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{ "paragraph": [ "Rick Mears\n", "Rick Ravon Mears (born December 3, 1951 in Wichita, Kansas), also known by the nickname \"Rocket Rick\", is a retired American race car driver. He is one of three men to win the Indianapolis 500 four times (1979, 1984, 1988, 1991), and is the current record-holder for pole positions in the race with six (1979, 1982, 1986, 1988, 1989, 1991). Mears is also a three-time Indycar series/World Series champion (1979, 1981 and 1982).\n", "Section::::Biography.\n", "Section::::Biography.:Early years.\n", "Mears was raised in Bakersfield, California, and began his racing career in off-road racing. He switched to Indy Car racing in the late 1970s, making his debut for the small Art Sugai team, driving an Eagle-Offenhauser. His speed attracted the attention of Roger Penske. Although at the time Penske Racing had the services of Mario Andretti and Tom Sneva, Andretti was also racing in Formula One with Lotus, and Penske wanted another young driver who would focus exclusively on American racing. For 1978, Mears was offered a part-time ride in nine of the 18 championship races, filling in when Andretti was overseas. The arrangement also included a ride at the Indianapolis 500.\n", "In his rookie appearance at Indy, Mears qualified on the front row, and was the first rookie to qualify over 200 mph. When the race began, Mears discovered his helmet was not strapped on tight enough and he had to pit to get it safely secured. He did not lead a lap and retired at 104 laps with a blown engine. He ended up sharing \"Rookie of the Year\" honors with Larry Rice. Two weeks later, at the Rex Mays 150, he won his first race. He added another win a month later at Atlanta and rounded off the year with his first road course win at Brands Hatch.\n", "Section::::Biography.:1979.\n", "In 1979 the National Championship sanction changed from the USAC to CART. At Indianapolis he won his first \"500\", staying at the front of the field, taking advantage when Bobby Unser fell out of contention with mechanical trouble. Three wins and four second places in the eleven CART-eligible races won Mears his first championship. His worst finish in the season was seventh in Trenton's second heat.\n", "Section::::Biography.:1980.\n", "In 1980 the ground effect Chaparral was technologically more advanced than the other chassis, and Johnny Rutherford drove it to his 3rd Indianapolis 500 win, going on to dominate the season. Mears finished in fourth place in the points with one win, scored at Mexico City.\n", "In 1980 Mears had tested a Formula One Brabham and he declined an offer.\n", "Section::::Biography.:1981–1982.\n", "The 1981 and 1982 seasons saw two more championships for Mears. Despite facial burns during a pit fire in the 1981 Indianapolis 500, Mears' ten race victories in the two-year span were enough for another two Indycar championship titles. At the 1982 Indianapolis 500 he came within 0.16 of a second of adding a second Indy win. With less than 20 laps to go, during Mears' final pit stop, the crew filled the entire tank rather than giving him only the amount he needed to finish. The delay left him more than 11 seconds behind Gordon Johncock. Mears made up the difference when Johncock suffered handling problems, but failed to secure the win. The photo-finish would stand for 10 years as the closest finish to an Indy 500. The photo-finish also muffled out the controversial pace-lap crash with teammate Kevin Cogan who appeared to have spun out for no apparent reason; fellow drivers such as Gordon Johncock, Johnny Rutherford, and Bobby Unser, charged Mears with causing the crash by bringing the field down at a slow pace.\n", "Section::::Biography.:1983–1984.\n", "For 1983 the Penske team would acquire the Pennzoil sponsorship with its yellow paint scheme. Teammate Al Unser took that year's title. The team switched to the March chassis for the 1984 Indianapolis 500 after the Penske chassis proved unsuccessful in the first two races of the year. Mears scored his second Indy win that May but suffered severe leg injuries later in the year in a crash at Sanair Super Speedway. The March chassis, like most contemporary open-wheel racing cars, sat the driver far forward in the nose, with little protection for the legs and feet.\n", "Section::::Biography.:1985–1987.\n", "After the Sanair crash, Mears was slowed by the injuries to his right foot that affected him throughout the remainder of his career. Over the next three seasons, he won only two races. He completed a comeback from his injuries by winning the 1985 Pocono 500. In 1986, he won the pole position for the Indy 500, but finished only 3rd. He also won the 1987 Pocono 500.\n", "Section::::Biography.:1988–1990.\n", "In 1988, after several years using the March chassis, the Penske team utilized a new car, the PC-17, with a Chevrolet racing engine. Mears used the new car to win the Indy 500. A year later, he took a record-setting fifth pole position at Indy, but retired from the race with mechanical problems. Emerson Fittipaldi took the 500 and also beat Mears to the Championship in the last race at Laguna Seca Raceway, despite Mears winning that race. Also, that last race of 1989 set Mears apart from all other Indycar racers as he broke a tie with Bobby Rahal for race wins and became the most successful Indycar racer of the 1980s. In his winner's circle interview, when asked about breaking his road course dry spell when his specialty has been ovals through the years, he replied to Jack Arute, \"Well, I guess there is hope for us old circle track drivers after all.\"\n", "Fittipaldi joined Mears at Penske for 1990, but the year belonged to Al Unser, Jr., who scored six wins. 1990 would be Mears' last in the Pennzoil paint scheme as Marlboro took over as sponsor of the team, and Jim Hall re-entered Indycar.\n", "Section::::Biography.:1991–1992.\n", "In 1991 during a practice session Mears hit the wall at Indianapolis for the first time in his career. The next day, he climbed into his backup car and claimed his record 6th career pole position. Twenty laps from the end of the 500, it looked like Mears was set to be the runner-up behind Michael Andretti. However, when a subsequent yellow flag period erased Andretti's 15-second lead, Mears gained the lead as Andretti opted to pit for fuel. It would be a short-lived lead as Andretti passed Mears around the outside into the first turn. A lap later Mears regained the lead, using the same move Andretti had. Turning up his turbocharger, he then pulled away to win a fourth Indy 500, making him one of only three individuals to do so. In August 1991, at Michigan, he won his last race. At the 1992 Indy 500 Mears broke a wrist in a crash during practice and then crashed out of the race for the first time in his career as he could not avoid Jim Crawford's spinning car in turn 1. He raced only four more times in 1992, and then announced his retirement from racing Indycars at the Penske team's Christmas party. No one except Penske himself and Rick's wife, Chris, knew of his plans to retire. He had just turned 41 years old.\n", "As of 2016, Rick Mears continues to work as a consultant and spotter for Hélio Castroneves and Penske Racing, the team with which he won all of his Indycar races.\n", "Section::::Personal life.\n", "Mears is the brother of Roger Mears, father of off-road and open-wheel racer Clint Mears, and the uncle of former NASCAR Monster Energy Cup Series driver Casey Mears.\n", "Section::::Awards.\n", "BULLET::::- In 1997, he was inducted into the International Motorsports Hall of Fame.\n", "BULLET::::- Mears was inducted into the Indianapolis Motor Speedway Hall of Fame in 1998.\n", "BULLET::::- He was inducted in the Motorsports Hall of Fame of America in 1998.\n", "BULLET::::- Inducted into Team Penske Hall of Fame on May 25, 2017\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- The Greatest 33\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "Rick Ravon Mears" ] }, "description": "American racecar driver", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q961554", "wikidata_label": "Rick Mears", "wikipedia_title": "Rick Mears" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Faustina the Elder\n", "Annia Galeria Faustina, sometimes referred to as Faustina I (Latin: Faustina Major; born on February 16 around 100 CE; died in October or November of 140 CE), was a Roman empress and wife of the Roman emperor Antoninus Pius. The emperor Marcus Aurelius was her nephew and later became her adopted son, along with Emperor Lucius Verus. She died early in the principate of Antoninus Pius, but continued to be prominently commemorated as a \"diva\", posthumously playing a prominent symbolic role during his reign.\n", "Section::::Early life.\n", "Faustina was the only known daughter of consul and prefect Marcus Annius Verus and Rupilia Faustina. Her brothers were consul Marcus Annius Libo and praetor Marcus Annius Verus. Her maternal aunts were Roman Empress Vibia Sabina and Matidia Minor. Her paternal grandfather was named Marcus Annius Verus, like her father, while her maternal grandparents were Salonia Matidia (niece of Roman Emperor Trajan) and suffect consul Lucius Scribonius Libo Rupilius Frugi Bonus. Faustina was born and raised in Rome.\n", "While a private citizen, she married Antoninus Pius between 110 and 115 CE. Faustina bore four children with Pius: two sons and two daughters. These were:\n", "BULLET::::- Marcus Aurelius Fulvius Antoninus (died before 138); his sepulchral inscription has been found at the Mausoleum of Hadrian in Rome.\n", "BULLET::::- Marcus Galerius Aurelius Antoninus (died before 138); his sepulchral inscription has been found at the Mausoleum of Hadrian in Rome. He is commemorated by a high-quality series of bronze coins, possibly struck at Rome, though their language is Greek.\n", "BULLET::::- Aurelia Fadilla (died in 135); she married Aelius Lamia Silvanus or Syllanus. She appears to have had no children with her husband and her sepulchral inscription has been found in Italy.\n", "BULLET::::- Annia Galeria Faustina Minor or Faustina the Younger (between 125-130 to 175), a future Roman Empress; she married her maternal cousin, future Roman Emperor Marcus Aurelius. She was the only child who survived to see Antoninus and Faustina elevated to the imperial rank.\n", "According to the unreliable \"Historia Augusta\", there were rumours while Antoninus was proconsul of Asia that Faustina conducted herself with \"excessive frankness and levity\".\n", "Section::::Empress.\n", "On July 10, 138, her uncle, the emperor Hadrian, died and her husband became the new emperor, as Antoninus was Hadrian's adopted son and heir. Faustina became Roman Empress and the Senate accorded her the title of \"Augusta\". As empress, Faustina was well respected and was renowned for her beauty and wisdom. Throughout her life, as a private citizen and as empress, Faustina was involved in assisting charities for the poor and sponsoring and assisting in the education of Roman children, particularly girls. A letter between Fronto and Antoninus Pius has sometimes been taken as an index of the latter's devotion to her.\n", "After Antoninus Pius' accession to the principate, the couple never left Italy; instead, they divided their time between Rome, Antoninus' favourite estate at Lorium, and other properties at Lanuvium, Tusculum, and Signia.\n", "Faustina's personal style was evidently much admired and emulated. Her distinctive hairstyle, consisting of braids pulled back in a bun behind or on top of her head, was imitated for two or three generations in the Roman world.\n", "Several provincial groups chose to honour her while she was empress: a company of couriers in Ephesus named themselves after her, while a company of clapper-players in Puteoli dedicated an altar to her in her own lifetime.\n", "Section::::Death and legacy.\n", "Faustina died near Rome in 140, perhaps at Antoninus Pius' estate at Lorium. Antoninus was devastated at Faustina's death and took several steps to honor her memory. He had the Senate deify her (her \"apotheosis\" was portrayed on an honorary column) and dedicate the Temple of Faustina to her in the Roman Forum. The Senate authorized gold and silver statues of her, including an image to appear in the circus, where it might be displayed in a \"carpentum\" (a kind of covered waggon) or \"currus elephantorum\" (a cart drawn by elephants). Antoninus also ordered various coins with her portrait struck, inscribed (\"Divine Faustina\") and elaborately decorated. He also established a charity called \"Puellae Faustinianae\" (\"Girls of Faustina\") to assist orphaned Roman girls and created a new \"alimenta\" (see Grain supply to the city of Rome). Her remains were interred in the Mausoleum of Hadrian. Certain cities struck coin issues in honour of the \"divine Faustina\" (); the most notable such cities were Delphi, Alexandria, Bostra, and Nicopolis. Martin Beckmann suggests that the coins of Nicopolis might have been minted at Rome and given out as imperial largesse at the Actian Games. The coins issued in the wake of Faustina's funeral illustrate her elaborate funeral pyre, which may have influenced the design of later private mausolea; the deities Pietas and Aeternitas, among others; and an eagle (or less often a winged genius) bearing a figure aloft, with the legend (i.e. Faustina's ascension into heaven). Coins of Faustina were sometimes incorporated into jewellery and worn as amulets.\n", "The posthumous cult of Faustina was exceptionally widespread, and Faustina's image continued to be omnipresent throughout Antoninus Pius' principate. A colossal marble head, believed to be that of Faustina and discovered in 2008, figured as one of several monumental imperial statues at the ancient site of Sagalassos in today's Turkey. In Olympia, Herodes Atticus dedicated a nymphaeum that displayed statues of Faustina and other Antonines as well as his own ancestors. Faustina also appears on the at Ephesus commemorating members of the imperial family. Bergmann and Watson have characterized the commemoration of Faustina as central to Antoninus Pius' political persona. One larger-than-life statue, discovered \"in situ\" near the Termini railway station at Rome, appears to depict Faustina as Concordia, with a patera and cornucopia; it would have been displayed alongside statues of Diana Lucifera and Apollo-Sol in baths privately owned but available to the public.\n", "Antoninus and Faustina were officially held up as such exemplars of conjugal harmony that newlyweds were directed to pray at an altar of Antoninus and Faustina that they might live up to their example. This was evidently the case in Ostia, and probably so in Rome.\n", "The Temple of Faustina is thought to have been dedicated in 144 CE. It is a grand hexastyle structure with Corinthian columns, possibly designed originally to be a temple of Ceres. Depictions on coins appear to show a cult image of Faustina seated on a throne and holding a tall staff in her left hand. Faustina's portrait on coins from this period is often crowned as well as veiled, which may also recall a feature of Faustina's cult image from the temple.\n", "The deified Faustina was associated particularly closely with Ceres, who featured prominently on coins of Faustina; for some years, the torch-bearing Ceres was the dominant motif in her gold coinage. Herodes Atticus venerated Faustina as the “new Demeter” (the Greek equivalent of Ceres) at a private sanctuary he established outside Rome, now the church of Sant'Urbano. In addition to Ceres, Vesta and Juno feature prominently in Faustina's coinage. She was also associated with the Magna Mater and at Cyrene with Isis; at Sardis she was worshipped conjointly with Artemis.\n", "Ten years after Faustina's death, a new commemorative coinage was introduced, featuring the legend Aeternitas ('eternity'); such coins may have been introduced to be distributed at a public ceremony in her memory.\n", "After Antoninus Pius' death, his adoptive sons and successors Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus erected the Column of Antoninus Pius, which dramatically depicted Antoninus and Faustina being elevated heavenward together on the back of a winged figure.\n", "Faustina continued to be commemorated in certain Renaissance depictions as a “model wife”.\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Pierre Nord Alexis\n", "Pierre Nord Alexis (2 August 1820 – 1 May 1910) was President of Haiti from 21 December 1902 to 2 December 1908.\n", "Section::::Early life.\n", "He was the son of a high-ranking official in the regime of Henri Christophe, and Blézine Georges, Christophe's illegitimate daughter. Alexis joined the army in the 1830s, serving President Jean-Louis Pierrot, his father-in-law, as an aide-de-camp.\n", "Section::::Career.\n", "In the ensuing years, he had a tumultuous career: he was exiled in 1874 but was allowed to return to Haiti a few years later by President Pierre Théoma Boisrond-Canal. During the presidency of Lysius Salomon, he was a vocal leader of the opposition, enduring several jail sentences before Salomon was finally ousted in a revolt. The new president, Florvil Hyppolite, gave him an important military position in the north, but when President Tirésias Simon Sam resigned, he joined Anténor Firmin in a march on Port-au-Prince in an effort to seize control of the government.\n", "The new president, however, was his old ally, Boisrond-Canal, who had returned him from exile some twenty years earlier. Canal defused the tension by appointing Alexis Minister of War, driving a wedge between him and Firmin. Troops loyal to Firmin were finally defeated in Port-au-Prince, leaving only two strongholds, Saint-Marc and Gonaïves, opposed to the new government of Canal and Alexis. Alexis took advantage of the situation by negotiating with the United States and declaring himself in support of American interests in the Caribbean. The U.S. responded by imposing a naval blockade on the two centers still loyal to Firmin, paving the way for Alexis to seize control of the government for himself.\n", "Section::::Presidency.\n", "At the age of 82, he became President on 21 December 1902 by leading troops loyal to him into the country's Chamber of Deputies. Alexis managed to hold on to power for the next six years, though his regime was plagued by rebellion. During his presidency, he took to justice all statesmen accused of corruption in 1904: \" le proces de la consolidation\" . All who stole the state's money were judged and condemned. In January 1908, Alexis, already in his eighties, decided to have himself proclaimed President for Life. This reunited the supporters of Firmin, who launched a new revolt against Alexis. While the revolt was crushed, it exacerbated the country's existing economic problems. A famine in the south that same year led to violent food riots and a new rebellion, this time from the south, led by General François Antoine Simon.\n", "Section::::Exile.\n", "Ousted from power on 2 December 1908, Alexis went into exile in Jamaica and later relocated to New Orleans with his family, where he died on 1 May 1910. He is buried in St. Louis Cemetery #2 in New Orleans.\n", "Section::::Family.\n", "Alexis was married to Princess Marie-Louise-Amelie-Celestina Pierrot, daughter of President Jean-Louis Pierrot (a general and later Prince under Henri I). From this marriage, he had a son who bore the name of Henri Nord Alexis, also known as Henri Alexis. His great-great-grandson Jacques-Edouard Alexis was Prime Minister of Haiti twice: from 1999 to 2001 and from 2006 to 2008.\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Kaija Saariaho\n", "Kaija Anneli Saariaho (; née \"Laakkonen\", born 14 October 1952) is a Finnish composer based in Paris, France.\n", "Saariaho studied composition in Helsinki, Freiburg, and Paris, where she has lived since 1982. Her research at the Institute for Research and Coordination in Acoustics/Music (IRCAM) marked a turning point in her music away from strict serialism towards spectralism. Her characteristically rich, polyphonic textures are often created by combining live music and electronics.\n", "During the course of her career, Saariaho has received commissions from the Lincoln Center for the Kronos Quartet and from IRCAM for the Ensemble Intercontemporain, the BBC, the New York Philharmonic, the Salzburg Music Festival, the Théâtre du Châtelet in Paris, and the Finnish National Opera, among others.\n", "Section::::Life and work.\n", "Saariaho was born in Helsinki, Finland. She studied at the Sibelius Academy under Paavo Heininen. After attending the Darmstadt Summer Courses, she moved to Germany to study at the Hochschule für Musik Freiburg under Brian Ferneyhough and Klaus Huber. She found her teachers' emphasis on strict serialism and mathematical structures stifling, saying in an interview:\n", "In 1980, Saariaho went to the Darmstadt Summer Courses and attended a concert of the French spectralists Tristan Murail and Gerard Grisey. Hearing spectral music for the first time marked a profound shift in Saariaho's artistic direction. These experiences guided her decision to attend courses in computer music that were being given by IRCAM, the computer music research institute in Paris, by David Wessel, Jean-Baptiste Barrière, and Marc Battier.\n", "In 1982, she began work at IRCAM researching computer analyses of the sound-spectrum of individual notes produced by different instruments. She developed techniques for computer-assisted composition, experimented with \"musique concrète\", and wrote her first pieces combining live performance with electronics. She also composed new works using IRCAM's CHANT synthesiser. Each of her Jardin Secret trilogy was created with the use of computer programs. \"Jardin secret I\" (1985), \"Jardin secret II\" (1986), and \"Nymphea (Jardin secret III)\" (1987). Her works with electronics were developed in collaboration with Jean-Baptiste Barrière, a composer, multimedia artist, and computer scientist who directed the IRCAM's department of musical research from 1984 to 1987. Saariaho and Barrière married in 1982. They have two children.\n", "In Paris, Saariaho developed an emphasis on slow transformations of dense masses of sound. Her first tape piece, \"Vers Le Blanc\" from 1982, and her orchestral and tape work, \"Verblendungen\", are both constructed from a single transition: in \"Vers Le Blanc\" the transition is from one pitch cluster to another, while in \"Verblendungen\", it is from loud to quiet. \"Verblendungen\" also uses a pair of visual ideas as its basis: a brush stroke which starts as a dense mark on the page and thins out into individual strands, and the word \"verblendungen\" itself, which means \"dazzlements\".\n", "Her work in the 1980s and 1990s was marked by an emphasis on timbre and the use of electronics alongside traditional instruments. \"Nymphéa (Jardin secret III)\" (1987), for example, is for string quartet and live electronics and contains an additional vocal element: the musicians whisper the words of an Arseny Tarkovsky poem, \"Now Summer is Gone\". In writing \"Nymphea\", Saariaho used a fractal generator to create material. Writing about the compositional process, Saariaho said:\n", "Saariaho has often talked about having a kind of synaesthesia, one that involves all of the senses, saying:\n", "Another example is \"Six Japanese Gardens\" (1994), a percussion piece accompanied by a prerecorded electronic layer of the Japanese nature, traditional instruments, and chanting of Buddhist monks. During her visit to Tokyo in 1993, she expanded her original percussion conception into a semi-indeterminate piece. It consists of six movements that each represent a garden composed of traditional Japanese architecture, by which she was inspired rhythmically. Especially in movement IV and V, she explored many possibilities of complex polyrhythm in liberated instrumentation. She said:\n", "In her book on Saariaho, musicologist Pirkko Moisala writes about the indeterminate nature of this composition:\n", "On 1 December 2016, the Metropolitan Opera gave its first performance of \"L'Amour de loin\", the first opera by a female composer to be staged by the company since 1903, and the second opera by a female composer ever to be presented at the Metropolitan Opera. The subsequent transmission of the opera to cinema on 10 December 2016 as part of the Metropolitan Opera Live in HD series marked the first opera by a female composer, and the first opera conducted by a female conductor (Susanna Mälkki), in the series.\n", "Section::::Awards and honours.\n", "BULLET::::- 1986 – Kranichsteiner Prize at Darmstädter Ferienkurse\n", "BULLET::::- 1988 – Prix Italia for \"Stilleben\"\n", "BULLET::::- 1989 – Prix Ars Electronica for \"Stilleben\" and \"Io\"; one-year residency at the University of San Diego\n", "BULLET::::- 2000 - Nordic Council Music Prize for \"Lonh\"\n", "BULLET::::- 2003 – Doctor of Philosophy \"honoris causa\" by the Faculty of Arts, University of Turku\n", "BULLET::::- 2003 – Doctor of Philosophy \"honoris causa\" by the Faculty of Arts, University of Helsinki\n", "BULLET::::- 2003 – University of Louisville Grawemeyer Award for \"L'Amour de loin\"\n", "BULLET::::- 2008 – \"Musical America\" \"Musician of the Year 2008\"\n", "BULLET::::- 2009 – Wihuri Sibelius Prize\n", "BULLET::::- 2010 – invited by Walter Fink to be the 20th composer featured in the annual Komponistenporträt of the Rheingau Musik Festival; the second female composer after Sofia Gubaidulina.\n", "BULLET::::- 2011 – Léonie Sonning Music Prize\n", "BULLET::::- 2011 – Grammy Award for Best Opera Recording (\"L'amour de loin\")\n", "BULLET::::- 2013 – Polar Music Prize\n", "BULLET::::- 2017 – BBVA Foundation Frontiers of Knowledge Award in Contemporary Music\n", "Section::::Selected works.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Verblendungen\" (1984; orchestra, electronics)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Lichtbogen\" (1986; flute, percussion, piano, harp, strings, live electronics)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Io\" (1987; large ensemble, electronics)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Nymphéa\" (1987; string quartet, electronics)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Petals\" (1988; cello, electronics)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Du cristal...\" (1989; orchestra, live electronics)\n", "BULLET::::- \"...à la Fumée\" (1990; solo alto flute and cello, orchestra)\n", "BULLET::::- \"NoaNoa\" (1992; flute, live electronics)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Graal théâtre\" (1994; violin, orchestra)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Oltra Mar\" (1999; chorus and orchestra)\n", "BULLET::::- \"L'Amour de loin\" (2000; opera)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Orion\" (2002; orchestra)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Adriana Mater\" (2005; opera)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Asteroid 4179: Toutatis\" (2005; orchestra)\n", "BULLET::::- \"La Passion de Simone\" (2006; oratorio/opera)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Adriana Mater\" (2006; opera, libretto by Amin Maalouf)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Notes on Light\" (2006; cello concerto)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Terra Memoria\" (2007; string quartet)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Laterna Magica\" (2008; orchestra)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Émilie\" (2010; opera)\n", "BULLET::::- \"D'Om le Vrai Sens\" (2010; clarinet concerto)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Circle Map\" (2012; orchestra)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Maan varjot\" (\"Earth's Shadows\") (2013; organ and orchestra)\n", "BULLET::::- \"True Fire\" (2014; baritone and orchestra)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Trans\" (2015; harp concerto)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Only The Sound Remains\" (\"Always Strong\" and \"Feather Mantle\")\n", "Section::::Selected recordings.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Graal Théâtre\" – Gidon Kremer; BBC Symphony Orchestra; Esa-Pekka Salonen – Sony SK60817\n", "BULLET::::- \"L'Amour de loin\" – Gerald Finley; Dawn Upshaw; Finnish National Opera; Esa-Pekka Salonen – Deutsche Grammophon DVD 00440 073 40264\n", "BULLET::::- \"Nymphéa\" – Cikada String Quartet – ECM New Series 472 4222\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Kaija Saariaho's homepage\n", "BULLET::::- Saariaho, Kaija (1952–) at National Biography of Finland\n", "BULLET::::- Chester Music Composer's homepage\n", "BULLET::::- CompositionToday – Saariaho article and review of works\n", "BULLET::::- Kaija Saariaho – Virtual International Philharmonic\n", "BULLET::::- 2003 – Kaija Saariaho. Grawemeyer Foundation page on Kaija Saariaho.\n", "BULLET::::- 2003 honorary degree recipients at University of Turku\n", "BULLET::::- English language biography of Jean-Baptiste Barrière\n", "BULLET::::- Iitti, Sanna: \"Kaija Saariaho: Stylistic Development and Artistic Principles.\" \"International Alliance for Women in Music Journal\", 2001.\n", "BULLET::::- Seter, Ronit: Saariaho's L'amour de loin: First Woman Composer in a Century at the Metropolitan Opera. \"Musicology Now\" (American Musicological Society's blog), 15 June 2016.\n", "BULLET::::- Seter, Roni Getting Close with Saariaho and L'amour de loin. \"NewMusicBox\", 2 December 2016.\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "Kaija Laakkonen", "Kaija Anneli Saariaho", "Kaija Anneli Laakkonen" ] }, "description": "Finnish composer", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q241432", "wikidata_label": "Kaija Saariaho", "wikipedia_title": "Kaija Saariaho" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Eugenio Calabi\n", "Eugenio Calabi (born 11 May 1923 in Milan, Italy) is an Italian-born American mathematician and professor emeritus at the University of Pennsylvania, specializing in differential geometry, partial differential equations and their applications.\n", "Calabi was a Putnam Fellow as an undergraduate at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1946. In 1950 he received his Ph.D. from Princeton University, where his advisor was Salomon Bochner. He later obtained a professorship at the University of Minnesota.\n", "In 1964, Calabi joined the mathematics faculty at the University of Pennsylvania. Following the retirement of the German-born American mathematician Hans Rademacher, he was appointed to the Thomas A. Scott Professorship of Mathematics at the University of Pennsylvania in 1967. He won the Steele Prize from the American Mathematical Society in 1991 for his work in differential geometry. In 1994, Calabi assumed emeritus status. In 2012 he became a fellow of the American Mathematical Society. His work on the Calabi conjecture for Kähler metrics led to the development of Calabi–Yau manifolds; these, and the study of constant scalar curvature Kähler metrics and extremal Kähler metrics introduced by him in 1982 are central topics in complex differential geometry.\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- Calabi triangle\n", "BULLET::::- Calabi conjecture\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "Calabi", "E. Calabi" ] }, "description": "Italian American mathematician", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q4922", "wikidata_label": "Eugenio Calabi", "wikipedia_title": "Eugenio Calabi" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Yoshimi P-We\n", "Yoshimi is a Japanese musician best known for her role as the longest consistent drummer in the Japanese rock band Boredoms.\n", "Alongside her drum playing skills with the Boredoms, she also performs on the vocals for OOIOO and also plays trumpets, guitars and keyboards as well.\n", "Born in Okayama, Japan, Yoshimi joined her first band, U.F.O. or Die, with EYE in 1986. Since 1997, she led the all-female band OOIOO and continues to contribute to the current incarnation of Boredoms.\n", "Yoshimi has worked on a great number of other projects, most notably a raga band called Saicobab, an ambient project called \"Yoshimi and Yuka\", the tribal-drum-influenced OLAibi, and indie supergroup Free Kitten. She appeared as a session player and vocalist on the Flaming Lips' 2002 album, \"Yoshimi Battles the Pink Robots\". Yoshimi participated as drummer one in the Boredoms 77 Boadrum performance, which occurred on July 7, 2007, at the Empire-Fulton Ferry State Park in Brooklyn, New York.\n", "Section::::Discography.\n", "Section::::Discography.:Yoshimio.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Big Toast\" (1993)\n", "BULLET::::- \"2\" (1994)\n", "BULLET::::- \"3\" (1995)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Yunnan Colorfree\" (2007)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Bor-Cozmik\" (2009)\n", "Section::::Discography.:Yoshimi and Yuka.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Flower with No Color\" (2003)\n", "Section::::Discography.:OOIOO.\n", "BULLET::::- \"OOIOO\" (1997)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Feather Float\" (1999)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Gold and Green\" (2000)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Kila Kila Kila\" (2003)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Taiga\" (2006)\n", "BULLET::::- \"OOEYヨOO -EYヨ REMIX\" (Eye Remix EP) (2007)\n", "BULLET::::- \"COCOCOOOIOO: The Best of Shock City 1997–2001\"\n", "BULLET::::- \"Armonico Hewa\" (2009)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Gamel\" (2013)\n", "Section::::Discography.:OLAibi.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Humming Moon Drip\" (2006)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Tingaruda\" (2009)\n", "BULLET::::- \"new rain\" (2012)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Mi-mi wa wasu\" (2017)\n", "Section::::Discography.:Saicobab.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Sab Se Purani Bab\" (2017)\n", "Section::::Discography.:Z-Rock Hawaii.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Z-Rock Hawaii\" (1996)\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Emerald 13 Clothing Label\n", "BULLET::::- 77 Boadrum Site Profile Viva Radio, Sep 2007. (Flash)\n", "BULLET::::- http://www.ooioo.jp/ Official Website\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Ed Templeton\n", "Ed Templeton (born July 28, 1972) is an American professional skateboarder, skateboard company owner, photographer and contemporary artist. He is best known for founding the skateboard company, Toy Machine, a company that he continues to own and manage. He is based in Huntington Beach, California.\n", "Section::::Early life.\n", "Templeton was born in Garden Grove, Orange County, California, USA. His family lived in various places in Southern California before moving to Huntington Beach. He began skateboarding in 1985 in Huntington Beach, with friend, Jason Lee. In a 2012 interview, Templeton explained the commencement of his fascination with skateboarding:\n", "The first thing that I ever saw was a kid skating down the street and he ollied up a curb; that was, you know, the thing that got me started. I thought that was the coolest thing ever, like, how could this guy just keep cruising down the street and not have to stop and pick up his board. By luck, [professional skateboarder and company owner] Mark Gonzales lived here in 1987, so, ah, one of my first, probably the first pro I ever saw, or realized was a pro skateboarder, was Mark Gonzales. I was in Sidewalk Surfer, the skate shop down here, and, that was on Main St., in Huntington Beach; we went in there to look at stickers, and there was a Skull Skates sticker which I fell in love with—I thought that was the coolest sticker ever ... so we followed him [Gonzales], ahh, back to his house, like stalkers, and, uh, and started skating the quarter-pipe [ramp] and he had disappeared, but then he came back down, did, like, a three, four-foot high \"judo air\" ... I remember being pretty floored, floored by that.\n", "Section::::Professional skateboarding.\n", "Templeton was assigned professional status by New Deal Skateboards in 1990, a company that he left in 1992 to initiate the short-lived companies, \"TV\" and \"Television\" (both with professional skateboarder, Mike Vallely).\n", "Section::::Professional skateboarding.:Toy Machine.\n", "Following the demise of both TV and Television, Templeton founded—and as of October 2018 is the sole owner of the company—Toy Machine in 1994, after skateboarding entrepreneur, Tod Swank, agreed to support the idea. As of January 2013, Toy Machine is distributed by Swank's Tum Yeto company—Tum Yeto also distributes the Dekline skate shoe brand, the Pig skate wheel brand, the Ruckus skate truck brand, and the Foundation skateboard deck brand.\n", "Templeton, who does all of the artwork for his brand, explained his discovery of skateboard art in a 2012 interview:\n", "It wasn't until later that I realized he [Gonzales] did his own graphics. And that's, that's the one thing that I would cite as one of my biggest influences, was learning about the pros that did their own skateboard graphics—that to me was a really ... cool idea, and kind of meant a lot to me as a kid, 'cause I thought ... the board I am potentially buying ... was made by the guy whose name's on that board. He put his own artistic touch, or, or, his effort into that board. It wasn't just some hired artist.\n", "In a January 2013 article, by Andrew Reilly for \"The Huffington Post\", the ethos behind Toy Machine (or, the company's full name: \"Toy Machine Bloodsucking Skateboard Co.\"), is described as, \"an adverse reaction to the misrepresented and highly corporate images of skateboarding in popular culture\", with Templeton sardonically referring to fans of the brand as \"loyal pawns\". The company's popularity increased following inception, and tours—both domestic and international—followed. As of January 2013, the company has released a total of eleven videos (including tour and promotional videos), and sponsors a team of eleven skateboarders, including Leo Romero, \"Thrasher\" magazine's \"Skater of the Year\" in 2010.\n", "While running Toy Machine in the mid-1990s, Templeton joined a now-defunct skate shoe brand named Sheep. While sponsored by the company, Templeton released his first signature model shoe that was non-leather and entirely vegan. Other riders on the team were Rick McCrank, Brian Anderson, Mike Manzoori (now a skateboard videographer), and Frank Hirata. Templeton was featured in the Sheep video, \"Life of Leisure\", released in 1996.\n", "After the Sheep brand ended around the end of the twentieth century, Templeton became sponsored by the Emerica shoe company, a brand that was launched by Sole Technology, also responsible for the etnies and eS brands (as of January 2013, the latter is on a protracted hiatus). Templeton joined other professional skateboarders, such as Andrew Reynolds, Aaron Suski, Chris Senn, and Erik Ellington, in the making of the company's second video \"This Is Skateboarding\", released in 2002; Templeton's part is edited to a song by Butter 08, entitled \"It's the Rage\".\n", "In November 2012, Templeton suffered a leg injury while participating in an Emerica demo that had the potential to end his career. Templeton used the time to prepare a photographic exhibition, later entitled \"Memory Foam\", that was opened in January 2013.\n", "In 2012, along with numerous other team riders from the RVCA clothing brand, Templeton left RVCA and joined a newly started clothing brand named \"eswic\".\n", "Section::::Professional skateboarding.:Influence.\n", "Templeton identified the following five skateboarders as his top five all-time influences: Gonzales, Rodney Mullen, Tony Hawk, Tony Alva, and Heath Kirchart. In relation to skateboarding more generally, Templeton stated:\n", "The same idea that got me interested in skating is still relevant today; through all the changes and years and whatever, I've always maintained that the only thing that is lame about skateboarding is the skateboarding industry. We can look at all the industry changes, and the trends, and the videos, and X Games, and whatever, and think, start thinking, \"Oh, skateboarding's different\"; but that's not skateboarding at all. Skateboarding is still simply skateboarding.\n", "Templeton was identified by \"Transworld Skateboarding\" magazine as the twentieth most influential skater of all time. Following his selection, Templeton explained his position in skateboarding in relation to Toy Machine:\n", "There’s a good chance that I wouldn’t have been part of it this long if I didn’t have Toy Machine and so for that I’m really thankful. All I can take care of is my little corner of skateboarding and try and make it legitimate and respectable and cool and keep it true to the people that skateboard and keep it true to the thing I love.\n", "Templeton also identified his teenage skateboarding area, Huntington Beach, as an influence on the progression of street-based skateboarding, stating, \"I can say that for certain, that there was, something happened here ... in Huntington Beach, that advanced street skating. I can say that without tooting my own horn ...\"\n", "Section::::Contemporary artist.\n", "Outside of skateboarding, Templeton is a painter, graphic designer, and photographer, areas that he has gained a reputation within without any formal training—the \"Photography Colleges\" website, in an article entitled \"New School Photography: Ed Templeton\", identifies Templeton as \"probably the most influential contemporary photographer\". Templeton's signature model skateboards for the New Deal company were self-designed and he subsequently became the head designer for his own brands—Templeton produces all of the art work for the Toy Machine skateboard company that, as of January 2013, is his primary skateboarding project. Templeton is also a co-editor of \"ANP Quarterly\", an arts magazine started in 2005.\n", "In a 2013 interview with \"The Huffington Post\", Templeton clarified that his first art show was in 1993 and that he has \"been skating, going on tours, painting in the studio and doing a show and sometimes a mixture of both. Sometimes going on a tour and then leaving for a few days to go to my show\", describing it as \"chaos in a lot of ways.\" In the same article, Templeton is counterposed to the \"wholesome\" depiction of Tony Hawk and the \"sporting good stores\"; instead, Templeton is associated with \"teenage misfits\". Templeton's painted works (and a single photograph) are featured on his Tumblr profile—maintained by the artist himself—\"The Cul-de-sac of Lameness\".\n", "In 2000, Templeton's book of photography, \"Teenage Smokers\", won the Italian Search For Art competition and Templeton was awarded US$50,000. In both 2001 and 2011, Templeton's artwork was featured in \"Juxtapoz\" magazine and, in 2002, the art exhibition, \"The Essential Disturbance\", was held at the Palais de Tokyo in Paris, France, a show that was accompanied by a 100-page book, \"The Golden Age of Neglect,\" published by Drago ().\n", "Templeton is a featured artist in \"Beautiful Losers\", a project that consisted of several elements: a touring art exhibit, a collected art book and a feature documentary film, all of which include the work of various contemporary artists. A large section of the art in the Beautiful Losers project covers skateboarding and other urban themes. In 2003, Templeton, along with members of the Toy Machine team, skated on a variety of purpose-built structures—including a car—at the base of the Cincinnati Contemporary Art Center for the temporary showcase of Beautiful Losers. Templeton's work and career are also subjects in the \"Beautiful Losers\" film.\n", "In 2008, Templeton published \"Deformer\"—the culmination of eleven years of preparation and research, in which he explores the \"incubator of suburban outskirts\", Orange County, California; that is, the area in which he spent his formative years. A documentary film, entitled \"Deformer\", was also produced and released, featuring Templeton and the directorial work of Mike Mills; Mills also collaborated with Templeton for the Beautiful Losers project.\n", "In early 2011, Templeton released a book featuring a collection of photographs, entitled \"Teenage Kissers\". In October 2011, Templeton explained the origin of the project:\n", "Unlike many photo projects, the concept was an afterthought. It’s typical for a photographer to come up with an idea or concept and then go out and shoot it. But in this case I have always shot people kissing whenever I had the chance. When curator/writer Arty Nelson called me and suggested we do a show of Teenage Kissers at the Half Gallery in NYC, he was thinking of my first book Teenage Smokers (1999). I did a quick search of my archive and realized I had more than enough to do a show. So Teenage Kissers was conceived as a sister book to Teenage Smokers. It’s the exact same size and has a very similar cover.\n", "The Australian publication, \"Curvy\", which focuses on the work of female artists, identified the collection as a favourite, in specific relation to Templeton's oeuvre, and \"Curvy\" contributor, Katie O, described the photographic series in the following manner: \"It’s equal parts cute and gross. It’s a perfect depiction of teen romance – curiosity, infatuation, desperation to grow up, and getting in over your head. The photos are awkward and wonderful and will remind you how tricky being an adolescent was – and how glad you are it’s over.\"\n", "On January 12, 2013, Templeton held an opening event for a photographic exhibition, entitled \"Memory Foam\", at the Roberts & Tilton gallery in Culver City, California, US. Consisting of sixty-eight photographs, the show features Templeton's impressions of the people of Huntington Beach, California, US and ended on February 16, 2013. Actor, Neil Patrick Harris, who is reportedly an admirer of Templeton's photographic work, attended the event and clothing brand, eswic, published a video segment that was filmed at the opening.\n", "Lucy Moore, former friend of the late London bookstore owner Claire de Rouen, selected Templeton's book \"Litmus Test\" (Super Labo) for a tribute to de Rouen that was featured by the \"Modern Matter\" magazine in March 2013. In regard to Templeton's photographic exploration of Russia, Moore explains: \"Like litmus paper turning irreversibly red after it has been soaked in lemon juice, the photographs document the way that first impressions leave indelible marks upon our memory, shaping what follows.\" Moore also writes that Templeton's skateboarding may be responsible for the collection's \"feeling of equivalence between photographer and subject.\"\n", "Templeton explained in an April 2013 interview that the Leica M6 camera (with 50 mm lens) is the camera that he primarily uses for his photographic work, but that he also likes to use the Fuji GF670. Templeton also stated that film is his preferred photographic medium and that he only uses digital photography for Instagram images. The same interview also revealed that Templeton looks for \"anything that illustrates the human existence\" when shooting photographs.\n", "Section::::Contemporary artist.:Artistic and photographic influences.\n", "Templeton revealed his art influences in a 2012 interview for the \"FVF\" publication:\n", "Peter Beard is one person that’s a photographer but also a diarist. He spent a lot of time painting on photographs. That’s been super influential. But there have been a lot of people that have painted on photographs that I have enjoyed through the years. Robert Frank is someone who’s like kind of standard in a way. But I think everyone focuses on the work from \"The Americans\" but there’s this whole other body after that stuff that he would do collages with his photographs and paint and use text on them and cut them up and stuff like that ... I like a lot of people that use photography in kind of non-traditional ways. With Peter Beard, that was kind of my entry as a young person. Seeing that was really eye opening, kind of like, “Woah, you can do this!” It went from that to Jim Goldberg, someone who uses all different cameras and makes collages with his photos ... David Hockney is someone who, as a photographer, someone who I have really loved and opened my eyes a lot.\n", "Section::::Personal life.\n", "Templeton married his wife, Deanna Templeton, in 1991. As of 2012, he resides in Huntington Beach, California.\n", "Templeton became a vegetarian in 1990, a vegan in 1991 and has not consumed meat or dairy products since. As of January 2013, he and his wife maintain a blog, entitled \"We Like To Eat Vegan\", in which they document their reviews of vegan food establishments that they visit during their global travels.\n", "Templeton has avoided alcohol for most of his life and does not smoke or use other recreational drugs.\n", "Section::::Publications.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Teenage Smokers.\" New York: Alleged, 2000. Edition of 2000 copies.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Deformer.\" New York: Alleged; Bologna, Italy: Damiani, 2008. .\n", "BULLET::::- \"Litmus Test.\" Super Labo, 2010. . Edition of 500 copies.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Teenage Kissers.\" New York: Seems, 2011. . Edition of 1000 copies.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Hairdos of Defiance.\" Deadbeat, 2018. . With an essay by Templeton, \"On Mohawks\". Edition of 1500 copies. Exhibition catalogue.\n", "Section::::Videography.\n", "BULLET::::- New Deal: \"Useless Wooden Toys\" (1990)\n", "BULLET::::- New Deal: \"1281\" (1991)\n", "BULLET::::- Spitfire: \"Spitfire\" (1993)\n", "BULLET::::- Toy Machine: \"Live\" (1994)\n", "BULLET::::- \"411VM\": Issue #05 (1994)\n", "BULLET::::- Toy Machine: \"Heavy Metal\" (1995)\n", "BULLET::::- \"411VM\": Best of Volume 2 (1995)\n", "BULLET::::- Toy Machine: \"Welcome to Hell\" (1996)\n", "BULLET::::- Sheep Shoes: \"Life of Leisure\" (1995)\n", "BULLET::::- \"411VM\": Issue #17 (1996)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Thrasher\": \"Hitting the Streets\" (1996)\n", "BULLET::::- Daryl Grogan: \"Cold Sweat\" (1996)\n", "BULLET::::- Toy Machine: \"Jump Off A Building\" (1998)\n", "BULLET::::- \"411VM\": Issue #30 (1998)\n", "BULLET::::- \"411VM\": Stand Strong (2001)\n", "BULLET::::- Emerica: \"This Is Skateboarding\" (2003)\n", "BULLET::::- \"ON Video Magazine\": Summer 2003 (2003)\n", "BULLET::::- Toy Machine: \"Sucking the Life\" (2003)\n", "BULLET::::- Toy Machine: \"Berzerker\" (2003)\n", "BULLET::::- Toy Machine: \"Good & Evil\" (2004)\n", "BULLET::::- Toy Machine: \"Suffer The Joy\" (2006)\n", "BULLET::::- Emerica: \"Stay Gold\" (2010)\n", "BULLET::::- Toy Machine: \"Brain Wash\" (2010)\n", "BULLET::::- Toy Machine: \"The Subhumans\" (2011)\n", "Section::::Selected contest history.\n", "BULLET::::- 1st in 1990 Münster World Cup: street skateboarding\n", "BULLET::::- 1st in 1995 Slam City Jam: street\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- Transgressive art\n", "Section::::Selected bibliography.\n", "BULLET::::- Caron Thomas, \"Ed Templeton: The Cemetery of Reason,\" S.M.A.K., 2010.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Ed Templeton: Deformer,\" Damiani, 2008.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Ed Templeton\": \"The Golden Age of Neglect\", Drago., 2002.\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Templeton's website\n", "BULLET::::- Official Toy Machine website\n", "BULLET::::- Ed Templeton's page on Toy Machine\n", "BULLET::::- Interview with Ed Templeton on Workspiration\n", "BULLET::::- Ed Templeton at Roberts & Tilton, Culver City, CA\n", "BULLET::::- Juxtapoz Interview: Ed Templeton, Part I\n", "BULLET::::- Juxtapoz Interview: Ed Templeton, Part II\n", "BULLET::::- Illustrated bibliography: Ed Templeton\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "American skateboarder and artist", "enwikiquote_title": "Ed Templeton", "wikidata_id": "Q328378", "wikidata_label": "Ed Templeton", "wikipedia_title": "Ed Templeton" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Sushmita Sen\n", "Sushmita Sen (born 19 November 1975) is an Indian film actress and model who was crowned Femina Miss India in 1994 and she later won the Miss Universe 1994 contest at the age of 18. Sen is the first Indian woman to win the competition. Primarily known for her work in Hindi films, she has also appeared in Tamil and Bengali language films. She has won several accolades including a Filmfare Award.\n", "She made her acting debut with the Hindi film \"Dastak\" in 1996. The Tamil musical \"Ratchagan (1997)\" was her first commercial success. She featured in supporting roles in several commercially successful films including \"Sirf Tum\" (1999), \"Biwi No.1\" (1999), \"Main Hoon Na\" (2004) and \"Maine Pyaar Kyun Kiya?\" (2005).\n", "Section::::Early life.\n", "Sen was born into a Bengali Baidya family in Hyderabad. Her parents are Shubeer Sen, a former Indian Air Force Wing Commander, and Subhra Sen, a jewelry designer and owner of a Dubai-based store. She has two siblings, a sister named Neelam and a brother named Rajeev.\n", "She has attended Air Force Golden Jubilee Institute in New Delhi and St. Ann's High School in Secunderabad, but did not pursue higher education.\n", "Section::::Pageantry.\n", "Section::::Pageantry.:Femina Miss India.\n", "In 1994, as a teenager, Sen participated in the Femina Miss India contest. She won the title 'Femina Miss India', earning the right to compete at the Miss Universe 1994 contest.\n", "Section::::Pageantry.:Miss Universe.\n", "At the Miss Universe contest, Sen ranked third overall in the preliminaries, behind Miss Colombia Carolina Gómez and Miss Greece Rea Totounzi. Sen went on to place second, fifth and third in the subsequent rounds and finally won the title and crown of Miss Universe 1994. She was the first Indian to win the title.\n", "After the Times Group relinquished the rights to choose the Indian representative to Miss Universe, Sen's project, I Am She – Miss Universe India, took over. It ran for three years (from 2010 to 2012). In 2013, Femina was awarded the contract back.\n", "Section::::Pageantry.:Miss Universe 2016.\n", "As a celebration of 65th Miss Universe, 23 years after winning the pageant, she returned to Manila, Philippines, in January 2017, as one of the judges of the Miss Universe 2016 beauty pageant. The pageant took place at the Mall of Asia Arena, Pasay, Metro Manila, Philippines on January 30, 2017. Joining her as judges were Cynthia Bailey, Mickey Boardman, Francine LaFrak, Miss Universe 2011 Leila Lopes, and Miss Universe 1993 Dayanara Torres.\n", "Section::::Film career.\n", "Section::::Film career.:1990s.\n", "After her reign as Miss Universe, Sushmita became an actress. Her first film \"Dastak\" was in 1996, in which she played the victim of a stalker, played by Sharad Kapoor. Mukul Dev starred as the lead actor. She then starred in the 1997 Tamil action film \"Ratchagan\". Two years later her appearance as Rupali in David Dhawan's movie \"Biwi No.1\" won her the Filmfare Best Supporting Actress Award in 1999. \"Biwi No.1\" was the second highest-grossing movie of 1999. The same year, she was also nominated for her role in \"Sirf Tum\" in the same category. She appeared in a dance song in the movie \"Fiza\", in the year 2000.\n", "Section::::Film career.:2000s.\n", "She received critical acclaim and box office success for the film \"Aankhen\", starring opposite Arjun Rampal. The film co-starred Amitabh Bachchan, Akshay Kumar, Aditya Pancholi and Paresh Rawal. So far, her biggest hit has been the 2004 movie \"Main Hoon Na\", in which she starred as Shahrukh Khan's love interest. The film grossed a total of Rs 330,000,000 and was the second best selling movie of that year. Later, Sushmita played a lawyer in \"Main Aisa Hi Hoon\" opposite Ajay Devgan. In 2005, she also starred in a remake of \"Cactus Flower\" – called \"Maine Pyaar Kyun Kiya?\"; Sen played the lead opposite Salman Khan and Katrina Kaif. She also played the leading role in \"Karma Aur Holi.\"\n", "Section::::Film career.:2010s.\n", "In 2010, Sushmita played the role of a successful supermodel called Shimmer in \"Dulha Mil Gaya\"; the film was a moderate success that year. She additionally appeared in the action-comedy film \"No Problem\" the same year. In 2015, she starred in a Bengali drama film titled \"Nirbaak\".\n", "In Sushmita's career, this was her first film in Bengali language.\n", "Section::::Personal life.\n", "Sen adopted a baby girl in 2000 and a second girl in 2010. She is currently dating Rohman Shawl, who is a fashion model.\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- List of firsts in India\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Charles Tomlinson Griffes\n", "Charles Tomlinson Griffes (pron. \"GRIFF-iss\") (September 17, 1884 – April 8, 1920) was an American composer for piano, chamber ensembles and voice.\n", "Section::::Musical career.\n", "Griffes was born in Elmira, New York. He had early piano lessons with his sister Katherine and later studied piano with Mary Selena Broughton, who taught at Elmira College. Mary had a profound impact on his personal and musical development. After early studies on piano and organ in his home town, on recommendation of Broughton, he went to Berlin to study with pianist Ernst Jedliczka and Gottfried Galston at the Stern Conservatory. Although recognised as a performer, Griffes grew more interested in composition. Despite being advised against it by Broughton, he left the conversatory and was briefly taught by composer Engelbert Humperdinck.. During his time in Berlin he composed several German songs and the Symphonische Phantasie for orchestra.\n", "On returning to the U.S. in 1907, he became director of music studies at the Hackley School for boys in Tarrytown, New York, a post which he held until his early death thirteen years later. His post has been described as \"grim and unrewarding\", though it gave him financial stability. He continued to compose at Hackley in his free time and promoted his music during the summer.\n", "Griffes' initial works are influenced by German Romanticism, but after he relinquished the German style, his later works make him the most famous American representative of musical Impressionism. He was fascinated by the exotic, mysterious sound of the French Impressionists, and was compositionally much influenced by them while he was in Europe. He also studied the work of contemporary Russian composers (for example Scriabin), whose influence is also apparent in his work, for example in his use of synthetic scales.\n", "His most famous works are the \"White Peacock\", for piano (1915, orchestrated in 1919); his \"Piano Sonata\" (1917–18, revised 1919); a tone poem, \"The Pleasure Dome of Kubla Khan\", after the fragment by Coleridge (1912, revised in 1916), and \"Poem for Flute and Orchestra\" (1918). He also wrote numerous programmatic pieces for piano, chamber ensembles, and for voice. The amount and quality of his music is impressive considering his short life and his full-time teaching job, and much of his music is still performed. His unpublished \"Sho-jo\" (1917), a one-act pantomimic drama based on Japanese themes, is one of the earliest works by an American composer to show direct inspiration from the music of Japan.\n", "Section::::Personal life.\n", "Griffes died of influenza in New York City during the worldwide pandemic at the age of 35 and is buried in Bloomfield Cemetery in Bloomfield, New Jersey. His papers passed to his younger sister Marguerite, who chose to destroy many that explicitly related to his life as a homosexual. Donna Anderson (see below) is his current literary executor.\n", "Griffes kept meticulous diaries, some in German, which chronicled his musical accomplishments from 1907 to 1919, and also dealt honestly with his homosexuality, including his regular patronage of the Lafayette Place Baths and the Produce Exchange Baths.\n", "During his time as a student in Berlin he was devoted to his \"special friend\" Emil Joèl (aka \"Konrad Wölcke\"). In later life, he had a long term relationship with John Meyer (biographer Edward Maisel used the pseudonym Dan C. Martin), a married New York policeman.\n", "Section::::Musical compositions.\n", "Section::::Musical compositions.:Stage works.\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Kairn of Koridwen\" (dance drama in two scenes, after E. Schuré), fl, 2 cl, 2 hn, hp, cel, pf, 1916, New York, 10 Feb 1917; arr. pf, 1916\n", "BULLET::::- \"Sho-jo\" (Japanese pantomime in one scene), fl, ob, cl, hp, Chin. drum, tam-tam, timp, 4 str, 1917, rev. ?1919, Atlantic City, NJ, 5 Aug 1917\n", "BULLET::::- \"Sakura-sakura\" (Japanese folkdance arrangement), fl, cl, hp, 2 vn, vc, db, ?1917, Atlantic City, NJ, 5 Aug 1917\n", "BULLET::::- \"The White Peacock\" (solo ballet, arrangement of piano work), orchestra, ?1919, New York, 22 June 1919\n", "BULLET::::- \"Salut au monde\" (festival drama in three acts, after Walt Whitman), fl, cl, 2 hn, tpt, 2 trombones, timp, drums, 2 hp, pf, 1919, incomplete, New York, 22 April 1922\n", "Section::::Musical compositions.:Orchestral works.\n", "BULLET::::- Overture, c1905\n", "BULLET::::- \"Symphonische Phantasie\", 1907, arranged for 2 pianos, ?1910\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Pleasure-Dome of Kubla Khan\", Op. 8, 1917, Boston Symphony Orch., cond. P. Monteux, Boston, 28 November 1919 [version of piano piece, 1912]\n", "BULLET::::- \"Notturno für Orchester\", ?1918, Philadelphia Orch. cond. L. Stokowski, Philadelphia, 19 December 1919; arr. piano and string orch.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Poem\", flute and orchestra, 1918, G. Barrère, New York Symphony Orch., cond. W. Damrosch, 16 November 1919\n", "BULLET::::- \"Bacchanale\", ?1919, Philadelphia Orch., cond. Stokowski, Philadelphia, 19 December 1919 [version of Scherzo for piano, 1913]\n", "BULLET::::- \"Clouds\", ?1919, Philadelphia Orch., cond. Stokowski, Philadelphia, 19 December 1919 [version of piano piece, 1916]\n", "BULLET::::- \"The White Peacock\", ?1919, Philadelphia Orch., cond. Stokowski, Philadelphia, 19 Dec 1919 [version of piano piece, 1915]\n", "BULLET::::- \"Nocturne\", 1919 [version of 2nd movement of Piano Sonata, 1917–18]\n", "BULLET::::- \"Notturno\", strings [version of orchestral piece, ?1918]\n", "Section::::Musical compositions.:Chamber music.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Three Tone-Pictures\", woodwinds and harp, 1915, nos. 1–2 Barrère Ensemble, New York, 19 Dec 1916; arr. wind quintet, str qnt, pf, ?1919, New York Chamber Music Society, Greenwich, CT, 4 June 1920 [versions of piano pieces, 1910–12]\n", "BULLET::::1. The Lake at Evening\n", "BULLET::::2. The Vale of Dreams\n", "BULLET::::3. The Night Winds\n", "BULLET::::- \"Komori uta, Noge no yama\", fl, ob, cl, hp, 2 vn, vc, db, ?Chin. drum, ?1917 [Japanese melodies]\n", "BULLET::::- \"Two Sketches based on Indian Themes\": Lento e mesto, Allegro giocoso, str quartet, 1918–19; ?première, Flonzaley Quartet, New York, 24 Nov 1920\n", "Section::::Musical compositions.:Piano.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Six Variations\", Op. 2, 1898\n", "BULLET::::- \"Four Preludes\", Op. 4, 1899–1900\n", "BULLET::::- \"Three Tone-Pictures\", Op. 5: The Lake at Evening, 1910, L. Hodgson, New York, 3 April 1914; The Vale of Dreams, 1912; The Night Winds, 1911; arr. ens, 1915, arr. orch. 1919\n", "BULLET::::- \"Fantasy Pieces\", Op. 6: Barcarolle, 1912, Griffes, Lowell, MA, 3 Nov 1914; Notturno, 1915; Scherzo, 1913, orchestrated as \"Bacchanale\", ?1919\n", "BULLET::::- \"Roman Sketches\", Op. 7: The White Peacock, 1915, W. Christie, New York, 23 Feb 1916, orchd ?1919; Nightfall, 1916; The Fountain of the Acqua Paola, 1916; Clouds, 1916, orchd ?1919\n", "BULLET::::- Children's pieces, first published under name of Arthur Tomlinson: 6 Short Pieces, 1918; 6 Patriotic Songs, 1918; 6 Bugle-Call Pieces, 1918; 6 Familiar Songs (1919); 6 Pieces for Treble Clef (1919)\n", "BULLET::::- Mazurka, 1898–1900\n", "BULLET::::- Sonata, f, ?1904, Griffes, Berlin, 22 June 1905\n", "BULLET::::- Sonata, D, 1 movement, ?1910\n", "BULLET::::- Symphonische Phantasie, 2 pf, ?1910 [version of orchestra piece, 1907]\n", "BULLET::::- Sonata, D, 2 movements, ?1911\n", "BULLET::::- The Pleasure-Dome of Kubla Khan, 1912, rev. 1915, orchestrated 1917\n", "BULLET::::- Sonata, f, ?1912\n", "BULLET::::- Rhapsody, b, 1914\n", "BULLET::::- Piece, B, ?1915\n", "BULLET::::- De profundis, 1915\n", "BULLET::::- Legend, 1915\n", "BULLET::::- Piece, d, 1915\n", "BULLET::::- Winter Landscape, c1912\n", "BULLET::::- Piece, E, 1916\n", "BULLET::::- Dance, a, ?1916\n", "BULLET::::- Sonata, 1917–18, Griffes, New York, 26 Feb 1918, 2nd movement orchestrated as \"Nocturne\", 1919\n", "BULLET::::- Three Preludes, 1919\n", "BULLET::::- Notturno [arr. of orchestral piece, ?1918]\n", "BULLET::::- Arrangement of J. Offenbach: Barcarolle, Belle nuit, o nuit d'amour, piano solo, perf. 1910\n", "BULLET::::- Arrangement of E. Humperdinck: Hänsel und Gretel, overture, 2 pianos, 1910\n", "Section::::Musical compositions.:Organ.\n", "BULLET::::- Chorale on \"\"Allein Gott in der Höh sei Ehr\", 1910\n", "Section::::Musical compositions.:Songs.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Tone-Images\", Op. 3\n", "BULLET::::1. La fuite de la lune (Oscar Wilde), 1912\n", "BULLET::::2. Symphony in Yellow (Wilde), 1912\n", "BULLET::::3. We'll to the Woods, and Gather May (W. E. Henley), 1914\n", "BULLET::::- \"Two Rondels\", Op. 4, c1914\n", "BULLET::::1. This Book of Hours (W. Crane)\n", "BULLET::::2. Come, Love, across the Sunlit Land (C. Scollard)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Four Impressions\" (Wilde)\n", "BULLET::::1. Le jardin, 1915\n", "BULLET::::2. Impression du matin, 1915\n", "BULLET::::3. La mer, 1912, new setting 1916\n", "BULLET::::4. Le réveillon, 1914\n", "BULLET::::- \"Three Poems\", Op. 9, 1916\n", "BULLET::::1. In a Myrtle Shade (William Blake)\n", "BULLET::::2. Waikiki (R. Brooke), E. Gauthier, M. Hansotte, New York, 22 April 1918\n", "BULLET::::3. Phantoms (A. Giovannitti)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Five Poems of Ancient China and Japan\", Op. 10; E. Gauthier, Griffes, New York, 1 Nov 1917\n", "BULLET::::1. So-fei Gathering Flowers (Wang Chang-Ling), 1917\n", "BULLET::::2. Landscape (Sada-ihe), 1916\n", "BULLET::::3. The Old Temple among the Mountains (Chang Wen-Chang), 1916\n", "BULLET::::4. Tears (Wang Seng-Ju), 1916\n", "BULLET::::5. A Feast of Lanterns (Yuan Mei), 1917\n", "BULLET::::- \"Two Poems\" (J. Masefield); E. Gauthier, M. Hansotte, New York, 22 April 1918\n", "BULLET::::1. An Old Song Re-Sung, 1918\n", "BULLET::::2. Sorrow of Mydath, 1917\n", "BULLET::::- \"Three Poems of Fiona MacLeod\", Op. 11, 1918; V. Janacopulos, Griffes, New York, 22 March 1919; orchestrated 1918, M. Dresser, Philadelphia Orch, cond. T. Rich, Wilmington, DE, 24 March 1919\n", "BULLET::::1. The Lament of Ian the Proud\n", "BULLET::::2. Thy Dark Eyes to Mine\n", "BULLET::::3. The Rose of the Night\n", "BULLET::::- Si mes vers avaient des ailes (V. Hugo), 1901\n", "BULLET::::- Sur ma lyre l'autre fois (C.A. Sainte-Beuve), ?1901\n", "BULLET::::- German Songs, c1903–1909\n", "BULLET::::1. Am Kreuzweg wird begraben (Heinrich Heine)\n", "BULLET::::2. An den Wind (Nikolaus Lenau)\n", "BULLET::::3. Auf ihrem Grab (Heine)\n", "BULLET::::4. Auf dem Teich, dem Regungslosen (Lenau)\n", "BULLET::::5. Auf geheimen Waldespfade (Lenau)\n", "BULLET::::6. Das ist ein Brausen und Heulen (Heine)\n", "BULLET::::7. Das sterbende Kind (Emanuel Geibel)\n", "BULLET::::8. Der träumende See (Julius Mosen)\n", "BULLET::::9. Des müden Abendlied (Geibel)\n", "BULLET::::10. Elfe (J. von Eichendorff)\n", "BULLET::::11. Entflieh mit mir (Heine)\n", "BULLET::::12. Es fiel ein Reif (Heine)\n", "BULLET::::13. Frühe (Eichendorff)\n", "BULLET::::14. Gedicht von Heine (Mit schwarzen Segeln)\n", "BULLET::::15. Ich weiss nicht, wie's geschieht (Geibel)\n", "BULLET::::16. Könnt’ ich mit dir dort oben gehn (Mosen)\n", "BULLET::::17. Meeres Stille (J. W. von Goethe)\n", "BULLET::::18. Mein Herz ist wie die dunkle Nacht (Geibel)\n", "BULLET::::19. Mir war, als müsst’ ich graben (Das Grab) (Christian Friedrich Hebbel)\n", "BULLET::::20. Nacht liegt auf den fremden Wegen (Heine)\n", "BULLET::::21. So halt’ ich endlich dich umfangen (Geibel)\n", "BULLET::::22. Winternacht (Lenau)\n", "BULLET::::23. Wo ich bin, mich rings umdunkelt (Heine), c1903–11\n", "BULLET::::24. Wohl lag ich einst in Gram und Schmerz (Geibel)\n", "BULLET::::25. Zwei Könige sassen auf Orkadal (Geibel), before 1910\n", "BULLET::::- The Water-Lily (J.B. Tabb), 1911\n", "BULLET::::- The Half-Ring Moon (Tabb), 1912\n", "BULLET::::- Nachtlied (Geibel), 1912\n", "BULLET::::- Pierrot (S. Teasdale), 1912\n", "BULLET::::- Les ballons (Wilde), ?1912, rev. 1915\n", "BULLET::::- Cleopatra to the Asp (Tabb)\n", "BULLET::::- Evening Song (S. Lanier)\n", "BULLET::::- The First Snowfall (Tabb)\n", "BULLET::::- Phantoms (Tabb), c1912\n", "BULLET::::- The War-Song of the Vikings (F. MacLeod), 1914\n", "BULLET::::- Two Birds flew into the Sunset Glow (Rom. trad.), 1914\n", "BULLET::::- Song of the Dagger (Rom. trad.), 1916\n", "BULLET::::- In the Harem (Chu Ch′ing-yü), ?1917\n", "BULLET::::- Hampelas, Kinanti, Djakoan (Javanese trad.), c1917\n", "Section::::Musical compositions.:Choral works.\n", "BULLET::::- Passionlied (\"O Haupt voll Blut und Wunden\") (P. Gerhardt), SSATB, 1906\n", "BULLET::::- Lobe den Herren (J. Neander), SSATB, 1906\n", "BULLET::::- Dies ist der Tag (I. Watts), SSATB, 1906\n", "BULLET::::- These things shall be (J.A. Symonds), unison chorus, 1916\n", "Section::::Further reading.\n", "BULLET::::- The definitive biography of the composer and is widely available secondhand\n", "BULLET::::- \"Griffes, Charles Tomlinson\", in \"The Biographical Dictionary of Musicians\" (1939), Garden City, New York: Doubleday.\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Edward Maisel research files on Charles T. Griffes, 1904–1985 Music Division, The New York Public Library.\n", "BULLET::::- Thomas Hampson: I Hear America Singing - Composer profile\n", "BULLET::::- Charles Griffes. American Musicological Society Newsletter Essay by Howard Pollack\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "Charles Tomlinson Griffes" ] }, "description": "American composer", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q477571", "wikidata_label": "Charles Griffes", "wikipedia_title": "Charles Tomlinson Griffes" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Riccardo Chailly\n", "Riccardo Chailly, (, ; birn 20 February 1953) is an Italian conductor. He started his career as an opera conductor and gradually extended his repertoire to encompass symphonic music.\n", "Section::::Biography.\n", "Chailly was born in Milan into a musical family of Romagnol and French descent. He studied composition with his father, Luciano Chailly. His sister is harpist Cecilia Chailly.\n", "Chailly studied at the music conservatories in Perugia and Milan. He later studied conducting with Franco Ferrara. In his youth, Chailly also played the drums in a rhythm-and-blues band.\n", "At age 20, Chailly became assistant conductor to Claudio Abbado at La Scala, where he made his conducting debut in 1978. From 1982 to 1988, Chailly was chief conductor of the Berlin Radio Symphony Orchestra and from 1983 to 1986 principal guest conductor of the London Philharmonic Orchestra. From 1986 to 1993, he led the Teatro Comunale of Bologna.\n", "Chailly made his debut with the Concertgebouw Orchestra, Amsterdam in 1985. From 1988 to 2004, Chailly was chief conductor of the Royal Concertgebouw Orchestra (RCO), where he dedicated himself to performances of the standard symphonic tradition, notably Anton Bruckner and Gustav Mahler, with which the orchestra made its name but also significantly broadened the repertoire with 20th century and contemporary music. Among notable projects, Chailly led the 1995 Mahler Festival that celebrated the 100th anniversary of Mahler's first concert at the Concertgebouw. Chailly also conducted opera in Amsterdam, both at the RCO's annual Christmas Matinee concert as well as at De Nederlandse Opera (DNO), where his final opera production in Amsterdam was DNO's staging of Giuseppe Verdi's \"Don Carlo\". One report stated that Chailly decided in 2002 to leave the RCO when, at his last contract negotiations, the orchestra offered him an extension for two years rather than five.\n", "In 1986, Chailly conducted the Gewandhausorchester Leipzig for the first time, at the Salzburg Festival, after Herbert von Karajan had introduced Chailly to the orchestra. His next guest-conducting appearance with the Leipzig orchestra was in 2001, and after an additional appearance, he was named the 19th \"Kapellmeister\" of the orchestra. In August 2005, he officially became the chief conductor of the Gewandhausorchester Leipzig and general music director (GMD) of Oper Leipzig. His initial Leipzig contract was to run through to 2010. In May 2008, he extended his contract with the Gewandhausorchester to 2015. However, he concurrently resigned as GMD of the Oper Leipzig, reportedly after conflict over the hiring of personnel without his consultation. In June 2013, the Gewandhausorchester and Chailly agreed on a further extension of his contract through 2020. However, in September 2015, the Gewandhausorchester announced the newly scheduled conclusion of Chailly's tenure as \"Gewandhauskapellmeister\" in June 2016, four years ahead of the previously agreed upon contract extension, at Chailly's request. His projects in Leipzig have included an international Mahler festival in May 2011, featuring 10 different orchestras.\n", "Chailly became the first music director of the Orchestra Sinfonica di Milano Giuseppe Verdi (La Verdi) in 1999, and held the post until 2005. He now has the title of Conductor Laureate with La Verdi. In December 2013, La Scala announced the appointment of Chailly as its next music director, from 1 January 2017 to 31 December 2022. Chailly is scheduled to take the title of principal conductor of La Scala as of 1 January 2015, and to hold that title until 31 December 2016. In August 2015, the Lucerne Festival Orchestra announced the appointment of Chailly as its next music director, effective with the 2016 Lucerne Festival, with an initial contract of 5 years. On 31 January 2019 the Lucerne Festival Orchestra announced that the music director Chailly's tenure has extended to 2023. \n", "Chailly has an exclusive recording contract with Decca, and his recordings with Decca include complete cycles of the symphonies of Johannes Brahms, Gustav Mahler and Anton Bruckner. His Brahms cycle with the Gewandhausorchester won the 2014 Gramophone Award for Recording of the Year. Other notable achievements include recordings of Igor Stravinsky, Edgard Varèse and Paul Hindemith. More recently, with the Gewandhaus Orchestra, Chailly has led recordings of Felix Mendelssohn, Johann Sebastian Bach, Brahms, Robert Schumann's symphonies in the re-orchestrations by Mahler, and a complete cycle of Beethoven's symphonies. His past recordings with American orchestras included \"Shostakovich: The Dance Album\" with the Philadelphia Orchestra and Stravinsky's \"Le Sacre du printemps\" with the Cleveland Orchestra.\n", "Chailly has been married twice. He has a daughter, Luana, by his first marriage to Anahi Carfi, and a stepson from his second and current marriage to Gabriella Terragni.\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Riccardo Chailly official website at Decca Records\n", "Section::::External links.:Interviews.\n", "BULLET::::- Riccardo Chailly interview, September 28, 1990\n", "BULLET::::- theartsdesk Q&A: Riccardo Chailly (27 November 2010)\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "Italian conductor", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q371795", "wikidata_label": "Riccardo Chailly", "wikipedia_title": "Riccardo Chailly" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Jon Faddis\n", "Jon Faddis (born July 24, 1953) is an American jazz trumpet player, conductor, composer, and educator, renowned for both his playing and for his expertise in the field of music education. Upon his first appearance on the scene, he became known for his ability to closely mirror the sound of trumpet icon Dizzy Gillespie, who was his mentor along with pianist Stan Kenton and trumpeter Bill Catalano.\n", "Section::::Biography.\n", "Jon Faddis was born in Oakland, California, in 1953. At 18, he joined Lionel Hampton's big band before joining the Thad Jones/Mel Lewis Orchestra as lead trumpet. After playing with Charles Mingus in his early twenties, Faddis became a noted studio musician in New York City, appearing on many pop recordings in the late 1970s and early 1980s.\n", "One such recording was \"Disco Inferno\" with the Players Association in which he plays trumpet recorded in 1977 on the LP \"Born to Dance\". In the mid-1980s, he left the studios to continue to pursue his solo career, which resulted in albums such as \"Legacy\", \"Into the Faddisphere\" and \"Hornucopia\".\n", "As a result of his growth as a musician and individual artist, he became the director and main trumpet soloist of the Dizzy Gillespie 70th Birthday Big Band and Dizzy's United Nation Orchestra.\n", "From 1992 to 2002, Faddis led the Carnegie Hall Jazz Band (CHJB) at Carnegie Hall, conducting more than 40 concerts in ten years, during which time the CHJB presented over 135 musicians, featured over 70 guest artists, and premiered works by over 35 composers and arrangers at Carnegie Hall.\n", "Faddis also led the Dizzy Gillespie Alumni All-Stars and the Dizzy Gillespie Alumni All-Stars Big Band from their inception through 2004, when he was appointed artistic director of the Chicago Jazz Ensemble (CJE), based at Columbia College Chicago in Illinois. Faddis led the CJE from autumn 2004 though spring 2010, premiering significant new works, pioneering educational initiatives in Chicago public schools focusing on Louis Armstrong's music, and bringing the CJE into new venues (including presenting the first of the \"Made in Chicago\" Jazz series at the Pritzker Pavilion in Millennium Park), while concurrently leading the Jon Faddis Jazz Orchestra of New York (the successor to the Carnegie Hall Jazz Band).\n", "As of May 2010, Faddis leads the JFJONY, while continuing also to lead the Jon Faddis Quartet and the JFQ+2. The JFJONY headlined The Kennedy Center's New Year's Eve performance in December 2010 (available as a podcast on NPR's JazzSet); the JFJONY has also performed at the Kimmel Center in Philadelphia, the Performing Arts Center in Westchester, New York, the Newport Jazz Festival and other venues.\n", "In 2006, the Jon Faddis Quartet released the CD \"Teranga\" (Koch Records, now E1), featuring guests including Clark Terry, Russell Malone, Gary Smulyan, and Frank Wess.\n", "In 1999, Faddis released the Grammy-nominated \"Remembrances\" (Chesky Records), which was composed almost entirely of ballads and featured work from Argentinian composer/arranger Carlos Franzetti.\n", "In 1997, Faddis composed the jazz opera \"Lulu Noire\", which was presented at USA in Charleston, South Carolina, as well as at the American Music Theater Festival in Philadelphia.\n", "Faddis appeared in the 1998 movie \"Blues Brothers 2000\". In the film, he plays trumpet with The Louisiana Gator Boys. Faddis is also a noted educator for jazz and the trumpet.\n", "For over a decade, Faddis has taught – and continues to teach – at The Conservatory of Music at Purchase College-SUNY, in Westchester, New York, where he teaches trumpet, classes, and an ensemble. Remaining true to the tradition of honoring mentors, he also leads master classes, clinics and workshops around the world; he often will bring promising students along to his gigs and allow the students to sit in, and also has produced a number of CDs for up-and-coming musicians.\n", "In July 2011 he played a tribute to Miles Davis at the Prague Castle, hosted by the Czech President, Václav Klaus, accompanied by Lenny White on drums, Jaroslav Jakubovič on baritone saxophone, Tom Barney on bass and Emil Viklický on piano.\n", "Jon Faddis is a Schilke Performing Artist, performing on the Schilke \"Faddis\" model Trumpet. He has played Schilke instruments since 1970, encompassing nearly his entire career and complete discography.\n", "Section::::Family and personal life.\n", "Faddis has been a resident of Teaneck, New Jersey.\n", "Faddis is the uncle of Madlib and Oh No, acclaimed hip-hop producers.\n", "Section::::Discography.\n", "Section::::Discography.:As leader.\n", "BULLET::::- 1974: \"Jon & Billy\" (Trio)\n", "BULLET::::- 1976: \"Youngblood\" (Pablo)\n", "BULLET::::- 1978: \"Good and Plenty\" (Buddah)\n", "BULLET::::- 1985: \"Legacy\" (Concord Jazz)\n", "BULLET::::- 1989: \"Into the Faddisphere\" (Epic)\n", "BULLET::::- 1991: \"Hornucopia\" (Epic)\n", "BULLET::::- 1995: \"The Carnegie Hall Jazz Band\" (Blue Note)\n", "BULLET::::- 1997: \"Swing Summit: Passing on the Torch\"\n", "BULLET::::- 1997: \"Eastwood After Hours: Live at Carnegie Hall\" (Malposo/Warner Bros.)\n", "BULLET::::- 1998: \"Remembrances\" (Chesky)\n", "BULLET::::- 2006: \"Teranga\" (Koch)\n", "Section::::Discography.:As sideman.\n", "With George Benson\n", "BULLET::::- \"Big Boss Band\" (Warner Bros., 1990)\n", "With Anthony Braxton\n", "BULLET::::- \"Creative Orchestra Music 1976\" (Arista, 1976)\n", "With Rusty Bryant\n", "BULLET::::- \"Until It's Time for You to Go\" (Prestige, 1974)\n", "With Kenny Burrell\n", "BULLET::::- \"Ellington Is Forever\" (Fantasy, 1975)\n", "With Michel Camilo\n", "BULLET::::- \"One More Once\"\n", "With Ron Carter\n", "BULLET::::- \"Parade\" (Milestone, 1979)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Empire Jazz\" (RSO, 1980)\n", "With Hank Crawford\n", "BULLET::::- \"I Hear a Symphony\" (Kudu, 1975)\n", "With Charles Earland\n", "BULLET::::- \"Intensity\" (Prestige, 1972)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Charles III\" (Prestige, 1973)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Dynamite Brothers\" (Prestige, 1973)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Kharma\" (Prestige, 1974)\n", "With Gil Evans\n", "BULLET::::- \"Live at the Public Theater (New York 1980)\" (Trio, 1981)\n", "With Jerry Fielding\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Gauntlet (Soundtrack)\" (Warner Bros., 1977)\n", "With Dizzy Gillespie\n", "BULLET::::- \"Dizzy Gillespie Jam\" (Pablo, 1977)\n", "BULLET::::- \"To Diz with Love\" (Telarc, 1992)\n", "As Music Director for the Dizzy Gillespie Alumni All-Stars\n", "BULLET::::- \"Dizzy's 80th Birthday Party\" (1997)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Dizzy's World\" (1999)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Things to Come\" (Telarc, 2000)\n", "With Grant Green\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Main Attraction\" (1976)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Easy\" (1978)\n", "With Johnny \"Hammond\" Smith\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Prophet\" (Kudu, 1972)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Higher Ground\" (Kudu, 1973)\n", "With Groove Holmes \n", "BULLET::::- \"New Groove\" (Groove Merchant, 1974)\n", "With Billy Joel\n", "BULLET::::- \"An Innocent Man\" (Columbia, 1983)\n", "With the Thad Jones - Mel Lewis Big Band\n", "BULLET::::- \"Potpourri\" (Philadelphia International Records, 1974)\n", "With O'Donel Levy\n", "BULLET::::- \"Dawn of a New Day\" (Groove Merchant, 1973)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Simba\" (Groove Merchant, 1974)\n", "With Les McCann\n", "BULLET::::- \"Another Beginning\" (Atlantic, 1974)\n", "With Jack McDuff\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Fourth Dimension\" (Cadet, 1974)\n", "With Jimmy McGriff\n", "BULLET::::- \"Red Beans\" (Groove Merchant, 1976)\n", "With Charles Mingus\n", "BULLET::::- \"Charles Mingus and Friends in Concert\" (Columbia, 1972)\n", "With Mingus Dynasty\n", "BULLET::::- \"Live at the Theatre Boulogne-Billancourt/Paris, Vol. 1\" (Soul Note, 1988)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Live at the Theatre Boulogne-Billancourt/Paris, Vol. 2\" (Soul Note, 1988)\n", "With Blue Mitchell\n", "BULLET::::- \"Many Shades of Blue\" (Mainstream, 1974)\n", "With David \"Fathead\" Newman\n", "BULLET::::- \"Scratch My Back\" (Prestige, 1979)\n", "With Oscar Peterson\n", "BULLET::::- \"Oscar Peterson & Jon Faddis\" (Pablo, 1975)\n", "With Lalo Schifrin\n", "BULLET::::- \"Black Widow\" (CTI, 1976)\n", "BULLET::::- \"More Jazz Meets the Symphony\" (Atlantic, 1993)\n", "BULLET::::- \"\" (Four Winds, 1995)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Lalo Schifrin with WDR Big Band: Gillespiana\" (1996)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Latin Jazz Suite\" (1999)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Ins and Outs – Lalo Live at the Blue Note\" (2002)\n", "With Don Sebesky\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Rape of El Morro\" (CTI, 1975)\n", "With Paul Simon\n", "BULLET::::- \"Still Crazy After All These Years\" (uncredited) 1975\n", "BULLET::::- \"One Trick Pony\" 1980\n", "BULLET::::- \"Hearts and Bones\" (uncredited) 1983\n", "BULLET::::- \"Graceland\" (Warner Bros., 1986)\n", "With Leon Spencer\n", "BULLET::::- \"Where I'm Coming From\" (Prestige, 1973)\n", "With Jeremy Steig\n", "BULLET::::- \"Firefly\" (CTI, 1977)\n", "With Gábor Szabó\n", "BULLET::::- \"Macho\" (Salvation, 1975)\n", "With Charles Tolliver\n", "BULLET::::- \"Impact\" (Strata-East, 1975)\n", "With Steve Turre\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Rhythm Within\"\n", "With Stanley Turrentine\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Man with the Sad Face\" (Fantasy, 1976)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Nightwings\" (Fantasy, 1977)\n", "With Cedar Walton\n", "BULLET::::- \"Beyond Mobius\" (RCA, 1976)\n", "With Randy Weston\n", "BULLET::::- \"Tanjah\" (Polydor, 1973)\n", "With Gerald Wilson\n", "BULLET::::- \"New York, New Sound\" (Mack Avenue, 2003)\n", "BULLET::::- \"In My Time\" (Mack Avenue, 2005)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Monterey Moods\" (Mack Avenue, 2007)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Detroit\" (Mack Avenue, 2009)\n", "With Tatsuro Yamashita\n", "BULLET::::- \"Circus Town\" (1976)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Pocket Music\" (1986)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Boku No Naka No Syounen\" (1988)\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Jon Faddis Official Website\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "Jazz trumpet player", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q1350269", "wikidata_label": "Jon Faddis", "wikipedia_title": "Jon Faddis" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Guillermo Coria\n", "Guillermo Sebastián Coria (born 13 January 1982), nicknamed El Mago (\"The Magician\" in Spanish), is a retired professional tennis player from Argentina. He reached a career-high ATP world No. 3 singles ranking in May 2004. Coria achieved his best results on clay, where he won eight of his nine ATP singles titles, and during his prime years in 2003 and 2004 he was considered the \"world's best clay-court player.\" He reached the final of the 2004 French Open, where he was defeated by Gastón Gaudio despite serving for the match twice. In later years, injuries and a lack of confidence affected his game, and he retired in 2009 at the relatively early age of 27. Between 2001-2002, he served a seven month suspension for taking the banned substance nandrolone.\n", "Section::::Career.\n", "Coria turned professional in 2000, finishing 2003, 2004, and 2005 as a top-10 player. He was one of the fastest players on the Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP) tour, consistently showing exceptional performances in clay-court tournaments. His playing style was that of a counter-puncher.\n", "He was considered the \"King of Clay\" between 2003–2005 by reaching 6 out of 8 possible Masters finals (since he was absent for 2004 Rome Masters) on clay during that period. While at the French Open, he also reached semifinals in 2003 and held 2 match points in the final in 2004.\n", "Section::::Career.:Junior.\n", "As a junior, Coria reached a ranking of world No. 2 in singles and world No. 5 in doubles.\n", "Coria won the Orange Bowl 16s in 1997, and reached the finals of Orange Bowl 18s in 1998, where he was defeated by future world No. 1 Roger Federer. Coria won the boys' singles title at the 1999 French Open without dropping a single set, beating his friend and fellow Argentine, David Nalbandian in straight sets in the final. One month later at the 1999 Wimbledon Championships, in singles, as 3rd seed, Coria reached semifinals without dropping a set, where he was defeated by 1st seed Kristian Pless in straight sets. In doubles of the same tournament, however, as 1st seeds, Coria and Nalbandian teamed up to win the boys' doubles title by beating Todor Enev and Jarkko Nieminen.\n", "Section::::Career.:Early career: failed drugs test and doping suspension.\n", "Coria tested positive for nandrolone in April 2001 after a match in Barcelona against Michel Kratochvil. Coria was initially banned from tennis for two years, starting in August 2001, and was fined $98,565. Coria claimed that the only supplement that he was taking was a multivitamin made by a New Jersey supplements company. His family employed a private lab to test the multivitamin, which was found to be contaminated with steroids. In December 2001, the ATP refused to acquit Coria, but reduced his ban from two years to seven months, which meant that he would be free to continue with his tennis career in March 2002. Coria sued the New Jersey supplements company for more than $10 million in lost prize money and endorsements and settled after the third day of the trial for an undisclosed amount.\n", "As a result of the seven months during which Coria was banned from playing tennis, his world ranking dropped from No. 32 to No. 97. 2002 was, therefore, a rebuilding year for Coria, and he finished 2002 ranked at world No. 45.\n", "Section::::Career.:2003–2005: \"King of Clay\".\n", "Section::::Career.:2003–2005: \"King of Clay\".:2003: Dominance on clay begins.\n", "Coria signalled his arrival as a world class clay-court player in 2003 by reaching the finals in Buenos Aires, where he lost a tight best-of-three-sets match to Carlos Moyá, and at the Monte Carlo Masters, where he lost in two straight sets to Juan Carlos Ferrero. Coria went on to win his first Masters Series title at the 2003 Hamburg Masters by defeating Agustín Calleri in the final in three straight sets.\n", "At the 2003 French Open, Coria defeated Andre Agassi in four sets in the quarterfinals, before suffering an upset loss to Martin Verkerk and his booming serves in the semifinals. In July 2003, Coria was increasingly establishing himself as the new king of clay by winning three clay-court tournaments in three weeks, the Mercedes Cup in Stuttgart, the Generali Open in Kitzbühel and the Orange Prokom Open in Sopot. He won these three tournaments without dropping a set, dishing out five bagels and eight breadsticks in the process. He finished the year ranked No. 5 in the world.\n", "Section::::Career.:2003–2005: \"King of Clay\".:2004: French Open final.\n", "In 2004, Coria won the clay-court tournament in Buenos Aires and reached his first Masters final on hard court at the 2004 NASDAQ-100 Open, where he faced Andy Roddick. From the first set onwards, Coria was visibly hurt by pains in his back that later turned out to be kidney stones. Coria still won the first set 7–6, but Roddick won the next two sets 6–3, 6–1, before Coria was forced to retire during the first game of the fourth set.\n", "Three weeks later, Coria defeated Rainer Schüttler in three straight sets in the final of the Monte Carlo Masters to win his second Masters Series title. Coria had now won five consecutive clay-court tournaments which includes 2 consecutive Masters Series title and had gone 26 consecutive matches unbeaten on clay. On 3 May 2004, Coria reached a career-high ranking of world No. 3. In attempting to defend his title at the Hamburg Masters, Coria increased his clay-court winning streak to 31 matches by reaching the final, where he lost to world No. 1 Roger Federer in four sets.\n", "At the French Open, Coria only dropped 1 set en route to the final, defeating Nikolay Davydenko, Juan Mónaco, Mario Ančić and Nicolas Escudé, before beating former world No. 1, Carlos Moyá, in the quarterfinals and British serve-and-volleyer, Tim Henman, in the semifinals; but he was unexpectedly defeated by unseeded compatriot Gastón Gaudio in an unprecedented all-Argentine final, 6–0, 6–3, 4–6, 1–6, 6–8. Coria had won the first two sets with ease and was in control of the third set at 4–4 and 40–0 up on serve, before Gaudio broke Coria's serve and went on to take the third set. Coria then succumbed to leg cramps for the rest of the match, and was barely able to move at times, with many of his serves in the fourth set not even reaching the net. Despite this, Coria still got the advantage at several stages of the fifth set, leading by a break of serve on four separate occasions, including twice serving for the championship at 5–4 and 6–5. He had 2 championship points at 6–5 but he narrowly missed the line with attempted winners on both points, making him the only male player in the Open Era to lose a Grand Slam singles final after having held a championship point, until Roger Federer did so too at the 2019 Wimbledon. Many fans and pundits agree that Coria was never the same player after the loss.\n", "Coria reached finals on 3 different surfaces (all except carpet) in 2004. He surprised some people by reaching the first grass-court final of his career at 's-Hertogenbosch, losing the final to Michaël Llodra. This was only two weeks after the devastation of losing the French Open final. Coria then went on to defeat Wesley Moodie in a five-set match in the first round of Wimbledon, which took nearly three days to complete after the start of the match, as a result of rain and poor scheduling. Coria lost in four sets in the second round to Florian Mayer and got a bad injury to his right shoulder during the match. As a result, Coria dropped out for the remainder of the season and in August, Coria had surgery on his right shoulder. He returned to the ATP tour in November for the Masters Cup, where he performed poorly.\n", "Section::::Career.:2003–2005: \"King of Clay\".:2005: Two Masters finals on clay & service yips.\n", "Coria appeared in five finals after the 2004 French Open defeat and lost four of them, with 3 of them against the rising king of clay, Rafael Nadal. The most famous one is the Rome Masters final loss that lasted almost 5 hours and 20 minutes. It is agreed by many that it is one of the greatest matches played on clay, if not the greatest of all. Their head-to-head record was deadlocked at 1–1 prior to the match, with Nadal winning their most recent meeting at the Monte-Carlo Masters final weeks ago in 4 sets. Nadal took the first set 6–4 after being down a break and Coria went on to take the second 6–3. During the 3rd set Coria fought back from 1–5 to 3–5, where the game progressed to one of the most exciting deuces in tennis that lasted 15 minutes, featuring a variety of tactics and plays in long breathtaking rallies, although eventually Nadal pulled through and went on to take the 3rd set 6–3. Coria took the fourth set 6–4 and led 3–0 in the fifth set with two breaks of serve and had a game point in the fourth game, before Nadal broke back twice to lead 4–3 on serve in the fifth set. Eventually the match went into tiebreak at the 5-hour mark, soon after Coria had saved a championship point for Nadal in the 12th game of the fifth set. During the tiebreak, Coria fought back from a 1–5 deficit and saved another 2 Nadal championship points when 4–6 down in the tiebreak to level at 6–6. However, Nadal then won the next 2 points to win the fifth set tiebreak 8–6. As a result, Nadal won his second consecutive Masters final of the year against Coria.\n", "The only final Coria won in 2005 was on 31 July, when he won in Umag, Croatia, defeating Carlos Moyá in the final. Afterwards, Coria joked that the small tournament was considered a fifth Grand Slam in his family, because his wife Carla hails from Croatia. Coria had a surprisingly consistent 2005 season, where he was one of only three players to reach the fourth round or better at every Grand Slam, the others being Roger Federer and David Nalbandian.\n", "Despite having a consistent season in 2005, during his tournament victory in Umag he started to suffer from the service yips, a psychological condition that renders a tennis player unable to hit the ball at the correct moment when serving. Initially it was not very noticeable, but became more apparent during the US Open, during which Coria served a combined total of 34 double faults in his fourth-round win over Nicolás Massú and his quarterfinal loss to unseeded Robby Ginepri. Against Ginepri, having already saved five match points, Coria was serving to take the match into a fifth-set tiebreaker, when two consecutive double faults from deuce gave Ginepri the win.\n", "As the 2005 season drew to a close, Coria's form started to dip alarmingly as a result of the high number of double faults he was serving in an increasing number of his matches. Coria lost 9 of his last 11 matches of 2005. Some pundits have also speculated that his three losses in finals to the emerging Nadal may have hit his confidence worse than the loss to Gaudio.\n", "Between 2003–2005 Coria compiled a record of 90–13 (87.38%) which includes a 31-match win streak on clay.\n", "Section::::Career.:2006–2009: Steady decline.\n", "Section::::Career.:2006–2009: Steady decline.:2006: Gradual loss of form.\n", "Coria's service yips got increasingly worse in 2006, although he still reached the third round of the 2006 Australian Open and managed a victory over Novak Djokovic at the 2006 Miami Masters without serving any double faults.\n", "At the 2006 Monte Carlo Masters, Coria came back from 1–6, 1–5 down to defeat Paul-Henri Mathieu, despite serving 20 double faults in the match. Coria then defeated Nicolas Kiefer, despite serving 22 double faults, but he was then easily beaten by Rafael Nadal in the quarterfinals. After Monte Carlo, Coria wins generally became fewer and further between, although he did manage a semifinal in Amersfoort in July 2006.\n", "Coria withdrew from the 2006 French Open and 2006 Wimbledon as he attempted to sort out marital problems, problems with his game, and an elbow injury. In August 2006, he hired Horacio de la Peña as his tennis coach. At the 2006 US Open, Coria retired in his first-round match against Ryan Sweeting after just five games. It would be 17 months before Coria played a match on the ATP tour again.\n", "Section::::Career.:2006–2009: Steady decline.:2007: Injuries and inactivity.\n", "Coria made his return in a Challenger in Belo Horizonte, Brazil on 22 October 2007. He lost the first set 3–6 to fellow Argentine Juan Pablo Brzezicki and subsequently retired with a back injury. He had been leading in the first set 3–1.\n", "Section::::Career.:2006–2009: Steady decline.:2008: Attempted comeback.\n", "Coria finally returned to the main ATP circuit in the Movistar Open in Chile on 28 January 2008. He showed positive signs of recovering his form, but was still defeated in the first round by Pablo Cuevas, 4–6, 6–3, 3–6.\n", "In February, in his second ATP Circuit appearance of the year, Coria defeated Italian qualifier Francesco Aldi, 6–4 7–5. It was his first ATP victory in 19 months.\n", "As a result of Andy Roddick's withdrawal from the 2008 French Open due to a back injury, Coria made his first Grand Slam appearance since the 2006 US Open, taking the place of the American. He faced Tommy Robredo, the three-time quarterfinalist and 12th seed, in the first round. Coria was defeated in four sets, 7–5, 4–6, 1–6, 4–6, but Coria's performance led to some optimism, even from Coria himself, who was close to forcing a fifth set.\n", "Coria never recovered from the service yips that damaged his game and kept his ranking hundreds of places below his once consistent Top 10 position. On 28 April 2009, he announced his retirement from professional tennis, saying that he \"didn’t feel like competing anymore.\"\n", "Section::::Playing style.\n", "Coria was a very well-rounded player who had an excellent technique. He was known as a very solid baseliner and an excellent claycourter. He had excellent speed, making him one of the best defenders on the tour, and he was able to hit good shots on the run. He had penetrating and balanced groundstroke capabilities and frequently utilised drop shots. His comparatively weak serve was especially noted during the late stages of his career, where Coria would make numerous double faults due to service yips, often resorting to hitting a severely underpowered second serve to avoid this. Whilst his small size and relative lack of power meant he didn't have any big, stand-out weapons, Coria had excellent consistency and court craft which enabled him to become a top player, especially on clay courts.\n", "Coria also has one of the strongest, if not the best return game in the history of men's tennis, currently ranked No. 1 for 3 of the 4 all-time leaderboards regarding returns on all surfaces: for break point conversion percentage at 45.71%, ahead of Rafael Nadal (45.15%), and Sergi Bruguera (44.95%); for first serve return points won percentage at 36.05%, ahead of Nadal (34.05%), and David Ferrer (33.65%); for return games won percentage at 35.26%, ahead of Nadal (33.35%) and Novak Djokovic (32.23%). His incredibly strong return game is sometimes enough to allow him to win matches despite his service yips. The only leaderboard about return that Coria did not rank No. 1 at is the second serve return points won, where he is currently ranked 13th.\n", "American tennis author Scoop Malinowski praised Coria in 2019 as \"the best player to never win a major\"... \"The old debate pops up now and again, about who is the best tennis player to never win a major, and the same names get mentioned – Marcelo Rios, David Nalbandian, Todd Martin, Tomas Berdych, Cedric Pioline, etc. I have a different view of the discussion. Guillermo Coria is the best player to never win a major, in my opinion.\" \n", "Section::::Personal life.\n", "Coria was named after French Open champion and compatriot Guillermo Vilas. He began to play tennis at the age of 3, not long after learning how to walk, when his father Oscar, a tennis coach, introduced the game to him. His mother Garciela is a housewife. He was the oldest of 3 brothers in his family.\n", "Coria attended preschool with David Nalbandian in Argentina (their ages are 12 days apart). He admired Andre Agassi and Marcelo Ríos while growing up. He enjoys playing soccer and he is a well-known River Plate fan. Coria married Carla Francovigh on 27 December 2003. They have a son named Thiago, born on 12 April 2012. A daughter, Delfina, was born on 4 October 2013.\n", "As of 2010, Coria was coaching his younger brother Federico Coria.\n", "As of 2016, Coria has been traveling around Argentina managing the Government-funded program \"Our Tennis\" whose purpose is to promote the sport, and identify and develop talent among children and teens.\n", "Section::::Equipment.\n", "Coria used the Prince O3 Tour. His racquet was strung with Luxilon Big Banger Original 16 String. His clothing sponsor was Adidas.\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Stephen Lee (snooker player)\n", "Stephen Lee (born 12 October 1974) is an English former professional snooker player. He turned professional in 1992 and was ranked in the top 16 between the 1997/1998 and 2007/2008 snooker seasons, reaching a career-high of fifth in the rankings. He won five ranking titles between 1998 and 2006, reached the semi-finals of the 2003 World Championship and the final of the 2008 Masters. Thereafter, his form declined dramatically and as a result he dropped out of the top 16 after a run of eleven consecutive seasons, meaning he would no longer automatically qualify for tournaments. A return to form in the 2011/2012 season saw Lee reach two consecutive finals in ranking tournaments and collect his fifth title, as well as regaining his top 16 seeding. Lee was a strong break-builder compiling 184 competitive century breaks during his career, and his smooth cue action is regarded by some pundits as the most natural the game has seen.\n", "Lee's playing career came to a premature end when he was suspended from WSA competition on 12 October 2012 on match-fixing charges. He was found guilty by an independent tribunal in September 2013 of influencing the outcome of seven matches in 2008 and 2009. He received a twelve-year ban backdated to the start of his suspension and which will run until 12 October 2024, the day of his 50th birthday.\n", "Section::::Career.\n", "Section::::Career.:Early career.\n", "Stephen Lee turned professional after winning the English Amateur Championship in 1992. During his first season as a professional he had a run of 33 successive frames won during qualifying matches, an all-time professional record. He reached the Top 16 of the rankings five years later, despite never having reached the semi-finals of a ranking event at this point. He entered the Top 8 after winning his first ranking title during the 1998/1999 season.\n", "Section::::Career.:1998–2011.\n", "His first ranking victory came at the Grand Prix, in 1998 defeating Dave Harold 6–4 in a hard-fought semi-final that saw Lee come from 3–0 and 4–1 down, before beating newcomer Marco Fu convincingly in the final, 9–2. His first ranking title and first two ranking semi-finals were all achieved without beating a top-16 player. After a failed drugs test in 2000 briefly upset his momentum, he scored more ranking points than any other player in the 2001/2002 season (winning the Scottish Open as well as the Grand Prix), thus briefly making him the provisional world No. 1 early in the following season. Lee was favourite to win the 2001 Masters, but lost 5–6 in the first round to John Parrott. He was part of the England team which won the 2001 Nations Cup. His best run in the World Championship came in the 2003 event when he reached the semi-finals.\n", "Due to a dip in form, at the 2006 Welsh Open he came to the competition outside the provisional Top 16 after failing to win a ranking tournament for four years. He went on to win the tournament, beating the then World Champion, Shaun Murphy, 9–4 in the final.\n", "For 2007/2008 he slipped to No. 13 in the rankings after reaching just one semi-final, partly due to missing the China Open for personal reasons. He nevertheless reached the final of the 2008 Masters, losing 3–10 to Mark Selby. Following a heavy defeat by Joe Swail in the first round of the 2008 World Championship, confirming his drop out of the top 16 of the rankings, Lee considered retiring from the game.\n", "However, he did compete in the first ranking event of the 2008/2009 season, the 2008 Northern Ireland Trophy, and after convincing wins over Judd Trump and Stephen Hendry, he reached the last 16, where despite making three century breaks he lost 4–5 to eventual runner-up Dave Harold. He then failed to qualify for the Shanghai Masters, losing 4–5 to Tom Ford. He reached the televised stages of the 2009 World Championship by defeating Judd Trump in qualifying, but was beaten 10–4 in the first round by Ryan Day.\n", "On 11 February 2010 Lee was arrested by West Midlands Police on suspicion of cheating, in relation to an investigation by the Gambling Commission over suspicious betting patterns.\n", "During the 2010/2011 season Lee managed to regain some form including a win in Event 4 of the EPTC events. However, he drew John Higgins in the first round at both the UK Championship and World Championship, losing on both occasions with Higgins going on to eventually win both events. At the China Open he drew Mark Williams in the first round and despite Williams making four centuries he won 5–4, making a gutsy 61 clearance to the black in the decider. He went on to reach the quarter-finals, where he lost to Ding Junhui 5–2. Lee won a non-ranking event in 2011 in the CCI Open Invitational he beat Jimmy White 10-7 in the final in Mumbai.\n", "Section::::Career.:Return to form.\n", "Lee began the 2011/2012 season ranked 18 and lost in qualifying for the Australian Goldfields Open and in the first round of the Shanghai Masters. However, he had an excellent run of form in the PTC Events by reaching the quarter-finals of Events 3 and 4 and going one better in Event 6, as he lost to Neil Robertson in the last 4. This meant that Lee returned to the top 16 in October, as he was ranked 13 and therefore gained automatic entry into the upcoming ranking events. He lost in the first round of the UK Championship and in the German Masters reached his first semi-final since the 2006 Northern Ireland Trophy, but could not get past Ronnie O'Sullivan, who won 6–4. He then made it to the quarter-finals of the Welsh Open, where he was put off by a mobile phone ringing on his back-swing in a deciding frame against Ding Junhui and went on to lose the match. He used his frustration from the incident to good effect however, as he beat Dominic Dale, Neil Robertson, Graeme Dott and Robert Milkins to reach the final of the World Open, his first since the 2006 Welsh Open. He played Mark Allen, but was dominated throughout, as he lost the match 1–10.\n", "Lee enjoyed further success on the PTC calendar as he reached another semi-final, to finish 14th on the Order of Merit and therefore qualified for the last 24 of the Finals. It was in the finals where Lee won his first ranking title for six years as he dropped just three frames during the tournament, including 4–0 whitewashes over Mark Selby and in the final versus Robertson, where Lee became the first player to beat the Australian in a ranking event final. Lee's form in the second half of the season continued into the China Open as he registered his third ranking event semi-final of the year by defeating Judd Trump again, but could not feature in three successive finals as he lost 2–6 to Stephen Maguire. His season did finish in disappointment though as he was beaten in the first round of the World Championship 6–10 by Andrew Higginson. Nevertheless, Lee climbed 10 places in the world rankings to end the season at number 8, the highest he has been since 2003.\n", "Section::::Match-fixing and ban.\n", "Lee was arrested and bailed on suspicion of match-fixing on 11 February 2010, following a police investigation into suspicious betting patterns relating to a match played in 2009, believed to have taken place at the UK championship. On 2 October 2012, the World Professional Billiards and Snooker Association (WPBSA) released a statement confirming that the Crown Prosecution Service would not be taking further action against Lee over the claims. A week later, on the 11th, Lee was involved in another controversial match which resulted in a 2–4 defeat by John Higgins at a Premier League fixture, having previously led 2–1, which caused fellow professional Judd Trump to question the integrity of the result on Twitter, especially since Lee squandered a golden opportunity to level the match at 3 frames all. The following day—on his 38th birthday—Lee was suspended by the WPBSA following reports by at least two bookmakers of irregular betting patterns connected to the Premier League match, pending a full inquiry. Lee appealed against the decision made by the Chairman of the WPBSA; Robert Englehart QC—appointed by Sport Resolutions UK to consider Lee's appeal against suspension—dismissed it, deciding the suspension should remain in place until either the conclusion of the investigation or any resultant hearings.\n", "On 14 February 2013, the WPBSA brought charges against Lee concerning his group matches at the 2008 Malta Cup, two matches at the 2008 UK Championship, his match at the 2009 China Open, and a match at the 2009 World Snooker Championship. He was charged with violating sections 2.8 and 2.9 of the Members Rules and Regulations, which concern divulging information not already in the public domain with the express purpose of it being used for match-betting, and entering into an arrangement to influence the result of a game. Lee applied for permission to play in the 2013 World Championship in the event that the proceedings against him would be brought to a close before the draw was made, but it later transpired that he would be unable to participate in the tournament after learning that his hearing would not take place before the qualifying draw. On 10 April, the WPBSA announced that they would no longer be proceeding with the investigation into the Premier League match, although the inquiry into the remaining match-fixing charges would still go ahead. While suspended from WSA tournaments, Lee continued to compete in independently organised events, winning the RKGKhar Gymkhana Snooker Masters in May.\n", "The case was heard by independent tribunal, Sport Resolutions UK, in a three-day hearing chaired by Adam Lewis QC, starting on 9 September 2013 and concluding on the 11th. The verdict was delivered on the 16th, with Lee found guilty of influencing the outcome of seven matches in 2008 and 2009. On the 25th, he received a twelve-year ban from WSA events, backdated to the beginning of his suspension on 12 October 2012 running through to his 50th birthday on 12 October 2024, and ordered to pay £40,000 in costs. Lee subsequently appealed against the \"finding of the tribunal, the sanction and the costs awarded\". Sport Resolutions appointed Edwin Glasgow QC to chair the appeal, with the Appeals Committee determining that the appeal should be heard in two parts. Originally set for 30 January 2014, the appeal was adjourned to 17 February. In the first stage of his appeal Lee challenged the independence of Adam Lewis, chairman of the original tribunal. Lewis had previously represented Leyton Orient F.C.—owned by World Snooker's CEO, Barry Hearn—in a legal dispute and Lee's legal team argued there was a conflict of interest. The argument was rejected on the 25th, and he was ordered to pay a further £30,000 in costs. The appeals panel recused itself from the second part of the appeal—in which Lee would challenge the guilty verdict itself—after finding him to be an unreliable witness. On 15 May, Nicholas Stewart QC presiding over the remainder of the appeal dismissed it and increased the costs awarded against Lee at the Adam Lewis hearing from £40,000 to £75,000. Stewart also awarded further costs of £20,000 against Lee for the second part of his appeal, bringing the total costs awarded against him to £125,000. He was removed from the snooker tour and world rankings in June 2014.\n", "Section::::Match-fixing and ban.:Other criminal matters.\n", "On 9 June 2014 Lee pleaded guilty to fraud at Swindon Magistrates' Court and was fined £110. Lee had sold his personal snooker cue to a Facebook fan for £1,600 but when he failed to deliver the cue the fan reported the matter to the police. Lee was also ordered to repay the £1,600 cost of the cue.\n", "On 12 April 2018 Lee was arrested in Hong Kong following an immigration raid at a billiards hall. Lee was charged with teaching snooker without a work permit and appeared in court on 14 April where he pleaded not guilty to breaching the conditions of his tourist visa. Lee was forced to surrender his passport and was bailed until June. Lee changed his plea to a guilty plea on the first day of his trial, and the case was dismissed after Lee agreed to a 12-month good behaviour bond of HK$1,000 (£95).\n", "Section::::Personal life.\n", "He married long-term partner Laura in the summer of 2005 in Florida. He has four children including twin sons. He is noted for his unusually high weight for a professional sportsman, although he has attempted to reduce this by not binge-drinking or eating late at night.\n", "In September 2015, Lee was featured as a part of BBC's \"Inside Out West\" documentary series in which it was revealed that he had established the Stephen Lee Billiards Academy, a snooker coaching club for children and young people, in the Chinese city of Shenzhen.\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- List of snooker players investigated for match-fixing\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Player profile on Global Snooker\n", "BULLET::::- Profile on Yahoo! Sport\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Peter Ebdon\n", "Peter David Ebdon (born 27 August 1970) is an English professional snooker player. He was World Champion in 2002, beating Stephen Hendry 18–17 in the final, and won the UK Championship in 2006 and seven other ranking events between 1993 and 2012. He was also a losing finalist in the World Championship in 1996 and 2006. Ebdon turned professional in 1991 and soon made an impact by beating six-time world champion Steve Davis 10–4 in the first round of the 1992 World Championship and reaching the quarter-final stage.\n", "Section::::Career.\n", "Section::::Career.:Early years.\n", "Ebdon turned professional in 1991, sporting a ponytail, he made an impact by beating Steve Davis 10–4 in the first round of the 1992 World Championship; he went on to reach the quarter-finals of the event, losing 7–13 to a resurgent Terry Griffiths. However, it was a run which earned him the WPBSA Young Player of the Year award as a result. His first ranking title was the 1993 Grand Prix. He climbed the rankings rapidly to reach a career-highest position of number three in 1996; he again reached world number three status at the close of the 2002 season.\n", "Section::::Career.:2002–2010.\n", "Ebdon's greatest achievement, thus far, was his 18–17 defeat of Stephen Hendry in the 2002 World Championship final, having started the tournament at odds of 33–1. He had previously reached the final of the tournament in 1996, which he lost 12–18 to Hendry, and was also runner-up at the 2006 event to Graeme Dott in which, at 7–15 down coming into the final session, Ebdon won six successive frames before Dott prevailed 18–14. In the semi-final before the final he led Marco Fu 15–9 before being pegged back to 16–16 before Ebdon took the decider, at the end of which he shed tears of relief.\n", "Ebdon is a remarkably focused and determined player. Until recently, his shot times had slowed down considerably; this attracted some criticism – particularly, in his match against Ronnie O'Sullivan in the 2005 World Championship. Resuming at 6–10 down, Ebdon won the first six frames of the evening session, at one stage taking three minutes over a shot, and five minutes to compile a break of 12. Ebdon nevertheless won the match 13–11. Such performances, though lacking fluency, often appear to break his opponent mentally. Ebdon stated after his victory over O'Sullivan, \"When I'm trying my hardest I seem to go slow. I don't do it intentionally\". When \"The Times\" described his slow play as 'cheating', he attempted to sue them for libel and lost.\n", "Among Ebdon's other career highlights was winning the UK Championship in 2006, beating Stephen Hendry 10–6 in the final – in doing so, becoming only the ninth player to have won both the World and UK Championship. Ebdon's shot times were markedly quicker, and this fluency served him well in defeating the defending champion Ding Junhui and John Higgins en route to the final, and compiling eight century-breaks over the course of the tournament. However, he failed to reach a ranking quarter-final in 2007. His poor form continued into 2008; in the Northern Ireland Trophy he lost 0–5 to Liang Wenbo with a highest break of 32., a result which led to an investigation of suspicious betting patterns by the Gambling Commission. The WPBSA, however, did not launch an investigation. In 2009, Ebdon beat John Higgins 10–8 to win the China Open. However, in the subsequent World Championship, Ebdon lost 5–10 to Nigel Bond in the first round. A year later, after a disappointing season, Ebdon once again lost 5–10 in the World Championship, this time to Graeme Dott. This result meant Ebdon dropped out of the top 16 in the world rankings after an uninterrupted 16-year stay.\n", "Section::::Career.:2010/2011.\n", "At the start of the season Ebdon issued a statement announcing that he would not be able to play to the best of his ability in the last round of the Shanghai Masters qualifiers.\n", "He reached the second round of the tournament though by winning his qualifying match by 5–1 against Michael White, and then his last 32 match against Neil Robertson 5–4 before losing against Mark King 3–5. He enjoyed a good return of form in the World Open, where he beat Steve Davis 3–1, Fergal O'Brien 3–2, Liu Song 3–2, and Martin Gould 3–1 before losing against Ronnie O'Sullivan 1–3. This was his first semi-final since the 2009 China Open and saw him retake a place in the top 16. He also reached the quarter-finals of the China Open and the last 16 of the German Masters and Welsh Open. However, he was knocked out in the first round of both the UK Championship and World Championship, but was still ranked as number 13 at the end of the season.\n", "Section::::Career.:2011/2012.\n", "Ebdon lost in the first round of the first two ranking events of the year, the Australian Goldfields Open and the Shanghai Masters, to make a low key start to the season and as a result drop out of the top 16 at the first cut-off in October, meaning he now had to win a qualifying match to reach the main draw of the ranking events. He lost his first qualifying match in an attempt to reach the UK Championship as he was defeated 3–6 by Robert Milkins. The result meant that Ebdon would not play in the tournament since his first year as a professional in 1991. He also missed the Masters for the first time since 1992 due to being ranked outside of the top 16, but did manage to qualify for the German Masters and the Welsh Open, losing in the first round upon reaching the venue in both events.\n", "He had a disastrous run of form in the PTC series, as he played in all 12 events but could only win 4 matches all season. He finished 98th in the Order of Merit and these results contributed to Ebdon being ranked world number 28 in March.\n", "Ebdon put his indifferent form behind him at the China Open where he won the ninth ranking event title of his career. He whitewashed Liang Wenbo 5–0 to qualify and once in China beat Matthew Stevens 5–3 to set up a last 16 meeting with John Higgins. He came back from 1–3 down and, despite Higgins finding a snooker he needed in the final frame, he held his nerve to take the match 5–4 and his reach his fourth successive China Open quarter-final. There he beat Neil Robertson 5–3 to play local favourite Ding Junhui in the semi-finals. Ebdon again came back from 1–3 down, this time winning five successive frames to take the match 6–3 and make it to his first ranking event final since winning the same tournament three years earlier. In the final he played Stephen Maguire and built a 5–1 lead in the first session, which was cut by three frames due to slow play. However, Maguire won seven of the next ten frames to level the match at 8 frames apiece. The final three frames were error strewn and slow, but with the clock approaching 01:00 am Beijing time, Ebdon clinched the frame he required to win the eight-hour match 10–9. The result saw him rise seven places in the rankings to number 21 and during the final he recorded the 300th century break of his career. He made six century breaks during the tournament, the most of any player – four of which were in the final.\n", "He continued his recent surge of form into the World Championship by recording a 10–0 whitewash over Alfie Burden in qualifying. However, his season was ended when he drew Ronnie O'Sullivan in the first round and lost 4–10, meaning he has failed to beat \"The Rocket\" since their infamous 2005 quarter-final. Despite his win in China, Ebdon finished the season ranked world number 20 meaning he had dropped 7 places during the year.\n", "Section::::Career.:2012/2013.\n", "Ebdon began the season by qualifying for the Wuxi Classic and lost 4–5 to an in-form Stuart Bingham in the first round. He then played in the Australian Goldfields Open, beating Michael Holt, Ding Junhui and Shaun Murphy all by 5–4 scorelines. The match against Ding caused a degree of controversy as Ebdon had taken an average of 32 seconds a shot in a nine frame encounter lasting almost 5 hours. In the semi-finals he defeated Marco Fu 6–2, despite his opponent having over a 90% pot success, 80% long pot success and 80% in his safety game success. He faced Barry Hawkins in the final and succumbed to a 3–9 defeat, admitting afterwards that he had struggled in every department of his game. Ebdon lost in the first round of the Shanghai Masters, but continued his good start to the season at the inaugural International Championship. He received a bye through the first round as Stephen Lee had been suspended due to match fixing allegations, and only conceded one frame in beating Stephen Maguire and Ricky Walden to advance to the semi-finals. There he was thrashed 1–9 by Judd Trump. \n", "During the rest of the season Ebdon lost in qualifying for three ranking events and in the first round of the World Open and the China Open. He qualified for the World Championship by coming back from 6–8 to beat Kurt Maflin 10–8 and played Graeme Dott in the first round, a repeat of the 2006 final. His place in the main draw meant Ebdon equalled Steve Davis by featuring in 22 consecutive appearances in the tournament, second only to Stephen Hendry's record of 27. His match against Dott lasted seven hours, spread over three sessions as Ebdon battled back from 2–6 to level at 6–6, before losing the last four frames to succumb to a 6–10 defeat. Dott called for new rules to be brought in to combat slow play after the match. Ebdon fell 10 places in the end of season rankings to world number 30.\n", "Section::::Career.:2013/2014.\n", "Ebdon had a slow start to the 2013/2014 season as in the opening four ranking events he lost in the first round twice and failed to qualify for the other two. His form improved at the International Championship with victories over Jack Lisowski and Mark Joyce. Ebdon then held his nerve against Neil Robertson to win 6–5 after having led 5–3 and revealed afterwards that he was trying to speed up his game. Robertson called Ebdon an all-time great and stated that he could beat his quarter-final opponent Ding Junhui if he could play the same again. Ding had won the previous two ranking events and, although the match lasted four hours, he beat Ebdon 6–3. He could not advance beyond the second round of a ranking event until the penultimate tournament, the China Open. Ebdon eliminated Jimmy Robertson 5–3 and won a deciding frame against Judd Trump, saying later that he proved he could still beat the best players in the game. In the third round he was defeated 3–5 by Ali Carter. Ebdon's proud 22-year playing streak in the World Championship ended this season as he lost 8–10 against Finland's Robin Hull to miss the event for the first time since turning professional.\n", "Section::::Career.:2014/2015.\n", "The 2014/2015 season was the first time since 1992/1993 that Ebdon failed to play in a ranking event quarter-final, with three last 16 finishes being his deepest runs. He did have his best year so far in the minor-ranking European Tour as a quarter-final appearance at the Riga Open and a semi-final at the Bulgarian Open saw him ranked 13th on the Order of Merit, to make his debut at the Grand Final where he lost 1–4 to Anthony McGill in the first round. At the non-ranking World Grand Prix, Ebdon made a 136 total clearance in the deciding frame of his first round match against Shaun Murphy and then defeated Stephen Maguire 4–1. In the quarter-finals Ebdon was ousted 2–4 by Martin Gould. He missed out on playing in the World Championship for the second year in a row as Stuart Carrington beat him 10–7 in the second qualifying round.\n", "Section::::Career.:2015/2016.\n", "At the UK Championship, Ebdon beat Lu Chenwei 6–0, Dominic Dale 6–5 and reigning world champion Stuart Bingham 6–3 to reach the fourth round, where he lost 2–6 to David Grace. At 45, he was the oldest man in the field at the World Grand Prix, but knocked out Neil Robertson 4–3, before Ding Junhui whitewashed him 0–4 in the second round. Ebdon eliminated James Wattana 10–6 in the first round of World Championship qualifying and then incredibly came back from 3–9 behind against Gerard Greene to win 10–9 just after 2am. He qualified for the first time in three years by defeating Ian Burns 10–2 and lost 2–10 to Marco Fu in the opening round.\n", "Section::::Career.:2016/2017.\n", "Ebdon had 4–1 victories over Zhou Yuelong, Duane Jones, and Dominic Dale, to advance to the quarter-finals of the Indian Open in which he lost 3–4 to Nigel Bond. He made his 24th appearance at the World Championship after beating Michael Holt 10–9 on the final black to qualify. He recovered from a position of requiring four snookers, to win the 9th frame of his first round match against Stuart Bingham on a re-spotted black, and only trailed 4–5 overnight; however, he was ultimately defeated 5–10. Ebdon ended the season outside the top 32 in the world rankings for the first time since 1992, as he was ranked 40th.\n", "Section::::Career.:2018/2019.\n", "Ebdon appeared in a ranking final for the 18th time in his career at the 2018 Paul Hunter Classic. He faced Kyren Wilson for the title, but lost out 2–4.\n", "Section::::Status.\n", "Ebdon was only the second player to have made two competitive maximum 147 breaks in professional tournament play – these coming at the Strachan Professional and UK Championship, both in 1992. In the same year, he became the first player to make four centuries in five frames.\n", "Ebdon is renowned for his strict fitness regime to condition himself for snooker, such as swimming one mile every day. In 2012 he adopted a high-carbohydrate, vegan diet, partly to improve sporting performance. In his first year of following the diet he lost two and a half stone and for September aimed to eat only raw food. He is a devotee of Napoleon Hill's motivational book \"Think and Grow Rich\".\n", "Ebdon has been criticised in the past by other players on the professional circuit, for his exuberant outpourings of emotion after winning important frames or matches. However, since one particular outburst after potting the match ball against Stephen Lee during their 2001 World Championship second round encounter – repeatedly punching the air and shouting \"Come on!\" at the top of his voice – he has toned down his celebrations significantly.\n", "Ebdon is also colour blind. In a frame in which the brown ball is in close proximity to a red, he usually asks the referee for help on which ball is which. During a match against Simon Bedford in the 2008 Grand Prix, Ebdon inadvertently potted the brown believing it to be a red. He made the same mistake in the final of the 2012 Australian Goldfields Open and again in the 2015 Indian Open.\n", "During the 2012 Australian Goldfields Open world number two Judd Trump labelled Ebdon's playing style as \"a joke\" after his second round 5–4 win over Ding Junhui took almost 5 hours to be completed. The average time between shots was over 30 seconds and the average frame time was 32 minutes.\n", "Section::::Personal life.\n", "Ebdon was born in Islington, before moving to Wellingborough, Northamptonshire. He started his career while at Highbury Grove School, resulting in him not taking his O levels – a decision he now regrets.\n", "In 2005, he emigrated with his wife Deborah and four children: Ruby Mae, Ethan, Tristan and Clarissa, to Dubai and lived there until 2009. On 22 January 2009 it was revealed that Ebdon had split with his wife by mutual consent. In 2010 he remarried to Nora, who is Hungarian, and has since become a vegan.\n", "In 1996, Ebdon recorded a version of the David Cassidy song \"I Am a Clown\", and it was released as a single. He has also released a second single, \"Fall of Paradise\", with a video filmed at Burnley's Afterlife Club.\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Peter Ebdon at \"worldsnooker.com\"\n", "BULLET::::- Player Profile on Pro Snooker\n", "BULLET::::- Player Profile on BBC Sport\n", "BULLET::::- Profile on Yahoo! Sport\n", "BULLET::::- \n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Anton Ackermann\n", "Anton Ackermann (real name: Eugen Hanisch, 25 November 1905 Thalheim, Saxony – 4 May 1973 East Berlin) was an East German politician. In 1953, he briefly served as Minister of Foreign Affairs.\n", "Section::::Life and career.\n", "From 1920 to 1928, he worked as functionary of the Communist Youth Movement of Germany. In 1926 he joined the Communist Party of Germany. He studied at the Lenin School in Moscow. Back in Germany, the Communist Party was expelled after the Nazis gained power in 1933. Ackermann continued working for the illegal Communist Party.\n", "From 1935 to 1937 he lived in Prague. During the Spanish Civil War, Ackermann was the leader of the Political School of the International Brigades. After staying a shortwhile, he went to Moscow and became editor of the German language newspaper \"The Free Word\".\n", "In 1943 he became an active member of the Moscow-based National Committee for a Free Germany (NKFD).\n", "After World War II, at the end of April 1945, he returned to Saxony as head of the Ackermann Group, one of the three teams, each of ten men, flown in by the Communist Party from Moscow to different parts of the Soviet occupation zone to lay the groundwork for the Soviet Military Administration in Germany. He joined the newly reformed East German Communist party, the Socialist Unity Party (SED) in 1946. He was elected into the Central Committee and became a candidate member of the Politburo in 1949. From 1950 to 1954, he was a member of the People's Chamber.\n", "From 1949 to 1953, he was the Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs. After the arrest of the minister, Georg Dertinger, Ackermann succeeded him, briefly, as Minister of Foreign Affairs.\n", "In 1953-1954, he was expelled from the Politburo and Central Committee and fired as minister because of \"party-hostile activity.\"\n", "In 1956 he was rehabilitated and worked for the State Planning Bureau.\n", "In 1970 he was rewarded with the Patriotic Service Medal. Ill with cancer, he committed suicide in 1973.\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- Wilhelm Zaisser\n", "BULLET::::- Heinrich Rau\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "German politician", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q69198", "wikidata_label": "Anton Ackermann", "wikipedia_title": "Anton Ackermann" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Norman Douglas Holbrook\n", "Commander Norman Douglas Holbrook VC (9 July 1888 – 3 July 1976) was a British naval recipient of the Victoria Cross (VC), the highest award of the British honours system. Holbrook was the first submariner to be awarded the VC and it was the first naval VC gazetted in the First World War.\n", "Section::::Early life.\n", "Holbrook was born 9 July 1888 in Southsea, Hampshire. He was educated privately and at Portsmouth Grammar School. In 1903, he enrolled in the officer training establishment Britannia Royal Naval College and was appointed midshipman on 9 January 1905. He joined the submarine depot ship on 4 April 1911, served in submarines , and before taking command of HMS \"B11\" on 30 December 1913.\n", "Section::::World War I.\n", "Holbrook was 26 years old, a lieutenant in the Royal Navy during the First World War when on 13 December 1914 at the Dardanelles, Turkey, he performed a deed for which he was awarded the Victoria Cross. He was in command of the submarine , an old and obsolete craft built in 1905. Notwithstanding the difficulties of a treacherous current in the Dardanelles, he dived under five rows of mines and torpedoed and sank the , which was guarding the mine-field. In spite of being attacked by gunfire and torpedo boats, Holbrook succeeded in bringing the \"B11\" back to the Mediterranean, When they got back to safety the \"B11\" had been submerged for nine hours.\n", "Holbrook later achieved the rank of Commander.\n", "Section::::Death and legacy.\n", "Holbrook died on 3 July 1976 at Midhurst, Sussex. He was buried at St James Old Churchyard, Stedham, West Sussex. He is probably the only VC recipient to have a town and (until May 2004) a local government area named for him. On 24 August 1915, amid a wave of anti-German feeling related to the First World War, the name of the New South Wales Eastern Riverina town of Germanton was changed to Holbrook to honour the recent VC recipient. He subsequently visited the town on three occasions. His widow, Mrs. Gundula Holbrook, donated his medal to the Council of the Shire of Holbrook in 1982. In 1995 she made a substantial donation towards the establishment of a submariners' memorial in the town, and in 1997 visited the town to unveil it. A bronze statue of Holbrook stands in Germanton Park, Holbrook.\n", "Holbrook's medal was donated to the Council of the Shire of Holbrook, New South Wales in 1982. It subsequently passed to Greater Hume Shire Council upon the amalgamation of several Riverina shires in May 2004. Holbrook’s medal group, including his Victoria Cross, went on display at the Australian War Memorial on 11 December 2009. His medals are on loan from the Greater Hume Shire Council. A replica may be seen at the Submarine Museum, Holbrook.\n", "Holbrook Road in Portsmouth is named after him.\n", "A plaque was erected by the Submariners Association in 2014 on the exterior wall of the Junior School facing Cambridge Junction, Portsmouth, UK.\n", "Section::::References.\n", "BULLET::::- Monuments to Courage (David Harvey, 1999)\n", "BULLET::::- The Register of the Victoria Cross (This England, 1997)\n", "BULLET::::- VCs of the First World War - 1914 (Gerald Gliddon, 1994)\n", "BULLET::::- VCs of the First World War - The Naval VCs (Stephen Snelling, 2002)\n", "BULLET::::- Includes biographical information.\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Holbrook and Submarines - The Connection - online version of booklet published by The Submarine Museum on Holbrook and his act of gallantry. Includes list of crew members and copious other information.\n", "BULLET::::- Submarine Town - Naval Historical Society of Australia page\n", "BULLET::::- Musings on Holbrook (or Germanton) - Internet Family History Association of Australia page\n", "BULLET::::- Location of grave and VC medal \"(West Sussex)\"\n", "BULLET::::- Notes on the town and the several memorials with images\n", "BULLET::::- ÇANAKKALE GEÇİLMEZ page(in Turkish) about the action and the battleship sunk in the action (with images)\n", "BULLET::::- Greater Hume Shire Council\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "John Crawford Buchan\n", "John Crawford Buchan (10 October 1892 – 22 March 1918) was a Scottish recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces.\n", "Born on 10 October 1892 in Alloa, Clackmannanshire, Scotland, he was the son of the local newspaper editor. He worked as a reporter before enlisting in the Royal Army Medical Corps in the ranks when World War I broke out. He was later commissioned into the Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders.\n", "Section::::World War I.\n", "Buchan was 25 years old, and a second lieutenant in the 7th Battalion, Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders (Princess Louise's), British Army, attached to 8th Battalion during the First World War, and was awarded the VC for an act he performed on 21 March 1918 east of Marteville, France. He died the following day, 22 March 1918.\n", "Section::::World War I.:Citation.\n", "He was buried at Roisel Communal Cemetery Extension, Roisel, Somme, France (Plot: II. I. 6)\n", "Section::::Medals.\n", "His medals are in the collection of the Argyll & Sutherland Highlanders Museum, Stirling Castle, Scotland.\n", "Section::::References.\n", "BULLET::::- Monuments to Courage (David Harvey, 1999)\n", "BULLET::::- The Register of the Victoria Cross (This England, 1997)\n", "BULLET::::- Scotland's Forgotten Valour (Graham Ross, 1995)\n", "BULLET::::- VCs of the First World War - Spring Offensive 1918 (Gerald Gliddon, 1997)\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "John Brunt\n", "Captain John Henry Cound Brunt, (6 December 1922 – 10 December 1944) was an English recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces. He served in Italy during the Second World War and was twice decorated for bravery in action before he was killed by mortar fire.\n", "Section::::Early life.\n", "John Henry Cound Brunt was born on 6 December 1922, on a farm in Priest Weston, near Chirbury, Shropshire to Thomas Henry Brunt and Nesta Mary Brunt (née Cound), and began his education at Chirbury village school. He had an elder sister named Dorothy (born 13 May 1920) and a younger sister Isobel (born 5 October 1923). When Dorothy was eight, the family moved to a farm near Whittington, Shropshire, where John grew up. As he became older, his fearless nature became more apparent; every week, he read the comic \"Tiny Tots\", which featured instructions on \"How to teach yourself to swim\". One day, he asked Dorothy to take him to the Shropshire Canal, which went through their farmland. Before his sister could stop him, Brunt had taken off all his clothes and jumped into the canal. When they finally arrived home, their mother wanted to know why he had no clothes on, and John responded that he had been teaching himself to swim. As he got older, his daredevil attitude became even more serious; on one occasion, he was found swinging himself along the guttering of a Dutch barn above the farmyard.\n", "When old enough, Brunt was enrolled at Ellesmere College, where his mischievous streak became quickly apparent through pranks and dares; once, while in the sanatorium with mumps, he slipped a laxative into the matron's tea. Nevertheless, he is fondly remembered at the school. It was while he was at Ellesmere that he contracted measles, resulting in his need to wear glasses. An enthusiastic sportsman, Brunt played cricket, hockey, rugby, water polo and wrestling. He was the only pupil at the school to tackle the headmaster while playing rugby, injuring the older man's knee in the process.\n", "In 1934, the Brunt family moved to Paddock Wood in Kent and, in his school holidays, \"Young John\" (as he was known in the village) would come home. Although he was still a reckless individual, he was thought of very highly, and helped train the Paddock Wood Home Guard between 1940 and 1943, assisted by his father. He spent his last days in Paddock Wood helping with the hop harvest.\n", "Section::::Military career.\n", "Brunt joined the British Army when he left school, training as a private soldier with the Queen's Own Royal West Kent Regiment in 1941, during the Second World War. He received a commission as a second lieutenant on 2 January 1943, and was posted to North Africa. Although he was commissioned in the Sherwood Foresters, he never served with them, instead being posted to the 6th Battalion, Lincolnshire Regiment (6th Lincolns), a Territorial Army (TA) unit, having become friendly with Captain Alan Money, an officer in the Lincolns, on the boat to North Africa. The battalion was part of the 138th Infantry Brigade of the 46th Infantry Division. The division was then commanded by Major General John Hawkesworth.\n", "On 9 September 1943, Brunt's battalion landed at Salerno as part of the Allied invasion of Italy and Brunt, now a lieutenant, was given command of No.9 Platoon in 'A' Company. The unit subsequently moved south-east to establish a base in a farm near the river Asa.\n", "Section::::Military career.:Military Cross.\n", "Between December 1943 and January 1944, during the Bernhardt Line fighting, Brunt commanded a battle patrol and saw near-constant action. In the early hours of 15 December, they received orders to destroy an enemy post based in some houses north of the River Peccia. In efforts to break the enemy line, he crossed and re-crossed the river so many times that the troops took to calling it \"Brunt's Brook\". After an intense five-minute bombardment, Brunt led a section into an assault. The first two houses contained two enemy soldiers, but it was the third house that provided the most resistance. Using grenades and Tommy guns, they managed to kill eight enemy troops outside the house, as well as those inside, all belonging to the 1st Battalion, 2nd Hermann Goering Panzer Grenadier Regiment. After thirty minutes of intense fighting, the patrol withdrew, having had one man killed and six wounded. While the rest of the section pulled back, Brunt remained behind with his sergeant and a private to retrieve a wounded soldier. For his actions, he was awarded the Military Cross (MC).\n", "On 5 January 1944, Brunt was in a sick bed in a rear hospital. He pleaded with doctors to be allowed to leave to take part in an attack, and was given permission, leading his patrol under heavy fire. He was back in the hospital 24 hours later with concussion after a piece of shrapnel almost split his helmet, but would have carried on fighting if it had not been for a non-commissioned officer (NCO), who forcibly led him away from the front line. At the end of the campaign, Brunt is said to have commented to his friends, \"I've won the MC, now for the VC!\"\n", "Section::::Military career.:Victoria Cross.\n", "Brunt's division left Italy in March 1944, and was sent to Syria and Egypt to rest and retrain, before returning to Italy in July 1944. Having been promoted to temporary captain, Brunt was appointed second-in-command (2IC) of 'D' Company. By early December 1944, after being engaged in heavy fighting in the Gothic Line offensive, the battalion was operating near Ravenna, fighting German troops who were retreating north through Italy. On the night of 3 December, the battalion began their attack on the town of Faenza. By the evening of 6 December, they had taken the village of Ragazzina near Faenza, and after heavy fighting the 6th Lincolns established defensive positions in Faenza itself. For his actions during the engagement, Brunt was awarded the Victoria Cross (VC). The full citation for the award appeared in a supplement to the \"London Gazette\" of 6 February 1945, reading:\n", "The next morning, having won the battle and the acclaim of his regiment, Captain Brunt was as eager to return to the offensive, keeping alert for more trouble as breakfast was being prepared for the men, their first meal in 48 hours. He was standing in the doorway of the platoon headquarters, having a mug of tea and chatting with friends, when a stray German mortar bomb landed at his feet, killing him outright. He had celebrated his 22nd birthday just four days before.\n", "John Brunt is buried at Faenza War Cemetery in Italy under a Commonwealth War Grave headstone; his VC was announced posthumously in February 1945.\n", "Section::::Victoria Cross presentation.\n", "On 18 December 1945, King George VI presented Brunt's VC and MC to his parents at Buckingham Palace. Brunt's father met Field Marshal Sir Harold Alexander, the Commander-in-Chief (C-in-C) of the Allied Armies in Italy (AAI, later redesignated 15th Army Group) throughout most of the Italian Campaign, at the ceremony and said to him \"I expect that you know many men who should have been awarded this medal\", to which Alexander replied \"No, because there is always only one who will do the unexpected and that day it was your son.\"\n", "Section::::Legacy.\n", "In 1946, John Brunt's sister Dorothy gave birth to a boy which she named John Brunt Miller, in honour of his uncle.\n", "On 3 September 1947 the Kent Arms public house in Paddock Wood, Kent, was renamed the John Brunt V.C. in his honour. In 1997, the pub's name was changed to The Hopping Hooden Horse; after local outrage the former name was restored in 2001. Behind the pub a small housing development called John Brunt VC Court was built.\n", "During his military career, Brunt was awarded the VC, MC, 1939-45 Star, Africa Star, Italy Star and the British War Medal 1939–1945, all of which are on display in Royal Lincolnshire Regiment and Lincolnshire Yeomanry Collections in the Museum of Lincolnshire Life in Lincoln. In 1951 an altar rail in the Soldiers' Chapel of St George in Lincoln Cathedral was dedicated to his memory by the regiment.\n", "On 17 July 1965 \"The Victor\" comic featured a cover story named \"Brunt V.C.\", a two-page strip based on the actions that won Brunt the VC.\n", "A John Brunt Memorial Cricket Pavilion was opened at Ellesmere College in 1970, after funds were raised for it since 1945. The College's ante-chapel holds a photograph of Brunt with a copy of his VC citation displayed below.\n", "In May 2004 an outdoor plaque to his memory was unveiled in Priestweston.\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Lincolnshire Regiment VCs \"(Royal Lincolnshire & Royal Anglian Regimental Association (Lincoln Branch))\"\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "John Henry Cound Brunt" ] }, "description": "English recipient of the Victoria Cross", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q6223659", "wikidata_label": "John Brunt", "wikipedia_title": "John Brunt" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "William Buckingham\n", "William Buckingham VC (February 1886 – 15 September 1916) was an English recipient of the Victoria Cross (VC), the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces. He received the VC during the First World War, for his actions during the Battle of Neuve Chapelle in March 1915. He was killed the following year at Thiepval. \n", "Section::::Early life.\n", "The exact date of William Buckingham's birth is not known, but he was born in February 1886 in Bedford, England. He was the oldest child of William and Annie Billington. His father died in 1888, and his mother remarried in 1891, to Thomas Buckingham. A couple of years later, when William was six, he and his brother was placed in the Countesthorpe Cottage Homes, in Leicester, where he would spend most of his youth.\n", "Section::::Military career.\n", "Buckingham joined the British Army in November 1901, when he was nearly 16, and was posted to the 2nd Battalion of The Leicestershire Regiment. With the regiment, he served on Guernsey and in British India. \n", "Section::::First World War.\n", "On the outbreak of the First World War, Buckingham was still in India with the 2nd Battalion. It was attached to the 20th Indian Brigade, 7th (Meerut) Division, and sent to the Western Front with the Indian Corps. He fought at the Defence of Givenchy, with his name being forwarded to Lieutenant General James Willcocks, the commander of the Indian Corps, for special mention. \n", "In March 1915, the Meerut Division was selected to be involved in the Battle of Neuve Chapelle, which called for an assault on the German lines at Neuve Chapelle. The Meerut Division was to help force a gap for the Cavalry Corps to exploit. His battalion was on the right of the division's sector and proceeded to capture a section of German trenches that had been overlooked for a preliminary artillery barrage. Over the next two days, until relieved, the battalion resisted German counterattacks and artillery. During this time, Buckingham carried out several sorties to recover men who had been wounded. For his actions, he was awarded the Victoria Cross (VC). The VC, instituted in 1856, was the highest award for valour that could be bestowed on a soldier of the British Empire. The citation reads as follows:\n", "Buckingham was wounded in the chest during the fighting, and was sent to England for recovery. He was unaware of the award of the VC until an acquaintance showed him a newspaper reporting it. King George V presented him with the VC on 4 June 1915, in a ceremony at Buckingham Palace. His caregivers from the Countesthorpe Cottage Homes were present for the investiture. It was later discovered that his mother was still alive, his stepfather having apparently abandoned the family many years previously. His hometown of Leicester took some pride in the award, gifting him ₤100 in war loan stock and a purse of gold.\n", "Rather than immediately returning to his battalion, Buckingham was used in recruitment drives for the war effort. He remained in England until April 1916, at which time he was posted to the 1st Battalion of the Leicestershire Regiment. He was promoted to acting corporal for a time but requested a return to his previous rank of private. He was killed at Thiepval on 15 September 1916, during the later stages of the Battle of the Somme. He has no known grave and his name is recorded on the Thiepval Memorial to the Missing of the Somme.\n", "Section::::Medals.\n", "His medals, which in addition to the VC, included the 1914 Star, British War Medal, and the Victory Medal, were in the care of Countesthorpe Cottage Homes until 1958, at which time the facility was closed. They were then transferred to the care of the Child Welfare Department in Leicester. Since 1966, the medals have been displayed at the Royal Leicestershire Regiment Museum Collection in the Newarke Houses Museum, Leicester.\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Pte Buckingham visits Countesthorpe Cottage Homes where he grew up\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Alexander Buckley\n", "Alexander Henry Buckley, VC (22 July 1891 – 1 September 1918) was an Australian recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces.\n", "Section::::Early life.\n", "Buckley was born on 22 July 1891 to James and Julia Buckley at Gulargambone, New South Wales, Australia. One of four children, he was home schooled on his parents' property \"Homebush\" during his childhood. After completing his schooling, he worked on the family farm with his father.\n", "Section::::Military career.\n", "Buckley enlisted in the Australian Imperial Force on 3 February 1916, volunteering for overseas service. After completing basic training at Bathurst, New South Wales in June, he was sent to England among a draft of reinforcements. Just prior to departing Australia, Buckley became engaged. He was posted to 54th Battalion, an infantry battalion assigned to the 14th Brigade, which was part of the 5th Division.\n", "Joining the battalion on the Western Front in November 1916 at Flers, France, Buckley served with it as it manned defensive positions along the Somme during the winter months. The following year, after the Germans withdrew towards the Hindenburg Line, Buckley took part in the fighting around Bullecourt, Polygon Wood and Broodseinde and in November 1917 he was promoted to temporary corporal. In August 1918, the 54th Battalion took part in the initial stages of the Allied Hundred Days Offensive around Amiens. On the night of 1/2 September 1918, at Peronne, France, during the Battle of Mont Saint-Quentin, Buckley performed the deeds that led to him being posthumously awarded the Victoria Cross.\n", "He was originally buried at St Radegonde, but was later re-interred at Peronne Communal Cemetery Extension.\n", "Section::::Medals.\n", "Buckley's Victoria Cross is displayed at the Australian War Memorial in Canberra. He also earned the British War Medal and the Victory Medal.\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "John Walter (publisher)\n", "John Walter (1 January 1738 – 17 November 1812) was an English newspaper publisher and founder of \"The Times\" newspaper, which he launched on 1 January 1785 as \"The Daily Universal Register\". He was born in London and was educated at Merchant Taylors' School, then located in London.\n", "Section::::Biography.\n", "Walter was engaged in a prosperous business as a coal merchant from the death of his father Richard Walter (about 1755/6) until 1781. Walter played a leading part in establishing the Coal Exchange in London; but shortly after 1781, when he began to occupy himself solely as an underwriter and became a member of Lloyds, he over-speculated and failed.\n", "In 1782, he bought from one Henry Johnson a patent for a new method of printing from logotypes (i.e. founts of words or portions of words, instead of letters), and made some improvements to it. In 1784 he acquired an old printing office in Blackfriars, which formed the nucleus of the Printing-house Square of a later date, and established there his Logographic Office.\n", "At first Walter only undertook the printing of books, but on 1 January 1785 he started a small newspaper called \"The Daily Universal Register\", which on reaching its 940th number on 1 January 1788 was renamed \"The Times\".\n", "The printing business developed and prospered, but the newspaper at first had a somewhat chequered career. On 11 July 1789 Walter was convicted of libel on the Duke of York and was sentenced to a fine of £50, a year's imprisonment in Newgate, to stand in the pillory for an hour and to give surety for good behaviour for seven years; for further libels the fine was increased by £100 and the imprisonment by a second year. On 9 March 1791, however, he was freed and pardoned on the request of the Prince of Wales.\n", "In 1799 Walter was again convicted for a technical libel, this time on Lord Cowper. He had then given up the management of the business to his eldest son, William, and had (1795) retired to Teddington, where he lived till his death. In 1759 he had married Frances Landen (died 1798), by whom he had six children. William Walter very soon gave up the duties he undertook in 1795, and in 1803 transferred the sole management of the business to his younger brother, John.\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "John Walter (editor, born 1776)\n", "John Walter (23 February 1776 – 28 July 1847) was an English newspaper editor and politician. He was the son of John Walter, the founder of \"The Times\", and succeeded his father as the newspaper's second editor.\n", "Section::::Biography.\n", "Walter was educated at Merchant Taylors' School and Trinity College, Oxford. About 1798 he was associated with his elder brother in the management of his father's business, and in 1803 became not only sole manager, but also editor of \"The Times\".\n", "Walter expressed his opposition to the administration of William Pitt the Younger, which cost him government advertisements and the loss of his appointment as printer to the Customs. It also brought the hostility of officials. When the King of Portugal sent him, via the Portuguese ambassador, a service of gold plate, he returned it.\n", "Walter insisted on the anonymity of those whom he hired. From about 1810, he delegated to others editorial supervision, first to Sir John Stoddart, then to Thomas Barnes, and in 1841 to John Thadeus Delane, though never the ultimate direction of policy.\n", "In 1830, Walter purchased an estate called Bearwood at Sindlesham in Berkshire where he built a house, afterwards rebuilt by his son. He was appointed High Sheriff of Berkshire the same year. Two years later, he was elected to Parliament for the county, and retained his seat till 1837, as a member of the Whigs. In 1841 he was returned to Parliament for Nottingham, but was unseated the following year on petition. He was twice married, and by his second wife, Mary Smythe, had a family. His eldest son, John, also worked in the newspaper. He died in London on 28 July 1847. The Walter Fountain was erected in Nottingham by his son in 1866 in his memory.\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "John Walter (editor, born 1818)\n", "John Walter (8 October 1818 – 3 November 1894) was an English newspaper publisher and Liberal politician who sat in the House of Commons variously between 1847 and 1885.\n", "Walter was born at Printing-house Square, the eldest son of John Walter, editor of \"The Times\". He was educated at Eton and Exeter College, Oxford, being called to the bar in 1847. On leaving Oxford he took part in the business management of \"The Times\", and on his father's death became sole manager, delegating some of his work to Mowbray Morris. He was a man of scholarly tastes and serious religious views, and his conscientious character had a marked influence on the tone of the paper. It was under him that the successive improvements in the printing machinery, begun by his father in 1814, at last reached the stage of the \"Walter Press\" in 1869, the pioneer of modern newspaper printing-presses.\n", "In 1847 Walter was elected to Parliament for Nottingham as a moderate Liberal, and was re-elected in 1852 and in 1857. In 1859 he was returned for Berkshire, where he lived at Bearwood House in Sindlesham. John Walter built a model village arranged around a green at Sindlesham, whose buildings included a \"typically solid Victorian building\" which housed a pub and still bears the family name today, as the Walter Arms.\n", "Though defeated in 1865, John Walter III was again elected to Parliament for Berkshire in 1868, and held the seat until he retired in 1885.\n", "Walter was twice married, first in 1842 to Emily Frances Court (d. 1858), and then in 1861 to Flora Macnabb. His eldest son by his first marriage, John, was accidentally drowned at Bearwood on Christmas Eve in 1870, while trying to rescue his brother and cousin.\n", "Walter was succeeded by Arthur Fraser Walter (1846–1910), his second son by his first marriage. A.F. Walter remained chief proprietor of \"The Times\" until 1908, when it was converted into a company. He then became chairman of the board of directors, and on his death was succeeded in this position by his son John.\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Patrick Bugden\n", "Patrick Joseph Bugden, VC (17 March 1897 – 28 September 1917) was an Australian recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces. He served during the First World War in the 31st Battalion, Australian Imperial Force and was killed during the Battle of Polygon Wood during which he displayed the bravery for which he was posthumously awarded the VC.\n", "Section::::Early life.\n", "Patrick Bugden was born in the Australian state of New South Wales, at South Gundurimba on 17 March 1897. His father, a farmer, died when Bugden was still a child and his mother later remarried. After completing his schooling, he worked at a hotel in Alstonville. In 1911, he commenced a year of compulsory military service.\n", "Section::::First World War.\n", "Bugden enlisted in the Australian Imperial Force at Brisbane on 25 May 1916, claiming to be 21 years old. After completing a period of basic training, he embarked for England in September 1916 and arrived in Plymouth in December. Shortly afterwards he was admitted to hospital sick, before being sent to France in January 1917 and being taken on strength by the 31st Battalion in March. In May 1917, he was again admitted to hospital with influenza, before being released and returning to his unit.\n", "It was at Battle of Polygon Wood near Zonnebeke in Belgium, during the Passchendaele Offensive in the period from 26 September to 28 September 1917 that Bugden performed the actions that led to his posthumous award of the Victoria Cross. During an advance by his battalion at Polygon Wood, he led small parties against strongly defended pillboxes, successfully dealing with them. He later carried out a number of rescues of wounded men, often under heavy artillery and machine gun fire. He was killed during one of these rescue missions. He was later recommended for the VC; the citation, published in the \"London Gazette\", read:\n", "Section::::First World War.:Memorials.\n", "Bugden is buried at Hooge Crater Commonwealth War Graves Commission Cemetery. In 1997, a memorial to his service was dedicated at Alstonville, about 30 km from Tatham. The memorial is on Bugden Avenue, and the local ANZAC Day march starts there.\n", "Bugden Avenue in the Canberra suburb of Gowrie is also named for him.\n", "Section::::The medal.\n", "Bugden's VC is on display in the Queensland Museum, South Bank. He was also entitled to the British War Medal and the Victory Medal.\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- CWGC: Patrick Bugden\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "William Cowper, 1st Earl Cowper\n", "William Cowper, 1st Earl Cowper, ( – 10 October 1723) was an English politician who became the first Lord High Chancellor of Great Britain. Cowper was the son of Sir William Cowper, 2nd Baronet, of Ratling Court, Kent, a Whig member of parliament of some mark in the two last Stuart reigns.\n", "Section::::Career and titles.\n", "He was educated at St Albans School in Hertfordshire and was later to acquire a country estate in the county and represent the county town in Parliament.\n", "He was admitted to Middle Temple on 18 March 1681/82. He was called to the bar on 25 May 1688 and built up a large practice.\n", "He gave his allegiance to the Prince of Orange on his landing in England in 1688, and was made King's Counsel and recorder of Colchester in 1694.\n", "He had the reputation of being one of the most effective parliamentary orators of his generation. He lost his seat in parliament in 1702 owing to the unpopularity caused by the trial of his brother Spencer Cowper on a charge of murder.\n", "Section::::Career and titles.:Lord Keeper of the Great Seal.\n", "On 11 October 1705 he sworn of the Privy Council and was appointed Lord Keeper of the Great Seal, and took his seat on the woolsack without a peerage. In the following year he conducted the negotiations between the English and Scottish commissioners for arranging the union with Scotland. In November of the same year (1706) he succeeded to his father's baronetcy; and on 14 December 1706 he was raised to the peerage as Baron Cowper of Wingham, Kent. He was the youngest Lord Keeper for many years: the Queen, who had taken a great liking to him, joked that \"she had given the Seals to a boy\" and suggested that in future he wear a wig to lend him gravity.\n", "Section::::Career and titles.:Lord High Chancellor.\n", "When the union with Scotland came into operation in May 1707 the Queen in Council named Cowper Lord High Chancellor of Great Britain, he being the first to hold this office. He presided at the trial of Dr Sacheverell in 1710, but resigned the seal when Harley and Bolingbroke took office in the same year. Queen Anne, who had a high regard for him \"begged him with tears in her eyes\" not to resign, and though she was reluctantly persuaded to accept his resignation, continued to consult him unofficially for the remainder of her reign. On the death of Queen Anne, George I appointed Cowper one of the Lords Justices for governing the country during the king's absence, and a few weeks later he again became Lord Chancellor.\n", "Section::::Career and titles.:Lord High Steward.\n", "A paper which he drew up for the guidance of the new king on constitutional matters, entitled \"An Impartial History of Parties\", marks the advance of English opinion towards party government in the modern sense. It was published by Lord Campbell in his \"Lives of the Lord Chancellors\". Cowper supported the impeachment of Lord Oxford for high treason in 1715, and in 1716 presided as Lord High Steward at the trials of the peers charged with complicity in the Jacobite rising, his sentences on whom have been censured as unnecessarily severe. He warmly supported the Septennial Bill in the same year.\n", "Section::::Career and titles.:Viscount Fordwich and Earl Cowper.\n", "On 18 March 1718 he was created Viscount Fordwich and Earl Cowper, and a month later he resigned office on the plea of ill-health, but probably in reality because George I accused him of espousing the Prince of Wales's side in his quarrel with the king. Taking the lead against his former colleagues, Cowper opposed the proposal brought forward in 1719 to limit the number of peers, and also the Bill of Pains and Penalties against Atterbury in 1723. Cowper was not a great lawyer, but Burnet says that he managed the Court of Chancery with impartial justice and great despatch; the most eminent of his contemporaries agreed in extolling his oratory and his virtues. It is notable that Queen Anne, despite her prejudice against the Whigs in general, came to have a great respect and liking for Cowper, and continued to seek his advice even after he left office as Lord Chancellor.\n", "Section::::Trial of Spencer Cowper.\n", "His younger brother, Spencer Cowper (1669–1728), was tried for the murder of Sarah Stout in 1699, but was acquitted; the lady, who had allegedly fallen in love with Cowper, having committed suicide on account of his inattention – at least according to Cowper's lawyers. Spencer was one of the managers of the impeachment of Sacheverell; was Attorney-General to the Prince of Wales (1714), Chief Justice of Chester (1717), and Judge of the Common Pleas (1727). He was great uncle of William Cowper, the poet.\n", "Section::::Personal life.\n", "Section::::Personal life.:Marriages.\n", "William Cowper was twice married: first, in about 1686, to Judith, daughter and heiress of Sir Robert Booth, a London merchant; and secondly, in 1706, to Mary, daughter of John Clavering, of Chopwell, Durham. The latter marriage seems to have been based on Cowper's admiration of her beauty although he demanded to see her undressed before the wedding. Swift (Examiner, xvii., xxii.) alludes to an allegation that Cowper had been guilty of bigamy, a slander for which there appears to have been no solid foundation. The 1st Earl left two sons and two daughters by his second wife; the elder son inherited his titles, and the younger, Spencer Cowper became Dean of Durham.\n", "Section::::Personal life.:Mistress.\n", "Elizabeth Culling was the mistress of William Cowper, later 1st Earl Cowper, and brought him two children. She was the daughter of John Culling of Hertingfordbury Park, who died in 1687/8, and was buried in St Helen's, Bishopsgate. Her brother John died in January 1702/3 without issue, and Elizabeth inherited the estate. She died on 27 November 1703, and was buried at Hertingfordbury. Of her children, William, born on 14 November 1697, died in Paris on 31 October 1719. Mary, born on 10 September 1700, lived to maturity, and married one Robert Isaacson.\n", "Section::::Personal life.:Polygamy allegation.\n", "The rumours about Lord Cowper's polygamy appeared to be based on the fact that Elizabeth Culling was of a station in life that perhaps would, in other circumstances, have led to her becoming the wife, rather than the mistress, of William Cowper. In her will she acknowledges that the children are her natural children, and the children were also acknowledged by Lord Cowper and his second wife, as will be seen from the correspondence.\n", "Section::::Later years and death.\n", "In his last years he was accused, but probably without reason, of active sympathy with the Jacobites. He died at his residence, Cole Green near Panshanger in Hertfordshire on 10 October 1723. Mary, who was devastated by his death, outlived him by only a few months.\n", "Section::::References.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Private Diary of Earl Cowper\", edited by EC Hawtrey for the Roxburghe Club (Eton, 1833)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Diary of Mary, Countess Cowper\", edited by the Hon. Spencer Cowper (London, 1864)\n", "BULLET::::- Lord Campbell, \"Lives of the Lord Chancellors and Keepers of the Great Seal\" (8 vols, London, 1845–1869)\n", "BULLET::::- Edward Foss, \"The Judges of England\" (9 vols, London, 1848–1864)\n", "BULLET::::- Gilbert Burnet, \"History of his Own Time\" (6 vols, Oxford, 1833)\n", "BULLET::::- TB Howell, \"State Trials\", vol. xii.-xv. (33 vols, London, 1809–1828)\n", "BULLET::::- GEC, \"Complete Peerage\" (London, 1889).\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Mary Lamb\n", "Mary Ann Lamb (3 December 1764 – 20 May 1847) was an English writer. She is best known for the collaboration with her brother Charles on the collection \"Tales from Shakespeare\". Lamb suffered from mental illness, and in 1796 she stabbed her mother to death during a mental breakdown. She was confined to mental facilities off and on for most of her life. She and Charles presided over a literary circle in London that included the poets William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge, among others.\n", "Section::::Early life.\n", "Mary Lamb was born on 3 December 1764, the third of seven children of John and Elizabeth Lamb. Her parents worked for Samuel Salt, a barrister in London, and the family lived above Salt in his home at 2 Crown Office Row in the Inner Temple. Only two of Mary's siblings survived: her older brother John Jr. and her younger brother Charles. Mary learned about literature and writers from her father's stories of the times he had seen Samuel Johnson, who lived nearby, and his visitors. Mary remembered seeing, at the age of five, the writer Oliver Goldsmith in the street, and she also witnessed David Garrick's acting. Her father may have taken her with him on his trips to the Pope's Head book shop nearby.\n", "Samuel Salt died in 1792, and the Lambs had to move out of their lodgings soon after (see tied accommodation). John Lamb continued to work in his old position in the Great Hall of the Inner Temple, where he had waited on Salt, but his wages were not sufficient to keep the lodgings that had been provided without cost by Salt. Samuel Salt left £600 to the Lambs, along with small annuities. They moved to a home in Little Queen Street, near High Holborn. Around this time, John Lamb had a stroke, losing most of the use of his left hand. John was allowed to continue receiving his salary while another man stood in for him in the Inner Temple, performing his duties. This arrangement lasted until John's death in 1799.\n", "In the early 1790s, Elizabeth Lamb began to experience debilitating pain, possibly from arthritis, which ended up crippling her. Mary, the only other person at home during the day, took responsibility for her mother's care. By 1796, Elizabeth was completely helpless and dependent on Mary. John's sister Sarah Lamb also lived with the family, and her care was spread between Charles and Mary. In 1795 Charles had a mental breakdown, and spent the end of 1795 to the beginning of 1796 in a private mental facility. During this time, Mary worked as a seamstress, along with a little girl who served as her apprentice. The responsibilities and expectations placed on Mary began to be a serious burden for her toward the end of 1796. Her father had become senile, her mother required constant care, and her brother John had had an accident, and had moved back in with the family, so that he too could be cared for by her. Mary may also have had difficulties in training her young apprentice. The situation began to affect her mental stability.\n", "Section::::Murder of Elizabeth Lamb.\n", "On 22 September 1796, while preparing dinner, Mary became angry with her apprentice, roughly shoving the little girl out of her way and pushing her into another room. Elizabeth began shouting at her for this. Mary suffered a mental break-down as her mother continued shouting at her. She took the kitchen knife she had been holding, unsheathed it, and approached her mother, who was sitting down. She then fatally stabbed her mother in the chest, in full view of John and Sarah Lamb who were standing nearby. Charles ran into the house soon after the murder and took the knife out of Mary's hand.\n", "Later in the evening Mary was confined in a local mental facility called Fisher House, in Islington, a place found for her by Charles through a doctor friend of his. Charles took over responsibility for Mary after refusing his brother John's suggestion that they have her committed to a public facility. A few days later, the murder was reported in the newspapers. The coroner had returned a verdict of lunacy. A month after the murder, while still at Fisher House, Mary told Charles she had come to terms with her guilt over the murder, and felt that she had for the most part been a good and faithful daughter.\n", "Section::::Middle years.\n", "Six months after the murder, Charles removed Mary from Fisher House and brought her to live in a house in the village of Hackney, not far from London. Charles spent his Sundays and holidays with Mary, leaving her in the care of his landlords for the rest of the time. Mary continued to work as a seamstress, and subscribed to the local lending libraries, as she was a voracious reader throughout her life. Charles's poem \"Written on Christmas Day, 1797\" demonstrated his feelings toward his sister, to whom he had made a lifelong commitment. On 13 April 1799 John Lamb died. Sarah Lamb had died in 1797, and with John's death, Charles was able to bring Mary back to London to live with him. They both decided that they would remain unmarried and live together for the rest of their lives, in a state described by Charles as \"a sort of double singleness\". \n", "In 1800, after the death of their housekeeper, Mary had to be confined again for a month. Through the rest of her life, Mary would occasionally spend time in mental facilities when she or Charles felt that her mental derangement was returning. Over time, Mary and Charles rebuilt the very close and loving relationship they had had before their mother's death. In his essay \"Mackery End\" Charles wrote that \"We are both of us inclined to be a little too positive...But where we have differed upon moral points; upon something proper to be done, or let alone; whatever heat of opposition, or steadiness of conviction, I set out with, I am sure always, in the long run, to be brought over to her way of thinking.\" Her sense of humour was so little developed, as compared with her brother's, that he described a play on words she made at the age of 50 as being her first joke.\n", "In 1801, the Lambs formed a literary and social circle that included minor artists and writers, and occasional visits from Charles's friends Samuel Taylor Coleridge and William Wordsworth. At this time, Mary also met two of the best female friends of her life, Sarah Stoddart and Dorothy Wordsworth. Charles began drinking heavily around this time, a problem that followed him until his death. Mary patiently watched over Charles when he was drunk, just as he had always watched over her.\n", "In 1806, William Godwin (Mary Wollstonecraft's widower) and his second wife Mary Jane Godwin (mother of Claire Clairmont), who had become close with the Lambs through their shared literary work of the past few years, asked Mary to write something for their \"Juvenile Library\". This was the beginning of Charles and Mary's collaboration on \"Tales from Shakespeare\". During the writing of the \"Tales\", Mary realised that she could make a living writing these types of works for children. The finished collection of \"Tales\" was published in 1807, with a second edition coming out in 1809. Artists who made illustrations for the \"Tales\" included William Mulready and the poet William Blake. In 1808 the Lambs developed a closer friendship with an earlier acquaintance, William Hazlitt, who had recently married Mary's friend Sarah Stoddart, sister of the journalist John Stoddart.\n", "Mary began writing her collection of tales \"Mrs. Leicester's School\" in 1808, publishing it at the end of the year, though the original title page stated the date as 1809. According to Charles, the work was mostly Mary's with only a small collaborative effort by him. The book had gone through nine editions by 1825. In 1810 Charles and Mary published another collaboration, \"Poems for Children\". Their writing brought them financial security and vaulted them solidly into the middle class. Mary had difficulties adjusting to middle-class life, as she had to hire and govern servants though she was used to doing household work herself.\n", "Section::::Later life.\n", "In December 1814 Mary wrote an article entitled \"On Needle-work\", published in the \"New British Lady's Magazine\" the following year under the pseudonym Sempronia. The article argued that sewing should be made a recognised profession to give independence to women whose only skill and way of making a living was sewing, which at the time was something they were mostly obliged to do as part of their household duties. Mary had a relapse of her mental illness soon after publication of the article. In 1820 Charles began writing of the \"Essays of Elia\", in some of which he described her under the name of Bridget Elia. At this time his and Mary's literary gatherings grew in importance, with new members joining the circle including Thomas Noon Talfourd and Bryan Procter.\n", "In 1820 they met a young girl named Emma Isola, who may have been introduced to them by William Wordsworth. Emma stayed with the Lambs several times over the next few years. After her father's death in 1823, when she was 14, Emma was adopted by the Lambs. She spent five happy years with them until finding a position as a governess. During the time that the three lived together, the Lambs moved to a country house. In 1825, Charles resigned from his position at the East India House. In the later 1820s Mary's mental illness progressed, her periods of dementia lasting longer and becoming deeper, while new symptoms of depression and detachment appeared. Charles's health became more infirm as well through these years.\n", "In 1833 Mary moved to a house for mentally ill people in Edmonton, Middlesex; Charles soon followed. Charles never lost his love and devotion for his sister, even as her illness continued to worsen. \"I could be nowhere happier than under the same roof as her,\" he said in 1834. The death of Coleridge in July 1834 was a great blow to Charles. Charles died on 27 December 1834. According to family friend Henry Crabb Robinson, Mary was \"quite insane\" at this time and unable to fully feel grief at the death of her brother, though she recovered so far as to be able to persuade Wordsworth to write lines for her brother's memorial stone.\n", "Mary lived on at Edmonton until 1842 when she moved with her nurses to a house in London. She exchanged visits with friends when her mind was strong enough, but her hearing deteriorated in the mid-1840s, making it difficult for her to communicate with others. She died on 20 May 1847, and was buried next to her brother in the Edmonton Churchyard in Middlesex.\n", "Section::::Legacy.\n", "At the time of her death, few people outside of hers and her brother's immediate circle of friends knew about either her mental problems or the circumstances of her mother's death. Their friend Talfourd soon published a memoir of the Lambs carefully and respectfully giving details of Mary's mental condition, while praising her as a friend and writer. One intention of Talfourd's was to boost the reputation of Charles by showing how much he had done for his beloved sister. He said that Mary was \"remarkable for the sweetness of her disposition, the clearness of her understanding, and the gentle wisdom of all her acts and words\", and that \"To a friend in any difficulty she was the most comfortable of advisers, the wisest of consolers.\" Hazlitt called her the one thoroughly reasonable woman he had ever met. She was, in fact, a favourite among Charles's literary friends. Nevertheless, periodicals of the time, such as the \"British Quarterly Review\", did not write about her with the same kindness and respect.\n", "Subsequently, Charles and Mary Lamb's story was explored by Dorothy Parker and Ross Evans in their 1949 play \"The Coast of Illyria\". Mary was depicted as the central character in \"The Lambs of London\" (2004), a novel by Peter Ackroyd. She is also the subject of a 2004 biographical study by British writer Kathy Watson, \"The Devil Kissed Her,\" and a 2005 biography by Susan Tyler Hitchcock, \"Mad Mary Lamb: Lunacy And Murder In Literary London.\" She appears in the first chapter of Lisa Appignanesi's book on women and mental illness, \"Mad, Bad, & Sad\". The Lambs appear in one episode of Sue Limb's radio comedy \"The Wordsmiths at Gorsemere\", a pastiche of the poet William Wordsworth and his circle at Grasmere.\n", "An essay on Charles and Mary Lamb, entitled \"The Unfuzzy Lamb,\" appeared in Anne Fadiman's book, \"At Large and at Small: Familiar Essays\" (2007).\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Tales from a Muddy Island blog Extensive posting on \"Mrs Leicester's School\" and general biographical information on Mary Lamb\n", "BULLET::::- \"Mrs Leicester's School\" Additional Internet Archive link to the 1899 illustrated edition\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Henry Marten (regicide)\n", "Henry Marten (1602 – 9 September 1680) was an English lawyer and politician who sat in the House of Commons in two periods between 1640 and 1653. He was an ardent republican and a regicide of King Charles I of England.\n", "Section::::Life.\n", "Marten was the elder son of the successful lawyer and diplomat Sir Henry Marten; his other known siblings were a brother, George Giles Martin, and three sisters, Elizabeth, Jane, and Mary. Henry \"Harry\" Marten was born at his father's house on 3 Merton Street, Oxford, Oxfordshire, England (UK). and educated in the same city. Marten matriculated on 31 October 1617 as a gentleman commoner from University College, graduating BA in 1620. Like many young men of his social background he also entered the Inns of Court. He may have been the Henry Marten admitted to Gray's Inn in August 1618 and was certainly admitted to the Inner Temple in November 1619. In the 1620s he toured Europe and enjoyed much high living there, but also during his time in France he was exposed to the thinking of the French stoical philosophers.\n", "As a public figure, Marten first came to prominence in 1639 when he refused to contribute to a general loan. In April 1640, he was elected Member of Parliament for Berkshire in the Short Parliament. He was re-elected MP for Berkshire for the Long Parliament in November 1640. He lived at Beckett Hall in Shrivenham (now in Oxfordshire) and soon afterwards, his official residence became Longworth House in nearby Longworth. He preferred to live in London. In the House of Commons, he joined the popular party, spoke in favour of the proposed bill of attainder against Strafford, and in 1642 was a member of the committee of safety. Some of his language about the king was so frank that Charles demanded his arrest and his trial for high treason.\n", "When the English Civil War broke out Marten did not take the field, although he was appointed governor of Reading, Berkshire, but in Parliament he was very active. On one occasion his zeal in the parliamentary cause led him to open a letter from the Earl of Northumberland to his countess, an impertinence for which, says Clarendon, he was cudgelled by the Earl.\n", "In 1643 he was expelled from the Houses of Parliament and briefly imprisoned in the Tower of London for expressing the view that the royal family should be extirpated and monarchy brought to an end.\n", "In 1644, however, he was made governor of Aylesbury, and about this time took direct part in the war. Allowed to return to Parliament in January 1646, Marten again advocated extreme republican views. He spoke of his desire to prepare the king for heaven; he attacked the Presbyterians, and, supporting the New Model Army against the Long Parliament, he signed the agreement of August 1647. He was closely associated with John Lilburne and the Levellers, and was one of those who suspected the sincerity of Oliver Cromwell, whose murder he is said personally to have contemplated.\n", "However, he acted with Cromwell in bringing Charles I to trial; he was one of the most prominent of the 31 of 59 Commissioners to sign the death warrant in 1649. He was then energetic in establishing the Commonwealth and in destroying the remaining vestiges of the monarchical system. He was chosen a member of the Council of State in 1649, and as compensation for his losses and reward for his services during the war, lands valued at £1000 a year were settled upon him. In parliament he spoke often and with effect, but he took no part in public life during the Protectorate, passing part of this time in prison, where he was placed on account of his debts.\n", "Having sat among the restored members of the Long Parliament in 1659, Marten surrendered himself to the authorities as a regicide in June 1660, and with some others he was excepted from the Indemnity and Oblivion Act, but with a saving clause. He behaved courageously at his trial, which took place in October 1660, but he was found guilty of taking part in the king's death. Through the action, or rather the inaction of the House of Lords, he was spared the death penalty, but he remained a captive.\n", "Having escaped the death penalty for his involvement in the regicide Marten was sent into internal exile, first in the far north of England and then (1665) to Windsor Castle, where he remained until Charles II ordered him to be moved away from such close proximity to himself. In 1668 Marten was sent to Chepstow, in Wales. Marten's imprisonment there lasted some twelve years but does not appear to have been unduly arduous, at least at first; he had a suite of rooms in what was then known as Bigod's Tower (now known as Marten's Tower) and seems to have been able to travel outside at times. His legitimate wife Margaret lived apart from him, remaining at the family home in Berkshire, but he was attended there by Mary Ward, his common-law wife. Marten died at Chepstow Castle on 9 September 1680, having choked while eating his supper, and was buried beneath the floor at an entryway of Priory and Parish Church of St Mary, Chepstow, Monmouthshire, Wales, UK.\n", "Section::::Character and beliefs.\n", "Although a leading Puritan, Marten enjoyed good living. He had a contemporary reputation as a heavy drinker and was widely said to be a man of loose morals. According to John Aubrey he was \"a great lover of pretty girls to whom he was so liberal that he spent the greatest part of his estate\" upon them. In the opinion of King Charles I he was \"an ugly rascal and whore-master\". He married twice (to Elizabeth Lovelace and Margaret Staunton (née West) but had an open and lengthy relationship with Mary Ward, a woman not his wife, by whom he had three daughters. Ward ultimately was to remain with him throughout his later imprisonment. His enemies branded him an atheist but his religious views were more complex, and influenced his position regarding the need to allow freedom of worship and conscience. His political views throughout his life were constant: he opposed one-man rule and was in favour of representative government. In 1643, even while the king was losing the First Civil War and Parliament's cause was beginning to triumph, Marten's republican sentiments led to his arrest and brief imprisonment.\n", "Thus for his time Marten was unusual in his political stance, being unashamedly in favour not of reforming the monarchy but of replacing it with a republic.\n", "Section::::Works.\n", "Marten was not a copious author, often beginning works and not carrying them through to completion. Nevertheless, he wrote and published several pamphlets, all on political topics:\n", "BULLET::::- \"A Corrector of the Answerer to the Speech out of Doores\" (1646)\n", "BULLET::::- \"An Unhappie Game at Scotch and English\" (1646)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Independency of England Endeavoured to be Maintained\" (1648)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Parliaments Proceedings Justified in Declining a Personall Treaty\" (1648)\n", "In 1662 there appeared \"Henry Marten's Familiar Letters to his Lady of Delight\", containing letters Marten had written to his common-law wife, Mary Ward, which had been seized and published without permission.\n", "Section::::References.\n", "Attribution\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Extract from \"The Trial of the King Killers – this is a section of this documentary just focusing on the roles of Henry Martin and John Cook and their trials as regicides in 1660. This has been cut down to this section to enable students studying the regicides at the time of the Restoration to view it in manageable chunks.\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Seymour Benzer\n", "Seymour Benzer (October 15, 1921 – November 30, 2007) was an American physicist, molecular biologist and behavioral geneticist. His career began during the molecular biology revolution of the 1950s, and he eventually rose to prominence in the fields of molecular and behavioral genetics. He led a productive genetics research lab both at Purdue University and as the James G. Boswell Professor of Neuroscience, Emeritus, at the California Institute of Technology.\n", "Section::::Biography.\n", "Section::::Biography.:Early life and education.\n", "Benzer was born in South Bronx, to Meyer B. and Eva Naidorf, both Jews from Poland. He had two older sisters, and his parents favored him as the only boy. One of Benzer's earliest scientific experiences was dissecting frogs he had caught as a boy. In an interview at Caltech, Benzer also remembered receiving a microscope for his 13th birthday, “and that opened up the whole world.” The book \"Arrowsmith\" by Sinclair Lewis heavily influenced the young Benzer, and he even imitated the handwriting of Max Gottlieb, a scientist character in the novel. Benzer graduated from New Utrecht High School at 15 years old.\n", "In 1938 he enrolled at Brooklyn College where he majored in physics. Benzer then moved on to Purdue University to earn his Ph.D. in solid state physics. While there he was recruited for a secret military project to develop improved radar. He performed research that led to the development of stable germanium rectifiers and discovered a germanium crystal able to be used at high voltages, among the scientific work that led to the first transistor.\n", "Section::::Biography.:Personal life.\n", "At Brooklyn College, as a sixteen-year-old freshman, Benzer met Dorothy Vlosky (nicknamed Dotty), a twenty-one-year-old nurse. He later married her in New York City in 1942. They had two daughters, Barbie (Barbara) and Martha Jane.\n", "Benzer died of a stroke at the Huntington Hospital in Pasadena, California.\n", "Section::::Scientific career.\n", "Section::::Scientific career.:Molecular biology.\n", "Upon receiving his Ph.D. in 1947, he was immediately hired as an assistant professor in physics at Purdue. However, Benzer was inspired by Erwin Schrödinger's book \"What Is Life?\", in which the physicist pondered the physical nature of the gene and a “code” of life. This catalyzed Benzer's shift in interest to biology, and he moved into the area of bacteriophage genetics., spending two years as a postdoctoral fellow in Max Delbrück's laboratory at California Institute of Technology, and then returning to Purdue. At Purdue University, Benzer developed the T4 \"rII\" system, a new genetic technique involving recombination in T4 bacteriophage \"rII\" mutants. After observing that a particular \"rII\" mutant, a mutation that caused the bacteriophage to eliminate bacteria more rapidly than usual, was not exhibiting the expected phenotype, it occurred to Benzer that this strain might have come from a cross between two different \"rII\" mutants (each having part of the \"rII\" gene intact) wherein a recombination event resulted in a normal \"rII\" sequence. Benzer realized that by generating many \"r\" mutants and recording the recombination frequency between different \"r\" strains, one could create a detailed map of the gene, much as Alfred Sturtevant had done for chromosomes. Taking advantage of the enormous number of recombinants that could be analyzed in the \"rII\" mutant system, Benzer was eventually able to map over 2400 \"rII\" mutations. The data he collected provided the first evidence that the gene is not an indivisible entity, as previously believed, and that genes were linear. Benzer also proved that mutations were distributed in many different parts of a single gene, and the resolving power of his system allowed him to discern mutants that differ at the level of a single nucleotide. Based on his \"rII\" data, Benzer also proposed distinct classes of mutations including deletions, point mutations, missense mutations, and nonsense mutations.\n", "Benzer's work influenced many other scientists of his time (see Phage group). In his molecular biology period, Benzer dissected the fine structure of a single gene, laying down the ground work for decades of mutation analysis and genetic engineering, and setting up a paradigm using the \"rII\" phage that would later be used by Francis Crick and Sidney Brenner to establish the triplet code of DNA. In addition, Benzer's mapping technique was taken up by Richard Feynman.\n", "In 1967, Benzer left the field of phage genetics and returned to the California Institute of Technology to work in behavioral genetics.\n", "Section::::Scientific career.:Behavioral genetics.\n", "Section::::Scientific career.:Behavioral genetics.:Benzer vs. Hirsch.\n", "Benzer was one of the first scientists to rise to prominence in the field of behavioral genetics. As the field began to emerge in the 1960s and 70s, Benzer found himself in scientific opposition to another of the field's leading researchers, Jerry Hirsch. While Hirsch believed that behaviors were complex phenomena irreducible to the level of single genes, Benzer advocated that animal behaviors were not too complex to be directed by a single gene. This translated to methodological differences in the two researchers' experiments with Drosophila that profoundly influenced the field of behavioral genetics. Hirsch artificially selected for behaviors of interest over many generations, while Benzer primarily used forward genetic mutagenesis screens to isolate mutants for a particular behavior. Benzer and Hirsch's competing philosophies served to provide necessary scientific tension in order to accelerate and enhance developments in behavioral genetics, helping it gain traction as a legitimate area of study in the scientific community.\n", "Section::::Scientific career.:Behavioral genetics.:Research accomplishments.\n", "Benzer used forward genetics to investigate the genetic basis of various behaviors such as phototaxis, circadian rhythms, and learning by inducing mutations in a Drosophila population and then screening individuals for altered phenotypes of interest. To better identify mutants, Benzer developed novel apparatuses such as the countercurrent device, which was designed to separate flies according to the magnitude and direction of their phototactic response. Benzer identified mutants for a wide variety of characteristics: vision (\"nonphototactic\", \"negative phototactic\", and \"eyes absent\"), locomotion (\"sluggish\", \"uncoordinated\"), stress sensitivity (\"freaked-out\"), sexual function (\"savoir-faire\", \"fruitless\"), nerve and muscle function (\"photoreceptor degeneration\", \"drop-dead\"), and learning and memory (\"rutabaga\", \"dunce\").\n", "Benzer and student Ron Konopka discovered the first circadian rhythm mutants. Three distinct mutant types—arrhythmic, shortened period, and lengthened period—were identified. These mutations all involved the same functional gene on the X chromosome and influenced the eclosion rhythm of the population as well as rhythms in individual flies' locomotor activity. To monitor \"Drosophila\" locomotor activity, Benzer and postdoctoral researcher, Yoshiki Hotta, designed a system using infrared light and solar cells. All three mutations were mapped to the X chromosome, zero centimorgans away from each other, indicating that the mutant phenotypes corresponded to alleles of the same gene, which Konopka named \"period\". This was the first of several seminal studies of single genes affecting behavior, studies that have been replicated in other animal models and are now the basis for the growing field of molecular biology of behavior. In 1992 Benzer, working with Michael Rosbash, furthered this work by showing that the PER protein, which \"period\" codes for, is predominantly located in the nucleus. The work with Period mutants was catalytic in the study of circadian rhythms and served to propel the field forward.\n", "On 2 October 2017, Dr. Rosbash, along with Drs. Michael W. Young and Jeffrey C. Hall, were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in recognition of their cloning of circadian rhythm genes, and the elucidation of the biochemical mechanisms by which the circadian rhythm protein products regulated behavior.\n", "Benzer was at the forefront of the study of neurodegeneration in fruit flies, modeling human diseases and attempting to suppress them. He also contributed to the field of aging biology, looking for mutants with altered longevity and trying to dissect the mechanisms by which an organism can escape the inevitable functional downfall and its associated diseases. In 1998, Benzer and his colleagues Yi-Jyun Lin and Laurent Seroude published findings of a long-life mutant in \"Drosophila\", then named Methuselah. The mutant gene coded for a previously unknown member of the GPCR family. By testing against temperature stress, it is thought that these mutants have an increased ability to respond to stress and thus to live longer. One of Benzer's final research projects was on dietary restriction and longevity research. A paper was published, in ''Cell'', on the longevity effect of 4E-BP, a translational repressor, following dietary restriction. Although the research was done before his death, the paper was published afterwards and dedicated to his memory.\n", "Section::::Scientific career.:Cancer research.\n", "In 1978, Dotty was in the hospital with breast cancer, and Seymour's friend, colleague, and mentor Max Delbrück was diagnosed with cancer. Consequently, Seymour Benzer took interest in cancer biology and attended several conferences on breast cancer.\n", "Benzer later remarried with Carol Miller, a neuropathologist. Together, in the early 1980s, they used antibody staining techniques to find nearly identical genes between flies and humans.\n", "Section::::Honors and awards.\n", "BULLET::::- Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (1959)\n", "BULLET::::- Gairdner Foundation International Award (1964)\n", "BULLET::::- Albert Lasker Award for Basic Medical Research (1971)\n", "BULLET::::- Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize from Columbia University (1976),\n", "BULLET::::- Harvey Prize (1977)\n", "BULLET::::- Dickson Prize in Science (1978)\n", "BULLET::::- National Medal of Science (1982)\n", "BULLET::::- Rosenstiel Award (1985)\n", "BULLET::::- Thomas Hunt Morgan Medal (1986)\n", "BULLET::::- Ralph W. Gerard Prize in Neuroscience (1989)\n", "BULLET::::- Wolf Prize in Medicine (1991)\n", "BULLET::::- Crafoord Prize (1993)\n", "BULLET::::- Feltrinelli Prize (1994)\n", "BULLET::::- International Prize for Biology (2000)\n", "BULLET::::- NAS Award in the Neurosciences from the National Academy of Sciences (2001)\n", "BULLET::::- March of Dimes Prize in Developmental Biology (2002)\n", "BULLET::::- Gairdner Foundation International Award (2004) (second award)\n", "BULLET::::- Bower Award and Prize for Achievement in Science (2004)\n", "BULLET::::- Albany Medical Center Prize (2006)\n", "He was a member of the French Academy of Sciences, the U.S. National Academy of Sciences, the American Philosophical Society and the Royal Society.\n", "Section::::Books.\n", "Benzer is the subject of the 1999 book \"Time, Love, Memory: A Great Biologist and His Quest for the Origins of Behavior\" by Pulitzer laureate Jonathan Weiner, and \"Reconceiving the Gene: Seymour Benzer's Adventures in Phage Genetics\" by Lawrence Holmes.\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- Phage group\n", "BULLET::::- T4 rII system\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Obituary in \"The Times\", 13 December 2007\n", "BULLET::::- Interview with Seymour Benzer conducted by the Oral History Project of the Caltech Archives\n", "BULLET::::- A Conversation with Jonathan Weiner, author of Time, Love, Memory\n", "BULLET::::- National Academy of Sciences Biographical Memoir\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "American geneticist", "enwikiquote_title": "Seymour Benzer", "wikidata_id": "Q1975294", "wikidata_label": "Seymour Benzer", "wikipedia_title": "Seymour Benzer" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Gerald Götting\n", "Gerald Götting (9 June 1923 – 19 May 2015) was a German politician and chairman of the East German Christian Democratic Union (CDU) from 1966 until 1989. He served as President of the People's Chamber (\"Volkskammer\") from 1969 to 1976 and deputy chairman of the State Council of East Germany from 1960 to 1989.\n", "Section::::Life.\n", "Götting was born in Nietleben, in the Prussian Province of Saxony, today part of Halle/Saale. During World War II, he served in the Reichsarbeitsdienst, an auxiliary support and supply organization, and later in the Wehrmacht. He was briefly held as a prisoner of war by US forces in 1945.\n", "In 1946, Götting joined the East German Christian Democratic Union, a Christian-democratic party. He then spent two years at the Martin Luther University of Halle, where he studied German studies, history and philology.\n", "In 1949, Götting became General Secretary of the CDU and, after the establishment in the Soviet Zone of the German Democratic Republic (GDR), was elected as a member of the People's Chamber (Volkskammer), the East German legislative body, in which he served for the next forty years. A loyal supporter of the Communist Socialist Unity Party, Götting helped push out those CDU members not willing to do the SED's bidding in the 1950s.\n", "Over the years, Götting came to hold a number of influential positions within the East German state: from 1949 to 1963, he served as the Chairman of the CDU faction in the People's Chamber; from 1958 to 1963 as Deputy Prime Minister of the GDR; and from 1963 to November 1989 Götting served as Deputy Chairman of the Council of State, a position equivalent in rank to the vice-presidency of the GDR. Götting also served as Chairman of the People's Chamber from 1969 to 1976 and as its Vice-Chairman from 1969 to 1989. Finally, Götting was elected Chairman of the CDU at its 1966 party congress. As chairman, he worked closely with the other parties that formed the National Front, the SED-dominated alliance that governed East Germany. During his party leadership, he published brochures exploring the relationship between Christianity and socialism.\n", "Götting held a number of other positions in East German society. From 1961 to 1969, Götting was Vice-President of the German-African Society, and from 1963 he was a member of the Albert Schweitzer Committee. He visited with Schweitzer twice, which meetings he recorded and publicized in his book “Begegnungen mit Albert Schweitzer“. In 1976, Götting was elected Chairman of the People's Friendship League of the GDR.\n", "On 2 November 1989, just days before the fall of the Berlin Wall, Götting was forced to resign as Chairman of the CDU. Five days later he stepped down from his position as a member of the Council of State, too. In December Götting was arrested, but released in February 1990.\n", "On 19 May 2015 Götting died in Berlin, aged 91.\n", "Section::::Works.\n", "BULLET::::- Der Christ sagt ja zum Sozialismus (1960)\n", "BULLET::::- Begegnung mit Albert Schweitzer (1961)\n", "BULLET::::- Christen und Marxisten in gemeinsamer Verantwortung (1974)\n", "BULLET::::- Christliche Demokraten auf dem Weg in die 90er Jahre (1988)\n", "BULLET::::- Prediger für eine gerechte Welt (1989)\n", "Section::::Further reading.\n", "BULLET::::- Kurt Nowak (1988) \"Paul Gerhard Braune. Ein Christ der Tat.\" .\n", "BULLET::::- David Childs (1983): \"The GDR: Moscow's German Ally. \"London: George Allen & Unwin\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "East German politician", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q62970", "wikidata_label": "Gerald Götting", "wikipedia_title": "Gerald Götting" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Friedrich Martens\n", "Friedrich Fromhold Martens, or Friedrich Fromhold von Martens, also known as Fyodor Fyodorovich Martens (\"Фёдор Фёдорович Мартенс\") in Russian and Frédéric Frommhold (de) Martens in French ( – ) was a diplomat and jurist in service of the Russian Empire who made important contributions to the science of international law. He represented Russia at the Hague Peace Conferences (during which he drafted the Martens Clause) and helped to settle the first cases of international arbitration, notably the dispute between France and the United Kingdom over Newfoundland. As a scholar, he is probably best remembered today for having edited 15 volumes of Russian international treaties (1874–1909).\n", "Section::::Biography.\n", "Born to ethnic Estonian parents at Pärnu in the Governorate of Livonia of Russian Empire, Martens was later raised and educated as a German-speaker. He lost both parents at the age of nine and was sent to a Lutheran orphanage in St. Petersburg, where he successfully completed the full course of studies at a German high school and in 1863 entered the law faculty of St. Petersburg University. In 1868, he started his service at the Russian ministry of foreign affairs. In 1871, he became a lecturer in international law in the university of St. Petersburg, and in 1872 professor of public law in the Imperial School of Law and the Imperial Alexander Lyceum. In 1874, he was selected special legal assistant to Prince Gorchakov, then imperial chancellor.\n", "His book on \"The Right of Private Property in War\" had appeared in 1869, and had been followed in 1873 by that upon \"The Office of Consul and Consular Jurisdiction in the East\", which had been translated into German and republished at Berlin. These were the first of a long series of studies which won for their author a worldwide reputation, and raised the character of the Russian school of international jurisprudence in all civilised countries.\n", "First amongst them must be placed the great \"Recueil des traités et conventions conclus par la Russie avec les puissances etrangeres\" (13 volumes, 1874–1902). This collection, published in Russian and French in parallel columns, contains not only the texts of the treaties but valuable introductions dealing with the diplomatic conditions of which the treaties were the outcome. These introductions are based largely on unpublished documents from the Russian archives.\n", "Of Martens' original works his \"International Law of Civilised Nations\" is perhaps the best known. It was written in Russian, a German edition appearing in 1884–1885, and a French edition in 1883-1887. It displays much judgment and acumen, though some of the doctrines which it defends by no means command universal assent. More openly biased in character are such treatises as:\n", "BULLET::::- \"Russia and England in Central Asia\" (1879)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Russia's Conflict with China\" (1881)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Egyptian Question\" (1882)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The African Conference of Berlin and the Colonial Policy of Modern States\" (1887)\n", "In the delicate questions raised in some of these works Martens stated his case with learning and ability, even when it was obvious that he was arguing as a special pleader. Martens was repeatedly chosen to act in international arbitrations. Among the controversies which he sat as judge or arbitrator were: the \"Pious Fund Affair\", between Mexico and the United States – the first case determined by the Permanent Court of Arbitration in The Hague – and the dispute between Great Britain and France over Newfoundland in 1891. He was the presiding arbitrator in the arbitration of the boundary dispute between Venezuela and British Guiana which followed the Venezuela Crisis of 1895.\n", "He played an important part in the negotiations between his own country and Japan, which led to the peace of Portsmouth (August 1905) and prepared the way for the Russo-Japanese convention. He was employed in laying the foundations for the Hague Peace Conferences. He was one of the Russian plenipotentiaries at the first conference and president of the fourth committee – that on maritime law – at the second conference. His visits to the chief capitals of Europe in the early part of 1907 were an important preliminary in the preparation of the programme. He was judge of the Russian supreme prize court established to determine cases arising during the war with Japan.\n", "He received honorary degrees from the universities of Oxford (D.C.L. October 1902 in connection with the tercentenary of the Bodleian Library), Cambridge, Edinburgh and Yale (LL.D. October 1901); he was also one of the runner-up nominees for the Nobel Peace Prize in 1902. In April 1907, he addressed a remarkable letter to \"The Times\" on the position of the second Duma, in which he argued that the best remedy for the ills of Russia would be the dissolution of that assembly and the election of another on a narrower franchise. He died suddenly in June 1909.\n", "Section::::Ennoblement.\n", "The date and circumstances of his ennoblement are not clear. While it is undisputed that he called himself and was referred to as \"von\" or \"de\" Martens in publications since the early 1870s, this title might have been bestowed upon him either with one of the more distinguished Russian Orders, or with the title of a Privy Councillor (according to the Table of Ranks), or simply with his appointment as a full professor. He was never registered in the matriculae of the knightage of Livonia (\"Livländische Ritterschaft\") or one of the other three Baltic knightages (that is of Estonia, Courland and Ösel/Saaremaa). His surname, Martens, is included in the Russian Heraldic Book No. 14, though it is uncertain if this entry relates to him or to another noble of the same name. His social advancement was the more remarkable, as it was exclusively based on his professional merits.\n", "Section::::Popular culture.\n", "BULLET::::- Friedrich Martens is featured as the main character in the novel \"Professor Martens' Departure\" (\"Professor Martensi ärasõit\", 1984) by Estonian author Jaan Kross.\n", "Section::::Criticism.\n", "In 1952, the German émigré scholar in the US, Arthur Nussbaum, himself the author of a well-received history of the law of nations, published an article on Martens, which still makes waves.\n", "Nussbaum set himself the task of analysing the 'writings and actions' of Martens. First, he turned his attention to Martens' celebrated two-volume textbook and pointed out several pro-Russian gaps and biases in its historical part:\n", "\"Flagrant lack of objectivity and conscientiousness. The Tsars and Tsarinas invariably appear as pure representatives of peace, conciliation, moderation and justice, whereas the moral qualities of their non-Russian opponents leave much to be desired.\"\n", "Nussbaum pointed out that Martens gave an extensive meaning to the notion of \"international administrative law,\" even including war in the field of international administration, and emphasized that the supreme principle of international administrative law was expediency. Nussbaum was very critical of the application of that concept:\n", "\"Expanding the range of international administrative law meant, therefore, expanding the dominance of expediency – which is the very opposite of law.\"\n", "Further, Nussbaum turned his attention to the other (publicist) writings of Martens, mostly the ones published in \"Revue de droit international et de législation comparée\". Nussbaum noted that they were invariably signed by de Martens as professor of international law at the University of St. Petersburg and as member of the Institut de Droit International. Martens did not mention his high position in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. The articles were thus only unrestrained briefs for various actions of the Russian government.\n", "For example, Nussbaum concluded that the 1874 article by Martens on the Brussels conference, \"It is purely apologetic and has nothing to do with law.\"\n", "Then, Nussbaum turned to Martens's activities as arbitrator and found them \"most conspicuous.\" In particular, Nussbaum referred to a memorandum of Venezuelan lawyer Severo Mellet Provost that had been made public posthumously. The memorandum made the claim that Martens had approached his fellow US arbitrators-judges with an ultimatum: either they agreed with a generally pro-British solution or Martens, as umpire, would join the British arbitrators in a solution that would be even more against Venezuela. Nussbaum held that Mr Provost's account seemed \"entirely credible in all essential parts\" and concluded:\n", "\"The spirit of arbitration will be perverted more seriously if the neutral arbitrator does not possess the external and internal independence from his government, which, according to the conception of most countries of Western civilization, is an essential attrribute of judicial office. That independence de Martens certainly did not have, and it is difficult to see how he could have acquired it within the framework of the Tsarist regime and tradition.\"\n", "Finally, Nussbaum concluded:\n", "\"It appears that de Martens did not think of international law as something different from, and in a sense above, diplomacy.… de Martens considered in his professional duty as a scholar and writer on international law to defend and back up the policies of his government at any price.… Obviously his motivation was overwhelmingly, if not exclusively, political and patriotic. Legal argument served him as a refined art to tender his pleas for Russian claims more impressive or more palatable. He was not really a man of law...\"\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- List of Russian legal historians\n", "BULLET::::- Russian legal history\n", "Section::::Footnotes.\n", "Section::::Footnotes.:Biographies.\n", "BULLET::::- Vladimir Pustogarov. (English version 2000) \"\"Our Martens: F.F. Martens, International Lawyer and Architect of Peace\"\". The original,\"С пальмовой ветвью мира\" was published in 1993.\n", "Section::::Footnotes.:Articles.\n", "BULLET::::- Fleck, Dieter. \"Friedrich von Martens: A Great International Lawyer from Pärnu\", 2 \"Baltic Defense Review\" (2003), pp. 19–26\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- The Martens Society\n", "BULLET::::- DE MARTENS HAS HOPE FOR RUSSIA \"The New York Times\", June 10, 1907 Special Cablegram\n", "BULLET::::- \n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "Fyodor Fyodorovich Martens", "Friedrich Frommhold von Martens" ] }, "description": "Estonian diplomat", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q537519", "wikidata_label": "Friedrich Martens", "wikipedia_title": "Friedrich Martens" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Alexandru Vaida-Voevod\n", "Alexandru Vaida-Voevod or Vaida-Voievod (27 February 1872 – 19 March 1950) was an Austro-Hungarian-born Romanian politician who was a supporter and promoter of the union of Transylvania (before 1920 part of Hungary) with the Romanian Old Kingdom; he later served 28th Prime Minister of Romania.\n", "Section::::Transylvanian politics.\n", "He was born to a Greek-Catholic family in the Transylvanian village of Alparét, Austria-Hungary (, today Bobâlna, Romania). Initially, Voevod was supportive of a plan to federalize the domains of the Habsburgs along the lines of a \"United States of Greater Austria\", and was close to Archduke Franz Ferdinand.\n", "In 1906, he joined a group of Romanian nationalists in the Budapest Parliament (the Romanian National Party of Transylvania and Banat), becoming an important opponent of the Hungarian governmental policy of Magyarization, and fought for the right of Transylvania to self-determination. Disappointed by the Austrian cause after Franz Ferdinand's assassination in Sarajevo, and turned towards an advocacy of Transylvania's union with Romania.\n", "Section::::Transylvanian politics.:Union with Romania.\n", "In October 1918, Wilson's Fourteen Points were published in the German press. While in his native village of Olpret he read about the Wilsonian principles in a newspaper from Münich, which made him realize that instead of demanding the federalization of Austria-Hungary the only valid alternative was to push towards the union with the Romanian Kingdom. He drafted quickly a proposal in that respect and went to his good friend Iuliu Hossu in Gherla to seek his advice. Pondering over the words in the draft, they decided to replace the most radical proposal with the following generic statement: \"Starting now, whatever the Great Powers will decide, the Romanian nation from Hungary and Transylvania is determined to rather perish than to endure slavery and subjugation any further\".\n", "On 18 October 1918, Vaida-Voevod presented this proposal in the Hungarian Diet, asking for the right to self-determination of the Romanians in Hungary. He began his discourse in a dull tone, then he suddenly read the declaration of self-determination, to the shock of his fellow deputies, who started to throw objects at him. Having prepared his exit in advance, Vaida-Voevod narrowly escaped lynching by leaving quickly through a back door of the Parliament building and hiding in a workers' neighborhood in Budapest, where many ethnic Romanians lived.\n", "In December 1918, after the Aster Revolution when Hungary had become a republic, Vaida-Voevod was elected in the Alba Iulia National Assembly that proclaimed the union with Romania, and was, alongside Vasile Goldiș, Iuliu Hossu, and Miron Cristea, a member of the Transylvanian group of envoys that presented the decision to King Ferdinand I in Bucharest.\n", "Section::::In Romania.\n", "Vaida-Voevod joined the Romanian delegation to the Paris Peace Conference of 1919, and was one of its most prominent members throughout the negotiations, as an organizer of press campaigns. During the conference, he joined the Masonic Grand Orient de France in order to secure a more advantageous position for his country.\n", "Section::::In Romania.:First Term as Prime Minister.\n", "The elections of November 1919 were successful for his party, and he replaced the National Liberal Ion I. C. Brătianu as Prime Minister and Nicolae Mișu as Foreign Minister. He secured the demarcation lines by ordering Romanian troops to fight off the Hungarian Soviet Republic. However, his radical approach toward the land reforms made King Ferdinand dissolve his government in March 1920, to be replaced by one formed by General Alexandru Averescu's People's Party (a populist movement that had attracted Brătianu's conditional support). Vaida-Voevod's party emerged as the National Peasants' Party in 1926, and he served as its leader. He also served twice as Interior Minister (1928–1930 and 1932).\n", "Section::::In Romania.:Second and Third Cabinet.\n", "Vaida-Voevod's second cabinet existed from 11 August until 17 October 1932; he resigned and was succeeded by Iuliu Maniu. After Maniu resigned as Prime Minister in January 1933, Vaida-Voevod returned as Prime Minister.\n", "\"Vaida and his supporters, who formed the National Peasants' Party's right wing, were acting more like Liberals than Peasantists. They crushed strikes by oil workers in Ploiești and by railway workers in Bucharest in February 1933, dissolved Communist Party front organizations and all other 'anti-state' organizations, and proclaimed martial law in a number of cities.\"\n", "Nonetheless, the problems posed by his new cabinets (in 1932 and 1933) - the Legionary Movement's intimidation of the political scene, and Vaida-Voevod's own anti-semitism (which began to manifest itself in measures of repression encouraged by the Legionaries), led to a split between the Prime Minister and his Party. His second government fell because of Armand Călinescu, who was a staunch opponent of the Legionary Movement.\n", "Section::::Later.\n", "On 25 February 1935 he created his own movement, the Romanian Front, which survived through the increasingly authoritarian regime of Carol II, the National Legionary State, Antonescu's regime and most of World War II. It was dissolved after 1944 when Communist Party gained influence with Soviet backing. Nevertheless, the party never eluded obscurity in front of competition from the Legionaries, and its members were victims of the repression carried out by the communist regime after 1948. Vaida-Voevod was arrested on 24 March 1945. In 1946, he was put under house arrest in Sibiu, where he spent the remainder of his life.\n", "Section::::Bibliography.\n", "BULLET::::- Vasile Ciobanu, \"Activitatea diplomatică a lui Alexandru Vaida Voevod la Paris (1918)\" (\"The Diplomatic Activities of Alexandru Vaida Voevod in Paris (1918)\")\n", "BULLET::::- Liviu Maior, \"Alexandru Vaida-Voevod între Belvedere și Versailles\" (\"Alexandru Vaida-Voevod Between Belvedere and Versailles\"), Cluj-Napoca, 1993\n", "BULLET::::- Vasile Niculae, Ion Ilincioiu, Stelian Neagoe, \"Doctrina țărănistă în România. Antologie de texte\" (\"Peasant Doctrine in Romania. Collected Texts\"), Editura Noua Alternativă, Social Theory Institute of the Romanian Academy, Bucharest, 1994\n", "BULLET::::- Ioan Scurtu, \"Mit și realitate. Alexandru Averescu\" (\"Myth and Reality. Alexandru Averescu\"), in \"Magazin Istoric\"\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "Prime Minister of Romania", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q622305", "wikidata_label": "Alexandru Vaida-Voevod", "wikipedia_title": "Alexandru Vaida-Voevod" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Alexandru Marghiloman\n", "Alexandru Marghiloman (4 July 1854 – 10 May 1925) was a Romanian conservative statesman who served for a short time in 1918 (March–October) as Prime Minister of Romania, and had a decisive role during World War I.\n", "Section::::Early career.\n", "Born in Buzău, he entered the Saint Sava National College in Bucharest, and then studied Law in Paris. Marghiloman was elected to the Romanian Parliament in 1884, and joined the government in 1888.\n", "A member of the Conservative Party, he supported cooperation with the German Empire and Austria-Hungary in the Triple Alliance, and, at the beginning of World War I, he favoured neutrality. Romania remained neutral until 1916, when she entered on the Allied side and this was the reason he refused a seat in the Ion Brătianu's liberal government.\n", "After the Germans occupied Bucharest, he remained there as the president of the Romanian Red Cross, and acted as a mediator between the German occupation authorities and the Romanian population. He rejected the ideas of the German side of forming a parallel administration to King Ferdinand I's government that was moved to Iaşi.\n", "Section::::Cabinet and later years.\n", "However, since Bolshevist Russia withdrew from the war and the Germans could occupy the rest of Romania, king Ferdinand requested Marghiloman to become a Prime Minister, hoping that with a pro-German Prime Minister it would be easier to make peace with the Germans, and knowing that Germany would consider the Western Front to be much more important.\n", "Indeed, Marghiloman negotiated and signed a peace treaty (known as the Treaty of Bucharest) with the Central Powers on May 7, 1918, which proved to be very punitive and restrictive for Romania. However, this treaty was never ratified. Marghiloman's cabinet fell after the Compiègne armistice, and it was replaced quickly with the pro-Allied General Constantin Coandă on November 6 and re-entered the war against Germany on November 10, a day before the end of the war. Retreated from public life following the collapse of Conservative politicians in post-war Greater Romania, Marghiloman died in his native town.\n", "Section::::Trivia.\n", "In his private life, Marghiloman was also an enthusiastic horse breeder: horses owned by him won the Romanian Derby 28 times. His large estate, the \"Albatros Villa\" (named after one of his horses) in Buzău, was for a long time a meeting place for Conservative politicians.\n", "Marghiloman gave his name to \"Marghiloman coffee\", Turkish coffee boiled in brandy.\n", "Section::::References.\n", "BULLET::::- George D. Nicolescu, \"Parlamentul Român (1866–1901)\" (\"Romanian Parliament (1866–1901)\"), I. V. Socecu, Bucharest, 1903\n", "BULLET::::- Mircea Dumitriu, \"Alexandru Marghiloman, omul nemtilor sau omul providential?\" (\"Alexandru Marghiloman, the German's man or the man of providence?\"), in România Liberă, October 13, 2007; accessed September 3, 2010\n", "BULLET::::- \"DOSARE DECLASIFICATE / Perchezitionarea premierului Marghiloman\" (\"Declassified files/Search of prime minister Marghiloman\"), in Ziarul Financiar, January 29, 2009; accessed September 3, 2010\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "Romanian statesman", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q58298", "wikidata_label": "Alexandru Marghiloman", "wikipedia_title": "Alexandru Marghiloman" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Taufik Batisah\n", "Muhammad Taufik bin Batisah (Jawi: محمد تيوفيك بن بتيسه; born 10 December 1981) is a Singaporean singer and winner of the first season of the reality TV series \"Singapore Idol\".\n", "Section::::Early life.\n", "Taufik was born to a Malay family of mixed Indian and Buginese descent. His parents divorced when he was 13. He attended Boon Lay Primary School, Jurong Secondary School and is a graduate of the Singapore Polytechnic.\n", "Taufik first started out as a singer in a local group called Bonafide, playing a mixture of hip hop and R&B with fellow rapper, Mark Bonafide.\n", "Taufik participated in the first season of the reality TV series Singapore Idol in 2004. On 1 December 2004, Taufik was crowned the first ever Singapore Idol at the Singapore Indoor Stadium before an audience of more than 8,000 fans and 1.8 million viewers across the country. He scored a recording deal with Sony BMG and a management deal under Hype Records' artiste management arm, ArtisteNetworks. It was later revealed that Taufik had won 682,000 of the 1.1 million votes cast that night, while his opponent Sylvester Sim managed 418,000 votes.\n", "Section::::Post Idol Music career.\n", "Following his win, Taufik clinched a string of endorsements for brands such as Harmuni Rice, Samsung, 7-Eleven stores and HSC drinks. He was the first Singapore artiste to endorse for the Swiss watch-maker, Swatch.\n", "On 14 January 2005, Taufik released his first English album \"Blessings\". The album included Taufik's hits from the competition such as \"Me and Mrs Jones\", \"Let's Stay Together\", \"Superstition\" as well as the Idol winning song \"I Dream\". Taufik also co-wrote one track on the album titled \"Close 2 You\". \"Blessings\" went on to a smashing sale of 36,000 copies, making into the Singapore Guinness Book of Records as the best selling local English album in the past decade. It remains a record unbroken in the Singapore music industry.\n", "On 19 April 2005, Taufik held his first solo concert showcase \"An Evening With Taufik\" at the Kallang Theatre. Fresh from recovering from tonsillitis (resulted from a non-stop four months performing schedule), he charmed both the media and full-house audience with his soulful singing and smooth on-stage moves.\n", "In 2006, Taufik released his second album \"All Because of You\" where he wrote and produced eight of the tracks. The English-Malay album spurred off a string of hits and further opened doors to the Malay music industry. Title track \"All Because of You\" made its debut that the finals of the second season of Singapore Idol. The three Malay singles on the album \"Usah Lepaskan\", \"Sesuatu Janji\" and \"Sombong\" took the Malay music industry by storm. He was named the Most Sellable Artiste at MediaCorp Suria's People's Choice Awards and was also awarded the Most Popular Male Artiste Award at the regional Anugerah Planet Muzik 2006. Winning Favourite Artist Singapore at the 2006 MTV Asia Awards further elevated Taufik's career to further heights. An iconic role model, Taufik was also voted as the Winner of Kid's Choice Wannabe Award (Singapore) at the Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Award 2006.\n", "Taufik continued to shine as the top artiste in Singapore, garnering the Most Popular Male Personality Award at Suria's Annual TV awards, Pesta Perdana 2007, the Nickelodeon Kid's Choice Wannabe Award (Singapore) for the second consecutive year, and also the Most Popular Artiste (Singapore) Award, Most Popular Song – \"Usah Lepaskan\" (Singapore) Award and the Best Local Song – \"Usah Lepaskan\"(Singer/Composer/Lyricist) Award at the Anugerah Planet Muzik 2007. \"Usah Lepaskan\" was also the Number 1 Song of the Year on Ria 89.7FM.\n", "In 2007, he debuted his Malaysian album titled, \"Teman Istimewa (Special Friend)\" on 5 September and was the album long-awaited by the Malaysian \"Fiknatics\" (as his fans are called). Taufik produced 90% of this album and three songs are the Malay version of his earlier English songs \"Untukmu\" (\"First\"), \"Berserah\" (\"Holding On\") and \"Janjiku Padamu\" (\"I Promise Forever\"). \"Seribu Tahun (A Thousand Years)\", a song which he co-wrote, swept the Malaysian radio charts after it became the theme song for Malaysia's Channel TV3 hit drama series, \"Kerana Cintaku Saerah (Because of My Love Saerah)\".\n", "In 2008, Taufik won the Most Popular Artiste (Singapore) Award and Most Popular Song (Singapore) Award for his composition \"Berserah (Surrender)\" as well as the Best Singapore Artiste Award at Anugerah Planet Muzik 2008. He also received the Singapore Youth Award (Arts and Culture), awarded by the National Youth Council, in recognition of his achievements in the music industry and for being a role model to the younger generation. Meanwhile, Taufik's music compositions also received greater recognition as \"Berserah\" took the No. 1 spot for Song of the Year and \"Teman Istimewa\" took 5th place on the RIA 89.7FM radio station's 2008 Top 30 Countdown.\n", "Taufik also launched his fourth music album \"Suria Hatiku (Light of My Heart)\". This critically acclaimed Malay album showcased a wide variety of songs of different genres and had spurned multiple Number No. 1 hits such as \"Gadis Itu (That Girl)\", \"Nafasku (My Breathe)\", \"Hey\" and \"Kepadanya (For Him)\". The album also featured music collaborations between his mentor, Ken Lim, renowned music producer, M. Nasir, and singer, Hady Mirza.\n", "Taufik was named the Most Popular Singapore Artiste for the third consecutive year at the Anugerah Planet Muzik Award 2009. His composition \"Usah Lepaskan\" was awarded the top Malay song with the highest royalties by COMPASS. Taufik also performed at the Angureah Planet Muzik Award held in Jakarta and the Singapore Day 2009 event in London. He was also invited to represent Singapore to perform at the ASEAN – Korea Commemorative Summit in Korea and performed at APEC Singapore 2009's \"Singapore Evening at The Esplanade\".\n", "The year 2010 proved to be an exuberant start for Taufik. Besides fronting the finale performance at the Chingay Parade 2010 and performing for the second consecutive time in Seoul under the invitation of the Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism of Korea as well as Singapore's NAC, he continued to receive recognition for his music. He earned the top honour roll of six major awards at the first AnugeraHitz.sg Awards, which honoured the best in the local Malay music industry. The year also saw him diversifying his art and making his theatrical debut in Dick Lee's \"Fried Rice Paradise – The Musical\".\n", "In 2011, he was part of the \"Home\" video project under Total Defence Campaign and also fronted the \"WeAreOne\" fund raising project for the Japan tsunami. He also released an Eid ul-Fitr collaboration album \"Kenangan Di Hari Raya (Memories on Eid)\" with Hady Mirza.\n", "In August of that year, he represented Singapore and performed with the Asia Traditional Orchestra for Korea's Independence Day in Seoul.\n", "He also wrote and recorded a duet single \"Aku Bersahaja (Simply Me)\" with Indonesian diva Rossa. The pair debuted the single at Rossa's \"Harmoni Cinta\" Concert at Esplanade. \"Aku Bersahaja\" was released in Singapore and Malaysia and to date, is his eighth Malay No. 1 radio chart topper.\n", "For his achievements in the local music scene, he was honoured with the Yahoo! \"Singapore Most Influential Person in Entertainment 2011\".\n", "In 2012, his hit ballad 'Usah Lepaskan' was also voted the Most Iconic Song in 55 years of Malay music in Singapore. July of that year saw his return to the English music scene with a new single \"Sky's The Limit\" which featured the voice of popular singer-actress Rui En.\n", "\"Sky's The Limit\" hit the No. 1 position on 98.7 FM Top 20 Countdown Chart for two consecutive weeks on 7 and 14 September, a rare feat for a local song as the Chart is usually dominated by international acts.\n", "Taufik represented Singapore at the first ABU TV Song Festival 2012 at the KBS Concert Hall, in Seoul, South Korea on 14 October 2012. He performed his multi-award-winning composition -\"Usah Lepaskan\" at the international gala music concert alongside high-profile music talents from across the region, including TVXQ (Korea), Havana Brown (Australia), Hafiz Suip (Malaysia) and Perfume (Japan).\n", "\"Aku Bersahaja\" with Rossa was nominated for \"Lagu Bahasa Melayu Terbaik yang Dipersembahkan oleh Artis Luar Negara\" (Best Malay Song performance By A Foreign Artist) at the upcoming Malaysia's annual music award – Anugerah Industri Muzik (AIM) 19, and also for \"Kolaborasi Terbaik\" (Best Collaboration) in Singapore's Malay regional music Anugerah Planet Muzik.\n", "Taufik also rose in the ranks of the regional and international music scene when he received significant recognition from Korea's Mnet Asia Music Awards (MAMA) for Best Asian Artist (Singapore) as well as Anugerah Planet Muzik's Best Collaboration (for \"Aku Bersahaja\"), Most Popular Singapore Artiste and Most Popular Regional Artiste.\n", "On 1 October 2014, Taufik released his fifth studio album, \"Fique\", which he produced, arranged and wrote all but one song. \"Fique\" features duets with Malay rapper Altimet, singer Shila Amzah and his aunt, Maria Bachok. Reviewing \"Fique\" in \"The Straits Times\", Eddino Abdul Hadi awarded the album four out of five stars and wrote that it was \"not so much Taufik, 32, reinventing himself as it is him taking the best parts of his past and moulding them into one cohesive work...a solid collection of songs.\" \"TODAY\" 's Kenneth Choy awarded \"Fique\" four out of five, calling the album \"[e]xpressive, emotive and energetic\" plus \"truly a good comeback effort with just about the right mix of material that will appeal to new and current fans alike.\"\n", "At the Anugerah Planet Muzik 2014, Taufik won three awards: Most Popular Song (Singapore), Most Popular Artist and Social Media Icon, winning the most awards by any artist that year. Taufik also performed three songs, including his new single, '#AwakKatMane' (Where Are You), off his recent album, \"Fique\".\n", "Section::::Discography.\n", "Studio albums\n", "BULLET::::- 2005: \"Blessings\"\n", "BULLET::::- 2006: \"All Because of You\"\n", "BULLET::::- 2007: \"Teman Istimewa\"\n", "BULLET::::- 2008: \"Suria Hatikuu\"\n", "BULLET::::- 2014: \"Fique\"\n", "Other albums\n", "BULLET::::- 2005: \"Shooting Stars\" Original Soundtrack\n", "BULLET::::- 2010: \"Fried Rice Paradise – The Musical\" Soundtrack\n", "BULLET::::- 2011: \"Kenangan Di Hari Raya\"\n", "VCD\n", "BULLET::::- 2005: \"An Evening with Taufik\"\n", "Singles\n", "BULLET::::- 2005: \"Reach out for the Skies\" (National Day Parade Theme Song)\n", "BULLET::::- 2006: \"Let Her Go\"\n", "BULLET::::- 2006: \"I Don't Know\"\n", "BULLET::::- 2009: \"Addicted\"\n", "BULLET::::- 2011: \"Aku Bersahaja\" (duet with Rossa)\n", "BULLET::::- 2012: \"Sky's The Limit\" (feat. Rui En)\n", "BULLET::::- 2013: \"Ikrar Kasih\" (OST Luluhnya Sebuah Ikrar)\n", "BULLET::::- 2014: \"Awak Kat Mane\"\n", "BULLET::::- 2014: \"Hanya Kamu\"\n", "BULLET::::- 2015: \"Izinkanku\"\n", "BULLET::::- 2017: \"Untuk Kita\"\n", "BULLET::::- 2017: \"Memilih Mencintaimu\" (feat. Adira)\n", "Section::::Stage.\n", "BULLET::::- 2010 : \"Fried Rice Paradise – The Musical\"\n", "Section::::Awards.\n", "2006\n", "BULLET::::- Pesta! Pesta! Pesta! – Most Sellable Artiste\n", "BULLET::::- Anugerah Planet Muzik 2006 – Most Popular Male Artiste\n", "BULLET::::- MTV Asia Awards 2006 – Favourite Artist Singapore\n", "BULLET::::- Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Award 2006 – Kids' Choice Award Wannabe Award (Singapore)\n", "2007\n", "BULLET::::- Pesta Perdana 9 – Most Popular Male Personality\n", "BULLET::::- Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Award 2007 – Kids' Choice Award Wannabe Award (Singapore)\n", "BULLET::::- Anugerah Planet Muzik 2007 – Most Popular Singapore Artiste\n", "BULLET::::- Anugerah Planet Muzik 2007 – Most Popular Singapore Song (\"Usah Lepaskan\")\n", "BULLET::::- Anugerah Planet Muzik 2007 – Best Local Singapore Song (\"Usah Lepaskan\")\n", "2008\n", "BULLET::::- Anugerah Planet Muzik 2008 – Most Popular Singapore Artiste\n", "BULLET::::- Anugerah Planet Muzik 2008 – Most Popular Singapore Song (\"Berserah\")\n", "BULLET::::- Anugerah Planet Muzik 2008 – Best Singapore Artiste\n", "BULLET::::- Singapore Youth Award 2008 (Arts and Culture)\n", "2009\n", "BULLET::::- Composers and Authors Society of Singapore (Compass) Award – Top Local Malay Pop Song (\"Usah Lepaskan\")\n", "BULLET::::- Anugerah Planet Muzik 2009 – Most Popular Singapore Artiste\n", "2010\n", "BULLET::::- Manja Star Award (\"Anugerah Bintang Manja\") 2010\n", "BULLET::::- AnugeraHitz.sg 2010 – Best Artiste\n", "BULLET::::- AnugeraHitz.sg 2010 – Best Composer (\"Nafasku\")\n", "BULLET::::- AnugeraHitz.sg 2010 – Best Album (\"Suria Hatiku\")\n", "BULLET::::- AnugeraHitz.sg 2010 – Most Popular Song (\"Nafasku\")\n", "BULLET::::- AnugeraHitz.sg 2010 – Most Popular Song (\"KepadaNya\")\n", "BULLET::::- AnugeraHitz.sg 2010 – Most Popular Artiste\n", "2011\n", "BULLET::::- Yahoo! Singapore – Singapore 9 Award (in Entertainment Category)\n", "2012\n", "BULLET::::- MediaCorp Suria BandStand Elektra – MOST ICONIC SONG – VIEWERS CHOICE (\"Usah Lepaskan\")\n", "BULLET::::- Anugerah Planet Muzik 2012 – Most Popular Singapore Artiste\n", "BULLET::::- Anugerah Planet Muzik 2012 – Most Popular Regional Artiste\n", "BULLET::::- Anugerah Planet Muzik 2012 – Best Collaboration, with Indonesia's Rossa in the song \"Aku Bersahaja\"\n", "BULLET::::- Mnet Asian Music Awards 2012 – Best Asian Artist (Singapore)\n", "2013\n", "BULLET::::- Sri Temasek Award 2013 – Sri Temasek Promising Award\n", "2014\n", "BULLET::::- Anugerah Planet Muzik 2014 - Most Popular Song (Singapore)\n", "BULLET::::- Anugerah Planet Muzik 2014 - Most Popular Artist\n", "BULLET::::- Anugerah Planet Muzik 2014 - Social Media Icon\n", "2015\n", "BULLET::::- Anugerah Planet Muzik 2015-Social Media Icon\n", "BULLET::::- Anugerah Planet Muzik 2015-Most Popular Song (Singapore)\n", "BULLET::::- Anugerah Planet Muzik 2015-APM Most Popular Song\n", "BULLET::::- Anugerah Planet Muzik 2015-MOST POPULAR ARTISTE (SINGAPORE)\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- All Taufik Batisah's News\n", "BULLET::::- TaufikBatisah.net\n", "BULLET::::- Taufik-Batisah.net\n", "BULLET::::- HYPE RECORDS\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "Singaporean singer and actor", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q5567113", "wikidata_label": "Taufik Batisah", "wikipedia_title": "Taufik Batisah" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Constantin Sănătescu\n", "Constantin Sănătescu (14 January 1885, Craiova – 8 November 1947, Bucharest) was a Romanian statesman who served as the 44th Prime Minister of Romania after the 23 August 1944 coup, through which Romania left the Axis Powers and joined the Allies.\n", "Section::::Life and career.\n", "The son of general Gheorghe Sănătescu, he graduated from the Military School in Bucharest in 1907. He fought against Bulgaria in the Second Balkan War (1913), and in World War I. In between the wars, he was a military attaché in Paris and then London. A general in 1935, he was named deputy Chief of the General Staff in 1937. Sănătescu led the Romanian legation to Moscow in 1940, after the beginning of World War II. From 1941 to 1943 he commanded the IV Corps; from 1943 to 1944, he commanded the 4th Army.\n", "When the pro-German dictatorship of Marshal Ion Antonescu was overthrown, Sănătescu was charged by King Michael with the forming of a new government. He unsuccessfully tried to strengthen the ties with the United States, in order to save Romania from a Soviet Communist occupation, but the growing suspicion of Joseph Stalin forced him to resign on 2 December of the same year. He died of cancer in 1947, and was buried with full military honors.\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Donald Cameron (VC)\n", "Commander Donald Cameron VC (18 March 1916 – 10 April 1961) was a Scottish recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces. He is one of three VC winners from the small town of Carluke in South Lanarkshire (population 14,000). The Rotary Club of Carluke have erected a millennium stone in the town market place to commemorate this.\n", "Section::::Details.\n", "Cameron was 27 years old, and a lieutenant in the Royal Naval Reserve during the Second World War when the following deed took place for which he was awarded the VC. He had served in the Merchant Navy since the age of 17.\n", "On 22 September 1943 at Kåfjord on the Altafjord, North Norway, Lieutenant Cameron, commanding Midget Submarine X.6, and another lieutenant (Basil Charles Godfrey Place) commanding Midget Submarine X.7, carried out a most daring and successful attack on the German Battleship \"Tirpitz\". The small submarines had to travel at least 1,000 miles from base, negotiate a minefield, dodge nets, gun defences and enemy listening posts. Having eluded all these hazards they finally placed the charges underneath the ship where they went off an hour later, doing so much damage that the \"Tirpitz\" was out of action for months.\n", "The full citation was published in a supplement to the London Gazette of 18 February 1944 (dated 22 February 1944) and read:\n", "He achieved the rank of commander in 1955, and was in charge of HMS \"Dolphin\", the submarine base at Fort Blockhouse. Cameron married WRNS's member Eve Kilpatrick in 1940 and they had four children. Cameron's health deteriorated in the last years of his life and he was eventually admitted to Royal Hospital Haslar, Portsmouth, where he died on 10 April 1961. His remains were cremated at Portchester and buried at sea from submarine HMS \"Thule\" on 13 April 1961.\n", "Section::::References.\n", "BULLET::::- British VCs of World War 2 (John Laffin, 1997)\n", "BULLET::::- Monuments to Courage (David Harvey, 1999)\n", "BULLET::::- The Register of the Victoria Cross (This England, 1997)\n", "BULLET::::- Scotland's Forgotten Valour (Graham Ross, 1995)\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Location of grave and VC medal \"(Hampshire)\"\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Luísa Todi\n", "Luísa Rosa de Aguiar Todi (1753–1833) was a popular and successful Portuguese mezzo-soprano opera singer.\n", "Section::::Early life.\n", "Luísa Todi was born Luísa Rosa de Aguiar on 9 January 1753 in Setúbal, Portugal. In 1765, her family moved to Lisbon, where her father was a musical writer in the Theatre of Bairro Alto.\n", "Luísa began her career as an actress in 1767 or 1768 in Molière's play \"Tartuffe\". She met Francesco Saverio Todi, an Italian violinist, whom she married in 1769. After their marriage, on her husband's advice, she began having singing lessons with David Perez, an Italian composer and Music Master of the Portuguese Royal Chapel.\n", "In 1770, she began her career as a singer with Giuseppe Scolari's opera \"Il Viaggiatore Ridicolo\", in the Theatre of Bairro Alto. From 1772 to 1777, Luísa lived in Porto, where she was a singer and a singing teacher and where she began to be recognized as an artist of stature.\n", "Section::::Rise to fame.\n", "In the winter of 1777, at age 24, she gave her first performance abroad, at the King's Theatre in London. The enthusiastic critics said that \"Mrs. Luísa Todi possesses high merit as singer and as actress.\"\n", "In 1778 she sang at the famous \"Concerts Spirituels\" in Paris, winning a triumph and being considered the best foreign singer ever featured in France. She remained in France until 1780; then from 1780 to 1783, she sang at the Teatro Regio in Turin and gave performances in Germany and Austria in 1781.\n", "She returned to Paris for further \"Concerts Spirituels\" series, during which time a confrontation arose between Luísa Todi and the German soprano Gertrud Elisabeth Mara (1749–1833), which divided the public. Luísa Todi won this battle of rivals, being called by the French \"the Nation's Singer\".\n", "Section::::Life in Russia.\n", "In 1784, Luísa travelled to Russia with her husband and children. They arrived at St. Petersburg on 7 June 1784 (27 May O.S.). On 10 June (30 May O.S.), Luísa gave her first concert, performing Giuseppe Sarti's \"Armida and Rinaldo\". She was so impressive that at the end of that concert the Empress Catherine II presented her with two diamond bracelets. To express their gratitude, Luísa and her husband wrote the opera \"Pollinia\" and dedicated it to the Empress.\n", "The opera's première was in October, when Luísa performed with the famous castrato Luigi Marchesi (1754–1829). Marchesi, famous for his turbulent temperament, envied her success. He and the composer Sarti engaged in a campaign of rivalry against Luísa Todi. Empress Catherine took Luísa's side and declined to renew the contract of Marchesi and Sarti.\n", "Luísa Todi stayed for four years in Russia (1784–1788). She was the royal princesses' singing teacher, and Catherine II continued to present her with magnificent jewels of incalculable value.\n", "In 1788 Luísa was at Frederick William II of Prussia's court.\n", "The following year she returned to Paris for her third season of \"Concerts Spirituels\" and was considered by critics as \"the greatest singer of her time.\" She returned to the Prussian court a few weeks before the beginning of the French Revolution.\n", "Section::::Height of her career.\n", "In 1790 she started a triumphant tour through Germany, and in Bonn she performed for Beethoven. At the end of that year, she travelled to Venice and performed at the Teatro San Samuele in the opera \"La Didone Abbandonata\", wearing a tiara, necklace, and diamond earrings that had been given to her by the Russian Empress.\n", "In Venice, Luísa Todi attained one of the most glittering moments of her career; the Italian season of 1790/1791 became known as \"Todi's Year\". But during her stay in Venice, she started experiencing vision problems, which caused her to abandon the stage for some months. The Venetians expressed their concern and fans wrote hundreds of verses and poems in her honour. When Luísa returned to the stage in 1791, she was greeted with a rapturous ovation. She also toured other Italian cities.\n", "Between 1792 and 1796, she sang in Madrid at the .\n", "In April 1793, Luísa returned to Portugal. She required a special authorization to perform there, because at that time women were forbidden to appear on the public stage. In Lisbon she sang at a commemorative party for the Prince Regent's (the future John VI) daughter's birth. Sadly, her native country failed to recognize Luísa's outstanding talent, because her performance was not widely advertised and the Royal Family was absent from the event.\n", "After singing in Naples, she returned to Portugal in 1801, living in Porto. There she continued to sing until the death of her husband in 1803, when she retired and wore mourning clothes for the rest of her life.\n", "In 1809, Porto was invaded by the Napoleonic army commanded by General Soult. Luísa Todi decided to abandon the city, but during the escape she lost most of her belongings, including her priceless jewels. This caused financial problems during the last years of her life. Luísa Todi and her family were imprisoned by the French, but General Soult recognized her as \"the Nation's Singer\" and protected her.\n", "Section::::Death.\n", "In 1811 she moved to Lisbon. By 1823, following her earlier vision problems, she had become completely blind. She died on 1 October 1833 after suffering a stroke the previous July. She was buried in the cemetery of the Church of the Incarnation, close to Chiado, in Lisbon. The cemetery area still exists today, underneath the foundations of a later building at 78 Rua do Alecrim. In spite of constant requests made by Todi enthusiasts and family descendants, one of the greatest Portuguese singers of all time remains buried beneath the pavement of an obscure cellar.\n", "Section::::Legacy.\n", "Before her death, Luísa Todi saw her talent immortalized in Antoine Reicha's book \"Traité de melodie\", where she is described as \"the Singer of all Centuries\". In modern Lisbon, the street in which Luísa Todi died was named Rua Luísa Todi in 1917. This is at the northern edge of Bairro Alto, just off Rua de São Pedro de Alcântara above the church of São Roque. She was also immortalized in her native city of Setúbal with a large monument and bust as well as the naming of Setúbal's biggest main avenue as Avenida Luísa Todi.\n", "Todi was praised for her vocal abilities, her clear diction, her linguistic skills (she spoke excellent French, English, Italian, and German), her professionalism, her talent as an actress, and the emotion and sensibility with which she infused her roles — qualities that make her seem an extremely modern performer. These are the same qualities that have ensured that Luísa Todi is still remembered across the centuries.\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Another portrait of Luisa Todi by Vigée Le Brun\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "Luisa Todi" ] }, "description": "Portuguese opera singer (mezzo-soprano)", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q439234", "wikidata_label": "Luísa Todi", "wikipedia_title": "Luísa Todi" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "James Thomas Fields\n", "James Thomas Fields (December 31, 1817 – April 24, 1881) was an American publisher, editor, and poet.\n", "Section::::Biography.\n", "Section::::Biography.:Early life and family.\n", "He was born in Portsmouth, New Hampshire on December 31, 1817 and named James Field; the family later added the \"s\". His father was a sea captain and died before Fields was three. He and his brother were raised by their mother and her siblings, their aunt Mary and uncle George. At the age of 14, Fields took a job at the Old Corner Bookstore in Boston as an apprentice to publishers Carter and Hendee. His first published poetry was included in the \"Portsmouth Journal\" in 1837 but he drew more attention when, on September 13, 1838, he delivered his \"Anniversary Poem\" to the Boston Mercantile Library Association.\n", "Section::::Biography.:Publishing career.\n", "In 1839, he joined William Ticknor and became junior partner in the publishing and bookselling firm known after 1845 as Ticknor and Fields. Ticknor oversaw the business side of the firm while Fields was its literary expert. He became known for being likable, for his ability to find creative talent, and for his ability to promote authors and win their loyalty. With this company, Fields became the publisher of leading contemporary American writers, with whom he was on terms of close personal friendship. He was also the American publisher of some of the best-known British writers of his time, some of whom he also knew intimately. The company paid royalties to these British authors, including Charles Dickens and William Makepeace Thackeray, at a time when other American publishers pirated the works of those authors. The first collected edition of Thomas de Quincey's works (20 vols., 1850–1855) was published by his firm. Ticknor and Fields built their company to have a substantial influence in the literary scene which writer and editor Nathaniel Parker Willis acknowledged in a letter to Fields: \"Your press is the announcing-room of the country's Court of Poetry.\"\n", "Sometime in 1844, Fields was engaged to Mary Willard, a local woman six years younger than him. Before they could be married, she died of tuberculosis on April 17, 1845. He maintained a close friendship with her family and, on March 13, 1850, married her 18-year-old sister Eliza Willard at Boston's Federal Street Church. Also sick with tuberculosis, she died on July 13, 1851. Grief-stricken, he left the United States for a time and traveled to Europe.\n", "In 1854, Fields married Annie Adams, who was an author herself. Mrs. Fields was instrumental in helping Mr. Fields establish literary salons at their home at 37 Charles Street in Boston, where they entertained many well-known writers. One such writer was Nathaniel Hawthorne. After Hawthorne's death in 1864, Fields served as a pallbearer for his funeral alongside Amos Bronson Alcott, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Oliver Wendell Holmes, Sr., Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, and Edwin Percy Whipple. In 1867, he performed the same role after the death of Nathaniel Parker Willis, along with Holmes, Longfellow, James Russell Lowell, and Samuel Gridley Howe.\n", "Ticknor and Fields purchased \"The Atlantic Monthly\" for $10,000 and, about two years later in May 1861, Fields took over the editorship from Lowell. At a New Year's Eve party in 1865, he met William Dean Howells and 10 days later offered him a position as assistant editor of the \"Atlantic\". Howells accepted but was somewhat dismayed by Fields's close supervision.\n", "Ticknor died in 1864, leaving Fields the senior partner for the firm. Fields was less concerned with the retail store owned by the company and wanted to focus on publishing. On November 12, 1864, he sold the Old Corner Bookstore and moved Ticknor and Fields to 124 Tremont Street.\n", "In 1868 the business became Fields, Osgood, and Company, recognizing James R. Osgood.\n", "On New Year's Day, 1871, Fields announced his retirement at a small gathering of friends.\n", "Section::::Biography.:Later life and death.\n", "No longer involved with editorial duties, he then devoted himself to lecturing and writing. He also edited, with Edwin Percy Whipple, \"A Family Library of British Poetry\" (1878).\n", "Fields became increasingly popular as a lecturer throughout the 1870s. In May 1879, Fields suffered a brain hemorrhage and collapsed before a scheduled lecture at Wellesley College. By autumn he seemed to have recovered. In January 1881, he gave what would be his final public lecture, coincidentally at the Mercantile Library Association, the organization which hosted his first public reading. Fields died in Boston on April 24, 1881. He is buried at Mount Auburn Cemetery in Cambridge, Massachusetts.\n", "His wife, Annie Fields, was devastated and demanded friends not mention him and she gradually cut herself off from others. Her friend, writer Celia Thaxter told her, \"don't shut yourself away... or you will die a thousand deaths of silence.\" Shortly after, she began a friendship with Sarah Orne Jewett, and the two became companions for the rest of their lives.\n", "Section::::Writing.\n", "In addition to his work as a publisher and essayist, Fields wrote poetry. A number of his works are collected in his book \"Ballads and Verses\" published in 1880. This volume contains the poem \"The Ballad of the Tempest\", which includes the famous lines:\n", "His chief works were the collection of sketches and essays entitled \"Underbrush\" (1877) and the chapters of reminiscence composing \"Yesterdays with Authors\" (1871), in which he recorded his personal friendship with William Wordsworth, William Makepeace Thackeray, Charles Dickens, Nathaniel Hawthorne, Herman Melville and others.\n", "Section::::Legacy.\n", "Annie Adams Fields wrote the biography \"Memoir of James T. Fields, by his Wife\" (Boston, 1881) and \"Authors and Friends\" (Boston, 1896), which also mentions him. James T. Fields was known in his lifetime as one of the most successful and shrewd book promoters, working at a time when bribery was typical in the publishing culture. Hawthorne said he owed his success as a writer to him: \"I care more for your good opinion than for that of a host of critics, and have excellent reason for so doing; inasmuch as my literary success, whatever it has been or may be, is the result of my connection with you\".\n", "Fields was particularly successful as a publisher because of his ability to build close relationships with writers. As author Rebecca Harding Davis said, he was \"the shrewdest of publishers and kindest of men. He was the wire that conducted the lightning so that it never struck amiss.\" He also knew the tastes of the reading public. Fields was reputedly able to ascertain what book a visitor to the Old Corner Bookstore would purchase within 10 minutes of arrival.\n", "After Fields's death, his friend Henry Wadsworth Longfellow wrote a poem called \"\"\"\" dedicated to him. Fields, along with Longfellow, is featured in the first and third of Matthew Pearl's novels, \"The Dante Club\" (2003) and \"The Last Dickens\" (2009). Fields is also mentioned in the 1994 film version of \"Little Women\".\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Eli Siegel on Satire Comment on 'The Owl Critic,' satiric poem by James Thomas Fields\n", "BULLET::::- Ballads and other verses, by James T. Fields at the University of Michigan Library\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "James T. Fields" ] }, "description": "American writer and publisher", "enwikiquote_title": "James Thomas Fields", "wikidata_id": "Q4483821", "wikidata_label": "James Thomas Fields", "wikipedia_title": "James Thomas Fields" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Annie Adams Fields\n", "Annie Adams Fields (June 6, 1834 – January 5, 1915) was an American writer. Among her writings are collections of poetry and essays as well as several memoirs and biographies of her literary acquaintances. She was also interested in philanthropic work, in which she found her greatest pleasure. Her later years were spent as a companion to author Sarah Orne Jewett.\n", "Section::::Adolescence.\n", "Fields attended George B. Emerson's School for Young Ladies, Boston's most influential private secondary school for girls, where students were taught to read independently and trained to appreciate nature. She followed Emerson's advice about ongoing education by studying foreign languages, literature, nature, history, travel books, and biography, and cultivating one's \"power of expression.\" Upon his suggestion, Fields began to keep a diary, though she usually kept her own feelings out of it. She sometimes recorded good thoughts or beautiful images which are presented or suggested by observing, reading, or conversing, and she often concentrated on recording table talk of her, often, eminent guests. The fullest congruence of Emerson's advice to his students and Annie Field's activities stems from his repeated insistence that \"every good life is necessarily devoted, directly or indirectly, to the service of mankind.\"\n", "Section::::Biography.\n", "Section::::Biography.:1834–1881.\n", "She was born Ann West Adams in Boston, Massachusetts, on June 9, 1834, the sixth of seven children of Zabdiel Boylston Adams and Sarah May Holland Adams. Among her siblings was her brother Zabdiel Boylston Adams, Jr. As a girl, she was enrolled at the School for Young Ladies in Boston operated by George Barrell Emerson, where she was encouraged to read, learned Italian, developed an interest in self-expression, and came to appreciate nature.\n", "She married James Thomas Fields on November 15, 1854, in King's Chapel in Boston with a service conducted by Reverend Ezra Stiles Gannett. She was his second wife; his first was a cousin of hers. Her husband was a well-established and respected publisher and with him she encouraged up and coming writers such as Sarah Orne Jewett, Mary Eleanor Wilkins Freeman, and Emma Lazarus. She was equally at home with great and established figures including Ralph Waldo Emerson and Harriet Beecher Stowe, whose biography she compiled. At their home at 148 Charles Street in Boston, she established a regular literary salon where authors gathered. Fields was also a philanthropist and social reformer; in particular, she founded the Holly Tree Inns, coffeehouses serving inexpensive and nutritious meals, and the Lincoln Street Home, a safe and inexpensive residence for unmarried working women.\n", "Fields and her husband became close personal friends with many of the authors with whom the publishing house worked, often hosting them at their home for dinner parties and overnight stays. In 1868, however, Fields's friend Mary Abigail Dodge (\"Gail Hamilton\") became suspicious of poor treatment by Ticknor and Fields and believed she deserved a higher royalty payment. James Fields initially ignored her complaints. Dodge abruptly ended her friendship with Annie Fields in February. A month later, Fields recorded her distress over the situation in her journal: \"We do not forget to feel still the savagery... of Gail Hamilton... I really thought she cared for me! And now to find it was a pretense or a stepping-stone merely is something to shudder over. And all for a little of this world's poor money!\" After months of dispute, Dodge anonymously published \"A Battle of the Books\" in 1870 chronicling her negative experiences.\n", "Section::::Biography.:1881–1915.\n", "After Fields's husband died in 1881, she continued to occupy the center of Boston literary life. The hallmark of Fields's work is a sympathetic understanding of her friends, who happened to be the leading literary figures of her time.\n", "Her closest friend was Sarah Orne Jewett, a novelist and story writer whom her husband had published in \"The Atlantic\". Fields and Jewett lived together for the rest of Jewett's life (Jewett died in 1909). Jewett spent the winter of 1881–1882 with Fields at her Boston home immediately after her husband's death. From then on, they shared their homes for one another for about half the year. The two also traveled together, including in 1882 when they visited Ireland, England, Norway, Belgium, France, Switzerland and Italy together. During the trip, Fields's networks allowed them to meet with European authors like Charles Reade, William Makepeace Thackeray, and the family of Charles Dickens. They visited Europe again together in 1892, 1898, and 1900.\n", "There is speculation regarding the nature of their relationship. The English writer Mary Cowden Clarke referred to Fields and Jewett as a \"woman-couple\" but they were more commonly referred to as having a \"Boston marriage\". After her friend's death, Fields published \"Letters of Sarah Orne Jewett\" in 1911, though deeply personal passages were edited out after urging from their mutual friend Mark Antony De Wolfe Howe.\n", "Section::::Legacy.\n", "Fields died in 1915 and is buried at Mount Auburn Cemetery, Cambridge, alongside her husband.\n", "Fields's literary importance lies primarily in two areas: one is the influence she exerted over her husband in the selection of works to be published by Ticknor and Fields, the major publishing house of the time. He valued her judgement as reflecting a woman's point of view.\n", "Second, Fields edited important collections of letters and biographical sketches. Her subjects included her husband, James T. Fields, John Greenleaf Whittier, Celia Thaxter, and Harriet Beecher Stowe, as well as the Jewett letter collection. While these are not critical, scholarly works (the Jewett collection, especially, is heavily edited), they do provide primary material for the researcher. Her book \"Authors and Friends\" (1896) is a series of sketches, the best of which are of Harriet Beecher Stowe and Celia Thaxter. Fields's diaries remain unpublished, except for excerpts published by M. A. DeWolfe Howe in 1922.\n", "She and her husband were friends with many of the main literary figures of their time, including Willa Cather, Mary Ellen Chase, William Dean Howells, Henry James, Rudyard Kipling, Harriet Beecher Stowe, Alfred Tennyson, Oliver Wendell Holmes, Mark Twain, Sarah Wyman Whitman, Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, Nathaniel Hawthorne, Lydia Maria Child, Charles Dudley Warner and John Greenleaf Whittier.\n", "Fields remains a somewhat puzzling figure. Her writings reflect a traditional orientation toward sentimentalism and the cult of true womanhood. However, she was a supporter of \"women's emancipation\", and her association with Jewett and others suggests a less traditional side. She left for posterity a carefully polished public persona, that of the perfect hostess, the genteel lady, and it is difficult to find the real person underneath.\n", "The site of her Charles Street home is a stop on the Boston Women's Heritage Trail.\n", "Section::::Writings.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Ode\" (1863)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Asphodel\" (1866)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Children of Lebanon\" (1872)\n", "BULLET::::- \"James T. Fields, Biographical Notes and Personal Sketches\" (1881)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Under the Olive\" (1881)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Whittier, Notes of His Life and of His Friendship\" (1883)\n", "BULLET::::- Fields became heavily involved in Boston charity work and wrote a social-welfare manual, \"How to Help the Poor\" (1883)\n", "BULLET::::- \"A Week Away from Time\" (written anonymously, with others, 1887)\n", "BULLET::::- \"A Shelf of Old Books\" (1894)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Letters of Celia Thaxter\" (edited by Fields with R. Lamb, 1895)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Singing Shepherd, and Other Poems\" (1895)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Authors and Friends\" (1896)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Life and Letters of Harriet Beecher Stowe\" (edited by Fields, 1897)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Nathaniel Hawthorne\" (1899)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Orpheus: A Masque\" (1900)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Return of Persephone and Orpheus\" (1900)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Charles Dudley Warner\" (1904)\n", "BULLET::::- Fields edited the \"Letters of Sarah Orne Jewett\" (ed., 1911)\n", "BULLET::::- Memories of a Hostess (edited by M. A. De W. Howe, 1922)\n", "BULLET::::- The unpublished diaries of Annie Adams Fields are at the Massachusetts Historical Society.\n", "Section::::Further reading.\n", "BULLET::::- Cather, W., \"Not Under Forty\" (1936).\n", "BULLET::::- Davis, A. E., \"A Recovery of Connectedness in Annie Adams Fields' Authors and Friends and A Shelf of Old Books\" (thesis,1998).\n", "BULLET::::- Harris, Susan K. \"The Cultural Work of the Late Nineteenth-Century Hostess: Annie Adams Fields and Mary Gladstone Drew\". New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2002.\n", "BULLET::::- Howe, H., \"The Gentle Americans, 1864–1960: Biography of a Breed\" (1965).\n", "BULLET::::- Howe, M. A. De Wolfe, \"Memories of a Hostess\" (1922).\n", "BULLET::::- Fields, A., 'Microfilm Edition of the Annie Adams Fields Papers, 1852–1912 (microfilm, 1981). *Matthiessen, F. O., \"Sarah Orne Jewett\" (1929).\n", "BULLET::::- Nigro, C. L., \"Annie Adams Fields: Female Voice in a Male Chorus\" (thesis,1996).\n", "BULLET::::- Richards, L., \"Stepping Westward\" (1931).\n", "BULLET::::- Roman, J., \"Annie Adams Fields: The Spirit of Charles Street\" (1990).\n", "BULLET::::- Spofford, H. P., \"A Little Book of Friends\" (1916).\n", "BULLET::::- Tryon, W. S., \"Parnassus Corner: A Life of James T. Fields\" (1963).\n", "BULLET::::- Winslow, H. M., \"Literary Boston of Today\" (1902).\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Annie Adams Fields: Woman of Letters\n", "BULLET::::- Authors and Friends written by Annie Adams Fields\n", "BULLET::::- Biography of James T. Fields written by Annie Adams Fields\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "American writer", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q566895", "wikidata_label": "Annie Adams Fields", "wikipedia_title": "Annie Adams Fields" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Gheorghe Ciuhandu\n", "Gheorghe Coriolan Ciuhandu (; born 15 June 1947) is a Romanian politician.\n", "A building engineer by profession, he graduated from the Traian Vuia Polytechnic Institute in 1970, earning a doctorate in 1986 and joining the faculty in 1993. He was the mayor of Timișoara from 1996 to 2012 and was one of the losing candidates for president in the 2004 presidential elections, in which he represented the Christian-Democratic National Peasants' Party (PNȚCD). He replaced Victor Ciorbea as president of the PNȚCD in 2004, and, in 2007 he was replaced by Marian Petre Miluț as president of PNȚCD.\n", "Section::::Honours.\n", "BULLET::::- Romanian Royal Family: 42nd Knight of the Royal Decoration of the Cross of the Romanian Royal House\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Official site\n", "BULLET::::- Ciuhandu's political opinions\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "George Harold Eardley\n", "George Harold Eardley VC, MM (6 May 1912 – 11 September 1991) was an English recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces.\n", "Eardley was 32 years old, and an acting sergeant in the 4th Battalion, King's Shropshire Light Infantry, British Army during the Second World War when he was awarded the VC.\n", "On 16 October 1944 east of Overloon, the Netherlands, Sergeant Eardley's platoon was ordered to clear some orchards where a strong opposition was holding up the advance, but away from the objective the platoon was halted by automatic fire from machine-gun posts. Sergeant Eardley spotted one of these posts and moving forward under heavy fire killed the officer at the post with a grenade. He went on to destroy two more posts single-handed, under fire so intense that it daunted those who were with him, but his action enabled the platoon to achieve its objective and thus ensured the success of the whole attack.\n", "He later was appointed company sergeant-major.\n", "Eardley was interred at Macclesfield Cemetery in Cheshire.\n", "His VC is on display in the Lord Ashcroft Gallery at the Imperial War Museum, London. A statue was erected in his home town of Congleton in 2004.\n", "Section::::References.\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Register of the Victoria Cross\" (This England, 1997)\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- List of Second World War Victoria Cross recipients\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Location of grave and VC medal \"(Cheshire)\"\n", "BULLET::::- Information on Statue\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Chatta Singh\n", "Chatta Singh VC (188628 March 1961) was an Indian recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces.\n", "Section::::Details.\n", "He was about 29 years old, and a Sepoy in the 9th Bhopal Infantry, British Indian Army during the First World War when he performed the deed for which he was awarded the VC. On 13 January 1916 during the Battle of the Wadi, Mesopotamia, Sepoy Chatta Singh left cover to assist and to rescue his commanding officer, who was lying wounded and helpless in the open.\n", "The citation reads:\n", "He later rose to the rank of Havildar.\n", "Section::::The Medal.\n", "A contemporary copy of the Victoria Cross, which is believed to have been presented to Sepoy Chatta Singh 'in the field' on 8 March 1916, was sold by Dix Noonan Web on 22 September 2006.\n", "Section::::References.\n", "BULLET::::- Burial location\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "Recipient of the Victoria Cross", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q4420068", "wikidata_label": "Chatta Singh", "wikipedia_title": "Chatta Singh" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "George Albert Cairns\n", "George Albert Cairns VC (12 December 1913 – 19 March 1944) was an English recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces.\n", "Section::::Early life.\n", "George Albert Cairns was born in London on 12 December 1913. He spend the early 1940s in Sidcup, Kent, working at a bank. He met his future wife, Ena, at the same bank. They were married in 1941; a year later he went to war.\n", "Section::::Details.\n", "Cairns was a lieutenant in The Somerset Light Infantry (Prince Albert's), British Army, attached to the South Staffordshire Regiment in Burma during the Second World War. The South Staffordshire Regiment was a Chindit battalion, part of 77th Indian Infantry Brigade under the command of Brigadier Michael Calvert. He was 30 years old when he performed the deed for which he was posthumously awarded the Victoria Cross.\n", "On the evening of 16 March 1944, the South Staffords dug in near what would become a main hinge of the Chindit operation, the block at Henu and Mawlu, known as the White City. A nearby hill crowned with a Pagoda dominated the horizon. It was not occupied by the British or, so far as those present could tell, by the Japanese. The following morning a number of unsuspecting Japanese soldiers were discovered in the area. It was plain that the South Staffords had dug in their positions adjacent to a small Japanese force without either learning of the other's presence. At about 11:00am, the hill erupted with enemy fire.\n", "Calvert, who led the attack in person, wrote \"On the top of Pagoda Hill, not much bigger than two tennis courts, an amazing scene developed. The small white Pagoda was in the centre of the hill. Between that and the slopes which came up was a mêlée of South Staffords and Japanese bayonetting, fighting with each other, with some Japanese just throwing grenades from the flanks into the mêlée.\" Calvert added, \"there, at the top of the hill, about fifty yards square, an extraordinary mêlée took place, everyone shooting, bayoneting, kicking at everyone else, rather like an officers’ guest night.\"\n", "During the attack Cairns was attacked by a Japanese officer who with his sword hacked off the lieutenant's left arm. Cairns killed the officer and retrieved the fallen sword before wounding several other Japanese. He subsequently collapsed and perished the following day. Calvert wrote, \"[i]n front I saw Lieut. Cairns have his harm hacked off by a Jap, whom he shot. He picked up the sword and carried on. Finally we drive them back behind the Pagoda.”\n", "Lieutenant Norman Durant, commanding one of South Staffordshire Regiment’s machine gun platoons, was involved in the action on Pagoda Hill. He described the action in a long letter to his family: The first thing I saw on reaching the path was horrible hand-to-hand struggle going on further up the hill. George Cairns and a Jap were struggling and choking on the ground, and as I picked up a Jap rifle and climbed up towards them I saw George break free and, picking up a rifle bayonet, stab the Jap again and again like a madman. It was only when I got near that I saw he himself had already been bayoneted twice through the side and that his left arm was hanging on by a few strips of muscle. How he had found the strength to fight was a miracle, but the effort had been too much and he died the next morning.\n", "After a brief \"intermission,\" Calvert’s forces broke the Japanese resistance, driving them from the area: The fighting had been not unlike that depicted un scenes from ancient battles in the closeness of the hand-to-hand grappling before the Japs finally broke. In spite of our casualties, we hard all that elation of the winners of a good battle, especially of a bayonet charge…I spoke to Lieut. Cairns before he died. ‘Have we won sir? Was it all right? Did we do our stuff? Don't worry about me.’ Five years later His Majesty graciously awarded Lieut. Cairns the Victoria Cross…We counted forty-two Jap dead, including four officers. More were shot and killed or wounded by our machine guns as they struggled across the open paddy, with the Japs giving them some covering fire from Mawlu, 800 yards across the paddy on to Pagoda Hill.\n", "Cairns's batman, Private N. Coales wrote \"He died a hero.\"\n", "Section::::Aftermath.\n", "Cairns was buried at Taukkyan War Cemetery in Burma. His grave is located at Plot 6, Row A, Grave 4. A stone memorial similar to a headstone commemorates Cairns at St Mary the Virgin Church, Brighstone, Isle of Wight.\n", "Cairns' VC was the last to be gazetted for the Second World War as the original recommendation was with General Wingate when he was killed in an air crash. The recommendation was revived following a BBC broadcast of Cairns’ actions in December 1948. According to an article published in \"the Times\" Saturday 21 May 1949: The original recommendation for the award of the V.C. to Lieutenant Cairns was submitted to the late General Wingate after the usual evidence of three witnesses had been checked. The aircraft carrying General Wingate and the records crashed, the general being killed and all the records destroyed. Later, when the proposal was retrieved, it was found that two of the three witnesses had been killed and this led to further delay. Some six weeks ago the former Brigade Commander of the 77th Brigade (now Major Calvert) had the case reopened. Meanwhile, after listening to a broadcast in which her husband's bravery was mentioned, Mrs. Cairns, who lives at Sidcup, approached her M.P., Mr. G. D. Wallace, who made representations to the War Office on her behalf. Wallace told the Daily Telegraph that he \"hoped [approaching the war office] would mean recognition not only for her husband but for herself and the grand fight she had put up.\" Cairns's wife, Ena Cairns, continued to work in the bank where she had first met her husband.\n", "The Victoria Cross citation, published in the London Gazette reads:\n", "Cairns's Victoria Cross is displayed at the Museum of the Staffordshire Regiment in Whittington, Staffordshire.\n", "Section::::References.\n", "BULLET::::- British VCs of World War 2 (John Laffin, 1997)\n", "BULLET::::- The Register of the Victoria Cross (This England, 1997)\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Memorial to Lt Cairns at Brighstone, Isle of Wight\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Andrea McArdle\n", "Andrea McArdle (born November 5, 1963) is an American singer and actress best known for originating the role of Annie in the Broadway musical \"Annie\".\n", "Section::::Career.\n", "McArdle was born in Philadelphia. While studying dance as a child, she was spotted by a talent agent who got her work in a number of television commercials, which led to her two-and-a-half year stint on the soap opera \"Search for Tomorrow\". She also appeared on \"Al Alberts Showcase\", a local televised talent show in Philadelphia.\n", "McArdle's break came in early 1977 when she was pulled from the chorus of orphans to replace Kristen Vigard, the original Annie in the Broadway musical \"Annie\", during rehearsals. The show was a critical and commercial smash, and she became the youngest performer ever to be nominated for a Tony Award as Best Lead Actress in a Musical. She lost to co-star Dorothy Loudon—who played Miss Hannigan—but did receive the Theater World and Outer Critics' Circle Awards for her performance. In April 1978, she opened in London's West End production. She appeared several times on \"The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson\" in 1977-79, on one occasion accompanied by Liberace. She also appeared more than once on the \"Mike Douglas Show\", singing with Kristy McNichol, Stephanie Mills, Liberace and Don Rickles. She also appeared on \"Welcome Back Kotter\", playing Arnold Horshack's younger sister.\n", "In 1979, she sang the national anthems for both the United States and Canada at the Major League Baseball All Star Game in Seattle, Washington. She also sang the American national anthem at Veterans Stadium in Philadelphia for the fifth and final game of the 1983 World Series, in her capacity as a native of Philadelphia.\n", "Her first role after returning to the States was the role of Judy Garland in NBC's telepic \"Rainbow\", but throughout her career she has concentrated primarily on performing in musical theater and cabarets. Her credits include \"Les Misérables\" (both on Broadway and in the national tour), \"Jerry's Girls\" (a revue of Jerry Herman songs co-starring Carol Channing and Leslie Uggams), \"Beauty and the Beast\", \"Starlight Express\", \"Meet Me In St. Louis\", \"The Wizard of Oz\", \"They're Playing Our Song\", and another celebrated Annie in Irving Berlin's classic, \"Annie Get Your Gun\". She briefly appeared in the 1999 Rob Marshall-directed TV version of \"Annie\", singing the \"Star To Be\" segment of the song \"N.Y.C.\"\n", "McArdle has performed in the showrooms of many of the casino hotels in Las Vegas and Atlantic City, and in cabarets such as Odette's in New Hope, Pennsylvania and the King Cole Room at the St. Regis Hotel and Freddy's Supper Club in Manhattan. McArdle once again starred in the musical \"Annie\" with the North Carolina Theatre Company, although she portrayed the role of Miss Hannigan, at odds with her former character.\n", "Her CD, \"Andrea McArdle on Broadway\", was arranged and produced by her ex-husband, composer Edd Kalehoff, who also collaborated with her on an album of Christmas songs that was released in conjunction with her Family Christmas Show at the Tropicana Hotel & Casino in Atlantic City, New Jersey. The Christmas show, \"Andrea McArdle's Family Christmas\" ran for three Christmases and featured dancers, singers and acrobats from Encore Productions in South Jersey. Divorced in August 2011, the couple had one daughter, Alexis Kalehoff (b.1988), a performer who has appeared with her mother in \"Les Miz\".\n", "McArdle returned to \"Annie\" at Musical Theatre West in Long Beach, California, as Miss Hannigan from October 29 - November 14, 2010. She took part in the New York Musical Theatre Festival's (NYMF) production of \"Greenwood the Musical\" in fall 2011.\n", "In November 2012, McArdle was the \"guest star\" in \"Newsical\".\n", "On April 2, 2014 Oceania Cruises announced a new \"Life in the Theater\" series featuring McArdle, for select sailings starting with a voyage aboard Riviera on October 29, 2014.\n", "In December 2015, McArdle starred in the Off-Broadway play \"2 Across\" at St. Luke's Theatre.\n", "In May 2016, McArdle starred as Reno Sweeney in Cole Porter's \"Anything Goes\". The show also featured Sally Struthers. The production opened at Gateway Playhouse (Bellport, New York), and later transferred to Ogunquit Playhouse. The production was directed by Jayme McDaniel, and choreographed by Jason Wise.\n", "Section::::Awards and honors.\n", "BULLET::::- 1977 - \"Theatre World\" Award - winner\n", "BULLET::::- 1977 - Tony Award - Outstanding Lead Actress in a Musical - nominee\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Biography and career at filmreference.com\n", "BULLET::::- NY Metro Parents \"CATCHING UP WITH ANDREA MCARDLE - THE ORIGINAL 'ANNIE'\"\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Lorne MacLaine Campbell\n", "Brigadier Lorne MacLaine Campbell, (22 July 1902 – 25 May 1991) was a British Army officer and a Scottish recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces.\n", "Section::::Early life.\n", "Lorne MacLaine Campbell was born on 22 July 1902 in Airds, Argyll, Scotland, the eldest of three sons of Colonel Ian Maxwell Campbell and Hilda Mary Wade. He was schooled at the Dulwich College Preparatory School, and then at Dulwich College in South London between 1915 and 1921 (as was his uncle and fellow recipient of the Victoria Cross, Vice Admiral Gordon Campbell). Between 1921 and 1925 he attended Merton College, Oxford, where he was President of the Junior Common Room and of the Myrmidon Club and graduated with a second class degree in Literae Humaniores.\n", "Section::::Military service.\n", "Campbell was commissioned as a second lieutenant into the Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders (Territorial Army) on 23 September 1921.\n", "Section::::Military service.:Second World War.\n", "In August 1939, shortly before the outbreak of the Second World War, Campbell's unit, the 8th (Argyllshire) Battalion, Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders was mobilised for war service. Serving as part of the 154th Infantry Brigade, which also included the 7th Battalion, Argylls and the 6th Battalion, Black Watch, of Major General Victor Fortune's 51st (Highland) Infantry Division, the battalion endured months of training before departing for service overseas in France as part of the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) in January 1940. During the Battle of France in May–June 1940 Campbell was awarded the Distinguished Service Order (DSO) for gallant leadership during the 51st Division's entrapment at Saint-Valery-en-Caux, where most of the division, including the divisional commander, Major General Fortune, were captured, although most of the 154th Brigade and some supporting units managed to escape capture and return to Scotland.\n", "After returning the battalion, which had suffered very heavy losses, was reformed with large numbers of reinforcements. In 1942 he became Commanding Officer of the 7th Battalion, Argylls (although it was then designated as the 7th/10th Battalion), still serving as part of the 154th Brigade in the 51st (Highland) Division, reformed in August 1940 by the redesignation of the 9th (Highland) Infantry Division, now commanded by Major General Douglas Wimberley and led the battalion overseas to North Africa in August 1942. At the Second Battle of El Alamein in late 1942, he received a Bar to his DSO for his part in the capture of important objectives. He led the battalion, after El Alamein, throughout the Tunisian Campaign, at El Agheila, in the capture of the Libyan port of Tripoli, Medenine, and Wadi Akarit, where Campbell gained his Victoria Cross. On 28 April, shortly before the campaign came to an end, Campbell became acting commander of the 153rd Brigade.\n", "On 20 May Campbell was promoted to the acting rank of brigadier and took command of the 13th Infantry Brigade, part of the 5th Infantry Division, then commanded by Major General Horatio Berney-Ficklin. The brigade, a Regular Army formation, was then serving in Syria, later moving to Egypt, before taking part in the Allied invasion of Sicily, from July until mid-August. After a brief rest, the brigade, and the rest of the division (now under Major General Gerard Bucknall), participated in the Allied invasion of Italy, Campbell leading the brigade throughout the 5th Division's involvement in the Italian Campaign, seeing service during the Moro River Campaign, the Battle of Monte Cassino, and the Battle of Anzio, before leaving Italy in early July 1944 to return to Egypt, later Palestine, to rest and refit. For eight days in April, he was acting General Officer Commanding of the 5th Division, when the division was in the Anzio beachhead, in place of Major General Philip Gregson-Ellis. Relinquishing command of the brigade in September, Campbell ended the war in the United States, in Washington D.C. as a brigadier with the British Army Staff.\n", "Section::::Military service.:Second World War.:Victoria Cross.\n", "Campbell was a 40 years old temporary lieutenant colonel in the 7th Battalion, Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders (Princess Louise's), British Army, during the Second World War at Wadi Akarit in Tunisia. The citation in \"the London Gazette\" read:\n", "Section::::Personal life.\n", "In December 1935 Campbell married Amy Muriel Jordan. The couple had two sons, Alastair Lorne Campbell of Airds (b. 1937) and Patrick Gordon Campbell (b. 1939).\n", "Campbell is buried in Warriston Cemetery in Edinburgh in the upper northern section. His medals are on display at the Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders Museum in Stirling Castle.\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- British Army Officers 1939−1945\n", "BULLET::::- Location of grave and VC medal \"(Edinburgh)\"\n", "BULLET::::- History of Argyll & Sutherland Highlanders\n", "BULLET::::- Generals of World War II\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Ilie Verdeț\n", "Ilie Verdeț (10 May 1925 – 20 March 2001) was a Romanian communist politician.\n", "Born in Comănești, Bacău County, and a miner from age 12, he joined the Romanian Communist Party (PCR) in 1945. After graduating from the Bucharest Academy of Economic Studies, he climbed through the Party apparatus. By the early 1960s he was working in the central office of the PCR in Bucharest, as deputy of Nicolae Ceauşescu, who was in charge of party organization and appointments. After the death of Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej in March 1965, Verdeț helped Ceaușescu gain the post of Secretary General of the PCR.\n", "Soon afterwards, Verdeț was promoted to the Permanent Bureau of the Political Executive Committee of the PCR. He held many political posts, including those of Deputy Prime Minister (1966-1974) and Prime Minister of Romania (1979-1982). He was sent by Ceaușescu to solve the Jiu Valley miners' strike of 1977, but was unable to negotiate and was held hostage for two days (a notion he later denied).\n", "After the fall of Ceaușescu in December 1989, Verdeţ declared himself the head of a provisional government, but it only lasted for about 20 minutes, after which he was pushed aside by Ion Iliescu, who emerged as the leader of the National Salvation Front. Verdeț founded in 1990 a party named \"Partidul Socialist al Muncii\" (Socialist Party of Labour), which narrowly entered Parliament in the 1992 elections , but in subsequent elections failed to win any seats. He stayed on as party chief until the 2000 elections, after which he was removed from his post.\n", "Verdeț and his wife Reghina, were married in 1947. They had two daughters: Doina (b. 1948) and Cezarina (b. 1953).\n", "He died of a heart attack in 2001 in Bucharest at the age of 75.\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Gabriel Partos, \"Obituary: Ilie Verdet\", \"The Independent\", April 23, 2001\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "Ilie Verdeţ", "Ilie Verdet" ] }, "description": "Romanian politician", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q322985", "wikidata_label": "Ilie Verdeț", "wikipedia_title": "Ilie Verdeț" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "John Daykins\n", "John Brunton Daykins VC MM (Ormiston Farm, Hawick, 26 March 1883 – 24 January 1933, Edinburgh) was a Scottish recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces.\n", "Section::::Life.\n", "Daykins was born in Hawick in 1883 to John and Bessie Daykins, but he moved with his family to Jedburgh when he was a child.\n", "In 1914 he enlisted with the Lothians and Border Horse and he was at Loos, the Battle of Vimy Ridge and the battle of Ypres. After this he was discharged after suffering from Trench fever.\n", "He refused to be labelled as \"unfit\" and on the third attempt he successfully re-enlisted again in the York and Lancaster Regiment and served in Battle of Passchendaele and again on Vimy Ridge. He was in the 2/4th Battalion at Solesmes, Nord in France on 30 October 1918 with a dozen of his platoon. \n", "They rushed a machine-gun and during subsequent severe hand-to-hand fighting Daykins disposed of many of the enemy and secured his objective. He then located another machine-gun which was holding up an operation of his company. Under heavy fire he worked his way alone to the post and shortly afterwards returned with 25 prisoners and an enemy machine-gun, which he mounted at his post. His magnificent fighting spirit and example inspired his men, saved many casualties and contributed largely to the success of the attack.\n", "When he returned to Jedburgh he was made a burgess. In 1924 he inherited his family's Howden farm when his father died.\n", "Section::::Death and legacy.\n", "Daykins died in 1933 after an accident with a shotgun. He was unmarried and his medals went to his sister. Elizabeth Daykins gave his medals to the York and Lancaster Regimental Museum which is within Clifton Park Museum, in Rotherham.There is a street in Hawick named for him and Jedburgh decided to lay a commemorative paving stone in 2018. A commemorative event was scheduled to take place in his adopted town of Jedburgh and at Solesmes, Nord where he earned is VC on the centenary of his bravery.\n", "Section::::References.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Monuments to Courage\" (David Harvey, 1999)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Register of the Victoria Cross\" (This England, 1997)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Scotland's Forgotten Valour\" (Graham Ross, 1995)\n", "BULLET::::- \"VCs of the First World War – The Final Days 1918\" (Gerald Gliddon, 2000)\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Location of grave and VC medal \"(Border, Scotland)\"\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Francis Cornwallis Maude\n", "Colonel Francis Cornwallis Maude (28 October 1828 – 19 October 1900) was an English recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces.\n", "Section::::Details.\n", "Maude was 28 years old, and a captain in the Royal Regiment of Artillery, British Army during the Indian Mutiny when the following deed took place on 25 September 1857 at Lucknow, India for which he was awarded the VC:\n", "76 (Maude's) Battery Royal Artillery, the current name for what was his unit at the time, was awarded his name as their title in honour of both his and the units deeds during the battle.\n", "He later achieved the rank of colonel and was appointed Consul-General in Warsaw. He was the cousin of Lieutenant Colonel F. F. Maude VC.\n", "Section::::Works.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Memories of the mutiny\" (1894)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Five years in Madagascar, with notes on the military situation\" (1895)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Bacon or Shakspere? : enquiries as to the authorship of the plays of Shakespeare\" (1895)\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Location of grave and VC medal \"(Berkshire)\"\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Albert Chowne\n", "Albert Chowne, VC, MM (19 July 1920 – 25 March 1945) was an Australian recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to Commonwealth forces.\n", "Section::::Early life.\n", "Chowne was born in Sydney. He attended Chatswood Boys Intermediate High School and Naremburn Junior Technical School.\n", "In 1935, he began work as a shirt-cutter with David Jones. In his spare time Chowne played rugby union and tennis, and took part in Scouting.\n", "Section::::Second World War.\n", "Chowne spent a brief period in the 36th Battalion, a Militia unit, before enlisting in the Second Australian Imperial Force in late May 1940. He was assigned to the 2/13th Battalion as a platoon message runner, and was later made company runner. The unit, part of the 9th Division, arrived in the Middle East in November 1940 and later joined the North African campaign, defending Tobruk for eight months in 1941. During his time at Tobruk, Chowne transferred to the carrier platoon and was promoted to corporal. After Tobruk the 2/13th performed garrison duties in Syria where, in September, Chowne was promoted to sergeant. He was wounded in the leg and hand at El Alamein the following month and spent three weeks in hospital. He returned to Australia with the battalion in January 1943.\n", "In July, the unit was deployed to New Guinea campaign, taking part in the Battle of Finschhafen. Chowne, now commanding a mortar platoon, was awarded the Military Medal for twice crawling close to enemy positions to direct mortar fire. Regarded as exceptionally cool by his comrades, Chowne combined fearlessness with a self-effacing manner.\n", "He was commissioned as a lieutenant in January 1944 and he married Daphne Barton, a corporal in the Australian Women's Army Service, in March that year. After completing a jungle warfare training course at Canungra, Queensland, Lt. Chowne was posted to the 2/2nd Battalion, part of the 6th Division, in October 1944. Two months later the 2/2nd began the Aitape-Wewak campaign in New Guinea in November 1944.\n", "Section::::Second World War.:Victoria Cross action.\n", "On 25 March 1945 near Dagua Airfield, Chowne attacked an enemy position which was holding up further movement towards Wewak. Seeing that the leading platoon was suffering heavy casualties, Chowne rushed forward and knocked out two light machine guns with grenades and then, calling on his men to follow him and firing his sub machine gun from the hip, he charged the position. Although he was twice wounded in the chest, the impetus of his charge carried him forward 50 yards under intense machine gun and rifle fire and he accounted for two more of the enemy before he was killed.\n", "Chowne was awarded the Victoria Cross posthumously and was buried at the Lae War Cemetery, Lae, New Guinea. His VC is displayed at the Australian War Memorial.\n", "Section::::Legacy.\n", "Chowne's name is commemorated in several places around Australia. A street in Campbell, Canberra is named. In Willoughby, Sydney, the community facility is called the Albert Chowne Memorial Hall and Chowne Place, both named after him.\n", "On 8 May 2015, Chowne's widow, Daphne Dunne, was in the crowd at the Sydney Opera House when Prince Harry was farewelled from Australia by the public at the end of a month-long deployment with the Australian Army. The prince recognised the VC medal in the cluster worn on Dunne's right breast, and approached her to discuss the medal as well as her own medals over her left breast. The \"Daily Telegraph\" reported that Dunne had a conversation with the prince and \"she told him how her first husband Lieutenant Albert Chowne died aged 25 in 1945 – just a year after they married – in a heroic attack on a Japanese machinegun post in Papua New Guinea. The red roses that Lt Chowne had arranged to be sent to his young bride on her birthday arrived just before the news he had been killed.\" It went on to say: \"She wed her second husband, Corporal John Dunne, who was captured in Malaya in 1942 and ended up in Changi POW camp ... (regarding the prince) In a show of affection as he leaned down towards her, she touched his face before he kissed her on the cheek.\" The newspaper also reported that, in meeting the prince, she had now met all the senior members of the British royal family. Dunne died on 1 April 2019, shortly after receiving a birthday card from Prince Harry and his wife, Meghan Markle, to celebrate her 99th birthday.\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Lieutenant Albert Chowne, VC, MM\", Australian War Memorial\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Elizabeth Drew Stoddard\n", "Elizabeth Drew Stoddard (May 6, 1823 – August 1, 1902) was an American poet and novelist.\n", "Soon after her marriage to Richard Henry Stoddard, the author, she began to publish poems in all the leading magazines, and thereafter, she was a frequent contributor. Her verses were of a high order; she wrote for intellectual readers only. She never collected the numerous poems she published in the periodicals, although there were enough of them to fill a large volume. In addition to her poetical productions, she published three novels: \"The Morgesons\" (New York City, 1862); \"Two Men\" (1865), and \"Temple House\" (1867). Those books did not find a large sale when first published, but a second edition, published in 1888, found a wider circle of readers. They were pictures of New England scenes and characters. In 1874, she published \"Lolly Dinks's Doings\", a juvenile story.\n", "Section::::Early life and education.\n", "Elizabeth Drew Barstow was born May 6, 1823, in the small coastal town of Mattapoisett, Massachusetts. She received a thorough education in various boarding-schools and in her school-days showed her bent towards poetry and literature in general. She studied at Wheaton Seminary, Norton, Massachusetts.\n", "Section::::Career.\n", "After her marriage in 1852 to poet Richard Henry Stoddard, the couple settled permanently in New York City, where they belonged to New York's vibrant, close-knit literary and artistic circles. She assisted her husband in his literary work, and contributed stories, poems and essays to the periodicals. Many of her own works were originally published between 1859 and 1890 in such magazines as \"The Aldine\", \"Harper's Monthly\", \"Harper's Bazaar\", and \"The Atlantic Monthly\".\n", "Stoddard is most widely known today as the author of \"The Morgesons\" (1862), her first of three novels. Her other two novels are \"Two Men\" (1865) and \"Temple House\" (1867). Stoddard was also a prolific writer of short stories, children's tales, poems, essays, travel writing, and journalism pieces.\n", "Her work combines the narrative style of the popular nineteenth-century male-centered bildungsroman with the conventions of women's romantic fiction in this revolutionary exploration of the conflict between a woman's instinct, passion, and will, and the social taboos, family allegiances, and traditional New England restraint that inhibit her.\n", "Her most studied work, \"The Morgesons\" is set in a small seaport town, and is the dramatic story of Cassandra Morgeson's fight against social and religious norms in a quest for sexual, spiritual, and economic autonomy. An indomitable heroine, Cassandra not only achieves an equal and complete love with her husband and ownership of her family's property, but also masters the skills and accomplishments expected of women. Counterpointed with the stultified lives of her aunt, mother, and sister, Cassandra's success is a striking and radical affirmation of women's power to shape their own destinies. Embodying the convergence of the melodrama and sexual undercurrents of gothic romance and Victorian social realism, \"The Morgesons\" marks an important transition in the development of the novel and evoked comparisons during Stoddard's lifetime with such masters as Honoré de Balzac, Leo Tolstoy, George Eliot, the Brontë sisters, and Nathaniel Hawthorne.\n", "One major source of Stoddard's importance to American literature is the historicism of her work, the manner in which her writing embodied and subverted the tension of her present-day culture with the archetypal or received values of the American past. A pioneering predecessor of regionalist authors Mary Eleanor Wilkins Freeman, Sarah Orne Jewett, and Kate Chopin, as well as a precursor of American modernism, Stoddard's writing is remarkable for its almost total lack of sentimentality, pervasive use of irony, psychological depth of richly drawn characters, intense atmospheric descriptions of New England, concise language, and innovative use of narrative voice and structure. Her investigation of relations between the sexes, a dominant focus of her fiction, analyzes emotions ranging from love and desire to disdain, aggression, and depression.\n", "Section::::Selected works.\n", "BULLET::::- Stoddard, Elizabeth: \"The Morgesons and other writings : published and unpublished\", Ed., with an crit. introd. by Lawrence Buell and Sandra A. Zagarell, Philadelphia, Pa. : PENN, Univ. of Pennsylvania Pr., 1996,\n", "Section::::Further reading.\n", "BULLET::::- Smith, Robert McClure and Ellen Weinauer, eds. \"American Culture, Canons, and the Case of Elizabeth Stoddard.\" Tuscaloosa: U of Alabama P, 2003\n", "BULLET::::- Stockton, Elizabeth. “ ‘A Crusade against Duty’: Property, Self-Possession, and the Law in the Novels of Elizabeth Stoddard.” \"The New England Quarterly\" 79.3 (2006): 413-438.\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- PAL: Perspectives in American Literature\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Rufus Wilmot Griswold\n", "Rufus Wilmot Griswold (February 13, 1815 – August 27, 1857) was an American anthologist, editor, poet, and critic. Born in Vermont, Griswold left home when he was 15 years old. He worked as a journalist, editor, and critic in Philadelphia, New York City, and elsewhere. He built up a strong literary reputation, in part due to his 1842 collection \"The Poets and Poetry of America\". This anthology, the most comprehensive of its time, included what he deemed the best examples of American poetry. He produced revised versions and similar anthologies for the remainder of his life, although many of the poets he promoted have since faded into obscurity. Many writers hoped to have their work included in one of these editions, although they commented harshly on Griswold's abrasive character. Griswold was married three times: his first wife died young, his second marriage ended in a public and controversial divorce, and his third wife left him after the previous divorce was almost repealed.\n", "Edgar Allan Poe, whose poetry had been included in Griswold's anthology, published a critical response that questioned which poets were included. This began a rivalry which grew when Griswold succeeded Poe as editor of \"Graham's Magazine\" at a higher salary than Poe's. Later, the two competed for the attention of poet Frances Sargent Osgood. They never reconciled their differences and, after Poe's mysterious death in 1849, Griswold wrote an unsympathetic obituary. Claiming to be Poe's chosen literary executor, he began a campaign to harm Poe's reputation that lasted until his own death eight years later.\n", "Griswold considered himself an expert in American poetry and was an early proponent of its inclusion on the school curriculum. He also supported the introduction of copyright legislation, speaking to Congress on behalf of the publishing industry, although he was not above infringing the copyright of other people's work. A fellow editor remarked, \"even while haranguing the loudest, [he] is purloining the fastest\".\n", "Section::::Life and career.\n", "Section::::Life and career.:Early life.\n", "Griswold was born to Rufus and Deborah (Wass) Griswold on February 13, 1815, in Vermont, near Rutland, and raised a strict Calvinist in the hamlet of Benson. He was the twelfth of fourteen children and his father was a farmer and shoemaker. In 1822, the family sold the Benson farm and moved to nearby Hubbardton. As a child, Griswold was complex, unpredictable, and reckless. He left home when he was 15, calling himself a \"solitary soul, wandering through the world, a homeless, joyless outcast\".\n", "Griswold moved to Albany, New York, to live with a 22-year-old flute-playing journalist named George C. Foster, a writer best known for his work \"New-York by Gas-Light\". Griswold lived with Foster until he was 17, and the two may have had a romantic relationship. When Griswold moved away, Foster wrote to him begging him to return, signing his letter \"come to me if you love me\". Griswold attempted to enroll at the Rensselaer School in 1830, but was not allowed to take any classes after he was caught attempting to play a prank on a professor.\n", "Section::::Life and career.:Early career and first marriage.\n", "After a brief spell as a printer's apprentice, Griswold moved to Syracuse where, with some friends, he started a newspaper called \"The Porcupine\". This publication purposefully targeted locals for what was later remembered as merely malicious critique.\n", "He moved to New York City in 1836 and, in March of that year, was introduced to 19-year-old Caroline Searles, whom he later married. He was employed as an editor for various publications in the New York area. In October, he considered running for office as a Whig but did not receive the party's support. In 1837 he was licensed as a Baptist clergyman, although he never had a permanent congregation.\n", "Griswold married Caroline on August 12, 1837, and the couple had two daughters. Following the birth of their second daughter, Griswold left his family behind in New York and moved to Philadelphia. His departure on November 27, 1840, was by all accounts abrupt, leaving his job with Horace Greeley's \"New York Tribune\", and his library of several thousand volumes. He joined the staff of Philadelphia's \"Daily Standard\" and began to build his reputation as a literary critic, becoming known for his savagery and vindictiveness.\n", "On November 6, 1842, Griswold visited his wife in New York after she had given birth to their third child, a son. Three days later, after returning to Philadelphia, he was informed that both she and the infant had died. Deeply shocked, Griswold traveled by train alongside her coffin, refusing to leave her side for 30 hours. When fellow passengers urged him to try to sleep, he answered by kissing her dead lips and embracing her, his two children crying next to him. He refused to leave the cemetery after her funeral, even after the other mourners had left, until forced to do so by a relative. He wrote a long poem in blank verse dedicated to Caroline, \"Five Days\", which was printed in the \"New York Tribune\" on November 16, 1842. Griswold had difficulty believing she had died and often dreamed of their reunion. Forty days after her entombment, he entered her vault, cut off a lock of her hair, kissed her on the forehead and lips, and wept for several hours, staying by her side until a friend found him 30 hours later.\n", "Section::::Life and career.:Anthologist and critic.\n", "In 1842, Griswold released his 476-page anthology of American poetry, \"The Poets and Poetry of America\", which he dedicated to Washington Allston. Griswold's collection featured poems from over 80 authors, including 17 by Lydia Sigourney, three by Edgar Allan Poe, and 45 by Charles Fenno Hoffman. Hoffman, a close friend, was allotted twice as much space as any other author. Griswold went on to oversee many other anthologies, including \"Biographical Annual\", which collected memoirs of \"eminent persons recently deceased\", \"Gems from American Female Poets\", \"Prose Writers of America\", and \"Female Poets of America\".\n", "Between 1842 and 1845 while Griswold was collecting material for \"Prose Writers of America\" he discovered the identity of Horace Binney Wallace, who had been writing in various literary magazines at the time (including Burton's) under the pen name William Landor. Wallace declined to be included in the anthology but the two became friends, exchanging many letters over the years. Wallace eventually ghostwrote Griswold's \"Napoleon and the Marshals of the Empire\" (1847).\n", "\"Prose Writers of America\", published in 1847, was prepared specifically to compete with a similar anthology by Cornelius Mathews and Evert Augustus Duyckinck. The prose collection earned Griswold a rivalry with the two men, which Griswold expected. As it was being published, Griswold wrote to Boston publisher James Thomas Fields that \"Young America will be rabid\". In preparing his anthologies, Griswold would write to the living authors whose work he was including to ask their suggestions on which poems to include, as well as to gather information for a biographical sketch.\n", "In 1843 Griswold founded \"The Opal\", an annual gift book that collected essays, stories, and poetry. Nathaniel Parker Willis edited its first edition, which was released in the fall of 1844. For a time, Griswold was editor of the \"Saturday Evening Post\" and also published a collection of poetry, \"The Cypress Wreath\" (1844). His poems, with titles such as \"The Happy Hour of Death\", \"On the Death of a Young Girl\", and \"The Slumber of Death\", emphasized mortality and mourning. Another collection of his poetry, \"Christian Ballads and Other Poems\", was published in 1844, and his nonfiction book, \"The Republican Court or, American Society in the Days of Washington\", was published in 1854. The book is meant to cover events during the presidency of George Washington, though it mixes historical fact with apocryphal legend until one is indistinguishable from the other. During this period, Griswold occasionally offered his services at the pulpit delivering sermons and he may have received an honorary doctorate from Shurtleff College, a Baptist institution in Illinois, leading to his nickname the \"Reverend Dr. Griswold\".\n", "Section::::Life and career.:Second marriage.\n", "On August 20, 1845, Griswold married Charlotte Myers, a Jewish woman; she was 42 and he was 33. Griswold had been pressured into the marriage by the woman's aunts, despite his concern about their difference in religious beliefs. This difference was strong enough that one of Griswold's friends referred to his wife only as \"the little Jewess\". On their wedding night, he discovered that she was, according to Griswold biographer Joy Bayless, \"through some physical misfortune, incapable of being a wife\" or, as Poe biographer Kenneth Silverman explains, incapable of having sex. Griswold considered the marriage void and no more valid \"than there would have been had the ceremony taken place between parties of the same sex, or where the sex of one was doubtful or ambiguous\". Still, the couple moved together to Charleston, South Carolina, Charlotte's home town, and lived under the same roof, albeit sleeping in separate rooms. Neither of the two was happy with the situation, and at the end of April 1846 she had a lawyer write up a contract \"to separate, altogether and forever, ... which would in effect be a divorce\". The contract forbade Griswold from remarrying and paid him $1,000 for expenses in exchange for his daughter Caroline staying with the Myers family. After this separation, Griswold immediately moved back to Philadelphia.\n", "Section::::Life and career.:Move to New York City.\n", "A few years later, Griswold moved back to New York City, leaving his younger daughter in the care of the Myers family and his elder daughter, Emily, with relatives on her mother's side. He had by now earned the nickname \"Grand Turk\", and in the summer of 1847 made plans to edit an anthology of poetry by American women. He believed that women were incapable of the same kind of \"intellectual\" poetry as men and believed they needed to be divided: \"The conditions of aesthetic ability in the two sexes are probably distinct, or even opposite\", he wrote in his introduction. The selections he chose for \"The Female Poets of America\" were not necessarily the greatest examples of poetry but instead were chosen because they emphasized traditional morality and values. That same year, Griswold began working on what he considered \"the \"maximum opus\" of his life\", an extensive biographical dictionary. Although he worked on it for several years and even advertised for it, it was never produced. He also helped Elizabeth F. Ellet publish her book \"Women of the American Revolution\", and was angered when she did not acknowledge his assistance in the book. In July 1848, he visited poet Sarah Helen Whitman in Providence, Rhode Island, although he had been suffering with vertigo and exhaustion, rarely leaving his apartment at New York University, and was unable to write without taking opium. In autumn of that year, he had an epileptic fit, the first of many he would suffer for the remainder of his life. One fit caused him to fall out of a ferry in Brooklyn and nearly drown. He wrote to publisher James T. Fields: \"I am in a terrible condition, physically and mentally. I do not know what the end will be ... I am exhausted—betwixt life and death—and heaven and hell.\" In 1849, he was further troubled when Charles Fenno Hoffman, with whom he had become good friends, was committed to an insane asylum.\n", "Griswold continued editing and contributing literary criticism for various publications, both full-time and freelance, including 22 months from July 1, 1850, to April 1, 1852, with \"The International Magazine\". There, he worked with contributors including Elizabeth Oakes Smith, Mary E. Hewitt and John R. Thompson. In the November 10, 1855, issue of \"The Criterion\", Griswold anonymously reviewed the first edition of Walt Whitman's \"Leaves of Grass\", declaring: \"It is impossible to image how any man's fancy could have conceived such a mass of stupid filth\". Griswold charged that Whitman was guilty of \"the vilest imaginings and shamefullest license\", a \"degrading, beastly sensuality.\" Referring to Whitman's poetry, Griswold said he left \"this gathering of muck to the laws which ... must have the power to suppress such gross obscenity.\" Whitman later included Griswold's review in a new edition of \"Leaves of Grass\". He ended his review with a phrase in Latin referring to \"that horrible sin, among Christians not to be named\", the stock phrase long associated with Christian condemnations of sodomy. Griswold was the first person in the 19th century to publicly point to and stress the theme of erotic desire and acts between men in Whitman's poetry. More attention to that aspect of Whitman's poetry would only surface late in the 19th century.\n", "Section::::Life and career.:Divorce and third marriage.\n", "After a brief flirtation with poet Alice Cary, Griswold pursued a relationship with Harriet McCrillis. He originally did not want to divorce Charlotte Myers because he \"dreaded the publicity\" and because of her love for his daughter. He applied for divorce at the Court of Common Pleas in Philadelphia on March 25, 1852. Elizabeth Ellet and Ann S. Stephens wrote to Myers urging her not to grant the divorce, and to McCrillis not to marry him. To convince Myers to agree to the divorce, Griswold allowed her to keep his daughter Caroline if she signed a statement that she had deserted him. She agreed and the divorce was made official December 18; he likely never saw Myers or his daughter again. McCrillis and Griswold were married shortly thereafter on December 26, 1852, and settled at 196 West Twenty-third Street in New York. Their son, William, was born on October 9, 1853.\n", "Ellet and Stephens continued writing to Griswold's ex-wife, urging her to have the divorce repealed. Myers was finally convinced and filed in Philadelphia on September 23, 1853. The court, however, had lost records of the divorce and had to delay the appeal. Adding to Griswold's troubles, that fall, a gas leak in his home caused an explosion and a fire. He was severely burned, losing his eyelashes, eyebrows, and seven of his finger nails. That same year, his 15-year-old daughter, Emily, nearly died in Connecticut. A train she was riding on had fallen off a drawbridge into a river. When Griswold arrived he saw 49 corpses in a makeshift morgue. Emily had been pronounced dead when pinned underwater but a doctor was able to revive her. On February 24, 1856, the divorce appeal went to court, with Ellet and Stephens providing lengthy testimony against Griswold's character. Neither Griswold nor Myers attended and the appeal was dismissed. Embarrassed by the ordeal, McCrillis left Griswold in New York and moved in with family in Bangor, Maine.\n", "Section::::Life and career.:Death.\n", "Griswold died of tuberculosis in New York City on August 27, 1857. Sarah Anna Lewis, a friend and writer, suggested that the interference of Elizabeth Ellet had exacerbated Griswold's condition and that she \"goaded Griswold to his death\". At the time of his death, the sole decorations found in his room were portraits of himself, Frances Osgood, and Poe. A friend, Charles Godfrey Leland, found in Griswold's desk several documents attacking a number of authors which Griswold was preparing for publication. Leland decided to burn them.\n", "Griswold's funeral was held on August 30. His pallbearers included Leland, Charles Frederick Briggs, George Henry Moore, and Richard Henry Stoddard. His remains were left for eight years in the receiving tomb of Green-Wood Cemetery before being buried on July 12, 1865, without a headstone. Although his library of several thousand volumes was auctioned off, raising over $3,000 to be put towards a monument, none was ever commissioned.\n", "Section::::Reputation and influence.\n", "Griswold's anthology \"The Poets and Poetry of America\" was the most comprehensive of its kind to date. As critic Lewis Gaylord Clark said, it was expected Griswold's book would \"become incorporated into the permanent undying literature of our age and nation\". The anthology helped Griswold build up a considerable reputation throughout the 1840s and 1850s and its first edition went through three printings in only six months. His choice of authors, however, was occasionally questioned. A British editor reviewed the collection and concluded, \"with two or three exceptions, there is not a poet of mark in the whole Union\" and referred to the anthology as \"the most conspicuous act of martyrdom yet committed in the service of the transatlantic muses\". Even so, the book was popular and was even continued in several editions after Griswold's death by Richard Henry Stoddard.\n", "In more modern times, \"The Poets and Poetry of America\" has been nicknamed a \"graveyard of poets\" because its anthologized writers have since passed into obscurity to become, as literary historian Fred Lewis Pattee wrote, \"dead ... beyond all resurrection\". Pattee also called the book a \"collection of poetic trash\" and \"voluminous worthlessness\".\n", "Within the contemporary American literary scene Griswold became known as erratic, dogmatic, pretentious, and vindictive. As historian Perry Miller wrote, \"Griswold was about as devious as they came in this era of deviousness; did not ample documentation prove that he actually existed, we might suppose him ... one of the less plausible inventions of Charles Dickens\". Later anthologies such as \"Prose Writers of America\" and \"Female Poets of America\" helped him become known as a literary dictator, whose approval writers sought even while they feared his growing power. Even as they tried to impress him, however, several authors voiced their opinion on Griswold's character. Ann S. Stephens called him two-faced and \"constitutionally incapable of speaking the truth\". Even his friends knew him as a consummate liar and had a saying: \"Is that a Griswold or a fact?\" Another friend once called him \"one of the most irritable and vindictive men I ever met\". Author Cornelius Mathews wrote in 1847 that Griswold fished for writers to exploit, warning \"the poor little innocent fishes\" to avoid his \"Griswold Hook\". A review of one of Griswold's anthologies, published anonymously in the Philadelphia \"Saturday Museum\" on January 28, 1843, but believed to have been written by Poe, asked: \"What will be [Griswold's] fate? Forgotten, save only by those whom he has injured and insulted, he will sink into oblivion, without leaving a landmark to tell that he once existed; or if he is spoken of hereafter, he will be quoted as the unfaithful servant who abused his trust.\"\n", "James Russell Lowell, who had privately called Griswold \"an ass and, what's more, a knave\", composed a verse on Griswold's temperament in his satirical \"A Fable for Critics\":\n", "poem\n", "/poem\n", "Griswold was one of the earliest proponents of teaching schoolchildren American poetry in addition to English poetry. One of his anthologies, \"Readings in American Poetry for the Use of Schools\", was created specifically for that purpose. His knowledge in American poetry was emphasized by his claim that he had read every American poem published before 1850—an estimated 500 volumes. \"He has more literary patriotism, if the phrase be allowable ... than any person we ever knew\", wrote a contributor to \"Graham's\". \"Since the Pilgrims landed, no man or woman has written anything on any subject which has escaped his untiring research.\" Oliver Wendell Holmes, Sr. noted that Griswold researched literature like \"a kind of naturalist whose subjects are authors, whose memory is a perfect fauna of all flying and creeping things that feed on ink.\"\n", "Evert Augustus Duyckinck commented that \"the thought [of a national literature] seems to have entered and taken possession of [Griswold's] mind with the force of monomania\". Poet Philip Pendleton Cooke questioned Griswold's sincerity, saying he \"should have loved [it] ... better than to say it\". By the 1850s, Griswold's literary nationalism had subsided somewhat, and he began following the more popular contemporary trend of reading literature from England, France, and Germany. He disassociated himself from the \"absurd notion ... that we are to create an entirely new literature\".\n", "Publicly, Griswold supported the establishment of international copyright, although he himself often duplicated entire works during his time as an editor, particularly with \"The Brother Jonathan.\" A contemporary editor said of him, \"He takes advantage of a state of things which he declares to be 'immoral, unjust and wicked,' and even while haranguing the loudest, is purloining the fastest.\" Even so, he was chosen to represent the publishing industry before Congress in the spring of 1844 to discuss the need for copyright law.\n", "Section::::Relationship with Poe.\n", "Griswold first met Edgar Allan Poe in Philadelphia in May 1841 while working for the \"Daily Standard\". At the outset, their relationship was cordial, at least superficially. In a letter dated March 29, 1841, Poe sent Griswold several poems for \"The Poets and Poetry of America\" anthology, writing that he would be proud to see \"one or two of them in the book\". Griswold included three of these poems: \"Coliseum\", \"The Haunted Palace\", and \"The Sleeper\". In November of that year, Poe, who had previously praised Griswold in his \"Autography\" series as \"a gentleman of fine taste and sound judgment\", wrote a critical review of the anthology, on Griswold's behalf. Griswold paid Poe for the review and used his influence to have it published in a Boston periodical. The review was generally favorable, although Poe questioned the inclusion of certain authors and the omission of others. Poe also said that Griswold \"unduly favored\" New England writers. Griswold had expected more praise and Poe privately told others he was not particularly impressed by the book, even calling it \"a most outrageous humbug\" in a letter to a friend. In another letter, this time to fellow writer Frederick W. Thomas, Poe suggested that Griswold's promise to help get the review published was actually a bribe for a favorable review, knowing Poe needed the money.\n", "Making the relationship even more strained, only months later, Griswold was hired by George Rex Graham to take up Poe's former position as editor of \"Graham's Magazine\". Griswold, however, was paid more and given more editorial control of the magazine than Poe. Shortly after, Poe began presenting a series of lectures called \"The Poets and Poetry of America\", the first of which was given in Philadelphia on November 25, 1843. Poe openly attacked Griswold in front of his large audience and continued to do so in similar lectures. Graham said that during these lectures, Poe \"gave Mr. Griswold some raps over the knuckles of force sufficient to be remembered\". In a letter dated January 16, 1845, Poe tried to reconcile with Griswold, promising him that his lecture now omitted all that Griswold found objectionable.\n", "Another source of animosity between the two men was their competition for the attention of the poet Frances Sargent Osgood in the mid to late 1840s. While both she and Poe were still married to their respective spouses, the two carried on a public flirtation that resulted in much gossip among the literati. Griswold, who was smitten with Osgood, escorted her to literary salons and became her staunchest defender. \"She is in all things the most admirable woman I ever knew\", he wrote to publisher James T. Fields in 1848. Osgood responded by dedicating a collection of her poetry to Griswold, \"as a souvenir of admiration for his genius, of regard for his generous character, and of gratitude for his valuable literary counsels\".\n", "Section::::Relationship with Poe.:\"Ludwig\" obituary.\n", "After Poe's death, Griswold prepared an obituary signed with the pseudonym \"Ludwig\". First printed in the October 9, 1849, issue of the \"New York Tribune\", it was soon republished many times. Here he asserted that \"few will be grieved\" by Poe's death as he had few friends. He claimed that Poe often wandered the streets, either in \"madness or melancholy\", mumbling and cursing to himself, was easily irritated, was envious of others, and that he \"regarded society as composed of villains\". Poe's drive to succeed, Griswold wrote, was because he sought \"the right to despise a world which galled his self-conceit\". Much of this characterization of Poe was copied almost verbatim from that of the fictitious Francis Vivian in \"The Caxtons\" by Edward Bulwer-Lytton.\n", "Griswold biographer Joy Bayless wrote that Griswold used a pseudonym not to conceal his relationship to the obituary but because it was his custom never to sign his newspaper and his magazine contributions. Regardless, Griswold's true identity was soon revealed. In a letter to Sarah Helen Whitman dated December 17, 1849, he admitted his role in writing Poe's death notice. \"I was not his friend, nor was he mine\", he wrote.\n", "Section::::Relationship with Poe.:Memoir.\n", "Griswold claimed that \"among the last requests of Mr. Poe\" was that he become his literary executor \"for the benefit of his family\". Griswold claimed that Poe's aunt and mother-in-law Maria Clemm said Poe had made such a statement on June 9, 1849, and that she herself released any claim to Poe's works. And indeed a document exists in which Clemm transfers power of attorney to Griswold, dated October 20, 1849, although there are no signed witnesses. Clemm, however, had no right to make such a decision; Poe's younger sister Rosalie was his closest next of kin. Although Griswold had acted as a literary agent for other American writers, it is unclear if Poe really appointed Griswold his executor (perhaps as part of his \"Imp of the Perverse\"), if it were a trick on Griswold's part, or a mistake on Maria Clemm's. It is also possible that Osgood persuaded Poe to name Griswold as his executor.\n", "In any case, Griswold, along with James Russell Lowell and Nathaniel Parker Willis, edited a posthumous collection of Poe's works published in three volumes starting in January 1850. He did not share the profits of his edition with Poe's surviving relatives. This edition included a biographical sketch titled \"Memoir of the Author\" which has become notorious for its inaccuracy. The \"Memoir\" depicts Poe as a madman, addicted to drugs and chronically drunk. Many elements were fabricated by Griswold using forged letters as evidence and it was denounced by those who knew Poe, including Sarah Helen Whitman, Charles Frederick Briggs, and George Rex Graham. In March, Graham published a notice in his magazine accusing Griswold of betraying trust and taking revenge on the dead. \"Mr. Griswold\", he wrote, \"has allowed old prejudices and old enmities to steal ... into the coloring of his picture.\" Thomas Holley Chivers wrote a book called \"New Life of Edgar Allan Poe\" which directly responded to Griswold's accusations. He said that Griswold \"is not only incompetent to Edit any of [Poe's] works, but totally unconscious of the duties which he and every man who sets himself up as a Literary Executor, owe the dead\".\n", "Today Griswold's name is usually associated with Poe's as a character assassin, although not all believe that Griswold deliberately intended to cause harm. Some of the information that Griswold asserted or implied was that Poe was expelled from the University of Virginia and that Poe had tried to seduce his guardian John Allan's second wife. Even so, Griswold's attempts only drew attention to Poe's work; readers were thrilled at the idea of reading the works of an \"evil\" man. Griswold's characterization of Poe and the false information he originated appeared consistently in Poe biographies for the next two decades.\n", "Section::::Bibliography.\n", "Anthologies\n", "BULLET::::- \"Biographical Annual\" (1841)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Poets and Poetry of America\" (1842, first of several editions)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Gems from American Female Poets\" (1842)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Readings in American Poetry for the Use of Schools\" (1843)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Curiosities of American Literature\" (1844)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Poets and Poetry of England in the Nineteenth Century\" (1844)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Prose Works of John Milton\" (1845)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Poets and Poetry of England\" (1845)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Poetry of the Sentiments\" (1846)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Scenes in the Life of the Savior\" (1846)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Prose Writers of America\" (1847)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Female Poets of America\" (1848)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Sacred Poets of England and America\" (1848)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Gift Leaves of American Poetry\" (1849)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Poetry of the Flowers\" (1850)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Gift of Affection\" (1853)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Gift of Flowers, or Love's Wreath\" (1853)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Gift of Love\" (1853)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Gift of Sentiment\" (1854)\n", "Poetry\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Cypress Wreath: A Book of Consolation\" (1844)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Illustrated Book of Christian Ballads\" (1844)\n", "Nonfiction\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Republican Court or, American Society in the Days of Washington\" (1854)\n", "Section::::Further reading.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Passages from the Correspondence and Other Papers of Rufus W. Griswold\" (Cambridge, Mass., 1898), edited by his son William McCrillis Griswold (1853–1899)\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Edgar Allan Poe and Rufus Wilmot Griswold\" at the Edgar Allan Poe Society online\n", "BULLET::::- The Works of the Late Edgar Allan Poe (Griswold Edition) at the Edgar Allan Poe Society online\n", "BULLET::::- Books by Rufus Wilmot Griswold at Google Book Search\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "Ludwig" ] }, "description": "American editor, literary critic, anthologist, and writer.", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q1990139", "wikidata_label": "Rufus Wilmot Griswold", "wikipedia_title": "Rufus Wilmot Griswold" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Henry Eric Harden\n", "Henry Eric Harden (23 February 1912 – 23 January 1945) was an English recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces.\n", "Section::::Details.\n", "Harden was a 32-year-old, lance-corporal in the Royal Army Medical Corps attached No. 45 (Royal Marine) Commando during the Second World War when the following deed took place for which he was awarded the Victoria Cross.\n", "On 23 January 1945 during Operation Blackcock, at Brachterbeek, the Netherlands, three marines of the leading section of the Royal Marine Commando Troop to which Lance-Corporal Harden was attached fell, wounded. The Commando section had come under heavy machine-gun fire in the open field that morning, and the men were seriously wounded. One of the casualties was Lieutenant Corey. Under intense mortar and machine-gun fire Harden was wounded in his side as he carried one man back to the aid post, which had been set up in one of the houses along the Stationsweg in Brachterbeek. Against the orders of another Medical officer he then returned with a stretcher party for the other two wounded. Bringing in the second casualty the rescue party came under enemy fire which killed the wounded Commando. While finally bringing back the third man Lieutenant Corey, who had demanded he be recovered last, Harden was shot through the head and killed instantly. Henry Eric Harden was then 32 years old, married and father of a son and daughter. He was posthumously awarded the Victoria Cross for his fearless action. On the bridge near the mill there is a plaque to commemorate Lance Corporal Harden.\n", "Lance-Corporal Harden's final resting place is in the Commonwealth War Graves Commission cemetery at Nederweert, Limburg, the Netherlands.\n", "Section::::The medal.\n", "His Victoria Cross is displayed at the Army Medical Services Museum in Mytchett, Surrey.\n", "Section::::References.\n", "BULLET::::- British VCs of World War 2 (John Laffin, 1997)\n", "BULLET::::- Monuments to Courage (David Harvey, 1999)\n", "BULLET::::- The Register of the Victoria Cross (This England, 1997)\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Henry Eric Harden - article at \"Oorlog in Limburg\" with full details and numerous images of Harden and memorials\n", "BULLET::::- \"Commando Medic\" - Google eBook by Stephen J Snelling with substantial preview\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Ernst Goldenbaum\n", "Ernst Goldenbaum (15 December 1898, Parchim, Mecklenburg-Schwerin – 13 March 1990) was an East German politician.\n", "Section::::Biography.\n", "Goldenbaum was born in Parchim. During World War I he served in the military and he participated in the German November Revolution. In 1919 he joined the left-wing USPD and a few years later the Communist Party of Germany.\n", "From 1923 to 1925 he was a member of the city council of Parchim and from 1924 to 1932 he was a member of the Landtag of Mecklenburg-Schwerin. From 1932 to 1933 he was the editor of \"Volkswacht\", a communist newspaper. After the Nazis seized power he became a farmer and a member of the German resistance.\n", "In 1944 he was arrested and he spent the last year of the war in concentration camp Neuengamme. In 1945, he was one of very few who survived the sinking of the SS \"Cap Acrona\" which claimed over 4000 lives.\n", "After the war he joined the Socialist Unity Party (SED), but in 1948 he co-founded the communist-sponsored Democratic Farmers' Party of Germany (DBD). The DBD was a close ally of the SED. Until 1982, Goldenbaum was the Chairman of the party.\n", "From 1949 to 1990 Goldenbaum was a member of the People's Chamber. From 1949 to 1950 Goldenbaum was East Germany's first Minister of Agriculture and Forestry. Goldenbaum supported the SED's collectivisation in the 1950s and 1960s. From 1950 to 1963 he was the deputy chairman of the People's Chamber. After 1963 he was a member of the Presidium of the People's Chamber.\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- Democratic Farmers' Party of Germany\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Edmund Clarence Stedman\n", "Edmund Clarence Stedman (October 8, 1833January 18, 1908) was an American poet, critic, essayist, banker, and scientist.\n", "Section::::Biography.\n", "Edmund Clarence Stedman was born in Hartford, Connecticut, on October 8, 1833; his father, Major Edmund Burke Stedman died of tuberculosis two years later in December 1835. By the following spring, his mother Elizabeth Clementine Stedman moved the boy and his younger brother to Plainfield, New Jersey to live with her wealthy father, David Low Dodge. Dodge, a Calvinist and pacifist, was strict, did not want to use his finances to support his grandchildren, and often physically punished the boys for bad behavior. Mrs. Stedman sold poems and stories to magazines including \"Graham's Magazine\", \"Sartain's Magazine\", \"The Knickerbocker\", and \"Godey's Lady's Book\" for income. Eventually, the children were taken in by their paternal grandfather, Griffin Stedman, and his brother James in Norwich, Connecticut.\n", "Stedman studied two years at Yale University; became a journalist in New York City, especially on the staffs of the \"Tribune\" and \"World\", for which latter paper he served as field correspondent during the first years of the Civil War. As opportunity offered, he studied law and was for a time private secretary to Attorney-General Bates at Washington, and was a member of the New York Stock Exchange in Wall Street from 1865 to 1900. His first book, \"Poems, Lyrical and Idyllic\", appeared in 1860, followed by successive volumes of similar character, and by collected editions of his verse in 1873, 1884 and 1897. His longer poems are \"Alice of Monmouth: an Idyl of the Great War\" (1864); \"The Blameless Prince\" (1869), an allegory of good deeds, supposed to have been remotely suggested by the life of Prince Albert; and an elaborate commemorative ode on Nathaniel Hawthorne, read before the Harvard Phi Beta Kappa Society in 1877.\n", "An idyllic atmosphere is the prevalent characteristic of his longer pieces, while the lyric tone is never absent from his songs, ballads and poems of reflection or fancy. As an editor he put forth a volume of \"Cameos\" from Walter Savage Landor (with Thomas Bailey Aldrich, 1874); a large Library of (selections from) American Literature (with Ellen M Hutchinson, 11 vols, 1888–1890); a \"Victorian Anthology\" (1895); and an \"American Anthology, 1787–1899\" (1900); the two last-named volumes being ancillary to a detailed and comprehensive critical study in prose of the whole body of English poetry from 1837, and of American poetry of the 19th century.\n", "This study appeared in separate chapters in \"Scribner's Monthly\" (which closed in 1881 and was relaunched the same year as the \"Century Magazine\"), and was reissued, with enlargements, in the volumes entitled \"Victorian Poets\" (1875; continued to the Jubilee year in the edition of 1887) and \"Poets of America\" (1885), the two works forming the most symmetrical body of literary criticism yet published in the United States. Their value is increased by the treatise on \"The Nature and Elements of Poetry\" (Boston, 1892) a work of great critical insight as well as technical knowledge.\n", "Stedman edited, with Ellen M. Hutchinson, \"A Library of American Literature\" (eleven volumes, 1888–90); and, with George E. Woodberry, the \"Works of Edgar Allan Poe\" (ten volumes, 1895). After the death of James Russell Lowell, Stedman had perhaps the leading place among American poets and critics. In 1876, he was one of several poets who were gently mocked by Bayard Taylor in his verse parody \"The Echo Club and Other Literary Diversions\".\n", "In 1904, Edmund Clarence Stedman was one of the first seven chosen for membership in the American Academy of Arts and Letters.\n", "In addition to his literary achievements, Stedman pursued scientific and technical endeavors. In 1879, he proposed a rigid airship inspired by the anatomy of a fish, with a framework of steel, brass, or copper tubing and a tractor propeller mounted on the crafts bow, later changed to an engine with two propellers suspended beneath the framework. The airship never was built, but its design foreshadowed that of the dirigibles of the early decades of the 20th century.\n", "Section::::Literature.\n", "BULLET::::- \"A Victorian Anthology, 1837–1895\" (1895)\n", "BULLET::::- William Winter, \"Old Friends\" (New York, 1909)\n", "BULLET::::- An American Anthology, 1787–1900 (Online Edition)\n", "BULLET::::- Stedman and Gould, \"Life and Letters of Edmund Clarence Stedman\" (two volumes, New York, 1910)\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- \"\", a poem by Florence Earle Coates\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Nathaniel Parker Willis\n", "Nathaniel Parker Willis (January 20, 1806 – January 20, 1867), also known as N. P. Willis, was an American author, poet and editor who worked with several notable American writers including Edgar Allan Poe and Henry Wadsworth Longfellow. He became the highest-paid magazine writer of his day. For a time, he was the employer of former slave and future writer Harriet Jacobs. His brother was the composer Richard Storrs Willis and his sister Sara wrote under the name Fanny Fern.\n", "Born in Portland, Maine, Willis came from a family of publishers. His grandfather Nathaniel Willis owned newspapers in Massachusetts and Virginia, and his father Nathaniel Willis was the founder of \"Youth's Companion\", the first newspaper specifically for children. Willis developed an interest in literature while attending Yale College and began publishing poetry. After graduation, he worked as an overseas correspondent for the \"New York Mirror\". He eventually moved to New York and began to build his literary reputation. Working with multiple publications, he was earning about $100 per article and between $5,000 and $10,000 per year. In 1846, he started his own publication, the \"Home Journal\", which was eventually renamed \"Town & Country\". Shortly after, Willis moved to a home on the Hudson River where he lived a semi-retired life until his death in 1867.\n", "Willis embedded his own personality into his writing and addressed his readers personally, specifically in his travel writings, so that his reputation was built in part because of his character. Critics, including his sister in her novel \"Ruth Hall\", occasionally described him as being effeminate and Europeanized. Willis also published several poems, tales, and a play. Despite his intense popularity for a time, at his death Willis was nearly forgotten.\n", "Section::::Life and career.\n", "Section::::Life and career.:Early life and family.\n", "Nathaniel Parker Willis was born on January 20, 1806, in Portland, Maine. His father Nathaniel Willis was a newspaper proprietor there and his grandfather owned newspapers in Boston, Massachusetts and western Virginia. His mother was Hannah Willis (\"née\" Parker) from Holliston, Massachusetts and it was her husband's offer to edit the \"Eastern Argus\" in Maine that caused their move to Portland. Willis's younger sister was Sara Willis Parton, who would later become a writer under the pseudonym Fanny Fern. His brother, Richard Storrs Willis, became a musician and music journalist known for writing the melody for \"It Came Upon the Midnight Clear\". His other siblings were Lucy Douglas (born 1804), Louisa Harris (1807), Julia Dean (1809), Mary Perry (1813), Edward Payson (1816), and Ellen Holmes (1821).\n", "In 1816, the family moved to Boston, where Willis's father established the \"Boston Recorder\" and, nine years later, the \"Youth's Companion\", the world's first newspaper for children. The elder Willis's emphasis on religious themes earned him the nickname \"Deacon\" Willis. After attending a Boston grammar school and Phillips Academy at Andover, Nathaniel Parker Willis entered Yale College in October 1823 where he roomed with Horace Bushnell. Willis credited Bushnell with teaching him the proper technique for sharpening a razor by \"drawing it from heel to point both ways ... the two cross frictions correct each other\". At Yale, he further developed an interest in literature, often neglecting his other studies. He graduated in 1827 and spent time touring parts of the United States and Canada. In Montreal, he met Chester Harding, with whom he would become a lifelong friend. Years later, Harding referred to Willis during this period as \"the 'lion' of the town\". Willis began publishing poetry in his father's \"Boston Periodical\", often using one of two literary personalities under the pen names \"Roy\" (for religious subjects) and \"Cassius\" (for more secular topics). The same year, Willis published a volume of poetical \"Sketches\".\n", "Section::::Life and career.:Literary career.\n", "In the latter part of the 1820s, Willis began contributing more frequently to magazines and periodicals. In 1829, he served as editor for the gift book \"The Token\", making him the only person to be editor in the book's 15-year history besides its founder, Samuel Griswold Goodrich. That year, Willis founded the \"American Monthly Magazine\", which began publishing in April 1829 until it was discontinued in August 1831. He blamed its failure on the \"tight purses of Boston culture\" and moved to Europe to serve as foreign editor and correspondent of the \"New York Mirror\". In 1832, while in Florence, Italy, he met Horatio Greenough, who sculpted a bust of the writer. Between 1832 and 1836, Willis contributed a series of letters for the \"Mirror\", about half of which were later collected as \"Pencillings by the Way\", printed in London in 1835. The romantic descriptions of scenes and modes of life in Europe sold well despite the then high price tag of $7 a copy. The work became popular and boosted Willis's literary reputation enough that an American edition was soon issued.\n", "Despite this popularity, he was censured by some critics for indiscretion in reporting private conversations. At one point he fought a bloodless duel with Captain Frederick Marryat, then editor of the \"Metropolitan Magazine\", after Willis sent a private letter of Marryat's to George Pope Morris, who had it printed. Still, in 1835 Willis was popular enough to introduce Henry Wadsworth Longfellow to important literary figures in England, including Ada Byron, daughter of Lord Byron.\n", "While abroad, Willis wrote to a friend, \"I should like to marry in England\". He soon married Mary Stace, daughter of General William Stace of Woolwich, on October 1, 1835, after a month-long engagement. The couple took a two-week honeymoon in Paris. The couple moved to London where, in 1836, Willis met Charles Dickens, who was working for the \"Morning Chronicle\" at the time.\n", "In 1837, Willis and his wife returned to the United States and settled at a small estate on Owego Creek in New York, just above its junction with the Susquehanna River. He named the home Glenmary and the rural setting inspired him to write \"Letters from under a Bridge\". On October 20, 1838, Willis began a series of articles called \"A New Series of Letters from London\", one of which suggested an illicit relationship between writer Letitia Elizabeth Landon and editor William Jordan. The article caused some scandal, for which Willis's publisher had to apologize.\n", "On June 20, 1839, Willis's play \"Tortesa, the Usurer\" premiered in Philadelphia at the Walnut Street Theatre. Edgar Allan Poe called it \"by far the best play from the pen of an American author\". That year, he was also editor of the short-lived periodical \"The Corsair\", for which he enlisted William Makepeace Thackery to write short sketches of France. Another major work, \"Two Ways of Dying for a Husband\", was published in England during a short visit there in 1839–1840. Shortly after returning to the United States, his personal life was touched with grief when his first child was stillborn on December 4, 1840. He and Stace had a second daughter, Imogen, who was born June 20, 1842.\n", "Later that year, Willis attended a ball in honor of Charles Dickens in New York. After dancing with Dickens's wife, Willis and Dickens went out for \"rum toddy and broiled oysters\". By this time, his fame had grown enough that he was often invited to lecture and recite poetry, including his presentation to the Linonian Society at Yale on August 17, 1841. Willis was invited to submit a column to the each weekly issue of \"Brother Johnathan\", a publication from New York with 20,000 subscribers, which he did until September 1841. By 1842, Willis was earning the unusually high salary of $4,800 a year. As a later journalist remarked, this made Willis \"the first magazine writer who was tolerably well paid\".\n", "In 1842, Willis employed Harriet Jacobs, an escaped slave from North Carolina, as a house servant and nanny. When her owners sought to have her returned to their plantation, Willis's wife bought her freedom for $300. Nearly two decades later, Jacobs would write in her pseudonymized autobiography \"Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl\", which she began composing while working for the Willis family, that she \"was convinced that ... Nathaniel Parker Willis was proslavery\". Willis is depicted as \"Mr. Bruce\", an unattractive Southern sympathizer in the book. One of Willis's tales, \"The Night Funeral of a Slave\", featured an abolitionist who visits the South and regrets his anti-slavery views; Frederick Douglass later used the work to criticize Northerners who were pro-slavery.\n", "Section::::Life and career.:\"Evening Mirror\".\n", "Returning to New York City, Willis reorganized, along with George Pope Morris, the weekly \"New York Mirror\" as the daily \"Evening Mirror\" in 1844 with a weekly supplement called the \"Weekly Mirror\", in part due to the rising cost of postage. By this time, Willis was a popular writer (a joke was that Johann Wolfgang von Goethe was Germany's version of N. P. Willis) and one of the first commercially successful magazine writers in America. In the fall of that year, he also became the first editor of the annual gift book \"The Opal\" founded by Rufus Wilmot Griswold. During this time, he became the highest-paid magazine writer in America, earning about $100 per article and $5,000 per year, a number which would soon double. Even the popular poet Longfellow admitted his jealousy of Willis's salary.\n", "As a critic, Willis did not believe in including discussions of personalities of writers when reviewing their works. He also believed that, though publications should discuss political topics, they should not express party opinions or choose sides. The \"Mirror\" flourished at a time when many publications were discontinuing. Its success was due to the shrewd management of Willis and Morris and the two demonstrated that the American public could support literary endeavors. Willis was becoming an expert in American literature and so, in 1845, Willis and Morris issued an anthology, \"The Prose and Poetry of America\".\n", "While Willis was editor of the \"Evening Mirror\", its issue for January 29, 1845, included the first printing of Poe's poem \"The Raven\" with his name attached. In his introduction, Willis called it \"unsurpassed in English poetry for subtle conception, masterly ingenuity of versification, and consistent, sustaining of imaginative lift ... It will stick to the memory of everybody who reads it\". Willis and Poe were close friends, and Willis helped Poe financially during his wife Virginia's illness and while Poe was suing Thomas Dunn English for libel. Willis often tried to persuade Poe to be less destructive in his criticism and concentrate on his poetry. Even so, Willis published many pieces of what would later be referred to as \"The Longfellow War\", a literary battle between Poe and the supporters of Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, whom Poe called overrated and guilty of plagiarism. Willis also introduced Poe to Fanny Osgood; the two would later carry out a very public literary flirtation.\n", "Willis's wife Mary Stace died in childbirth on March 25, 1845. Their daughter, Blanche, died as well and Willis wrote in his notebook that she was \"an angel without fault or foible\". He brought his surviving daughter Imogen to England to be with her mother's family and left her behind when he returned to the United States. In October 1846, he married Cornelia Grinnell, a wealthy Quaker from New Bedford and the adopted daughter of a local Congressman. She was two decades younger than Willis at the time and vocally disliked slavery, unlike her new husband. After the marriage, Willis's daughter Imogen came to live with the newlyweds in New York.\n", "Section::::Life and career.:\"Home Journal\".\n", "In 1846, Willis and Morris left the \"Evening Mirror\" and attempted to edit a new weekly, the \"National Press\", which was renamed the \"Home Journal\" after eight months. Their prospectus for the publication, published November 21, 1846, announced their intentions to create a magazine \"to circle around the family table\". Willis intended the magazine for the middle and lower classes and included the message of upward social mobility, using himself as an example, often describing in detail his personal possessions. When discussing his own social climbing, however, he emphasized his frustrations rather than his successes, endearing him to his audience. He edited the \"Home Journal\" until his death in 1867. It was renamed \"Town & Country\" in 1901, and it is still published under that title as of 2011. During Willis's time at the journal, he especially promoted the works of women poets, including Frances Sargent Osgood, Anne Lynch Botta, Grace Greenwood, and Julia Ward Howe. Willis and his editors favorably reviewed many works now considered important today, including Henry David Thoreau's \"Walden\" and Nathaniel Hawthorne's \"The Blithedale Romance\".\n", "Section::::Life and career.:Idlewild.\n", "In 1846, Willis settled near the banks of Canterbury Creek near the Hudson River in New York and named his new home Idlewild. When Willis first visited the property, the owners said it had little value and that it was \"an idle wild of which nothing could ever be made\". He built a fourteen-room \"cottage\", as he called it, at the edge of a plateau by Moodna Creek next to a sudden drop into a gorge. Willis worked closely with the architect, Calvert Vaux, to carefully plan each gable and piazza to fully take advantage of the dramatic view of the river and mountains.\n", "Because of failing health Willis spent the remainder of his life chiefly in retirement at Idlewild. His wife Cornelia was also recovering from a difficult illness after the birth of their first child together, a son named Grinnell, who was born April 28, 1848. They had four other children: Lilian (born April 27, 1850), Edith (born September 28, 1853), Bailey (born May 31, 1857), and a daughter who died only a few minutes after her birth on October 31, 1860. Harriet Jacobs was re-hired by Willis to work for the family.\n", "During these last years at Idlewild, Willis continued contributing a weekly letter to the \"Home Journal\". In 1850 he assisted Rufus Wilmot Griswold in preparing an anthology of the works of Poe, who had died mysteriously the year before. Griswold also wrote the first biography of Poe in which he purposely set out to ruin the dead author's reputation. Willis was one of the most vocal of Poe's defenders, writing at one point: \"The indictment (for it deserves no other name) is not true. It is full of cruel misrepresentations. It deepens the shadows unto unnatural darkness, and shuts out the rays of sunshines that ought to relieve them\".\n", "Willis was involved in the 1850 divorce suit between the actor Edwin Forrest and his wife Catherine Norton Sinclair Forrest. In January 1849, Forrest had found a love letter to his wife from fellow actor George W. Jamieson. As a result, he and Catherine separated in April 1849. He moved to Philadelphia and filed for divorce in February 1850 though the Pennsylvania legislature denied his application. Catharine went to live with the family of Parke Godwin and the separation became a public affair, with newspapers throughout New York reporting on supposed infidelities and other gossip.\n", "Willis defended Catharine, who maintained her innocence, in the \"Home Journal\" and suggested that Forrest was merely jealous of her intellectual superiority. On June 17, 1850, shortly after Forrest had filed for divorce in the New York Supreme Court, Forrest beat Willis with a gutta-percha whip in New York's Washington Square, shouting \"this man is the seducer of my wife\". Willis, who was recovering from a rheumatic fever at the time, was unable to fight back. His wife soon received an anonymous letter with an accusation that Willis was in an adulterous relationship with Catherine Forrest. Willis later sued Forrest for assault and, by March 1852, was awarded $2,500 plus court costs. Throughout the Forrest divorce case, which lasted six weeks, several witnesses made additional claims that Catherine Forrest and Nathaniel Parker Willis were having an affair, including a waiter who claimed he had seen the couple \"lying on each other\". As the press reported, \"thousands and thousands of the anxious public\" awaited the court's verdict; ultimately, the court sided with Catherine Forrest and Willis's name was cleared.\n", "Section::::Life and career.:Ruth Hall.\n", "Willis arbitrarily refused to print the work of his sister Sara Willis (\"Fanny Fern\") after 1854, though she previously had contributed anonymous book reviews to the \"Home Journal\". She had recently been widowed, became destitute, and was publicly denounced by her abusive second husband. Criticizing what he perceived as her restlessness, Willis once made her the subject of his poem \"To My Wild Sis\". As Fanny Fern, she had published \"Fern Leaves\", which sold over 100,000 copies the year before. Willis, however, did not encourage his sister's writings. \"You overstrain the pathetic, and your humor runs into dreadful vulgarity sometimes ... I am sorry that any editor knows that a sister of mine wrote some of these which you sent me\", he wrote. In 1854 she published \"Ruth Hall, a Domestic Tale of the Present Time\", a barely concealed semi-autobiographical account of her own difficulties in the literary world. Nathaniel Willis was represented as \"Hyacinth Ellet\", an effeminate, self-serving editor who schemes to ruin his sister's prospects as a writer. Willis did not publicly protest but in private he asserted that, despite his fictitious equivalent, he had done his best to support his sister during her difficult times, especially after the death of her first husband.\n", "Among his later works, following in his traditional sketches about his life and people he has met, were \"Hurry-Graphs\" (1851), \"Out-Doors at Idlewild\" (1854), and \"Ragbag\" (1855). Willis had complained that his magazine writing prevented him from writing a longer work. He finally had the time in 1856, and he wrote his only novel, \"Paul Fane\", which was published a year later. The character Bosh Blivins, who served as comic relief in the novel, may have been based on painter Chester Harding. His final work was \"The Convalescent\" (1859), which included a chapter on his time spent with Washington Irving at Sunnyside.\n", "Section::::Life and career.:Final years and death.\n", "In July 1860, Willis took his last major trip. Along with his wife, he stopped in Chicago and Yellow Springs, Ohio, as far west as Madison, Wisconsin, and also took a steamboat down the Mississippi River to St. Louis, Missouri, and returned through Cincinnati, Ohio and Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. In 1861, Willis allowed the \"Home Journal\" to break its pledge to avoid taking sides in political discussions when the Confederate States of America was established, calling the move a purposeful act to bring on war. On May 28, 1861, Willis was part of a committee of literary figures—including William Cullen Bryant, Charles Anderson Dana, and Horace Greeley—to invite Edward Everett to speak in New York on behalf of maintaining the Union. The \"Home Journal\" lost many subscribers during the American Civil War, Morris died in 1864, and the Willis family had to take in boarders and for a time turned Idlewild into a girls' school for income.\n", "Willis was very sick in these final years: he suffered from violent epileptic seizures and, early in November 1866, fainted in the streets, prompting Harriet Jacobs to return to help his wife. Willis died on his 61st birthday, January 20, 1867, and was buried in Mount Auburn Cemetery in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Four days later, the day of his funeral, all bookstores in the city were closed as a token of respect. His pallbearers included Longfellow, James Russell Lowell, Oliver Wendell Holmes, Samuel Gridley Howe, and James Thomas Fields.\n", "Section::::Reputation.\n", "Throughout his literary career, Willis was well liked and known for his good nature amongst friends. Well traveled and clever, he had a striking appearance at six feet tall and was typically dressed elegantly. Many, however, remarked that Willis was effeminate, Europeanized, and guilty of \"Miss Nancyism\". One editor called him \"an impersonal passive verb—a pronoun of the feminine gender\". A contemporary caricature depicted him wearing a fashionable beaver hat and tightly closed coat and carrying a cane, reflecting Willis's wide reputation as a \"dandy\". Willis put considerable effort into his appearance and his fashion sense, presenting himself as a member of an upcoming American aristocracy. As Oliver Wendell Holmes, Sr. once said, Willis was \"something between a remembrance of Count D'Orsay and an anticipation of Oscar Wilde\". Publisher Charles Frederick Briggs once wrote that \"Willis was too Willisy\". He described his writings as the \"novelty and gossip of the hour\" and was not necessarily concerned about facts but with the \"material of conversation and speculation, which may be mere rumor, may be the truth\". Willis's behavior in social groups annoyed fellow poet Henry Wadsworth Longfellow. \"He is too artificial\", Longfellow wrote to his friend George Washington Greene. \"And his poetry has now lost one of its greatest charms for me—its sincerity\". E. Burke Fisher, a journalist in Pittsburgh, wrote that \"Willis is a kind of national pet and we must regard his faults as we do those of a spoiled stripling, in the hope that he will amend\".\n", "Willis built up his reputation in the public at a time when readers were interested in the personal lives of writers. In his writings, he described the \"high life\" of the \"Upper Ten Thousand\", a phrase he coined. His travel writings in particular were popular for this reason as Willis was actually living the life he was describing and recommending to readers. Even so, he manufactured a humble and modest persona, questioned his own literary merit, and purposely used titles, such as \"Pencillings by the Way\" and \"Dashes at Life With Free Pencil\", which downplayed their own quality. His informally toned editorials, which covered a variety of topics, were also very successful. Using whimsicality and humor, he was purposely informal to allow his personality to show in his writing. He addressed his readers personally, as if having a private conversation with them. As he once wrote: \"We would have you ... indulge us in our innocent egotism as if it were all whispered in your private ear and over our iced \"Margaux\"\". When women poets were becoming popular in the 1850s, he emulated their style and focused on sentimental and moral subjects.\n", "In the publishing world, Willis was known as a shrewd magazinist and an innovator who focused on appealing to readers' special interests while still recognizing new talent. In fact, Willis became the standard by which other magazinists were judged. According to writer George William Curtis, \"His gayety [sic] and his graceful fluency made him the first of our proper 'magazinists'\". For a time, it was said that Willis was the \"most-talked-about author\" in the United States. Poe questioned Willis's fame, however. \"Willis is \"no\" genius–a graceful trifler–no more\", he wrote in a letter to James Russell Lowell. \"In me, at least, he never excites an emotion.\" Minor Southern writer Joseph Beckham Cobb wrote: \"No sane person, we are persuaded, can read his poetry\". Future senator Charles Sumner reported: \"I find Willis is much laughed at for his sketches\". Even so, most contemporaries recognized how prolific he was as a writer and how much time he put into all of his writings. James Parton said of him:\n", "By 1850 and with the publication of \"Hurry-Graphs\", Willis was becoming a forgotten celebrity. In August 1853, future President James A. Garfield discussed Willis's declining popularity in his diary: \"Willis is said to be a licentious man, although an unrivaled poet. How strange that such men should go to ruin, when they might soar perpetually in the heaven of heavens\". After Willis's death, obituaries reported that he had outlived his fame. One remarked, \"the man who withdraws from the whirling currents of active life is speedily forgotten\". This obituary also stated that Americans \"will ever remember and cherish Nathaniel P. Willis as one worthy to stand with Fenimore Cooper and Washington Irving\". In 1946, the centennial issue of \"Town & Country\" reported that Willis \"led a generation of Americans through a gate where weeds gave way to horticulture\". More modern scholars have dismissed Willis's work as \"sentimental prattle\" or refer to him only as an obstacle in the progress of his sister as well as Harriet Jacobs. As biographer Thomas N. Baker wrote, Willis is today only referred to as a footnote in relation to other authors.\n", "Section::::Selected list of works.\n", "Prose\n", "BULLET::::- \"Sketches\" (1827)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Pencillings by the Way\" (1835)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Inklings of Adventure\" (1836)\n", "BULLET::::- \"À l'Abri; or, The Tent Pitched\" (1839)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Loiterings of Travel\" (1840)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Romance of Travel\" (1840)\n", "BULLET::::- \"American Scenery\" (2 volumes 1840)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Canadian Scenery\" (2 volumes 1842)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Dashes at Life with a Free Pencil\" (1845)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Rural Letters and Other Records of Thoughts at Leisure\" (1849)\n", "BULLET::::- \"People I Have Met\" (1850)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Life Here and There\" (1850)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Hurry-Graphs\" (1851)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Summer Cruise in the Mediterranean\" (1853)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Fun Jottings; or, Laughs I have taken a Pen to\" (1853)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Health Trip to the Tropics\" (1854)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Ephemera\" (1854)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Famous Persons and Places\" (1854)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Out-Doors at Idlewild; or, The Shaping of a Home on the Banks of the Hudson\" (1855)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Rag Bag. A Collection of Ephemera\" (1855)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Paul Fane; or, Parts of a Life Else Untold. A Novel\" (1857)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Convalescent\" (1859)\n", "Plays\n", "BULLET::::- \"Bianca Visconti; or, The Heart Overtasked. A Tragedy in Five Acts\" (1839)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Tortesa; or, The Userer Matched\" (1839)\n", "Poetry\n", "BULLET::::- \"Fugitive Poetry\" (1829)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Melanie and Other Poems\" (1831)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Sacred Poems of N. P. Willis\" (1843)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Poems of Passion\" (1843)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Lady Jane and Humorous Poems\" (1844)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Poems, Sacred, Passionate, and Humorous\" (1868)\n", "Section::::References.\n", "Section::::References.:Sources.\n", "BULLET::::- Auser, Cortland P. \"Nathaniel P. Willis\". New York: Twayne Publishers, Inc., 1969.\n", "BULLET::::- Baker, Thomas N. \"Sentiment and Celebrity: Nathaniel Parker Willis and the Trials of Literary Fame\". New York, Oxford University Press, 2001.\n", "BULLET::::- Bayless, Joy. \"Rufus Wilmot Griswold: Poe's Literary Executor\". Nashville: Vanderbilt University Press, 1943.\n", "BULLET::::- Beers, Henry A. \"Nathaniel Parker Willis\". Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1913.\n", "BULLET::::- Callow, James T. \"Kindred Spirits: Knickerbocker Writers and American Artists, 1807–1855\". Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 1967.\n", "BULLET::::- Meyers, Jeffrey. \"Edgar Allan Poe: His Life and Legacy\". New York: Cooper Square Press, 1992.\n", "BULLET::::- Pattee, Fred Lewis. \"The First Century of American Literature: 1770–1870\". New York: Cooper Square Publishers, 1966.\n", "BULLET::::- Phillips, Mary E. \"Edgar Allan Poe: The Man\". Volume II. Chicago: The John C. Winston Co., 1926.\n", "BULLET::::- Quinn, Arthur Hobson. \"Edgar Allan Poe: A Critical Biography\". New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, Inc., 1941.\n", "BULLET::::- Silverman, Kenneth. \"Edgar A. Poe: Mournful and Never-ending Remembrance\". New York: Harper Perennial, 1991.\n", "BULLET::::- Tomc, Sandra. \"An Idle Industry: Nathaniel Parker Willis and the Workings of Literary Leisure\", \"American Quarterly\". Vol. 49, Issue 4, December 1997: 780–805.\n", "BULLET::::- Yellin, Jean Fagan. \"Harriet Jacobs: A Life\". Cambridge, Massachusetts: Basic Civitas Books, 2004.\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Death of Edgar Poe\" by Nathaniel Parker Willis. From the \"Home Journal\", October 20, 1849. Courtesy of The Edgar Allan Poe Society Online\n", "BULLET::::- Summer cruise in the Mediterranean on board an American frigate by Nathaniel Parker Willis\n", "BULLET::::- Nathaniel Parker Willis vs. Edwin Forrest from \"The New York Times\", May 2, 1852\n", "BULLET::::- \"Letter from Idlewild\" from \"Home Journal \", February 21, 1852\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "Nathanael Parker Willis" ] }, "description": "American magazine writer, editor, and publisher", "enwikiquote_title": "Nathaniel Parker Willis", "wikidata_id": "Q971493", "wikidata_label": "Nathaniel Parker Willis", "wikipedia_title": "Nathaniel Parker Willis" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Edward Vrdolyak\n", "Edward Robert Vrdolyak (; born December 28, 1937), also known as \"Fast Eddie\", is a former American politician and lawyer. He was a longtime Chicago alderman and the head of the Cook County Democratic Party until 1987 when he ran unsuccessfully for Mayor of Chicago on the Illinois Solidarity Party ticket. He subsequently ran again in 1989 on the Republican Party ticket. He was a prominent opponent of Harold Washington and the \"de facto\" leader of the so-called \"Vrdolyak 29\" that opposed and blocked many of Washington's measures.\n", "After his electoral career ended, he resumed his law practice at The Vrdolyak Law Group. It consists of 20 attorneys. Vrdolyak and his three sons are partners in the firm.\n", "Section::::Early life.\n", "Vrdolyak, born to Croatian immigrant parents, entered a Catholic seminary at age 13, but decided against joining the priesthood. He graduated from Mount Carmel High School in Chicago, then from St. Joseph's College in Rensselaer, Indiana. He received his law degree from the University of Chicago Law School in 1963 and began a legal career in private practice, specializing in personal injury cases.\n", "Section::::Political career.\n", "In 1968, he was elected as Democratic Committeeman from Chicago's 10th Ward in the Hegewisch and South Deering areas; a position he held until 1988. In 1971, he was elected alderman, and, after defeating Republican Melvin Simonovich, he served as President of the City Council from 1977 to 1983. Vrdolyak earned the nickname \"Fast Eddie\" because of his skill in back-room deal-making. In 1979, he managed the re-election campaign of Mayor Michael Bilandic. In a colossal upset, Bilandic narrowly lost to maverick Jane Byrne. Despite the fact that Byrne then stripped Vrdolyak of all powers except his aldermanic seat, he became Byrne's chief ally against both independent and Regular Democrats, becoming her floor leader in the Council. In 1982, with Byrne's support, he was elected Chairman of the Cook County Democratic Committee, ousting County Board President George Dunne.\n", "He is most noted for leading the opposition in the City Council to Mayor Harold Washington from 1983 to 1987. After beating Mayor Byrne and Richard M. Daley in the Democratic Primary, Washington barely won the general election. A solid majority of 29 aldermen (27 Regular Democrats and two independents) opposed Washington (21 aldermen supported the mayor). Vrdolyak and 14th Ward Alderman Ed Burke led the opposition group. The Vrdolyak 29 rejected mayoral appointments and appropriations, but could not override the mayor's veto. The resulting political deadlock was labeled \"Council Wars\".\n", "In 1986, a federal lawsuit forced the redrawing of some aldermanic wards, and special elections in some, but not all, of the redrawn wards. Members of the Vrdolyak 29 were incumbents in all seven of the wards going to the polls. Four of them did not seek reelection, including three who sought seats on the county board. Two of the three attempting to retain their seats were reelected in the first round, but a third, Alderman Brady, lost six weeks later in a run-off; the council was split 25-25, creating a tie which the mayor could break. At this point, several of the Vrdolyak 29 began to support Washington, giving him a supportive council. In 1987, he resigned as county Democratic chairman, and ran for mayor as the Solidarity Party nominee, defeating a candidate backed by Mayor Washington in the primary. He was defeated by Washington, who got 53% of the vote to Vrdolyak's 42%.\n", "Washington's second term began more smoothly (he died in November 1987) and Vrdolyak's political clout waned. In light of these factors, as well as his growing unpopularity among Democrats, Vrdolyak joined the Republican Party in September 1987. In 1988, Vrdolyak was the Republican candidate for Clerk of the Circuit Court of Cook County. He received 41% of the vote; Democrat Aurelia Pucinski (daughter of Alderman and former US Representative Roman Pucinski) won with 59%. In 1989, Vrdolyak again ran for mayor, in a special election for the last half of Washington's term; he won the Republican primary as a write-in candidate. The general election was won by Democrat Richard M. Daley. Vrdolyak managed less than 4% of the vote, effectively ending his political career.\n", "After his final electoral defeat, Vrdolyak returned to his law practice. He hosted a popular talk radio show from 1993 to 1996 – first on WLS radio (890 AM) and then on WJJD Radio (1160 AM). He also maintained a strong behind-the-scenes presence in Chicago area politics. He became best known for his influence in the appointment and election of Cook County Circuit Court judges. Illinois Supreme Court Justice Charles Freeman confirmed that at least two judges he appointed to the bench were recommended by Vrdolyak. This would cause problems for Vrdolyak as he was implicated in the case of former Cook County Circuit Court Judge George J.W. Smith. Smith pleaded guilty to federal charges of illegally structuring cash withdrawals to avoid tax penalties. Prosecutors claimed the transactions were in furtherance of an alleged bribe paid to a \"go-between\" in order to secure Smith's appointment. Smith was reportedly appointed by Freeman based on Vrdolyak's recommendation, leading to speculation that Vrdolyak was the alleged \"go-between\". The investigation did not result in charges of wrongdoing against Vrdolyak, nor in bribery charges against Smith or any other party.\n", "Vrdolyak was also a key adviser to Betty Loren-Maltese, former Town President of the suburb of Cicero. The Vrdolyak Law Group received millions of dollars in legal work from the town of Cicero during the administrations of Loren-Maltese and her successor, Ramiro González. Maltese was convicted of corruption in 2002 and González was defeated in the 2005 election. While Vrdolyak was not charged in the Loren-Maltese investigation, his close alliance with the once-imprisoned former Town President was a major issue in the 2005 election. During the campaign, Dominick criticized what he called Vrdolyak's excessive legal bills, and removed Vrdolyak's firm as the town's legal counsel after taking office. However, NBC Chicago reported that the new town attorney, Michael Del Galdo, billed the town over $2 million in 2006—more than twice the average billings when Vrdolyak's firm held the contract.\n", "In 2005, Vrdolyak agreed to a 30-day suspension of his law license for allegedly double-billing clients he represented in sexual harassment cases.\n", "Section::::Federal indictment and conviction.\n", "On May 10, 2007, Vrdolyak was indicted by a federal grand jury on charges of bribery, mail fraud and wire fraud. Prosecutors later added additional wire fraud charges, and the final indictment included a total of eight counts. The case centered on property that was sold by the Chicago Medical School. The key witness against Vrdolyak was to be Stuart Levine, a partner in the alleged scheme. Prosecutors charged that Vrdolyak and Levine devised a scheme to use Levine's position on the school's board to steer the $15 million sale of a school building to Smithfield Properties - a developer with ties to Vrdolyak. It was alleged that the two arranged a $1.5 million kickback from Smithfield to Vrdolyak in return for Levine's support.\n", "Levine, a close friend and political ally of Vrdolyak, was indicted in 2005 for using his positions on the Illinois Teachers Retirement System board and the Illinois Health Facilities board to obtain kickbacks. Levine pleaded guilty in late 2006 and agreed to testify in several corruption cases as a condition of his plea agreement. Prosecutors dropped 22 felony charges in return for his cooperation. Prosecutors have indicated that Levine wore a recording device while discussing some of the alleged schemes. Political insiders expressed surprise at the idea that Vrdolyak would be caught on tape. A long-time power broker and target of investigations, the notoriously careful Vrdolyak has been quoted as saying that he \"talk[s] to everyone like they're wearing a wire, even my wife\". Chicago alderman Bernard Stone noted that Vrdolyak was always careful when talking on the phone, once telling Stone to \"always talk like the government was on the phone with you\".\n", "Vrdolyak initially pleaded not guilty to all charges. Vrdolyak's attorney, Michael Monico, questioned Levine's \"credibility, reliability and truthfulness\", noting that he agreed to testify under \"immense pressure\" from prosecutors. Levine also testified at the 2008 trial of Tony Rezko, another powerbroker in Illinois politics. He told the jury that he funneled payoffs for clients who wanted Chicago city contracts through Vrdolyak, including some alleged schemes for which Vrdolyak has not been charged. Monico called Levine's statements in regards to Vrdolyak \"absolutely false\" and said that he had never heard them before.\n", "The trial was set for November 3, 2008. That day, however, an agreement was reached in which prosecutors dropped several of the charges and Vrdolyak pleaded guilty to a reduced charge of conspiracy to commit mail and wire fraud. The plea agreement stated that Vrdolyak was not cooperating with other investigations, and prosecutors recommended a sentence of 41 months in prison. However, on February 26, 2009, United States District Judge Milton I. Shadur sentenced Vrdolyak to five years of probation, a $50,000 fine and 2,500 hours of community service. On January 29, 2010, a federal appeals court overturned the probation sentence on appeal by the prosecution and ordered a resentencing by a different judge. On October 15, 2010 Vrdolyak was sentenced to 10 months in prison. Vrdolyak served his sentence at the federal prison camp in Terre Haute, Indiana. He was released from prison on November 17, 2011.\n", "On November 15, 2016, Vrdolyak was indicted for income tax evasion.\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- List of Chicago aldermen since 1923\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Vrdolyak's Career Timeline\n", "BULLET::::- Vrdolyak Law Firm\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "Edward Robert Vrdolyak" ] }, "description": "American politician and lawyer", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q5345734", "wikidata_label": "Edward Vrdolyak", "wikipedia_title": "Edward Vrdolyak" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Charles Hull\n", "Charles Hull VC (24 July 1890 – 13 February 1953) was an English recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces during the First World War.\n", "Section::::Details.\n", "Hull worked as a postman in Harrogate before he enlisted in the 21st Lancers (Empress of India's), a cavalry regiment of the British Army, where was a shoeing-smith making and fitting horseshoes.\n", "On 5 September 1915 Hull was a 25-years-old private when he rescued an officer from certain death at the hands of tribesmen at Hafiz Kor on the North West Frontier of British India, an action for which he was awarded the VC. The citation was published in the London Gazette on 3 March 1916 and read:\n", "He later achieved the rank of corporal. After the war he joined Leeds Constabulary and rose to the rank of sergeant. Hull is buried in Woodhouse Cemetery, Leeds.\n", "Section::::The Medal.\n", "His VC is on display in The Queen's Royal Lancers and Nottinghamshire Yeomanry Museum in Thoresby Hall, Nottinghamshire.\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Harrogate People\n", "BULLET::::- British Legion\n", "BULLET::::- Location of grave and VC medal \"(West Yorkshire)\"\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Hugh Cochrane\n", "Colonel Hugh Stewart Cochrane VC (4 August 1829 – 23 April 1884) was a recipient of the Victoria Cross for his actions, as a 28-year-old lieutenant, during the Indian Mutiny. He later achieved the rank of Colonel and commanded the 43rd Foot and (briefly) its successor, the 1st Battalion, Oxfordshire and Buckinghamshire Light Infantry. Cochrane was born in Fort William, Scotland and died in Southsea in England.\n", "Cochrane was a lieutenant in the 86th (Royal County Down) Regiment of Foot (later The Royal Irish Rifles), British Army stationed in India during the Indian Mutiny. For the following deed on 1 April 1858 near Jhansi, India he was awarded the Victoria Cross, the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces:\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- The Victoria Cross Awarded to Men of Portsmouth - Hugh Stewart Cochrane VC\n", "BULLET::::- Location of grave and VC medal \"(Hampshire)\"\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Herbert Clogstoun\n", "Major Herbert Mackworth Clogstoun VC (13 June 1820 – 6 May 1862) was a recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces.\n", "Section::::Details.\n", "He was 38 years old, and a captain in the 19th Madras Native Infantry, Madras Army during the Indian Mutiny when the following deed took place on 15 January 1859 for which he was awarded the VC:\n", "Section::::Further information.\n", "He later achieved the rank of major and was killed in action, Hingoli, India, on 6 May 1862.\n", "His Victoria Cross is displayed at the National Army Museum in Chelsea, England.\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "James Craig (VC)\n", "James Craig VC (10 September 1824 – 18 March 1861) was a Scottish recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces.\n", "Craig was a former serjeant in the Scots Fusilier Guards, who had been commissioned as an ensign in 3rd Battalion, Military Train, British Army during the Crimean War. He was 30 years old, and serving as battalion adjutant when he carried out the action which is described in his citation for the award of the Victoria Cross, which was gazetted on 20 November 1857.\n", "He later achieved the rank of lieutenant. \n", "His Victoria Cross is displayed at The Guards Regimental Headquarters (Scots Guards RHQ) in Wellington Barracks, London, England.\n", "Section::::References.\n", "BULLET::::- Monuments to Courage (David Harvey, 1999)\n", "BULLET::::- The Register of the Victoria Cross (This England, 1997)\n", "BULLET::::- Scotland's Forgotten Valour (Graham Ross, 1995)\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Frank Jefferson\n", "Francis Arthur Jefferson VC (18 August 1921 – 4 September 1982) was an English recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces. It was awarded for his actions at the Battle of Monte Cassino during the Italian Campaign of the Second World War.\n", "Section::::Details.\n", "Jefferson was 22 years old, and a fusilier in the 2nd Battalion, Lancashire Fusiliers, British Army during the Second World War when the following deed took place for which he was awarded the VC.\n", "On 16 May 1944, during an attack on the Gustav Line, Monte Cassino, Italy, the leading company of Fusilier Jefferson's battalion had to dig in without protection. The enemy counter-attacked opening fire at short range, and Fusilier Jefferson on his own initiative seized a PIAT gun and, running forward under a hail of bullets, fired on the leading tank. It burst into flames and its crew were killed. The fusilier then reloaded and went towards the second tank which withdrew before he could get within range. By this time, British tanks had arrived and the enemy counter-attack was smashed.\n", "Section::::Further information.\n", "Jefferson later achieved the rank of lance-corporal.\n", "Section::::The medal.\n", "Jefferson's VC was stolen from his mother's home in 1982 and has not been recovered.\n", "Section::::References.\n", "BULLET::::- Harvey, David. \"Monuments to Courage\", 1999.\n", "BULLET::::- Laffin, John. \"British VCs of World War 2\", 1997.\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Register of the Victoria Cross\", \"This England\", 1997.\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Frank Jefferson on the Lancashire Fusiliers Museum website\n", "BULLET::::- Frank's page on the Lancashire Fusilier Website.\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Sir Henry Havelock-Allan, 1st Baronet\n", "Lieutenant General Sir Henry Marshman Havelock-Allan, 1st Baronet (6 August 1830 – 30 December 1897) was a British soldier and politician.\n", "Section::::Early life.\n", "Havelock was born in Cawnpore, India on 6 August 1830, the son of Major General Sir Henry Havelock and his wife, Hannah \"née\" Marshman – herself the daughter of the missionaries Joshua Marshman and his wife Hannah.\n", "Section::::Military service.\n", "He was 26 years old, and a lieutenant in the 10th Regiment of Foot during the Indian Mutiny when on 16 July 1857 at Cawnpore, the 64th Regiment had suffered badly under artillery fire. When the enemy was seen rallying their last 24-pounder, the order was given to advance, and Lieutenant Havelock immediately placed himself, on his horse, in front of the centre of the 64th, opposite the muzzle of the gun and moved on at a foot pace, in the face of shot and grape fired by the enemy. The advance went steadily on, led by the lieutenant and finally the gun was rushed and taken by the 64th. For this deed, Havelock was awarded the Victoria Cross. On 25 September 1857 he was badly wounded in the Siege of Lucknow.\n", "On returning to England in 1860, he joined his regiment at Shorncliffe. He became deputy assistant adjutant-general at Aldershot on 1 October 1861. He was posted with his regiment to New Zealand in August 1863, where he was appointed deputy assistant quartermaster-general and served under Major General Duncan Cameron from 1863 to 1864. He participated in the Invasion of Waikato, being present at Rangiriri, Waiari, Paterangi, Rangiawhia, and at the siege and capture of Orakau. For his services during this period, he was Mentioned in despatches, promoted to major (28 June 1864), and was made a Companion of the Order of the Bath in August 1866.\n", "In March 1867 he was posted to Canada, where he served as assistant quartermaster-general for two years. He then spent three years in Dublin performing the same role. In 1870 he was given leave of absence to act as a War correspondent in the Franco-Prussian War, being present at the Battle of Sedan. In 1877, he attended the Russo-Turkish War in the same capacity. He was promoted to colonel on 17 June 1868, and major general on 18 March 1878.\n", "Ill health forced him to retire from the active list on 9 December 1881, with the honorary rank of lieutenant general. However, when the Anglo-Egyptian War broke out the following year, he made his way to the British headquarters in Ismaïlia telling a war correspondent: \"Don't for goodness' sake mention me in your despatches, for my wife thinks I'm somewhere on the Riviera, but I could not resist coming here to see the fun.\" He petitioned British commander Sir Garnet Wolseley for a role on the staff; but Wolseley refused, writing to his wife:\n", "Nonetheless, he was able to see action at the battles of Kassassin and Tel el-Kebir, where he supposedly led a charge armed with nothing but a riding crop.\n", "Section::::Baronetcy.\n", "In 1858 he was granted the baronetcy originally intended for his father (who died a year earlier) and he and his mother were granted a parliamentary pension of £1,000 a year. He later went to England and became an MP in 1874 for his father's birth-town of Sunderland until 1881. He inherited Blackwell Grange, the former property of his cousin Robert Allan, changed his surname to Havelock-Allan (as was required by the will of the latter) and became an MP for South East Durham from 1885 to 1892.\n", "Section::::Death.\n", "He was re-elected in 1895 and also became colonel of the Royal Irish Regiment, stationed in India, that year. It was there that he was killed by Afridi clansmen on the Afghanistan side of the Khyber Pass in 1897 and he was later buried in Rawalpindi.\n", "Section::::Works.\n", "In 1867, Havelock published his \"Three Main Military Questions of the Day\", which addressed the issues of a Home Reserve Army, improved economic military tenure of India and the effects of breechloading arms on cavalry.\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Robert Grieve\n", "Robert Cuthbert Grieve, VC (19 June 1889 – 4 October 1957) was an Australian recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest award for gallantry \"in the face of the enemy\" that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces.\n", "Section::::Early life.\n", "Born in Brighton, a suburb of Melbourne, to John and Annie Deas Grieve (née Brown), Grieve was educated at Caulfield Grammar School and then Wesley College. He became an interstate commercial traveller in the softgoods trade.\n", "Section::::First World War.\n", "After nine months service in the Victorian Rangers, he enlisted in the Australian Imperial Force as a private on 9 June 1915. He was commissioned as a second lieutenant in the 37th Battalion in January 1916, was promoted to lieutenant in May 1916, and after training in England, was promoted to captain in France in February 1917.\n", "In France he served at Armentières, Bois-Grenier, L'Epinette, Ploegsteert Wood, Messines, La Basse Ville, and Warneton.\n", "He was awarded the Victoria Cross for his actions at Messines. The announcement and accompanying citation for the award was published in a supplement to the \"London Gazette\" of 31 July 1917, reading:\n", "Severely wounded in the shoulder by a sniper's bullet, Grieve was evacuated to England, and on recovery returned to his unit in October. However, due to subsequently suffering acute trench nephritis and double pneumonia, he was invalided to Australia in May 1918. On 7 August, at Scots Church, Sydney, he married Sister May Isabel Bowman of the Australian Army Nursing Service who had nursed him during his illness.\n", "Section::::Post-war.\n", "Post-war he held the rank of captain in the Militia. He established the business of Grieve, Gardner & Co., soft-goods warehousemen, in Flinders Lane, Melbourne, and was managing director until 4 October 1957 when he died of cardiac failure.\n", "He was buried with military honours in Springvale cemetery. Grieve's medal was presented by his family to Wesley College in 1959, and has been lent to the Shrine of Remembrance, where it is on permanent display. Grieve was an active supporter of Wesley College for many years and contributed towards an annual scholarship.\n", "A home room at Wesley College is named in his honour as well as a 'Grieve Way' a street in Wodonga, Victoria.\n", "Section::::Family.\n", "A son, Robert Henderson \"Bob\" Grieve (30 November 1924 – 15 December 2006) was a noted artist and president of the Victorian branch of the Victorian branch of the Contemporary Art Society from 1967 to 1987.\n", "Section::::Family.:Relation to John Grieve.\n", "A number of references including the 1997 edition of The Register of the Victoria Cross list Sergeant Major John Grieve VC (Crimea, 1854) and Captain Robert Cuthbert Grieve (Belgium, 1917) as great uncle and great nephew. This connection was suggested by an article in The Times on 29 May 1964. The article said John Grieve sent home £75 from the Crimea to Robert Grieve and that if Robert Grieve was his brother and also emigrated, then some relationship may be established between the Crimean VC and an Australian First World War VC, Robert Grieve. However, descendents of both Grieve families have been in contact with each other and have found that they are not great uncle and great nephew.\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- List of Caulfield Grammar School people\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Darryl McIntyre, 'Grieve, Robert Cuthbert (1889–1957)', Australian Dictionary of Biography, Volume 9, Melbourne University Press, 1983, pp 106–107.\n", "BULLET::::- Robert Cuthbert GRIEVE, AIF Project, adfa.edu.au\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Robert Grierson Combe\n", "Robert Grierson Combe (5 August 1880 – 3 May 1917), was a Canadian recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces. Combe is also considered Scottish since he was born in Aberdeen, Scotland.\n", "Section::::Details.\n", "Combe was 36 years old, and a lieutenant in the 27th Battalion, Canadian Expeditionary Force during the First World War when the following deed took place for which he was awarded the VC.\n", "On 3 May 1917, south of Acheville, France, Lieutenant Combe steadied his company under intense fire and leading them through the enemy barrage reached the objective with only five men. He proceeded to bomb the enemy, inflicting heavy casualties and then, collecting small groups of men, succeeded in capturing the objective, together with 80 prisoners. He repeatedly charged the enemy, driving them before him, but while personally leading his bombers he was killed by a sniper.\n", "Combe was buried in a battlefield cemetery near Acheville close where he was killed, but later fighting saw the cemetery destroyed and his grave site lost. As such, R.G. Combe's name is inscribed on the Canadian National Vimy Memorial along with the names of the other Canadian soldiers who were killed in France and whose bodies were never recovered or identified or whose graves were lost. The battlefield on which Lt. Combe fell is just over seven kilometres away from the Vimy Monument, and on a clear day Acheville can be seen from the monument itself.\n", "Section::::The medal.\n", "Combe's medal is held by the Provincial Archives in Regina, Saskatchewan and is displayed on special occasions. It is the only publicly held Victoria Cross in the province.\n", "Section::::Further reading.\n", "BULLET::::- Monuments to Courage (David Harvey, 1999)\n", "BULLET::::- The Register of the Victoria Cross (This England, 1997)\n", "BULLET::::- Scotland's Forgotten Valour (Graham Ross, 1995)\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Robert Grierson Combe digitized service file\n", "BULLET::::- Legion Magazine article on Robert Combe\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "John Augustus Conolly\n", "Lieutenant Colonel John Augustus Conolly VC (30 May 1829 – 23 December 1888), born in Celbridge, County Kildare, Ireland, was an Irish recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces.\n", "Section::::Details.\n", "He was 25 years old, and a lieutenant in the 49th Regiment of Foot, British Army during the Crimean War when the following deed took place for which he was awarded the VC.\n", "On 26 October 1854 at Sebastopol, the Crimea, an attack by the Russians was repulsed and the enemy fell back pursued by men of the 49th Regiment, led by Lieutenant Conolly, whose gallant behaviour was most conspicuous in this action. He ultimately fell, dangerously wounded, while in personal encounter with several Russians, in defence of his post.\n", "Section::::Further information.\n", "Conolly was a younger son of Edward Michael Conolly (an MP), by his wife Catherine Jane, daughter of Chambré Brabazon Ponsonby-Barker (also an MP). He was born in Ireland and educated in England at King Edward's School, Birmingham, and eventually achieved the rank of lieutenant colonel. Conolly died in Curragh, County Kildare, in December 1888 and is buried in Mount Jerome Cemetery. By his wife Ida Charlotte, a daughter of Edwyn Burnaby, he had several children. His son, John Richard Arthur Conolly, was a member of parliament in Western Australia.\n", "Section::::The medal.\n", "Conolly's Victoria Cross is displayed at The Grenadier Guards Regimental Headquarters in London.\n", "Section::::References.\n", "Listed in order of publication year \n", "BULLET::::- \"The Register of the Victoria Cross\" (1981, 1988 and 1997)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Ireland's VCs\" (Dept of Economic Development, 1995)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Monuments to Courage\" (David Harvey, 1999)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Irish Winners of the Victoria Cross\" (Richard Doherty & David Truesdale, 2000)\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Location of grave and VC medal \"(Dublin)\"\n" ] }

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Dobrescu", "National Peasants' Party", "Romanian economy", "Great Depression", "camarilla", "Aristide Blank", "Nicolae Malaxa", "Max Auschnitt", "socialist", "Petre Pandrea", "Prince Nicholas", "Dinu Brătianu", "Liberal elite", "traditional military alliance", "Poland", "Soviet Union", "Nazi Germany", "Little Entente", "Nicolae Titulescu", "Victor Antonescu", "diplomatic corps", "Constantin Vișoianu", "Constantin Antoniade", "League of Nations", "Dimitrie Ghyka", "Belgium", "Caius Brediceanu", "Austria", "Antoine Bibesco", "Józef Beck", "Poland's Minister of Foreign Affairs", "Czechoslovakia", "Hungary", "Munich Agreement", "Jan Šeba", "Bessarabia", "West Belarus", "Ukraine", "Kamil Krofta", "Czechoslovak Prime Minister", "Milan Hodža", "Prague", "Romanian Communist Party", "Popular Front", "Amicii URSS", "Minister of the Interior", "Ion Inculeț", "Târgu Mureș", "Ion Duca", "Sinaia train station", "anti-Semitic", "death squad", "Mihai Stelescu", "the ostentatious funerals", "Ion Moța", "Vasile Marin", "Spanish Civil War", "Traian Bratu", "rector", "University of Iași", "nationalist", "National Peasants' Party", "National Liberal Party-Brătianu", "Romanian Front", "German Party", "1937 elections", "majority bonus", "far right", "Octavian Goga", "National Christian Party", "Gheorghe I. Brătianu", "National Renaissance Front", "Romanian Armed Forces", "chaired", "third cabinet", "Škoda", "howitzer", "150 mm", "LT vz 35", "AH-IV", "Czechoslovakia", "Focke-Wulf Fw 58", "Germany", "a shipyard", "Galați", "Reșița works", "others", "\"Marsuinul\" and \"Rechinul\"", "Škoda Affair", "Polish", "PZL P.11", "IAR", "PZL P.24", "Iuliu Maniu", "modernist", "Constantin Brâncuși", "The Endless Column", "Târgu Jiu", "Alexandru Vaida-Voevod", "Constantin Argetoianu", "national government", "World War II", "authoritarianism", "Ernest Urdăreanu", "Mihail Ghelmegeanu", "Phony War", "fall of France", "Nazi Germany", "cession of Bessarabia", "Northern Bukovina", "Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact", "Ion Gigurtu", "totalitarian", "Second Vienna Award", "Northern Transylvania", "National Legionary State", "Dinu Brătianu", "Crown Council", "bloody retaliation", "Corneliu Zelea Codreanu", "Constantin Argetoianu", "regular police", "militia", "Ion Antonescu", "Romania during World War II", "Operation Barbarossa", "ambulance", "Romanian Red Cross", "Romanian Communist Party", "Edvard Beneš", "Czechoslovak", "government in exile", "Richard Franasovici", "Grigore Gafencu", "Allied governments", "Barbu Știrbey", "Western Allies", "Cairo", "Iuliu Maniu", "Romanian Social Democratic Party", "Ploughmen's Front", "Socialist Peasants' Party", "King Michael Coup", "Red Army", "Gheorghe I. Brătianu", "Soviet occupation", "left-wing", "Social liberal", "N. D. Cocea", "Ana Pauker", "Lucrețiu Pătrășcanu", "bourgeoisie", "con artists", "blackmail", "bribe", "Petru Groza", "Alexandru Alexandrini", "Gheorghe Vântu", "Petre N. Bejan", "Radu Roșculeț", "electoral fraud", "general election in 1946", "Paris Conference", "Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej", "Greater Romania", "National Liberal Party-Tătărescu", "middle class", "communist", "capitalist", "gentry", "Miron Constantinescu", "kangaroo trial", "Iuliu Maniu", "Tămădău Affair", "conspired", "Scînteia", "Ana Pauker", "Petre N. Bejan", "Marshall Plan", "People's Republic of Romania", "one-party state", "Sighet prison", "Ștefan Tătărescu", "schizophrenia", "Joseph Stalin", "Lucrețiu Pătrășcanu", "Bucharest", "tuberculosis" ], "wikipedia_id": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ], "wikipedia_title": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ] }

{ "paragraph": [ "Gheorghe Tătărescu\n", "Gheorghe I. Tătărescu (also known as \"Guță Tătărescu\", with a slightly antiquated pet form of his given name; 2 November 1886 – 28 March 1957) was a Romanian politician who served twice as Prime Minister of Romania (1934–1937; 1939–1940), three times as Minister of Foreign Affairs (\"interim\" in 1934 and 1938; appointed to the office in 1945-1947), and once as Minister of War (1934). Representing the \"young liberals\" faction inside the National Liberal Party (PNL), Tătărescu began his political career as a collaborator of Ion G. Duca, becoming noted for his anti-Communism and, in time, for his conflicts with the PNL's leader Dinu Brătianu and the Foreign Minister Nicolae Titulescu. During his first time in office, he moved closer to King Carol II, leading an ambivalent policy toward the fascist Iron Guard and ultimately becoming instrumental in establishing the authoritarian and corporatist regime around the National Renaissance Front. In 1940, he accepted the cession of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina to the Soviet Union, and consequently had to resign.\n", "After the start of World War II, Gheorghe Tătărescu initiated a move to rally political forces in opposition to Ion Antonescu's dictatorship, and sought an alliance with the Romanian Communist Party (PCR). He was twice expelled from the PNL, in 1938 and 1944, creating instead his own group, the National Liberal Party-Tătărescu, and representing it inside the Communist-endorsed Petru Groza cabinet. In 1946-1947, he was also the President of the Romanian Delegation to the Peace Conference in Paris. After that moment, relations between Tătărescu and the PCR began to sour, and he was replaced from the leadership of both his own party and the Foreign Ministry when his name was implicated in the Tămădău Affair. Following the Communist takeover, he was arrested and held as a political prisoner, while being called to testify in the trial of Lucrețiu Pătrășcanu. He died soon after his release from prison.\n", "Elected an honorary member of the Romanian Academy in 1937, he was removed from his seat by the Communist authorities in 1948. One of his brothers, Colonel Ștefan Tătărescu, was at some point the leader of a minor Nazi group, the National Socialist Party.\n", "Section::::Early life and politics.\n", "Born in Târgu Jiu, Tătărescu studied at Carol I High School in Craiova. He later went to France, where he was awarded a doctorate from the University of Paris in 1912, with a thesis on the Romanian parliamentary system (\"Le régime électoral et parlementaire en Roumanie\"). He subsequently worked as a lawyer in Bucharest. He fathered a son, Tudor, and a daughter, Sanda (married to the lawyer Ulise Negropontes in 1940).\n", "After joining the National Liberal Party (PNL), he was elected to the Chamber of Deputies for the first time in November 1919, representing Gorj County. Among his first notable actions as a politician was an initiative to interpellate Nicolae L. Lupu, the Minister of Interior Affairs Ministry in the Romanian National Party-Peasants' Party cabinet, in answer to concerns that the executive was tolerating socialist agitation in the countryside.\n", "He stood among the PNL's \"young liberals\" faction (as they were colloquially known), supporting free trade and a more authoritarian rule over the country around King Carol II, and opposing both the older generation of leaders (who tended to advocate protectionism and a liberal democracy) and the dissident group of Gheorghe I. Brătianu (\"see National Liberal Party-Brătianu\").\n", "Undersecretary in the Interior Affairs Ministry under several PNL cabinets (beginning with that of Ion I. C. Brătianu in 1922–1926), he first became noted as a collaborator of Ion G. Duca. In 1924–1936, in contrast to his post-World War II agenda, Tătărescu was a noted anti-communist, and reacted vehemently against the Romanian Communist Party (PCdR, later PCR)—recommending and obtaining its outlawing, based on Communist adversity to the concept of Greater Romania, and notably arguing that the Comintern-supported Tatarbunary Uprising was evidence of \"imperialist communism\".\n", "Section::::First cabinet.\n", "Section::::First cabinet.:Context.\n", "Tătărescu became leader of the cabinet in January 1934, as the fascist Iron Guard had assassinated Prime Minister Duca on 30 December 1933 (the five-day premiership of Constantin Anghelescu ensured transition between the two governments). His was the second PNL cabinet formed during Carol's reign, and the latter's failure to draw support from the mainstream group led to a tight connection being established between Carol and the young liberals, with Tătărescu backing the process leading to the creation of a royal dictatorship. One of Tătărescu's first measures was a decisive move to end the conflict between the National Liberal executive and the Mayor of Bucharest, Dem I. Dobrescu (who was backed by the National Peasants' Party)—making use of his prerogative, he removed Dobrescu from office on 18 January.\n", "The brief period constituted a reference point in Romanian economy, as the emergence from the Great Depression, although marked by endemic problems, saw prosperity more widespread than ever before. This was, in part, the contribution of new economic relations which Tătărescu defended and encouraged: the state transformed itself into the main agent of economic activities, allowing for prosperous businesses to benefit from its demands, and, in time, leading to the creation of a \"camarilla\" dominated by the figures of industrialists such as Aristide Blank, Nicolae Malaxa, and Max Auschnitt. In this context, Tătărescu's allegedly subservient position in front of Carol was a frequent topic of ridicule at the time. According to a hostile account of the socialist Petre Pandrea:\n", "\"Tătărescu was ceremonious in order to cover his menial nature. When he was leaving audiences [with the King], he pressed forward on the small of his back and returned \"facing backwards\" from the desk to the door, not daring to show his back. [...] Watching over the scene [...], Carol II exclaimed to his intimate assistants: — I don't have a big enough tooshie for all the politicians to kiss!\"\n", "Among other services rendered, he intervened in the conflict between Carol and his brother, Prince Nicholas, asking the latter to renounce either his marriage to Ioana Dumitrescu-Doletti—considered a misalliance by Carol, it had not been recognized by Romanian authorities—or his princely prerogatives. Nicholas chose the latter alternative in 1937.\n", "Inside his party, Tătărescu lost ground to Dinu Brătianu, elected by the traditional Liberal elite as a compromise in order to ensure unity; upon his election in 1934, the latter stated:\n", "\"This time as well, I would have gladly conceded, if I were to believe that anyone else in the party could gather voter unanimity.\"\n", "The issue remained debated for the following two years. The party congress of July 1936 eventually elected Tătărescu to the second position in the party, that of general secretary.\n", "Section::::First cabinet.:European politics.\n", "In his foreign policy, Prime Minister Tătărescu balanced two different priorities, attempting to strengthen the traditional military alliance with Poland which was aimed at the Soviet Union, and reacting against the growing regional influence of Nazi Germany by maintaining the relevancy of the Little Entente and establishing further contacts with the Soviets.\n", "In August 1936, he removed Nicolae Titulescu from the office of Foreign Minister, replacing him with Victor Antonescu. This caused an uproar, with most of Romania's diplomatic corps voicing their dissatisfaction. Over the following months, virtually all of Titulescu's supporters were themselves recalled (including, among others, Constantin Vișoianu, the ambassador to Poland, Constantin Antoniade, Romania's representative to the League of Nations, Dimitrie Ghyka, the ambassador to Belgium, and Caius Brediceanu, the ambassador to Austria) while Titulescu's adversaries, such as Antoine Bibesco, were returned to office. Bibesco subsequently campaigned in France and the United Kingdom, in an attempt to reassure Romania's main allies that the move did not signify a change in Romania's priorities. Tătărescu was later blamed by his own party for having renounced the diplomatic course on which Romania had engaged.\n", "In early 1937, Tătărescu rejected the proposal of Józef Beck, Poland's Minister of Foreign Affairs, to withdraw Romania's support for Czechoslovakia and attempt a reconciliation with Hungary (the following year, Romania withdrew its support for the former, indicating, just before the Munich Agreement, that it was not in a position to guarantee Czechoslovakia's frontiers). This was accompanied by Czechoslovak initiatives to establish close contacts between the Little Entente and the Soviets: a scandal erupted in the same year, when the country's ambassador to Romania, Jan Šeba, published a volume calling for Soviet-Entente military cooperation (despite the Soviet-Romanian conflict over Bessarabia) and expressing the hope that the Soviet state would extend its borders into West Belarus and Ukraine. Kamil Krofta, Czechoslovakia's Foreign Minister, received criticism for having prefaced the book, and, after Tătărescu paid a visit to Czechoslovak Prime Minister Milan Hodža, Šeba was recalled to Prague.\n", "Section::::First cabinet.:Facing the Iron Guard.\n", "In combating the Iron Guard, Tătărescu chose to relax virtually all pressures on the latter (while mimicking some of its messages), and instead concentrated again on curbing the activities of the Romanian Communist Party (PCR) and outlawing its \"Popular Front\"-type organizations (\"see Amicii URSS\").\n", "In April 1936, he and the Minister of the Interior Ion Inculeț allowed the a youth congress to gather in Târgu Mureș, aware of the fact that it was masking a fascist gathering; delegates to the congress, traveling in a special train commissioned by the government, vandalized Ion Duca's memorial plate in Sinaia train station, and, upon their arrival in Târgu Mureș, made public their violent anti-Semitic agenda. It was probably there that death squads were designated and assigned missions, leading to the murder of Mihai Stelescu, a former associate, in June of the next year.\n", "In February 1937, an intense publicity campaign by the Guard, begun with the ostentatious funerals of Ion Moța and Vasile Marin (killed in the Spanish Civil War) and culminating in the physical assaulting of Traian Bratu, rector of the University of Iași, by Guardist students, provoked the premier's order to close down universities throughout the country.\n", "Later in that year, the collaboration between monarch and premier, coupled with the fact that Tătărescu had successfully attracted nationalist votes from the Iron Guard, led to the signing of an electoral agreement between the latter, the National Peasants' Party (the main democratic opposition group), and the National Liberal Party-Brătianu—the pact was meant to prevent all attempt by Carol to manipulate the votes in elections. (A secondary and unexpected development was that the illegal PCR, which had decided to back the National Peasants' Party prior to the elections, eventually supported the electoral pact.) Tătărescu's own alliance policy rose the anger of his opponents inside the PNL, as he signed collaboration agreements with the fascist Romanian Front and German Party.\n", "The 1937 elections led to an unprecedented situation: although the PNL and Tătărescu had gained the largest percentage of the vote (almost 36%), they fell short of being awarded majority bonus (granted at 40% of the vote). As the far right had gathered momentum (the Guard, running under the name of \"Everything for the Fatherland Party\", had obtained 15.6% of the vote), Carol was faced with the threat of an Iron Guard government, which would have been one deeply opposed to all of his political principles: he called on a third party, Octavian Goga's National Christian Party (coming from the anti-Semitic far right but deeply opposed to the Guard) to form a new cabinet in December of that year.\n", "Consequently, Tătărescu renounced his offices inside the party, and, while keeping his office of general secretary, he was surpassed by the readmitted Gheorghe I. Brătianu — who was elected to the new office of PNL vice president on 10 January 1938. After the failure of Goga's policies to curb the rise of their competitors, the king, backed by Tătărescu, resorted to dissolving all political parties on 30 May 1938, creating instead the National Renaissance Front.\n", "Section::::First cabinet.:Rearmament.\n", "As Prime Minister, Tătărescu showed particular concern for the modernization of the Romanian Armed Forces. Almost immediately after becoming Prime Minister, he established the Ministry of Armaments, chaired by himself. This ministry lasted for over three years before being dissolved on 23 February 1937, during his third cabinet.\n", "Under Tătărăscu's premiership, Romania launched a ten-year rearmament program on 27 April 1935. Under this program, Romania acquired 248 Škoda 100 mm howitzers (delivered in the mid-1930s) and 180 Škoda 150 mm howitzers (delivered between 1936 and 1939). In 1936, Romania ordered 126 LT vz 35 tanks and 35 AH-IV tankettes. These acquisitions from Czechoslovakia were followed in 1937 by 12 Focke-Wulf Fw 58 aircraft, ordered from Germany and delivered between April and June that same year. Romania employed German technicians to build a shipyard at Galați using materials supplied by the Reșița works. There, two submarines would be built between 1938 and 1943, among others (\"Marsuinul\" and \"Rechinul\"). The resumed and much improved trade relations with Škoda, following the disastrous \"Škoda Affair\" of the early 1930s, were credited to the energy and ability of Tătărăscu, \"the soldier-politician who reversed the usual order in Romanian politics by placing the welfare of the country superior to the lust for graft\". It is worth noting, however, that of the 35 tankettes and 126 tanks ordered during Tătărescu's premiership, only 10 of the former and 15 of the latter actually arrived in Romania before the end of his mandate at the end of 1937. Both of these orders were delivered in full during late 1938 and early 1939, respectively. In 1936, Romania also started producing the Polish PZL P.11 fighter aircraft, of which 95 were ultimately built by IAR. In 1937, Romanian production of the improved PZL P.24 also commenced, with 25 fighters being built until 1939.\n", "Section::::Second cabinet.\n", "In this context, Tătărescu chose to back the regime, as the PNL, like the National Peasants' Party, remained active in nominal clandestinity (as the law banning it had never been enforced any further). Having personally signed the document banning opposition parties, he was expelled from the PNL in April 1938, and contested the legitimacy of the action for the following years. Allegedly, his ousting was recommended by Iuliu Maniu, leader of the National Peasants' Party's and, for the following years, the closest of Dinu Brătianu's political allies.\n", "Soon after his second arrival to power, Tătărescu became noted for the enthusiastic support he gave to the modernist sculptor Constantin Brâncuși, and directed state funds to finance the building of Brâncuși's \"The Endless Column\" complex in Târgu Jiu (completed in October 1938).\n", "Alongside Alexandru Vaida-Voevod and Constantin Argetoianu (whom he succeeded as Premier), Tătărescu became a dominant figure in the group of maverick pro-Carol politicians. After a bloody crackdown on the Iron Guard, the Front attempted to reunite political forces in a national government that was to back Carol's foreign policies in view of increasing threats on Romania's borders after the outbreak of World War II. In 1945, Tătărescu stressed his belief that authoritarianism benefited Romania, and supported the view that Carol had meant to keep Romania out of the war. Tătărescu's second cabinet was meant to reflect the latter policies, but it did not draw any support from traditional parties, and, in April 1940, Carol, assisted by Ernest Urdăreanu and Mihail Ghelmegeanu, began talks with the (by then much weaker) Iron Guard.\n", "Tătărescu remained in office throughout the rest of the Phony War, until the fall of France, and his cabinet signed an economic agreement with Nazi Germany (through which virtually all Romanian exports were directed towards the latter country) and saw the crumbling of Romania's alliance with the United Kingdom and France. The cabinet was brought down by the cession of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina to the Soviet Union (effects of the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact), as well as by Carol's attempt to appease German hostility by dissolving it, replacing Tătărescu with Ion Gigurtu, and recreating the Front as the totalitarian \"Party of the Nation\".\n", "Section::::World War.\n", "After the Second Vienna Award (when Northern Transylvania was lost to Hungary), confirming Carol's failure to preserve both the country's neutrality and its territorial integrity, Romania was taken over by an Iron Guard dictatorial government (the National Legionary State). Speaking five years later, Dinu Brătianu placed the blame for the serious developments on Tătărescu's own actions, addressing him directly:\n", "\"I remind you: [...] you have contributed directly, in 1940, in steering the country towards a foreign policy that, as one could tell even then, was to prove ill-fated and which led us to the loathsome Vienna settlement, one which you have supported inside the Crown Council [...].\"\n", "On 26 November 1940, the Iron Guard began a bloody retaliation against various political figures who had served under Carol (following a late investigation into the 1938 killing of Corneliu Zelea Codreanu, the movement's founder and early leader, by Carol's authorities). Tătărescu and Constantin Argetoianu were among the second wave of captured politicians (on 27 November), and were destined for arbitrary execution; they were, however, saved by the intervention of regular police forces, most of whom had grown hostile to the Guardist militias.\n", "Retired from political life during the war, he was initially sympathetic to Ion Antonescu's pro-German dictatorship (\"see Romania during World War II\")—Dinu Brătianu, who remained in opposition to the Antonescu regime, made mention an official visit to Bessarabia, recovered after the start of Operation Barbarossa, when Tătărescu had accompanied Antonescu, \"thus making common cause with his warmongering action\". At the time, his daughter Sandra Tătărescu Negropontes worked as an ambulance driver for the Romanian Red Cross.\n", "In the end, Tătărescu became involved in negotiations aimed at withdrawing Romania from the conflict, and, while beginning talks with the Romanian Communist Party (PCR), tried to build foreign connections to support Romania's cause following the inevitable defeat; he thus corresponded with Edvard Beneš, leader of the Czechoslovak government in exile in England. Beneš, who had already been discussing matters involving Romania with Richard Franasovici and Grigore Gafencu, and had agreed to support the Romanian cause, informed the Allied governments of Tătărescu's designs.\n", "Tătărescu later contrasted his diplomatic approach with the strategy of Barbu Știrbey (who had only attempted an agreement with the Western Allies in Cairo, instead of opening relations with the Soviets). Initially meeting with the refusal of Iuliu Maniu and Dinu Brătianu (who decided to invest their trust in Știrbey), he was relatively successful after the Cairo initiative proved fruitless: the two traditional parties accepted collaboration with the bloc formed by the PCR, the Romanian Social Democratic Party, the Ploughmen's Front, and the Socialist Peasants' Party, leading to the formation of the short-lived and unstable \"National Democratic Bloc\" (BND) in June 1944. It overthrew Antonescu in August, by means of the successful King Michael Coup.\n", "Section::::Alliance with the Communists.\n", "Tătărescu returned to the PNL later in 1944—after the Soviet Red Army had entered Romania and the country had become an Allied state, political parties were again allowed to register. Nevertheless, Tătărescu was again opposed to the party leaders Dinu and Gheorghe I. Brătianu, and split to form his own group in June–July 1945. Dinu Brătianu convened the PNL leadership and formally excluded Tătărescu and his partisans, citing their support for dictatorial regimes.\n", "As the PCR, which was growing more influential (with the backing of Soviet occupation) while generally lacking popular appeal, sought to form alliances with various forces in order to increase its backing, Tătărescu declared his group to be left-wing and Social liberal, while attempting to preserve a middle course in the new political setting, by pleading for close relations to be maintained with both the Soviet Union and the Western Allies. N. D. Cocea, a prominent socialist who had joined the PNL, represented the faction in talks for an alliance with the Communists. The agreement, favored by Ana Pauker, was vehemently opposed by another member of the Communist leadership, Lucrețiu Pătrășcanu, who argued in favor of \"making a distinction inside the bourgeoisie\", and collaborating with the main PNL, while calling Tătărescu's faction \"a gang of con artists, blackmailers, and well-known bribers\".\n", "Tătărescu became Foreign Minister and vice president of the government in the cabinet of Petru Groza when the latter came into office after Soviet pressures in 1945; his faction had been awarded leadership of four other ministries—Finance, with three successive office-holders (of whom the last was Alexandru Alexandrini), Public Works, with Gheorghe Vântu, Industry (with Petre N. Bejan), and Religious Affairs, with Radu Roșculeț. He indirectly helped the PCR carry out an electoral fraud during the general election in 1946 by failing to reply to American proposals for organizing fair elections. At the Paris Conference, where he was accompanied by the PCR leaders Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej and Pătrășcanu, he acknowledged the dissolution of \"Greater Romania\" under the provisions of the new Treaty (1947).\n", "Section::::1947 and after.\n", "Tensions between his group with the PCR occurred when the former founded itself as a party under the name of \"National-Liberal Party\" (commonly known as the National Liberal Party-Tătărescu), and, in June–July 1945, proclaimed its goal to be the preservation of property and a middle class under a new regime. Of himself and his principles, Tătărescu stated:\n", "\"I am not a communist. Taking in view my attitudes towards mankind, society, property, I am not a communist. Thus, the new orientation in external politics which I demand for my country cannot be accused of being determined by affinities or sympathies of doctrine.\"\n", "Speaking in retrospect, Gheorghiu-Dej indicated the actual relation between his party and Tătărescu's: \"we have had to tolerate by our side a capitalist-gentry political group, Tătărescu's group\".\n", "Tătărescu himself continued to show his support for several PCR policies: in the summer of 1947, he condemned the United States for having protested against the repression of forces in the opposition. Nevertheless, at around the same time, he issued his own critique of the Groza government, becoming the target of violent attacks initiated by Miron Constantinescu in the PCR press. Consequently, he was singled out for negligence in office when, during the kangaroo trial of Iuliu Maniu (\"see Tămădău Affair\"), it was alleged that several employees of his ministry had conspired against the government. \"Scînteia\", the official voice of the PCR, wrote of all National Liberal Party-Tătărescu offices in the government: \"The rot is all-encompassing! It has to be removed!\".\n", "Tătărescu resigned his office on 6 November 1947, and was replaced by the Communist Ana Pauker. For the following two months, he was sidelined in his own party by PCR pressures, and removed from its leadership in January 1948 (being replaced with Petre N. Bejan—the party was subsequently known as \"National Liberal Party-Petre N. Bejan\"). One of his last actions as cabinet member had been to sign the document officially rejecting the Marshall Plan.\n", "After the proclamation of the \"People's Republic of Romania\" on 30 December 1947, the existence of all parties other than the PCR had become purely formal, and, after the elections of 28 March the one-party state was confirmed by legislation. He was arrested on 5 May 1950, and held in the notorious Sighet prison (alongside three of his brothers—Ștefan Tătărescu included—and his former collaborator Bejan). His son Tudor, who was living in Paris, suffered from schizophrenia after 1950, and had to be committed to an institution (where he died in 1955). Sandra Tătărescu Negropontes was also imprisoned in 1950, and released three years later, upon the death of Joseph Stalin.\n", "One of Gheorghe Tătărescu's last appearances in public was his stand as one of the prosecution's witnesses in the 1954 trial of Lucrețiu Pătrășcanu, when he claimed that the defendant had been infiltrated into the PCR during the time when he had been premier (Pătrășcanu was posthumously cleared of all charges). Released in 1955, Tătărescu died in Bucharest, less than two years later. According to Sanda Tătărescu Negropontes, this came as a result of tuberculosis contracted while in detention.\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "politician", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q1842040", "wikidata_label": "Gheorghe Tătărescu", "wikipedia_title": "Gheorghe Tătărescu" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Frank Partridge (soldier)\n", "Frank John Partridge, VC (29 November 192423 March 1964) was an Australian recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest decoration for gallantry \"in the face of the enemy\" awarded to members of the British and Commonwealth armed forces. He was decorated for his actions on Bougainville in July 1945, when he attacked two Japanese bunkers despite severe wounds. Partridge was the last and, at 20 years of age, the youngest Australian awarded the Victoria Cross in World War II. He later became a farmer and a television quiz champion, and unsuccessfully ran for political office shortly before his death in a car accident.\n", "Section::::Early life.\n", "Frank John Partridge was born at Grafton, New South Wales, on 29 November 1924, to farmer Patrick James Partridge and his English-born wife Mary (née Saggs). The youth was educated at Tewinga Public School until he left at 13 to work on the family's dairy and banana farm at Upper Newee Creek, near Macksville.\n", "Section::::World War II.\n", "In December 1942, during World War II, Partridge was conscripted by the Australian Army. He served as a private in the 8th Battalion, a Militia unit formed in Victoria. In May 1944, the 8th Battalion was posted to New Guinea.\n", "In June 1945, the 8th Battalion was transferred to the Bougainville campaign, where it operated to contain Japanese forces on the Bonis Peninsula. It was here that Partridge performed a deed for which he received the Victoria Cross (VC), the highest award for gallantry that could be awarded to British Commonwealth forces.\n", "On 24 July, in one of the last actions of the campaign on Bougainville, two platoons of the 8th Battalion attacked a Japanese post, Base 5, near Ratsua. Partridge's section came under heavy machine-gun fire and suffered severe casualties, including a Bren gunner who was killed. Although wounded in the arm and leg, Partridge retrieved the Bren gun and began shooting at the nearest bunker while under fire himself. He then rushed forward armed with a grenade and a knife, silenced the Japanese machine-gun with his grenade, and killed the only living occupant of the bunker with his knife. Partridge attacked the second until loss of blood compelled him to halt. Later he re-joined the fight and remained in action while the platoon withdrew.\n", "Partridge was the last and the youngest Australian to be awarded the Victoria Cross in World War II. He was also the first Australian Militiaman to receive the award.\n", "Section::::Later life.\n", "Discharged from the army in October 1946, Partridge returned to the family farm. He lived with his father in a dirt-floored farmhouse, and in his spare time devoted himself to self-education, reading \"Encyclopædia Britannica\" by the light of a kerosene lamp. He had an extraordinarily retentive memory and in 1962–63 he appeared as a contestant on the television quiz show, \"Pick a Box\", compered by Bob Dyer, alongside contestants such as Barry Jones. His laconic manner appealed strongly to viewers. Partridge was one of only three contestants to win all forty boxes and his prizes were valued at more than £12,000 (in excess of A$250,000 in present-day terms).\n", "He married Barbara Dunlop, a 31-year-old nurse from Turramurra in Sydney, in February 1963. The wedding received extensive media coverage. She remained in Sydney while Partridge built a new house at the farm. He drove to Sydney every weekend to see her. Later in 1963, Partridge sought Country Party pre-selection for the Australian House of Representatives seat of Cowper. His political views were widely regarded as extreme, and he was not selected. To supplement the income from his farm, Partridge also sold life insurance.\n", "Partridge was killed in a car accident in 1964, and was buried with full military honours in Macksville Cemetery. His wife and three-month-old son survived him.\n", "In 1989 a primary school at Nambucca Heads was named the Frank Partridge VC Public School.\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Photograph ID 043599 Australian War Memorial\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "Frank John Partridge" ] }, "description": "Recipient of the Victoria Cross", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q5488903", "wikidata_label": "Frank Partridge", "wikipedia_title": "Frank Partridge (soldier)" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Namdeo Jadav\n", "Namdeo Jadav VC (18 November 1921 – 2 August 1984) was an Indian recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces.\n", "Section::::Details.\n", "Jadav was 23 years old, and a Sepoy in the 1st Battalion, 5th Mahratta Light Infantry in the Indian Army during World War II when the following deed took place during the Spring 1945 offensive in Italy for which he was awarded the VC.\n", "On 9 April 1945 at the Senio River, Italy, when a small party were almost wiped out in an assault on the east floodbank of the river, Sepoy Namdeo Jadav carried two wounded men under heavy fire through deep water, up a steep bank and through a mine belt to safety. Then, determined to avenge his dead comrades, he eliminated three enemy machine-gun posts. Finally, climbing on top of the bank he shouted the Maratha war cry and waved the remaining companies across. He not only saved many lives but enabled the battalion to secure the bridgehead and ultimately to crush all enemy resistance in the area.\n", "Section::::Further information.\n", "He later reached the rank of havildar. On 9 April 2017 the Mayor of Lugo di Romagna Davide Ranalli unveiled a Memorial dedicated to VC Namdeo Jadhao upon the Senio River eastern bank in the vicinity of San Potito. The ceremony was attended by Brigadier Yogi Sheoran, Defence Wing Attaché of the Indian Embassy in Rome.\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Burial location\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Jack Mackey\n", "John Bernard \"Jack\" Mackey, VC (16 May 1922 – 12 May 1945) was an Australian recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British Commonwealth forces. Mackey was one of twenty Australians to receive the award for actions during the Second World War, receiving his award posthumously for leading an attack on against a strongly defended Japanese position during the Battle of Tarakan in May 1945. He was 22 and serving as a corporal in the 2/3rd Pioneer Battalion at the time of his death.\n", "Section::::Early life.\n", "Born in Leichhardt, New South Wales, Mackey was the only son and the eldest of four children of Stanislaus Mackey, a baker, and his wife Bridget Catherine Smyth Mackey. After attending St. Columba's School in Leichhardt and the Christian Brothers' High School in Lewisham, New South Wales, the Mackey family moved to Portland, New South Wales, in 1936, where his father operated a bakery. Mackey finished his schooling at the age of 14 and began working for his father. However, he did not enjoy the work and his relationship with his father deteriorated.\n", "Section::::Second World War.\n", "On 5 June 1940, Mackey enlisted in the Second Australian Imperial Force, falsifying his age to do so. After training, he was posted to the 2/3rd Pioneer Battalion and left with the unit in November 1941 for service in North Africa. He participated in the Syrian Campaign against the Vichy French and in the Second Battle of El Alamein.\n", "The Japanese threat to Australia grew as they advanced through the Pacific in 1942. In response, the Australian government requested the withdrawal of Australian units back to their home country, and Mackey's battalion returned in February 1943. It served in Papua New Guinea from August 1943 to March 1944, during which time Mackey was promoted to the rank of corporal. While in Papua, he suffered several bouts of malaria. After a period of rest and reorganisation in Australia, the battalion returned to the Southwest Pacific theatre of operations in April 1945 when they were committed to the Borneo Campaign.\n", "On 1 May 1945, Mackey's battalion, as part of 26th Brigade Group, landed at Lingkas Beach on Tarakan Island, off North Borneo. The island's airfield was to be captured to allow its use in operations against Borneo. Advancing inland along the Aman River, the battalion were held up by Japanese defending a stronghold known as Helen. On 12 May 1945, Mackey's company was to continue an attack that had begun three days previously and it was during this action that he earned the Victoria Cross (VC). The citation for his VC read:\n", "The Japanese continued to hold off the attacking pioneers for a further two days before Helen was bombed with napalm, forcing them to abandon the position. Originally buried where he was killed, after the war Mackey was interred at Labuan War Cemetery. Mackey's VC was presented to his sister, Patricia, and was later donated to the Australian War Memorial, where it is now on display in the Hall of Valour.\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- John Mackey at the Australian War Memorial\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "James Joseph Magennis\n", "James Joseph Magennis VC (spelling originally McGinnes) (27 October 1919 – 12 February 1986) was a Belfast-born recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces. He was the only native of Northern Ireland to receive the Victoria Cross for Second World War service. Magennis was part of several operations involving X-Craft midget submarines in attacks on Axis ships. In July 1945 Magennis was serving on HMS \"XE3\" during Operation \"Struggle\". During an attack on the Japanese cruiser \"Takao\" in Singapore, Magennis showed extraordinary valour and bravery by leaving the submarine for a second time in order to free some explosive charges that had got caught. His commanding officer Lieutenant Ian Fraser was also awarded the Victoria Cross for his actions on 31 July 1945 during the operation.\n", "Section::::Early career.\n", "James McGinnes was born on 27 October 1919 at Majorca Street, West Belfast, Ireland. He was from a working class Roman Catholic family and attended St Finian's Primary School on the Falls Road, Belfast until 3 June 1935 when enlisted in the Royal Navy as a boy seaman (spelling his surname Magennis). He served on several different warships between 1935 and 1942, when he joined the submarine branch. Before joining the submarine branch, Magennis served on the destroyer \"Kandahar\" which was mined off Tripoli, Libya, in December 1941 whilst Magennis was on board. The ship was irreparably damaged and was scuttled the following day. In December 1942, Magennis was drafted into the Submarine service and in March 1943 he volunteered for \"special and Hazardous duties\" — which meant Midget submarines, or X-craft. He trained as a diver, and in September 1943 took part in the first major use of the X-craft during Operation Source. Two submarines, HMS \"X7\" and HMS \"X6\", penetrated Kåfjord, Norway, and disabled the German battleship \"Tirpitz\". For his part in the attack Magennis was mentioned in dispatches \"[f]or bravery and devotion to duty\" in 1943.\n", "Section::::Operation Struggle.\n", "In July 1945 Acting Leading Seaman Magennis was serving as the diver on the midget submarine HMS \"XE3\" under the command of Lieutenant Ian Fraser. They were tasked with sinking the 10,000 ton Japanese cruiser \"Takao\", the first of the \"Takao\" Class. She was berthed in the Straits of Johor, Singapore acting as an Anti-aircraft battery. The codename for the operation was Operation \"Struggle\".\n", "On 30 July 1945 the \"XE3\" was towed to the area by the submarine \"Stygian\". She slipped her tow at 23:00 for the forty-mile journey through hazardous wrecks, minefields and listening posts to reach the \"Takao.\" After arriving at the \"Takao\" at 13:00 on 31 July 1945. Magennis slipped out of the wet-and-dry chamber and he attached limpet mines to the Japanese cruiser \"Takao\" under particularly difficult circumstances. He had to chip away at barnacles on the bottom of the cruiser for 30 minutes before being able to attach the limpets. During this time his breathing apparatus was leaking and he returned to the submarine after completion of his task very exhausted. On withdrawing, Lieutenant Ian Fraser found that one of the limpet carriers which was being jettisoned would not release itself. Magennis immediately volunteered to free it commenting: \"I'll be all right as soon as I've got my wind, Sir\". This he did, after seven minutes of nerve-racking work with a heavy spanner. On completion Magennis returned to \"XE3\" for the second time, allowing the four man midget submarine to make its escape out to open sea to meet the waiting \"Stygian\".\n", "Section::::Operation Struggle.:Award of the Victoria Cross.\n", "The citation was published in a supplement to the \"London Gazette\" of 9 November 1945 (dated 13 November 1945) and read:\n", "Lieutenant Fraser was also awarded the VC for his part in the attack; whilst Sub-Lieutenant William James Lanyon Smith, RNZNVR, who was at the controls of \"XE3\" during the attack, received the Distinguished Service Order (DSO); Engine Room Artificer Third Class Charles Alfred Reed, who was at the wheel, received the Conspicuous Gallantry Medal (CGM). HMS \"XE1\" was supposed to be attacking another Japanese vessel as part of the same operation, but actually ended up also placing its explosives under the same target. \"XE1\"'s C/O, Lieutenant John Elliott Smart RNVR, and Sub-Lieutenant Harold Edwin Harper, RNVR received the DSC; and ERA Fourth Class Henry James Fishleigh and Leading Seaman Walter Henry Arthur Pomeroy received the Distinguished Service Medal. ERA Fourth Class Albert Nairn, Acting Leading Stoker Jack Gordan Robinson, and Able Seaman Ernest Raymond Dee were Mentioned in Despatches for their part in bringing the two midget submarines from harbour to the point where the crews that took part in the attack took over.\n", "Section::::Later life.\n", "Magennis was the only Victoria Cross winner of the Second World War to hail from Northern Ireland. As a result, Magennis obtained something of a \"celebrity status\" in his home city. The citizens of Belfast raised more than £3,000 as part of a \"Shilling Fund.\" The City Fathers of Belfast refused to give Magennis the freedom of the City though. Sources differ as to the reasoning behind this; some claim it was due to religious divisions, others claim it was due to the City Fathers not \"...believing that such an honour could not be bestowed on a working-class Catholic from the inner-city slums.\" In 1946 Magennis married Edna Skidmore, with whom he had four sons. The money from the Shilling Fund was spent quickly by Magennis and his wife; she remarked: \"We are simple people... forced into the limelight. We lived beyond our means because it seemed the right thing to do.\" In 1949 he left the Navy and returned to Belfast, where, at some point, he sold his Victoria Cross . In 1955 he moved to Yorkshire, where he worked as an electrician. For the last years of his life, he suffered from chronic ill health, before dying on 11 February 1986 of lung cancer hours before his heroism was honoured by the Royal Navy Philatelic Office with a first-day cover.\n", "Section::::Memorials.\n", "Magennis has had several memorials erected in his honour. When Magennis first won the VC, he was treated rather shabbily by the Unionist-dominated Belfast City Council because he was from a working class Roman Catholic family. Although the public collected £3,600 in appreciation of his heroism, the council refused to give him the freedom of the city. The only official recognition was a small photograph tucked away in the robing room of the council chamber. The first memorial was only erected in 1999 after a long campaign by his biographer George Fleming and Major S.H. Pollock CD (Canada). The memorial, a bronze and stone statue, was officially unveiled in Belfast on 8 October 1999. The ceremony was conducted in the grounds of Belfast City Hall in the presence of Magennis's son Paul, by the Lord Mayor of Belfast, Bob Stoker. Magennis's former commanding officer, Ian Fraser, was reported as saying: \"Jim gave me bother from time to time. He liked his tot of rum, but he was a lovely man and a fine diver. I have never met a braver man. It was a privilege to know him and it's wonderful to see Belfast honour him at last.\" A wall mural commemorating James Magennis on the 60th anniversary of VJ day was unveiled on 16 September 2005 by Peter Robinson, the Democratic Unionist Party Member of Parliament representing East Belfast, including Tullycarnet.\n", "Section::::Memorials.:Magennis plaques.\n", "In 1986 at a memorial service in Bradford Cathedral, the Submarine Old Comrade Association (West Riding Branch) erected a memorial plaque on an inner wall within the Cathedral. The plaque made of Welsh slate was supplied by ex-submariner Tommy Topham MBE. Rear Admiral Place VC, CB, CVO, DSC unveiled the plaque. In attendance was Petty Officer Tommy \"Nat\" Gould, another submariner Victoria Cross recipient of the Second World War.\n", "In 1998 a memorial plaque was installed by Castlereagh Borough Council on the wall of Magennis's former home at 32 Carncaver Road, Castlereagh, East Belfast. A memorial blue plaque sponsored by Belfast City Council was installed on the outer wall of the Royal Naval Association building at Great Victoria Street, Belfast by the Ulster History Circle.\n", "Section::::Memorials.:Ashcroft collection.\n", "In 1986, there was some publicity in the newspapers that his VC would be up at auction. This attracted the interest of Michael Ashcroft, Baron Ashcroft who bought the VC for £29,000 (plus fees) amidst strong competition from dealers and private collectors. This was the first Victoria Cross bought by Lord Ashcroft, who, as of 2006, owned 142 medals. In July 2008 Lord Ashcroft announced a donation of £5 million for a permanent gallery at the Imperial War Museum, where Victoria Crosses already held by the museum will be put on display alongside his own. The Lord Ashcroft Gallery opened in 2010.\n", "Section::::In the media.\n", "Magennis was profiled in the 2006 television docudrama \"Victoria Cross Heroes\", which included archive footage, dramatisations of his actions and an interview with Lord Ashcroft about his VC.\n", "Section::::References.\n", "BULLET::::- Further reading\n", "BULLET::::- George Fleming - \"Magennis VC: The story of Northern Ireland's only WW2 winner of the Victoria Cross\" ( Paperback; Hardback)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Belfast Telegraph\" 9 October 1999\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Irish Sword\" (Brian Clark, 1986)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Ireland's VCs\" (Dept of Economic Development, 1995)\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- HMS Ganges Association \"(biography, photo, VC action details)\"\n", "BULLET::::- Northern Ireland Submariners Association\n", "BULLET::::- Unveiling memorial on 8 October 1999 (Maritime Institute of Ireland)\n", "BULLET::::- Campaign for a memorial\n", "BULLET::::- \"Loyalists replace UFF mural with tribute to Catholic VC Navy hero\" \"Belfast Telegraph\" (18 September 2005)\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "Recipient of the Victoria Cross", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q6137004", "wikidata_label": "James Joseph Magennis", "wikipedia_title": "James Joseph Magennis" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Fiorella Terenzi\n", "Fiorella Terenzi is an Italian-born astrophysicist, author and recording artist who is best known for taking recordings of radio waves from far-away galaxies and turning them into music. She received her doctorate from the University of Milan but is currently based in the United States.\n", "Described by Time magazine as \"a cross between Carl Sagan and Madonna\", Dr. Terenzi has studied opera and composition at Conservatory G. Verdi, Corsi Popolari Serali and taught physics and astronomy at various U.S. colleges and universities; she is currently on the full-time faculty at Florida International University in Miami. In research at the Computer Audio Research Laboratory, University of California, San Diego, she pioneered techniques to convert radio waves emanating from distant galaxies into sound, with some of the results released by Island Records on her acclaimed CD \"Music from the Galaxies\". The goal of her audiofication/sonification of celestial data is to investigate how sound could reflect chemical, dynamical and physical properties of celestial objects, what she calls \"Acoustic Astronomy\".\n", "Section::::Media Appearances.\n", "Terenzi's global media appearances include television and radio features on CNN's \"Future Watch\", The Dennis Miller Show, Sci Fi Channel, NPR Talk of the Nation, Weekend Edition and Science Friday, Newsweek on Air, Strange universe, History Channel's \"The Universe\" and \"Ancient Aliens\", and others. She has appeared and/or is referenced in numerous print media including The Wall Street Journal, People, Time, The Quest magazine, Electronic Musician magazine, Glamour magazine, Details magazine, Los Angeles Reader, and Los Angeles Daily News, as well as appearing internationally on the covers of Mondo 2000 magazine, New Frontier magazine, Atari Explorer magazine, Extropy magazine, Composer USA magazine, CD-ROM Today magazine and Eye Weekly (Toronto, Canada). She is profiled in the April, 2017 edition of Rockerilla, a monthly Italian music and cinema magazine. \n", "Section::::Public Speaking / Lectures.\n", "In lectures at University of California - San Diego, Stanford, MIT, the Smithsonian Institution, the American Museum of Natural History (NY), and in performances, live and on TV, in the US, Europe, and Japan, Terenzi has combined science and art to awaken people to the wonders of the universe. She has moderated hundreds of panels on science, technology, education and public outreach from Digital Hollywood to MacWorld and chaired the \"Techno 2000\" symposium at Pepperdine University. Terenzi's speaking engagements embrace such topics as \"Globalization of Education\", \"Women in Space\", \"The Business of Space\", \"Values for a New Civilization\", \"Art, Intelligence & Artificial Intelligence\" and the most popular \"Heavenly Knowledge\" and \"Invisible Universe\".\n", "Dr. Terenzi addressed The New York Times International Luxury Conference, a two-day event bringing together over 500 business and creative leaders in Miami on December 2–3, 2014, in a talk entitled \"The Collaborative Mind: Bridging Astrophysics and Aesthetics\", and was interviewed on AriseTV's Arise Xchange news program in connection with her talk.\n", "On April 2, 2017, Dr. Terenzi spoke at the University of Miami for the premiere of \"Universal Language\", a documentary film exploring the source of music and vibrations, and their effect on the mind, body and soul, as told through the eyes of a deaf child, and she was previously interviewed for the film during its production. \n", "On October 18, 2018, Dr. Terenzi participated on a panel at the Digital Hollywood- Los Angeles event discussing \"Women on the Creative Edge: Experiences in a Changing Landscape\", and on October 29, 2018 she delivered a talk entitled \"Star Songs: Experiencing the Unseeable\" at California State University- Channel Islands, where she is also scheduled to present her multimedia musical production, \"Let's Get Astrophysical\" during the Spring 2019 semester. On January 23, 2019, Dr. Terenzi also spoke on \"The 4 Es of STEM Education: Entertain, Educate, Enthrall and Engage\" at Califiornia State University- Northridge.\n", "On May 21, 2019, Dr. Terenzi again participated on a panel at the Digital Hollywood- Los Angeles event discussing \"Women on the Creative Edge: From Film to TV to Athletes, Wellness & Technology\". \n", "Section::::Career.\n", "During her term as Director of New Media at the Miami Museum of Science and Space Transit Planetarium, Terenzi arranged and hosted events including \"National Astronomy Day\", produced Planetarium Shows including \"Stars of the Seasons / Stars of the Sea\", developed content for grants including a NASA grant to deliver earth/space science on-line for high schools, and spoke at events from the NSF funded \"Girls in Science\" program, to the Florida Planetarium Directors Association, to the international State of the World Forum in New York.\n", "Terenzi has taught astronomy and physics at Pace University (New York), City University of New York's (Borough of Manhattan Community College and Bronx Community College), Brevard Community College, Pierce and Glendale College (Los Angeles).\n", "Currently, she is a full-time Professor of Astronomy and Physics at Florida International University (FIU), Miami, where in 2017 she received an FIU College of Arts, Sciences & Education Award for Engagement, which recognizes outstanding faculty who have distinguished themselves in the area of engagement. \n", "FIU's new Stocker AstroScience Center, opened in November, 2013, includes an interactive exhibit highlighting Dr. Terenzi's research on the audiofication/sonification of celestial data entitled \"Acoustic Astronomy: The Sounds of the Universe\".\n", "Dr. Terenzi organized and hosted a March 2, 2018 event for FIU's College of Arts, Science & Education entitled \"Physics & Ferraris\", showcasing a variety of exotic Ferrari sports cars and featuring an address by renowned inventor, vehicle designer, and former Walt Disney Imagineering R&D president, Bran Ferren, whose talk explained the physics behind why various vehicles, ranging from airplanes to race cars, work. \n", "On November 18, 2018, FIU presented Dr. Terenzi with its 2018 Torch Award for Outstanding Faculty, honoring the lasting impression she has made on the lives of the University's students and alumni. \n", "Section::::Discography.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Music from the Galaxies\", Composer/Performer-Dr. Fiorella Terenzi, (Island/PolyGram Records, 1991)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Gate to the Mind's Eye\" Soundtrack, Composers/Performers-Thomas Dolby and Dr. Fiorella Terenzi, Giant/Warnber Bros. Records, 1994)\n", "BULLET::::- Billboard Top 20 Music Video \"The Gate to the Mind's Eye\" with Thomas Dolby\n", "BULLET::::- \"Beyond Life\", Mercury records' dance/trance CD and video tribute to Dr. Timothy Leary, Various Artists, Polygram Records, 1996.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Trance Planet Vol. 5\", Various Artists, Triloka Records, 2000.\n", "BULLET::::- \"From Here to Tranquillity Vol. 4\", Various Artists, Silent Records, 1995.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Ixlandia\", Jonn Serrie (Dr. Fiorella Terenzi - Guest Artist, Narrator), Miramar Records, 1995.\n", "BULLET::::- Samples of her \"Music from the Galaxies\" track \"Sidereal Breath\" appear in the track \"Karmacoma\", on \"Protection\", Massive Attack, Virgin Records, 1995.\n", "She has collaborated with the likes of Thomas Dolby, Timothy Leary, Herbie Hancock, and Ornette Coleman, and in June, 2017, Dr. Terenzi joined electronic artist Manipulant (David Speakman) on his new album release entitled \"Eclectro\". The song \"Doctor, I Need Your Expertise\", combines Dr. Terenzi's voice describing the sounds of space against swirling keyboards and a driving beat, creating a hypnotic journey through the solar system. \n", "Section::::Books and publications.\n", "Formerly represented by talent/literary agents The William Morris Agency, Terenzi is best known for her CD-ROM Invisible Universe (Voyager Company), which blends astronomy and music into an entertaining and enlightening voyage through the stars, and won the SIGCAT (Special Interest Group on CD Applications and Technology) award for \"Most Creative Application of Multimedia in Higher and Adult Education\".\n", "She is also known for a sexually charged book about science entitled Heavenly Knowledge (Avon Books/Harper Collins), that explores astronomy as a metaphor for human relationships and humanity's place in the Universe. The book, covered on ABC Radio, NPR Talk of The Nation, BBC Radio, and The Sci-Fi Channel, has been translated into Italian (\"Musica Dalle Stelle\"- Sterling Kupfer) bundled with her music CD \"Galactically Yours\", German (\"Der Kosmos ist weiblich\"- Bertelsmann/Goldmann), Latvian and other languages.\n", "Terenzi wrote the foreword for Paula Berinstein's book \"Making Space Happen: Private Space Efforts and the People Behind Them\" and has been featured in full chapter in Laura Woodmansee's \"Women of Space: Cool Careers on the Final Frontier\" and in the music and technology book \"The Art of Digital Music\" by Kelli Richards and David Battino. She also provided a technical review of the educational text book \"The Physics of Everyday Phenomena\" by Thomas Griffith, and \"University Physics for the Physical and Life Sciences\" by Philip Kesten and David Tauk.\n", "Section::::Outreach and Innovations.\n", "Among her outreach projects, Terenzi created the acclaimed, grant-winning \"BCC Space&Astronomy Lecture Series\" in an effort to inspire and educate the public, including current and potential future students, about the beauty and magnificence of the universe. Each month hundreds attend this lecture series.\n", "She has a strong interest in innovative teaching techniques. In technology-mediated instruction she developed learning modules such as: \"The Business of Space\" to promote cultural diversity and global awareness about space and astronomy; \"Astronomy in Paintings, Frescos, and Engravings\" on how art has been used to explain the Universe from stars to galaxies; \"Sounds of the Universe: Acoustic Astronomy\" to stimulate intellectual curiosity and individual thinking; and an \"Invisible Universe\" learning module to explore celestial objects in multi-wavelengths.\n", "Dr. Terenzi's lectures are based on a unique blend of science and art, knowledge and emotion—a concept she calls \"Emotional Learning,\" since it is based on the 4 \"E\"s: Entertain, Educate, Enlighten, and Enthrall. \"When you are engaged on these multiple levels, learning finds an emotional home, and it is remembered forever.\"\n", "Her creative and artistic bent also led her to create original collections of stellar-themed jewelry designs based on the color and symmetry of stars and galaxies, premiered for \"ShopNBC\" as \"GemAllure\" in white gold, diamonds and blue sapphires and for \"QVC Japan\" as \"Stellare\" in silver and cubic zirconia.\n", "Dr. Terenzi premiered her unique new \"Let's Get Astrophysical\" multi-media show for the Miami Beach Centennial Celebration on March 23, 2015 on the oceanfront Hard Rock Rising stage in South Beach. The show featured the first and only Top-15 Stellar-Themed Pop Song Countdown, including songs from Muse, One Republic, Oasis, Incubus, Fallout Boys, Katy Perry, Hardwell and Daft Punk, combined with live DJs, musicians, dancers, and acrobats, plus a laser light show. \n", "Section::::Scientific Advisory.\n", "Dr. Terenzi is the first person to be a member of both the National Academy of Recording Arts & Sciences (Grammy Awards) and the American Astronomical Society. She has been an Apple Computer AppleMaster since 1994, and she is Vice-President and Miami-Dade Social Chair of the Ferrari Club of America – Florida Region.\n", "She is an \"Adviser and Scientific Consultant\" to the Italian Academy of food for the \"Italian Food in Space\" effort, enabling NASA Space Shuttle mission STS-120 (Oct. 23, 2007) to include a unique Italian menu consumed and shared among the astronauts in the International Space Station on the 5th day of its mission. She worked with the ASI/ESA astronaut, Paolo Nespoli, who was a crew member on the Shuttle and the International Space Station.\n", "Dr. Terenzi served on the Scientific Advisory Board for the Lifeboat Foundation and on the Foundation's Asteroid/Comet Impacts Board.\n", "Ermenegildo Zegna's renowned fashion designer Stefano Pilati commissioned Dr. Terenzi to create a journey into space, using real images and her acoustic astronomy sounds in a ground-breaking video for Zegna's Fall-Winter 2014 Men's Collection. This new union of fashion and astrophysics was described by the New York Times as \"Zegna's Very Big Bang\", and generated extensive worldwide publicity. \"No one has ever done anything like this before\", said Gildo Zegna.\n", "A new version of this video, which represents a collaboration between Terenzi, fellow astrophysicist Neil deGrasse Tyson, and Pilati, is entitled \"City and Nature- Scientist Cut\". It forms the framework of an innovative new 23-window display at Harrods, the luxury London department store. From October 2–19, 2014, new \"Whispering Window\" technology will allow Dr. Terenzi's space sounds, accompanied by Tchaikovsky, to be shared with passing pedestrians as they enjoy seeing for themselves how the seemingly disparate worlds of science and fashion complement one another.\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Dr. Fiorella Terenzi: www.fiorella.com\n", "BULLET::::- Fiorella Terenzi – RateMyProfessors.com\n", "BULLET::::- Linked In: \n", "BULLET::::- Twitter: \n", "BULLET::::- Instagram: \n", "BULLET::::- Facebook: \n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "Italian musician", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q633003", "wikidata_label": "Fiorella Terenzi", "wikipedia_title": "Fiorella Terenzi" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Waldemar Koch\n", "Waldemar Koch (25 September 1880 – 15 May 1963) was a German liberal politician and economist.\n", "He was born in Bad Harzburg, Duchy of Brunswick. Koch studied Economics, Philosophy and History at Berlin He received a doctorate in 1907 for a dissertation entitled \"Consolidation in the German Electrical Indudstry\" (\"\"Konzentration in der dt. Elektroindustrie\"\"). Between 1907 and 1910 he undertook an extensive study tour that included Russia, China and the United States.\n", "He also worked from 1905 till 1907 for AEG, returning to the company to head up a London-based company for them from 1910 till 1914.\n", "During World War I he was served in the German army. In 1918 he joined the German Democratic Party \"(Deutsche Demokratische Partei)\". Between the wars he worked as an economist and professor on the Technical University of Berlin.\n", "After World War II he co-founded the Liberal Democratic Party of Germany (LDPD) in the Soviet Occupied Zone (SBZ). In 1945 he was briefly the Chairman of the LDPD, but the Soviets forced him to resign after a few months. He opposed the land reform plans of the Soviet authorities and the Socialist Unity Party (SED).\n", "Until 1948 Koch was a member of the LDPD's executive committee.\n", "In 1949 he went to West Germany (West Berlin) and again worked as an economist professor. From 1948 to 1956 Koch was a member of the liberal FDP (Free Democratic Party).\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- Liberal Democratic Party of Germany\n", "BULLET::::- Liberalism\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Rustam Minnikhanov\n", "Rustam Nurgaliyevich Minnikhanov (, ; born 1 March 1957) is a Russian politician and the second and current President of Tatarstan, a federal subject of Russia.\n", "Section::::Early life and education.\n", "Rustam Minnikhanov was born on March 1, 1957 in a Volga Tatar family in the New Arysh (; ) village of Rybno-Slobodsky District in the Tatar ASSR.\n", "He graduated from Kazan Agricultural Institute in 1978 as mechanical engineer and from Correspondence Institute of Soviet Trade as a commodity expert in 1986. He is a doctor of economic sciences.\n", "Minnikhanov is married and fathered two sons. His son Irek Minnikhanov died in the Tatarstan Airlines Flight 363 crash on November 17, 2013.\n", "Section::::Career.\n", "After graduating from the institute in 1978, he began his career as an engineer in Sabinsky District Association of \"Selkhoztekhnika\". He then worked in the district as a senior engineer and chief power engineer in a state timber industry enterprise and was deputy chairman of District Consumer Society Board.\n", "In 1985–1993 he worked in Arsky District as chairman of the District Consumer Society Board, Chairman of the Executive Committee of People's Deputies District Council, First Deputy Head of District Administration.\n", "In 1993 he was appointed head of Vysokogorsky District administration and in November 1996 he was appointed minister of finance of the Republic of Tatarstan. From July 10, 1998 until March 25, 2010 he was prime minister of the Republic of Tatarstan. During his tenure as republican prime minister, Minnikhanov continued to be involved in industry, serving as chairman of the board of directors of the oil company Tatneft from 2005 to 2006. As prime minister, he was known for his enthusiasm for technological innovation, spearheading the republic's move to digital, paperless government and the streamlining of official business through the use of electronically distributed documents and electronic signing of official documents.\n", "On January 27, 2010, Russian President Dmitry Medvedev nominated Rustam Minnikhanov to be the new president of Tatarstan and on March 25, 2010, Rustam Minnikhanov formally assumed the office of President.\n", "During the 2014 Crimean crisis, Minnikhanov acted as a mediator between the Kremlin government and the Crimean Tatar community over concerns raised amongst Crimean Tatars over potential persecution by Russia should it annex the peninsula.\n", "Section::::Motorsports.\n", "Minnikhanov is a keen motorsports enthusiast and was a regular competitor in the FIA European Championship for Rallycross Drivers, in 2007 driving a Citroën C4 T16 4x4 with 550+bhp that was built and raced in 2006 by 14-time European Rallycross champion Kenneth Hansen of Sweden. For the 2008 and 2009 ERX series Hansen's team built a brand new C4 for Minnikhanov. In 2002, 2003, 2004 and 2006 Minnikhanov won the truck category of the UAE Desert Challenge (a Rally Raid competition) in the United Arab Emirates with his Kamaz 4911 and in 2004 as well as 2005 he finished 3rd overall in the FIA European Championship for Autocross Drivers with a four-wheel-driven Ford Puma.\n", "Section::::Honours and awards.\n", "BULLET::::- Order of Merit for the Fatherland 4th class\n", "BULLET::::- Order of Friendship\n", "BULLET::::- Medal \"In Commemoration of the 300th Anniversary of Saint Petersburg\"\n", "BULLET::::- Medal \"In Commemoration of the 1000th Anniversary of Kazan\"\n", "BULLET::::- Medal \"For Distinction in Eliminating the Effects of Emergency Situations\" (EMERCOM)\n", "BULLET::::- Order \"For Merit to the Republic of Tatarstan\"\n", "Section::::Links.\n", "BULLET::::- The inauguration ceremony of Minnikhanov\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Renato Corsetti\n", "Renato Corsetti (born 29 March 1941) is an Italian Esperantist who served as President of the Universal Esperanto Association between 2001 and 2007. Born in Rome, Corsetti is a staunch defender of the idea that the people of the world should be able to communicate in a neutral and easy international language. He teaches psycholinguistics at the Sapienza University of Rome. He also is an associate professor at the International Academy of Sciences San Marino.\n", "He is married to Anna Löwenstein. The couple lived together in Italy from 1981, but since 2015 they have been living in the UK.\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- His page at La Sapienza\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "Italian Esperantist", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q12836", "wikidata_label": "Renato Corsetti", "wikipedia_title": "Renato Corsetti" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Robert Coldwell Wood\n", "Robert Coldwell Wood (September 16, 1923 – April 1, 2005) was an American political scientist, academic and government administrator, and professor of political science at MIT. From 1965 to 1969, Wood served as the Under Secretary of the Department of Housing and Urban Development under President Lyndon B. Johnson, and for two weeks as acting secretary of the department.\n", "After his return to MIT, he directed the Joint Center for Urban Studies at MIT and Harvard. He also had a joint appointment as chairman of the Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority. He served as president of the University of Massachusetts (1970-1977), overseeing expansion of programs, including construction of a campus in south Boston.\n", "Section::::Early life and career.\n", "Wood was born on September 16, 1923 in St Louis, Missouri, the son of Mary (née Bradshaw) Wood and Thomas Frank Wood. He won a scholarship to Princeton University, interrupting his studies during World War II to serve in the U.S. Army. Wood saw action during Battle of the Bulge, won a Bronze Star, and rose to the rank of sergeant.\n", "After graduating from Princeton University, Wood earned three degrees from Harvard University: a master's in public administration, and a master's and a doctorate in government.\n", "Wood taught political science at Massachusetts Institute of Technology from 1959 to 1965. From 1965 to 1969, Wood served as the Under Secretary of the newly created Department of Housing and Urban Development under President Lyndon B. Johnson.\n", "In 1968, Wood was awarded the Wiener Medal for Cybernetics from the American Society for Cybernetics. Following the resignation of Robert C. Weaver as Secretary of HUD, Wood served briefly in the position for two weeks before George Romney took office.\n", "Wood returned to MIT, where he directed the Joint Center for Urban Studies at MIT and Harvard. At the same time, he was appointed as head of the Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority (MBTA).\n", "From 1970 to 1977 he served as president of the University of Massachusetts. During these years, Wood led the expansion of the university, to include UMass Medical Center in Worcester and its Boston campus. He also played a key role in bringing the John F. Kennedy Library and Museum to its site at Columbia Point, next to UMass-Boston. He also taught at Wesleyan University.\n", "Section::::Personal life.\n", "Wood married the former Margaret Byers, on March 22, 1952. They had three children, including the actor Frank Wood and the Governor of New Hampshire and U.S. Senator Maggie Hassan. Wood died from stomach cancer at his home in Boston, Massachusetts, on April 1, 2005.\n", "Section::::Publications.\n", "Wood's best-known books are: \n", "BULLET::::- 1958. \"Suburbia: Its People and Their Politics\"\n", "BULLET::::- 1959. \"Metropolis against Itself.\"\n", "BULLET::::- 1961. \"1400 Governments; The Political Economy of the New York Metropolitan Region\". With Vladimir V. Almendinger.\n", "BULLET::::- 1972. \"The Necessary Majority: Middle America and the Urban Crisis\"\n", "BULLET::::- 1993. \"Whatever Possessed the President? Academic Experts and Presidential Policy, 1960-88\".\n", "BULLET::::- 1995. \"Turnabout Time: Public Higher Education in the Commonwealth\". With Richard A. Hogarty and Aundrea E. Kelley.\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Professor, HUD chief Robert Wood dies. MIT April 6, 2005.\n", "BULLET::::- An Inventory of His Personal Papers In the John F. Kennedy Library.\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Josef Abel\n", "Josef Abel (22 August 1768 – 4 October 1818) was an Austrian historical painter and etcher.\n", "Section::::Biography.\n", "Abel was born in Aschach an der Donau, Upper Austria. He visited the Academy in Vienna, which was at the time directed by Friedrich Heinrich Füger, and was one of his best scholars. Abel developed an interest for the ancient world, reflecting a popular direction in the art of the beginning of the 19th century in Germany and France. During the years 1801–1807, he studied in Italy, then returned to Vienna, where he became a member of the Academy on 8 February 1815 and remained till his death in 1818.\n", "Among his famous works are paintings and etchings of Klopstock in Elysium, Orestes and Electra, Socrates and Theramenes as well as Emperor Francis I of Austria. He also painted the figural part of the front curtain of the old Burgtheater under directions of Füger.\n", "For some time it is discussed, that his portrait of a young man with glasses is a portrayal of the young Franz Schubert.\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- List of Austrian artists and architects\n", "Section::::Sources.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie\" - at Wikisource\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Josef Abel, on Artnet\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "Jozef Abel", "Joseph Abel" ] }, "description": "painter, etcher", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q700345", "wikidata_label": "Josef Abel", "wikipedia_title": "Josef Abel" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "James Frederick Wood\n", "James Frederick Bryan Wood (April 27, 1813 – June 20, 1883) was an American prelate of the Roman Catholic Church. He was the fifth Bishop and first Archbishop of Philadelphia, serving between 1860 and his death in 1883.\n", "Section::::Early life.\n", "James Wood was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, to a Unitarian family. His parents were both from England, his father (a merchant) from Manchester and his mother from Gloucestershire; they immigrated to the United States in 1809. After attending an elementary school on Dock Street, he was sent abroad to the Crypt School at Gloucester in November 1821. He returned to Philadelphia five years later and then enrolled at a private school on Market Street. In November 1827, he and his family removed to Cincinnati, Ohio, where the young Wood became a clerk at the Branch Bank of the United States. After being advanced to individual book-keeper and discount clerk, he was made a paying and receiving teller (1833) and cashier (1836) in the Franklin Bank of Cincinnati.\n", "Section::::Early life.:Conversion and ordination.\n", "Wood also developed a friendship with Bishop John Baptist Purcell, who later baptized him into the Catholic Church on April 7, 1836. Deciding to enter the priesthood, he resigned as cashier at Franklin Bank in September 1837 and went to Rome for his studies the following October. After spending a few months at the Pontifical Irish College under Paul Cullen (later Paul Cardinal Cullen), he studied at the College of the Propaganda for seven years, also becoming prefect of discipline there. Wood was ordained a priest by Cardinal Giacomo Filippo Fransoni on March 25, 1844. Upon his return to the Diocese of Cincinnati in October 1844, he served as a curate at the Cathedral of St. Peter in Chains until 1854, when he became pastor of St. Patrick's Church in Cincinnati.\n", "Section::::Episcopal ministry.\n", "Section::::Episcopal ministry.:Coadjutor Bishop of Philadelphia.\n", "On January 9, 1857, Wood was appointed Coadjutor Bishop of Philadelphia and Titular Bishop of \"Antigonea\" by Pope Pius IX. He received his episcopal consecration on the following April 26 from Archbishop Purcell, with Bishops John Neumann, C.SS.R. (later a Saint), and Richard Vincent Whelan serving as co-consecrators. After arriving in Philadelphia, he took charge of the financial affairs of the diocese and established the cathedral parish.\n", "Section::::Episcopal ministry.:Fifth Bishop of Philadelphia.\n", "Wood later succeeded Neumann as the fifth Bishop of Philadelphia upon the latter's death on January 5, 1860. At the time of his succession, the diocese (which included the entire states of Pennsylvania and Delaware in addition to western New Jersey) included 200,000 Catholics, 137 priests, 131 parishes, 17 chapels and missions, 40 parish schools with 8,710 pupils, four colleges and four academies. The erection of the Cathedral of Sts. Peter and Paul came to a brief halt with the outbreak of the Civil War, but was later dedicated by Wood on November 20, 1864. In 1865 he purchased a large tract of land in Overbrook, on the outskirts of Philadelphia, for the new St. Charles Borromeo Seminary, the cornerstone of which was laid on April 4, 1866. The seminary was opened in September 1871 with 128 students. He was named an Assistant at the Pontifical Throne in 1862.\n", "Wood established the Catholic Home for Destitute Orphan Girls, enlarged St. Vincent's Home and founded a convent for the Sisters of the Good Shepherd. He also introduced into the diocese the Little Sisters of the Poor, Servant Sisters of the Immaculate Heart of Mary, Sisters of the Third Order of St. Francis and Sisters of the Holy Child Jesus. He condemned such secret societies as the Freemasons and Molly Maguires.\n", "In 1868 the Dioceses of Harrisburg, Scranton and Wilmington were established, leaving Philadelphia with 93 churches and 157 priests. Wood attended the First Vatican Council, where he supported the definition of papal infallibility, but was forced to leave early in March 1870 due to poor health. He was also named Treasurer of the Board for the Pontifical North American College.\n", "Section::::Episcopal ministry.:Metropolitan Archbishop.\n", "On February 12, 1875, the Diocese of Philadelphia was elevated to the rank of an archdiocese, with Wood becoming its first Metropolitan Archbishop. He was invested with the pallium by Archbishop James Roosevelt Bayley on the following June 17. He traveled to Rome in 1877 to assist at the celebration of the golden jubilee of Pius IX's episcopate, but returned home after suffering from a severe attack of rheumatism. He also suffered from Bright's disease. Since the division of the diocese in 1868, Wood increased the number of churches to 127 and of chapels to 53 chapels, and founded 25 new parochial schools. By 1883, there were also 31 missions, 260 priests, 99 seminarians between St. Charles Seminary and the North American College, three colleges, 22,000 students in parochial schools, six orphanages, four hospitals, two homes for the elderly and over 300,000 Catholics.\n", "Wood later died in Philadelphia, aged 70. He is buried in the crypt beneath Saints Peter and Paul Cathedral. Archbishop Wood Catholic High School in Warminster is named in his honor.\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "William H. Woodin\n", "William Hartman Woodin (May 27, 1868 – May 3, 1934) was a U.S. industrialist. He served as the Secretary of Treasury under Franklin Roosevelt in 1933.\n", "Section::::Biography.\n", "Woodin was born in Berwick, Pennsylvania. He was closely involved in Jackson and Woodin Manufacturing Company. His father, Clemuel Ricketts \"Clement\" Woodin, preceded him in the presidency of the company and his grandfather, also named William Hartman Woodin, was an early partner in the company. He was a member of the Union League Club of New York. Woodin graduated from Columbia College School of Mines in 1890.\n", "Jackson & Woodin grew under this combined leadership to become the largest railroad car builder in the eastern United States, and was one of the 13 companies that merged in 1899 to form American Car and Foundry Company (ACF).\n", "Woodin married Annie Jessup, on October 9, 1889. They had three daughters and one son: Mary, Annie Jessup, William Hartman, Jr., and Elizabeth Foster Woodin. They lived in New York City.\n", "Woodin stayed on with ACF for a while after the merger.\n", "Woodin worked up through ACF management to become president in 1916. He was a director of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York from 1927 through 1932.\n", "As Will Woodin, he collaborated with children's author Johnny Gruelle, composing music for the 1930 book \"Raggedy Ann's Sunny Songs\" and was the namesake of Gruelle's character Little Wooden Willie. In 1933, Woodin composed a march in honor of Roosevelt.\n", "Woodin was a Republican businessman and was a major contributor to Roosevelt's campaign in 1932. Woodin served as the Treasury Secretary from March 4, 1933 until he resigned effective December 31, 1933. Because of his poor health, for some weeks in 1933 Treasury Under-Secretary Dean Acheson served as the Acting Secretary of the Treasury. Woodin was involved in major decisions that the new Roosevelt administration made to combat the Great Depression.\n", "On March 4, 1933, when Roosevelt first took the oath of office, banks were closing their doors all over the United States as waves of panic led depositors to demand immediate payment of their money. Woodin was the point man in the administration's declaration of a \"Bank Holiday\" which closed every bank in the U.S. until bank examiners could determine which were sound enough to re-open. With \"seals of approval\" from the examiners, depositors regained confidence, and the vast majority left their money in bank deposits. This preceded the creation of deposit insurance and the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation with the passage of the Glass-Steagall Act of 1933.\n", "Woodin also presided over the Roosevelt Administration's withdrawal from the international monetary conference in London and the decision to take the United States off the international gold standard there. While he was the Secretary of the Treasury, the Administration also began the decision-making process that eventually led to the administration's decision to buy all the gold in private hands in the United States (other than that used by dentists and jewelers) and then to raise the dollar price of gold, devaluing the dollar against gold.\n", "Treasury Under Secretary Dean Acheson opposed FDR on the latter two decisions and was forced to resign in November 1933. Woodin was an avid coin collector and when gold was withdrawn from private hands, he made certain that an exception was put in place for \"rare or unusual\" coins.\n", "From 1930 until 1934 he was a trustee of Lafayette College.\n", "He died in New York City, New York, and was buried in Pine Grove Cemetery, near his birthplace of Berwick, Pennsylvania.\n", "Woodin is the great-grandfather of mathematician W. Hugh Woodin.\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Harry Hines Woodring\n", "Harry Hines Woodring (May 31, 1887September 9, 1967) was an American politician. A Democrat, he was the 25th Governor of Kansas and was Secretary of War in President Franklin Delano Roosevelt's administration from 1936 to 1940. He was also the United States Assistant Secretary of War from 1933 to 1936.\n", "Section::::Biography.\n", "Harry Hines Woodring was born in 1887 in Elk City, Kansas, the son of farmer and Union Army soldier Hines Woodring. He was educated in city and county schools and at sixteen began work as a janitor in the First National Bank of Neodesha, Kansas. He attended Lebanon Business University in Lebanon, Indiana for one year, which gained him employment as a bookkeeper and assistant cashier of the First National Bank in Elk City.\n", "Section::::Career.\n", "Woodring soon became assistant cashier at the First National Bank of Neodesha. Woodring moved up quickly to become vice president and owner of the bank until he enlisted as a private in the US Army. He was later commissioned as a second lieutenant in the Tank Corps in World War I. He was elected department commander of the American Legion in Kansas then in 1928 he sold his banking business to enter politics.\n", "Woodring won the Kansas gubernatorial election of 1930 in a controversial three-way race with Republican Frank Haucke and write-in candidate and goat-gland transplantation specialist, John Brinkley. Brinkley won the most votes, but the state only counted ballots with \"J. R. Brinkley\" written in, disqualifying tens of thousands of ballots with variants like \"John Brinkley\" written in. Woodring himself admitted he would have lost, had all Brinkley's votes been counted. Woodring served as governor of Kansas from 1931 to 1933. As the only Democrat elected to a statehouse office, his efforts to cut expenditures were largely blocked by Republicans, so he cut his own salary and the Highway Department, the one place where Democrats had control.\n", "Woodring ran for re-election in 1932, but lost to Republican Alf Landon in a three-way race, again featuring John Brinkley.\n", "On July 25, 1933, Woodring married Helen Coolidge, with whom had three children. Coolidge was the daughter of United States Senator Marcus A. Coolidge.\n", "Woodring served as Assistant Secretary of War from 1933 to 1936, with supervision over procurement matters. He was promoted and served as Secretary of War under President Franklin Roosevelt from 1936 to 1940. He projected the recommendations of his predecessor for increasing the strength of the Regular Army, National Guard, and the Reserve Corps. During his tenure he directed a revision of mobilization plans to bring personnel and procurement into balance and stressed the need to perfect the initial (peacetime) protective force.\n", "A strict non-interventionist, Woodring came under pressure from other cabinet members to resign in the first year of World War II. Secretary of the Interior Harold Ickes met with Roosevelt at least twice to call for Woodring's firing, but FDR was at first unwilling to do so, instead appointing outspoken interventionist Louis A. Johnson as Woodring's assistant secretary of war. Woodring and Johnson were immediately at odds, and quickly reached the point where they refused to speak to each other. On June 20, 1940, Roosevelt ended the struggle by finally firing Woodring, replacing him with long-time Republican politician Henry Stimson. Woodring remained isolationist, opposing the Selective Training and Service Act of 1940.\n", "Woodring ran unsuccessfully for Governor of Kansas in 1946, and for the Democratic Party nomination for that post in 1956.\n", "Section::::Death.\n", "Woodring died following of stroke in Topeka, Kansas, on September 9, 1967. He is interred at the Mount Hope Cemetery in Topeka.\n", "Section::::Further reading.\n", "BULLET::::- Book Reviews From \"Parameters\", Autumn 2006, pp. 124–49.\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- National Governors Association\n", "BULLET::::- Kansapedia\n", "BULLET::::- The Evening Independent\n", "BULLET::::- Publications concerning Kansas Governor Woodring's administration available via the KGI Online Library\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Edita Gruberová\n", "Edita Gruberová (born 23 December 1946), is a Slovak coloratura soprano. She is noted for her great tonal clarity, agility, dramatic power, endurance, and ability to sing high notes with great power and sustained vocal consistency, which made her an ideal Queen of the Night in her early years. In recent years, she has enjoyed huge success with a number of the most important bel canto roles.\n", "Section::::Education.\n", "Gruberová began her musical studies at Bratislava Conservatory where she was a student of Mária Medvecká. She then continued at Academy of Performing Arts in Bratislava (VŠMU). While studying, she was a singer of the Lúčnica folk ensemble and appeared several times in the Slovak National Theatre.\n", "Section::::Career.\n", "In 1968, Gruberová made her operatic debut in Bratislava as Rosina in \"The Barber of Seville\". After winning a singing competition in Toulouse, she was then engaged as a soloist of the opera ensemble of the \"J. G. Tajovský Theatre\" in Banská Bystrica, Slovakia, from 1968 to 1970. Since communist Czechoslovakia was going through a period called Normalization, during which the borders were closed with non-communist countries, Medvecká surreptitiously arranged for an audition for Gruberová in the summer of 1969 at Vienna State Opera, which immediately engaged her. The following year, she made her first major breakthrough when she sang the Queen of the Night. Gruberová then decided to emigrate to the West. In subsequent years, she became a soloist in Vienna and was invited to sing at many of the most important opera houses in the world, especially in coloratura roles.\n", "Gruberová made her debut at Glyndebourne in 1973 and at the Metropolitan Opera in 1977, both as the Queen of the Night. In 1977, she first appeared at the Salzburg Festival, as Thibault in \"Don Carlo\", under Herbert von Karajan. In 1982, she appeared opposite Ingvar Wixell and Luciano Pavarotti in Jean-Pierre Ponnelle's film of \"Rigoletto\". Gruberová made her Royal Opera House début as Giulietta in Bellini's \"I Capuleti e i Montecchi\" in 1984. Other important roles she has sung include Zerbinetta, Gilda, Violetta, Lucia, Konstanze, Manon and Oscar; she sang Donna Anna at La Scala in 1987, Marie in \"La fille du régiment\" in 1987, \"Semiramide\" in 1992 at Zürich, Queen Elizabeth I in Donizetti's \"Roberto Devereux\" in Vienna in 1990. In 2003, she added title role in \"Norma\" to her repertoire, and sang it in Munich in 2008/09.\n", "She is an Austrian Kammersängerin and honorary member of the Vienna State Opera.\n", "Gruberová has made many recordings, most notably in recent years full-length recordings and extended selections from Donizetti's Tudor Queens trilogy and other \"bel canto\" operas, lately exclusively on Nightingale label. More than a dozen of her filmed and televised opera appearances have been released on DVD, including \"Die Zauberflöte\", \"Così fan tutte\", \"Die Entführung aus dem Serail\", \"Ariadne auf Naxos\", \"Norma\", \"Manon\", \"Beatrice di Tenda\", \"Lucrezia Borgia\", and \"Linda di Chamounix\".\n", "Section::::Further reading.\n", "BULLET::::- Niel Rishoi, \"Edita Gruberová. Ein Portrait\", Atlantis Musikbuch, Zürich and Mayence, 1996,\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Bayerische Staatsoper mediathek where clips of Gruberová in performances can be found\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Joseph Emerson Worcester\n", "Joseph Emerson Worcester (August 24, 1784 – October 27, 1865) was an American lexicographer who was the chief competitor to Noah Webster of \"Webster's Dictionary\" in the mid-nineteenth-century. Their rivalry became known as the \"dictionary wars\". Worcester's dictionaries focused on traditional pronunciation and spelling, unlike Noah Webster's attempts to Americanize words. Worcester was respected by American writers and his dictionary maintained a strong hold on the American marketplace until a later, posthumous version of Webster's book appeared in 1864. After Worcester's death in 1865, their war ended. \n", "Section::::Biography.\n", "Section::::Biography.:Early life.\n", "Worcester was born August 24, 1784, in Bedford, New Hampshire, and worked on a farm in his youth, entering Phillips Academy, Andover, in 1805. In 1809, he entered Yale University and graduated in two years. He began a school in Salem, Massachusetts in March 1812, but gave up on the project by 1815. One of his students had been a young Nathaniel Hawthorne; Worcester tutored Hawthorne privately at the boy's home. During this time, Worcester worked on several works on geography, including \"A Geographical Dictionary, or Universal Gazetteer, Ancient and Modern\", which was published in 1817. In 1823, he was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences He wrote a much-used textbook, \"Elements of History, Ancient and Modern, accompanied by an Historical Atlas\", published in 1827. Worcester collected philological works and wrote a journal in Europe in 1831. For many years, he co-edited the annual \"American Almanac and Repository of Useful Knowledge\". He earned LL.D. degrees from Brown University (1847) and Dartmouth College (1856).\n", "Section::::Biography.:Dictionary war.\n", "Worcester's first edited dictionary was an abridgment of Samuel Johnson's \"English Dictionary, as Improved by Todd, and Abridged by Chalmers; with Walker's Pronouncing Dictionary Combined\", published in the United States in 1827, the year before Noah Webster's \"American Dictionary\" appeared. Having worked as an assistant on the production of Webster's dictionary, he produced an abridgment of Webster's work in 1829. Worcester believed that Webster's dictionary sacrificed tradition and elegance. Worcester's version added new words, excluded etymology, and focused on pronunciation. \n", "Worcester published his \"Comprehensive Pronouncing and Explanatory English Dictionary\" in 1830, inciting charges of plagiarism from Webster. Worcester protested that he had worked on his dictionary before working for Webster and had used his own research. Webster's first accusations against Worcester were in March 1831, when he wrote to ask if Worcester had taken many definitions from his own work. Worcester replied, \"No, not many.\" Accusation became attack in 1834, the Worcester, Massachusetts-based \"Palladium\" published an article that called Worcester's book \"a gross plagiarism\" and stated that its author \"pilfer[ed] the products of the mind, as readily as... the common thief.\" Webster later published an open letter to Worcester in the \"Palladium\" dated January 25, 1835, accusing Worcester of stealing the definitions of 121 words, claiming their definitions were not published in any other dictionary and challenging Worcester to prove otherwise. Worcester responded saying that the burden of proof fell on Webster but provided his sources anyway. In what is often referred to as the \"dictionary wars\", rivalry and contention between the two dictionaries continued beyond Webster's death in 1843, and long after with Webster's successor, the G. & C. Merriam Company, which bought rights to the \"American Dictionary\".\n", "Worcester continued to revise his dictionary, producing \"A Universal and Critical Dictionary of the English Language\" in 1846. When a British edition of the work stated that it was based on the work of Noah Webster, and omitted Worcester's introductory statement claiming otherwise, he responded with \"A Gross Literary Fraud Exposed\".\n", "In 1860, Worcester published \"A Dictionary of the English Language\", a substantially revised and expanded work which was soon recognized as a major English language dictionary. The first copies were electrotype printed at the Boston Stereotype Foundry. The dictionary featured numerous illustrations throughout the text, a relatively new innovation. However, Worcester's work was not technically the first American dictionary to feature illustrations. Having heard about the plans for Worcester's new edition, Webster's publishers, George and Charles Merriam, rushed to put out a similar work. They managed to publish a Pictorial Edition of Webster's \"American Dictionary\" in 1859. The Pictorial Edition was basically a reprint of the 1847 \"American Dictionary\", with engravings taken from the Imperial Dictionary of the English Language. More competition arrived in the form of the Merriam's revised edition of Webster's \"American Dictionary\", which appeared in 1864. Worcester's dictionary was posthumously revised in 1886, but was eclipsed by \"Webster's International\" and other dictionaries of the 1890s.\n", "Section::::Biography.:Marriage and family.\n", "In 1841 he married Amy Elizabeth McKean; the couple had no children. McKean, daughter of the founder of Harvard College's Porcellian Club, had previously served as a teacher after taking over the post of Sophia Ripley. \n", "Around this time, Worcester was living in the Craigie House in Cambridge, Massachusetts, renting rooms from the widow of Andrew Craigie, first apothecary general of the United States. When Mrs. Craigie died, Worcester rented out the entire house from her heirs and subleased rooms to the poet and professor Henry Wadsworth Longfellow. In 1843, after the house was purchased by Nathan Appleton on Longfellow's behalf, Worcester rented a portion of the house from Longfellow until the construction of his own home a few doors down was completed that spring. The home is still standing at 121 Brattle Street in Cambridge.\n", "Section::::Biography.:Death.\n", "Worcester died on October 27, 1865. He is interred at Mount Auburn Cemetery in Cambridge, Massachusetts. The historian Howard Jackson notes it was not until Worcester's death that the \"dictionary war\" was finally over.\n", "Section::::Critical response and legacy.\n", "Unlike Webster, Worcester adhered to British pronunciation and spellings, calling them \"better\", \"more accurate\", \"more harmonious and agreeable\". He opposed Webster's phonetic spelling reforms (e.g. \"tuf\" for \"tough\", \"dawter\" for \"daughter\"), to Webster's disapproval. The 20th century lexicographer and scholar James Sledd noted that the commercial rivalry between the two attracted significant public interest in lexicography and dictionaries. It was not until 1864, when the much-improved \"Webster-Mahn Dictionary\", which completely revised etymologies, was published, that the Worcester dictionary was outsold in the American marketplace.\n", "Worcester sent a copy of one of his dictionaries to the author Washington Irving, who predicted it would be used \"to supply the wants of common schools\". Though Webster's dictionary was the more popular, Worcester's book proved to be a favorite among writers. Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr. wrote that the book was one \"on which, as is well known, the literary men of this metropolis are by special statute allowed to be sworn in place of the Bible.\" Edward Everett Hale wrote of the 1860 \"Dictionary of the English Language\": \"We have at last a good dictionary.\"\n", "Section::::Works.\n", "BULLET::::- \"A Geographical Dictionary, or Universal Gazetteer, Ancient and Modern\" (1817, enlarged 1823)\n", "BULLET::::- \"A Gazetteer of the United States\" (1818)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Elements of Geography, Ancient and Modern\" (1819)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Sketches of the Earth and its Inhabitants\" (1823)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Elements of History, Ancient and Modern, accompanied by an Historical Atlas\" (1826)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Epitome of History\" (reissue of above, 1827)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Outlines of Scripture Geography\" (1828)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Johnson's Dictionary, as improved by Todd and abridged by Chalmers, with Walker's Pronouncing Dictionary combined, to which is added Walker's Key\" (1828)\n", "BULLET::::- \"A Comprehensive Pronouncing and Explanatory Dictionary of the English Language with Pronouncing Vocabularies\" (1830)\n", "BULLET::::- \"A Universal and Critical Dictionary of the English Language\" (1846)\n", "BULLET::::- \"A Gross Literary Fraud exposed; relating to the Publication of Worcester's Dictionary in London: Together with Three Appendixes; Including the Answer of S. Converse to an Attack on him by Messrs. G. & C. Merriam\" (1854)\n", "BULLET::::- \"A Dictionary of the English Language\" (1860)\n", "BULLET::::- \"An Elementary Dictionary for the Common Schools with Pronouncing Vocabularies of Classical Scripture and Modern Geographical Names\"\n", "BULLET::::- \"An Elementary Dictionary of the English Language\"\n", "BULLET::::- \"A Primary Dictionary of the English Language\"\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Dictionary Wars\" at \"History House\" magazine\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "William Burnham Woods\n", "William Burnham Woods (August 3, 1824 – May 14, 1887) was a United States Circuit Judge and an Associate Justice of the United States Supreme Court as well as an Ohio politician and soldier in the Civil War.\n", "Section::::Early life, education and career.\n", "Woods was born on August 3, 1824, in Newark, Ohio. He was the older brother of Charles R. Woods, who also became a general in the Civil War. He attended college at Western Reserve University (now Case Western Reserve University) in Hudson, Ohio, before transferring to Yale University, from which he received an Artium Baccalaureus in 1845 with honors. \n", "After graduating he returned to Newark, and read law by clerking for S. D. King, a prominent local lawyer. Woods was admitted to the bar in 1847. He entered the firm of his mentor, King, and became his partner. He practiced law with King in Newark, from 1847 to 1862.\n", "Section::::Political career.\n", "Woods, a loyal Democrat, was elected Mayor of Newark in 1856. He was next elected to the Ohio General Assembly in 1858, and was selected soon after as Speaker of the House. He also served as Minority Leader.\n", "Section::::Military service.\n", "Although Woods opposed the Civil War, because he opposed slavery, he came to accept a Union victory as a necessity. In 1862 he left the Ohio state house to join the Union Army. He was commissioned as lieutenant colonel of the 76th Ohio Infantry, which served in the Western Theater. He fought at the battles of Shiloh and Vicksburg, and was breveted brigadier general. \n", "Woods commanded his regiment under William T. Sherman during the Atlanta Campaign and the Sherman's March to the Sea. During the Carolinas Campaign, he fought with distinction at the Battle of Bentonville, where he commanded the brigade. He was appointed a brevet major general and was promoted to full Brigadier General in early 1865. He left the Army in February 1866.\n", "Section::::Settlement in the South.\n", "He decided to settle in the South, living for a year in Mobile, Alabama, where he reopened a law practice. He moved to the state capital of before moving to Montgomery, to continue his practice of law. There he bought property and cultivated cotton, hiring free African-American workers, likely as sharecroppers. He served as a Chancellor, Middle Chancery Division of Alabama, Montgomery, Alabama from 1868 to 1869.\n", "Section::::Federal judicial career.\n", "Section::::Federal judicial career.:Circuit Court service.\n", "Woods was appointed as a United States Circuit Judge for the United States Circuit Courts for the Fifth Circuit. Woods was nominated by President Ulysses S. Grant on December 8, 1869, to a new seat, created by 16 Stat. 44. He was confirmed by the United States Senate on December 22, 1869, and received commission the same day. He was appointed to the United States Supreme Court, and resigned from the circuit court on December 23, 1880. \n", "The \"Slaughter-House Cases\", which \"tested the issue of the reach and breadth of the 14th Amendment\", were the most important cases that Woods adjudicated in the lower courts. He found that a state act that created a monopoly in the slaughterhouse business violated the Privileges and Immunities Clause of the new 14th Amendment and \"therefore was void\". Three years later, a majority of the Supreme Court reversed his decision in the \"Slaughter-House Cases\". At this point (relatively early in his career), Woods had a broad interpretation of the provisions of the 14th Amendment.\n", "Section::::Federal judicial career.:Supreme Court service.\n", "Woods was nominated by President Rutherford B. Hayes on December 15, 1880 to be an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States, to a seat vacated by William Strong. He was confirmed by the United States Senate, by a vote of 39 to 8, on December 21, 1880, and received commission the same day. He took the oath of office on January 5, 1881. \n", "Woods was the first person to be named to the Supreme Court from a former Confederate state since 1853. But he was known as a Northerner, Union veteran, and Republican Party member, so was acceptable to the U.S. Senate's Republican majority. \n", "Woods is not considered to have been a major contributor to the Court. He served six years on the bench, until his death in Washington, D.C.on May 14, 1887.\n", "Section::::Legacy and honors.\n", "During World War II the Liberty ship , built in Brunswick, Georgia, was named in his honor.\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- List of American Civil War generals (Union)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Slaughter-House Cases\"\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Theodore Dwight Woolsey\n", "Theodore Dwight Woolsey (October 31, 1801 – July 1, 1889) was an American academic, author and President of Yale College from 1846 through 1871.\n", "Section::::Biography.\n", "Theodore Dwight Woolsey was born October 31, 1801 in New York City. His mother was Elizabeth Dwight (1772–1813) and father was William Walton Woolsey (1766–1839).\n", "He graduated from Yale College in 1820, spent a year in legal study in Philadelphia, and two years of the study of theology at Princeton. For some time, he was a tutor at Yale, then went abroad to study Greek in Leipzig, Bonn, and Berlin. From 1831 to 1846 he was professor of Greek at Yale. His mother's brother Timothy Dwight (1752–1817) had been president of Yale 1795–1817. Jeremiah Day was the only president Yale had in between the family members. He was elected an Associate Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1845. After being chosen as president of Yale, he instructed students of history, political economy, political science, and especially international law.\n", "He resigned as president of Yale in 1871. After Noah Porter served as president, the office was back in the family as his cousin once removed Timothy Dwight V (1828–1916), was selected in 1886.\n", "During his 25 years as president, Yale advanced in wealth and influence and two new departments, the Scientific School and the School of Fine Arts, were begun. Woolsey was one of the founders of the \"New Englander\", chairman of the American commission for the revision of the Authorized Version of the Bible, president of the World's Evangelical Alliance at its international meeting in New York, a lifelong member and at one time president of the American Oriental Society, and a regent of the Smithsonian Institution. Among his writings and publications are these: Editions of the \"Alcestis\" of Euripides (1834), of the \"Antigone\" of Sophocles (1835), of the \"Prometheus\" of Æschylus (1837), of the \"Electra\" of Sophocles (1837), and of the \"Gorgias\" of Plato (1843); an edition of Lieber's \"Civil liberty and Self Government\", and:\n", "BULLET::::- \"Introduction to the study of International Law\" (1860, many times republished)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Essays on Divorce and Divorce Legislation\" (1869)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Religion of the Present and Future\", a collections of sermons (1871)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Political Science\" (1877)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Communism and Socialism\" (1880)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Helpful Thoughts for Young Men\" (1882)\n", "Section::::Family and legacy.\n", "Dwight married twice and had a total of 13 children.\n", "On September 5, 1833 he married Martha Salisbury, who was born November 30, 1812 and died November 3, 1852. Their children were:\n", "BULLET::::1. Edward Salisbury Woolsey was born June 10, 1834, but died from scarlet fever on December 17, 1843.\n", "BULLET::::2. Elizabeth Woolsey was born November 30, 1835, but died in the same scarlet fever epidemic on the same day as her two brothers.\n", "BULLET::::3. Agnes Woolsey was born June 30, 1838, married Edgar Laing Heermance (1833–1888), had three children and died in 1915.\n", "BULLET::::4. William Walton Woolsey was born June 12, 1840, and died in the 1843 scarlet fever epidemic.\n", "BULLET::::5. Laura Woolsey was born June 22, 1842 but died of typhoid fever on March 23, 1861.\n", "BULLET::::6. Catherine Woolsey was born January 17, 1845 but died June 7, 1854.\n", "BULLET::::7. Martha Woolsey was born July 7, 1847 but died December 6, 1870.\n", "BULLET::::8. Helen Woolsey was born August 7, 1849 but died December 8, 1870.\n", "BULLET::::9. Theodore Salisbury Woolsey was born October 22, 1852 and died April 24, 1929.\n", "On September 6, 1854 he married Sarah Sears Prichard, who was born March 3, 1824 and died in 1900.\n", "Their children were:\n", "BULLET::::1. Mary Pritchard Woolsey born September 1, 1855, married Alfred Terry Bacon and died in 1931.\n", "BULLET::::2. John Muirson Woolsey was born February 13, 1858 but died from typhoid fever March 13, 1861.\n", "BULLET::::3. George Woolsey was born May 2, 1861\n", "BULLET::::4. Edith Woolsey was born July 2, 1864.\n", "Dwight died July 1, 1889 in New Haven.\n", "Dwight was a descendant of George (Joris) Woolsey, one of the earliest settlers of New Amsterdam, and Thomas Cornell (settler)\n", "Woolsey Hall at Yale, completed in 1901, and Woolsey Street in New Haven, Connecticut are named in his honor. The statue erected in his memory, now displayed on Yale's Old Campus, has a golden toe from being rubbed for good luck.\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- New England Dwight family\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Kelley, Brooks Mather. (1999). \"Yale: A History.\" New Haven: Yale University Press. ; OCLC 810552\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "American jurist; President of Yale University", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q7781764", "wikidata_label": "Theodore Dwight Woolsey", "wikipedia_title": "Theodore Dwight Woolsey" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Hubert Work\n", "Hubert Work (July 3, 1860December 14, 1942) was a U.S. administrator and physician. He served as the United States Postmaster General from 1922 until 1923 during the presidency of Warren G. Harding. He served as the United States Secretary of the Interior from 1923 until 1928 during the administrations of Warren G. Harding and Calvin Coolidge.\n", "Section::::Early life and career.\n", "Work was born in Marion Center, Pennsylvania, to Tabitha Van Horn and Moses Thompson Work. He attended medical school at the University of Michigan from 1882 to 1883 and received an M.D. from the University of Pennsylvania in 1885. He settled in Colorado and founded Woodcroft Hospital in Pueblo, Colorado, in 1896.\n", "Work was active in the Republican Party and served as the Colorado state chairman in 1912. In 1914, Work ran unsuccessfully in a special election for the United States Senate. He was defeated by Democrat Charles S. Thomas, later the governor of Colorado.\n", "Work received 98,728 votes (39 percent) compared to Thomas' 102,037 ballots (40.3 percent). This was Colorado's first Senate election by popular vote under the Seventeenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. During World War I, Work served in the U.S. Army Medical Corps and attained the rank of lieutenant colonel.\n", "From 1921 to 1922, Work served as the president of the American Medical Association. He was the Colorado delegate to the Republican National Convention in 1920 and was chairman of the Republican National Committee from 1928 to 1929.\n", "Work served as the U.S. Assistant Postmaster General from 1921 to 1922, and as the U.S. Postmaster General from 1922 to 1923 under President Harding. He served as the U.S. Secretary of the Interior from 1923 to 1928, under the administrations of President Warren G. Harding and Calvin Coolidge. During Work's tenure as the Secretary of the Interior, American citizenship was formally granted to the Native Americans in the United States. He resigned from the Department of the Interior on July 24, 1928, and was replaced by Roy O. West. He was the first physician to serve in the U.S. Cabinet.\n", "Section::::Personal life.\n", "In 1887, Work married Laura M. Arbuckle (18591924), with whom he had three children: Philip, Dorcas \"Doris\" Logan, and Robert Van Horn Work. Work's first wife died and he married the former Ethel Reed Gano in 1933.\n", "Work died in Denver, Colorado, on December 14, 1942. He was buried in Arlington National Cemetery in Arlington, Virginia, next to his first wife.\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Hubert Work biography at americanpresident.org\n", "BULLET::::- Photographs of Hubert Work's Gravestone\n", "BULLET::::- Hubert Work papers at the Hoover Institution Archives\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "American politician", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q368717", "wikidata_label": "Hubert Work", "wikipedia_title": "Hubert Work" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "John Maynard Woodworth\n", "John Maynard Woodworth (August 15, 1837 – March 14, 1879) was an American physician and member of the Woodworth political family. He served as the first Supervising-Surgeon General under U.S. president Ulysses S. Grant, then changed to Surgeon General of the United States Marine Hospital Service from 1871 to 1879.\n", "Section::::Early life and education.\n", "Woodworth was born at Big Flats, Chemung County, New York. His family soon moved to Illinois, where Woodworth attended school in Warrenville. He studied pharmacy at the University of Chicago and worked as a pharmacist for a time.\n", "Woodworth was one of the organizers of the Chicago Academy of Science and in 1858 became curator of its museum. In this capacity, he made several trips west of the Mississippi River to collect natural history specimens. He was appointed naturalist by the University of Chicago in 1859 and asked to establish a museum of natural history. Woodworth also spent time working at the Smithsonian Institution over the next few years. He then decided to embark on medical studies, and graduated from the Chicago Medical College in 1862.\n", "Section::::Career.\n", "Almost immediately upon graduating from medical school, Woodworth was appointed Assistant Surgeon in the Union Army. He was soon promoted to Surgeon and eventually became Medical Director of the Army of the Tennessee. Woodworth served under General William Tecumseh Sherman, and on \"Sherman's March to the Sea\" he was in charge of the ambulance train, bringing the sick and wounded to Savannah without the loss of a single man.\n", "After the war, Woodworth became a companion of the Pennsylvania Commandery of the Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States.\n", "Following the Civil War, Woodworth spent a year in Europe, receiving clinical instruction chiefly in the hospitals of Berlin and Vienna. In 1866, he became demonstrator in anatomy at the Chicago Medical College. He was also appointed Surgeon of the Soldier's home of Chicago and Sanitary Inspector of the Chicago Board of Health in that same year.\n", "Section::::Surgeon General.\n", "In 1871, Woodworth was appointed the first Supervising Surgeon of the Marine Hospital Service. The Service had its origins in a 1798 Act of Congress \"for the relief of sick and disabled seamen.\" The 1798 law created a fund to be used by the Federal Government of the United States to provide medical services to merchant seamen in American ports, which was expanded to include military and others who made their living associated with seagoing. The marine hospital fund was administered by the Treasury Department and financed through a monthly deduction from the wages of the seamen. Medical care was provided through contracts with existing hospitals and, increasingly as time went on, through the construction of new hospitals for this purpose. The earliest marine hospitals were located along the East Coast of the United States, with Boston being the site of the first such facility, but later they were also established along inland waterways, the Great Lakes, and the Gulf Coast and Pacific Coast.\n", "The marine hospitals hardly constituted a system in the Antebellum period. Funds for the hospitals were inadequate, political rather than medical reasons often influenced the choice of sites for hospitals and the selection of physicians, and the Treasury Department had little supervisory authority over the hospitals. During the Civil War, the Union and Confederate forces occupied the hospitals for their own use, and in 1864 only 8 of the 27 hospitals listed before the war were operational. In 1869, the United States Secretary of the Treasury commissioned an extensive study of the marine hospitals, and the resulting critical report led to the passage of reform legislation in the following year.\n", "The 1870 reorganization converted the loose network of locally controlled hospitals into a centrally controlled Marine Hospital Service, with its headquarters in Washington, D.C.. The position of Supervising Surgeon (later Surgeon General) was created to administer the Service. Woodworth began his service in the position on March 29, 1871, and he moved quickly to reform the system. He adopted a military model for his medical staff, instituting examinations for applicants instead of appointing physicians on the recommendation of the local Collector of Customs. Physicians, whom Woodworth placed in uniforms, were no longer appointed to serve in a particular facility, but appointed to the general Service. In this way, Woodworth created a cadre of mobile, career service physicians who could be assigned and moved as needed to the various marine hospitals. The uniformed services component of the Marine Hospital Service was formalized as the Commissioned Corps by legislation enacted in 1889 under Woodworth's successor, John B. Hamilton.\n", "In 1872, Woodworth initiated the publication of annual reports of the Marine Hospital Service. That same year he also served as one of the founders of the American Public Health Association.\n", "From the time of his appointment, Woodworth envisioned broader responsibilities for the Marine Hospital Service, well beyond the care of merchant seamen. In 1873, his title was changed to Supervising Surgeon General. He issued publications on cholera and yellow fever, and laid the foundations for the passage of the National Quarantine Act of 1878. This Act conferred quarantine authority on the Marine Hospital Service, initiating a process whereby over the next half a century the Service progressively took over quarantine functions from the states. The Act also authorized the publication of \"Bulletins of the Public Health\" (the forerunner of the Service's journal \"Public Health Reports\"). The Marine Hospital Service thus moved into public health activities under Woodworth, paving the way for its later evolution into the Public Health Service.\n", "Woodworth also designed the seal of the Service, which he first used on a publication that he authored in 1874 on Nomenclature of Diseases. The seal consisted of a fouled anchor, to represent the seamen cared for by the Service, and the caduceus of Mercury. The latter symbol was particularly appropriate since it served as a symbol of commerce (which could represent the merchant marine) but was also used by the Army Medical Corps as its symbol. With minor changes in design, this device has remained the seal of the Public Health Service to the present day.\n", "Woodworth remained in the position of Supervising Surgeon General until his death in Washington, DC, on 14 March 1879.\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "Woodworth, John Maynard", "John M. Woodworth", "Woodworth, John M." ] }, "description": "American physician and Supervising-Surgeon General", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q5406363", "wikidata_label": "John Maynard Woodworth", "wikipedia_title": "John Maynard Woodworth" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Samantha Smith (tennis)\n", "Samantha \"Sam\" Smith (born 27 November 1971) is a British former professional tennis player, who was the British ladies' No. 1 from 1996 to 1999. She now commentates on the game, predominantly for the BBC, ITV, Sky Sports, BT Sport and Eurosport, as well as in Australia on the Australian Open which she has been a part of for 11 years with the Seven Network and as of 2019 the Nine Network.\n", "Section::::Early life.\n", "Smith was born in Essex and was educated at Bancroft's School. She took three years out of tennis to attend the University of Exeter where she attained an upper second class Honours degree in history.\n", "Section::::Tennis career.\n", "Smith competed on the WTA Tour from 1990 to 1992 and from 1995 to 2000. Her highest achievement was in reaching the fourth round at the Wimbledon Championships in 1998, when she beat Anne-Gaëlle Sidot, Mariana Díaz Oliva and former champion Conchita Martínez before losing to eventual runner up Nathalie Tauziat. In so doing she picked up an ankle injury that required her to have two operations and spend four months in plaster; this effectively ended her career. She peaked at No. 55 in the WTA rankings before the injury curtailed her climb up the rankings.\n", "At the Australian Open, she competed in the first round of the women's doubles competition in 1992 (with Ilana Berger), and reached the second round in 1999.\n", "At the French Open at Roland Garros, she competed in the first round in 1991 and 1999.\n", "At Wimbledon, she competed eight times and reached the fourth round in 1998.\n", "At the US Open, she competed in the first round in 1998 and reached the second round in 1997.\n", "At the 1992 Barcelona Olympics she reached the second round.\n", "Smith won a silver medal in the mixed doubles at the 1995 Universiade (World University Games) in Fukuoka, Japan, partnering Paul Robinson. She also reached the quarterfinals in the singles.\n", "She won the ITF tournaments at Nottingham in 1995 (singles and doubles) and Frinton-on-Sea in 2000. She represented Britain in the Fed Cup and European Cup in 1991 and from 1996 to 1999. She was unbeaten in her five singles matches in the 1997 Fed Cup.\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "William Wallace Wotherspoon\n", "William Wallace Wotherspoon (November 16, 1850 – October 21, 1921) was a United States Army general who served as Chief of Staff of the United States Army in 1914.\n", "Section::::Early life.\n", "Wotherspoon was born in Washington, D.C., on November 16, 1850, the son of Army surgeon Alexander Summerville Wotherspoon (1817–1884) and Louisa Kuhn Wotherspoon. Alexander Wotherspoon was a veteran of the Mexican War; in addition to serving on Winfield Scott's staff, he was present when President Zachary Taylor became ill in 1850, and treated Taylor during his final illness.\n", "William Wotherspoon was educated in private schools and served aboard ship as a mate in the United States Navy from 1870 to 1873.\n", "Section::::Army career.\n", "Wotherspoon was commissioned a second lieutenant and assigned to the 12th Infantry in October 1873. From 1874 to 1881, he served in the West during the Indian wars as a troop officer and quartermaster.\n", "After a year of absence from the Army for being sick, he became the superintendent and did much needed work to expand the Soldiers' Home in Washington, D.C. He then served at Fort Sully and at Mount Vernon Barracks, where he trained a company of Apache prisoners from 1890 to 1894. In 1893 he became an hereditary member of the Aztec Club of 1847.\n", "In 1894, he became aide to General Oliver O. Howard, commander of the Department of the East, and was the Rhode Island College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts (today named the University of Rhode Island) first Professor Military Science and Tactics from 1894 to 1898.\n", "Section::::Army career.:Spanish–American War.\n", "In 1898, while on recruiting duty at Fort McPherson, he organized the 3rd Battalion, 12th Infantry. He served in the Philippines against insurgents and as collector of customs at Iloilo from 1899 to 1901.\n", "Section::::Army career.:Senior command.\n", "In 1901, he was promoted to major and transferred to the 30th Infantry. He commanded the 2nd Battalion, 6th Infantry at Fort Leavenworth and then taught at the Command and General Staff College from 1902 to 1904. He was promoted to lieutenant colonel and assigned to the 14th Infantry in 1904 and later was transferred to the 19th Infantry and became the director of the U.S. Army War College from 1904 to 1906. Wotherspooon was the chief of staff of the Army of Cuban Pacification from 1906 to 1907.\n", "Wotherspoon served as the acting president of the Army War College and chief of the Third Division, General Staff in 1907. He was promoted to brigadier general in October 1907, advanced over 140 officers with more seniority. He was president of the Army War College, serving from 1907 to 1909 and again from 1910 to 1912. Wotherspoon was largely instrumental in transforming the Army War College from an adjunct of the General Staff to an autonomous educational institution, he became assistant to the chief of staff from 1901 to 1910 and again in 1912 to 1914. He was promoted to major general in May 1912 and served as the commander of the Department of the Gulf until that September.\n", "Section::::Army career.:Army Chief of Staff.\n", "Wotherspoon became the Chief of Staff of the United States Army in 1914; he served from April 21 to November 15. During his term, he highlighted the shortage of experienced officers and noncommissioned as the Army began to prepare for possible involvement in World War I. He also emphasized the need to improve coastal defenses to match battleships that were increasing in size and armament, oversaw establishment of the Army's first aviation section as a branch of the Signal Corps, and completion of the Panama Canal and its opening to ship traffic.\n", "Section::::Retirement.\n", "Wotherspoon retired upon reaching the mandatory retirement age of 64 on November 16, 1914 After retiring, he was New York State Superintendent of Public Works from 1915 to 1920.\n", "Wotherspoon died in Washington, D.C. on October 21, 1921. He was buried with full military honors at Arlington National Cemetery, Section 3, Site 1949.\n", "Section::::Family.\n", "In 1887, while stationed in northern New York, he married Mary C. Adams (1865–1953) of Utica, New York. They were the parents of a son, Alexander Somerville Wotherspoon (1892–1976). Alexander Wotherspoon was a career officer in the United States Navy, and retired as a rear admiral.\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "William W. Wotherspoon", "William Wotherspoon" ] }, "description": "6th Chief of Staff of the United States Army", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q8019943", "wikidata_label": "William Wallace Wotherspoon", "wikipedia_title": "William Wallace Wotherspoon" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Manfred Wörner\n", "Manfred Hermann Wörner (24 September 1934 in Stuttgart-Bad Cannstatt – 13 August 1994 in Brussels) was a German politician and diplomat. He served as the defense minister of West Germany between 1982 and 1988. He then served as the seventh Secretary General of NATO from 1988 to 1994. His term as Secretary General saw the end of the Cold War and the German reunification. Whilst serving in that position, he was diagnosed with cancer, but, in spite of his illness, continued serving until his final days.\n", "Section::::Family.\n", "He grew up in his grandfather's house in Stuttgart-Bad Cannstatt and attended the Johannes-Kepler-Gymnasium there. He was married to Elfie Wörner, who was supporting several German army related humanitarian agencies, and who died of a tumor on 4 July 2006.\n", "Section::::Education.\n", "After graduation in 1953 he studied Law at Heidelberg, Paris, and Munich. He closed his studies 1957 with the first and 1961 the second Staatsexamen. He got his Dr. jur. in 1961 writing about International law. Afterwards he worked for the administration of Baden-Württemberg. He was a county official for Oehringen until 1962, for the Baden-Württemberg Landtag until 1965 and the County Göppingen. Wörner was a jet pilot and reserve officer of the Luftwaffe.\n", "Section::::Political career.\n", "Wörner was a member of the German CDU and was elected to the German parliament, representing Göppingen.\n", "On 4 October 1982 he was appointed Federal Minister of Defence in Helmut Kohl's government. Wörner played an important role in defending NATO's decision to deploy intermediate-range ballistic missiles IRBM after arms reduction talks with the Soviet Union to reverse Soviet deployment of its SS-20 intermediate-range ballistic missiles IRBM from the years before.\n", "In 1983, Wörner faced criticism due to the scandal surrounding German General Günter Kießling. The German military secret service had accused Kießling of being homosexual—this was later revealed to be a case of mistaken identity—and Wörner had ordered Kießling's early retirement, as homosexuality was considered a security risk at the time. Kießling insisted on disciplinary procedures against himself and eventually achieved his reinstatement. Wörner accepted political responsibility for the affair and on 18 May 1984 offered his resignation, which was however rejected by German Chancellor Helmut Kohl.\n", "In December 1987, the sixteen members of NATO elected Wörner Secretary General. He was the first German to be appointed to that position. Resigning from his post in the German government, he took office on 1 July 1988.\n", "An address given by Wörner in 1990 to the Bremer Tabak Collegium became a subject of a controversy when Vladimir Putin cited it in his 2007 speech at 43rd Munich Conference on Security Policy to claim that NATO made a promise not to expand eastward after the end of the Cold War.\n", "Wörner executed his duties as NATO Secretary General despite a severe illness and until his death from Colorectal cancer in 1994. He is buried at the cemetery of Hohenstaufen nearby Göppingen.\n", "Section::::Personal life.\n", "In December 1972 Wörner married Anna-Maria Caesar. From 1982 until his death he was married with Elfie Wörner, née Reinsch (1941–2006).\n", "Section::::Manfred Wörner Medal.\n", "Since 1996, the Ministry of Defense has awarded the Manfred Wörner Medal on an annual basis to honour public figures who have rendered \"special meritorious service to peace and freedom in Europe\".\n", "Since then it was given to:\n", "BULLET::::- 1996 Richard Holbrooke, US diplomat and Special Envoy in Bosnia and Kosovo\n", "BULLET::::- 1997 Ewald-Heinrich von Kleist-Schmenzin, publisher and initiator of the Munich Conference on Security Policy\n", "BULLET::::- 1998 Dr. Gerd Wagner (postmortem), for the implementation of the Dayton Agreement\n", "BULLET::::- 1999 Dr. Janusz Onyszkiewicz, Minister of Defense of Poland\n", "BULLET::::- 2000 Elizabeth Pond, American Journalist\n", "BULLET::::- 2001 Karsten Voigt, Coordinator at the German State Department for the German-American Cooperation\n", "BULLET::::- 2002 Javier Solana, the EU's foreign policy chief and former Secretary General of NATO\n", "BULLET::::- 2003 Prof. Dr. Catherine McArdle Kelleher, U.S. Naval War College and former Head of the Aspen Institute Berlin\n", "BULLET::::- 2005 Hans Koschnick\n", "BULLET::::- 2006 Christian Schwarz-Schilling\n", "BULLET::::- 2007 Martti Ahtisaari\n", "BULLET::::- 2009 Jörg Schönbohm\n", "BULLET::::- 2011 Hans-Friedrich von Ploetz, German diplomat\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- Manfred Wörner Foundation\n", "BULLET::::- NATO Declassified - Manfred Wörner (biography)\n", "Section::::Honours.\n", "Wörner Gap on Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica is named after Dr. Wörner in recognition of his contribution to European unification.\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Sviatoslav II of Kiev\n", "Sviatoslav II Iaroslavich or Sviatoslav II Yaroslavich (1027 – 27 December 1077 in Kiev) was Grand Prince of Kiev between 1073 and 1077. He was born as a younger son of Grand Prince Yaroslav the Wise. His baptismal name was Nicholas.\n", "He ruled the Principality of Vladimir in Volhynia in his father's lifetime (from around 1040 to 1054). Yaroslav the Wise, who divided the Kievan Rus' between his five sons in his testament, willed the Principality of Chernigov to Sviatoslav. Sviatoslav joined his brothers, Iziaslav of Kiev and Vsevolod of Pereyaslav, in forming a princely \"triumvirate\" that oversaw the affairs of Kievan Rus' until 1072. The three brothers together fought against their enemies, including the nomadic Oghuz Turks, and their distant relative, Prince Vseslav of Polotsk. The Cumans defeated their united force in the autumn of 1068, but Sviatoslav routed a Cuman band plundering his principality.\n", "The \"triumvirate\" broke up, when Sviatoslav, supported by his younger brother Vsevolod, dethroned and replaced their older brother Iziaslav in 1073. He commissioned the compilation of at least two miscellanies of theological works. Otherwise, his short reign was uneventful.\n", "Section::::Early life.\n", "Sviatoslav was the fourth son of Yaroslav the Wise, Grand Prince of Kiev, and his wife, Ingegerd of Sweden. He was born in 1027. The \"Lyubetskiy sinodik\"a list of the princes of Chernigov which was completed in the Monastery of Saint Anthony in Lyubechwrites that his baptismal name was Nicholas.\n", "The \"Russian Primary Chronicle\" writes that Sviatoslav was staying \"at Vladimir\" (Volodymyr-Volynskyi, Ukraine) in Volhynia around the time his father fell seriously ill before his death. According to the historian Martin Dimnik, the chronicle's report shows that Yaroslav the Wise had, most probably in about 1040, appointed Sviatoslav to rule this important town of the Kievan Rus'.\n", "On his deathbed, Yaroslav the Wise divided the most important towns of his realm among his five sonsIziaslav, Sviatoslav, Vsevolod, Igor, and Vyacheslavwho survived him. To Sviatoslav, he bequeathed Chernigov (Chernihiv, Ukraine). The dying grand prince also ordered that his four younger sons should \"heed\" their eldest brother, Iziaslav who received Kiev.\n", "Section::::Triumvirate.\n", "Yaroslav the Wise died on 20 February 1054. His three elder sonsIziaslav of Kiev, Sviatoslav of Chernigov, and Vsevolod of Pereyaslavdecided to jointly govern the Kievan Rus'. Historian Martin Dimnik writes that taking into account Sviatoslav's political and military skills it \"is reasonable to assume that he was one of the main motivating forces, if not the actual architect, of many of the policies adopted\" by the three brothers. The \"triumviri\" closely cooperated in the following years. In 1059 they liberated their uncle, Sudislav whom their father had sent to prison around 1035. They made a joint expedition \"by horse and ship against the Torks\" or Oghuz Turks, according to the \"Russian Primary Chronicle\", in 1060. On hearing of the arrival of the Rus' forces, the Torks fled from their lands without resistance.\n", "In 1065, Sviatoslav led his troops against his nephew, Rostislav Vladimirovich, who had in the previous year expelled by force Sviatoslav's son, Gleb from Tmutorakan. Upon Sviatoslav's arrival, Rostislav withdrew from this important center of his uncle's domains, but he reoccupied it after Sviatoslav had returned to Chernigov. A distant cousin of the \"triumviri\", Vseslav Briacheslavich (Prince of Polotsk), attacked Pskov in 1065, according to \"The Chronicle of Pskov\". Vseslav Briacheslavich could not take this town, but he seized and plundered Novgorodwhich had been ruled by Iziaslav of Kiev's son, Mstislavin the next winter. Izyaslav, Sviatoslav and Vsevolod soon united their forces and set forth against Vseslav, \"though it was the dead of winter\", according to the \"Russian Primary Chronicle\". They routed Vseslav's army by the Nemiga River (near Minsk) on 3 March 1066. Vseslav, who fled from the battlefield, agreed to enter into negotiations with the \"triumviri\", but they treacherously captured him at a meeting at Orsha in early June.\n", "The Cumans, who had emerged as the dominant power of the Pontic steppes in the early 1060s, invaded the southern regions of Kievan Rus' in 1068. The three brothers together marched against the invaders, but the Cumans routed them on the Alta River. From the battlefield, Sviatoslav withdrew to Chernigov and regrouped his troops. He returned to defeat the Cumans with a smaller force at the town of Snovsk on 1 November, thus enhancing his prestige among the populace. In the meantime, the townspeople of Kiev had dethroned and expelled Sviatoslav's brother, Iziaslav. Taking advantage of Iziaslav's absence, Sviatopluk sent his own son, Gleb to Novgorod to rule the town.\n", "Iziaslav returned at the head of Polish reinforcements. The townspeople of Kiev sent messages to Sviatoslav and Vsevolod, imploring them to come to their \"father's city\" and defend it, according to the \"Russian Primary Chronicle\". Sviatoslav and Vsevolod requested Iziaslav \"not to lead the Poles in attack upon Kiev\", stating that \"if he intended to nurse his wrath and destroy the city, they would be properly concerned for the ancestral capital\". Iziaslav partially acquiesced: he did not let his Polish allies enter the town, but his retinue slaughtered or mutilated many of his opponents in Kiev. He also attempted to punish Anthonythe founder of the Monastery of the Caves in Kievwho had supported his enemies, but Sviatoslav gave shelter to the saintly monk in Chernigov.\n", "With Iziaslav's return to Kiev, the \"triumvirate\" was restored. The three brothers together visited Vyshhorod in order to participate in the translation of the relics of their saintly uncles, Boris and Gleb on 3 May 1072. According to \"The Narrative, Passion, and Encomium of Boris and Gleb\", Sviatoslav took Saint Gleb's hand and \"pressed it to his injury, for he had pain in his neck, and to his eyes, and to his forehead\" before placing it back into the coffin. In short Sviatoslav felt a pain at the top of his head and his servant found a fingernail of the saint under his cap. Most historians agree that the three brothers expanded their father's legal code on this occasion, but the exact date is unknown. \n", "Section::::Grand Prince of Kiev.\n", "According to the \"Russian Primary Chronicle\", \"the devil stirred up strife\" among the three brothers shortly after the canonization of Saints Boris and Gleb. Sviatoslav and Vsevolod united their forces and expelled Iziaslav from Kiev on 22 March 1073. The chronicler put the blame for this action on Sviatoslav, stating that \"he was the instigator of his brother's expulsion, for he desired more power\". The chronicler also states that Sviatoslav had \"misled Vsevolod by asserting that\" Iziaslav \"was entering into an alliance\" with Vseslav Briacheslavich against them. Modern historians disagree about the motives of Sviatoslav's action. Franklin and Shepard write that he was driven by \"straightforward greed\"; Martin says that Sviatoslav who seems to have suffered from a grave illness wanted to secure his sons' right to Kiev which would have been lost if Sviatoslav \"had predeceased Iziaslav without having ruled\" the town. In fact, the \"Russian Primary Chronicle\" states that it was Sviatoslav who \"ruled in Kiev after the expulsion\" of Iziaslav.\n", "Initially, the head of the Monastery of the Caves, Feodosy criticized Sviatoslav for usurping the throne. However, before his death in May 1074 he was reconciled with the grand prince, who supported the foundation of a stone church dedicated to the Mother of God in Kiev. Sviatoslav also supported the compilation of ecclesiastic works. Two \"izborniki\" or miscellaniescollections of excerpts from the Bible and from theological workswere completed under his auspices in 1073 and 1076. According to the \"Izbornik of 1073\", Sviatoslav, who is praised as a \"new Ptolemy\", had by that time collected a great number of spiritual books.\n", "Sviatoslav's rule was short and uneventful. His dethroned brother first fled to Poland, but Duke Boleslav II, who was Sviatoslav's son-in-law, expelled him from his lands. Next Iziaslav sought the assistance of the German monarch, Henry IV. The latter, in 1075, sent his envoysincluding Sviatoslav's brother-in-law, Burchardto Kiev to collect more information. According to the \"Russian Primary Chronicle\", \"in his pride\", Sviatoslav \"showed them his riches\", displaying them \"the innumerable quantity of his gold, silver and silks\". In 1076 Sviatoslav sent reinforcements to Poland to help his son-in-law against the Bohemians.\n", "Sviatoslav died on 27 December 1077. The \"Russian Primary Chronicle\" writes that \"the cutting of a sore\" caused his death. He was buried in the Holy Savior Cathedral in Chernigov. Within a year, his elder brother Iziaslav was restored and Sviatoslav's sons lost most parts of his domains.\n", "Section::::Family.\n", "According to the \"Lyubetskiy sinodik\", Sviatoslav's wife was Killikiya or Kelikia (Cecilia). On the other hand, German chroniclers write that his wife was Oda of Stade, a sister of Burchard, the Provost of Trier and she gave birth to one son. A portrait depicting Sviatoslav and his family in the \"Izbornik of 1073\" shows that he had five sons and four of them were adults at the time their portrait was made. Based on these sources, Sviatoslav married twice.\n", "According to Dimnik, Sviatoslav married his first wife, Killikiya between 1043 and 1047. Their first child seems to have been a daughter, Vysheslava. Her eldest brother Gleb became prince of Tmutorakan and later of Novgorod. The second son of Sviatoslav and Killikiya was Oleg, the future prince of Chernigov. Davyd, the future prince of Novgorod and Chernigov was born around 1051. Roman, who became prince of Tmutorakan, was born around 1052.\n", "Sviatoslav married his second wife, Oda of Stade in about 1065, according to Dimnik. Oda, the daughter of Lothair Udo I, Margrave of the Nordmark, was in some way related to Henry III, Holy Roman Emperor. She gave birth to Sviatoslav's fifth son, Yaroslav, who later became prince of Murom and Chernigov. After Sviatoslav's death, Oda and her son moved to the Holy Roman Empire.\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- List of Ukrainian rulers\n", "BULLET::::- List of Russian rulers\n", "Section::::Sources.\n", "Section::::Sources.:Primary sources.\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Russian Primary Chronicle: Laurentian Text\" (Translated and edited by Samuel Hazzard Cross and Olgerd P. Sherbowitz-Wetzor) (1953). Medieval Academy of America. .\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Narrative, Passion, and Encomium of Boris and Gleb\" In Kantor, Marvin (1983). \"Medieval Slavic Lives of Saints and Princes\". University of Michigan. .\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Ledley King\n", "Ledley Brenton King (born 12 October 1980) is an English former footballer who was a one-club man, spending his entire career playing 321 competitive matches for Tottenham Hotspur from 1999 to 2012. Highly rated as a central defender, in 2009 he was named by \"The Times\" as Tottenham's 25th best player of all time. From 2002 to 2010, King made 21 international appearances for England, scoring twice and representing the nation at UEFA Euro 2004 and the 2010 FIFA World Cup.\n", "In the latter part of his career, King was plagued by chronic knee problems, for which no effective treatment or remedy was found. Instead of training with the rest of the squad King undertook fitness exercises on his own, allowing him to play one first team game per week. His former manager Harry Redknapp called King \"an absolute freak\" for being able to perform at Premiership level despite not training. Whilst playing, King was cited by opponents and pundits as one of the best defenders in the Premier League.\n", "King announced his retirement from all forms of football on 19 July 2012 as a result of the chronic knee injuries that plagued much of his career. He continues to represent Tottenham Hotspur on an ambassadorial level.\n", "Section::::Early career.\n", "King was born in Bow, London in 1980. As a youth footballer, he played for Senrab F.C. and the Tower Hamlets district representative team. He attended the Blessed John Roche RC School, which is now closed. King joined Tottenham as a trainee in July 1996 and progressed through the youth system. Whilst a trainee, he was identified as having qualities and instincts similar to Bobby Moore.\n", "Section::::Club career.\n", "Section::::Club career.:Tottenham Hotspur.\n", "Section::::Club career.:Tottenham Hotspur.:1999–2001.\n", "His debut came in May 1999 at Anfield ending in a 3–2 defeat to Liverpool. When breaking into the first team under former manager George Graham he was often used as a midfielder. It was with a performance in central midfield during Tottenham's 2–1 win over Liverpool in November 2000 that he established himself as a regular in the Spurs side. His first goal for Tottenham came in December 2000 in a 3–3 draw away to Bradford City after just 10 seconds, setting a new Premier League record for the quickest goal. This record stood for over 18 years, finally beaten by Shane Long, scoring for Southampton on 23 April 2019 after only 7.69 seconds.\n", "Section::::Club career.:Tottenham Hotspur.:2006–2012.\n", "After injuring his knee in training before the start of the season, King did not start his season until mid-September. Then after breaking his metatarsal again, he did not feature for Spurs from Boxing Day until the UEFA Cup quarter-final clash with Sevilla in mid-April. Spurs played 59 games in all competitions that season, but King featured in less than half of them. Tottenham only managed 3 clean sheets against top flight opposition without King in the side. In a Premier League clash with reigning champions Chelsea at White Hart Lane, Spurs went on to win the game 2–1, meaning King had captained Tottenham to their first league win over Chelsea since 1990, and the first at White Hart Lane since 1987.\n", "King underwent surgery in the summer, meaning he would miss the start of the season. Manager Martin Jol had been sacked and replaced by Juande Ramos. But on Boxing Day 2007, King made a surprise return to the starting line-up against Fulham, playing 73 minutes before being replaced by Adel Taarabt. He appeared sporadically for the rest of the season, but captained Tottenham to a 2–1 victory over Chelsea in the 2008 League Cup final, the first major honour of his career.\n", "On 3 April 2008, it was announced that he would be rested for the remainder of the season, Spurs having been knocked out of the UEFA Cup, FA Cup and unable to qualify for the Champions League through the League. King had featured in just 10 games all season, with just four Premiership games under his belt.\n", "On 12 August 2008, King picked up the trophy for the cleanest team in the Premier league for the season. He received the award at the 'Get on with the Game' programme which was shown on Sky Sports News. \n", "It became clear at the start of the 2008–09 season that King's injury problems meant that he could not play in every game. Ramos picked him in all five of the cup games he managed the club for that season, but only two of the eight league games. With Spurs rooted to the bottom of the league, having picked up just 2 points from those 8 games, Ramos was sacked and replaced by Harry Redknapp, who chose to prioritise the league and only play King in those games. On 26 October 2008, King made his 200th league appearance for Tottenham Hotspur as they defeated Bolton Wanderers 2–0. He captained the club in the League Cup final yet again, this time against Manchester United, keeping a clean sheet after 120 minutes of play, but Tottenham lost on penalties.\n", "Harry Redknapp said of King's knee injury:\n", "\"There's no cure. There's no cartilage, nothing to operate on. It's just bone on bone. So it's just a question of managing it. It swells up after games and it normally takes seven days to recover but having played on Monday night he's had less time than usual. He rarely trains, he mostly just goes to the gym to keep himself ticking over. But not running or anything like that. But even if he only plays 20 games a season, he's worth having because he's so good we have a much better chance of winning.\"\n", "King won his first game ever against Arsenal in the league on 14 April 2010, with a 2–1 win, of which he played 90 minutes. Exactly three weeks later, on 5 May 2010 King captained Tottenham to a 1–0 away victory at Manchester City, thus guaranteeing Tottenham's highest ever finish in the Premier League and securing entry into the qualification round of the UEFA Champions League for the first time. King had been a major doubt for the match having played against Bolton just 4 days earlier, however his performance in this game and many other games in early 2010 look to have secured his place in Fabio Capello's England squad for the 2010 FIFA World Cup in South Africa. On 16 May 2010 it was reported that King had signed a new two-year contract extension with Spurs which would keep him at the club until 2012. It was rumoured that King had been released by Tottenham after The Premier League released a list of players who would not be staying at their clubs; with King included on the list. This was confirmed to be incorrect by Tottenham, who said they were still in the process of offering King a new deal.\n", "In 2011, a steel statue of King was erected in Mile End Park.\n", "On 19 July 2012, King announced he would retire from football. He has continued at Tottenham as a club ambassador. Many fans and fellow professionals believe that King would have gone on to become one of the best centre backs to have played the game. Thierry Henry stated he was the best defender he had played against and the only one to tackle him without resorting to fouling. Throughout the whole of his career King received only eight yellow cards, unusual even for a relatively short career.\n", "Section::::Club career.:Tottenham Hotspur.:Testimonial.\n", "On 12 May 2014, Ledley made a final playing appearance at White Hart Lane in his testimonial match. King with a Guests XI featuring David Ginola, Teddy Sheringham and Dimitar Berbatov faced a Tottenham Hotspur team made up of first and reserve team players. The game finished 6–3 to the Ledley XI, with King opening the scoring from the penalty spot, and Louis Saha netting a second half hat trick for the XI.\n", "Section::::International career.\n", "King's England debut came in a 1–2 loss to Italy in March 2002. He was called into the England squad for the friendly against Portugal on 18 February 2004, and netted his first goal on his third appearance.\n", "King received his England call-up for Euro 2004 deputising for the injured John Terry in the opener against France in Portugal. He also made a substitute appearance in midfield in the final group game against Croatia.\n", "After featuring regularly in the qualifiers, King looked a likely participant in the England 2006 World Cup squad before fracturing a bone in his foot on 15 April 2006. Although not as bad as a similar injury affecting David Beckham, Gary Neville and Steven Gerrard, King's injury prevented him from being named in Sven-Göran Eriksson's squad. \"Ledley King is injured and he can't train. If you talk about centre-halves we are very well covered, so taking another one half-injured when we have so many good ones it is not a good idea.\"\n", "King played in the Euro 2008 qualifier against Estonia on 6 June 2007. King played 90 minutes and England won 3–0. Although he featured in Fabio Capello's first squad, he had to pull out through injury. Due to the chronic knee condition which preventing him holding down a regular place in the club side he was also not selected for England games for the rest of 2007 and during the whole of 2008.\n", "On 22 March 2009, King was given a recall by head coach Fabio Capello to the team to play Slovakia and Ukraine. However, two days later he was removed from the squad after being assessed by England's medical staff, who thought it was in his best interests to continue his personal training regime at his club, due to the chronic knee condition that he has.\n", "Fabio Capello later said, in response to Harry Redknapp's objection to King's call-up, \"Without doubt, King is one of the best central defenders in England. If he was fit, Redknapp would not need to make the journey. King could come with us.\" He later promoted King's cause again, saying that \"We hope (he has an international future), because he's a very interesting player – one of the best centre-backs. But I don't know the future.\"\n", "On 11 May 2010, King was named in the 30-man provisional squad for the 2010 FIFA World Cup alongside fellow Spurs central defender Michael Dawson. He went on to score a headed goal against Mexico in the first preparation friendly on 24 May.\n", "King made it into England's World Cup 2010 squad. On 12 June 2010, King played 45 minutes for England in their opening match against the US, before picking up a groin injury which kept him out of the rest of the tournament.\n", "Section::::Personal life.\n", "King is cousins with West Ham United full-back Ben Johnson.\n", "Section::::Personal life.:2009 arrest.\n", "On 10 May 2009 at 2:30 am, King was arrested on Soho Street on suspicion of a racially aggravated common assault outside a London nightclub. He spent the night in a police cell and was subsequently bailed until mid-July while the police investigated the incident. King later issued an apology to his club, saying:\n", "\"I sincerely regret that a night out with friends went too far. I have apologised to Harry and I fully appreciate that, as a professional footballer, I have a duty to behave in a responsible manner\", King said in a statement on the club's website. \"I am assisting the police with their enquiries. Anyone who knows me, knows that much of what has been suggested is totally out of character. I am keen to resolve this as soon as possible and concentrate on my football.\"\n", "This prompted his manager at Tottenham, Harry Redknapp, to promise a ban on alcohol for Tottenham players:\n", "\"I'll implement a strong rule next season that drinking is a no-no here. Footballers should not drink. You shouldn't put diesel in a Ferrari. I know it's hard but they are earning big money, they are role models to kids. We wouldn't get these problems if the players weren't drinking. There's still too much of a drinking culture in English football but it's not as bad as it used to be. At Tottenham we do a lot with kids, a lot of them underprivileged. We have to set an example. Too much drinking goes on in this country. Too many people are not happy unless they have had a drink.\"\n", "Section::::Honours.\n", "Tottenham Hotspur\n", "BULLET::::- Football League Cup: 2007–08; runner-up: 2001–02, 2008–09\n", "Individual\n", "BULLET::::- Premier League Player of the Month: September 2004\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- TheFA.com profile\n", "BULLET::::- King's international data at England Football Online\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Joseph Robert Wright Jr.\n", "Joseph R. Wright Jr. (born 1938) works currently works in business. Prior he used to work in the United States government as the Director of the Office of Management and Budget for president Ronald Reagan.\n", "Section::::Career in business.\n", "Joseph R. Wright Jr. (Joe) currently serves as Executive Partner/Consultant to Comvest Partners. He is also Chairman of the Investment Committees of Surry Capital, LLC, ClearSky Power and Technology Fund, LLC and ClearSky Security Fund, Executive Chairman of Federal Data Systems and Senior Advisor to Chart Capital Partners.\n", "Joe is on the Boards of The Cowen Group and EBIX. He is a member of the Council on Foreign Relations, Council for Excellence in Government, Council of Chief Executives, Committee for Responsible Federal Budget, The Economic Club of New York and Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation (OMRF).\n", "Joe was Chairman of Intelsat, CEO of PanAmSat, Chairman of GRC International, Executive Chairman of MTN Satellite Communications, CEO of Scientific Games, Co-Chairman of Baker & Taylor, EVP, Vice Chairman and Director of W. R. Grace, Chairman of Grace Energy Company and President of Grace Environmental Company, Senior Advisor to Providence Equity, Vice Chairman of Terremark, President of two Citibank subsidiaries and Vice President and Partner of Booz Allen and Hamilton, in addition to executive positions in several other smaller companies.\n", "Section::::Career in Government.\n", "Joe served in the U.S. Government under President Reagan as Deputy Director and Director of the Federal Office of Management and Budget (OMB) and a member of the President’s Cabinet. Prior to that he was Deputy Secretary of the Department of Commerce. In addition, he held various management and economic positions in the Federal Departments of Defense, Commerce and Agriculture.\n", "Joe received the Distinguished Citizens Award from President Reagan, was appointed to the President’s Export Council by President H.W. Bush as Chairman of the Export Control Sub-Committee. He was also appointed to the President’s Commission on U.S. Postal Service Reform and the National Security Telecommunications Advisory Committee (NSTAC), the Federal Communications Commission’s Network Reliability and Interoperability Council and several other advisory boards by President George W. Bush. He served on the Defense Business Board under three Presidents, including the present administration. Joe has active Top Secret and SCI clearances with the U.S. Government.\n", "Section::::Financial Sector.\n", "Before the 1980s, Joe was President of Citicorp Retail Services and Retail Consumer Services, credit card subsidiaries of Citibank.\n", "He began his career at Booz Allen Hamilton, Inc. where he became a Partner and the Division Head of the Growth Services consulting business.\n", "Section::::Service on Boards.\n", "Joe previously served on the Board of Directors of Travelers, Harcourt Brace Janovich, Kroll, Titan, Proxim, Federal Signal, Hampton University, Priority Holdings, AT&T Government Markets and others.\n", "Joe is on the Boards of The Cowen Group and EBIX. He is a member of the Council on Foreign Relations, Council for Excellence in Government, Council of Chief Executives, Committee for Responsible Federal Budget, The Economic Club of New York and Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation (OMRF).\n", "Section::::Awards.\n", "Joe received the Distinguished Citizens Award from President Reagan and the Distinguished Achievement Award from Colorado School of Mines. He was also awarded the Government Computer News Annual Award for Excellence at the Government Computer Expo. in 1985.\n", "Section::::Education.\n", "Joe received a master's degree in Industrial Administration from Yale University and a Professional Engineering Degree from the Colorado School of Mines.\n", "Section::::Personal life.\n", "Joe lives with his wife, Ellen, in New York City.\n", "Section::::References.\n", "BULLET::::- Jefferson Consulting biography)\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "John Lorimer Worden\n", "John Lorimer Worden (March 12, 1818 – October 19, 1897) was a U.S. Navy officer in the American Civil War, who took part in the Battle of Hampton Roads, the first-ever engagement between ironclad steamships at Hampton Roads, Virginia, on 9 March 1862.\n", "Commanding the Union’s only warship of this class, , Worden challenged the Confederate vessel \"Virginia\", a converted steam-frigate that had sunk two Union blockaders and damaged two others. After a four-hour battle, both ships withdrew, unable to pierce the other’s armour.\n", "Section::::Background and early career.\n", "Worden was born in Scarborough, New York. He grew up in Swartwoutville, Dutchess County, New York, and was married to Olivia Toffey, the aunt of Daniel Toffey, captain's clerk of the USS \"Monitor\". He was appointed midshipman in the Navy on January 10, 1834. He served his first three years in the sloop-of-war \"Erie\" on the Brazil Station. Following that, he was briefly assigned to the sloop before he reported to the Naval School at Philadelphia, Pennsylvania for seven months of instruction. He returned to sea in July 1840 for two years with the Pacific Squadron.\n", "Between 1844 and 1846, Worden was stationed at the Naval Observatory in Washington, D.C. During the Mexican–American War, he cruised the west coast, primarily in the store ship \"Southampton\", but in other ships as well. In 1850, he returned to the Naval Observatory for another two-year tour of duty. The ensuing nine years were filled with sea duty which took Worden on several cruises in the Caribbean and Mediterranean Seas.\n", "Section::::Civil War service.\n", "Brought to Washington early in 1861, he received orders in April to carry secret dispatches—regarding the reinforcement of Fort Pickens—south to the warships at Pensacola. During the return journey north, Worden was arrested near Montgomery, Alabama, and was held prisoner until exchanged about seven months later.\n", "Section::::Civil War service.:Taking command of the \"Monitor\".\n", "Though still ill as a result of his imprisonment, Lieutenant Worden accepted orders to command the new ironclad \"Monitor\" on January 16, 1862. He reported to her building site at Greenpoint in Brooklyn on Long Island and supervised her completion. He placed the new warship in commission at the New York Navy Yard on February 25 and two days later sailed for Hampton Roads. However, steering failure forced the ironclad back to New York for repairs. On March 6, she headed south again, this time under tow by \"Seth Low\".\n", "On the afternoon of March 8, \"Monitor\" approached Cape Henry, Virginia, while inside Hampton Roads, the Confederacy's own ironclad, CSS \"Virginia\", wrought havoc with the Union Navy's wooden blockading fleet. During that engagement, the Southern warship sank both the sloop and the frigate , as well as severely damaging the steam frigate before retiring behind Sewell's Point. Arriving on the scene too late to participate in the engagement, Worden and his ship set about assisting the grounded \"Minnesota\".\n", "Section::::Civil War service.:The battle of the ironclads.\n", "At daybreak on the 9th, \"Virginia\" emerged once more from behind Sewell's Point to complete her reduction of the Federal fleet at Hampton Roads. As the Confederate ironclad approached \"Minnesota\", Worden maneuvered \"Monitor\" from the grounded ship's shadow to engage \"Virginia\" in the battle that revolutionized naval warfare. For four hours, the two iron-plated ships slugged it out as they maneuvered in the narrow channel of Hampton Roads, pouring shot and shell at one another to almost no visible effect. Three hours into the slug fest, Worden received facial wounds when a Confederate shell exploded just outside the pilot house that partially blinded him. He relinquished command to his first officer, Samuel D. Greene. About an hour later, \"Monitor\" withdrew from the battle temporarily and, upon her return to the scene, found that \"Virginia\", too, had withdrawn. The first battle between steam-driven, armored ships had ended in a draw.\n", "Section::::Civil War service.:Other wartime commands.\n", "After the battle, Worden moved ashore to convalesce from his wounds. During that recuperative period, he received the accolade of a grateful nation, the official thanks of the United States Congress, and promotion to commander. Late in 1862, he took command of the ironclad monitor \"Montauk\" and placed her in commission at New York on December 14, 1862. Later in the month, Worden took his new ship south to join the South Atlantic Blockading Squadron off Port Royal, South Carolina. On January 27, 1863, he led his ship in the bombardment of Fort McAllister. A month later, newly promoted Captain Worden took his ship into the Ogeechee River, found the Confederate privateer \"Rattlesnake\" (formerly CSS \"Nashville\"), and destroyed her with five well-placed shots. His last action came of April 7, 1863, when \"Montauk\" participated in an attack on Charleston, South Carolina.\n", "Section::::Post-war career and last years.\n", "Not long after the Charleston attack, Capt. Worden received orders to shore duty in conjunction with the construction of ironclads in New York. That assignment lasted until the late 1860s. He was promoted to commodore in May 1868. In 1869, Commodore Worden began a five-year tour as Superintendent of the United States Naval Academy. In 1872, Worden was promoted to Rear Admiral. In 1873 he became the first president of the United States Naval Institute.\n", "During the late 1870s, he commanded the European Squadron, visiting ports in northern Europe and patrolling the eastern Mediterranean during the Russo-Turkish War of 1877-78. He returned ashore and concluded his naval career as a member of the Examining Board and as President of the Retiring Board. When he retired on December 23, 1886, Congress voted him full sea pay in his grade for life.\n", "Admiral Worden was a member of the Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States, Sons of the American Revolution, Naval Order of the United States and the Military Order of Foreign Wars.\n", "Rear Admiral Worden resided in Washington, D.C., until his death from pneumonia on October 19, 1897. After funeral services at St. John's Episcopal Church in Washington, he was buried in the Pawling Cemetery in Pawling, New York. He was married to Olivia Toffey (1820–1903), and she and three of their four children survived him. His oldest son was John Lorimer Worden, Jr. (1845–1873), who served as a volunteer captain in the U.S. Army during the Civil War and later as a first lieutenant in the regular army until his death in 1873. The second son was Daniel Toffey Worden (1847–1914), a Wall Street stock broker. Worden also had two daughters, Grace Worden (1852–1905) and Olivia Steele Worden (1856–1933). Worden's widow and all of his children except Daniel were buried with him in Pawling, New York.\n", "Section::::Tiffany & Co. Sword.\n", "After the battle of the \"Monitor\" and \"Virginia\" the state of New York celebrated their hero with the commissioning of a custom-made gold and silver inlaid sword from Tiffany & Co. The handle was emblazoned with the Roman god of the sea, Neptune, and included a gold-plated sheath and gold embroidered belt made at the cost of $550.\n", "In 1912, fifteen years after his death, Worden's family donated the sword to the Naval Academy where it rested until 1931 when it was stolen. The subsequent naval investigation yielded no leads.\n", "The sword was missing for over six decades until 1998 when the FBI began an investigation into several dealers of the PBS show Antiques Roadshow. By 2002, three men were in jail for $1 million in memorabilia fraud. The FBI continued to delve further into the records of the appraisers, searching for more stolen items. The sword had been purchased by an appraiser and then resold to a collector. After the FBI verified the sword was stolen, it was confiscated and returned to the Naval Academy.\n", "Section::::Namesake.\n", "Fort Worden, located in Port Townsend, Washington and four United States Navy ships have been named USS \"Worden\" for him. The parade field at the United States Naval Academy is named in his honor. The John L. Worden Camp 150, Sons of Union Veterans of the Civil War, is based in Peekskill, N.Y., not far from Worden's grave in Pawling, N.Y.\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "List of Superintendents of the United States Naval Academy\n", "Section::::Bibliography.\n", "BULLET::::- Nelson, James L. 2004. \"The Reign of Iron: The Story of the First Battling Ironclads, the Monitor and the Merrimack\". HarperCollins Publishers, NY.\n", "BULLET::::- https://repository.library.noaa.gov/view/noaa/14275\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Rear Admiral John L. Worden, USN\n", "BULLET::::- Mizzentop's History\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "United States Navy admiral", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q9293463", "wikidata_label": "John Lorimer Worden", "wikipedia_title": "John Lorimer Worden" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Joseph Marshall Walker\n", "Joseph Marshall Walker (July 1, 1784 – January 20, 1856) was a Louisiana soldier and politician. He was the 13th Governor of Louisiana, from 1850-1853.\n", "Walker was born to an English father and a French-Creole mother in the French Quarter of New Orleans, Louisiana. At that time Louisiana was a colony of Spain. In 1807, he went to Mexico and joined the Spanish army, serving as a lieutenant of dragoons, and later becoming master of a military school at Chihuahua.\n", "After the outbreak of the War of 1812 he returned to New Orleans and enlisted in the Louisiana State Militia. He served fighting against the British in the Battle of New Orleans at Chalmette, Louisiana.\n", "Section::::Political career.\n", "A member of the Democratic Party, he was first elected to public office in 1820, as a member of the House of Representatives of Louisiana.\n", "On January 22, 1822, he was made Brigadier General of the First Brigade of the State Militia, serving concurrently with his role as a member of the state house.\n", "Walker was reelected to the legislature in 1822, 1832, and 1836. He was active in promoting the State Militia, and was credited with improving the organization and discipline of that force.\n", "In 1846 he served as State Treasurer.\n", "In 1849 he ran for Governor, winning against split Whig opposition from General Alexander De Clouet and Duncan F. Kenner. On 28 January 1850, he became the first governor inaugurated in the new state capital at Baton Rouge.\n", "As governor he established a free public school system for white children.\n", "There was widespread opposition to the 1846 State Constitution, and a convention adopted a new one in 1852. Walker strongly objected to this document, and resigned because of this the following year, and retired to a family plantation in Rapides Parish. He turned down offers from Democratic Party officials to be their candidate for the United States House of Representatives. Joseph Marshall Walker died three years later in 1856.\n", "Section::::References.\n", "BULLET::::- Sobel, Robert, and John Raimo, eds. Biographical Directory of the Governors of the United States, 1789–1978, Vol. 2, Westport, Conn.; Meckler Books, 1978. 4 vols.\n", "BULLET::::- State of Louisiana - Biography\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Luke Edward Wright\n", "Luke Edward Wright (August 29, 1846 – November 17, 1922) was a United States political figure. He served as Governor-General of the Philippines between 1904 and 1906 and also as Secretary of War from 1908 to 1909.\n", "Section::::Biography.\n", "Luke Edward Wright was born in Giles County, Tennessee, and moved with his family to Memphis in 1850. He attended the public schools, and enlisted at fifteen in the Confederate States Army with Company G of the 154th Senior Tennessee Infantry Regiment during the American Civil War. In 1863, Wright was cited for bravery under fire in the Battle of Murfreesboro and was promoted to second lieutenant. After the Civil War, Wright attended the University of Mississippi from 1867 to 1868, but he did not graduate. In 1868 General Luke Edward Wright was married to Miss Katherine Middleton Semmes, a daughter of Admiral Raphael Semmes of the Confederate States navy. \n", "After studying law in his father's office, Wright was admitted to the bar and entered into practice in Memphis. For eight years, he served as Tennessee Attorney General, and he was instrumental in establishing a relief committee during an epidemic of yellow fever in 1878. Before the nomination of William Jennings Bryan, Wright was a Democrat. In 1900, Wright was a member of the second Philippine Commission and was appointed vice-governor of the Philippines in 1901. Wright became full Governor-General of the Philippines in 1904 and continued in that office until 1906. From 1906 to 1907, Wright served as the first full United States Ambassador to Japan.\n", "From July 1, 1908 to March 1, 1909, Wright served as United States Secretary of War under President Theodore Roosevelt. He stressed actions to eliminate unfit officers and sought to take advantage of aviation technology. He served less than a year before resigning. He returned to private life and died in Memphis in 1922.\n", "Section::::Legacy.\n", "The \"Pool of Pines\", better known as Wright Park in Baguio City, Philippines was named after Governor Luke E. Wright, the architect of this long, shallow reflecting pool. A street in Dumaguete City in Negros Oriental province is named after him.\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Wright Park, Baguio City Philippines\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "William Wrigley Jr.\n", "William L. Wrigley Jr. (September 30, 1861 – January 26, 1932) was an American chewing gum industrialist. He was founder and eponym of the Wm. Wrigley Jr. Company in 1891. He was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.\n", "Section::::Life.\n", "William Wrigley Jr. was born on September 30, 1861, during the Civil War, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.\n", "In 1891, Wrigley moved from Philadelphia to Chicago to go into business for himself. He had $32 to his name ($843 in 2018) and with it he formed a business to sell Wrigley's Scouring Soap. He offered customers small premiums, particularly baking powder, as an incentive to buy his soap. Finding the baking powder was more popular than his soap, Wrigley switched to selling baking powder, and giving his customers two packages of chewing gum for each can of baking powder they purchased. Again, Wrigley found that the premium he offered was more popular than his base product, and his company began to concentrate on the manufacture and sale of chewing gum. In this business, Wrigley made his name and fortune.\n", "Wrigley played an instrumental role in the development of Santa Catalina Island, California, off the shore of Los Angeles, California. He bought a controlling interest in the Santa Catalina Island Company in 1919 and with the company received the island. Wrigley improved the island with public utilities, new steamships, a hotel, the Casino building, and extensive plantings of trees, shrubs, and flowers. He also sought to create an enterprise that would help employ local residents. By making use of clay and minerals found on the island at a beach near Avalon, in 1927 William Wrigley Jr. created the Pebbly Beach quarry and tile plant. Along with creating jobs for Avalon residents, the plant also supplied material for Wrigley's numerous building projects on the island. After the building of Avalon's Casino (\"see Avalon Theater (Catalina)\") in 1929, the Catalina Clay Products Tile and Pottery Plant began producing glazed tiles, dinnerware and other household items such as bookends.\n", "Another of Wrigley's legacies was his plan for the future of Catalina Island—that it be protected for future generations to enjoy. In 1972, his son, Philip K. Wrigley, established the Catalina Island Conservancy for this purpose and transferred all family ownership to it. Wrigley is honored by the Wrigley Memorial in the Wrigley Botanical Gardens on the island.\n", "In 1916, Wrigley bought a minority stake in the Chicago Cubs baseball team as part of a group headed by Charles Weeghman, former owner of the Federal League's Chicago Whales. Over the next four years, as Weeghman's lunch-counter business declined, he was forced to sell much of his stock in the ball club to Wrigley. By 1918, Weeghman had sold all of his stock to Wrigley, making Wrigley the largest shareholder and principal owner, and by 1921, Wrigley was majority owner. Wrigley Field, the Cubs' ballpark in Chicago, is named for him. The now-demolished former home of the Los Angeles Angels of the Pacific Coast League, at that time the Cubs' top farm team, was also called Wrigley Field. Wrigley purchased the Chicago Cubs from Albert Lasker in 1925.\n", "The Arizona Biltmore Hotel in Phoenix, Arizona, was partially financed and wholly owned by Wrigley, who finished the nearby Wrigley Mansion as a winter cottage in 1931. At , it was the smallest of his five residences.\n", "Section::::Death.\n", "William Wrigley Jr. died on January 26, 1932, at his Phoenix, Arizona mansion, at age 70. He was interred in his custom-designed sarcophagus located in the tower of the Wrigley Memorial & Botanical Gardens near his beloved home on California's Catalina Island. In 1947, Wrigley's remains were moved to allow the gardens to be made public. There is a rumor that the remains were moved during World War II due to \"wartime security concerns\". His original grave memorial marker still adorns the tower site. Wrigley was reinterred in the corridor alcove end of the Sanctuary of Gratitude, at Forest Lawn Memorial Park Cemetery in Glendale, California. He left his fortune to daughter Dorothy Wrigley Offield and son Philip K. Wrigley. The son continued to run the company until his death in 1977. His ashes were interred near his father, in the same Sanctuary of Gratitude alcove.\n", "His great-grandson, William Wrigley Jr. II, is the executive chairman and former CEO of the Wrigley Company. Wrigley was inducted into the Junior Achievement U.S. Business Hall of Fame in 2000.\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- Tournament House, formerly the Wrigley Mansion, in Pasadena, California\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Biography Resource Center\n", "BULLET::::- Jack Bales, \"Weeghman and Wrigley,\" WrigleyIvy.com.\n", "BULLET::::- Jack Bales, \"Wrigley Jr. and Veeck Sr.,” WrigleyIvy.com.\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Bob Wright\n", "Robert Charles Wright (born April 23, 1943) is an American lawyer, businessman, and author. He is a former NBC executive, having served as president and CEO from 1986 to 2001, and chairman and CEO from 2001 until he retired in 2007. He has been credited with overseeing the broadcast network's expansion into a media conglomerate and leading the company to record earnings in the 1990s. Prior to NBC, he held several posts at General Electric in the 1960s, 70s and 80s. He served as President and CEO of GE Capital, GE Financial Services 1983 to 1986 and served as GE's vice chairman until he retired from that role in 2008. \n", "Wright is currently leading a national health policy initiative to establish HARPA, a Health Advanced Research Projects Agency. HARPA is a proposal developed by the Suzanne Wright Foundation, which Bob Wright established after his wife, Suzanne, died from pancreatic cancer in July 2016. HARPA would exist within HHS and leverage federal research assets and private sector tools to drive medical breakthroughs for diseases, like pancreatic cancer, that have not benefited from the current system. The Agency would work within an innovation ecosystem that includes: the commercial market; biotech and healthcare companies; venture capital and philanthropy; academic institutions; and other government and regulatory agencies. HARPA is modeled after the DoD's DARPA, the gold-standard for innovation, accountability and results.\n", "In 2005, Wright and his late wife, Suzanne Wright, founded Autism Speaks. His book, \"The Wright Stuff: from NBC to Autism Speaks\" (), written with Diane Mermigas, was published March 29, 2016.\n", "Section::::Early life and education.\n", "Wright was born on April 23, 1943, in Hempstead, New York, on Long Island, the only child of Catherine Drum Wright and Gerald Franklin Wright. After graduating from Chaminade High School in Mineola, New York, Wright enrolled at the College of the Holy Cross in Worcester, Massachusetts. He originally studied pre-med, but later changed his studies to major in psychology and minor in history. He graduated with a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1965. Wright earned an LL.B from the University of Virginia School of Law in 1968.\n", "Section::::Career.\n", "Section::::Career.:Early career.\n", "Wright began his career with General Electric as a staff lawyer in 1969. The following year, he left GE to take a judicial clerkship for a federal judge in New Jersey. Wright joined GE again in 1973 as a lawyer for the company's plastics unit, where he later took on several management positions. GE made a deal to acquire radio, broadcast TV and cable properties of Atlanta, Georgia-based Cox Communications in 1979 and appointed Wright as Cox Cable president and executive vice president of Cox Broadcasting. The deal did not come to fruition, however Wright remained with Cox Cable as president until 1983. Under Wright's leadership, Cox Cable launched franchises across the U.S., including franchises in Omaha, Nebraska, Tucson, Arizona, New Orleans, Louisiana, Vancouver, Washington, suburbs near Chicago, Illinois, and Providence, Rhode Island, and a portion of Long Island, New York. Wright was a contemporary of Ted Turner (Turner Broadcasting Systems), John Malone (TCI), Chuck Dolan (Cablevision Systems) and Ralph J. Roberts (Comcast) during the early days of cable television. Wright left Cox to join GE once again in 1983, when GE chairman and CEO Jack Welch hired him to lead the company's housewares and audio units. He was promoted to president of GE Financial Services from 1984 to 1986.\n", "Section::::Career.:NBC and NBC Universal.\n", "GE named Wright the president and CEO of NBC Broadcasting when the company acquired the broadcast network in 1986. He succeeded Grant Tinker in the role. He became chairman and CEO of NBC in 2001. He was named chairman and CEO of NBC Universal in 2004.\n", "Upon succeeding Tinker, Wright's main mission became finding new areas of business in addition to running a television network, and transformed the network into a media conglomerate. NBC launched CNBC in 1989 and MSNBC in 1996. Both are examples of the strategic partnerships NBC created under Wright to improve distribution and content. CNBC included a partnership with Dow Jones allowing delivery of local business and financial news in Europe and Asia; and MSNBC was a venture with Microsoft that launched a new 24-hour news network and accompanying news website to combine the two mediums.\n", "Wright is credited with leading NBC during a time when the company became a powerful media leader, driving the company to record earnings in the 1990s. The network reported $5 billion in revenues and nearly more $1 billion in operating profits in 1996. Also under Wright, NBC acquired Universal Pictures, Telemundo and Bravo.\n", "In the early- and mid-90s, Wright and NBC led efforts to persuade lawmakers and regulators to relax rules preventing networks from becoming multichannel program providers, obtaining certain financial interests and syndication.\n", "General Electric named Wright as vice chairman of NBC's then-parent company in 2000.\n", "Under Wright, NBC completed its acquisition of Vivendi Universal Entertainment in 2004. Led by Wright, the newly formed NBCUniversal controlled seven cable networks, including USA Network and Sci-Fi Channel); 29 TV stations; film and TV studios; and theme parks.\n", "During his career with NBC, Wright was active in opposing digital piracy, and was a founding member of the Global Leadership Group for the Business Alliance to Stop Counterfeiting and Piracy. In that role, Wright spoke at the Global Congress on Combating Counterfeiting and Piracy in Geneva, Switzerland, pushing for lawmakers and businesses to curb rising intellectual property theft in the digital age, and delivered a speech titled \"Technology and the Rule of Law in the Digital Age\" at the Media Institute in 2004. He also penned an op-ed in \"The Wall Street Journal\" titled \"Stop IP theft\". Wright's speech at the Media Institute was published in the Notre Dame Journal of Law, Ethics & Public Policy. His 2002 speech for the Legatus Tri-State Chapter on issues of faith and business was reprinted in \"50 High-Impact Speeches and Remarks.\"\n", "Wright retired from NBC in 2007. When Wright first took the helm at the network, it saw operating profits of $400 million. In 2007, when he retired, NBC generated $3.1 billion in profit on $15.4 billion in revenue. He remained vice chairman of GE until his retirement from that role in 2008.\n", "Section::::Career.:Autism Speaks.\n", "One of Wright's grandchildren, Christian, was diagnosed with autism, prompting him and his wife, Suzanne, to found an advocacy group. The couple launched Autism Speaks in 2005, and Wright became its chairman. The Wrights' organization merged with Autism Coalition for Research and Education in 2005, National Alliance for Autism Research in 2006 and Cure Autism Now in 2007. In its first 9 years, Autism Speaks invested a half-billion dollars, focusing on science and research. The organization helped persuade the U.S. government to invest billions in autism research; as of 2014, Congress had dedicated more than $3 billion for autism research and monitoring. During Wright's tenure, the organization teamed up with Google in 2014 on the MSSNG project to sequence a database of autism genomes. Wright resigned as chairman of Autism Speaks in May 2015; as of February 2016, he remained on the board as a co-founder of the organization and on its executive committee.\n", "Section::::Career.:The Suzanne Wright Foundation.\n", "Bob Wright is Founder and Chairman of the Suzanne Wright Foundation, established in honor of his late wife, Suzanne, who died from pancreatic cancer on July 29, 2016. The Suzanne Wright Foundation launched CodePurple, a national awareness and advocacy campaign to fight pancreatic cancer. Pancreatic cancer has the highest mortality rate of all major cancers. With no screening tools, the mortality rate is 92% and has seen virtually no improvement in more than 40 years. Through advocacy and awareness, the foundation's goal is to accelerate discovery of detection tools, better treatments, and ultimately, a cure for pancreatic cancer. \n", "The Suzanne Wright Foundation proposes a national health policy initiative to establish HARPA, the Health Advanced Research Projects Agency. HARPA would exist with HHS and leverage federal research assets and private sector tools to drive medical breakthroughs for diseases, like pancreatic cancer, that have not benefited from the current system. HARPA is modeled after the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), the gold-standard for innovation and accountability. DARPA, an agency within the Department of Defense, developed The Internet, Voice Recognition Technology, GPS navigation, Night vision, Robotic Prostheses, Stealth Technology. DARPA’s success proves there is an effective government model for translating science to product. HARPA’s identical operating principles, built on urgency, leadership, high-impact investments and accountability, would advance scientific research “from bench to bedside.” HARPA would work within an innovation ecosystem that includes: the commercial market; biotech and healthcare companies; venture capital and philanthropy; academic institutions; and other government and regulatory agencies.\n", "On May 22, 2018, The Suzanne Wright Foundation premiered their film The Patients Are Waiting: How HARPA Will Change Lives, in New York City. The film screening was followed by a panel hosted by Maria Bartiromo, Anchor and Global Markets Editor, FOX Business Network – FOX News Channel. Panelists included Bob Wright, Dr. Herbert Pardes, Executive Vice Chairman of NewYork–Presbyterian Hospital; Former Director NIMH, Dr. Geoffrey Ling, Col. (Ret.) Prof. of Neurology, Johns Hopkins; Founder & Former Director, DARPA BTO, Jessica Morris, Co-founder of OurBrainBank, and Karen Reeves, President & CMO, AZTherapies.\n", "Section::::Career.:Lee Equity Partners.\n", "Lee Equity Partners, a private equity firm run by financier Thomas H. Lee, announced in January 2008 that Wright would join the company as a senior advisor. Due to Wright's background with GE Financial Services and NBC, Wright was brought on to advise in media and financial sector deals.\n", "Section::::Career.:Boards and affiliations.\n", "Wright has served on numerous boards, councils and committees. As of February 2016, he sits on the board of directors for Polo Ralph Lauren; Autism Speaks, an autism advocacy group he co-founded with his late wife, Suzanne; AMC Networks; Alfred E. Smith Memorial Foundation; and Palm Beach Fellowship of Christians & Jews. He is chairman and CEO of Palm Beach Civic Association. He is a life trustee of the New York-Presbyterian Hospital.\n", "Section::::Honors and awards.\n", "Wright has accepted various awards and honors during his career in media. He was inducted into the Broadcasting & Cable Hall of Fame in 1996, the Cable Center's Cable Hall of Fame in 2007 and AAF's Advertising Hall of Fame in 2009. He received the \"Gold Medal Award\" from International Radio & Television Society Foundation in 1997, the \"Steven J. Ross Humanitarian of the Year Award\" of UJA-Federation of New York in 1998, \"Public Service Award\" from the Ad Council in 2002, Broadcasters' Foundation's \"Golden Mike Award\" in 2003, Media Institute's 2004 \"Freedom of Speech Award\", \"Humanitarian Award\" from the Simon Wiesenthal Center in 2005, \"Distinguished Leadership in Business Award\" from Columbia Business School in 2005, and the \"Visionary Award\" from the Museum of Television & Radio in 2006. He also was awarded the Minorities in Broadcasting Training Program's \"Striving for Excellence Award\".\n", "Wright and his wife, Suzanne, have been honored for their work with Autism Speaks. They were presented with the first-ever \"Double Helix Medal\" for Corporate Leadership from Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, the New York University \"Child Advocacy Award\", the Castle Connolly \"National Health Leadership Award\" and the American Ireland Fund \"Humanitarian Award\". They received the \"Dean's Medal\" from the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, the \"President's Medal for Excellence\" at Boston College's Wall Street Council Tribute Dinner and the \"Visionary Award\" at the 20th Annual Nantucket Film Festival. The Wrights were named among \"Time's\" 100 most influential people in the world in 2008.\n", "Section::::Personal life.\n", ".Wright was married to his wife, Suzanne, from 1967 until her death from pancreatic cancer in 2016. He has three children, Katie, Chris, and Maggie and six grandchildren: Christian, Mattias, Morgan, Maisie, Alex, and Sloan.\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- The Late Shift (film)\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Autism Speaks Founders Message\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "US businessman", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q4934469", "wikidata_label": "Bob Wright", "wikipedia_title": "Bob Wright" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "S. S. Van Dine\n", "S. S. Van Dine (also styled S.S. Van Dine) is the pseudonym used by American art critic Willard Huntington Wright (October 15, 1888 – April 11, 1939) when he wrote detective novels. Wright was an important figure in avant-garde cultural circles in pre-World War I New York, and under the pseudonym (which he originally used to conceal his identity) he created the immensely popular fictional detective Philo Vance, a sleuth and aesthete who first appeared in books in the 1920s, then in movies and on the radio.\n", "Section::::Early life.\n", "Willard Huntington Wright was born to Archibald Davenport Wright and Annie Van Vranken Wright on October 15, 1888, in Charlottesville, Virginia. His younger brother, Stanton Macdonald-Wright, became a respected painter, one of the first American abstract artists, and co-founder (with Morgan Russell) of the school of modern art known as \"Synchromism\". Willard and Stanton were raised in Santa Monica, California, where their father owned a hotel. Willard, a largely self-taught writer, attended St. Vincent College, Pomona College, and Harvard University without graduating. In 1907, he married Katharine Belle Boynton of Seattle, Washington; they had one child, Beverley. He abandoned Katherine and Beverley early in their marriage. Katharine was granted a divorce in October 1930. he married for a second time in October 1930. His second wife was Eleanor Rulapaugh, known professionally as Claire De Lisle, a portrait painter and socialite.\n", "Section::::Writing career.\n", "At age 21, Wright began his professional writing career as literary editor of the \"Los Angeles Times\", where – describing himself as \"'Esthetic expert and psychological shark\" – he was known for his scathing book reviews and irreverent opinions. He was particularly caustic about romance and detective fiction. His friend and mentor H.L. Mencken was an early inspiration. Other important literary influences included Oscar Wilde and Ambrose Bierce. Wright was an advocate of the naturalism of Theodore Dreiser, and Wright's own novel, \"The Man of Promise\" (1916), was written in a similar style.\n", "In 1909, Wright wrote a perceptive profile of Edgar Allan Poe for the Los Angeles Times. Wright moved New York City in 1911. He published realist fiction as editor of the New York literary magazine \"The Smart Set,\" from 1912 to 1914, a job he attained with Mencken's help. He was fired from that position when the magazine's conservative owner felt that Wright was intentionally provoking their middle-class readership with his interest in unconventional and often sexually explicit fiction. In his two-year tenure, Wright published short stories by Gabriele D'Annunzio, Floyd Dell, Ford Madox Ford, D.H. Lawrence, and George Moore; a play by Joseph Conrad; and poems by Ezra Pound and William Butler Yeats.\n", "In 1913, he visited Paris and Munich, seeing Impressionist and Synchromist works of art. He wrote an article about the art, \"Impressionism to Synchromism\", December 1913, published in \"New York\" magazine, which brought the abstract art to public attention in the US.\n", "Wright's energies were devoted to numerous projects, reflecting his wide range of interests. His book \"What Nietzsche Taught\" appeared in 1915. An attempt to popularize the German philosopher with skeptical American audiences, it described and commented on all of Nietzsche's books and provided quotations from each work. Wright continued to write short stories in this period; in 2012 Brooks Hefner revealed heretofore unknown short stories that featured an intellectual criminal, written by Wright under a pseudonym several years before his adoption of the Van Dine pseudonym.\n", "Wright was, however, most respected in intellectual circles for his writing about art. In \"Modern Painting: Its Tendency and Meaning\" (secretly co-authored in 1915 with his brother Stanton), he surveyed the important art movements of the last hundred years from Manet to Cubism, praised the largely unknown work of Cézanne, and predicted a coming era in which an art of color abstraction would replace realism. Admired by people like Alfred Stieglitz and Georgia O'Keeffe, Wright became under his brother's tutelage one of the most progressive (and belligerently opinionated) art critics of the time and helped to organize several shows, including the \"Forum Exhibition of Modern American Painters\", that brought the most advanced new painters to the attention of audiences on both coasts. He also published a work of aesthetic philosophy, \"The Creative Will\" (1916), that O'Keeffe and William Faulkner both regarded as a meaningful influence on their thinking about artistic identity.\n", "In 1917, Wright published \"Misinforming a Nation\", in which he mounted a blistering attack on alleged inaccuracies and British biases in the \"Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition\". A Germanophile, Wright did not support America's decision to join the Allied cause in World War I, and he was blackballed from journalism for more than two years after an overzealous secretary (erroneously) accused him of spying for Germany, an episode that became a much-publicized scandal in New York in November 1917. Though cleared, his favourable view of Prussian militarism cost him his friendships with Mencken and Dreiser. In 1929, at the height of his fame as 'Philo Vance', he was appointed Police Commissioner of Bradley Beach, New Jersey. After suffering a nervous breakdown and the beginning of a long-term dependence on drugs, Wright retreated to California, where he attempted to make a living as a newspaper columnist in San Francisco.. Contrary to what is stated in some sources, Wright did write a biography of the poet Richard Hovey and it was announced for publication in Spring 1914. In 1929, Wright stated that \"It is true that at one time I was working on a book relating to Richard Hovey and his friends but Mrs Hovey died before the book went to press, and it has never been published\"; that remains the case.\n", "Section::::Journalism and reviews.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Edgar Allan Poe: His Art, Accomplishments, Influence\". Los Angeles Times, 19 January 1909\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Uselessness of Art\". West Coast Magazine, September 1909\n", "BULLET::::- \"View of a Highbrow Anent the Fighting Game\". Los Angeles Times, 20 March 1910\n", "BULLET::::- \"Hotbed of Soulful Culture, Vortex of Erotic Erudition\". Los Angeles Times, 22 May 1910\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Gambler's Life in Gay Reno\". Los Angeles Times, 26 June 2010\n", "BULLET::::- \"Fresh Literature – Books Reviewed\". Los Angeles Times, 11 September 1910\n", "BULLET::::- \"New Librarian Liberal in Policies, Would Specialise\". Los Angeles Times, 25 September 1910\n", "BULLET::::- \"Fresh Literature – Books Reviewed\". Los Angeles Times, 25 September 1910\n", "BULLET::::- \"Two Days in Los Angeles with Greatest Novelist\". Los Angeles Times, 13 November 1910\n", "BULLET::::- \"Fresh Literature – Book Reviews\". Los Angeles Times, 20 November 1910\n", "BULLET::::- \"Fresh Literature – Book Reviews\". Los Angeles Times, 4 December 1910\n", "BULLET::::- \"Fresh Literature – Book Reviews\". Los Angeles Times, 18 December 1910,\n", "BULLET::::- \"Fresh Literature – Book Reviews\". Los Angeles Times, 25 December 1910\n", "BULLET::::- \"Fresh Literature – Book Reviews\". Los Angeles Times, 1 January 1911\n", "BULLET::::- \"David Graham Phillips\". Los Angeles Times, 28 January 1911\n", "BULLET::::- \"Fresh Literature – Book Reviews\". Los Angeles Times, 19 March 1911\n", "BULLET::::- \"Advantage of Stupidity in Dramatic Censorship\". Los Angeles Times, 17 April 1911\n", "BULLET::::- \"David C McCann\". Los Angeles Times, 24 April 1911\n", "BULLET::::- \"Fresh Literature – Book Reviews\". Los Angeles Times, 30 April 1911\n", "BULLET::::- \"Fresh Literature – Book Reviews\". Los Angeles Times, 7 May 1911\n", "BULLET::::- \"Fresh Literature – Book Reviews\". Los Angeles Times, 14 May 1911\n", "BULLET::::- \"Fresh Literature – Book Reviews\". Los Angeles Times, 11 June 1911\n", "BULLET::::- \"Fresh Literature – Book Reviews\". Los Angeles Times, 2 July 1911\n", "BULLET::::- \"Fresh Literature – Book Reviews\". Los Angeles Times, 16 July 1911\n", "BULLET::::- \"Fresh Literature – Book Reviews\". Los Angeles Times, 23 July 1911\n", "BULLET::::- \"Fresh Literature – Book Reviews\". Los Angeles Times, 24 September 1911\n", "BULLET::::- \"Fresh Literature – Book Reviews\". Los Angeles Times, 8 October 1911\n", "BULLET::::- \"Fresh Literature – Book Reviews\". Los Angeles Times, 29 October 1911\n", "BULLET::::- \"Fresh Literature – Book Reviews\". Los Angeles Times, 28 October 1911\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Mission Play\". Sunset, July 1912\n", "BULLET::::- \"New Books and Book News\". Los Angeles Times, 7 March 1913\n", "BULLET::::- \"Los Angeles – The Chemically Pure\". The Smart Set, March 1913. Reprinted: The Smart Set Anthology (1934)\n", "BULLET::::- \"New Books and Book News\". Los Angeles Times, 1 June 1913\n", "BULLET::::- \"New Books and Book News\". Los Angeles Times, 8 June 1913\n", "BULLET::::- \"New Books and Book News\". Los Angeles Times, 15 June 1913\n", "BULLET::::- \"London’s Notorious Supper Clubs\". The Smart Set, [Date unknown]. Reprinted: Arizona Republican, 28 November 1913\n", "BULLET::::- \"He Hopes Our Nation Will Become Nietzschean\". New York Tribune, 26 March 1916\n", "BULLET::::- \"[Title Unknown]\". North American Review, October 1917\n", "BULLET::::- \"Pacificism and Art\". Los Angeles Times, 19 November 1917\n", "BULLET::::- \"A Pedant on Painting\". Los Angeles Times, 7 April 1918\n", "BULLET::::- \"New San Francisco – The Prophylactic\". Los Angeles Times, 4 August 1918\n", "BULLET::::- \"'Woe Is Me' in San Francisco\". Los Angeles Times, 26 January 1919\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Picture That Made Paris Gasp\". Hearst's International Magazine, August 1922\n", "BULLET::::- \"[Title Unknown]\". Shadowland Magazine, August 1922\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Future of Painting: 1\". The Freeman Magazine, December 1922\n", "BULLET::::- \"A Strictly American Lexicon\". Austin American, 22 May 1928\n", "BULLET::::- \"[Title Unknown]\". New York Evening Mail, May 1934\n", "Section::::Journalism and reviews.:Other non-fiction.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Loaf Sugar: A Protest\". Minnesota Star Tribune, 28 September 1927\n", "BULLET::::- \"New York – Post Impressions\". Minnesota Star Tribune, 6 October 1927\n", "Section::::Poetry.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Beside the Sea\". The Province, 10 July 1909\n", "BULLET::::- \"Song against Women\". Windsor Star, 14 November 1913\n", "BULLET::::- \"Ode to Fads of Yesteryear\". Vanity Fair, [Date Unknown]. Reprinted: Southwest News, 19 June 1924\n", "Section::::Detective fiction.\n", "Returning to New York in 1920, Wright took any freelance work that came his way but lived a restless, impoverished existence and, in his displays of temper and anxiety, alienated many of his old friends. By 1923, he was seriously ill, the result of a breakdown from overwork, he claimed, but in reality the consequence of his secret cocaine addiction, according to John Loughery's biography \"Alias S.S. Van Dine\". Confined to bed for a prolonged period of recovery, he began in frustration and boredom reading hundreds of volumes of crime and detection. As a direct result of this exhaustive study, he wrote a seminal essay, published in 1926, which explored the history, traditions and conventions of detective fiction as an art form. Wright also decided to try his own hand at detective fiction and approached Maxwell Perkins, the famous Scribner's editor whom he had known at Harvard, with an outline for a trilogy that would feature an affluent, snobbish amateur sleuth, a Jazz Age Manhattan setting, and lively topical references. In 1926, the first Philo Vance book, \"The Benson Murder Case,\" was published under the pseudonym \"S.S. Van Dine\". Within two years, following the publication of \"The Canary Murder Case\" and \"The Greene Murder Case,\" Wright was one of the best-selling authors in the United States.\n", "Frankly embarrassed by his turn from intellectual pursuits to mass market fiction, Wright never wanted to publish under his own name. He took his pseudonym from the abbreviation of \"steamship\" and from Van Dine, which he claimed was an old family name. According to Loughery, however, \"there are no Van Dines evident in the family tree\" (p. 176). He went on to write twelve mysteries in total, though their author's identity was unmasked by 1928. The first few books about the distinctive Philo Vance (who shared with his creator a love of art and a disdain for the common touch) were so popular that Wright became wealthy for the first time in his life. His readership was diverse and worldwide. David Shavit's study of World War II POW reading habits revealed that Vance was one of the favorite detectives among officer POWs. However, according to critic Julian Symons:\n", "Wright's later books declined in both quality and popularity. The reading public's tastes changed, and the \"hard-boiled\" school of detective fiction became the dominant style in the 1930s. The new mood was captured by Ogden Nash in his brief verse:\n", "poem\n", "Philo Vance\n", "Needs a kick in the pance.\n", "/poem\n", "Philo Vance and Sam Spade occupy different aesthetic universes. Wright continued to make money, though, and by the end of the decade, he saw himself caught in a trap from which he could not escape: in the midst of the Depression, he could not return to literary journalism and art criticism which paid very little, now that he and his wife were accustomed to an extravagant way of life, and yet he no longer believed in the kind of novels he was producing each year in order to maintain that way of life.\n", "Section::::Detective fiction.:Parodies.\n", "BULLET::::- \"The John Riddell Murder Case\". Novel by John Riddell (Corey Ford), 1939\n", "Section::::Study of detective fiction.\n", "In addition to his success as a writer of fiction, Wright's lengthy introduction and notes to the anthology \"The World's Great Detective Stories\" (1928) are important in the history of the critical study of detective fiction. Although dated by the passage of time, this essay is still a core around which many other such commentaries have been constructed. He also wrote an article, \"Twenty Rules for Writing Detective Stories\", in 1928 for \"The American Magazine\" It has been frequently reprinted and compared to \"Knox's (Ten) Commandments\" by Ronald Knox.\n", "Section::::Short film series.\n", "Wright wrote a series of scenarios for Warner Brothers film studio in the early 1930s. These were used as the basis for a series of twelve two-reel \"murder mystery\" films, each approximately 20 minutes long, that were released in 1931 - 1932. Of these, \"The Skull Murder Mystery\" shows Wright's vigorous plot construction. It is also notable for its non-racist treatment of Chinese characters, something quite unusual in its day.\n", "Donald Meek and John Hamilton were featured players, with Joseph Henabery directing. Three titles (The Wall Street Mystery, The Studio Murder Mystery, and the Trans-Atlantic Murder Mystery) have been released on DVD as extras on \"Forbidden Hollywood Collection Volume 3\" (Warner). The titles are followed by dates reviewed by Film Daily: \n", "BULLET::::- \"The Clyde Mystery\" (September 27, 1931). This starred Donald Meek and Helen Flint.\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Wall Street Mystery\" (November 4, 1931)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Week End Mystery\" (December 6, 1931). Advertised as \"The Week-End Mystery\"\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Symphony Murder Mystery\" (January 10, 1932). Advertised as \"The Symphony Mystery\"\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Studio Murder Mystery\" (February 7, 1932)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Skull Murder Mystery\" (March 1932)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Cole Case (The Cole Murder Case)\" (April 3, 1932)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Murder in the Pullman\" (May 22, 1932)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Side Show Mystery\" (June 11, 1932). Advertised as \"The Sideshow Mystery\"\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Campus Mystery\" (July 2, 1932)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Crane Poison Case\" (July 9, 1932)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Trans-Atlantic Murder Mystery\" (August 31, 1932). Advertised as \"The Transatlantic Mystery\"\n", "As far as it is known, none of Van Dine's screen treatments has been published in book form, and none of the manuscripts survive. Short films were popular then, and Hollywood made hundreds of them during the studio era. Except for a handful of famous comedies, short films are not often discussed in more recent film reference books like features and animated cartoons often are.\n", "On 13 September 1932, a $500,000 plagiarism suit was filed against Van Dine and the Vitaphone Film Company by Arlo Channing Edington and Carmen Ballen Edington who charged that their novel, \"The Studio Murder Mystery\", which had been filmed by Paramount in 1929, had been \"'lifted' - title, plot and incident\" and produced by the film company, credited to Van Dine. . The outcome of the suit is unknown.\n", "Section::::Late career and death.\n", "From a monetary perspective, Wright was fortunate in his experiences with Hollywood, and he was lionized on his visits to the movie capital. All but two of his novels were made into feature-length films, and the role of Philo Vance was played in different film versions by stars as popular as William Powell (before his Nick Charles period), Basil Rathbone, and Edmund Lowe. Louise Brooks (in \"The Canary Murder Case\"), Jean Arthur (in \"The Green Murder Case\"), and Rosalind Russell (in \"The Casino Murder Case\") appeared in the S.S. Van Dine movies.\n", "On April 11, 1939, at age 50, Wright died in New York of a heart condition exacerbated by excessive drinking, a year after the publication of an unpopular experimental novel that incorporated one of the biggest stars in radio comedy, \"The Gracie Allen Murder Case\". He left behind a complete novelette-length story that was intended as a film vehicle for Sonja Henie and was published posthumously as \"The Winter Murder Case\". Max Perkins generously referred to Wright at the time of Wright's death as a \"gallant, gentle man\" who had been tormented by the pressures of a market-driven age. His portrait, painted by his brother in 1914, hangs in the permanent collection of the National Portrait Gallery in Washington, D.C.\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Works by S.S. Van Dine at Feedbooks\n", "BULLET::::- Bibliography of UK first editions.\n", "BULLET::::- Biography, at Classiccrimefiction.com.\n", "BULLET::::- Contemporary biography, Louise Brooks Society.\n", "BULLET::::- The papers of Willard Huntington Wright at the Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library at the University of Virginia.\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "S. S. Van Dine" ] }, "description": "pseudonym of American art critic and writer Willard Huntington Wright", "enwikiquote_title": "S. S. Van Dine", "wikidata_id": "Q630454", "wikidata_label": "Willard Huntington Wright", "wikipedia_title": "S. S. Van Dine" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "James Wyngaarden\n", "James Barnes Wyngaarden (October 19, 1924 – June 14, 2019) was an American physician, researcher and academic administrator. He was a co-editor of one of the leading internal medicine texts, and served as director of National Institutes of Health between 1982 and 1989. He had four daughters and one son.\n", "Wyngaarden was a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- James B. Wyngaarden Papers at Duke University Medical Center Archives\n", "BULLET::::- National Institutes of Health death announcement\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "George Wyndham\n", "George Wyndham, PC (29 August 1863 – 8 June 1913) was a British Conservative politician, statesman, man of letters, and one of The Souls.\n", "Section::::Background and education.\n", "Wyndham was the elder son of the Honourable Percy Wyndham, third son of George Wyndham, 1st Baron Leconfield, and he was a direct descendant of Sir John Wyndham. His mother was Madeleine Campbell, sixth daughter of Major-General Sir Guy Campbell, 1st Baronet, and Pamela, through whom he was the great-grandson of the Irish Republican leader, Lord Edward FitzGerald, whom Wyndham greatly resembled physically. He was the brother of Guy Wyndham and Mary Constance Wyndham. He was educated at Eton College and the Royal Military College, Sandhurst. He joined the Coldstream Guards in March 1883, serving through the Suakin campaign of 1885.\n", "Section::::Political career.\n", "Wyndham started his political career in 1887, when he became private secretary to Arthur Balfour (afterwards the Earl of Balfour). In 1889, he was elected unopposed to the House of Commons as Member of Parliament (MP) for Dover, and held the seat until his death.\n", "Wyndham launched an Imperialist magazine called \"The Outlook\" in February 1898. This may have been supported financially by Cecil Rhodes, with whom he had a close relationship. Joseph Conrad, who was a contributor, described the publication: \n", "Also in 1898, Wyndham was appointed Under-Secretary of State for War under Lord Salisbury, which he remained until 1900. He was closely involved in Irish affairs at two points. Having been private secretary to Arthur Balfour during the years around 1890 when Balfour was Chief Secretary for Ireland, Wyndham was himself made Chief Secretary by Salisbury in 1900. He continued in this position after Balfour succeeded as Prime Minister in July 1902, but was taken into the Cabinet, and sworn a member of the Privy Council on 11 August 1902.\n", "Wyndham furthered the 1902 Land Conference and also successfully saw the significant 1903 Irish Land Act into law. This change in the law ushered in the most radical change in history in Ireland's land ownership. Before it, Ireland's land was largely owned by landlords; within years of the Acts, most of the land was owned by their former tenants, who had been supported in their purchases by government subsidies. This could without exaggeration be called the most radical change in Irish life in history.\n", "He brought forward a devolution scheme to deal with the Home Rule question co-ordinated with the Irish Reform Association conceived by his permanent under-secretary Sir Antony MacDonnell (afterwards Baron) and with the approval of the Lord Lieutenant the Earl of Dudley.\n", "He resigned along with the rest of the Unionist government in May 1905.\n", "Wyndham was in October 1902 elected by the students of the University of Glasgow to be Lord Rector of the university for three years. \n", "Wyndham was the leader of the \"die-hard\" opponents in the House of Commons of the Parliament Bill that became Parliament Act 1911.\n", "Section::::Family.\n", "Wyndham married in 1887 Sibell Mary, Countess Grosvenor, daughter of Richard Lumley, 9th Earl of Scarbrough, and widow (since 1884) of Victor Grosvenor, Earl Grosvenor, son of the 1st Duke of Westminster. She was Wyndham's senior by eight years, and her son succeeded as 2nd Duke of Westminster in 1899. Towards the end of his life the couple settled at Clouds House in Wiltshire, designed for his father Percy Wyndham by the Arts and Crafts movement architect, Philip Webb (1886). \n", "In 1911 he succeeded his father and had the management of a small landed estate on his hands.\n", "Wyndham died suddenly June 1913 in Paris, France, aged 49 of a blood clot. He was survived by his wife and one son.\n", "Lady Grosvenor died in February 1929, aged 73.\n", "There has been speculation over the years that Wyndham was the natural father of Anthony Eden, who was Prime Minister from 1955–57. Eden's mother, Sybil, Lady Eden, was evidently close to Wyndham, to whom Eden bore a striking resemblance.\n", "Section::::Works.\n", "BULLET::::- \"North's Plutarch\" (1894) editor\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Poems of Shakespeare\" (1898) editor\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Ballad of Mr. Rook (1901) writer\"\n", "BULLET::::- \"Ronsard & La Pleiade, with Selections From Their Poetry and Some Translations in the Original Metres\" (1906)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Sir Walter Scott\" (1908)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Springs of Romance in the Literature of Europe\" (1910) address, University of Edinburgh October 1910\n", "BULLET::::- \"Essays in Romantic Literature\" (1919) edited by Charles Whibley\n", "Section::::References.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Letters of George Wyndham, 1877–1913\" (1915) Guy Percy Wyndham\n", "BULLET::::- \"Life and Letters of George Wyndham\" (1924) Guy Percy Wyndham and J. W. Mackail\n", "BULLET::::- “In Dublin Castle 1899–1903” (1928) chapter from the memoirs of T. M. Healy.\n", "Section::::Further reading.\n", "BULLET::::- Ellenberger, Nancy W. \"Balfour's World: Aristocracy and Political Culture at the Fin de Siècle\" (2015). excerpt\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Robert Wynne\n", "Robert John Wynne (November 18, 1851 – March 11, 1922) was an American who served as United States Postmaster General from 1904 to 1905, and as Consul General at the American embassy in the United Kingdom from 1905 to 1910. He was also a distinguished and popular journalist for a number of newspapers and magazines in the late 1800s.\n", "Section::::Early life.\n", "Wynne was born in New York City, New York, in 1851. His father was a veteran of the Mexican–American War. He was educated in the city's public schools, but also had a number of private tutors. He was just 10 years old when the American Civil War broke out. He wanted to enlist, but was too young. His father served in the Civil War, however, and young Robert accompanied him to the front and saw several battles.\n", "In 1870, Wynne became a telegraph operator for the \"Cincinnati Gazette\", living part-time in Washington, D.C. He was hired at the request of General Henry V. Boynton, who led the paper's staff in D.C. and who wanted the very best telegraph operator he could find. That was Wynne. Wynne also lived part-time in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, where he worked for the American Press Association. He also worked for the Pacific and Atlantic Telegraph Company, and became its chief telegrapher.\n", "Boynton was so impressed with Wynne's work as a reporter that he encouraged him to abandon telegraphy and become a journalist full-time. In 1880, Wynne joined the \"Gazette\" as a full-time journalist. Boynton syndicated Wynne's work to a wide range of newspapers, including the \"St. Louis Democrat\", \"Chicago Tribune\", \"Pittsburgh Commercial\", and \"Philadelphia Inquirer\".\n", "Section::::Public service.\n", "In February 1893, Wynne became the private secretary to Secretary of the Treasury Charles Foster. After a change in presidential administrations in March 1893, he continued in the role for Secretary of the Treasury John G. Carlisle, but left public service in August 1893. He returned to journalism, this time working for the \"New York Press\" and the \"Cincinnati Tribune\".\n", "In 1902, President Theodore Roosevelt appointed Wynne to be First Assistant Postmaster General. He was not Roosevelt's first choice: That had been Indianapolis, Indiana, journalist Harry C. New, but New turned down the post. Wynne, too, was reluctant to take it, but Roosevelt pressured him and he accepted. In this role, Wynne uncovered extensive fraud in the department. He first became suspicious of illegal activity as a reporter, and his investigation as First Assistant Postmaster General led to many departmental resignations and prison time for a few people. The incumbent Postmaster General, Henry Clay Payne, died on October 4, 1904. Wynne was appointed Acting Postmaster General the next day, and named Postmaster General on October 10. He served until March 5, 1905.\n", "Wynne was appointed Consul General at the Embassy of the United States in London on January 11, 1905, while still serving as Postmaster General. Incoming President William Howard Taft reaffirmed his posting, and he went to London on April 1, 1905. He resigned in May 1909. He remained in London for the next 19 months, representing various American businesses. In January 1910, Wynne was caught in the Stoats Nest railway disaster, in which eight people died.\n", "Section::::Business career.\n", "Returning to private life, Wynne was appointed president of the First National Fire Insurance Company when it formed in February 1912 through the merger of the Continental and Munsey insurance companies. In October 1912, First National Fire purchased a half-interest in the Southern Building at 15th and H Streets NW. Trust deeds of $800,000, $450,000, and $325,000 attached to the building. First National Fire was sued by its stockholders for incurring this debt. In January 1912, the company was the focus of a congressional investigation into fraud committed by insurance companies.\n", "Wynne was ousted as president in April 1914 over the Southern Building acquisition. Suspicious that proxy votes had been withheld from the count, Wynne successfully sued to have personal mail which had been delivered to the company (and which the company had seized) returned to him. As he expected, many proxy votes had not been counted. When they were counted, Wynne was reelected president of the company on June 17, 1914.\n", "The Commercial Fire Insurance Company of Baltimore, Maryland, the co-owner of the Southern Building, tried to force a merger with First National in August 1914. Wynne resisted the merger, and demanded that the Southern Building be partitioned so that First National could extricate itself from its business arrangements with Commercial Fire. The partition effort was unsuccessful, and in December 1914 Commercial Fire sold its interest in the structure. Commercial Fire went bankrupt days later.\n", "On February 10, 1915, businessman William Tryson and others formed the Allan E. Walker Company to buy the Southern Building. Nine days later, First National Fire sold the building to the Walker Company for an undisclosed amount. This allowed the $450,000 and $325,000 trusts to be paid and released. On March 18, the Walker Company sold the building back to First National, incurring a trust deed of $600,000. This triggered more stockholder lawsuits, which argued that Wynne was attempting to hide the company's financial distress.\n", "Although the stockholder suits were not successful, the reputation of First National Fire Insurance was severely damaged. On February 7, 1917, First National's stockholders approved the refinancing of the Southern Building. The structure was sold again to the Walker Company on February 14, and the Walker Company sold it back to First National on February 28 (now subject to a single trust deed of $900,000). On March 7, First National's board of directors agreed to form a new company—the Southern Realty Corporation, with Wynne as its president—to buy the Southern Building. On March 10, First National's shareholders were advised to trade their stock on a one-to-one basis for stock in the Southern Building, with any excess proceeds from the sale returning to First National stockholders as a dividend. On May 18, the Walker Company offered to buy the building for $1.8 million (to be paid with a first mortgage of $900,000, a second mortgage of $677,000, and the remainder by First National stockholders who wanted shares in the Walker Company). First National agreed to the Walker Co. sale, leading to a struggle for control of the Southern Building among the three entities.\n", "First National filed for voluntary bankruptcy on August 13, 1917. Wynne continued as president of the Southern Realty Corporation, which remained solvent. The bankruptcy led to extensive litigation, as shareholders who did not invest in the Walker Company sued to recover their investment in First National and the Walker Company fought to gain ownership of the Southern Building from the Southern Realty Corporation. During this litigation, First National's title to the building was reaffirmed, First National's deal to sell the building to the Walker Company was annulled, the sale of the building by First National to Southern Realty affirmed, and tenants sued over skyrocketing rents at the building. Southern Realty's investors unsuccessfully sued in July 1920 to have Southern Realty declared bankrupt. Additional court hearings in late July 1920 led to the sale of the Southern Building to the Walker Company in late August 1920. With the Walker Company assuming full control by October, Southern Realty was liquidated in July 1921.\n", "Wynne had long defended First National's financial health. The company's liquidation largely proved him correct: Few of the stockholders in First National lost money.\n", "Wynne was also an incorporator, vice president, and director of the Washington and Southern Bank. He helped form the bank in April 1912, and remained with it until August 1913.\n", "Section::::Personal life.\n", "Wynne married Mary Ellen McCabe, daughter of a wealthy construction contractor. She died in October 1915 of a heart attack.\n", "Wynne began suffering frail health from cardiac disease in 1919. Wynne died at his home at 1511 Park Road NW in Washington, D.C., from cardiac disease on March 11, 1922. A Catholic, he was interred at Mount Olivet Cemetery in Washington, D.C.\n", "Wynne had several children: Charles J. Wynne (later a captain in the United States Army), Alice Wynne Semler, John S. Wynne, Ruth Austin Wynne Smith, Ida Marcella Wynne French, Robert Frank Wynne (a captain in the United States Marine Corps), and Henry B. Wynne. His sons Robert and Henry preceded him in death. Robert saw action in Cuba, the Philippines, and China (during the Boxer Rebellion), and died in March 1912 of tuberculosis contracted while in China.\n", "Section::::Memberships.\n", "Wynne was a member of the Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States (the \"Loyal Legion\"). He was also a member of the Gridiron Club, which he helped organize (and of which he was later president); the Army and Navy Club; the National Press Club, and the Columbia Country Club.\n", "In February 1919, Wynne was named to the committee seeking to build a national memorial to Theodore Roosevelt.\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Charles Hart (lyricist)\n", "Charles Hart (born 3 June 1961) is a British lyricist, songwriter and musician. He is best known for writing the lyrics to, and contributing to the book of, Andrew Lloyd Webber's stage musical \"The Phantom of the Opera\" and for writing the lyrics to \"Bend It Like Beckham the Musical\". He also co-wrote (with Don Black) the lyrics to Lloyd Webber's 1989 musical \"Aspects of Love\". Hart also re-wrote Glenn Slater's lyrics for \"Love Never Dies\", the sequel to \"Phantom\".\n", "Section::::Biography.\n", "Section::::Biography.:Education.\n", "Born in London, Hart was educated at Desborough School, Maidenhead, Robinson College, Cambridge and the Guildhall School of Music and Drama.\n", "Section::::Biography.:Career as lyricist.\n", "In an interview with \"The Times\", Hart stated that he began writing lyrics as a child, some of which were \"dark and contemplative – precociously murderous and quite, quite feisty\"; he was motivated to do so professionally in the 1970s when his grandmother, actress Angela Baddeley, starred in a London stage production of Stephen Sondheim's \"A Little Night Music\":\n", "When I was at the Guildhall I sent a tape to Sondheim, fully expecting a reply hailing the next true genius of the West End... All I got was a note saying that I had 'rhyming poison' which got in the way of my characters and plot, and of course he was entirely right. But my ambition was to be an English Sondheim. Being a lyricist is the ideal job for a university-educated dilettante, because it uses up all the rubbish in your education.\n", "Hart attracted the attention of Andrew Lloyd Webber and Cameron Mackintosh, who were judges of the Vivian Ellis Awards for music theatre writers in which Hart was a finalist with an entry based on \"Moll Flanders\". Webber hired him as a lyricist for \"The Phantom of the Opera\" a year later.\n", "He also wrote lyrics for \"The Kissing-Dance\" and \"The Dreaming\" (both with music by Howard Goodall), also for \"\" (BBC TV). In 2015 he collaborated with Howard Goodall again on \"Bend It Like Beckham the Musical\", a new musical production of the film \"Bend It Like Beckham\". He has written miscellaneous songs, as well as both words and music for television, (\"Watching\", \"Split Ends\" for Granada TV) and \"Love Songs\" (BBC Radio). His \"Two Studies for String Quartet\" premiered in February 2005 at London’s Purcell Room, performed by the Sacconi Quartet. His English lyrics for the opera \"Benvenuto Cellini\" were part of a new production directed by Terry Gilliam at the English National Opera on 5 June 2014. \n", "He has received two Ivor Novello Awards and has been nominated twice for a Tony Award. He was also nominated for an Academy Award for writing the lyrics to a new song \"Learn to be Lonely\" which was sung by Minnie Driver over the final credits to the film version of \"The Phantom of the Opera\".\n", "Section::::Biography.:Photography.\n", "Hart's photography has appeared on posters and in playbills, as well as publications ranging from \"Attitude\" to \"The Daily Telegraph\". In 2003, he was one of three photographers to feature in an exhibition organized by UNICEF to celebrate the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child.\n", "Section::::Biography.:Other.\n", "Hart was a long-standing trustee and supporter of the UK charity ratings agency, Intelligent Giving. He is represented by Berlin Associates.\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "British lyricist, songwriter and musician", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q4496084", "wikidata_label": "Charles Hart", "wikipedia_title": "Charles Hart (lyricist)" }