Political Economy of Post-Communist Capitalism: Lessons from Georgia.” (). Russian Review, Volume 65, Issue 3 ()\n", "BULLET::::- Anders Åslund (2006). Georgia on My Mind. Economic realism in a new book on post-Soviet economic transformation. (). The International Economy Magazine, Winter ()\n", "BULLET::::- A. Szegö (1992). \"V.G.Papava. Effektivnost' Obshchestvennovo Proizvodstva i Mezhotraslevije Modeli.\" (). Economic Systems Research. Journal of the International Input-Output Association, Vol. 4, No. 4()\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Vladimer Papava's website\n", "BULLET::::- Georgian Foundation For Strategic and International Studies \n", "BULLET::::- Researchgate.net \n", "BULLET::::- Academia.edu \n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Friedrich Bezold\n", "Friedrich Bezold (February 9, 1842 – October 5, 1908) was a German otologist and professor at the University of Munich. He made several contributions to early audiology.\n", "He is best known for developing hearing tests with tuning forks and his work to improve education for the hearing impaired. He was also the first physician to provide a clear understanding of mastoiditis.\n", "The following medical terms are named after him:\n", "BULLET::::- Bezold's abscess\n", "BULLET::::- Bezold's mastoiditis: mastoiditis with perforation into the gigastric groove that creates a deep neck abscess.\n", "BULLET::::- Bezold's sign: indication of descending mastoiditis\n", "BULLET::::- Bezold's test: method of testing deafness by use of a tuning fork\n", "BULLET::::- Bezold's triad: Three symptomatic indications of otosclerosis: 1. diminished aural perception of low frequency tones, 2. retarded bone conduction, 3. negative Rinne test\n", "BULLET::::- Bezold-Edelmann continuous scale: A series of tuning forks along with Galton's whistle or monochord, in which all perceptible notes can be heard in continuous sequence. Named along with physician Adolf Edelmann (1885-1939}.\n", "Section::::References.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Friedrich Bezold\" @ Who Named It\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Leila Hatami\n", "Leila Hatami ( \"Leylā Hātamī\"; born October 1, 1972) is an Iranian actress and director. She is known for her work in Iranian cinema, including her performance in the Academy Award-winning film \"A Separation\", for which she won the Silver Bear Award for Best Actress at the Berlin Film Festival.\n", "Section::::Early life.\n", "Hatami was born in Tehran. She is the daughter of influential Iranian director Ali Hatami and actress Zari Khoshkam. After finishing high school, she moved to Lausanne, Switzerland and started her studies in Mechanical engineering at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Lausanne (EPFL). After two years she changed her major to French literature. After completing her studies, she returned to live in Iran.\n", "Section::::Career.\n", "Hatami played several small roles in her father's productions throughout her youth, including in the \"Hezar Dastan\" television series and the \"Kamalolmolk\" movie. Her first leading film appearance was the title role in the 1996 film \"Leila\"\".\", directed by Dariush Mehrjui. She received the Diploma of Honor for Best Actress from the 15th Fajr Film Festival. Following this, she continued to act regularly in Iranian cinema.\n", "She has starred in dozens of films, and has often garnered critical acclaim and accolades. For her performance in \"The Deserted Station\" (2002), she was nominated for the Fajr International Film Festival Award for Best Actress and she won the Best Actress Award at the 26th Montreal World Film Festival. \n", "She has appeared in her husband's films as a director, \"Portrait of a Lady Far Away\" (2005) and \"The Last Step\" (2012). She also designed the sets and the costumes of \"The Last Step\" and, in addition to receiving the Karlovy Vary International Film Festival Award for Best Actress for her performance, she received a nomination for the Crystal Simorgh Fajr International Film Festival Award for Best Production Design and Costume Design for her work on the film. \n", "In 2012, she received international attention for her role in the critical acclaimed Asghar Farhadi film, \"A Separation\", which won dozens of accolades, including the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film. Her performance earned critical acclaim and various awards, including the Silver Bear Award for Best Actress at the Berlin Film Festival. IndieWire praised her portrayal as one of the best female performances of the 21st century.\n", "In April 2014, she was announced as a member of the main competition jury at the 2014 Cannes Film Festival. Whilst there, she greeted Cannes President Gilles Jacob with a kiss on the cheek, which is a form of greeting in France. Iran's Deputy Culture Minister Hossein Noushabadi offered criticism of her for this:\n", "\"I hope that those who attend international arenas as Iranian women would be careful about the chastity and dignity of Iranians so that the image of the Iranian woman is not tainted before the world,\" he said. \"If they respect Islamic norms and the national culture and beliefs of Iran, it would be a desirable thing for Iranian celebrities to go abroad, but if their presence lacks regard for social values and ethical criteria, the Iranian nation is not going to accept it.\"\n", "In May 2014, after receiving significant backlash for the kiss in Iran—including calls for her to be flogged—Hatimi later apologized for her actions in a letter.\n", "Section::::Personal life.\n", "She married her co-star in \"Leila\" (Ali Mosaffa) in 1999. They have two children: a son named Mani (born February 2007) and a daughter named Asal (born October 2008).\n", "Beside her native Persian language she is fluent in French, English, and German.\n", "Section::::Filmography and awards.\n", "nahang abi 20\n", "nahang abi 17\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Interview with Leila Hatami, \"Leila Hatami answers your questions\", BBC Persian, January 31, 2006: Text, Voice.\n", "BULLET::::- Script of \"Shāer-e Zobāle-hā\" (شاعر زباله ها), by Mohsen Makhmalbaf: .\n", "BULLET::::- An unofficial fan site: Leila-Hatami.com\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Sergio Osmeña III\n", "Sergio \"Serge\" de la Rama Osmeña III, (born December 13, 1943) is a Filipino politician and legislator who served as a Senator of the Philippines, he is the grandson of Philippine President Sergio Osmeña. In his eighteen years in the Senate, Osmeña chaired the most number of committees and filed the most number of bills in the history of the institution.\n", "Section::::Early life.\n", "Osmeña was born in Manila to Sergio \"Serging\" Osmeña, Jr. of Cebu and Lourdes de la Rama of Negros Occidental. He finished his elementary studies at De La Salle College in Manila. He studied his secondary studies at the St. Clement's College in Iloilo City, Ateneo de Manila and Beaumont College in Berkshire, England. Although he has never obtained a university degree, he studied in various educational institutions which include University of San Carlos, University of the Philippines, Los Baños, Harvard University, and Georgetown University.\n", "Prior to the declaration of Martial Law in the Philippines, Osmeña held business positions including:\n", "BULLET::::- Assistant to President, Essel Incorporated (1967 to 1972)\n", "BULLET::::- Assistant to President, Cebu Autobus Company (1967 to 1972)\n", "BULLET::::- Assistant to President, De La Rama Steamship Co., Inc. (1966 to 1972)\n", "BULLET::::- General Manager, LRO (Lourdes de la Rama Osmeña) Farms / Hacienda Doña Pepang (1968 to 1972)\n", "BULLET::::- Chairman, Cebu Contracting Company (1968 to 1972)\n", "As a son of Marcos' political rival, Osmeña was imprisoned in 1972. In November 1974, he embarked on a hunger strike along with his cellmate, Eugenio \"Geny\" Lopez, Jr., to protest the unjust detention of thousands of innocent Filipinos. This resulted in the release of 1,022 political prisoners in December 1974. Osmeña and Lopez escaped from their maximum security prison cell in Fort Bonifacio in 1977. This exploit was enacted in the 1995 movie, \"Eskapo\".\n", "While in exile at the United States, Osmeña served as the Director for Movement for a Free Philippines. He was also the founding director of the Justice for Aquino Justice for All (JAJA) Movement.\n", "After the removal of Marcos, Osmeña returned to the Philippines and held positions in business and government corporations in the 1990s:\n", "BULLET::::- Director, Pacific CATV, Incorporated (1994 to 1995)\n", "BULLET::::- Director, Telecommunications Holdings Corporation (1994 to 1995)\n", "BULLET::::- Chairman, Intervest Group (1994 to 1995)\n", "BULLET::::- Director, Micrologic Systems, Inc. (1994 to 1995)\n", "BULLET::::- Director, Philippine National Bank (1992 to 1995)\n", "BULLET::::- Director, San Miguel Corporation (1993 to 1995)\n", "Section::::Political career.\n", "He served as Secretary General of the Progressive Party cluster NUCD-UMDP from 1991–1992. When it merged with Lakas Tao in 1992, he served as the member of the National Directorate.\n", "In 1992, Osmena ran for Congressman in Cebu's Sixth District but lost.\n", "In 1995, Osmeña was invited by President Fidel Ramos to join\n", "in the senatorial race under the Lakas-Laban ticket. He won in the elections and served his term as senator from 1995-2001. During that term he was asked to look for a new site of the Senate after the old Executive Building will be renovated for the National Museum. The Senate offices and session hall were transferred to the GSIS Building at the Financial Center in Pasay City.\n", "In 1997, Osmeña bolted Lakas NUCD to be an independent senator. In 1998, he joined the Liberal Party. Osmeña succeeded Senator Edgardo J. Angara as Chair of the powerful Committee on Agriculture and Food and the Congressional Oversight Committee on Agricultural and Fisheries Modernization (COCAFM). As Chair, Osmeña tried to block the approval of the construction of the Casecnan and the San Roque dams having discovered gross discrepancies in the costs and benefits of the projects. It was Osmeña who pointed out that the government would be investing a ridiculous amount of more than P385,000 to irrigate an additional hectare of rice paddy. The expose led to the cancellation of the proposed Balog-Balog irrigation project.\n", "In 2001, Osmeña was one of the senators who voted in favor of opening the second bank envelope for the impeachment case filed against Joseph Estrada. The motion was outnumbered, and it led to the second EDSA People Power Revolution. He ran as independent for the position of Senator under the People Power Coalition. He won in the elections and served his second term as senator from 2001-2007. Right after Senator Aquilino Pimentel Jr. was replaced by Senator Franklin Drilon as Senate President, he joined Pimentel's party PDP-Laban. His mandate as senator for the second term expired in 2007.\n", "Running independent again in 2010 (although adopted by the Liberal Party and the Partido ng Masang Pilipino), Osmeña refused to participate in the sorties of his adoptive parties and opted instead to campaign all by himself. He graced radio programs and television interviews. Running on a shoe-string budget, Osmeña did not have the volume of posters and billboards of his opponents. He had television advertisements that to him would be more effective and more prudent to reach the electorate. Osmeña placed tenth and became a senator again for the third time.\n", "He ran again in 2016 & 2019 as an independent but failed to make a Senate comeback losing in both polls.\n", "Section::::Personal life.\n", "Serge, as many people call him, is a farmer and businessman by training and was educated at Harvard, Georgetown, and the University of the Philippines.\n", "A native Visayan, Osmeña speaks Cebuano and Hiligaynon as mother languages although his first language is Tagalog (Filipino).\n", "He is married to Bettina Lopez (daughter of former Congressman Alberto Lopez of Iloilo and Chona Mejia Lopez). He has six children.\n", "Serge Osmeña came from a family of senators. His grandfather Sergio Sr. served during the American colonial period. His father Sergio Jr. served in the 1960s. His cousin, John Henry served in the Senate from 1971–1972, 1987–1992, 1992–1995 and 1998-2004. His maternal grandfather, Esteban de la Rama of Negros Occidental was also a senator.\n", "His nephew John Gregory served as Provincial Vice Governor of Cebu and his younger brother Tomas III is the Congressman of Cebu City's south district. Tommy was a close ally of President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo.\n", "He was bestowed Doctor of Laws – Honoris Causa, by the Benguet State University in 2000.\n", "He is the chairman of the Aquaworld Corporation, which he held since 1992. While serving his initial term as senator he held a concurrent position as board director of San Miguel Brewery (HK), Ltd.\n", "He was a member of the Philippine Jaycees, where he served as a senator in 1994. He founded \"Pundok Sugbuanon\" while he lived in Los Angeles from 1990 to 1992. He is one of the Directors of the ABS-CBN Bayan Microfinance Foundation, held since 1999, and the Lorenzo Tañada Foundation, held since 1998.\n", "Section::::In popular culture.\n", "Osmeña was portrayed by Richard Gomez in the 1995 film \"Eskapo\".\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Leith Stevens\n", "Leith Stevens (September 13, 1909 – July 23, 1970) was an American music composer and conductor of radio and film scores.\n", "Section::::Early life and education.\n", "Leith Stevens was born in Mount Moriah, Missouri, He was a child prodigy pianist who accompanied operatic vocalist and early audio recording artist Madame Schumann-Heink.\n", "During World War II Stevens worked as radio director for the Southwest Pacific Area for the U.S. Office of War Information. He was musical director of the War Production Board (WPB) series \"Three Thirds of a Nation\" presented on Wednesdays on the NBC \"Blue Network.\"\n", "Section::::Career.\n", "As early as 1934, Stevens was active in radio broadcasting. Radio highlights in an April 28, 1934, newspaper listed \"Romantic songs have been chosen by Charles Carlile, tenor, for his broadcast with Leith Stevens' orchestra over WBBM at 5:45.\"\n", "Stevens worked as an arranger for CBS radio, and his numerous radio credits over several decades include \"The Abbott and Costello Show,\" \"Academy Award Theater,\" \"Action Eighty,\" \"American School for the Air,\" \"Arch Oboler's Plays,\" \"Big Town,\" \"The Black Book,\" \"CBS Radio Workshop\" (later called \"Columbia Workshop),\" \"The Doctor Fights,\" \"Encore Theater,\" \"Escape,\" \"The Free Company Rogue's Gallery,\" \"The Burns and Allen Show,\" \"The Judge,\" \"Lights Out,\" \"Men Against Death,\" \"The Miracle of America,\" \"No Help Wanted,\" \"Request Performance,\" \"Saturday Night Swing Club,\" \"Suspense\" and radio crime melodrama \"Yours Truly, Johnny Dollar.\"\n", "Section::::Career.:Films.\n", "Stevens' piano concerto in C minor was his first work to be used on cinema for the 1947 Hollywood film \"Night Song\".\n", "In it Arthur Rubinstein played piano accompanied by the New York Philharmonic and conducted by Eugene Ormandy. The music is tonal, with a horizontal (as distinct from vertical) compositional approach, with sophisticated harmonies and challenging virtuoso passages for the piano. The work is influenced by Delius, Rachmaninov, and Gershwin, and is both impressionist and romantic.\n", "He also co-wrote the Oscar-nominated title song from the 1956 movie \"Julie\" starring Doris Day. His other film scores included:\n", "BULLET::::- \"Syncopation\" (1942)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Night Song\" (1948)\n", "BULLET::::- \"All My Sons\" (1948)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Feudin', Fussin' and A-Fightin'\" (1948)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Larceny\" (1948)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Not Wanted\" (1949)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Great Rupert\" (1950)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Destination Moon\" (1950)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Sun Sets at Dawn\" (1950)\n", "BULLET::::- \"No Questions Asked\" (1951)\n", "BULLET::::- \"When Worlds Collide\" (1951)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Atomic City\" (1952)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Storm Over Tibet\" (1952)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Beware, My Lovely\" (1952)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Eight Iron Men\" (1952)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Hitch-Hiker\" (1953)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Glass Wall\" (1953)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The War of the Worlds\" (1953)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Bigamist\" (1953)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Wild One\" (1953)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Private Hell 36\" (1954)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Crashout\" (1955)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Treasure of Pancho Villa\" (1955)\n", "BULLET::::- \"World Without End\" (1956)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Julie\" (1956)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Garment Jungle\" (1957)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Lizzie\" (1957)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Ride Out for Revenge\" (1957)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Eighteen and Anxious\" (1957)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Green-Eyed Blonde\" (1957)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Violent Road\" (1958)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Gun Runners\" (1958)\n", "BULLET::::- \"But Not for Me\" (1959)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Gene Krupa Story\" (1959)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Hell to Eternity\" (1960)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Interns\" (1962)\n", "BULLET::::- \"A New Kind of Love\" (1963)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Night of the Grizzly\" (1966)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Chuka\" (1967)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Assault on the Wayne\" (1971)\n", "He also provided uncredited contributions to the Frank Capra film classic \"It's a Wonderful Life\".\n", "Section::::Career.:\"The James Dean Story\".\n", "Stevens composed and conducted the music accompanying the film \"The James Dean Story\". In 1957, Capitol Records released the eponymous album containing this music, and its anonymous sleeve notes state, \"Here is the music direct from the soundtrack of \"The James Dean Story,\" a different kind of motion picture. This is a film in which there are no actors, there is no fiction. It is, instead, the story of a young man in search of himself - a story of a lonely boy growing into a lonely manhood, of a quest for discovery and meaning, of a great talent and zest for creative expression, and of a tragic end which brought more questions than answers.\" The sleeve notes continue, \"The life of James Dean is presented on the screen through the means of a new technique - dramatic exploration of a still photograph. Together with tape recordings, existing motion picture material, and the people with whom he lived and worked, these photographs create the presence of the living character. If there are supporting roles in this picture, the parts must be credited to the people of Fairmount, Indiana, where Dean lived as a boy; to the nine million faces of New York City, where he struggled for recognition as an artist and as an individual; and to the men and women of Hollywood who shared in the development of his career.\"\n", "The sleeve notes describe the music as \"...unusual and exciting as the motion picture itself. Leith Stevens, the composer, captures a haunting reflection of the violent yet strangely understandable uncertainties of modern youth. Stevens, whose musical scores have distinguished such films as \"The Wild One,\" \"Private Hell 36,\" \"Destination Moon\" and \"Julie,\" describes the loneliness and frustrations, the fury and tenderness of James Dean's life and the world in which he moved. With his use of such instruments as the recorder, harmonica and bongo drums, and in his unique utilization of the jazz idiom, Leith Stevens produces music with dynamic personal identification, not only for James Dean, but for every boy who's ever worn a leather jacket and for every girl who's ever danced without her shoes. Stevens traces the development of Dean throughout his boyhood, his early rebellion against conventions, the discovery of his artistic abilities, and his failure to resolve his personal problems. “Who Am I?” depicts the young Dean groping for self-identification; “Lost Love” is a painful portrayal of a romance without a happy ending; and “Testing The Limits of Time” is a brilliant montage of the moods and actions which Dean experienced in his last few months. Tommy Sands, the nation's newest singing sensation, sings the theme song “Let Me Be Loved” by Jay Livingston and Ray Evans.\"\n", "Section::::Career.:Television.\n", "Stevens' television work was extensive, including composing, arranging and conducting music for 36 television series, nearly two dozen from the 1950s through the late 1960s, including the haunting theme song for the CBS television show \"Climax!\".. He was the Music Supervisor for six popular television series, including \"Mannix,\" \"\", \"Mr. Novak,\" (TV series), \"The Odd Couple,\" \"The Brady Bunch,\" \"The Immortal,\" and \"Love, American Style.\" Stevens scored episodes for:\n", "Section::::Personal life and death.\n", "Stevens died at the age of 60 years due to a heart attack after learning that his wife had died in a car accident.\n", "Section::::Discography.\n", "With Chet Baker and Bud Shank\n", "BULLET::::- \"Theme Music from \"The James Dean Story\"\" (World Pacific, 1956)\n", "Section::::References.\n", "BULLET::::- Terrace, Vincent. \"Radio Programs, 1924-1984\". Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland, 1999.\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Matt Entenza\n", "Matthew \"Matt\" Keating Entenza (born October 4, 1961) is a Minnesota lawyer and former politician who served six terms in the Minnesota House of Representatives. He served as House Minority Leader from 2003 to 2006. After leaving the legislature, he was an unsuccessful candidate for various statewide offices, including governor, attorney general, and most recently state auditor.\n", "Section::::Background.\n", "Entenza was born in Santa Monica, California. He studied at Augustana College in South Dakota before transferring to Macalester College. After graduating, Entenza studied law at Oxford University and taught high school. After returning to Minnesota, he received his J.D. with honors from the University of Minnesota Law School.\n", "Section::::Service in the Minnesota House of Representatives.\n", "A Democrat, Entenza was elected to the Minnesota House of Representatives from District 64A in 1994. The district includes portions of the city of Saint Paul in Ramsey County. He served on the K-12 Finance, Education Policy, and Commerce committees.\n", "Section::::2006 Minnesota Attorney General race.\n", "In 2006, Entenza resigned as House Minority Leader to focus on a campaign for Minnesota Attorney General. He withdrew from that race on July 18, 2006. Critics had raised concerns of a conflict of interest due to Entenza's wife's high ranking executive position at UnitedHealth Group. Entenza's political campaign committee was also fined $28,000 by the Minnesota Campaign Finance and Disclosure Board on August 15, 2006, for exceeding the legal amount for contributions.\n", "Section::::2010 gubernatorial campaign.\n", "Entenza sought the office of governor in 2010. He first announced that he would seek the Minnesota DFL's endorsement for the 2010 Minnesota gubernatorial race, later dropping out of the endorsement process and running a primary campaign without the DFL endorsement. Before removing himself from the official endorsement process, he was endorsed by Minnesota Congressman Keith Ellison in May 2009 and Minnesota Stonewall DFL in December 2009. On May 27, 2010, he announced television broadcaster Robyne Robinson as his lieutenant governor running mate.\n", "Entenza was not endorsed by the state party, and elected to participate in the primary election, in which he finished third, after Mark Dayton and Margaret Anderson Kelliher.\n", "Section::::2014 Minnesota State Auditor race.\n", "In the 2014 election, Entenza ran for Minnesota State Auditor against the DFL-endorsed incumbent, Rebecca Otto. He bypassed public financing, which allowed him to exceed state spending limits. Despite spending more than $675,000 of his personal money on the race, Entenza received only 19% of the votes cast in the primary contest on August 12.\n", "Section::::Personal life.\n", "Entenza has three adult sons and is divorced from their mother, Lois Quam. He has since remarried, to Minnesota-native Jean Fox Entenza. \n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- Minnesota 2020\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Entenza Robinson for Minnesota \"official campaign site\"\n", "BULLET::::- Voting record (2005-2006) at Minnesota Public Radio Votetracker\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Ollie McGill\n", "Oliver James \"Ollie\" McGill (born 2 November 1981) is an Australian musician who is the keyboard player and backing vocalist for The Cat Empire. He composed \"Dumb Ways to Die\" for Metro Trains Melbourne. McGill is also a member of several other Melbourne-based bands, including The Genie (a fusion band), The Conglomerate (a modern jazz quartet), Peaking Duck, The Future, 77, and Past Ollie's Bedtime.\n", "Section::::Biography.\n", "Ollie McGill attended Wesley College, Melbourne, Australia. In 1999 McGill on piano was a member of Jazz Cats, a nine-piece jazz group, which issued a four-track extended play, \"The Jazz Cat\". Late that year McGill on keyboards, Ryan Monro on double bass and Felix Riebl on percussion and vocals, founded a split-off group, The Cat Empire.\n", "During 2004 McGill and Harry Angus (also of The Cat Empire) on trumpet and lead vocals, Jules Pascoe on bass guitar, and Harry Shaw-Reynolds on drums formed an improvisational jazz quartet, The Conglomerate. In September 2005 McGill was a founder of a four-piece jazz ensemble, Peaking Duck, with Munro (also in The Cat Empire) on bass guitar, Dave Ades on saxophone and James Hauptmann on drums.\n", "In November 2012 he composed the song, \"Dumb Ways to Die\", for Metro Trains Melbourne, via agency McCann Melbourne. The song reached the top 10 of the iTunes charts within 24 hours, while the video went viral, achieving over 6 million views in just three days.\n", "McGill also works as a producer, having produced two EPs for ILUKA (Nikki Thorburn), and a number of tracks for Phoebe Eve.\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "John Foreman (musician)\n", "John Gregory Foreman OAM (born 24 April 1972) is an Australian musician and television personality. In 1992, he joined the Network Ten team for \"Good Morning Australia with Bert Newton\", serving as Music Director until retiring in 2004. During 2003–2008 he was Musical Director of \"Australian Idol\".\n", "Foreman hails from Newcastle, New South Wales, and studied at the Sydney Conservatorium of Music.\n", "Section::::Compositions and albums.\n", "In 2000, Foreman wrote the Olympic Flame song, \"The Flame\", performed by Tina Arena for the 2000 Summer Olympics Opening Ceremony.\n", "He wrote \"Light The Way\" for the 2006 Opening Ceremony of the Asian Games in Doha, performed by Jose Carreras and Majida El Roumi, and \"Melbourne Girl\", performed by Vanessa Amorosi at the Closing Ceremony of the 2002 Commonwealth Games in Manchester, UK.\n", "In 2004, John produced, orchestrated and conducted Anthony Callea's recording of \"The Prayer\", which received an ARIA Award for the highest selling single by an Australia artist.\n", "John has produced albums and/or singles for Marcia Hines, Silvie Paladino, Guy Sebastian, Ricki-Lee Coulter, Carl Riseley and Greta Bradman.\n", "In 2013, he produced Anthony Callea's Christmas album \"This Is Christmas\".\n", "Foreman released \"No Jivin\"' in 1993 on the BMG label which received an ARIA Award nomination for Best Jazz Album.\n", "Foreman wrote the background music for Chris Lilley's television shows, \"\" and \"Jonah from Tonga\".\n", "Section::::Other television work.\n", "In December 2005 Foreman began hosting \"The Big Night In with John Foreman\". The premiere episode featured an interview with actor Russell Crowe, as well as interviews with vocalists Deborah Conway and Tina Cousins.\n", "Foreman is the Musical Director for Melbourne's Christmas Eve \"Carols by Candlelight\", at the Sidney Myer Music Bowl, since 2003. and is Musical Director for the TV Week Logie Awards. In 2008 he appeared alongside Ian Dickson, Cosima De Vito and Guy Sebastian to pay tribute to Shannon Noll on \"This Is Your Life\".\n", "In February 2012 he joined the reboot of \"Young Talent Time\" as the Musical Director.\n", "John was musical director for Oprah Winfrey's telecast from the steps of the Sydney Opera House, which featured Hugh Jackman, Nicole Kidman, Olivia Newton-John, Russell Crowe and Keith Urban performing a one-time-only rendition of \"I Still Call Australia Home\" with John and his orchestra.\n", "Foreman hosts the annual Schools Spectacular which airs on the Seven Network \"(previously on Nine)\".\n", "Section::::Live performances.\n", "Foreman conducted the Australian Philharmonic Orchestra for their \"Not New Year's Eve Concert\" at the Sydney Opera House and their \"New Year's Eve Concert\" at Hamer Hall in Melbourne in 2012, 2013 and 2014.\n", "He performed as a jazz artist at the Montréal International Jazz Festival in 1995 and the Santa Barbara International Jazz Festival in 1998 and 1999.\n", "Foreman has been musical director for theatre shows for The Production Company, including \"The Boy From Oz\", \"Dirty Rotten Scoundrels\", \"Hello, Dolly!\" and \"Anything Goes\".\n", "Section::::Creative director and television producer.\n", "Foreman was Creative Director for Australia Day in Sydney 2015, and continues in the role for 2016 and 2017. An evening concert on the steps of the Sydney Opera House on Australia Day 2015 featured Jessica Mauboy, Guy Sebastian, Sheppard, The Veronicas, Russell Morris and James Morrison.\n", "He was Creative Director for the Opening Ceremony of the 2013 Asia Pacific Special Olympics Opening Ceremony in Newcastle, which featured Human Nature, Marcia Hines, Doug Parkinson, The McClymonts and local Newcastle performers.\n", "Together with manager Richard Macionis, Foreman was Executive Producer of the Network Ten special, \"John Foreman Presents Burt Bacharach\" in 2007.\n", "Section::::Other roles.\n", "BULLET::::- Ambassador, the Australian Institute of Music (AIM).\n", "BULLET::::- Ambassador, Music: Count Us In\n", "BULLET::::- Ambassador, Special Olympics Australia.\n", "BULLET::::- Board Member, Talent Development Project (TDP).\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "Australian musician", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q15498216", "wikidata_label": "John Foreman", "wikipedia_title": "John Foreman (musician)" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "James Mercer (musician)\n", "James Russell Mercer (born December 26, 1970) is an American singer-songwriter, guitarist, and musician. He is the founder, vocalist, lead singer-songwriter, and sole remaining original member of the indie rock group The Shins. In 2009, Mercer and producer Danger Mouse formed the side project Broken Bells, for which they released a self-titled album in March 2010, followed by \"After the Disco\" in 2014. Mercer also has acted, appearing in Matt McCormick's feature film \"Some Days Are Better Than Others\", which premiered in 2010.\n", "Section::::Early life.\n", "Born in Honolulu, Hawaii, Mercer was raised Roman Catholic, but he became an atheist at age 10. His father was in the United States Air Force. Because of his father’s deployments he attended high school in both England and Germany; he lived in England from 1985 to 1990.\n", "Section::::Career.\n", "In the early 1990s, Mercer belonged to a group called Blue Roof Dinner. In 1992, Mercer founded the band Flake Music (originally called Flake) with drummer Jesse Sandoval, keyboardist Marty Crandall, and bassist Neal Langford. Together, they produced the well-received album \"When You Land Here, It's Time to Return\", and toured with Modest Mouse and Califone.\n", "Shortly after the release of \"When You Land Here\", in 1999, Mercer formed The Shins in Albuquerque, New Mexico as a side project. Mercer named the band The Shins after the family in the musical \"The Music Man\", a favorite of Mercer's father. The project began as a way to explore three-minute pop songs with conventional chord structure. Mercer recruited Jesse Sandoval to play drums and the two began performing as a duo. The Shins played with Cibo Matto and the American Analog Set, with Mercer serving as the primary songwriter for the band. As The Shins rose to popularity, Flake Music eventually disbanded in 1999, leaving Mercer, Sandoval, and Langford, who joined after Flake Music's disbanding, to focus completely on The Shins. In 2002, the band relocated to Portland, Oregon.\n", "In 2007, Mercer sang backup vocals on the tracks \"Florida,\" \"Missed the Boat,\" and \"We've Got Everything\" on Modest Mouse's album \"We Were Dead Before the Ship Even Sank\". Mercer has been credited with playing several instruments on The Shins' albums, including guitar, bass, synthesizer, ukulele, banjo, harmonium, percussion, beat and MIDI programming.\n", "Mercer began collaborating with Danger Mouse in 2005 when he performed on the song \"Insane Lullaby\" featured on the Danger Mouse/Sparklehorse album , not released officially until July 2010. After working together on the album in September 2009, Mercer and Danger Mouse announced a new project called Broken Bells, and, on March 9, 2010, released their debut self-titled album, \"Broken Bells\". They also released a second album together on February 4, 2014 titled \"After the Disco\".\n", "In 2010, Mercer acted in Matt McCormick's feature film \"Some Days Are Better Than Others\", playing the role of Eli, a directionless slacker. The film premiered at the 2010 SXSW Film and Music Festival. Also, in 2010, Mercer and Modest Mouse frontman Isaac Brock contributed original music to director Chris Malloy's \"180° South\", a documentary about adventurers in Patagonia. Of the two songs that Mercer contributed, one was a cover of Neil Young's \"Journey Through the Past.\"\n", "Section::::Musical style.\n", "Musical influences he has mentioned include The Smiths, The Cure, Echo & the Bunnymen, The Beach Boys, The Beatles, The Zombies and The Jesus and Mary Chain.\n", "Mercer is known to play a worn yellow Gibson Les Paul Double cut faded. and a Gibson J-45.\n", "With Broken Bells, Mercer has mostly been seen using a Vox Wildcat.\n", "Section::::Personal life.\n", "Mercer married designer and home decorator Marisa Kula in April 2006 in a small ceremony on Waimanalo Beach in Hawaii, where Kula was born and raised. They had met when Kula, then a journalist, was assigned to interview Mercer for a story. They have three daughters together.\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- The Shins official website\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "James Russell Mercer" ] }, "description": "American guitarist and musician", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q1394654", "wikidata_label": "James Mercer", "wikipedia_title": "James Mercer (musician)" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Chris Petersen\n", "Christopher Scott Petersen (born October 13, 1964) is an American football coach, currently head coach at the University of Washington. Previously the head coach for eight seasons at Boise State University, Petersen guided the Broncos to two BCS bowl wins: the 2007 and 2010 Fiesta Bowls. He is the first two-time winner of the Paul \"Bear\" Bryant Award, which he won in 2006 and 2009. Petersen also won the Bobby Dodd Coach of the Year Award in 2010. At Washington, Petersen led the Huskies to the College Football Playoff in 2016, but fell to Alabama in the Peach Bowl.\n", "Section::::Early life.\n", "Born and raised in Yuba City, California, Petersen played safety and quarterback for the Honkers at Yuba City High School. After graduation in 1983, he played quarterback for the Sacramento City College Panthers for two seasons, then transferred to non-scholarship UC Davis,\n", "then in Division II. He earned a bachelor's degree in psychology in 1988 and a master's degree in education from UC Davis.\n", "Section::::Coaching career.\n", "Section::::Coaching career.:Early coaching career.\n", "Petersen began his coaching career in 1987 as the head freshman coach at UC Davis under Hall of Fame coach Jim Sochor. In 1989, he became the receivers coach for the varsity, departing in 1992 to become the quarterbacks coach at Pittsburgh. While at Pittsburgh, he coached QB Alex Van Pelt to a season where he threw for over 3,100 yards with twenty touchdowns.\n", "He moved back west in 1993 to coach the quarterbacks at Portland State under Tim Walsh; the Vikings advanced to the Division II playoffs in both 1993 and 1994. Petersen moved over to Oregon in 1995 as the receivers coach, and spent six years as an assistant for the Ducks under head coach Mike Bellotti. In 1996, WR Cristin McLeMore topped 1,000 yards receiving. In 1997, WR Pat Johnson topped 1,000 yards. In 1998, WRs Damon Griffin and Tony Hartley both topped 1,000 yards on the year.\n", "In January 2001, Petersen was hired as the offensive coordinator at Boise State by newly-promoted head coach The offense peaked in 2003, scoring a school-best 602 points en route to a 13-1 season: QB Ryan Dinwiddie threw for 4,356 yards and 31 TD, RB David Mikell ran for 1,142 yards and 13 TD, and WR Tim Gilligan had 1,192 yards and 6 TD.\n", "Section::::Coaching career.:Boise State.\n", "Hawkins left Boise State for Colorado after the 2005 season, and Petersen was promoted to head coach on Sophomore tailback Ian Johnson said about the transition, \"We trusted him and knew he was going to take care of us. We knew he was a great person. He was going to recruit people just like himself. We waited for him to get everybody here and he got in the perfect people.\" Petersen had served as offensive coordinator at Boise State for five seasons and was twice nominated for the Broyles Award, given to the nation's best assistant coach.\n", "Section::::Coaching career.:Boise State.:2007 Fiesta Bowl.\n", "In his first year as head coach, Petersen led the Broncos to an undefeated regular season in 2006 and the program's first ever BCS bowl game berth. He became the fourth rookie head coach to lead a team to a BCS bowl game; Boise State was the only undefeated team in Division I FBS for the 2006 season.\n", "The Broncos defeated Big 12 champion Oklahoma in the Fiesta Bowl as only the second BCS non-AQ conference school to play in a BCS bowl, after Utah in 2004. In the 43–42 overtime win, Petersen drew particular attention for his bold play calling at the end of the game: A 50-yard hook-and-lateral play on 4th-and-18 described as \"stunning\" for a tying touchdown with just 7 seconds left in regulation, an option pass (off a direct snap to a wide receiver) on 4th-and-2 in overtime, and a \"Statue of Liberty\" misdirection play for the two-point conversion to win the game in overtime. Petersen stated, \"We were trying to get to it earlier, to tell you the truth. We needed a play like that to get it over with.\"\n", "Section::::Coaching career.:Boise State.:Improved contracts.\n", "After the undefeated season of 2006, the Idaho State Board of Education approved a new contract for Petersen on February 22, 2007, paying him $4.25 million for five years, or $850,000 was paid mostly by revenue from the Football Coaches Club, the Bronco Athletic Association booster club, and media and public appearances; state-appropriated funds covered $150,000 \n", "After leading Boise State to another undefeated regular season in 2009, Petersen was rewarded with a new five-year contract extension on January 1, 2010. The state board of education approved the new contract on April 22, which paid $8 million over five years, or $1.6 million per year. The contract also included automatic one-year extensions to the contract each time Petersen won at least eight regular \n", "Petersen's last contract in Boise was agreed to on January 3, 2012. The five-year, $18 million deal called for a base salary of $2 million for the 2012 season, with $200,000 raises in each subsequent season. It also included retention bonuses of $100,000 after two years and $200,000 in each of the final three years \n", "Section::::Coaching career.:Washington.\n", "On December 6, 2013, Petersen agreed to a five-year, $18 million contract to become the new head coach at Washington. He replaced Steve Sarkisian, who announced that he was leaving Washington to take the same position at USC three days after the 2013 Apple Cup.\n", "In Petersen's first season in 2014, Washington went 8–6 and lost in the Cactus Bowl to Oklahoma State. During the season, Petersen became the quickest active FBS coach to reach 100 wins, achieving the mark in just 117 games as a head coach. \n", "In 2015, a young Huskies team finished 7–6, including an upset at USC against Sarkisian. Washington defeated Southern Miss in the Heart of Dallas Bowl. Petersen signed a two-year contract extension near the end of the 2015 season.\n", "The 2016 Huskies had one of the best seasons in Washington history, winning the Pac-12 championship and earning a berth to the program's first-ever College Football Playoff. In the Pac-12 Championship, No. 4 Washington defeated No. 9 Colorado 41–10 at Levi's Stadium. On December 31, 2016, Alabama beat Washington 24–7 in the Peach Bowl, ending the Huskies' season. After the season, Petersen's contract was extended through 2023 with an average salary of $4.875 million per year. This new contract makes Petersen the highest paid coach in the Pac-12. \n", "Washington posted back-to-back 10-win seasons for the first time since 1990–91 after going 10–3 in 2017. The Huskies played in a New Year's Six bowl, losing to Penn State in the Fiesta Bowl. \n", "Petersen led the Huskies to another Pac-12 title in 2018. UW defeated Utah 10–3 in the title game to clinch a berth in the Rose Bowl against Ohio State. During the season, Washington beat No. 7 Washington State in the Apple Cup, marking the Huskies' sixth straight rivalry win over the Cougars under Petersen.The Huskies played in the Rose Bowl and lost to Ohio State 28-23.\n", "Section::::Personal life.\n", "Petersen and his wife, Barbara, are the parents of two sons, Jack and Sam. His father, Ron Petersen, a Seattle native who grew up watching University of Washington football games on television as a boy, still lives in Yuba City.\n", "Section::::Honors.\n", "BULLET::::- Paul \"Bear\" Bryant Award in 2006 and 2009\n", "BULLET::::- Western Athletic Conference Coach of the Year in 2008\n", "BULLET::::- Bobby Dodd Coach of the Year Award in 2010\n", "Section::::Coaching tree.\n", "Assistant coaches under Chris Petersen who became NCAA head coaches:\n", "BULLET::::- Sean Kugler: UTEP (2013–2017)\n", "BULLET::::- Bryan Harsin: Arkansas State (2013), Boise State (2014–present)\n", "BULLET::::- Jeff Choate: Montana State (2016–present)\n", "BULLET::::- Justin Wilcox: California (2017–present)\n", "BULLET::::- Jonathan Smith: Oregon State (2018–present)\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Washington profile\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Harry James Angus\n", "Harry James Angus (born 11 June 1982 Melbourne, Victoria) is an Australian singer-songwriter, trumpet player and guitarist. He is one of the lead vocalists in the Melbourne band The Cat Empire along with Felix Riebl. He joined the group in early 2000. He is the nephew of comedian, actress and writer, Mary-Anne Fahey (famous for playing Kylie Mole on The Comedy Company).\n", "Section::::History.\n", "Angus has been playing trumpet since the age of twelve and learnt to scat from listening to the Jazz greats. He went to primary school at Malvern Primary School, where he would often perform as a vocalist at school assemblies. He then went to high school at McKinnon Secondary College and was taught by Ian Orr in Melbourne before studying at the Victorian College of the Arts. In 2006, he appeared twice as a panelist on the ABC Australian Music Quiz show \"Spicks and Specks\". Angus is also part of The Conglomerate, a four-piece Melbourne jazz band. He also played basketball for the Malvern Tigers Basketball Club, and used to wear the club's black and yellow singlet while performing at gigs.\n", "He is married to Emily Lubitz, the lead singer of Tinpan Orange.\n", "Section::::Jackson Jackson.\n", "His current side project, Jackson Jackson, is a partnership with producer and film composer Jan Skubiszewski (\"Two Hands\", \"The Rage in Placid Lake\", \"Last Man Standing\"). \"Jackson Jackson and the New Apocalypso Beat\" features Melbourne trio \"The Genie\" (composed of Ollie McGill on keyboards and keytar, Ryan Monro on bass and Will Hull-Brown on drums). His backing singers are known as \"The Jackson Jackson 5\" (comprising Elana Stone, Karishma Sadhai, Bec Ari, Chantal Mitvalsky and Rory Osman). Jackson Jackson are signed to EMI and their debut album \"The Fire Is On The Bird\" was released in March 2007.\n", "Jackson Jackson played shows in Melbourne, Sydney and Brisbane in mid-March 2007 as part of their \"Sneak Preview\" tour.\n", "In 2008 they released their second album \"Tools for Survival\".\n", "Section::::Other projects.\n", "Angus is a member of The Conglomerate, and plays trumpet on four tracks of the debut album Aroona Palace by Tinpan Orange, which also features Ollie McGill.\n", "He has also released two folk/acoustic solo albums, Live at the Famous Spiegeltent in 2008, and Little Stories in 2011.\n", "In 2012 Angus wrote the club song for the newest club in the AFL, the Greater Western Sydney Giants.\n", "Section::::Discography.\n", "Section::::Discography.:The Cat Empire.\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Cat Empire\" (2003)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Two Shoes\" (2005)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Cities: The Cat Empire Project\" (2006)\n", "BULLET::::- \"So Many Nights\" (2007)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Live on Earth\" (2009)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Cinema\" (2010)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Steal the Light\" (2013)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Rising With the Sun\" (2016)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Stolen Diamonds\" (2019)\n", "Section::::Discography.:Jackson Jackson.\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Fire Is On The Bird\" (2007)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Tools For Survival\" (2008)\n", "Section::::Discography.:The Conglomerate.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Go To The Beach\n", "BULLET::::- \"Hold Your Breath\n", "Section::::Discography.:With Tinpan Orange.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Aroona Palace\" (2005)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Bottom Of The Lake\" (2009) (producer, also plays harmonium, piano, whistles, keyboard, percussion, guitar)\n", "Section::::Discography.:Solo albums.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Live at the Famous Spiegeltent\" (2008)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Little Stories\" (2011)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Struggle With Glory\" (2018)\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- The Cat Empire\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Cat Empire Info\n", "BULLET::::- Harry Angus - Unofficial fan site\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Abby Howe Turner\n", "Section::::Life.\n", "Turner was born in Nashua, New Hampshire. She was the daughter of Emeline Mehitabel Cogswell and George Turner. She received her B.A. from Mount Holyoke in 1896. She then studied at the University of Pennsylvania, the University of Chicago, and the Harvard Medical School. She received her Ph.D. from Radcliffe College in 1926. She did research on students whilst she both taught and worked in a lab at Mount Holyoke from 1896 until her retirement in 1940. She specialized in colloid osmotic pressure and circulatory reactions to gravity. In one of her studies, Turner worked with student majoring and physiology and physical education to study the effects of posture on blood flow on the female body. She died in 1957.\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Harry W. Gerstad\n", "Harry W. Gerstad, born Harry Donald Gerstad (June 11, 1909 – July 17, 2002) was an American film editor who sometimes directed films. The Academy Award-winning editor also worked on television. He edited as well as directed for the 1950s program \"Adventures of Superman\". In the 1960s he worked for Bing Crosby Productions and Batjac Productions. Gerstad retired to Palm Springs, California in 1973.\n", "Section::::Noteworthy films.\n", "Gerstad's editing work spanned more than 40 films, including \"The Spiral Staircase\" (1946), \"Crossfire\" (1947), \"Rocketship X-M\" (1950), \"Batman\" (1966), \"The War Wagon\" (1967) and \"Walking Tall\" (1973).\n", "Section::::Awards and nominations.\n", "He won the Academy Award for Best Film Editing (the \"Oscar\") twice: for the boxing drama \"Champion\" in 1949 and for Fred Zinnemann's seminal Western \"High Noon\" in 1952. Although Elmo Williams, who was co-editor of \"High Noon\", indicated in his autobiography that Gerstad's credit was a nominal one. However, in that time-frame, the editorial supervisor/supervising film editor (Gerstad's title in \"High Noon\", and other films in that time-frame) was usually and very often contractually given superior credit to his subordinate editor(s) (in this case, Williams, who consequently received subordinate credit), and one significant responsibility of Gerstad's superior position was in selecting and hiring his subordinate editor(s), in this case Williams, who had not previously worked on a Stanley Kramer production, and would not work on a subsequent Kramer production.\n", "In 1997, Gerstad received the American Cinema Editors Career Achievement Award.\n", "Gerstad was honored with a Palm Springs Walk of Stars Golden Palm Star in 2003.\n", "Section::::Selected filmography.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Tough Assignment\" (1949)\n", "BULLET::::- \"13 Fighting Men\" (1960)\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Maurice Mazel\n", "Maurice Mazel was a prominent Chicago surgeon who founded Edgewater Hospital. Edgewater Hospital was a major medical center in Chicago for many decades, until it closed in the late 1990s after substantial Medicare and Medicaid fraud blacklisted it from receiving further business from Federal or State medical programs. \n", "Edgewater Hospital was the birthplace of Hillary Clinton and John Wayne Gacy.\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Brian Crozier\n", "Brian Rossiter Crozier (4 August 1918 in Shire of Cloncurry, Queensland – 4 August 2012) was a historian, strategist and journalist.\n", "Section::::Biography.\n", "Born in Australia, Crozier grew up in France, learning French. His family then moved to England, where he received a scholarship to study piano and composition at the Trinity College of Music in London. Early in life he believed in communism, as a reaction to the Great Depression and to Adolf Hitler, but later he changed his philosophy and worked to combat it.\n", "Crozier eventually became interested in journalism and pursued a career that led him to become a foreign correspondent for Reuters, a columnist for \"The Economist,\" a reporter for the BBC and - during a brief return to Australia - a writer for \"The Sydney Morning Herald\".\n", "Crozier worked as the director of \"Forum World Features\", set up in 1966 by the Congress for Cultural Freedom, which had ties to the American Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). While editing the \"Economist\"'s \"insider\" news-sheet \"Foreign Report\", Crozier, as he later recorded in his memoirs, kept some of the best stories that reached him for the CIA. He stated in 1975 that \"Forum World Features\" had broken all ties to the CIA when he became its director in the 1960s.\n", "In 1970, Crozier founded the Institute for the Study of Conflict, based in London, to study insurgencies and terrorism. He presided over it for most of the 1970s. According to a profile written by David Rees in 1985 for the American fortnightly \"National Review\" \"the Institute...was the first private think-tank devoted to the study of terrorism and subversion\". Under his direction (he left in 1979) the institute specialised in the study of the \"peacetime\" strategy of the Soviet Union. Its analyses, including the \"Annual of Power and Conflict\" which it published for ten years, have been used in war colleges throughout the West.\n", "For many years Crozier wrote a regular column, \"The Protracted Conflict\", in the \"National Review\". Joseph D'Agostino of \"Human Events\" states: \"Crozier has another distinction: in 1988 he appeared in the \"Guinness Book of World Records\" for having interviewed the most heads of state or government, 58 in all.\"\n", "Crozier provided advice to the British Secret Intelligence Service, to the Information Research Department (IRD) of the British Foreign Office, and to the CIA. Lecturing to Britain's staff college for army officers during the early 1970s, when the Labour Party was in power under Harold Wilson, Crozier stated if the government went \"too far\", it was the armed forces' duty to intervene (he claimed that he was enthusiastically applauded). In 1982 it was revealed from the papers of former Bavarian state security chief Hans Langemann that Crozier was an attendant of Le Cercle and headed a secret international group that tried to influence the West German federal election of 1980 by using secret-service connections and cover-up financial transactions to make Franz Josef Strauß Chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany.\n", "HarperCollins published Crozier's autobiography, \"Free Agent: The Unseen War 1941–1991\", in 1993, revised and corrected in paperback edition in 1994.\n", "Crozier was a Distinguished Visiting Fellow on War, Revolution, and Peace of the Hoover Institution. He was also a member of the international advisory council of the Victims of Communism Memorial Foundation. In 1985, he signed a petition in support for the far-right paramilitary Contras (Nicaragua).\n", "Section::::Selected works.\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Rebels: A Study of Postwar Insurrections\" (1960)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Morning After: A Study of Independence\" (1963)\n", "BULLET::::- \"South East Asia in Turmoil\" (1965)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Franco: A Biographical History\" (1967)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Since Stalin\" (1970)\n", "BULLET::::- \"De Gaulle\" (1973, ; reprinted 1990)\n", "BULLET::::- \"A Theory of Conflict\". New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1974.\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Man Who Lost China: The First Full Biography of Chiang Kai-shek\" (1976)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Strategy of Survival\" (1978)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Free Agent: The Unseen War, 1941-1991\". London: HarperCollins, 1993.\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Rise and Fall of the Soviet Empire\" (1999)\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Brian Crozier papers at the Hoover Institution Archives\n", "BULLET::::- \"Brian Crozier obituary\" by Richard Norton-Taylor in \"The Guardian,\" 9 August 2012\n", "BULLET::::- \"Brian Crozier: Intelligence and security expert who fought communism and founded his own spy network,\" obituary by Chris Bellamy in \"The Independent\", 13 August 2012\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Alex Cord\n", "Alex Cord (born Alexander Viespi Jr.; May 3, 1933) is a retired American actor who is best known for his portrayal of Michael Coldsmith Briggs III, better known as Archangel, in 55 episodes of the television series \"Airwolf\" (1984–1986). Early in his career, he was credited as Alex Viespi.\n", "Section::::Biography.\n", "Born in Floral Park, New York, Cord was stricken with polio at the age of 12. His parents were Alexander Viespi sr. and Marie Paladino. Cord's father is Romanian descent, mother is Italo-American. His family then moved to Wyoming, where doctors advised him to take up horseback riding as a therapeutic exercise. This helped him recover from the disease by the time he was 16. Cord attended New York University in New York City and the American Shakespeare Theatre at Stratford, Connecticut.\n", "In July 1960, Cord (billed under his real name) acted in a production of \"The Curious Savage\" in Canal Fulton, Ohio. He had a role in the 1961 episode \"The Mountain Men\" of the TV series \"Laramie\". Cord's second role came a month later as Nino Sanchez in the episode \"Winter Quarters\" of \"Frontier Circus\". In 1962, he appeared as Larry Rome in the episode \"Take a Number\" of the crime drama \"Cain's Hundred\".\n", "Cord appeared in the 1962 film \"The Chapman Report\", directed by George Cukor. He briefly enjoyed a leading man status on the big and small screen during the 1960s and 1970s, and starred or co-starred in mostly crime dramas, action films, and westerns.\n", "In 1963 and 1964, Cord was cast as different characters in five episodes of the series \"Route 66\", including the role of Michael in the two-part \"Where There's a Will, There's a Way.\" In 1964, he played the part of Sam in the episode \"If Your Grandmother Had Wheels\" of \"East Side/West Side\", starring George C. Scott. During this same period, he appeared twice on \"Naked City\", starring Paul Burke.\n", "In 1965, Cord was cast as Jed Colbee in the episode \"Survival\" of \"Branded\", starring Chuck Connors as a United States Army officer trying to clear his name of a false accusation of cowardice.\n", "In 1966, he played the Ringo Kid, the role originally portrayed by John Wayne in John Ford's 1939 version, in a remake of \"Stagecoach\", which arguably remains Cord's most heavily publicized endeavor.\n", "Cord co-starred with Kirk Douglas in \"The Brotherhood\", about a Mafia figure being sent to murder his own brother.\n", "In 1974, Cord worked twice with Diana Muldaur: as a guest-star on her weekly NBC series \"Born Free\" and as her love interest in the motion picture \"Chosen Survivors\", an apocalyptic horror film that acquired a cult status.\n", "Cord is among a handful of actors to appear on both the original and revival versions of CBS's \"\". Cord also is known to science fiction enthusiasts for having portrayed Dylan Hunt in the failed 1973 television pilot \"Genesis II,\" which was created by Gene Roddenberry. In 1977, he starred as the title character in the epic western \"Grayeagle\".\n", "In 1972, he appeared as Pete Brown in the episode \"The Sodbusters\" of \"Gunsmoke\". In 1973, he played the role of Haynes in \"The Night of the Long Knives\" on \"The F.B.I.\", starring Efrem Zimbalist, Jr. From 1973 to 1976, he appeared in four episodes of \"Police Story\". In 1979 and 1981, he appeared twice on \"The Love Boat\". In 1988, Cord was cast in an episode of \"Simon and Simon\"; in 1988 and 1992, he appeared on \"Jake and the Fatman\". He also appeared in an episode of the \"War of the World\", a TV series. He appeared twice in \"Murder, She Wrote\", starring Angela Lansbury. In 1995, Cord played the character Larry Curtis in the episode \"The Guardians\" of \"Walker, Texas Ranger\".\n", "Cord had two children, daughter Toni Aluisa and son Wayne Viespi. Toni is the daughter of Mary Ann Hutchinson, whom Alex never married, and Wayne was the product of his first marriage. His second marriage was to actress Joanna Pettet. His third marriage was to author Susannah Boye-Moller Cord. He is the godfather of Michael Vincent Flaherty, son of Vince Flaherty. \n", "Cord now resides in Fort Worth, Texas. Cord suggested that Robert Fuller, his friend from \"Laramie\", also move to Texas to raise horses. Fuller and his second wife Jennifer Savidge did relocate to Cooke County in 2004. Cord and Fuller often make appearances at western film festivals highlighting their continuing mutual interest in \"The Spirit of the Cowboy.\"\n", "Section::::Partial filmography.\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Chapman Report\" (1962) - Bardelli\n", "BULLET::::- \"Synanon\" (1965) - Zankie Albo\n", "BULLET::::- \"Stagecoach\" (1966) - Ringo Kid\n", "BULLET::::- \"A Minute to Pray, a Second to Die\" (1968) - Clay McCord\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Brotherhood\" (1968) - Vince Ginetta\n", "BULLET::::- \"Stiletto\" (1969) - Count Cesare Cardinali\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Last Grenade\" (1970) - Kip Thompson\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Dead Are Alive\" (1972) - Jason Porter\n", "BULLET::::- \"Genesis II\" (1973) - Dylan Hunt\n", "BULLET::::- \"Chosen Survivors\" (1974) - Steven Mayes\n", "BULLET::::- \"Inn of the Damned\" (1975) - Cal Kincaid\n", "BULLET::::- \"Fire!\" (1977) - Packard Gentry\n", "BULLET::::- \"Grayeagle\" (1977) - Greyeagle\n", "BULLET::::- \"Beggarman, Thief\" (1979) - Evans Kinsella\n", "BULLET::::- \"Goliath Awaits\" (1981) - Dr. Sam Marlowe\n", "BULLET::::- \"Jungle Warriors\" (1984) - Nick Spilotro\n", "BULLET::::- \"Airwolf\" TV Series (1984 -1986) - Michael Coldsmith \"Archangel\" Briggs III\n", "BULLET::::- \"\" (1988) - Dravko Demchuk\n", "BULLET::::- \"Uninvited\" (1988) - Walter Graham\n", "BULLET::::- \"Street Asylum\" (1990) - Capt. Bill Quinton\n", "BULLET::::- \"A Girl to Kill For\" (1990) - Mike / Wino\n", "BULLET::::- \"Joey Takes a Cab\" (1991)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Roots of Evil\" (1992) - Jake\n", "BULLET::::- \"\" (1992) - Victor Mahler\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Naked Truth\" (1992) - Herskovitz\n", "BULLET::::- \"Fire from Below\" (2009) - General Mark 'Stonewall' Jackson\n", "Section::::Awards.\n", "BULLET::::- Award of the London Critics Circle, nominee for Best Actor\n", "BULLET::::- 1966 Golden Laurel, nominee for New Faces\n", "BULLET::::- 2001 Golden Boot Award, winner\n", "Section::::Bibliography.\n", "BULLET::::- Alex Cord: \"Sandsong\"; Warner Books, 1976 (ASIN: B000R321IY)\n", "BULLET::::- Alex Cord: \"A Feather in the Rain\"; Five Star Publications, 1995\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Senya Fleshin\n", "Senya Fleshin (19 December 1894, in Kiev, Russian Empire – 19 June 1981, in Mexico City, Mexico) was an anarchist revolutionary and photographer.\n", "Section::::Early life.\n", "Senya Fleshin was born in Kiev on 19 December 1894. When he was sixteen, his family emigrated to the United States and settled in New York City. He worked for \"Mother Earth\", an anarchist journal published by Emma Goldman.\n", "Section::::Life in Soviet Russia..\n", "In 1917 Fleshin returned to Russia to take part in the Russian Revolution, where he had an affair with Louise Berger, another of Goldman's \"Mother Earth\" employees who had voluntarily decided to return to Russia, and who had accompanied him on the voyage. Fleshin was soon in conflict with the Bolshevik government; Berger eventually left him and went to Odessa to join a group of \"naletchiki\" (armed bandits) carrying out 'bank expropriations'. When Fleshin wrote an article criticizing Bolshevist government policies, he was arrested and imprisoned.\n", "Soon after being released he met Molly Steimer, an anarchist who had been deported from the United States. Angered by the communists' suppression of the Russian anarchist movement, Senya and Molly organized the \"Society to Help Anarchist Prisoners\", traveling to assist incarcerated comrades. On 1 November 1922, the two were themselves arrested by the Soviet secret police on charges of \"aiding criminal elements in Russia\" (i.e. assisting other anarchists) and \"maintaining ties with anarchists abroad\" (they had been corresponding with Berkman and Goldman, then in Berlin).\n", "Sentenced to two years' exile in a Siberian labor camp by Soviet authorities, Fleshin and Steimer declared a hunger strike on 17 November in jail in Petrograd jail, and released the next day. They were forbidden, however, to leave the city and were ordered to report to the authorities every forty-eight hours. Before long, the couple had resumed their efforts on behalf of their imprisoned comrades. On 9 July 1923, police raided their apartment and they were again placed under arrest, charged with propagating anarchist ideas, in violation of Art. 60-63 of the Soviet Criminal Code. Sequestered from their fellow prisoners, Fleshin and Steimer again declared a hunger strike. Protests to Leon Trotsky by foreign anarcho-syndicalist delegates, including Emma Goldman, who wrote a personal letter of protest to a congress of the Red International of Trade Unions (Profintern) eventually brought about their release. This time, however, they were notified of their impending expulsion from the country. On 27 September 1923, Fleshin and Steimer were officially deported, and placed aboard a ship bound for Germany.\n", "Section::::Later career.\n", "Together with Molly Steimer, Fleshin opened a photographic studio in Berlin. Fleshin was active in the Joint Committee for the Defense of Revolutionaries (1923–26), and the Relief Fund of the International Working Men's Association for Anarchists (1926–32).\n", "When Hitler came to power, Fleshin and Molly Steimer were forced to flee to Paris. On 18 May 1940, Steimer was arrested by the French government and interned at Camp Gurs.\n", "After seven weeks of imprisonment, Steimer, aided by French anarchist friends, including May Picqueray (1893-1983), editor of \"Le Réfractaire\", managed to escape Camp Gurs during its chaotic turnover to Vichy control. Picqueray helped smuggle Fleshin and Steimer out of the country to Mexico, where they settled, running a photography studio.\n", "Section::::Death.\n", "Senya Fleshin died in Mexico City, on 19 June 1981, aged 86.\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Senya Flechin page from the Daily Bleed's Anarchist Encyclopedia\n" ] }

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