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{ "end": [ 60, 207, 265, 303, 24, 261, 17, 25, 19, 17, 26, 24, 30, 22, 26, 40, 72, 61 ], "href": [ "handball", "European%20Handball%20Federation", "VELUX", "VELUX", "EHF%20coefficient%20rank", "Bratislava%20Symphony%20Orchestra", "VELUX", "Nord%20Stream%202", "gorenje", "Uniqa%20Insurance%20Group", "cashback%20world", "Select%20Sport", "PLAN%20International", "Sportradar", "Salming%20Sports", "Women%27s%20EHF%20Champions%20League", "European%20Cup%20and%20EHF%20Champions%20League%20records%20and%20statistics", "EHF%20Champions%20League%20clubs%20performance%20comparison" ], "paragraph_id": [ 1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 17, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 28, 29, 31, 32, 34, 35, 36 ], "start": [ 52, 204, 260, 298, 4, 232, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12 ], "text": [ "handball", "EHF", "VELUX", "VELUX", "EHF coefficient rank", "Bratislava Symphony Orchestra", "VELUX", "Nord Stream 2", "gorenje", "UNIQA", "cashback world", "Select Sport", "PLAN International", "Sportradar", "Salming Sports", "Women's EHF Champions League", "European Cup and EHF Champions League records and statistics", "EHF Champions League clubs performance comparison" ], "wikipedia_id": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ], "wikipedia_title": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ] }

{ "paragraph": [ "EHF Champions League\n", "The EHF Champions League is the most important club handball competition for men's teams in Europe and involves the leading teams from the top European nations. The competition is organised every year by EHF. The official name for the men's competition is the VELUX EHF Champions League, since the VELUX Group began their title sponsorship of the competition in the 2010/11 season.\n", "The EHF coefficient rank decides which teams have access and in which stage they enter.\n", "Section::::Eligibility and qualifying.\n", "Each year, the EHF publishes a ranking list of its member federations. The first 27 nations are allowed to participate in the tournament with their national champion. The national federations are allowed to request extra places or upgrades from the EHF Cup. \n", "The EHF Champions League is divided into five stages. Depending on the ranking of their national federation and of the criteria list, teams can enter the competition in either qualification or the group phase.\n", "The current playing system will change in 2020/21.\n", "Section::::Eligibility and qualifying.:Qualification tournament.\n", "Groups of four teams are formed. The number of groups can vary each season. Teams from each group play semi-finals and finals, in a single venue over a weekend. The winning team from each group advance to the group phase, while teams from lower ranks continue in the Men's EHF Cup.\n", "Section::::Tournament format.\n", "Section::::Tournament format.:Group phase.\n", "Since the 2015/16 season, the format sees four groups formed, with eight teams each in Group A and B and six each in Group C and D. All the teams in each group play each other twice, in home and away matches. The first teams in Groups A and B advance directly to the quarter-finals, while teams from positions two to six in each of these groups proceed to the Last 16. Only the two best teams in Group C and D continue in the C+D elimination knockout round, played in a home and away format, where the winner of Group C meets the second-ranked team from Group D and vice versa. The six winners of the Last 16 stage join the Group A and B winners in the quarter-finals.\n", "Section::::Tournament format.:Knockout rounds.\n", "The pairings for the Last 16 are decided by the placement of the teams at the end of the group phase. The two winners of the C+D knockout round face the second-ranked teams from Group A and B in the Last 16. Each pairing is decided via a home and away format, with the aggregate winners over the two legs advancing to the quarter-finals.\n", "The pairings for the quarter-finals are also decided by the placement in the group phase. The ties are decided through a home and away format, with the four winners over the two legs played in each pairing advancing to the EHF FINAL4. The official name for the men's EHF FINAL4 is the VELUX EHF FINAL4. \n", "The participating VELUX EHF FINAL4 teams are paired for the semi-finals through a draw and play the last two matches of the season over a single weekend at one venue. The two semi-finals are played on a Saturday, with the third-place game and final on the Sunday.\n", "Section::::Anthem.\n", "The current anthem for the EHF Champions League is \"Hymn of the Champions\", exclusively written by Austrian film composer Roman Kariolou in 2007. The recording played during the entry ceremony before every game was performed by the Bratislava Symphony Orchestra, conducted by David Hernando.\n", "Section::::Winners.\n", "European Champions Cup (organised by IHF)\n", "EHF Champions League\n", "Section::::Sponsorship.\n", "BULLET::::- VELUX\n", "BULLET::::- Nord Stream 2\n", "BULLET::::- gorenje\n", "BULLET::::- UNIQA\n", "BULLET::::- cashback world\n", "BULLET::::- Betano\n", "BULLET::::- Select Sport\n", "BULLET::::- PLAN International\n", "BULLET::::- Gerflor\n", "BULLET::::- Sportradar\n", "BULLET::::- Salming Sports\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- Women's EHF Champions League\n", "BULLET::::- European Cup and EHF Champions League records and statistics\n", "BULLET::::- EHF Champions League clubs performance comparison\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q330395", "wikidata_label": "EHF Champions League", "wikipedia_title": "EHF Champions League" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Ursviken\n", "Ursviken () is a locality situated in Skellefteå Municipality, Västerbotten County, Sweden with 3,977 inhabitants in 2010.\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "urban area in Skellefteå Municipality, Sweden", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q1986998", "wikidata_label": "Ursviken", "wikipedia_title": "Ursviken" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Vinslöv\n", "Vinslöv () is a locality situated in Hässleholm Municipality, Skåne County, Sweden with 3,984 inhabitants in 2010.\n", "In 1999, a documentary film portraying some of the town's inhabitants was produced. The documentary was called \"Plötsligt i Vinslöv\" (All of a sudden in Vinslöv).\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "urban area in Hässleholm Municipality, Sweden", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q2905916", "wikidata_label": "Vinslöv", "wikipedia_title": "Vinslöv" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Belchite\n", "Belchite is a municipality and village in the province of Zaragoza, Spain, about 40 km southeast of Zaragoza. It is the capital of Campo de Belchite \"comarca\" (administrative region) and is located in a plain surrounded by low hills, the highest of which is Lobo. The area around Belchite is one of the most arid places of Aragon.\n", "In 1122 Alfonso the Battler founded the Confraternity of Belchite to defend the frontier.\n", "On June 15, 1809, French and Spanish forces in the Peninsular War fought the Battle of María near Belchite.\n", "Between August 24 and September 7, 1937, loyalist Spanish Republican and rebel General Franco's forces in the Spanish Civil War fought the Battle of Belchite in and around the town. After 1939 a new village of Belchite was built adjacent to the ruins of the old, which remain a ghost town as a memorial to the war.\n", "The remains of the old village have been used as filming locations in films including Terry Gilliam's 1988 film \"The Adventures of Baron Munchausen\" and Guillermo del Toro's \"Pan's Labyrinth\". The ruins of the town were also used in the opening scene of the 1983 ITV documentary \"The Spanish Civil War\". \n", "Section::::Places of interest.\n", "BULLET::::- The ruined village east of the rebuilt town\n", "BULLET::::- Santuario de Nuestra Señora del Pueyo, located a few kilometres west of Belchite new town\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Belchite visitor and historical information\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "municipality and village in the province of Zaragoza, Spain", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q815339", "wikidata_label": "Belchite", "wikipedia_title": "Belchite" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Brunete\n", "Brunete () is a town located on the outskirts of Madrid, Spain with a population of 10,730 people.\n", "Section::::History.\n", "The Battle of Brunete was fought in the area during the Spanish Civil War. The battle ended in a stalemate but was seen as a tactical victory for the Spanish Nationalist Forces.\n", "In 2013 the local council launched a system to tackle a perceived dog excrement problem, which involved identifying offending dogs and posting the excrement to the homes of their owners. Initial results showed that the amount of dog faeces in the town reduced by 70 per cent.\n", "Section::::Geography.\n", "The town is located from the centre of Madrid.\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- Battle of Brunete\n", "BULLET::::- Brunete Armoured Division\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Satellite images of Brunete\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "municipality of Spain", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q1647090", "wikidata_label": "Brunete", "wikipedia_title": "Brunete" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Estadio Arsenio Erico\n", "Estadio Arsenio Erico is a multi-use stadium in the neighbourhood of Barrio Obrero in Asunción, Paraguay. It is currently used mostly for football matches and is the home stadium of Club Nacional. The stadium holds 5,000 people. It is named after famous Paraguayan footballer Arsenio Erico.\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "sports venue", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q685185", "wikidata_label": "Estadio Arsenio Erico", "wikipedia_title": "Estadio Arsenio Erico" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Hydrophyllum virginianum\n", "The Virginia waterleaf or eastern waterleaf (Hydrophyllum virginianum, often misspelled as \"virginicum\") is an herbaceous perennial plant native to Eastern North America. The plant sometimes spreads by rhizomes to form large colonies in wooded areas. It can also spread by seeds. The seedling usually appear early to mid-spring. Flowers are blue, white, or purple, appearing in mid to late spring. Flowers exposed to sunlight\n", "bleach rapidly. Often the newer leaves are solid green with white spots appearing as they age and later disappearing in early summer. It prefers shade.\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Connecticut Botanical Society: \"Hydrophyllum virginianum\"\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "species of plant", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q5955321", "wikidata_label": "Hydrophyllum virginianum", "wikipedia_title": "Hydrophyllum virginianum" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Coronel Bolognesi\n", "Coronel Bolognesi Fútbol Club is a Peruvian football club located in the city of Tacna. It was founded on 27 May 1998 as Club Sport Bolito, a secondary branch of Club Deportivo Bolognesi, another Peruvian club founded on 18 October 1929 and also named after Francisco Bolognesi.\n", "The club quickly surpassed its older counterpart's achievements and, following its success in 2001 Copa Perú, the president's club Elena Martorell (Fernando Martorell's sister, then president of CD Coronel Bolognesi), decided to change the club's name to Coronel Bolognesi Fútbol Club, in order to further identify both clubs's identities and share their successes. The identity confusion escalated since Coronel Bolognesi FC's international performances in the 2000s and 2010s, and hence generated much controversy about whether they're the same club or not.\n", "Section::::Rivalries.\n", "Coronel Bolognesi has had a long-standing rivalry with CD Alfonso Ugarte and CD Mariscal Miller.\n", "Section::::Stadium.\n", "Coronel Bolognesi play their home games at the Estadio Jorge Basadre, located in the city of Tacna.\n", "Section::::Notable players.\n", "Peruvian players\n", "BULLET::::- Germán Carty\n", "BULLET::::- Juan Cominges\n", "BULLET::::- Paul Cominges\n", "BULLET::::- Johan Fano\n", "BULLET::::- Miguel Mostto\n", "BULLET::::- Diego Penny\n", "BULLET::::- Luis Ramírez\n", "BULLET::::- Junior Ross\n", "BULLET::::- Johan Vásquez\n", "BULLET::::- David Soria Yoshinari\n", "Foreign players\n", "BULLET::::- Federico Martorell\n", "BULLET::::- José André Bilibio\n", "BULLET::::- Masakatsu Sawa\n", "BULLET::::- Miguel Ostersen\n", "Section::::Honours.\n", "Section::::Honours.:National.\n", "BULLET::::- Torneo Clausura:\n", "BULLET::::- Torneo Interzonal:\n", "BULLET::::- Copa Perú:\n", "Section::::Honours.:Regional.\n", "BULLET::::- Región VIII:\n", "BULLET::::- Liga Departamental de Tacna:\n", "BULLET::::- Liga Provincial de Tacna:\n", "BULLET::::- Liga Distrital de Tacna:\n", "Section::::Performance in CONMEBOL competitions.\n", "BULLET::::- Copa Libertadores: 1 appearance\n", "BULLET::::- Copa Sudamericana: 3 appearances\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "Coronel Bolognesi Futbol Club" ] }, "description": "association football club", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q578721", "wikidata_label": "Coronel Bolognesi Fútbol Club", "wikipedia_title": "Coronel Bolognesi" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Estadio Lito Pérez\n", "Estadio Municipal de Puntarenas Miguel Ángel \"Lito\" Pérez Treacy nicknamed “Olla Mágica” is a multi-use stadium in Puntarenas Centro, Puntarenas, Costa Rica.\n", "Formerly known as Estadio Municipal de Puntarenas. In 1974, then mayor Lorgio Álvarez proposed to rename the stadium after Puntarenas native football star \"Lito\" Perez. The motion was approved by the municipal council and the stadium took its new name.\n", "It is currently used mostly for football matches and is the home stadium of Puntarenas F.C., S.A.D and A.D. Municipal Puntarenas F.C. The stadium holds 4,105 people.\n", "In 2009, Score One Soccer was granted a 10-year contract by Municipalidad de Puntarenas to operate the stadium.\n", "In late 2009 and early 2010, the stadium's locker and press rooms were renovated, field lighting was improved and it is believed to be the best stadium lighting in Central America.\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- (Stadium photo 1)\n", "BULLET::::- (Stadium photo 2)\n", "BULLET::::- Official Website of Puntarenas FC\n", "BULLET::::- Municipalidad de Puntarenas\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "Estadio Lito Perez", "Estadio Municipal de Puntarenas Miguel Ángel \"Lito\" Pérez Treacy", "Olla Mágica", "Estadio Municipal de Puntarenas" ] }, "description": "a multi-use stadium in Puntarenas Centro, Puntarenas, Costa Rica", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q3495703", "wikidata_label": "Estadio Lito Pérez", "wikipedia_title": "Estadio Lito Pérez" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Bryncoch\n", "Bryncoch is a suburb of the town of Neath in Neath Port Talbot County Borough, Wales. The name derives from the Welsh 'red hill' (\"bryn\" is hill, \"coch\" is red), originally the name of a nearby farm.\n", "Bryncoch is divided into two wards: Bryncoch North and Bryncoch South. The area is one of the most affluent parts of the county borough, with 29% and 35% of households in the Bryncoch North and Bryncoch South respectively earning more than £40,000 per year. \n", "Historically the village of Bryncoch was centred on Main Road and a few adjacent streets, but the village expanded considerably in the 1960s with the building of the Furzeland Drive and Elias Drive developments. This area makes up the council ward of Bryncoch North, which has only one small street of social housing at Heol Pant Glas, named after a nearby farm located at the furthest northern corner of the ward. The council ward of Bryncoch South includes the distinct areas of the Rhyddings, Gilfach, Penywern, Leiros Parc, and the large social housing estate of Caewern. \n", "There are two village primary schools: Blaenhonddan and the Bryncoch Church in Wales school. There is also a special school, Ysgol Hendre. The nearest secondary school is Dwr y Felin Comprehensive. Many village children also attend the Welsh-language secondary Ysgol Gyfun at Ystalyfera and the Welsh-language Ysgol Gynradd Gymraeg Castell-nedd. \n", "Section::::History.\n", "Bryncoch was once the principal site of the Main Colliery Company, an important coal mining employer in the area up until 1928. This was the scene of a major disaster on 6 April 1859, when 26 men and boys were drowned by an inflow of water, as reported in The Cambrian newspaper. \n", "The philanthropist Howel Gwyn MP lived, from 1854, at the now demolished Dyffryn mansion on the outskirts of the village and built the parish church of St Matthew on his estate in 1871. \n", "The renowned scientist Alfred Russel Wallace lived at Bryncoch Farm and studied Red Admiral butterfiles while working as a surveyor for the Great Western Railway company around 1843. He developed the theory of evolution alongside Charles Darwin.\n", "Section::::Recreation.\n", "There are two pubs in or close to the village: the Bryncoch Inn at Ty'n yr Heol Road is near the social housing area of Caewern, while the Dyffryn Arms is on the A474 just north of Bryncoch. Bryncoch Rugby Club, located on Farmers Road, play in the WRU Division 3 South West. \n", "Neath Branch of The Pony Club meet on their own field at Fforest Goch, nearby on the A474. They have previously won the prestigious Gymkhana team games competition at the Royal Welsh Show (The largest Agricultural show in Europe)\n", "The village's third pub, the Lamb and Flag, which was perhaps the oldest in the area, closed in March 2017 and has been replaced by a Co-op supermarket.\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- www.geograph.co.uk : photos of Bryncoch and surrounding area\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Unión Huaral\n", "Club Unión Huaral is a Peruvian football club, from the city of Huaral. It was founded in 1947 and currently plays in Peru's Segunda División.\n", "Section::::History.\n", "The club was the 1976 and 1989 Peruvian Primera División champion.\n", "The club have played at the highest level of Peruvian football on twenty four occasions, from 1974 Torneo Descentralizado until 1991 Torneo Descentralizado, 1993 Torneo Descentralizado, 1995 Torneo Descentralizado, and from 2003 Torneo Descentralizado until 2006 Torneo Descentralizado, when was relegated to the Peruvian Segunda División.\n", "In the 2011 Torneo Intermedio, the club was eliminated by Deportivo Municipal in the Round of 16. In 2013, the club had a great campaign in the Copa Perú finishing runner-up. They were once again promoted to the Peruvian Segunda División.\n", "Section::::Honours.\n", "Section::::Honours.:National.\n", "BULLET::::- Peruvian Primera División: 2\n", "BULLET::::- Torneo Regional: 1\n", "BULLET::::- Torneo Interzonal:\n", "BULLET::::- Torneo Zonal: 0\n", "BULLET::::- Peruvian Segunda División: 4\n", "BULLET::::- Copa Perú: 0\n", "Section::::Honours.:Regional.\n", "BULLET::::- Región IV: 1\n", "BULLET::::- Liga Departamental de Lima: 1\n", "BULLET::::- Liga Provincial de Huaral: 3\n", "BULLET::::- Liga Distrital de Huaral: 4\n", "Section::::Performance in CONMEBOL competitions.\n", "BULLET::::- Copa Libertadores: 3 appearances\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- List of football clubs in Peru\n", "BULLET::::- Peruvian football league system\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "Union huaral", "Club Unión Huaral" ] }, "description": "", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q1847803", "wikidata_label": "Unión Huaral", "wikipedia_title": "Unión Huaral" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Stade Taïeb Mhiri\n", "Stade Taïeb Mhiri () is a multi-purpose stadium in Sfax, Tunisia. It is currently used mostly for football matches and is the home stadium of Club Sportif Sfaxien. Built in 1938, it holds 18,000 people and was used for the 2004 African Cup of Nations.\n", "It was named after Tunisian politician and Interior Minister Taïeb Mhiri.\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Stadium description at bbc.co.uk\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "building in Tunisia", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q1851717", "wikidata_label": "Stade Taïeb Mhiri", "wikipedia_title": "Stade Taïeb Mhiri" }

{ "end": [ 51, 66, 77, 94, 103, 176, 196, 412 ], "href": [ "Darnall", "Handsworth%2C%20South%20Yorkshire", "Sheffield", "South%20Yorkshire", "England", "Sheffield%20Parkway", "Handsworth%20Road", "Local%20Nature%20Reserve" ], "paragraph_id": [ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ], "start": [ 44, 56, 68, 79, 96, 159, 181, 392 ], "text": [ "Darnall", "Handsworth", "Sheffield", "South Yorkshire", "England", "Sheffield Parkway", "Handsworth Road", "Local Nature Reserve" ], "wikipedia_id": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ], "wikipedia_title": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ] }

{ "paragraph": [ "Bowden Housteads Woods\n", "Bowden Housteads Woods are situated between Darnall and Handsworth, Sheffield, South Yorkshire, England. the woods are encircled by Sheffield Outer Ring Road, Sheffield Parkway and Handsworth Road. The woods are classified as ancient woodlands, having been in existence since the 17th century, the Car Brook flows through the wooded area. Spring brings a carpet of bluebells. The woods are a Local Nature Reserve.\n", "Section::::History.\n", "The 1853 Ordnance Survey map of the area shows a sandstone quarry within the woods. Many of Handsworth's older buildings were constructed using the yellow sandstone from this quarry and two others in the district. A well (\"Shilling Well\") is also shown on maps, close to the junction of the woods with Clifton Square and what is now Handsworth Road (originally Main Road). The 1900 map, however, shows neither of these features.\n", "From the mid 19th century to the mid 20th century, part of the woods (now the site of an Asda supermarket) was occupied by the Fisher Son and Sibray Nurseries and the land upon which the adjacent Triangle Estate now stands, was also once part on the woods, many of its streets are named after types of trees; Larch Hill, Willow Drive, Maple Grove, Alder Lane and Chestnut Avenue.\n", "Local miners built an open-air swimming pool in the woods in 1926. It was fed by waters from a natural spring and surrounded by a fence made of old railway sleepers. Alterations to the Sheffield Parkway, with the addition of the Mosborough link in 1990, included the construction of a new roundabout on the site of the old pool.\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q4950733", "wikidata_label": "Bowden Housteads Woods", "wikipedia_title": "Bowden Housteads Woods" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Tonna, Neath\n", "Tonna () is the name of a village and a coterminous electoral ward and community in Neath Port Talbot, Wales, located to the north-east of Neath town, of which it is effectively a suburb.\n", "Immediately between Tonna and the adjoining parish of Llanilltud (\"Llantwit-juxta-Neath\") is a cottage once occupied by the Welsh born engineer and naturalist Alfred Russel Wallace, who had arrived at his theory of evolution independently of Charles Darwin, with whom he later corresponded. Eventually Wallace and Darwin jointly presented the first paper on Natural Selection to the Linnean Society.\n", "The village's rugby union team is Tonna RFC.\n", "Section::::Toponymy.\n", "Once mainly agricultural fields, the name derives from the archaic Welsh \"tonnau\", meaning lea or grassland and not, as is sometimes assumed, the modern Welsh for \"waves\". Some areas of pasture remain.\n", "Section::::Government and politics.\n", "The electoral ward of Tonna falls within the parliamentary constituency of Neath. The ward consists of a small built-up area of Tonna village to the northwest with rest of the ward consisting of woodland and pasture. Tonna is bounded by the wards of Aberdulais to the north; Resolven to the northeast; Pelenna to the southeast; Cimla and Neath North to the southwest; and Cadoxton to the west.\n", "In the 2017 local council elections, the electorate turnout was %. The results were:\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- www.geograph.co.uk : photos of Tonna and surrounding area\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "Tonna, Neath" ] }, "description": "village in Wales", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q16248422", "wikidata_label": "Tonna", "wikipedia_title": "Tonna, Neath" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Błędów Desert\n", "Błędów Desert () is an area of sands between Błędów (part of Dąbrowa Górnicza in Upper Silesian Metropolitan Union) and the villages of Chechło and Klucze in Poland. The area lies mainly on the Silesian Highlands in the Lesser Poland Voivodeship. The Błędowska Sands is Central Europe's largest accumulation of loose sand in an area away from any sea, deposited thousands of years ago by a melting glacier. It occupies an area of . The sands have an average depth of 40m, up to 70m at the maximum. The Biała Przemsza River divides the desert in two from east to west.\n", "The Błędów Desert was not created naturally, but rather as a result of human activity which lowered the water table to such a degree that the ground could no longer support plant life. Beginning in the Middle Ages, area forests were aggressively cleared to meet the needs of local mining and metal working endeavors. This clearcutting exposed approx. 150 km² of sand, which once reached as far south as Szczakowa.\n", "According to legend, the desert was created by the Devil, who wanted to bury the nearby Olkusz silver mine in sand. \n", "The desert was used as a military proving ground from the beginning of the 20th century. During the Second World War, the German Afrika Korps used the area to train soldiers and to test equipment before deployment in Africa.\n", "In the centuries since its appearance, much of the Błędów Desert has been grown over. In 2013 and 2014 conservation efforts have restored some of the desert sands.\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Błędów Desert (to view the photo gallery, scroll down the page!)\n", "BULLET::::- Wikimapia-Entry\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "desert", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q117750", "wikidata_label": "Błędów Desert", "wikipedia_title": "Błędów Desert" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "HMS Meteorite\n", "HMS \"Meteorite was an experimental U-boat developed in Germany, scuttled at the end of World War II, subsequently raised and commissioned into the Royal Navy. The submarine was originally commissioned into the \"Kriegsmarine\" in March 1945 as U-1407\". It was built around a Walter engine fuelled by high test peroxide (HTP).\n", "Section::::History.\n", "The three completed German Type XVIIB submarines were scuttled by their crews at the end of the Second World War, \"U-1405\" at Flensburg, and \"U-1406\" and \"U-1407\" at Cuxhaven, all in the British Zone of Occupation. \"U-1406\" and \"U-1407\" were scuttled on 7 May 1945 by \"Oberleutnant zur See\" Gerhard Grumpelt even though a superior officer, \"Kapitän zur See\" Kurt Thoma, had prohibited such actions. Grumpelt was subsequently sentenced to seven years' imprisonment by a British military court.\n", "At the Potsdam Conference in July 1945 \"U-1406\" was allocated to the US and \"U-1407\" to Britain and both were soon salvaged.\n", "Section::::Royal Navy service.\n", "\"U-1407\" was salvaged in June 1945, and transported to Barrow-in-Furness, where she was refitted by Vickers with a new and complete set of machinery also captured in Germany, under the supervision of Professor Hellmuth Walter. Because she was intended to be used solely for trials and possibly as a high-speed anti-submarine target, her torpedo tubes were removed. She was commissioned into the Royal Navy on 25 September 1945 and renamed HMS \"Meteorite\".\n", "During 1946 \"Meteorite\" carried out a series of trials under the guidance of Walter and his original team from Germaniawerft, Kiel. The trials raised considerable interest in the possibility of HTP as an alternative to nuclear power as air-independent propulsion and the Admiralty placed an order for two larger experimental Walter boats based on the German Type XXVI, and , to be followed by an operational class of 12 boats.\n", "\"Meteorite\" was not popular with her crews, who regarded the boat as a dangerous and volatile piece of machinery. She was difficult to control due to aircraft-type controls and a lack of forward hydroplanes. She was officially described as \"75% safe\".\n", "Section::::Fate.\n", "\"Meteorite's\" Royal Navy service came to an end in September 1949, and she was broken up by Thos W Ward of Barrow-in-Furness.\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "German submarine U-1407" ] }, "description": "German world war II submarine", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q2447936", "wikidata_label": "HMS Meteorite", "wikipedia_title": "HMS Meteorite" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Sport Boys\n", "Sport Boys Association, commonly referred to as Sport Boys or simply Boys, is a Peruvian football club based in the port city of Callao. It was founded on Peru's independence day, July 28, 1927. \n", "Its classic and historic rival is the Atlético Chalaco against whom dispute the Clasico Porteño derby of Callao. It is considered the fourth most important club in the history of Peruvian football as they have won 6 national titles and have the largest number of international appearances after Universitario, Sporting Cristal and Alianza Lima, teams of Lima.\n", "Section::::History.\n", "The club was founded on July 28, 1927 by a group of young enthusiasts from El Callao who got together to fulfill the dream of a very important local football fan Gualberto Lizárraga to start a football club. The day before Peru's independence day, July 27, they held a meeting and at midnight, the group sang the National Anthem. Afterwards, they declared the club founded and named Lizárraga president and unanimously voted for the club name to be Sport Boys Association.\n", "The team's original uniform was not pink but striped red and yellow.\n", "Sport Boys was the first Peruvian football club to feature cheerleaders. Many of them, including Anelhí Arias, Shirley Cherres, and others that have become Peruvian celebrities.\n", "Section::::History.:Recent years.\n", "The last time Sport Boys became champions of the Primera División Peruana was 1984. Since then they have had a rollercoaster of ups and downs. Some of the ups have been being runners-up in the 1990 and 1991 First Division after having won the Segunda División Peruana to gain promotion. In 1999 the Sport Boys qualified for the Copa CONMEBOL, and in 2001 for the 2001 Copa Libertadores. Since then that team has had more downs than ups by avoiding relegation to the Segunda División Peruana by winning an end of season playoff match that went down to a penalty shootout against José Gálvez in the 2006 season. During 2008 their campaign was worse than the 2007 campaign leaving the Sport Boys in the bottom of the standings for most of the Apertura tournament. Financial issues were also haunting the club in 2008, so severe that they have not been able to pay their players from March 2008. Some players like midfielder Montenegro have had to do taxi work at night to be able to support their families. That year they were relegated to the Segunda División Peruana but on October 17, 2009, after a great season, Sport Boys went on to beat Cobresol 3–2 for the Segunda División Peruana finals to go back into the Primera Division Peruana, where it played for three seasons before been inundated with economical problems, and then finishing 15th during the 2012 season which relegated them back to the Peruvian Segunda Division\n", "Section::::Rivalries.\n", "Sport Boys has had a long-standing rivalry with Atlético Chalaco, Alianza Lima, Sporting Cristal, Deportivo Municipal, and Universitario.\n", "Section::::Stadium.\n", "Sport Boys plays its home games at the Estadio Miguel Grau. It has a capacity of about 17,000. Before this stadium was built, they had to use the 5,000 spectator capacity Telmo Carbajo, a stadium that was in bad condition and unfit to host football matches. It was the first stadium in Callao. Sport Boys were forced to play their games in the Estadio Nacional, where they would be far away from their fans.\n", "Section::::Honours.\n", "Section::::Honours.:National.\n", "BULLET::::- Peruvian Primera División: 6\n", "BULLET::::- Torneo Apertura: 0\n", "BULLET::::- Torneo Regional: 1\n", "BULLET::::- Peruvian Segunda División: 3\n", "Section::::Performance in CONMEBOL competitions.\n", "BULLET::::- Copa Libertadores: 6 appearances\n", "BULLET::::- Copa CONMEBOL: 1 appearance\n", "Section::::Notable players.\n", "BULLET::::- Fernando Martinuzzi\n", "BULLET::::- Cláudio Adão\n", "BULLET::::- Armando \"Tuta\" Agurto\n", "BULLET::::- Jorge \"Campolo\" Alcalde\n", "BULLET::::- Teodoro \"Prisco\" Alcalde\n", "BULLET::::- Gerónimo \"Patrulla\" Barbadillo\n", "BULLET::::- Alfredo Carmona\n", "BULLET::::- Jose Chacon\n", "BULLET::::- Paolo de la Haza\n", "BULLET::::- Carlos Flores\n", "BULLET::::- Mario Flores\n", "BULLET::::- Jorge Hirano\n", "BULLET::::- Valeriano López\n", "BULLET::::- Julio Meléndez\n", "BULLET::::- Juan Jose Munante\n", "BULLET::::- Oswaldo \"Cachito\" Ramírez\n", "BULLET::::- Santiago Salazar\n", "BULLET::::- Jhonny Vegas\n", "BULLET::::- Waldemar Victorino\n", "BULLET::::- Enrique Aróstegui\n", "Section::::Managers.\n", "BULLET::::- Víctor Alcalde (1930's)\n", "BULLET::::- Raúl Chappell (1940–42)\n", "BULLET::::- Abelardo Robles (1943–44)\n", "BULLET::::- Enrique Aróstegui (1945–46)\n", "BULLET::::- Telmo Carbajo\n", "BULLET::::- Miguel Rostaing\n", "BULLET::::- José Arana (1948)\n", "BULLET::::- Alfonso Huapaya (1950–52)\n", "BULLET::::- Jorge Alcalde (1953)\n", "BULLET::::- Dan Georgiadis (1957–58)\n", "BULLET::::- Marcos Calderón (1958–62)\n", "BULLET::::- José Gomes Nogueira (1964)\n", "BULLET::::- José Chiarella (1966)\n", "BULLET::::- Roberto Drago (1966)\n", "BULLET::::- César Brush (1967)\n", "BULLET::::- Diego Agurto (1968)\n", "BULLET::::- José Chiarella (1969)\n", "BULLET::::- Juan Honores (1970)\n", "BULLET::::- Zózimo (1971)\n", "BULLET::::- Juan Hohberg (1972)\n", "BULLET::::- Djalma Santos (1973)\n", "BULLET::::- Walter Milera (1973)\n", "BULLET::::- Moisés Barack (1974)\n", "BULLET::::- Diego Agurto (1974)\n", "BULLET::::- Zózimo (1975–76)\n", "BULLET::::- César Cubilla (1977)\n", "BULLET::::- José Chiarella (1978)\n", "BULLET::::- Luis Roth (1979)\n", "BULLET::::- Eloy Campos (1979–80)\n", "BULLET::::- José Chiarella (1980–81)\n", "BULLET::::- Walter Milera (1983)\n", "BULLET::::- Marcos Calderón (1984)\n", "BULLET::::- Juan Hohberg (1985)\n", "BULLET::::- Walter Milera (1986–87)\n", "BULLET::::- Gustavo Merino (1987)\n", "BULLET::::- Augusto Palacios (1987)\n", "BULLET::::- Jaime Ramírez (1988)\n", "BULLET::::- Vito Andrés \"Sabino\" Bártoli (1989)\n", "BULLET::::- Miguel Ángel Arrué (1990)\n", "BULLET::::- Miguel Company (1990)\n", "BULLET::::- Fred (1990)\n", "BULLET::::- Miguel Company (1991)\n", "BULLET::::- Manuel Mayorga (1991)\n", "BULLET::::- Edu (1992)\n", "BULLET::::- Hernán Saavedra (1992)\n", "BULLET::::- Manuel Mayorga (1992)\n", "BULLET::::- Roberto Challe (1993)\n", "BULLET::::- César Gonzales (1993–94)\n", "BULLET::::- Luis Roth (1994)\n", "BULLET::::- Carlos Solís (1994)\n", "BULLET::::- Moisés Barack (1994)\n", "BULLET::::- César González (1994)\n", "BULLET::::- José Carlos Amaral (1995)\n", "BULLET::::- Miguel Ángel Arrué (1996)\n", "BULLET::::- Cláudio Adão (1997)\n", "BULLET::::- César Cubilla (1997)\n", "BULLET::::- César González (1998)\n", "BULLET::::- Ivica Brzić (1999)\n", "BULLET::::- César González (1999)\n", "BULLET::::- Ramón Mifflin (2000)\n", "BULLET::::- Teddy Cardama (2000)\n", "BULLET::::- Ramón Mifflin (2001)\n", "BULLET::::- César González (2001)\n", "BULLET::::- Ramón Mifflin (2002)\n", "BULLET::::- Jorge Sampaoli (2002–03)\n", "BULLET::::- Fernando Zamácola (2004)\n", "BULLET::::- Eusebio Salazar (2004)\n", "BULLET::::- Franco Navarro (2004–05)\n", "BULLET::::- Juan Carlos Cabanillas (2005)\n", "BULLET::::- Eusebio Salazar (2005)\n", "BULLET::::- Roberto Mosquera (2006)\n", "BULLET::::- Raúl Márcovich (2006)\n", "BULLET::::- César González (2006–07)\n", "BULLET::::- Moisés Barack (2007)\n", "BULLET::::- Jacinto Rodríguez (2008)\n", "BULLET::::- Eusebio Salazar (July 2008–Dec 08)\n", "BULLET::::- Juan Carlos Cabanillas (2009)\n", "BULLET::::- Roberto Drago Maturo (Sept 2009–April 10)\n", "BULLET::::- Miguel Company (April 2010–Dec 11)\n", "BULLET::::- Agustín Castillo (2011)\n", "BULLET::::- Claudio Techera (Jan 2012–July 12)\n", "BULLET::::- Jorge Espejo (Sept 2012–13)\n", "BULLET::::- Pablo Bossi (2013)\n", "BULLET::::- Rivelino Carassa (2014)\n", "BULLET::::- Paul Cominges (2014–15)\n", "BULLET::::- Rivelino Carassa (2015–)\n", "BULLET::::- Rainer Torres (2016)\n", "BULLET::::- Mario Viera (2017)\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Official websites\n", "BULLET::::- Official Website\n", "BULLET::::- Non-official websites\n", "BULLET::::- Fan Website\n", "BULLET::::- Fan Website\n", "BULLET::::- Fan Website\n", "BULLET::::- Fan Website\n", "BULLET::::- Vamos Boys.com Fan Website\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "Sport Boys Association", "Club Sport Boys Association" ] }, "description": "association football club in Peru", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q603060", "wikidata_label": "Sport Boys", "wikipedia_title": "Sport Boys" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Onllwyn\n", "Onllwyn () is a small village and community in Neath Port Talbot, Wales, near Seven Sisters.\n", "Section::::History.\n", "First developed by the Romans, the local village Banwen is confined to the Roman Road of Sarn Helen. There are two Roman forts and the remains of a Roman Road within the community.\n", "Legend has it that St Patrick was born here and taken to Ireland after the area was raided by Irish raiders. A celebration and a march are held on March 17 to mark the event.\n", "With over 200 years of coal mining behind it, the parish once had five pits that employed hundreds of men. Now all that remains is a coal washery and coal processing plant. On the route of the former Neath and Brecon Railway, there is a freight only line to the coal washery from the South Wales Main Line at Neath.\n", "Onllwyn was involved in several 20th-century coal mining strikes which brought the town notoriety. The political, labour and cultural connections between Onllwyn and the American coal mining region known as Appalachia grew into an in-person cultural exchange in the 1970s. Musical acts were performed at Onllwyn Miners' Welfare Hall in 1976, including a performance by The Strange Creek Singers featuring American musicians Hazel Dickens, Alice Gerrard, Mike Seeger, Tracy Schwartz, and Lamar Grier. The exchange was facilitated and filmed by Helen Lewis and John Gaventa.\n", "Onllwyn was also the setting for Pride, the award-winning 2014 LGBT-related historical comedy-drama film written by Stephen Beresford and directed by Matthew Warchus. The movie chronicles the true story of a group of lesbian and gay activists who raised money to help families affected by the British miners' strike in 1984.\n", "Section::::Present.\n", "Commanding views of the Brecon Beacons, this now semi-rural location is popular for retired people. There is a Community College, \"Dove Workshops\", village shop, post office, pub, and Association football and Rugby union teams.\n", "The area's residents often refer to the environs under the generic of Banwen, as it is easier to pronounce for non-Welsh language speakers.\n", "Section::::Government and politics.\n", "The electoral ward of Onllwyn consists of some or all of the following settlements: Banwen, Dyffryn Cellwen and Onllwyn in the parliamentary constituency of Neath.\n", "Onllwyn is bounded by the wards of Abercraf and Tawe Uchaf (both in Powys) to the north; Glynneath to the southeast; and Seven Sisters to the south west. The Onllwyn ward consists of open moorland and a band of woodland to the south. Mine workings are prominent in the north of the ward. There are only two A roads crossing the ward: the A4109 and the A4221. All of the settled areas in the ward lie around the A4109.\n", "In the 2017 local council elections, the electorate turnout was 4.2%. The results were:\n", "Section::::Residents of note.\n", "BULLET::::- Dai Francis, NUM trade unionist and father of MP David Hywel Francis, was born in Onllwyn, and took as his bardic name \"Dai o'r Onllwyn\"\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Cwmdulais Historical Society\n", "BULLET::::- www.geograph.co.uk : photos of Onllwyn and surrounding area\n", "Section::::Further reading.\n", "BULLET::::- Tom Hansell, Patricia Beaver and Angela Wiley, \"Keep Your Eye upon the Scale,\" http://southernspaces.org/2015/keep-your-eye-upon-scale\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "village and community in Neath Port Talbot, Wales", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q7094142", "wikidata_label": "Onllwyn", "wikipedia_title": "Onllwyn" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "GWR 3031 Class\n", "The Dean Single, 3031 Class, or Achilles Class was a type of steam locomotive built by the British Great Western Railway between 1891 and 1899. They were designed by William Dean for passenger work. The first 30 members of the class were built as 2-2-2s of the 3001 Class.\n", "The first eight members of the class (numbers 3021-3028, built April–August 1891) were built as convertible broad gauge 2-2-2 locomotives, being converted to standard gauge in mid-1892, at the end of broad gauge running on the Great Western Railway. A further 22 were built in late 1891 and early 1892, this time as standard gauge engines.\n", "Although the 3001 class were fitted with larger boilers than earlier GWR 2-2-2 classes, the diameter of the boiler was constrained by its position between the driving wheels. Thus boiler capacity could only be increased by making the boiler longer, not wider, bringing the smokebox and cylinders in front of the leading axle. The extra weight of the larger boilers was borne by the leading wheels, making the locomotives unstable, particularly at speed. On 16 September 1893 No. 3021 \"Wigmore Castle\", hauling an express train, was derailed in Box Tunnel when the front axle broke. The cause of the accident was thought to be excessive weight being carried on the front axle, so it was decided to replace the leading pair of wheels in the 3001 class with a bogie.\n", "In the 3001 class the steam chest was located underneath the cylinders, and contained two slide valves. The inverted placement of the valves allowed them to drop away from the face of the steam ports when steam was shut off, thus reducing wear. The steam chest and valves lay above the front carrying axle, and there was sufficient clearance to allow the steam chest cover to be removed over the axle for maintenance.\n", "Replacing the axle with a bogie of conventional design would have obstructed access to the port faces. Dean instead used a suspension bogie, in which the weight of the locomotive was transferred upwards to the bogie by four bolts mounted on the inside frames. The centre pin of the bogie rotated in a spring-centred block mounted beneath the steam chest on cross beams. This setup gave sufficient clearance so that, when the bolts were undone, the front end of the locomotive raised, and the bogie was run out from underneath, the steam chest cover could be removed without hindrance.\n", "No. 3021 was rebuilt as a 4-2-2 in March 1894. Between June and December 1894 the 28 remaining locomotives of the 3001 class were rebuilt. The first of a further 50 new bogie singles was also built in March 1894, the last of the class being outshopped in March 1899. These new locomotives differed from the rebuilds in having their cylinder diameter reduced from , and the springs for the trailing wheels located above the footplate and outside the cab, necessitating a reduced width for the latter. The rebuilds subsequently had their cylinders lined down to . The entire class, as they required it, had their driving wheels fitted with thicker tyres from 1898 onwards, increasing the wheel diameter by to .\n", "In 1900, George Jackson Churchward replaced the boiler on number 3027 \"Worcester\" with a parallel Standard 2 boiler. Twelve further engines were similarly converted in 1905 and 1906.\n", "Despite the locomotives' speed, the 4-2-2 design was soon found to be outdated and unsuitable for more modern operation. A proposal to improve their performance by fitting them with long-travel valves was found to be impracticable; the existing valves were directly driven from eccentrics mounted on the driving axle, and there was insufficient clearance to fit larger eccentrics. Churchward considered rebuilding the class as Armstrong Class 4-4-0s with\n", "Section::::Notable members of the class.\n", "3065 \"Duke of Connaught\" made a record-breaking run with the Ocean Mail on 9 May 1904, covering the distance from Bristol (Pylle Hill) to Paddington in 99 minutes 46 seconds as part of a run from Plymouth to Paddington in 227 minutes.\n", "3041 \"The Queen\", originally named \"James Mason\", was an example of this class allocated to Royal Train duties.\n", "Number 3046 \"Lord of the Isles\" has enjoyed a certain amount of celebrity, having been chosen as the prototype for a Tri-ang model locomotive. Since then the engine has also been modelled by Brio and Matchbox. In 2006, Hornby also produced a limited edition of the same model, this time bearing the name \"Lorna Doone\".\n", "Section::::Replica.\n", "None of the original class survive, but a static replica of \"The Queen\" was commissioned by Tussauds for the Railways and Royalty exhibition at Windsor and Eton Central railway station. The replica loco was completed in December 1982 and displayed outside Steamtown in January 1983 (where it was constructed), before being transported by road to Windsor on 12 January 1983 and arriving on 14 January.\n", "The main frames, footplate, 'boiler', smokebox, cab and splashers were fabricated by Babcock's of Tipton. The tender was modified from an LBSCR C2x tender. Parts from a GWR tender, that came from the Dumbleton Hall Preservation Society, were used to provide the wheels for the front bogie and the real wheels. The top halves of the driving wheels do not exist, and were cast from 2 quarters, being bolted together to make a half, and the driving wheels also don't sit on the rail, so the loco could be wheeled into position on its front bogie and rear wheels.\n", "Some boiler fittings were obtained from the Great Western Society and sandblasted, and the dome and safety valve bonnet were made by Newcastle Metal Spinners.\n", "Tussaud's fitted smoke and steam generators, so steam was emitted from the cab, whistles, safety valves and smoke from the chimney. A sound unit was also fitted.\n", "The engine remains there, but the tender was scrapped to make more space for the shopping centre occupying that station building. The Bluebell Railway Atlantic Group purchased the axleboxes, springs and the complete wheel sets from the tender for use in their newbuild Atlantic project.\n", "Section::::Models.\n", "Hornby Railways manufacture a model of the 3031 Class in OO gauge.\n", "Section::::Civic heraldry.\n", "The coat of arms of the old Borough of Swindon (1900–74) includes an image of 3029 \"White Horse\" on the shield. The coat of arms was displayed on the splashers of the last Castle Class built (No. 7037 \"Swindon\"). STEAM Museum of the Great Western Railway at Swindon acquired one of the splashers in 2012.\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Dean Single Info\n", "BULLET::::- Photo of 3009 \"Flying Dutchman\" from 1900\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "GWR Achilles class", "GWR Dean Single" ] }, "description": "class of British 4-2-2 locomotives", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q5514927", "wikidata_label": "GWR 3031 Class", "wikipedia_title": "GWR 3031 Class" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Club Deportivo Universidad de San Martín de Porres\n", "Club Deportivo Universidad San Martín de Porres, commonly known as USMP, is a Peruvian football club based in the city of Lima. The club was founded in 2004 as a joint stock company, the first in Peru. In just their first season, the club began playing in the Peruvian top-flight, the Torneo Descentralizado, after they bought the promotional place of the 2003 Segunda División winners, Sport Coopsol. The team obtained their first Descentralizado title in 2007, the second in 2008 and their third in 2010.\n", "The name comes from the Universidad de San Martín de Porres, a university in Lima.\n", "Section::::History.\n", "In the 2004 Apertura, Universidad San Martin's results were poor. They accumulated 10 points and were positioned last on the table. Although the club managed to win 47 points and reached second place in the Clausura. In total, San Martin was placed 12° with 57 points. On the relegation table they placed eleventh, remaining in the first division. The following season, they did better and placed fourth, qualifying for the 2006 Copa Sudamericana. Although they were eliminated in the preliminary round, they won their first international game by defeating Bolognesi in a home game 3–2 but were eliminated because of the away goals rule. In 2006, they placed 6th on the aggregate table and did not qualify for any international tournament.\n", "The beginning of the 2007 season smiled upon the \"Santos\". They won the Apertura for the first time after defeating Cienciano 2–1 in Cuzco, qualifying for the 2008 Copa Libertadores. Despite not finishing in the top 6 places in the Clausura tournament, thereby not fulfilling the condition to qualify for the national title playoff, the Clausura winners Coronel Bolognesi had not satisfied the condition in the Apertura either, so no playoff was played and San Martín were awarded the national title on the basis of its better aggregate record throughout the season.\n", "In the 2009 Copa Libertadores, San Martin became the first Peruvian team to pass the group stage since 2004, eliminating River Plate of Argentina, Nacional of Paraguay, Nacional of Uruguay, and would lose in the round of 16 to Grêmio of Brazil 1–5 on aggregate.\n", "On 12 December 2010, at Estadio Monumental, Universidad San Martin defeated León de Huánuco in Peru's two-legged final that gave Universidad San Martín the domestic championship.\n", "On 20 February 2012, the club Universidad San Martín, for extra-sporting issues, announced their definitive retirement from the local tournament and professional football.\n", "On 14 March 2012, the club Universidad San Martín returned to the local tournament and professional football.\n", "Section::::Stadium.\n", "U. San Martin currently do not own a stadium. Therefore, they play in the different stadiums of Lima. They have used the Estadio Nacional and Estadio Alejandro Villanueva in the past. Today they choose the Estadio Miguel Grau which it shares with Sport Boys and Academia Cantolao. San Martin, however, are known to favor Universitario's stadium, Estadio Monumental \"U\". The stadium they choose mostly depends on how many people are expected to attend a game.\n", "Section::::Honours.\n", "Section::::Honours.:National.\n", "BULLET::::- Peruvian Primera División:\n", "BULLET::::- Copa Inca:\n", "BULLET::::- Torneo Apertura:\n", "BULLET::::- Torneo Clausura:\n", "Section::::Honours.:Friendly International.\n", "BULLET::::- Copa Ciudad de Trujillo:\n", "Section::::Honours.:Under-20 team.\n", "BULLET::::- Torneo de Promoción y Reserva:\n", "Section::::Managers.\n", "Section::::Managers.:Managerial history.\n", "\"* Only official tournaments. (FIFA, CONMEBOL, FPF)\"\"\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Official website\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "CD Universidad San Martin" ] }, "description": "association football club", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q602582", "wikidata_label": "CD Universidad San Martín", "wikipedia_title": "Club Deportivo Universidad de San Martín de Porres" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Type XVII submarine\n", "The Type XVII U-boats were small coastal submarines that used a high-test peroxide propulsion system, which offered a combination of air-independent propulsion and high submerged speeds.\n", "Section::::Background.\n", "In the early 1930s Hellmuth Walter had designed a small, high-speed submarine with a streamlined form propelled by high-test peroxide (HTP) and in 1939 he was awarded a contract to build an experimental vessel, the 80 ton , which achieved an underwater speed of during trials in 1940. In November 1940 Admirals Erich Raeder and Werner Fuchs (head of the \"Kriegsmarine\"s Construction Office) witnessed a demonstration of the \"V-80\"; Raeder was impressed, but Fuchs was slow to approve further tests.\n", "Following the success of the \"V-80's\" trials, Walter contacted Karl Dönitz in January 1942, who enthusiastically embraced the idea and requested that these submarines be developed as quickly as possible. An initial order was placed in summer 1942 for four Type XVIIA development submarines.\n", "Section::::Construction.\n", "Of these, and , designated \"Wa 201\", were built by Blohm + Voss, commissioned in October 1943, and achieved submerged. The other pair of Type XVIIA submarines, and , designated \"Wk 202\", were constructed by Friedrich Krupp Germaniawerft, Kiel, and commissioned in April 1944.\n", "The \"U-793\" achieved a submerged speed of in March 1944 with Admiral Dönitz aboard. In June 1944 \"U-792\" achieved over a measured mile.\n", "The Type XVIIA submarines were found to be very hard to handle at high speed, and were plagued by numerous mechanical problems, low efficiency, and the fact that a significant amount of power was lost due to increased back pressure on the exhaust at depth. Also, the length to beam ratio was too low, resulting in an unnecessarily high drag.\n", "Admiral Fuchs argued that introducing a new type of U-boat would hinder current production efforts, but Dönitz argued the case for them and on 4 January 1943 the \"Kriegsmarine\" ordered 24 Type XVII submarines.\n", "Construction of operational Type XVII submarines – the Type XVIIB – was begun at the Blohm + Voss yard in Hamburg. The Type XVIIB, unlike the XVIIA, had only a single turbine. The initial order was for 12 submarines, \"U-1405\" through \"U-1416\". However, Blohm + Voss were already struggling to cope with orders for Type XXI submarines and the \"Kriegsmarine\" reduced the order to six.\n", "Section::::Projected types.\n", "Twelve Type XVIIG of slightly improved design, \"U-1081\" through \"U-1092\", were at the same time ordered from Germaniawerft.\n", "A projected Type XVIIK would have abandoned the Walter system for closed-cycle Diesel engines using pure oxygen from onboard tanks.\n", "Section::::Completed boats.\n", "Three Type XVIIB boats were completed by Blohm + Voss of Hamburg between 1943 and 1944: , and U-1407. \"U-1405\" was completed in December 1944, \"U-1406\" in February 1945, and \"U-1407\" in March 1945.\n", "A further three boats (\"U-1408\" to \"U-1410\") were under construction, but were not complete when the war ended. Another six Type XVIIB's (\"U-1411\" to \"U-1416\") were cancelled during the war in favour of the Type XXI submarine.\n", "Section::::Post war.\n", "All three completed Type XVIIB boats were scuttled by their crews at the end of World War II, \"U-1405\" at Flensburg, and \"U-1406\" and \"U-1407\" at Cuxhaven, all in the British Zone of Occupation. \"U-1406\" and \"U-1407\" were scuttled on 7 May 1945 by \"Oberleutnant zur See\" Gerhard Grumpelt, even though a superior officer, \"Kapitän zur See\" Kurt Thoma, had prohibited such actions. Grumpelt was subsequently sentenced to 7 years imprisonment by a British military court.\n", "At the Potsdam Conference in July 1945 \"U-1406\" was allocated to the United States and \"U-1407\" to Britain, and both were soon salvaged. The uncompleted \"U-1408\" and \"U-1410\" were discovered by British forces at the Blohm + Voss yard in Hamburg.\n", "The United States Navy did not repair and operate \"U-1406\" as it had with the two Type XXI submarines it had captured. She travelled to the United States as deck cargo, having been stripped after being damaged by fire and twice flooded. Portsmouth Naval Shipyard estimated it would cost $1 million to put her into service, but plans to do so were rejected due to the perceived fire hazard and high cost of HTP, and she was broken up in New York harbour some time after 18 May 1948.\n", "The Royal Navy repaired \"U-1407\" and recommissioned her on 25 September 1945 as . She served as the model for two further HTP boats, and .\n", "Section::::List of boats.\n", "Type XVIIA\n", "\"Wa 201\" — Blohm + Voss, Hamburg\n", "\"Wk 202\" — Germaniawerft, Kiel\n", "Type XVIIB — Blohm + Voss, Hamburg\n", "BULLET::::- — scuttled May 1945, raised, and transported to the U.S,; broken up some time after 18 May 1948\n", "BULLET::::- — scuttled May 1945\n", "BULLET::::- U-1407 — scuttled May 1945, raised, repaired and served as until 1949\n", "BULLET::::- \"U-1408\"-\"U-1410\" — incomplete when the war ended\n", "BULLET::::- \"U-1411\"-\"U-1416\" — contract cancelled before construction began\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "German Type XVII submarine" ] }, "description": "", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q2558183", "wikidata_label": "Type XVII submarine", "wikipedia_title": "Type XVII submarine" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Torch Theatre, Milford Haven\n", "The Torch Theatre is a not-for-profit theatre in Milford Haven, Pembrokeshire, Wales.\n", "Established in 1977, it is one of only three building-based producing theatres in the whole of Wales. The initial concept was a small community enterprise, linked with a Further Education centre in the adjacent building. Expansion however meant that it became a much larger project. The theatre was designed by local architect, Monty Minter. It was built at a cost of £500,000, and opened with a production of Relatively Speaking. As well as hosting touring productions, the Torch possesses its own independent theatre company which produces and tours its own shows. Since the late 1980s, it has been the only cinema in the town.\n", "In 2006, the theatre commenced a £5.4 million redevelopment. In August 2007, Milford Haven Town Council voted to cut the grant it provides to the theatre, which in turn will affect the much more substantial income from the Arts Council of Wales.\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- The Torch Theatre Website\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Hair colorist\n", "In fashion, a colorist is a hairstylist who specializes in coloring hair.\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- Skin tone color matching\n", "BULLET::::- Turban training centre\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Endcliffe Park\n", "Endcliffe Park is a large park in the city of Sheffield, South Yorkshire, England. The park was opened in 1887 to commemorate the Jubilee of Queen Victoria.\n", "Endcliffe Park comprises parkland as well as woodland. The portion along Rustlings Road is grassy and used as a recreation whilst the Northern border, separated from the recreation grounds by the Porter Brook, is woodland, and is traversed by many paths.\n", "The entrance to the park was a toll bar on the Hathersage Road. Next to the entrance is a Grade II listed pavilion.\n", "To the left of the park's entrance is the Hallamshire Tennis & Squash Club.\n", "Section::::Monuments.\n", "The park features two monuments dedicated to Queen Victoria. Near the entrance is a statue of Queen Victoria and midway up the path towards Whiteley Woods is an obelisk also in honour of Queen Victoria. Both originally stood at the top of Fargate in Sheffield city centre. A tree planted by the Lord Mayor of Sheffield to commemorate Queen Victoria's Jubilee stands near her statue.\n", "There is also a memorial stone marking the crash site of the USAAF B-17 Flying Fortress \"Mi Amigo\".\n", "Section::::Facilities and events.\n", "The park has a playground which was revamped in 2008 which has many attractions for children. The park also includes a parkour training facility which was built in 2014, funded by the Sheffield Parkour Movement group. There is also an outdoor gym area which includes pull up bars and self-weighted machines. All these facilities are currently free to use.\n", "There is also a family-friendly cafe which is open daily, serving a wide range of food and drinks. There are also toilet facilities and a small children's amusement area next to the cafe.\n", "The park often hosts many events in the summer, such as circuses, musical events and a fair; including the Easter duck race event. The Sheffield Hallam Parkrun takes place weekly.\n", "Section::::Ponds.\n", "The Porter Brook, although flowing freely between the many old trees of the park, is dammed and forms two ponds, home of ducks and feral pigeons. The first pond, situated to the West of the park has an island. There is no access to the island. Like all the ponds along the Porter Valley, the ponds in the park are old mill ponds and retain their races that once drove a water wheel. In Endcliffe Park these have been semi-blocked to achieve an attractive waterfall effect. Endcliffe Park and many of the other parks and public spaces along the Porter Brook, are a re-claimed, pre-steam-age industrial landscape.\n", "These days the ponds act as wildlife refuges, especially the island in the larger pond, with Mallard, Moorhen and Coots resident, joined by a flock of Black-headed gulls each winter. The ponds also enjoy frequent visits from Grey Herons and Kingfishers throughout the year. The Porter Brook itself supports many more species, including the territories of Dippers in its higher reaches. Grey Wagtails frequently feed on insects just above the brook all along its length and are usually first glimpsed as a flash of bright canary yellow when strolling along those paths of Endcliffe Park that follow the course of the Brook.\n", "Section::::Special designations.\n", "BULLET::::- City Park\n", "BULLET::::- Listed on English Heritage's Register of Parks and Gardens of Special Historic Interest in England\n", "BULLET::::- Grade II listed features: Toll Gates, Jubilee Monument, Jubilee Obelisk, Pavilion & Lodge, Statue of Queen Victoria.\n", "Section::::References.\n", " Courage Above the Clouds: the full true story of B17 Mi-Amigo and the heroes of Endcliffe Park, by Paul Allonby (lulu.com August 2016, 84-pages, illustrated with cover art by Paul Rowland)\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Sheffield's Parks, Woodlands & Countryside\n", "BULLET::::- Mi Amigo - an account of a bomber that crashed in the park\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Monaco (typeface)\n", "Monaco is a monospaced sans-serif typeface designed by Susan Kare and Kris Holmes. It ships with OS X and was already present with all previous versions of the Mac operating system. Characters are distinct, and it is difficult to confuse 0 (figure zero) and O (uppercase O), or 1 (figure one), | (Vertical bar), I (uppercase i) and l (lowercase L). A unique feature of the font is the high curvature of its parentheses as well as the width of its square brackets, the result of these being that an empty pair of parentheses or square brackets will strongly resemble a circle or square, respectively.\n", "Monaco has been released in at least three forms. The original was a bitmap monospace font that still appears in the ROMs of even New World Macs, and is still available in recent macOS releases (size 9, with disabled antialiasing). The second is the outline form, loosely similar to Lucida Mono and created as a TrueType font for System 6 and 7; this is the standard font used for all other sizes. There was briefly a third known as MPW, since it was designed to be used with the Macintosh Programmer's Workshop IDE; it was essentially a straight conversion of the bitmap font into an outline font with the addition of some of the same disambiguation features as were added to the TrueType Monaco.\n", "The original Monaco 9 point bitmap font was designed so that when a Compact Macintosh window was displayed full screen, such as for a terminal emulator program, it would result in a standard text user interface display of 80 columns by 25 lines.\n", "With the August 2009 release of Mac OS X 10.6 \"Snow Leopard\", Menlo was introduced as the default monospaced font instead of Monaco in Terminal and Xcode, However, Monaco remains a part of OS X. Monaco is the default font in the current Python IDLE when used on a Mac running OS X El Capitan.\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- Apple typography\n", "BULLET::::- ProFont\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Russian cruiser Rurik (1892)\n", "Rurik () was an armoured cruiser built for the Imperial Russian Navy in the early 1890s. She was named in honour of Rurik, the semi-legendary founder of ancient Russia. She was sunk at the Battle of Ulsan in the Russo-Japanese War of 1904–05.\n", "Section::::Design and construction.\n", "The Imperial Russian Navy, by the end of the 19th century required a cruiser capable of undertaking long cruises into foreign waters for the purpose of destroying commercial vessels, especially if war was to occur between Russia and the United Kingdom. Russian admiral Ivan Shestakov submitted the design of \"Rurik\" to the Baltic Works at St. Petersburg for construction, bypassing the normal procedure of submitting the design to the Naval Technical Committee (MTK). The original specifications for the vessel, as submitted by Shestakov, are currently lost, but presumably Shestakov intended the ship to be able to travel from \"the Baltic to Vladivostok without recoaling en route\". It appears that Shestakov wanted a design similar to and such a design was submitted via a constructor from the Baltic Works to the MTK.\n", "That design, a 9,000-ton, 8 inch belted cruiser, was rejected by the MTK. It is more likely that the design was rejected because of tension between Shestakov and the MTK and the General Admiral of the Navy, Grand Duke Alexei Alexandrovich, rather than technical issues with the design. The submitted design called for a long warship (over ) and had a design endurance of . Shestakov was unable, however, to fight for the submitted design, as he died in December 1888.\n", "Shestakov's successor, Chikhachev, had excellent relations with the MTK board, and the Baltic Works design was quickly rejected. The MTK design which followed was a 10,000-ton vessel with a 10 inch belt and with an operational speed and range of and respectively. \"Rurik\" would also sport a complete barque rig. Construction began in 1890 after powerplant issues were solved by the technical designers at the Baltic Works.\n", "As plans and designs of \"Rurik\" were being finalised, rumours began floating as to the exact nature of the vessel. In particular, Britain became extremely nervous about the new cruiser, fearing greatly for her large commercial fleet which she depended on. The British press \"fuelled anxiety to the point where it approached paranoia.\" As it turned out, the Royal Navy grossly overestimated the threat posed by \"Rurik\" and built the cruisers specifically designed to counter the \"Rurik.\" Two of the first ones were the \"Powerful\" and \"Terrible\". The British cruisers turned out to be much faster, easily making 22 knots compare to the \"Rurik\"'s top speed of . The British cruisers were using the watertube, or coil, boilers that later were proved superior and became a standard on all new warships of that time.\n", "While there was a heavy armament of four guns and 16 guns, along with a quartet of torpedo tubes, the armour for \"Rurik\" was light, with only an average 2.5 inches on the decks and an average 10 inches on the sides using nickel steel plate.\n", "Section::::Service history.\n", "After her commissioning, \"Rurik\" headed for the Russian Pacific Fleet based at Vladivostok. Admiral Fyodor Dubasov, who commanded the Pacific Squadron, recommended various modifications to the ship after a short period of service, including reboilering and the removal of the ship's rigging. The reboilering project never got off the ground, but the amount of rigging was cut down significantly.\n", "When the Russo-Japanese War broke out in 1904, \"Rurik\" and the other cruisers of the Pacific Squadron, , , and , were all charged with seeking out and destroying Japanese merchant vessels in the Sea of Japan and along the coasts of the Japanese home islands. By August 1904, only one ship had been sunk and the Imperial Japanese Army had moved siege artillery close enough to shell the main Russian port in the Pacific, Port Arthur. The siege of Port Arthur kept most of the Russian naval vessels assigned to the Pacific Squadron inside the port, despite several failed attempts at breakout.\n", "On 14 August, three of the four Vladivostok-based cruisers sortied towards Port Arthur (\"Bogatyr\" having received damage due to grounding ) in an attempt to assist in lifting the Japanese blockade. They were met by a squadron of Japanese warships commanded by Vice Admiral Kamimura Hikonojō in the Tsushima Strait between Korea and Japan, which resulted in the Battle off Ulsan. The Japanese force had four modern armored cruisers, , , , and . Early in the engagement, \"Rurik\" (the rear ship of the Russian formation) was hit by Japanese fire three times in the stern, flooding her steering compartment so that she had to be steered with her engines. Her speed was decreased, splitting it from the rest of the Russian ships, further exposing her to Japanese fire, and her steering jammed to port. The Russian Admiral Karl Jessen attempted to provide cover for the ship, but was pushed back by the Japanese cruisers. As the Russian ships withdrew, \"Rurik\" was set upon by several Japanese cruisers. Rather than surrender the ship to the Japanese, the senior surviving officer, one Lieutenant Ivanov, ordered the ship to be scuttled. The Japanese picked up about 625 survivors, the rest perishing in the engagement.\n", "The remaining two Russian cruisers escaped back to Vladivostok.\n", "Section::::Legacy.\n", "Despite her obsolete physical appearance, with the barque rigging and unprotected guns, \"Rurik\" performed surprisingly well at Ulsan. The ship was quite possibly responsible for the escape of the other two Russian cruisers, though that can also be attributed to the Japanese indecisiveness at the battle. While \"Rurik\"s presence was decisive at Ulsan, the Russians subsequently wasted the second chance they had at using \"Rossia\" and \"Gromoboi\". \"Rossia\" joined \"Bogatyr\" with grounding damage and \"Gromoboi\" never sortied for the rest of the war.\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Photo gallery on battleships-cruisers.co.uk\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Trypaea\n", "Trypaea australiensis, known as the (\"marine\") \"yabby\" or \"ghost nipper\" in Australia, or as the \"one-arm bandit\" due to their occasional abnormally large arm, and as the \"Australian ghost shrimp\" elsewhere, is a common species of mud shrimp in south-eastern Australia, the only species in the genus Trypaea. \"T. australiensis\" is a popular bait used live or frozen by Australians targeting a range of species. It grows to a length of and lives in burrows in mudflats or sandbanks, especially in or near estuaries.\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "species of crustacean", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q6494767", "wikidata_label": "Trypaea australiensis", "wikipedia_title": "Trypaea" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Vingt Cinq\n", "Vingt Cinq (French for \"Twenty five\") is the capital of the Agaléga Islands, two islands in the Indian Ocean, governed by Mauritius. It is located on the North Island, near a small airfield. In the town, there is a church, a school, and a hospital. The name, Vingt Cinq, comes from the 25 lashes that rebellious slaves received on the island.\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "human settlement in Mauritius", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q2191422", "wikidata_label": "Vingt Cinq", "wikipedia_title": "Vingt Cinq" }

{ "end": [ 53, 71, 311, 336, 71, 84, 46 ], "href": [ "Sheffield", "cemetery", "World%20War%20I", "World%20War%20II", "listed%20building", "Gothic%20architecture", "http%3A//www.sheffield.gov.uk/environment/how-we-work/bereavement/cemeteries/tinsley-park" ], "paragraph_id": [ 1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 4 ], "start": [ 44, 61, 300, 324, 56, 72, 12 ], "text": [ "Sheffield", "cemeteries", "World War I", "World War II", "Grade II listed", "Gothic style", "Sheffield Bereavement & Cemeteries" ], "wikipedia_id": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ], "wikipedia_title": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ] }

{ "paragraph": [ "Tinsley Park Cemetery\n", "Tinsley Park Cemetery is one of the city of Sheffield's many cemeteries. It was opened in 1882, and covers . The cemetery is still open to burials, and since the first burial on 2 June 1882 over 59,000 burials have taken place. There are buried in the cemetery 42 Commonwealth service personnel from World War I and 32 from World War II.\n", "The entranceway to the cemetery is flanked by a pair of Grade II listed Gothic style chapels, where services can be held prior to the burial. Other listed structures in the cemetery include the lodge, gateway and boundary wall and a war memorial, 250m east of the chapel.\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Sheffield Bereavement & Cemeteries\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q7808470", "wikidata_label": "Tinsley Park Cemetery", "wikipedia_title": "Tinsley Park Cemetery" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Salvia lyrata\n", "Salvia lyrata (lyre-leaf sage, lyreleaf sage, wild sage, cancerweed), is a herbaceous perennial in the family Lamiaceae that is native to the United States, from Connecticut west to Missouri, and in the south from Florida west to Texas. It was described and named by Carl Linnaeus in 1753.\n", "Section::::Description.\n", "\"Salvia lyrata\" forms a basal rosette of leaves that are up to long, broadening toward the tip. The leaves have irregular margins and are typically pinnately lobed or cut, looking somewhat like a lyre. The center vein is sometimes dark wine-purple. A hairy stem up to long grows from the rosette, with uneven whorls of two-lipped lavender to blue flowers. Flowering is heaviest between April and June, though sparse flowering can happen throughout the year. The leaves were once thought to be an external cure for cancer, thus one of the common names \"Cancerweed\". \"Salvia lyrata\" grows in full sun or light to medium shade, with native stands found on roadsides, fields, and open woodlands.\n", "Section::::Cultivation and uses.\n", "\"Salvia lyrata\" is sometimes grown in gardens for its attractive foliage and flowers, though it can prolifically seed, easily becoming a lawn weed. Several cultivars have been developed with purple leaves. 'Burgundy Bliss' and 'Purple Knockout' are two cultivars with burgundy leaves that are deeper in color than the species. Native Americans used the root as a salve for sores, and used the whole plant as a tea for colds and coughs.\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- USDA Plant Profile\n", "BULLET::::- IPNI Listing\n", "BULLET::::- USDA Fact Sheet\n", "BULLET::::- University of Texas at Austin description\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "lyre-leaf sage", "cancerweed", "lyreleaf sage", "wild sage" ] }, "description": "species of plant", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q5963510", "wikidata_label": "Salvia lyrata", "wikipedia_title": "Salvia lyrata" }

{ "end": [ 54, 79, 135, 158, 180, 260, 71, 106, 401, 224 ], "href": [ "Vermont", "Lake%20Champlain", "South%20Hero", "American%20Revolutionary%20War", "Guy%20Carleton%2C%201st%20Baron%20Dorchester", "Battle%20of%20Valcour%20Island", "Benedict%20Arnold", "Valcour%20Island", "black%20powder", "Addison%2C%20Vermont" ], "paragraph_id": [ 1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3, 4 ], "start": [ 47, 65, 125, 132, 164, 236, 56, 92, 389, 208 ], "text": [ "Vermont", "Lake Champlain", "South Hero", "American Revolutionary War", "Sir Guy Carleton", "Battle of Valcour Island", "Benedict Arnold", "Valcour Island", "black powder", "Addison, Vermont" ], "wikipedia_id": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ], "wikipedia_title": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ] }

{ "paragraph": [ "Carleton's Prize\n", "Carleton's Prize is a small rock island in the Vermont waters of Lake Champlain, in Crescent Bay off the southwestern tip of South Hero.\n", "Rising from water's edge to a plateau, situated between Stave and Providence Islands, it has been called Carleton's Prize since the American Revolutionary War when Sir Guy Carleton brought it to notoriety in 1776, the morning after the Battle of Valcour Island.\n", "Local lore has it that it was very foggy on the lake as Benedict Arnold escaped from behind Valcour Island with what was left of his small fleet. Not believing the Americans could have slipped by in the dark (which they had), the British searched to the north and east. In the heavy fog they sighted what they thought was a ship and summarily pounded it with their cannons, smoke from the black powder adding to the lack of visibility.\n", "After up to an hour without return fire, either a breeze came up or the fog burned off, and the British realized they had not been firing on a ship. This distraction allowed Arnold to escape down the lake to Addison, Vermont, where he burned his remaining fleet to prevent capture. Local lore goes further to say that local Islanders had hoisted logs on the island to look like masts. Rust marks from fired cannon shot are still visible on the rock.\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "island in the United States of America", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q5041185", "wikidata_label": "Carleton's Prize", "wikipedia_title": "Carleton's Prize" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Russian cruiser Rurik (1906)\n", "Rurik () was an armoured cruiser built for the Imperial Russian Navy in 1906. During World War I, the ship saw service with the Baltic Fleet. She was scrapped in 1930.\n", "Section::::Design and construction.\n", "\"Rurik\" is unusual in that she was built by Vickers in Barrow in Furness, England. She was laid down in August 1905, launched on 4 November 1906, and completed in July 1909. The Russian Navy was not usually a customer of British shipyards. She was named in honour of Rurik, the semi-legendary founder of ancient Russia.\n", "Unlike her previous namesake, , she has been described as one of the best armoured cruisers built, with advanced sprinkler protection for the magazines. She was designed by KA Tennison and AP Titov, and the contract was arranged by Basil Zaharoff. The ship had a prolonged work-up while defects were rectified.\n", "There was a plan to build two more ships in Russia, but this was cancelled after the first battlecruiser, , entered service.\n", "Section::::Design and construction.:Armament.\n", "The main armament consisted of four guns in two turrets, and the secondary armament consisted of eight guns in four twin turrets located at the corners of the superstructure. These guns were built by Vickers. The anti-torpedo boat armament comprised twenty 50-caliber Pattern 1905 guns in casemates. There were also four guns and two torpedo tubes.\n", "Gunnery trials revealed that the fastenings on the 10-inch and 8-inch barbettes were insufficiently strong and were deformed during firing. Vickers was forced to reinforce the turrets. The work was done in Kronstadt after delivery.\n", "Section::::Design and construction.:Protection.\n", "All plate was Krupp armour made by Vickers. The 10-inch gun turrets were protected by plate, and the 8-inch gun turrets were protected by plate. The main belt was long and extended to below mean water line. There was also an upper belt, thick, which extended to the 4.7-inch gun battery. Each 4.7-inch gun had armour screens and was separated by 1-inch armour from neighbouring guns. The forward conning tower was protected by armour, and the after conning tower was protected by armour.\n", "Section::::Design and construction.:Machinery.\n", "The power plant consisted of two four-cylinder triple-expansion steam engines and twenty-eight Belleville type boilers. On trials at the Skelmorlie mile she reached , developing .\n", "Section::::Service.\n", "\"Rurik\" was commissioned in 1908. She carried out a deployment to the Mediterranean in company with the battleships and , where she represented Russia at the coronation of King Nicholas of Montenegro.\n", "She was the flagship of the Baltic Fleet during World War I and saw much action, being damaged by mines on several occasions. On 19 November 1916, she was damaged after striking a mine in the Baltic Sea off Hochland, laid by SM UC-27. Her crew survived, and she was refloated, repaired, and returned to service.\n", "The ship was worn out by 1918. She was hulked in 1922 and sold for scrapping in 1930.\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Rurik\" at battleships-cruisers.co.uk\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q1813811", "wikidata_label": "Russian cruiser Rurik", "wikipedia_title": "Russian cruiser Rurik (1906)" }

{ "end": [ 39, 53, 77, 190, 42 ], "href": [ "Communes%20of%20Luxembourg", "Kiischpelt", "Luxembourg", "Wilwerwiltz", "List%20of%20villages%20in%20Luxembourg" ], "paragraph_id": [ 1, 1, 1, 2, 4 ], "start": [ 32, 43, 67, 179, 12 ], "text": [ "commune", "Kiischpelt", "Luxembourg", "Wilwerwiltz", "List of villages in Luxembourg" ], "wikipedia_id": [ "", "", "", "", "" ], "wikipedia_title": [ "", "", "", "", "" ] }

{ "paragraph": [ "Alscheid\n", "Alscheid () is a village in the commune of Kiischpelt, in northern Luxembourg. , the village had a population of 47.\n", "Alscheid gave its name to the former commune of Kautenbach until 17 April 1914, when the commune was given the name Kautenbach, after its largest town. Kautenbach was merged with Wilwerwiltz to form Kiischpelt in 2006.\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- List of villages in Luxembourg\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "village in Luxembourg", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q2285597", "wikidata_label": "Alscheid", "wikipedia_title": "Alscheid" }

{ "end": [ 72, 112, 190, 205, 247, 307, 361, 43, 91, 172, 193, 243, 353, 511, 582, 613, 70, 100, 114, 159, 250, 465, 633, 65, 84, 104, 44 ], "href": [ "New%20York%20State%20Route%20100", "Westchester%20County%2C%20New%20York", "Greenburgh%2C%20New%20York", "Mount%20Pleasant%2C%20New%20York", "New%20York%20State%20Route%209A", "New%20York%20State%20Route%20100A", "Sprain%20Brook%20Parkway", "New%20York%20State%20Route%209A", "Greenburgh%2C%20New%20York", "County%20Route%20303%20%28Westchester%20County%2C%20New%20York%29", "unsigned%20highway", "Eastview%2C%20New%20York", "Mount%20Pleasant%2C%20New%20York", "Sprain%20Brook%20Parkway", "New%20York%20State%20Route%20100", "New%20York%20State%20Route%20100A", "New%20York%20State%20Route%20142%20%281931%E2%80%931938%29", "overlap%20%28road%29", "New%20York%20State%20Route%209A", "County%20Route%20303%20%28Westchester%20County%2C%20New%20York%29", "Hawthorne%2C%20New%20York", "New%20York%20State%20Route%20141", "Ossining%20%28village%29%2C%20New%20York", "Greenburgh%2C%20New%20York", "Mount%20Pleasant%2C%20New%20York", "Westchester%20County%2C%20New%20York", "http%3A//www.greaternyroads.info/nystate/ny100c/index.htm" ], "paragraph_id": [ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 7, 7, 7, 9 ], "start": [ 66, 84, 180, 191, 242, 300, 341, 38, 81, 156, 185, 235, 339, 491, 576, 606, 64, 93, 109, 153, 241, 459, 625, 55, 70, 86, 12 ], "text": [ "NY 100", "Westchester County, New York", "Greenburgh", "Mount Pleasant", "NY 9A", "NY 100A", "Sprain Brook Parkway", "NY 9A", "Greenburgh", "County Route 303", "unsigned", "Eastview", "Mount Pleasant", "Sprain Brook Parkway", "NY 100", "NY 100A", "NY 142", "overlap", "NY 9A", "CR 303", "Hawthorne", "NY 141", "Ossining", "Greenburgh", "Mount Pleasant", "Westchester County", "NY 100C (Greater New York Roads)" ], "wikipedia_id": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ], "wikipedia_title": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ] }

{ "paragraph": [ "New York State Route 100C\n", "New York State Route 100C (NY 100C) is an east–west spur route of NY 100 located in Westchester County, New York, in the United States. It extends for as Grasslands Road along the Greenburgh–Mount Pleasant town line from an intersection with NY 9A (Saw Mill River Road) to a junction with NY 100 and NY 100A. NY 100C has a junction with the Sprain Brook Parkway near its eastern terminus. The eastern terminus of NY 100C also serves as NY 100A's northern endpoint.\n", "Section::::Route description.\n", "NY 100C begins at an interchange with NY 9A (Saw Mill River Road) in the town of Greenburgh. The route heads eastward as Grasslands Road, a continuation of County Route 303 (CR 303, an unsigned route) which heads towards the hamlet of Eastview. Just east of the interchange, NY 100C crosses through a commercial park, entering the town of Mount Pleasant for a short distance before paralleling the Greenburgh town line. Along this line, NY 100C enters a grade-separated interchange with the Sprain Brook Parkway. A short distance from the interchange, NY 100C intersects with NY 100 (Bradhurst Avenue) and NY 100A (Knollwood Road). This intersection serves as the eastern terminus of NY 100C, as Grasslands Roads continues east as NY 100.\n", "Section::::History.\n", "All of what is now NY 100C was originally designated as part of NY 142 . At the time, NY 142 overlapped with NY 9A along Old Saw Mill River Road (modern CR 303) to the east end of Neperan Road, where it broke from NY 9A and proceeded toward Hawthorne on then-Saw Mill River Road. The NY 142 designation was short-lived, however, as it was eliminated . By 1940, the portion of NY 142's former routing northeast of the NY 9A overlap was replaced by an extended NY 141 while the section east of the concurrency on Grasslands Road was redesignated as NY 100C. In the late 1940s, NY 9A was extended northward through Hawthorne to Ossining by way of a realigned Saw Mill River Road. The portion of Old Saw Mill River Road between Grasslands Road and the new highway became a short extension of NY 100C.\n", "Section::::Major intersections.\n", "The entire route is on the border between the towns of Greenburgh and Mount Pleasant, Westchester County.\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- NY 100C (Greater New York Roads)\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "NY 100C" ] }, "description": "highway in New York", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q2486208", "wikidata_label": "New York State Route 100C", "wikipedia_title": "New York State Route 100C" }

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447, 480, 548, 98, 186, 225, 274, 85, 131, 379, 499, 549, 577, 763, 801, 881, 100, 128, 332, 478, 584, 670, 788, 243, 7, 82, 426, 495, 720, 102, 146, 257, 282, 300, 420, 570, 599, 635, 100, 273, 346, 520, 606, 728, 908, 960, 13, 74, 25, 47, 156, 380, 416, 583, 673, 709, 837, 113, 252, 343, 12, 25, 30, 36, 12, 12, 30, 12, 25, 31, 12, 25, 31, 12, 12, 12, 25, 30, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12 ], "text": [ "football", "Chiclayo", "Peru", "Torneo Descentralizado", "2007 Copa Perú", "Estadio Elías Aguirre", "Juan Aurich", "Juan Aurich", "Aurich–Cañaña", "1993 Copa Perú", "Juan Aurich", "1997 Copa Perú", "Copa Perú", "2011 Torneo Descentralizado", "Alianza Lima", "penalty shootout", "hacienda", "Club Deportivo Juan Aurich", "1991 Torneo Descentralizado", "Deportivo Cañaña", "Horacioa Baldessari", "1993 Copa Perú", "Juan Aurich de Chiclayo", "Aurich–Cañaña", "1997 Copa Perú", "La Victoria district", "Chiclayo Province", "2006 Copa Perú", "Hijos de Acosvinchos", "2007 Copa 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"2007", "Liga Departamental de Lambayeque", "Liga Distrital de Chiclayo", "Torneo de Promoción y Reserva", "2012", "2011", "Copa Libertadores", "Copa Sudamericana", "Copa Ganadores de Copa", "Juan Eduardo Hohberg", "Julio César Uribe", "Jorge Sampaoli", "Claudio Techera", "Julio Balerio", "Juan Reynoso", "José Mari Bakero", "Roberto Mosquera", "Official Website" ], "wikipedia_id": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ], "wikipedia_title": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", 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{ "paragraph": [ "Juan Aurich\n", "Club Juan Aurich S. A., commonly known as Juan Aurich, is a professional football club based in Chiclayo, Peru. The original Juan Aurich club was founded in 1922, this incarnation however was founded in 2005; they play in the Torneo Descentralizado where they have been playing since attaining promotion when they won the 2007 Copa Perú. They play their home games at the Estadio Elías Aguirre.\n", "Although the current Juan Aurich has played for only a few years in the top-flight, three other football clubs named Juan Aurich have played in the Torneo Descentralizado. The first Juan Aurich was founded in 1922 and played in the first division between 1967 and 1983 and again between 1988 and 1991. Between 1994 and 1996 the merged football club Aurich–Cañaña had a brief spell in the Primera División after they achieved promotion through the 1993 Copa Perú. Finally, a third Juan Aurich football club achieved promotion in 1997 by winning the 1997 Copa Perú. This spell in the first division lasted from 1998 to 2002.\n", "The club's first major success was won in 2007 with the promotion to the Primera División via the Copa Perú. Four years later they conquered their second major success after winning the 2011 Torneo Descentralizado, defeating Alianza Lima in the third leg of the finals in a penalty shootout.\n", "Section::::History.\n", "Section::::History.:Predecessors.\n", "The first incarnation of the football club was founded by a group of workers of the \"hacienda\" Batán Grande on 3 September 1922 as Club Deportivo Juan Aurich, after the owner of the \"hacienda\", Juan Aurich Pastor. The club played two spells in the first division, the first between 1967 and 1983 and the second between 1988 and 1991. Following their relegation at the end of the 1991 Torneo Descentralizado, a new football club was formed, albeit a merge, between the remaining Juan Aurich club and Deportivo Cañaña. This merged club—led by manager Horacioa Baldessari—won the 1993 Copa Perú and gained promotion. They held a brief spell between 1994 and 1996 until their relegation at the end of the 1996 season. A new reincarnation of Juan Aurich was formed as Juan Aurich de Chiclayo shortly after Aurich–Cañaña was relegated. The new Juan Aurich achieved promotion through the 1997 Copa Perú and played from 1998 until 2002 when they were relegated. Due to the financial strain created by playing in the top flight, Juan Aurich de Chiclayo also folded as its predecessors.\n", "Section::::History.:Foundation and promotion.\n", "In November 2004, Juan Merino Aurich took control of the waning football club Mariscal Nieto of the La Victoria district of the Chiclayo Province. Merino converted the club to Juan Aurich de La Victoria and founded the current incarnation of Juan Aurich on 28 January 2005. In 2006, they finished first in the regional stage of the 2006 Copa Perú advanced to the national stage of the tournament. They overcame their rivals in the Round of 16 and the quarter-finals but fell to Hijos de Acosvinchos in the semifinals. The following season they again reached the regional stage of the 2007 Copa Perú and finished first. This time, however, they achieved promotion to the 2008 Torneo Descentralizado by advancing to and winning the finals. Baldessari, as in 1993, led the team and defeated Sport Águila in the finals in a penalty shootout.\n", "Section::::History.:First seasons of professional football.\n", "Their first season in the first division was not remarkable. In the Torneo Apertura, they finished eighth and in the Torneo Clausura they finished twelfth. Consequently, the club finished twelfth on the aggregate table and tied on points with Atlético Minero, which finished thirteenth. The two teams played an extra match to determine the relegated team. Juan Aurich defeated Atlético Minero 2–1 and remained in the first division.\n", "In the 2009 Torneo Descentralizado, the club made a huge improvement with manager Franco Navarro. They finished first in the first stage of the season and were one of the favorites to reach the finals. As leading team of the first stage, they started first in their group of the second stage. However, in October, two months before the end of the season, the club and Navarro terminated the manager's contract. The club hired Luis Fernando Suárez to finish coaching what was left of the season. Alianza Lima, which was second of the group at the start of second stage, surpassed Juan Aurich and failed to advance to the finals. At the end of the season the club finished third on the aggregate table, qualifying for the 2010 Copa Libertadores.\n", "The club continued with Suárez into the 2010 season, which began on a high note after they eliminated Estudiantes Tecos in the first stage of the 2010 Copa Libertadores. They advanced to Group 3 of the competition with Copa Libertadores defending champions Estudiantes de La Plata, Alianza Lima, and Bolívar. They did not advance to the following stage as they finished third behind Estudiantes and Alianza Lima. In the 2010 Torneo Descentralizado the club's performance suffered which led to Suárez's exit from the club but they managed to obtain the last berth to the 2011 Copa Sudamericana under Juan Reynoso. In mid-2010 he became Anonymous Society.\n", "Section::::History.:First professional title.\n", "The following season they achieved their greatest success yet. The club started by hiring Colombian Diego Umaña after Reynoso resigned from the managing position. Under Umaña's direction, they returned as contenders for the title and successfully reached the finals of the 2011 Torneo Descentralizado. They lost the first leg at home 1–2 against Alianza Lima and were in danger of losing the chance to win their first professional championship. Surprisingly, in the second leg they held their own against Alianza at the Estadio Alejandro Villanueva and achieved a narrow 1–0 win with a memorable goal from Ysrael Zúñiga in the second half. As both teams had won a match of the finals, a third leg was forced to be played in the Estadio Nacional. A scoreless draw at the Nacional led to a penalty shootout. The final score of the shootout was 3–1 in favor of Juan Aurich. They were the first club outside the Lima Region to win the Torneo Descentralizado since FBC Melgar in 1981.\n", "Section::::Colors and badge.\n", "The original Club Deportivo Juan Aurich's colors were red and white. Both Juan Aurich de Chiclayo and Juan Aurich de La Victoria adopted the same colors and the same badge.\n", "Section::::Stadium.\n", "Juan Aurich plays in the multi-purpose stadium Estadio Elías Aguirre which has a capacity of 25,000. Built between 1968 and 1970 by the municipality of the Chiclayo Province, it was named after the 19th century Peruvian sailor Elías Aguirre Romero. The municipality transferred administration of the stadium to the Instituto Peruano del Deporte. The stadium was renovated for the 2004 Copa América and again for the 2005 FIFA U-17 World Championship in which artificial turf was installed. The stadium is also home to many football clubs of the Chiclayo province that compete in the Ligas Distritales. In 2013, the stadium was closed for renovations in preparation for the 2013 Bolivarian Games to be held in Trujillo. Consequently, Juan Aurich has temporarily moved its home matches to the Estadio Francisco Mendoza Pizarro, located in Olmos.\n", "Section::::Honours.\n", "Juan Aurich has a total of three major achievements. Their first important achievement was their conquest of the Copa Perú in 1997 which led to the promotion of the club to the first division. Their most important achievement, however, was their first Primera División title won in 2011. In addition, their reserve team won the reserve league Torneo de Promoción y Reserva in 2012.\n", "Section::::Honours.:National.\n", "BULLET::::- Primera División\n", "BULLET::::- Winners (1): 2011\n", "BULLET::::- \"Runners-up (2):\" 1968, 2014\n", "BULLET::::- Torneo Apertura:\n", "BULLET::::- Copa Federación\n", "BULLET::::- \"Runners-up (1)\": 2012\n", "BULLET::::- Copa Perú\n", "BULLET::::- Winners (2): 1997, 2007\n", "Section::::Honours.:Regional.\n", "BULLET::::- Región I\n", "BULLET::::- Winners (2): 2006, 2007\n", "BULLET::::- Liga Departamental de Lambayeque\n", "BULLET::::- Winners (2): 1997, 2007\n", "BULLET::::- \"Runners-up (2)\": 2005, 2006\n", "BULLET::::- Liga Distrital de Chiclayo\n", "BULLET::::- Winners (3): 1939, 1997, 2007\n", "Section::::Honours.:Reserve team.\n", "BULLET::::- Torneo de Promoción y Reserva\n", "BULLET::::- Winners (1): 2012\n", "BULLET::::- \"Runners-up (1)\": 2011\n", "Section::::Performance in CONMEBOL competitions.\n", "BULLET::::- Copa Libertadores: 4 appearances\n", "BULLET::::- Copa Sudamericana: 3 appearances\n", "BULLET::::- Copa Ganadores de Copa: 1 appearance\n", "Section::::Notable managers.\n", "The following managers won at least one trophy when in charge of Juan Aurich or led the team to an important achievement.\n", "Section::::Notable managers.:Other managers.\n", "BULLET::::- Juan Eduardo Hohberg (1982)\n", "BULLET::::- Julio César Uribe (1998)\n", "BULLET::::- Jorge Sampaoli (Jan 1, 2002–Dec 31, 2002)\n", "BULLET::::- Claudio Techera (Jan 1, 2008–July 17, 2008)\n", "BULLET::::- Julio Balerio (July 21, 2008–Sept 30, 2008)\n", "BULLET::::- Juan Reynoso (Aug 18, 2010–Dec 30, 2010)\n", "BULLET::::- José Mari Bakero (Dec 21, 2012–Sept 7, 2013)\n", "BULLET::::- Roberto Mosquera (Sept 7, 2013–)\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Official Website\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Red Dog (Kipling short story)\n", "\"Red Dog\" is a Mowgli story by Rudyard Kipling.\n", "Written at Kipling's home in Brattleboro, Vermont between February and March 1895, it was first published as \"Good Hunting: A Story of the Jungle\" in \"The Pall Mall Gazette\" for July 29 and 30 1895 and \"McClure's Magazine\" for August 1895 before appearing under its definitive title as the 7th and penultimate story in \"The Second Jungle Book\" later the same year. It was also the penultimate Mowgli story to be written.\n", "Section::::Story.\n", "Mowgli the feral child is about 16 years old and living contentedly with his wolves in the Seeonee jungle, when the peace is disturbed by 'Won-tolla', a solitary wolf whose mate and cubs have been killed by dholes, who warns the Seeonee wolves that the dhole-pack will soon overrun their territory. Later that night, Mowgli meets Kaa, the huge old python, and tells him the news. Kaa does not believe that Mowgli and the pack will survive a direct attack by the dholes, and enters a trance to search his century-long memory for an effective strategy. When he awakens, Kaa takes Mowgli to the Bee Rocks: a gorge where huge hives produced by millions of wild bees overhang the river, and Mowgli and Kaa devise a plan to lure the dholes to the gorge so that the bees will attack them. Mowgli therefore lies in wait for the dholes in a tree-branch and smears himself with garlic to repel the bees. When the dholes arrive he taunts their leader into a furious rage and cuts off the leader's tail, before fleeing to the gorge. Just before leaping into the water Mowgli kicks piles of stones into the beehives, to arouse the bees. The garlic prevents the bees from attacking Mowgli, and he dives safely into the river where Kaa swiftly coils around his body to prevent the current from sweeping him away. Some of the dholes are stung to death by the enraged bees, while others drown in the torrent. The rest flee downstream, pursued by Mowgli. Eventually Mowgli and the surviving dholes reach shallower water, where Mowgli and the wolves fight a ferocious and bloody battle with the remaining dholes, and Won-tolla kills the dhole leader before dying of his own wounds. As the battle comes to its end, Mowgli finds Akela, mortally wounded, who tells Mowgli that he must soon return to the human race. When Mowgli asks who will drive him there, Akela replies: \"Mowgli will drive Mowgli. Go back to thy people. Go to Man\". The result thereof is told in \"The Spring Running\".\n", "Section::::In media.\n", "BULLET::::- In the Disney show \"Jungle Cubs\" (a prequel to the Disney movie of the series), a two-part episode featured the Cubs driving the Red Dogs out of the jungle by themselves when the pack returns to the jungle (Bagheera noting that the dogs nearly destroyed the jungle the last time they came). When the dogs attempt to attack Khan in the temple where the Cubs hung out, Bagheera, Kaa, Hathi and Louie lure the red dogs into a chase, each one hiding after a certain distance to allow another to take over, culminating in Baloo tricking the red dogs into falling into a gorge filled with bees before they are carried away by the current.\n", "BULLET::::- In the fourth episode of the Russian film-series \"Adventures of Mowgli\", the story is played out accordingly like the literature, except Shere Khan and Tabaqui are also present to witness it.\n", "BULLET::::- In the anime series \"Jungle Book Shōnen Mowgli\", two episodes portray the story, but leaves out Akela taking part (and dying) of the war.\n", "Section::::References.\n", "Publication information is taken from the appendix to \"The World's Classics\" edition of \"The Second Jungle Book\", Oxford University Press, 1987, .\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "New York State Route 100A\n", "New York State Route 100A (NY 100A) is a loop route of NY 100 in Westchester County, New York, in the United States. It follows West Hartsdale Avenue and Knollwood Road in the town of Greenburgh. The route starts in the hamlet of Hartsdale and ends in the community of Grasslands at the boundary between the towns of Greenburgh and Mount Pleasant.\n", "Section::::Route description.\n", "NY 100A begins at an intersection with NY 100 (Central Park Avenue) in the town of Greenburgh, a short distance north of Hartsdale. NY 100A winds northwest through the hills of Greenburgh as West Hartsdale Avenue, passing multiple residences on its way up. Just after Woods End Lane, the route turns northward through Greenburgh, passing Ridge Road County Park and the Metropolis Country Club before reaching a junction with NY 100B (Dobbs Ferry Road). At this junction, NY 100A changes monikers to Knollwood Road, winding northward through Greenburgh into a junction with NY 119 as it crosses into the village of Elmsford.\n", "After NY 119, NY 100A passes Yosemite Park and enters exit 4 off the Cross Westchester Expressway (I-287). NY 100A continues northeast through Elmsford, running along the southeastern edge of the Knollwood Country Club and passing an entrance to Westchester Community College. After passing the entrance, the route winds northward through Greenburgh, passing multiple residences before reaching a junction with NY 100 (Grasslands Road) and NY 100C (Grasslands Road). This junction marks the northern terminus of NY 100A and the eastern terminus of NY 100C, with NY 100 turning north onto Bradhurst Avenue, the continuation of Knollwood Road. Several blocks away from this junction is the Kensico Cemetery.\n", "Section::::History.\n", "NY 100A was designated in the 1930 state highway renumbering and has not had any major changes since.\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "La Presse (French newspaper)\n", "La Presse was the first penny press newspaper in France.\n", "Section::::Overview.\n", "\"La Presse\" was founded on 16 June 1836 by Émile de Girardin as a popular conservative enterprise. While contemporary newspapers depended heavily on subscription and tight party affiliation, \"La Presse\" was sold by street vendors. Girardin wanted the paper to support the government, without being so tied to specific cabinets that it would limit the newspaper's readership. The initial subscription to \"La Presse\" was only 40 francs a year while other newspapers charged around 80 francs.\n", "\"La Presse\" and \"Le Siècle\" are considered the first titles of the industrialized press era in France.\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- History of French journalism\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- \"La Presse\" digital archives from 1836 to 1935 in Gallica, the digital library of the BnF\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Bernina International\n", "Bernina International AG is a privately owned international manufacturer of sewing and embroidery systems. The company was founded in 1893 in Steckborn, Switzerland, by a Swiss inventor Fritz Gegauf. The company develops, manufactures, and sells goods and services for the textile market, primarily household sewing-related products in the fields of embroidery, quilting, home textiles, garment sewing, and crafting. The origins of the company lie in the invention of the hemstitch sewing machine, invented in 1893 by a Swiss inventor and entrepreneur Karl Friedrich Gegauf. Currently, the company's products include sewing machines, embroidery machines, serger/overlocker machines, and computer software for embroidery design.\n", "Section::::History.\n", "Section::::History.:1890–1926: Karl Friedrich Gegauf and the invention of the hemstitch sewing machine.\n", "The present-day Bernina International AG was founded by Karl Friedrich Gegauf in 1893, when he decided to pursue an apprenticeship as a mechanic instead of studying medicine. After completing his apprenticeship, he worked in the Baum embroidery machine factory in Rorschach. In 1890, Karl Friedrich Gegauf set up his own business in Steckborn, Switzerland, opening an embroidery and mechanical workshop for the manufacture of his own invention, a monogram embroidery machine. Together with his brother Georg, a salesman, Karl Friedrich ran the \"Gebrüder Gegauf\" (Bros. Gegauf) company. Through his involvement in the textile industry, he noticed how laborious it was to produce hemstitching, which until then could only be done manually. Consequently, in 1893, Karl Friedrich Gegauf invented the world’s first hemstitch sewing machine, capable of sewing 100 stitches per minute. In 1895, the Bros. Gegauf workshop was completely destroyed by fire, except for the prototype of the hemstitch sewing machine, which was the only thing that could be rescued. Karl Friedrich built a new workshop in an old barn, where the focus was no longer on embroidery, but on the construction of the hemstitch sewing machine. About 70 people were employed in the serial production of the hemstitch sewing machine. The mechanical production of hemstitching, whether as embellishment for handkerchiefs, tablecloths, or bedspreads, was commonly referred to as \"\"gegaufing\"\", because the name Gegauf became famous in the industry.\n", "Section::::History.:1926–1947: Fritz Gegauf and the development of the first Bernina household sewing machine.\n", "In 1919, Fritz Gegauf, one of Karl’s sons, together with his father, filed a patent application for the \"Wotan\" hemstich sewing machine, which became another international success for the company, which changed its name to \"Fritz Gegauf\". After being in Paris selling the company’s tin openers, which had no market in Switzerland, he returned to his home town. His brother Gustav and he took control of the factory after their father’s death in 1926. During the Great Depression, Fritz Gegauf joined forces with the embroidery factory, Brütsch & Sohn in St. Gallen, which was also operating in the red. By the end of 1932, they had developed the company's first household sewing machine, which they named Bernina. The Bernina was soon being produced as furniture-cum-sewing-machine, which required the building of a new, attached furniture factory in Steckborn. As of October 26, 1937, a total of 20,000 machines had left the factory in Steckborn. In 1937, he introduced the first Bernina zigzag machine and in 1945 the world’s first portable zigzag machine on the market. In 1947, Gustav Gegauf left the company. By mid-1963, one million Bernina zigzag sewing machines had been manufactured in Steckborn. Since then, the company has commonly been called Bernina, although, since 1947, its official name has been \"Fritz Gegauf Aktiengesellschaft, Bernina Nähmaschinenfabrik\".\n", "Section::::History.:1959–1988: Odette Gegauf-Ueltschi and the fully automatic sewing machine.\n", "Since 1959, Odette Ueltschi, Fritz Gegauf's daughter, took the lead role at Bernina. She took over the management after the death of her brother in 1965. In 1963, the first Bernina sewing machine with a patented knee-activated presser foot lifter, the 730, appeared on the market. From 1963 onwards, the subsequent model, the 730, was produced, and in the same year, the millionth Bernina sewing machine was manufactured. The top-seller of all the models was the 830 class, which came into production in 1971 and continued until 1981. In 1981, the company took a further step in the development of household sewing machines. The 930 model was the first machine with a stretch-stitch function. It was followed by the 1130, the first fully automated sewing machine, the 1130, launched in 1986. The enduring mark which Odette Gegauf-Ueltschi left on the company is reflected in the name of the \"bernette\" sewing machine line, formed by a combination of the first half of the brand name and the second half of her given name.\n", "Section::::History.:1988–2009: Hanspeter Ueltschi and the first sewing computer, expansion of markets and production.\n", "Hanspeter Ueltschi took over the management of Fritz Gegauf AG in 1988 from his mother Odette Gegauf-Ueltschi, and currently runs the company as owner and chairman of the board of directors. After studying business administration at the University of St. Gallen, Ueltschi spent seven years gaining professional experience in the USA before getting into the leadership of the family company in Switzerland. Ueltschi further expanded the leading position of the company in the sewing machine technology sector, brought down manufacturing costs, and promoted product innovations and marketing. He ushered the computer age into the business with the artista 180, Bernina’s first sewing computer, and ensured the continuous development and optimization of computer technology in the sewing sphere, as shown by the successive models of the artista, as well as the aurora series. In doing so, he made strides toward his declared goal of making sewing more appealing and more popular worldwide. Under the chairmanship of Hanspeter Ueltschi, a manufacturing outlet was set up in Thailand, in addition to the parent factory in Steckborn. He is also largely responsible for establishing the US as a key market and expansion to the new markets in Eastern Europe, Russia, South America, and India, as well as in the Middle East. He renamed \"Fritz Gegauf AG\" to \"Bernina International AG\" to accommodate the trend toward globalization and the success of the company brand and at the same time, Ueltschi incorporated the flag of Switzerland into the company logo as a sign of patriotism. Linking to the 830, the most successful Bernina model from the 1970s, the new B830, in 2008 and its sister model, the B820, in 2009, were introduced as the most advanced sewing machines of the brand to date, with a total of 15 patents filed for the new B830.\n", "Section::::History.:Present.\n", "The Bernina Textile Group is a globally active group of 15 companies doing business in 80 countries. The company operates in the product categories such as household sewing and embroidery machines, household overlocker machines, longarm quilting machines, multineedle embroidery machines, accessories (presser foot, embroidery hoops and other accessories for sewing, quilting and overlocking), and computer software for embroidery design.\n", "Subsidiaries are established in Australia, Austria, Belgium, Germany, Japan, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Switzerland, and the USA. The subsidiary Benartex, headquartered in the United States, sells printed textiles and quilting fabrics in particular. OESD, another subsidiary, develops and sells embroidery designs. Brewer, engaging in the sewing supplies market, offers sewing and crafting notions, patterns, books etc. The company supplies 80 markets worldwide via business-to-business connections.\n", "The latest model, B 880, is the company’s current flagship model, while the 7 series models are Bernina’s most advanced products, equipped with the Bernina hook system for 9 mm stitch width at up to 1,000 stitches per minutes.\n", "Section::::Embroidery software.\n", "Bernina developed embroidery design editing and full digitizing software branded under its own name and written by industrial digitizing software manufacturer Wilcom International Pty Ltd.\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- List of sewing machine brands\n", "BULLET::::- Sewing machine\n", "BULLET::::- Machine embroidery\n", "Section::::Further reading.\n", "BULLET::::- Daniela Dujmic-Erbe: \"Bernina - Der rote Faden in der Welt des Nähens\", 2006,\n", "BULLET::::- Fredy Meyer: \"Der Erfinder Karl Friedrich Gegauf\", 2010, Medien Konstanz GmbH,\n", "BULLET::::- Verein für wirtschaftshistorische Studien: \"Schweizer Pioniere der Wirtschaft und Technik\", 1969, Zürich, Band 21\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Bernina Canada\n", "BULLET::::- Bernina Australia\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "Bernina International AG" ] }, "description": "international manufacturer of sewing machines", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q474067", "wikidata_label": "Bernina Sewing Machine", "wikipedia_title": "Bernina International" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Deanery Garden\n", "Deanery Garden, or The Deanery, is an Arts and Crafts style house and garden in Sonning, Berkshire, England. The house was designed and built by architect Edwin Lutyens between 1899 and 1901. It is a Grade I listed building. The gardens, laid out by Lutyens and planted by garden designer Gertrude Jekyll, are Grade II* listed in the National Register of Historic Parks and Gardens.\n", "Section::::Design and construction.\n", "The house was built for the founder of the early lifestyle magazine \"Country Life\", Edward Hudson, essentially as a show home. It was featured in the magazine. The house has subsequently been considerably extended on its north side.\n", "The garden (c. 1 hectare) was planted by Gertrude Jekyll, like many for Lutyens country houses. Although in the centre of the village next to St Andrew's Church and the Bull Inn, the house and garden are very secluded, being surrounded by high walls. However, the garden can be viewed from the church tower.\n", "Section::::Owners.\n", "Deanery Garden was owned by Nigel Broakes and Stanley Seeger during the 1980s. Marian Thompson helped to restore the garden.\n", "The house and gardens, which are now owned by Jimmy Page, guitarist with the group Led Zeppelin, are not open to the public.\n", "Section::::Further reading.\n", "BULLET::::- Angel Perkins, \"The Book of Sonning\", Barracuda Books, 1977. . 2nd edition, Baron Buckingham, 1999. . Pages 129–30, 133–5.\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Cynognathia\n", "Cynognathia (\"dog jaw\") is one of two major clades of cynodonts, the other being Probainognathia. Cynognathians included the large carnivorous genus \"Cynognathus\" and the herbivorous traversodontids. Cynognathians can be identified by several synapomorphies including a very deep zygomatic arch that extends above the middle of the orbit. The cynognathians are the longest-lived non-mammalian therapsid clade extending from Triassic to the Late Triassic.\n", "Cynognathian fossils are currently known from South America, Antarctica, and South Africa.\n", "Section::::Taxonomy.\n", "BULLET::::- Suborder Cynodontia\n", "BULLET::::- Infraorder Eucynodontia\n", "BULLET::::- (unranked) Cynognathia\n", "BULLET::::- Family Cynognathidae\n", "BULLET::::- \"Cynognathus\"\n", "BULLET::::- (unranked) Gomphodontia\n", "BULLET::::- Family Diademodontidae\n", "BULLET::::- \"Diademodon\"\n", "BULLET::::- \"Titanogomphodon\"\n", "BULLET::::- Family Trirachodontidae\n", "BULLET::::- \"Neotrirachodon\"\n", "BULLET::::- Subfamily Trirachodontinae\n", "BULLET::::- \"Cricodon\"\n", "BULLET::::- \"Langbergia\"\n", "BULLET::::- \"Trirachodon\"\n", "BULLET::::- Sinognathinae\n", "BULLET::::- \"Beishanodon\"\n", "BULLET::::- \"Sinognathus\"\n", "BULLET::::- Family Traversodontidae\n", "BULLET::::- \"Andescynodon\"\n", "BULLET::::- \"Arctotraversodon\"\n", "BULLET::::- \"Boreogomphodon\"\n", "BULLET::::- \"Colbertosaurus\"\n", "BULLET::::- ?\"Gornogomphodon\"\n", "BULLET::::- \"Habayia\"\n", "BULLET::::- \"Luangwa\"\n", "BULLET::::- \"Mandagomphodon\n", "BULLET::::- \"Maubeugia\"\n", "BULLET::::- \"Microscalenodon\"\n", "BULLET::::- \"Nanogomphodon\"\n", "BULLET::::- \"Pascualgnathus\"\n", "BULLET::::- \"Plinthogomphodon\"\n", "BULLET::::- \"Rosieria\"\n", "BULLET::::- \"Scalenodon\"\n", "BULLET::::- \"Theropsodon\"\n", "BULLET::::- \"Traversodon\"\n", "BULLET::::- Subfamily Gomphodontosuchinae\n", "BULLET::::- \"Exaeretodon\"\n", "BULLET::::- \"Gomphodontosuchus\"\n", "BULLET::::- \"Menadon\"\n", "BULLET::::- \"Protuberum\"\n", "BULLET::::- \"Ruberodon\"\n", "BULLET::::- \"Scalenodontoides\"\n", "BULLET::::- Subfamily Massetognathinae\n", "BULLET::::- \"Dadadon\"\n", "BULLET::::- \"Massetognathus\"\n", "BULLET::::- \"Santacruzodon\"\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- Evolution of mammals\n", "BULLET::::- Mammaliaformes\n", "BULLET::::- Prehistoric mammals\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "taxon of mammals", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q5199968", "wikidata_label": "Cynognathia", "wikipedia_title": "Cynognathia" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Perpetua (typeface)\n", "Perpetua is a serif typeface that was designed by English sculptor and stonemason Eric Gill for the British Monotype Corporation. Perpetua was commissioned at the request of Stanley Morison, an influential historian of printing and adviser to Monotype around 1925, at a time when Gill's reputation as a leading artist-craftsman was high. Perpetua was intended as a crisp, contemporary design not following any specific historic model, with a structure influenced by Gill's experience of carving lettering for monuments and memorials. Perpetua is commonly used for covers and headings and also sometimes for body text; it has been particularly popular in fine book printing. Perpetua was released with characters for the Greek alphabet and a matching set of titling capitals for headings.\n", "Perpetua is named for the Christian martyr Vibia Perpetua, an account of whose life was used in one of its first showings; its companion italic is named \"Felicity\" for her companion of that name. The choice had appeal to Morison and Gill, both converts to Catholicism.\n", "Section::::Design.\n", "Perpetua is often classified as a transitional serif font, with a delicate structure somewhat similar to British fonts from the eighteenth century such as Baskerville and stonecarved (lapidary) inscriptions in the same style. However, it does not directly revive any specific historical model. Characteristic \"transitional\" features in Perpetua include considerable contrast in stroke width, crisp horizontal serifs, a delicate colour on the page and a reasonably vertical axis, with letters such as ‘O’ having their thinnest points at the top and bottom.\n", "Along with these characteristics, Perpetua bears the distinct personality of Gill's characteristic preferences in carving monumental lettering for uses such as tombstones, dedications and war memorials. Fine book printer Christopher Sandford of the Chiswick Press, who knew Gill, commented that \"all Gill's types…are variants of Gill's own very lovely, very personal hand-lettering.\" Letter designs in Perpetua common in Gill's work include the 'a' that forms a sharp point without serif, the extended leg of the 'R' and the flat-topped 'A'. In italic, the 'a' has a smooth top and the 'g' is a \"single-storey\" design recalling handwriting. The top of the 'f' has a wedge-shaped serif. Historian James Mosley suggests that a rubbing of a 1655 engraving at Rye may have been an influence on the design. Perpetua's italic also has some flourishes in the capitals. However, rather than being fully cursive in style, some characters resemble oblique type or the \"sloped roman\" style, a style rarely used for serif fonts in which letters are slanted but do not take on as many handwriting characteristics as in a \"true italic\". Examples of this are the flat foot serifs on letters like 'h', 'm' and 'n', where most body text italics would have a curl or no serif at all. In structure, Perpetua appears relatively light in colour and rather \"small\" on the page, although this is less problematic in the carefully designed metal type, in which every size was carefully drawn differently, than in digital facsimile.\n", "Section::::Background.\n", "Gill began work on Perpetua in 1925 at the request of Stanley Morison, typographical advisor to Monotype; they had met in 1913. Morison sought Gill's talent to design a new typeface for the foundry, asking for a \"roman letter suitable for book reading, which while being new, was to be of general utility and in no respect unusual.\" In his memoir and assessment of Monotype's work, \"A Tally of Types\" (1953, after Gill's death), Morison claimed that he had chosen to collaborate with Gill because of a desire to create a new typeface on a pattern following no past model, and an impression that previous artistically inclined typefaces cut as niche products for the private use of fine press printing companies had been too eccentric:it still remained desirable to cut…an original face [which] required a living artist capable of the work. There was no lack of fine calligraphers or fine printers in Britain and Germany [but] the possibility was remote of securing from this source a satisfactory set of drawings of a new roman and italic suitable for work of every sort…with the possible exceptions of the Doves and Golden Type, their efforts had been new and peculiar...\n", "Morison wrote that he felt that Gill as a sculptor, with a trade of work more akin to the engraving process used to sculpt the master punches traditionally used to make metal type, could succeed where these designers, mostly trained in calligraphy, had not:The finely bracketed serif with which the sculptors of the roman inscriptions dignified their alphabet is symbolic; it signified their sense of the fundamental difference between private and public writing; between script and inscription. Thus the function of the serif must be understood by the artist if his book-type is to have a chance of succeeding. The fine serif is not in origin calligraphic but epigraphic; not written but sculptured. It follows that a set of drawings of a finely serifed type by a contemporary practitioner of lettering could best be made by \"[a sculptor]\" and Gill was the obvious man to solve it. He was asked to make drawings of the letters he had long been habitually carving.\n", "Morison engaged Gill to develop drawings for the face around 1925.\n", "Section::::Usage.\n", "Mosley, in an article on Perpetua's development, comments that the design's:openness and small x-height make it far from economical in use, and the delicacy - even spindliness - of its cutting are a severe handicap. It reveals its qualities best in the richly-inked and crisply machined first specimen text.\n", "Ultimately, despite Morison's high hopes for Perpetua, it has remained something of a niche face, particularly popular for high-quality printing projects and uses such as headings. Morison late in life conceded thatthe question whether the sizes 8- to 14-point fully realise the ambition with which they were begun, i.e. to create an original type serviceable for all kinds of books, does not permit of an answer in the unqualified affirmative. Perpetua, it may be said at once, is eminently suitable for certain kinds of books...with which a certain obvious degree of 'style' is desired, as for example, the semi-private printing with which Gill was for a long time intimately associated.\n", "Perpetua's appeal to fine book printers has been long-standing since its release, both in the UK and abroad. Christopher Sandford wrote of Perpetua and Gill’s similar type for the Golden Cockerel Press that “it is important that type in combination with finely cut engravings should not be so ‘bold’ as to 'kill' the artists' work, it is also important that it should not be too light to make a comfortable combination. While Gill's Perpetua is probably better suited to combine with line-engravings in copper, etchings, mezzotints or watercolour paintings, the [somewhat bolder] 'Golden Cockerel' type undoubtedly fulfilled Gill's intention for it to combine most charmingly with surface printing from wood-blocks.\" Vivian Ridler, some years later to become Printer to the University of Oxford, was so inspired by Gill's work around this time that he named his side printing project the Perpetua Press after the font in 1933. OUP book designer Hugh Williamson, in his \"Methods of Book Design\" (1956), however warned that Perpetua's 12 pt size was smaller than \"any other series now in general use\" but commented that Gill had proven that \"the design of alphabets for printing has further achievements to offer to artists of the stature to reach them.\"\n", "Two connected designs created around and after the time of its project at Morison's instigation became among the most popular typefaces ever designed. Morison was consulted to advise on a custom typeface for the \"Times\" around the end of Perpetua's convoluted development. One of several options proposed was a modified version of Perpetua, increased in bulk for the conditions of newspaper printing. (Robin Kinross has noted that Perpetua's basic design is \"hardly robust enough for newspaper printing.\") In the end Monotype created a new font, Times New Roman, for that project instead, basing it on an earlier typeface named Plantin, but one of the key modifications was sharpening Times's serifs, similar to Perpetua's design; Morison's cited reason for the change was to resemble the previous fonts used. Times New Roman when released to general use rapidly became one of the most popular fonts in the history of printing. In Monotype's sales chart through to 1984 Times ranks top of all, with Perpetua eighteenth out of forty-three. The \"Times\" did use Perpetua Titling for some sections in the metal type period.\n", "While working on the project Morison engaged Gill also to begin work on a sans-serif project, which became the extremely successful Gill Sans series, ranking fifth on Monotype's sales chart. Mosley describes this as \"a best-selling design whose sales record must have compensated Monotype for many well-meaning failures.\"\n", "Section::::Development.\n", "The process of Perpetua's development was extremely convoluted. After Gill had produced his drawings, Morison decided not to send them to the Monotype engineering department at Salfords, Surrey, with which he had had disagreements. Instead, he commissioned at his own expense for the punchcutter of Paris in 1926 to manually engrave punches which were used to cast trial metal type. Manually cutting punches was the standard method of creating the matrices, or moulds used to cast metal type, in the previous century, but was now effectively a niche artisanal approach replaced by machine pantograph engraving.\n", "Once the Malin type had been cast, Gill found some of his decisions unsatisfying seen in extended passages of text, leading him to propose changes and corrections. These were ultimately used to develop a final set of working drawings for commercial release.\n", "Gill made several attempts at designing a companion italic face for Perpetua. One was a sloped roman, in which the regular style is slanted without the different letterforms of italic type. This unusual design decision was done under the influence of Morison's opinion that a sloped roman form was preferable to that of cursive italics for use in book text, providing less of a contrast with the roman. However, the oblique was not accepted by Monotype management, who went so far as to declare it \"worthless.\" Ultimately a more conventional italic was used instead. Morison commented to his friend Jan van Krimpen that \"we did not give enough slope to it. When we added more slope, it seemed that the fount required a little more cursive to it.\" A slightly condensed italic alphabet Gill had drawn for Gerald Meynell of the Westminster Press was also considered as a basis for its italic.\n", "An early showing of Perpetua in \"The Fleuron\", a journal edited by Morison, suggested that Gill might design a script or calligraphic font, \"Felicity Script\", as a companion, but this was never developed.\n", "Perpetua was set in a limited edition of a new translation by Walter H. Shewring of \"The Passion of Perpetua and Felicity,\" giving birth to the name of the typeface and its companion italic. The book was printed in 1929. The same type and illustrations (also done by Gill) for that book subsequently appeared in the journal on printing \"Fleuron\" (number 7) which was edited by Morison and printed in 1930; Gill Sans was also promoted in an issue of it. Also set in Perpetua and published in 1929 was Gill's \"Art Nonsense and Other Essays\".\n", "While some sources give Perpetua a release date of 1929 based on these early uses, Perpetua was not to enter full commercial sale until 1932. Once on sale, it was sold for Monotype's typesetting machines, which cast metal type under the control of a keyboard, and also sometimes offered in metal type for hand-setting for the use of larger sizes and smaller printers.\n", "Section::::Users.\n", "BULLET::::- Penguin Classics series\n", "BULLET::::- The \"New Temple Shakespeare\" series (which also had art by Gill)\n", "BULLET::::- Continental Airlines\n", "BULLET::::- University of Edinburgh\n", "BULLET::::- University of Pennsylvania\n", "BULLET::::- Colby College\n", "BULLET::::- The King's School, Canterbury\n", "BULLET::::- Routledge Critical Thinkers book series\n", "BULLET::::- The 1987 film \"The Untouchables\": poster and wordmark.\n", "BULLET::::- King’s College Chapel, Cambridge\n", "Section::::Digitisations and adaptations.\n", "Perpetua has been digitised by Monotype and a basic release is included with Microsoft Office. The professional release adds additional features likely to be used in professional printing, such as small capitals and text figures. Lapidary 333 by Bitstream is an unofficial digitisation.\n", "Section::::Digitisations and adaptations.:Related typefaces.\n", "As many of Gill's faces and lettering projects show characteristic features, many of Gill's other families are similar in spirit. Joanna has similarities to Perpetua but a more robust colour on the page with regular slab serifs and an only slightly slanted italic; Gill described it as \"a book face free from all fancy business\". Gill's family for the Golden Cockerel Press, which has been digitised as ITC Golden Cockerel, also has similarities. Monotype's Gill Facia family from the digital period, reviving Gill's lettering projects such as for WH Smith, is a more festive and decorative family in the same style particularly intended for display-size text. After Gill's death Monotype's competitor Linotype, seeking to have a Gill design for their line-up, licensed rights to a roman type by Gill for the Bunyan Press, and released it with a Gill-style italic under the name of \"Pilgrim\". This proved very successful: Frank Newfeld has praised it as \"a gutsier Perpetua\".\n", "Financier, by Kris Sowersby, is a respected revival influenced by Perpetua and other Gill designs, in particular the more solid Solus and Joanna. Particularly acclaimed for being released in optical sizes for small and large text unlike the official Monotype digitisations, it was commissioned by the \"Financial Times\" and has also been commercially released.\n", "Also loosely inspired by Perpetua is Constantia, a typeface by John Hudson for Microsoft and intended to render well for onscreen display.\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- History of Perpetua Greek\n", "BULLET::::- Perpetua MT (professional release including small caps and text figures)\n", "BULLET::::- English Serif (alternative release from Fontsite; also includes small caps)\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Premier Inn\n", "Premier Inn is a British hotel chain and the UK's largest hotel brand, with more than 72,000 rooms and 785 hotels. It operates hotels in a variety of locations including city centres, suburbs and airports competing with the likes of Travelodge and Ibis hotels.\n", "The company was established by Whitbread as Travel Inn in 1987, to compete with Travelodge. Whitbread bought Premier Lodge in 2004 and merged it with Travel Inn to form the current business under the name \"Premier Travel Inn\", which was then shortened to \"Premier Inn\". Premier Inn accounts for 70% of Whitbread's earnings.\n", "Section::::History.\n", "The chain started trading in 1987 as Travel Inn. The first site to open was next to \"The Watermill\" Beefeater restaurant in Basildon.\n", "In 2004, Whitbread acquired another hotel chain, Premier Lodge, for £536 million. This added 141 hotels to the portfolio. Whitbread renamed every hotel \"Premier Travel Inn\".\n", "In 2005, Premier Travel Inn opened its 500th hotel in Hemel Hempstead.\n", "In early 2006, Premier Travel Inn purchased 11 Holiday Inn hotels in England and Wales. These sites kept their leisure facilities such as a swimming pool and gym, except the hotel situated at Norman Cross.\n", "Premier Travel Inn started to launch a new bedroom design during this year to move away from the differences of \"Travel Inn\" and \"Premier Lodge\". Until then rooms had remained as they had been before and new hotels were designed as \"Travel Inns\".\n", "Whitbread shortened the name to \"Premier Inn\" in 2007; by 2009 the business accounted for more than 70% of Whitbread's earnings.\n", "In September 2007, Whitbread announced the purchase of Golden Tulip UK including six hotels trading in the UK under the Tulip Inn and Golden Tulip brands. The hotels were converted to Premier Inns.\n", "In April 2008, Whitbread announced a £100 million expansion of Premier Inn in London over the following three years.\n", "In July 2008, Whitbread bought 21 Express by Holiday Inn hotels in exchange for 44 Beefeater & Brewers Fayre restaurants where it was not possible to build a Premier Inn.\n", "In 2011, the 600th hotel was opened in Stratford-upon-Avon.\n", "Premier Inn have sold off some of their smaller hotels (which had fewer than 30 rooms) to Good Night Inns. Most of these were Premier Lodge sites in less prominent locations.\n", "In July 2015, the 700th Premier Inn was opened in Kingston-upon-Thames, London. The company plans to operate 85,000 bedrooms in the UK by 2020.\n", "Section::::Locations.\n", "Section::::Locations.:United Kingdom.\n", "The Premier Inn chain can be found from Inverness in the north of Scotland to Helston, Cornwall in south-west England. Hotels are found either in city centres or on the outskirts near to major A roads and motorways. In October 2010, the Premier Inn hotels located at Roadchef and Moto motorway service stations were sold to Days Inn after the franchise agreement was terminated. Hotels vary in size, with many smaller inns and large purpose-built city centre hotels.\n", "Most Premier Inn hotels are newly built, although many of the chain's inner city locations in the UK are housed within redeveloped office buildings which would otherwise have been demolished. Some hotels such as \"Bristol Airport\" in Sidcot are housed in older buildings.\n", "In the wake of the Grenfell Tower fire, Premier Inn said three of their hotels in Maidenhead, Brentford and Tottenham were built with cladding.\n", "Section::::Locations.:Ireland.\n", "In 2007, Premier Inn entered Ireland, when it took over the Tulip Inn in Swords. Premier Inn offer bus transfers to and from Dublin Airport, which is nearby. As of 2019, Premier Inn is currently pursuing an expansion in Dublin and has bought three sites in the city centre and Docklands area.\n", "Section::::Locations.:United Arab Emirates.\n", "In 2006, Premier Inn announced that it had entered into a joint venture agreement with Emirates Group to launch in the Gulf Cooperation Council region. This was the first move to expand the brand beyond the UK. The joint venture identified three sites in Dubai, creating more than 800 new rooms. The first Premier Inn in Dubai to open was a 300-room hotel at Dubai Investment Park. A similar size hotel at Dubai Airport, and a 220-room hotel at Dubai Silicon Oasis on Emirates Road, were opened. Dubai Ibn Battuta Mall Hotel has also been opened, connected to Ibn Battuta Mall. There is also a Premier Inn located in the Abu Dhabi Capital Centre, and another Premier Inn located in Abu Dhabi International Airport which opened on 19 November 2013.\n", "Section::::Locations.:Qatar.\n", "Next to Qatar National Convention Centre (QNCC), there is Doha Education City Hotel.\n", "Section::::Locations.:India.\n", "In 2007, Premier Inn announced that it has entered into a 50:50 joint venture agreement with Emaar-MGF – one of India's leading real estate developers, to develop Premier Inn in India. This will be Premier Inn's third international market following the joint venture with Emirates announced in 2006.\n", "A total equity investment of up to £300m was to be invested in the joint venture over the following 10 years of which Whitbread's share was to be 50%. Over the 10-year period, the venture was to create some 80 hotels and over 12,000 rooms. The sites were targeted in the Delhi Region (National Capital Region), Chennai, Goa, Hyderabad and Chandigarh.\n", "Section::::Locations.:Germany.\n", "In 2016, Premier Inn launched its first hotel in the German market – Frankfurt Messe. Since then two further sites have been secured in Essen and Freiburg with plans to launch hotels across the principal German cities.\n", "Section::::Formats.\n", "As well as the standard Premier Inns, there are two sub-brands. \"Hub by Premier Inn\" is a city centre format with in-room technology such as tablets. \"Zip by Premier Inn\" is lower-priced. Some rooms do not have windows and there is a simplified food and drink service. The first Zip hotel opened in Roath, Cardiff in 2019.\n", "Section::::Restaurants.\n", "All Premier Inns have an on-site restaurant, with the exception of hotels which were formerly Holiday Inn Express, where kitchen facilities were added to the hotel for breakfasts only. Most hotels are accompanied by a Whitbread restaurant such as Whitbread Inns, Table Table, Brewers Fayre or Beefeater. The majority of town and city centre hotels have an in-house restaurant called Thyme. City centre hotels used to have a Slice or BarEst restaurant, whose design and menus were very similar. Hotels that used to be Premier Lodges have a range of different restaurants, operated by Spirit Pub Company such as Chef & Brewer or Fayre & Square. Former Express by Holiday Inn sites have a Mitchells & Butlers restaurant, either Harvester, Toby Carvery or Vintage Inns. Some hotels have a third-party restaurant that used to be owned by Whitbread, such as TGI Fridays. Newer inner city Premier Inns which have been built in smaller spaces have a restaurant called The Kitchen.\n", "Section::::Advertising.\n", "Premier Inn was the first major budget hotel chain in the UK to invest in prime time television advertising. After Travel Inn and Premier Lodge merged, animated adverts were used to advertise the merger. In late 2007, comedian Lenny Henry became the face of the campaign and is now in every advert.\n", "In May 2011, the BBC's consumer television programme \"Watchdog\" criticised its widely advertised £29 promotion, having received complaints from viewers that it was almost impossible to book for that price because very few promotional rooms were available. Premier Inn stated that this was due to its rooms being \"popular\".\n", "Online and digital promotion now drive a significant proportion of bookings made for the brand. Premier Inn have made substantial investments in both its main website and mobile app for smartphone bookings, and these are further complemented by affiliate marketing, whereby third party websites drive bookings onto the Premier Inn website.\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- Helmont House\n", "BULLET::::- North Tower (Salford)\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Premier Inn secures 10th site in Germany\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "Travel Inn" ] }, "description": "British hotel chain", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q2108626", "wikidata_label": "Premier Inn", "wikipedia_title": "Premier Inn" }

{ "end": [ 28, 89, 185, 233, 358, 35, 243, 25 ], "href": [ "Venezuela", "Anzo%C3%A1tegui%20State", "Fernando%20de%20Pe%C3%B1alver%20Municipality", "Barcelona%2C%20Venezuela", "Uchire%20Boca", "Metre", "caneys", "P%C3%ADritu%20Islets" ], "paragraph_id": [ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 6, 10, 23 ], "start": [ 19, 73, 152, 224, 347, 34, 237, 12 ], "text": [ "Venezuela", "Anzoátegui State", "Fernando de Peñalver Municipality", "Barcelona", "Uchire Boca", "m", "caneys", "Píritu Islets" ], "wikipedia_id": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ], "wikipedia_title": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ] }

{ "paragraph": [ "Puerto Píritu\n", "Puerto Píritu is a Venezuelan city located in the north-central coast of Anzoátegui State, with a population more than 11,000. It is the capital of the Fernando de Peñalver Municipality, and located 46 km from the centre of Barcelona, the capital of the State. By road it is approximately 25 minutes from the city of Barcelona and 45 minutes from Uchire Boca.\n", "Section::::History.\n", "Puerto Píritu founded in 1513 as \"El Manjar\" and abandoned few years later, still retains an enormous amount of colonial buildings in the historic centre of the city. Modern history starts from the arrival of Franciscan missionaries in 1652. Puerto Píritu was the point of entry and departure in the 17th and 18th centuries for colonization, evangelization and immigration into what is now Anzoátegui State. Puerto Píritu began its history with its own identity in the mid-19th century. Thanks to many margariteñas families, that people became the major commercial port output products of the guariqueños Plains and in the basin of river Unare point such that for 1928 was already district as it is today the municipality Peñalver.\n", "The current Puerto Píritu still retains an enormous amount of colonial buildings in the historic centre of the city. Tourism and fishing and trade are the main sources of income of Puerto Píritu.\n", "Section::::Geography.\n", "The altitude of the city is eight m\n", "The city is located in a 10.04495 'n LAT and Long 65.033272 ' o\n", "Section::::Tourism.\n", "Port Píritu is a tourist area as well as the other cities of Anzoátegui State, with its beaches and lagoons. This region is characterized by a sparse vegetation in contrast to large areas of beaches that are mostly frequented by domestic visitors.\n", "The eastern seaboard of Anzoátegui has a tourist infrastructure of recent data, the resort of Puerto Píritu has a length of 600 meters of beaches in turbid waters that turn brown when the sea is rough. Services include restaurants type \"caneys\", rent sunshades and umbrellas.\n", "Port Píritu's tourist attractions include its scenery, flora, fauna and beaches.\n", "Section::::Schools.\n", "BULLET::::- EU Pedro Rolingson Herrera\n", "BULLET::::- U.E.P mother Candelaria\n", "BULLET::::- U.E.P educational Institute Puerto Píritu\n", "BULLET::::- EU Francisco Fajardo\n", "BULLET::::- U.E.P. Edgar Marques\n", "BULLET::::- U.E.P. Christ Jose\n", "BULLET::::- EU José f. laya\n", "BULLET::::- EU Pedro Celestino Muñóz\n", "BULLET::::- Naval Lyceum GD José Antonio Anzoátegui\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- Píritu Islets\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "Puerto Piritu" ] }, "description": "place in Anzoátegui, Venezuela", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q3132040", "wikidata_label": "Puerto Píritu", "wikipedia_title": "Puerto Píritu" }

{ "end": [ 104, 122, 172, 209, 249, 77 ], "href": [ "anime", "television%20series", "Mrs.%20Pepperpot", "Alf%20Pr%C3%B8ysen", "NHK%20General%20TV", "mink" ], "paragraph_id": [ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 7 ], "start": [ 99, 105, 158, 198, 235, 73 ], "text": [ "anime", "television series", "Mrs. Pepperpot", "Alf Prøysen", "NHK General TV", "mink" ], "wikipedia_id": [ "", "", "", "", "", "" ], "wikipedia_title": [ "", "", "", "", "", "" ] }

{ "paragraph": [ "Mrs. Pepper Pot (TV series)\n", "Mrs. Pepper Pot, known in Japanese as and in the United States as Madame Peppermint, is a Japanese anime television series, based on the children's books of \"Mrs. Pepperpot\" by the Norwegian author Alf Prøysen. The series premiered on NHK General TV from April 4, 1983 to March 30, 1984, spanning a total of 130 10-minute episodes.\n", "Section::::Plot.\n", "Mrs. Pepper Pot lives in a small little village with her husband. She wears a small magical teaspoon around her neck which every now and then shrinks her to the size of her teaspoon which does not shrink as well, and she must drag it along with her on her back when she gets shrunk. She always changes back to her original size after a certain amount of time. This special condition had its advantages — she can communicate with animals and enjoy wonderful adventures in the woods. This way she wins new and interesting friends on a regular basis. She is a good friend of Lily, a mysterious little girl who lives in the forest alone, she is also friends with a mouse family. She can not reveal her secret or show herself in the shrunk condition, which sometimes gets quite difficult. Her husband Mr. Pepperpot eventually finds out his wife's secret later on in the series.\n", "Section::::Characters.\n", "BULLET::::- Mrs. Pepper Pot: the main character of the series. She possesses a magic spoon which changes her size unexpectedly.\n", "BULLET::::- Mr. Pepper Pot: Mrs. Pepper Pot's husband. He is a professional painter and decorator. Stubborn, hotheaded and rigid character. He is unaware of Mrs. Pepper Pot's secret which she hides from him.\n", "BULLET::::- Lily: a mysterious girl who lives in the forest with her pet mink. She is the only one who knows Mrs. Pepperpot's secret, which she helps her keep.\n", "BULLET::::- Mouse family: a pair of mice whose offspring are named after the letters of the alphabet.\n", "Section::::Production and broadcast history.\n", "The series was, as many anime aimed at children of the time were, based on a European children's novel, in this case the eponymous series of Norwegian children's books by Alf Prøysen.\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "Mrs. Pepperpot", "Supūn Obasan" ] }, "description": "Japanese anime television series. based on Alf Prøysen's novel series", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q601213", "wikidata_label": "Mrs. Pepper Pot", "wikipedia_title": "Mrs. Pepper Pot (TV series)" }

{ "end": [ 23, 53, 72, 87, 131, 195, 244, 290, 18, 80, 106, 196, 249, 298, 36 ], "href": [ "fjord", "Molde%20Municipality", "M%C3%B8re%20og%20Romsdal", "Norway", "Moldefjorden", "Romsdal%20peninsula", "Molde%20%28town%29", "Bols%C3%B8ya", "European%20route%20E39", "Molde%20%28town%29", "Hjelset", "Kleive%2C%20M%C3%B8re%20og%20Romsdal", "Norwegian%20County%20Road%2064", "Fannefjord%20Tunnel", "List%20of%20Norwegian%20fjords" ], "paragraph_id": [ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 4 ], "start": [ 18, 35, 57, 81, 119, 178, 239, 283, 0, 75, 99, 190, 235, 281, 12 ], "text": [ "fjord", "Molde Municipality", "Møre og Romsdal", "Norway", "Moldefjorden", "Romsdal peninsula", "Molde", "Bolsøya", "European Route E39", "Molde", "Hjelset", "Kleive", "County Road 64", "Fannefjord Tunnel", "List of Norwegian fjords" ], "wikipedia_id": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ], "wikipedia_title": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ] }

{ "paragraph": [ "Fannefjord\n", "Fannefjorden is a fjord located in Molde Municipality in Møre og Romsdal county, Norway. It is a long extension of the Moldefjorden, running east-west near the south side of the Romsdal peninsula. The fjord begins just east of the city of Molde on the north shore with the island of Bolsøya on the south side. It is believed that \"Fannefjorden\" is very old name, and perhaps a name originally applied to the whole area.\n", "European Route E39 runs along the north side of the fjord from the city of Molde to the village of Hjelset on the northern shore of the fjord, where the road turns northward. The village of Kleive is located near the end of the fjord. County Road 64 crosses under the fjord in the Fannefjord Tunnel.\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- List of Norwegian fjords\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "fjord in Møre og Romsdal, Norway", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q1770980", "wikidata_label": "Fannefjord", "wikipedia_title": "Fannefjord" }

{ "end": [ 150, 200, 259, 51, 106, 338, 443, 454, 462, 507, 270, 38, 59, 238, 245, 45, 174, 259, 434, 446, 878, 1050 ], "href": [ "brook%20trout", "lake%20trout", "portmanteau", "Salvelinus", "Char%20%28fish%29", "Hatchery%23Fish%20hatcheries", "Algonquin%20Provincial%20Park", "Ontario", "Canada", "Offspring", "Lake", "Angling", "salmonid", "Kilogram", "Pound%20%28mass%29", "F1%20hybrid", "Great%20Lakes", "Georgian%20Bay", "Invasive%20species", "sea%20lamprey", "piscivorous", "recruitment" ], "paragraph_id": [ 1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 3, 4, 4, 4, 4, 5, 6, 6, 6, 6, 7, 7 ], "start": [ 139, 190, 248, 41, 93, 330, 418, 447, 456, 500, 260, 33, 51, 236, 243, 43, 163, 247, 426, 435, 867, 1039 ], "text": [ "brook trout", "lake trout", "portmanteau", "Salvelinus", "char or charr", "hatchery", "Algonquin Provincial Park", "Ontario", "Canada", "progeny", "lacustrine", "catch", "salmonid", "kg", "lb", "F1", "Great Lakes", "Georgian Bay", "invasive", "sea lamprey", "piscivorous", "recruitment" ], "wikipedia_id": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ], "wikipedia_title": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ] }

{ "paragraph": [ "Splake\n", "The splake or slake (\"Salvelinus namaycush x Salvelinus fontinalis\") is a hybrid of two fish species resulting from the crossing of a male brook trout (\"Salvelinus fontinalis\") and a female lake trout (\"Salvelinus namaycush\"). The name itself is a portmanteau of speckled trout (another name for brook trout) and lake trout, and may have been used to describe such hybrids as early as the 1880s. Hybrids of the male lake trout with the female brook trout (the so-called \"brookinaw\") have also been produced, but are not as successful.\n", "The intrageneric hybrid is of the genus \"Salvelinus\" and, hence, is most properly known as a char or charr. In some locales, the fish is referred to as the wendigo. Although the hybrid is genetically stable and is, theoretically, capable of reproducing, splake reproduction is extremely rare, for behavioural reasons, outside the hatchery environment. The only known natural reproduction has occurred in five lakes in Algonquin Provincial Park in Ontario, Canada and, in each case, only a handful of progeny were produced. Because splake typically do not reproduce, they are used as a sport fish in many lakes across the US. Fishery managers are able to control populations numbers due to the extremely poor spawning success rate.\n", "The fish possesses characteristics of both parent species. Splake exhibit higher growth rates than either parent species and can attain 46 cm (18 in) in length only two years after being planted as fingerlings (\"i.e.\", at 2½ years of age). By way of contrast, lacustrine brook trout would approach 25 cm (10 in) in length at a similar age and similarly aged lake trout would be expected to be less than 40 cm (16 in) long.\n", "Splake are considered \"easier to catch\" than other salmonids and often live longer and fare better in certain situations. Hence, splake are well suited for stocking in a variety of coldwater lakes and ponds. The maximum size is about 9 kg (20 lb), but fish over 4 kg (9 lb) are rare and are considered trophies.\n", "An example would be in Ontario, where both F1 splake and the lake trout backcross have been planted for several years. The backcross is the result of an F1 splake male being crossed with a female lake trout (\"i.e.\", 75% lake trout and 25% brook trout).\n", "Although splake were first described in 1880, Ontario began experimenting with the hybrids in the 1960s in an effort to replace collapsed lake trout stocks in the Great Lakes. Due to mediocre results, the experiment never really progressed beyond Georgian Bay. The theory was that splake would grow more quickly and mature sooner than lake trout with the hope that they would be able to reproduce before being attacked by the invasive sea lamprey. Unfortunately, although splake are relatively unusual among hybrids in that they are fertile, fertility in nature is behaviourally problematic—very few natural progeny are produced by introduced splake populations.\n", "After some experimentation in the late 1970s, stocking in the Great Lakes and, especially, in Georgian Bay, was converted entirely to the so-called lake trout backcross in the early 1980s. Although the backcross program did succeed in creating some localised angling opportunities, it never achieved any degree of success in terms of natural reproduction—the backcross was only marginally better at reproducing than was the F1 splake. The F1 splake has proved to be a success, however, in providing angling opportunities in smaller lakes and most of the planting of splake in Ontario now goes to those situations. In the first of two cases, former brook trout waters which have become infested with spiny-rayed fish to the point where they no longer produce brook trout are stocked with splake. The splake grow more quickly than do wild-strain brook trout and become piscivorous at a younger age and, hence, are more tolerant of competitors than are brook trout. In the second case, relatively small lake trout lakes that experienced poor recruitment due to insufficient deep-water juvenile lake trout habitat will support fairly good splake fisheries, since splake are less dependent on extreme deep water than are the lake trout and they grow more quickly, providing a better return to anglers. In both cases, due to the behavioural sterility of splake, all such fisheries are entirely dependent on artificial propagation.\n", "Section::::Literature.\n", "BULLET::::- Ayles, B. (1974): Relative importance of additive genetic and maternal sources of variation in early survival of young splake hybrids (\"Salvelinus fontinalis\" x \"S. namaycush\"). \"J. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada\" 31: 1499-1502.\n", "BULLET::::- Berst, A. H., Ihssen, P. E., Spangler, G. R., Ayles, G. B., Martin, G. W. (1980): The splake, a hybrid charr \"Salvelinus namaycush\" x \"S. fontinalis\". In: Balon, E. K.(ed.): \"Charrs, Salmonid Fishes of the Genus\" Salvelinus. Dr. W. Junk Publishers, The Hague, 841-887.\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "Salvelinus fontinalis × Salvelinus namaycush" ] }, "description": "taxon of fishes", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q6126731", "wikidata_label": "Splake", "wikipedia_title": "Splake" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Probainognathia\n", "The probainognathians are members of one of the two major clades of the infraorder Eucynodontia, the other being Cynognathians. The earliest forms were carnivorous and insectivorous, though some species eventually also evolved herbivorous traits. The earliest and most basal Probainognathian is \"Lumkuia\", from South Africa. Three groups survived the extinction at the end of Triassic: the Tritheledontidae and Tritylodontidae, who both survived until the Jurassic—the latter possibly even into the Cretaceous (Xenocretosuchus)—and Mammaliaformes, who gave rise to the mammals.\n", "Section::::Classification.\n", "Section::::Classification.:Taxonomy.\n", "BULLET::::- Suborder Cynodontia\n", "BULLET::::- Infraorder Eucynodontia\n", "BULLET::::- (unranked) Probainognathia\n", "BULLET::::- Family Ecteniniidae\n", "BULLET::::- Family Lumkuiidae\n", "BULLET::::- Superfamily Chiniquodontoidea\n", "BULLET::::- Family Chiniquodontidae\n", "BULLET::::- Family Tritheledontidae\n", "BULLET::::- Family Probainognathidae\n", "BULLET::::- (unranked) Prozostrodontia\n", "BULLET::::- \"Prozostrodon\"\n", "BULLET::::- Family Brasilodontidae\n", "BULLET::::- Family Dromatheriidae\n", "BULLET::::- Family Therioherpetidae\n", "BULLET::::- Family Tritylodontidae\n", "BULLET::::- (unranked) Mammaliaformes\n", "BULLET::::- Class Mammalia\n", "Section::::Classification.:Phylogeny.\n", "Below is a cladogram from Ruta, Botha-Brink, Mitchell and Benton (2013) showing one hypothesis of cynodont relationships:\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- Evolution of mammals\n", "BULLET::::- Prehistoric mammals\n", "BULLET::::- List of prehistoric mammals\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "taxon of mammals", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q950661", "wikidata_label": "Probainognathia", "wikipedia_title": "Probainognathia" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Llangain\n", "Llangain is a village and community in Carmarthenshire, in the south-west of Wales. Located to the west of the River Towy, the community contains three standing stones, and two chambered tombs as well as the ruins of 15th century great house, Castell Moel. In 2001 the community's population was recorded at 574, decreasing slightly to 573 at the 2011 census.\n", "Section::::Location.\n", "Situated near the bank of the Afon Tywi, the parish extends from near Johnstown to Llansteffan in one direction and from Llangynog to the river in another and consists of very pleasant countryside with gentle hills reaching 350 ft/105m (Trig Point) and stretches of woodlands. The parish encloses an area of almost .\n", "Prehistory\n", "There are a few cromlechs or dolmens, the best examples being Meini Llwydion (Greystones) and Merlin's Quoits. They were communal burial places for family groups dating back to the Neolithic period (c.3000 BC).\n", "The community is bordered by the communities of: Carmarthen; Llandyfaelog; Llansteffan; and Llangynog, all being in Carmarthenshire.\n", "Section::::Education.\n", "In 1846 the only school was a Sunday School. Llangain Board School was built in 1875 and officially opened in 1876, and was in use until superseded by the new school in 1977, to which only about 30-35 children go. There was an after school club but it closed down because not enough children went.\n", "Section::::Religion.\n", "The present church of St Cain was built in 1871. There is a tiled mural on either side of the altar in memory of the Gwyn family of Pilroath and Plas Cwrthir. An Elizabethan chalice is dated 1576.\n", "Capel Smyrna, a congregational chapel, is a prominent landmark within the parish. Originally built in 1835, it was rebuilt in 1865 and restored in 1915. The white building provided stabling for horses during chapel services. The loft served as the vestry.\n", "Section::::Notable buildings.\n", "Castell Moel (Green Castle) is a local landmark at the sharp bend on the B4312. The ruins of the impressive, late medieval residence still stand. It was never a castle but a residence built for the Reed family in the early 15th century and was in ruin in Elizabethan times. It is possible there had been some earthen fortification there at one time. Some believe this to be at Old Castle. Doubtless this would have been a motte and bailey. Until recent times ships used to lie at anchor below to off load onto lighter vessels for transport to Carmarthen.\n", "Coedmor was built in 1968 for Mr and Mrs E.J.Williams, retired farmers of Penycoed. Coedmor Avenue is named in recognition of their ownership of the land and the family's continuing local connection.\n", "Bwthyn-y-Felin is an old woollen mill which employed four full-time workers in its heyday. Llangain Mill closed in the 1940s.\n", "Llwyndu mansion, a Grade II listed building, was built in the early 19th century. In 1821-1823 Captain Henry Harding lived there and it was afterwards the home of Frederick Philipps, JP. In 1906 the owner was Charles Bankes Davies. It has an upper and lower lodge. The original name for the upper lodge The Beeches, was Chweched meaning Sixth, indicating the six lanes. The main mansion building was largely destroyed by fire in June 2015 with only the front and side elevations remaining.\n", "Pilroath mansion is situated at the southern end of the parish above the confluence of the Rhoth Brook and the Afon Tywi. In 1902 the property was purchased by T J Harries, Esq. who built the present mansion. The property was occupied by the Harries family for three generations and owned until 1994 by County Councillor Arthur Harries. The courtyard and outbuildings are now being adapted into a production base where films and TV programmes reflecting local life can be made.\n", "Fernhill, a small gentry house dating back to 1723 and listed as a grade II building for its architectural and cultural connections. Famous as a frequent childhood holiday retreat of the world-renowned poet Dylan Thomas (1914–1953), it became immortalised in one of his best-known poems, Fern Hill. Fernhill is also known for its association with the notorious county hangman, Robert Rickets Evans who lived there at the turn of the 20th century. His daughter was heiress to a fortune. He imprisoned her in a cell in the courtyard (which can still be seen today) to gain her fortune, but her lover helped her to escape, according to folklore. The story has been confirmed in more recent research, which has also described Thomas' stays at Fernhill and the extent of his family connections in the Llangain area. \n", "Pantydderwen was a small cottage originally and once housed the Post Office and local sweet shop. It became a public house c.1979. The golf course opened in 1993.\n", "Pantyrathro mansion was built by James Richards in the early 19th century. It was developed as a direct result of selling local milk products to London with the coming of the railway to Carmarthen. It became a local hotel in 1970.\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Llangain village website\n", "BULLET::::- Census information about Llangain ward\n", "BULLET::::- History of Llangain on the BBC\n", "BULLET::::- www.geograph.co.uk : photos of Llangain and surrounding area\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "Llan-gain" ] }, "description": "village in United Kingdom", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q6661421", "wikidata_label": "Llangain", "wikipedia_title": "Llangain" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Normandie-class battleship\n", "The \"Normandie\" class of dreadnought battleships was a group of five ships ordered for the French Navy in 1912–1913. The class comprised \"Normandie\", the lead ship, \"Flandre\", \"Gascogne\", \"Languedoc\", and . The design incorporated a radical arrangement for the twelve 34 cm (13.4 in) main battery guns: three quadruple-gun turrets, as opposed to the twin-gun turrets used by most other navies. The first four ships were also equipped with an unusual hybrid propulsion system that used both steam turbines and triple-expansion steam engines to increase fuel efficiency.\n", "The ships, named after provinces of France, were never completed due to shifting production requirements after the beginning of World War I in 1914. The first four ships were sufficiently advanced in construction to permit their launching to clear the slipways for other, more important work. Many of the guns built for the ships were instead converted for use by the Army. After the war, the French Navy considered several proposals to complete the ships, either as originally designed or modernized to account for lessons from the war. The weak French post-war economy forestalled these plans and the first four ships were broken up.\n", "The last ship, \"Béarn\", which was not significantly advanced at the time work halted, was converted into an aircraft carrier in the 1920s. She remained in service in various capacities until the 1960s and was ultimately scrapped in 1967.\n", "Section::::Development.\n", "In December 1911, the French Navy's Technical Committee () issued a report that examined the design of the that had been ordered for 1912. They concluded that the amidships gun turret was an unsatisfactory choice, based on previous experiences with blast damage on battleships from the 1880s. This position influenced the construction of the next class of dreadnought battleships, for which design work began shortly thereafter.\n", "The French Navy's design staff () submitted the first draft of the new dreadnought design in February 1912. The size of French shipyard facilities significantly affected the design. Length was limited to , beam to , and draft to approximately . These dimensions limited the design to a displacement of around and a speed of , depending on the armament arrangement.\n", "The design staff presented three alternatives, all armed with twenty guns in a new twin-gun casemate mounting as the secondary armament. The first was a design with the same number of guns as the \"Bretagne\"s, but with a top speed greater than 21 knots. The second was for a ship with a dozen 34 cm guns arranged in two quadruple-gun turrets with superfiring twin-gun turrets and a speed of 20 knots. The last proposal was a ship that was armed with sixteen guns in four quadruple turrets and a speed of 20 knots.\n", "The staff also prepared two different designs for the propulsion system. Two sets of direct-drive steam turbines were proposed, as in the \"Bretagne\" class; the other option was a hybrid system that used one set of direct-drive turbines on the two inner propeller shafts, and two vertical triple-expansion steam engines (VTE) on the outer shafts for low-speed cruising. This was intended to reduce coal consumption at cruising speed as direct-drive turbines are very inefficient at moderate to low speeds. The fifth ship, \"Béarn\", was instead equipped with two sets of turbines to allow her to operate with the \"Bretagne\" class.\n", "The next issue to be addressed was the main armament. The General Staff decided in March 1912 to retain the 34 cm gun of the \"Bretagne\" class. They chose the new quadruple turret and preferred an armament of twelve guns in two quadruple and two double turrets. They favored the all-turbine design, but wished to retain the twenty-two 138.6 mm guns of the \"Bretagne\"s. The following month, the Naval Supreme Council () could not reach a decision on the quadruple turret as it was still being developed, but wished to revisit the issue once it was further along. The council rejected the twin mounting proposed for the secondary armament and proposed a mixture of eighteen 138.6 mm and a dozen guns. It did accept the hybrid propulsion system and the armor layout of the \"Bretagne\" class was to be retained, though an increase in the thickness of the main belt was to be effected if possible. Théophile Delcassé, the Naval Minister (), accepted the council's recommendations with the proviso that the arrangement of five twin turrets as in the \"Bretagne\"-class battleships would be substituted if the quadruple turrets were not ready in time.\n", "The Technical Department prepared two new designs, A7, which incorporated the five twin turrets, and A7bis, which was armed with three quadruple turrets. The A7bis design was some lighter than the A7 design, and on 6 April, the Navy accepted a quadruple-gun-turret design submitted by Saint-Chamond. On 22 May it realized that the 100 mm gun would not ready by the time construction was scheduled to begin, so the design reverted to the 138.6 mm gun. Further work revealed that two additional guns could be accommodated and the Naval Supreme Council accepted the design with twenty-four 138.6 mm guns on 8 July.\n", "Section::::Description.\n", "The \"Normandie\"-class ships were long at the waterline, and long overall. They had a beam of and a mean draft of at full load. They were intended to displace at normal load and at deep load. The ships were subdivided by transverse bulkheads into 21 watertight compartments.\n", "The first four ships were equipped with one set of steam turbines driving the inner pair of four-bladed, propellers. \"Normandie\" and \"Flandre\" had license-built Parsons turbines, \"Gascogne\" had turbines by Rateau-Bretagne, and \"Languedoc\"s turbines were built by Schneider-Zoelly. The four ships had a pair of four-cylinder vertical triple-expansion engines that drove the two outer three-bladed, propellers for steaming astern or cruising at low speed. The last ship, \"Béarn\", was equipped with two sets of Parsons turbines, each driving a pair of three-bladed, 3.34 m propellers. \"Normandie\" and \"Gascogne\" were fitted with 21 Guyot-du Temple-Normand small-tube boilers, \"Flandre\" and \"Languedoc\" were equipped with 28 Belleville large-tube boilers, while \"Béarn\" had 28 Niclausse boilers. All of the boilers operated at a pressure of .\n", "The ships' engines were rated at and were designed to give them a speed of , although use of forced draft was intended to increase their output to and the maximum speed to . The ships were designed to carry of coal and of fuel oil, but up to of coal could be stored in the hull. At a cruising speed of , the ships could steam for ; at , the range fell to , and at top speed, it dropped to . The ships would have had a crew of 44 officers and 1,160 enlisted men when serving as a flagship.\n", "Section::::Description.:Armament.\n", "The main battery of the \"Normandie\" class consisted of a dozen 45-caliber Canon de 34 cm Modèle 1912s mounted in three quadruple turrets. One turret was placed forward, one amidships, and one aft, all on the centerline. The turrets weighed , and were electrically trained and hydraulically elevated. The guns were divided into pairs and moved together in twin cradles; a thick bulkhead divided the turrets in half. Each pair of guns had its own ammunition hoist and magazine. They could be fired simultaneously or independently.\n", "The guns had a range of and had a rate of fire of two rounds per minute. The shells were armor-piercing rounds and were fired with a muzzle velocity of . Each gun was to have been supplied with 100 rounds of ammunition. Five rangefinders provided fire-control for the main battery. Two of the rangefinders were mounted on the conning tower and the other three were placed atop each of the turrets. The turrets also had auxiliary gunnery-control stations.\n", "The ships would also have been armed with a secondary battery of twenty-four 55-caliber 138.6 mm Modèle 1910 guns, each singly mounted in casemates near the main-gun turrets. These guns fired a shell at a muzzle velocity of . The guns would have been supplied with 275 rounds of ammunition each. Six Canon de Modèle 1902 anti-aircraft guns, which were converted from low-angle guns, would also have been carried by the ships. The ships also would have been equipped with six underwater torpedo tubes, three on each broadside. Each ship was to be supplied with 36 torpedoes.\n", "Section::::Description.:Protection.\n", "The armor belt of the \"Normandie\"-class ships was made from Krupp cemented armor and extended almost the entire length of the hull (), save at the stern. The belt consisted of two rows of plates that were a total of high, of which was below the waterline. The thickest portion of the armor protected the hull between the barbettes of the end turrets and was thick. Each of the upper plates was tapered to a thickness of at its top edge and the lower plates were tapered to at their bottom edge. From No. 1 barbette to the bow, the plates progressively reduced in thickness from at the bow; the upper edges also progressively reduced from while the bottom edge of these plates was thick. Aft of the rear turret, the armor plates were progressively reduced in thickness from 260 millimeters to 140 millimeters. Their upper edges also progressively thinned from and their lower edges were the same 80 millimeters in thickness as their forward equivalents. The aft belt terminated in a transverse bulkhead.\n", "Above the waterline belt was an upper strake of 160-millimeter armor that extended between the fore and aft groups of casemates for the secondary armament. The portions of the barbettes that extended outside the upper armor were protected by plates while the interior surfaces were only thick to save weight. The turrets were protected with an armor thickness of 300 millimeters on their faces, on the sides, and 100 millimeters on the roof. The sides of the conning tower were thick and its roof was also 100 millimeters thick. The lower armored deck consisted of a single plate of mild steel for a width of along the centerline and another layer of the same thickness was added outboard of that. The deck sloped downwards to meet the bottom of the waterline belt and a plate of armor steel reinforced the sloped portion of the deck to give a total thickness of . Two layers of plating made up the center of the upper armored deck and it was reinforced to a total of along the edges and above the magazine.\n", "The hull of the \"Normandie\"s had a double bottom deep. Their propulsion machinery spaces and magazines were protected by a torpedo bulkhead that consisted of two layers of nickel-chrome steel plates. The outer side of the bulkhead was lined with a 10-millimeter plate of corrugated flexible steel intended to absorb the force of a torpedo detonation. Another measure intended to dissipate the force were tubes that extended from the double bottom to the upper armored deck that were intended to divert the gases of the detonation away from the torpedo bulkhead. Concerned about the possibility of capsizing after asymmetric flooding, the design incorporated empty compartments below the waterline and outboard of the fore and aft 34-centimeter magazines, the engine rooms and the midships 138.6-millimeter magazines that were intended to be flooded to correct any list.\n", "Section::::Construction and cancellation.\n", "\"Normandie\" and \"Languedoc\" were ordered on 18 April 1913, although neither was formally authorized until the enabling finance bill () was passed on 30 July, and \"Flandre\" and \"Gascogne\" on that same day. \"Béarn\" had been planned to be ordered on 1 October 1914, but it was brought forward to 1 January; the five ships would permit the creation of two four-ship divisions with the three \"Bretagne\"-class dreadnoughts then under construction.\n", "Work on the class was suspended at the outbreak of World War I, as all resources were needed for the Army. The mobilization in July greatly impeded construction as those workmen in the reserves were called to the colors and work was effectively halted later that month. The labor force available to work on the \"Normandie\"s was further reduced by conscription and orders for munitions for the Army. In light of such constraints, the navy decided that only those ships that could be completed quickly would be worked upon, like the \"Brétagne\"s, although construction of the first four \"Normandie\"s was authorized to continue to clear the slipways for other purposes. Construction of \"Béarn\" had been already halted on 23 July and all further work on her was abandoned.\n", "In July 1915 work on the ships' armament was suspended, save the guns themselves, which could be converted for use by the Army. Four of the completed 34 cm guns were converted into railway guns for the French Army. Nine of the guns built for \"Languedoc\" were also mounted on railway carriages in 1919, after the end of the war. Several of the 138.6 mm guns were also converted for service with the Army.\n", "Section::::Construction and cancellation.:Progress when abandoned.\n", "The boilers intended for \"Normandie\" and \"Gascogne\" were used to replace the worn-out boilers of various destroyers, namely the purchased from Argentina in 1914 and the three \"Aetos\"-class ships seized from the Royal Hellenic Navy in late 1916. Those boilers built for \"Flandre\" were installed in new anti-submarine ships. The armor plate and turntables of \"Gascogne\"s turrets had been ordered from Fives-Lille, whose factory was captured by the Germans in 1914. They were discovered in one of Krupp's factories in Germany in 1921 and returned to the Navy.\n", "In January 1918, a final wartime order specified that the ships remained suspended, but that all material that had been stockpiled for work would remain in place. By that time, some of steel plating that had been earmarked for \"Gascogne\" had been taken for other uses.\n", "On 22 November, days after the Armistice with Germany, the design staff sent the General Staff a proposal to complete the first four \"Normandie\"s to a modified design. The General Staff replied that the ships would need a top speed of and a more powerful main battery. Since the dockyard facilities had not been enlarged during the war, the size of the ships could not be significantly increased. This allowed for only modest improvements, particularly for the installation of anti-torpedo bulges. In February 1919, the General Staff decided that the ships would be completed anyway, because new vessels incorporating the lessons of the war could not be completed for at least six to seven years, due to the lengthy design studies such battleships would require.\n", "The Technical Department created a revised design that incorporated some improvements. The machinery for the four ships that had been launched during the war would be retained; increasing their speed to required a corresponding increase to , which could be obtained by building new turbines. The elevation of the main guns was to be increased to 23–24 degrees, which would increase the range of the guns to lest they be out-ranged by foreign battleships. The need to engage targets at longer ranges was confirmed by the examination of one of the ex-Austrian ships that had been surrendered to France at the end of the war. The main armored deck was to be increased to to increase resistance to plunging fire. The submerged 450 mm torpedo tubes were to be replaced with deck-mounted tubes, and fire control equipment was to be improved. Equipment for handling a two-seat reconnaissance aircraft and a single-seat fighter was also to be installed.\n", "After the war, Admiral Pierre Ronarc'h became Chief of the General Staff, and in July 1919 he argued that the Italian Navy was the country's primary rival, and that they might resume work on the s that had been suspended during the war. He suggested there were three options for the first four ships: complete them as designed, increase the range of their guns and improve their armor, or lengthen their hull and install new engines to increase speed. The Technical Department determined that lengthening the hulls by could increase speed by as much as . Nevertheless, by 12 September 1919, he had decided that completing the ships would be too expensive for the fragile French economy. Plans for the first four ships included converting them into cargo ships, oil tankers, or passenger liners, and using them as floating oil depots, but these ideas were ultimately rejected. The four ships were formally cancelled in the 1922 construction program, and were laid up in Landevennec and cannibalized for parts before being broken up in 1923–1926. Much of the salvaged material was incorporated into completing \"Béarn\" and in modernizing the battleship .\n", "Plans to complete \"Béarn\" included replacement of the coal-fired boilers with eight oil-fired Niclausse boilers and new, more powerful turbines. A new quadruple turret that allowed for greater range was considered, along with twin turrets mounting guns. The battleship was launched on 15 April 1920 to clear the slip. A temporary wooden platform was built atop the lower armored deck later that year to serve as a flight deck for aircraft landing trials. Transverse arresting wires that were weighted by sandbags were improvised and the evaluation successfully took place off Toulon in late 1920. In 1922, the Navy instead decided to complete the ship as an aircraft carrier. Conversion work began in August 1923, and was completed by May 1927 using the hybrid propulsion system from \"Normandie\" with a dozen Normand boilers. The ship was the first carrier of the French Navy. She served in the fleet through World War II, generally being used as a ferry for aircraft; she did not see any combat as she spent most of the war in Martinique. In 1944, she was refitted in the United States and equipped with a battery of modern American anti-aircraft guns. She remained in service through the First Indochina War, still as an aircraft ferry. She was ultimately broken up for scrap starting in 1967.\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "five ships planned for use by the French Navy in World War I but never completed", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q2499123", "wikidata_label": "Normandie class battleship", "wikipedia_title": "Normandie-class battleship" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "New York State Route 129\n", "New York State Route 129 (NY 129) is a long state highway in the western part of Westchester County, New York. The route begins at New York State Route 9A (South Riverside Avenue) in the village of Croton on Hudson at the Hudson River. NY 129 then travels through the towns of Cortlandt and Yorktown, running along the northern edge of the New Croton Reservoir. It passes under (southbound) and over (northbound) the Taconic State Parkway in Yorktown with no direct interchange. NY 129 ends in Yorktown at an intersection with NY 118.\n", "NY 129 was designated in 1908 as a section of Route 2, a legislative route designated by the New York State Legislature. However, in 1921, the route was realigned off the route that would become NY 129 in favor of NY 9A. Nine years later, the state designated the route as NY 129 during the state highway renumbering. The route originally followed a route used by NY 131 once the routes were swapped in the 1940s, with NY 131 being decommissioned soon after. NY 129 was extended to end at a traffic circle with NY 100 in the hamlet of Pines Bridge. This lasted up to at least 1969, when the designation was truncated back to NY 118, which was extended to the traffic circle instead. The traffic circle in Pines Bridge was removed by 1991. Originally, NY 129 had an interchange with the Taconic, but the ramps were removed in 1969 and a new interchange was built on nearby Underhill Road.\n", "Section::::Route description.\n", "NY 129 begins at an intersection with NY 9A (South Riverside Avenue) in the village of Croton-on-Hudson, next to U.S. Route 9 (US 9). NY 129 proceeds northward from NY 9A along Maple Street, a two-lane commercial street through the village. At Van Cortlandt Park, NY 129 becomes residential, passing Croton-Harmon High School as it bends to the northeast. At the junction with Grand Street, NY 129 continues northeast on Grand Street, which is a two-lane residential street. The route continues northeast through the village, crossing an intersection with Quaker Bridge Road before becoming a wooded lane in the town of Cortlandt. In Cortlandt, NY 129 continues north as Grand Street, paralleling a local creek and entering Croton Dam Plaza.\n", "Running along the western edge of the plaza, NY 129 bends north at a view of the New Croton Dam, continuing its way north alongside the New Croton Reservoir. NY 129 soon changes names to Croton Dam Road, passing east of the Croton Harman School District headquarters. At an intersection with East Mount Airy Road, NY 129 runs eastward along the reservoir, changing names to Yorktown Road. On a short stint away from the reservoir, NY 129 intersects with Croton Road before crossing over the Hunters Brook Bridge, where it crosses into the historic community of Huntersville. Continuing northeast from Huntersville, NY 129, now known as Croton Lake Road, bends through the town of Yorktown.\n", "Through Yorktown, NY 129 is a two-lane residential street alongside the reservoir, soon making a gradual bend to the southeast into an intersection with County Route 131 (CR 131; Underhill Avenue), a former alignment of NY 131. At the junction with CR 131, NY 129 turns southward, soon winding its way southeast under the lanes of the Taconic State Parkway, and back alongside the New Croton Reservoir. After crossing under the Taconic, the route then drops back down to the reservoir and passing a house reported to have been moved from Huntersville before it was flooded. Making several winds to the southeast, NY 129 connects to the Gate House Bridge, soon running eastward through Yorktown. NY 129 intersects with NY 118 (Saw Mill River Road). This intersection serves as the eastern terminus of NY 129, as NY 118 continues east along the reservoir.\n", "Section::::History.\n", "What is now NY 129 was developed in the early 20th century as part of a general project to improve access and transportation across the reservoirs. In 1908, the New York State Legislature created Route 2, an unsigned legislative route (an unsigned internal route) extending from the New York City line at Yonkers to the Columbia County village of Valatie. Route 2 initially followed modern NY 129, Croton Avenue, and NY 35 between Croton-on-Hudson and Peekskill; however, it was realigned on March 1, 1921, to use what is now NY 9A instead. NY 129 was designated to most of its current alignment as part of the 1930 renumbering of state highways in New York. It originally followed Croton Dam Road, the southern perimeter road around the New Croton Reservoir, while Croton Lake Road, the northern route, was designated as NY 131 by the following year. The alignments of NY 129 and NY 131 in the vicinity of the reservoir were swapped and the NY 131 designation ceased to exist by the mid-1940s. With the route changes, NY 129 was extended to terminate at NY 100 at a traffic circle in Pines Bridge while NY 118 terminated near Croton Lake. This extension lasted for over two decades until NY 118 was extended over the alignment of NY 129 to the traffic circle by 1969.\n", "Ramps from NY 129 to the Taconic State Parkway were removed by the East Hudson Parkway Authority in November 1969, to be replaced with a bridge. This required a shutdown of NY 129 and required drivers going north to Underhill Road. In fall 1988, the original Hunter Brook Bridge (less than wide) was replaced, as it was never designed to take heavy traffic such as concrete-mixing trucks. Between 1988 and 1991, the traffic circle between NY 118 and NY 100 was removed in favor of a three-way intersection between the two highways.\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Novara\n", "Novara (; in the local Lombard dialect) is the capital city of the province of Novara in the Piedmont region in northwest Italy, to the west of Milan. With 104 284 inhabitants (1-1-2017), it is the second most populous city in Piedmont after Turin. It is an important crossroads for commercial traffic along the routes from Milan to Turin and from Genoa to Switzerland. Novara lies between the rivers Agogna and Terdoppio in northeastern Piedmont, from Milan and from Turin.\n", "Section::::History.\n", "Novara was founded in ancient times by the Romans. Its name is formed from \"Nov\", meaning \"new\", and \"Aria\", the name the Cisalpine Gauls used for the surrounding region.\n", "Ancient \"Novaria\", which dates to the time of the Ligures and the Celts, was a municipium and was situated on the road from Vercellae (Vercelli) to (Mediolanum) Milan. Its position on perpendicular roads (still intact today) dates to the time of the Romans. After the city was destroyed in 386 by Magnus Maximus for having supported his rival Valentinian II, it was rebuilt by Theodosius I. Subsequently, it was sacked by Radagaisus (in 405) and Attila (in 452).\n", "Under the Lombards, Novara became a duchy; under Charles the Fat, a countship. Novara came to enjoy the rights of a free imperial city. In 1110, it was conquered by Henry V and destroyed, but in 1167 it joined the Lombard League. At the end of the 12th century, it accepted the protection of Milan and became practically a dominion of the Visconti and later of the Sforza. In the Battle of Novara in 1513, Swiss mercenaries defending Novara for the Sforzas of Milan routed the French troops besieging the city. This defeat ended the French invasion of Italy in the War of the League of Cambrai.\n", "In 1706, Novara, which had long ago been promised by Filippo Maria Visconti to Amadeus VIII of Savoy, was occupied by Savoyard troops. With the Peace of Utrecht, the city, together with Milan, became part of the Habsburg Empire. After its occupation in 1734, Novara passed, in the following year, to the House of Savoy.\n", "After Napoleon's campaign in Italy, Novara became the capital of the Department of the Agogna, but was then reassigned to the House of Savoy in 1814. In 1821, it was the site of a battle in which regular Sardinian troops defeated the Piedmontese constitutional liberals. In the even larger Battle of Novara in 1849, the Sardinian army was defeated by the Austrian army of Field Marshal Joseph Radetzky von Radetz. This defeat led to the abdication of Charles Albert of Sardinia and to the partial occupation of the city by the Austrians. The defeat of the Sardinians can be seen as the beginning of the Italian unification movement.\n", "A decree in 1859 created the province of Novara, which then included the present-day provinces of Vercelli, Biella, and Verbano-Cusio-Ossola.\n", "The city of Novara had a population of 25,144 in 1861. Industrialisation during the 20th century brought an increase in the city's population to 102,088 in 1981. The city's population has changed little in subsequent years.\n", "Oscar Luigi Scalfaro, former president of Italy and Italian senator for life, was born in Novara in 1918.\n", "Section::::Architecture.\n", "Novara's sights can be divided into two groupings. The city's most important sights lie within its historic centre, the area once enclosed by the city walls. However, several important sights also lie outside the line of the former city walls.\n", "Section::::Architecture.:Historic centre.\n", "The old urban core makes up the \"Historic centre\", situated in the district of the same name. Novara once had an encircling wall, which was demolished to permit urban development. Of the old wall there remains only the \"Barriera Albertina\", a complex of two neo-classical buildings that constituted the gate of entry to the city, the required passageway for those who traveled from Turin to Milan. After their removal, the walls were replaced by the present-day \"baluardi\", the broad, tree-lined boulevards that surround the Historic Centre.\n", "The most imposing monument in the city is the Basilica of San Gaudenzio, with a cupola high, designed by Alessandro Antonelli and constructed in 1888. The bell tower is also of particular interest; it was designed by Benedetto Alfieri, uncle of the more famous Vittorio Alfieri.\n", "The centre of the religious life of the city is the Novara Cathedral, in the neo-classical style, also designed by Alessandro Antonelli. It rises exactly where the temple of Jupiter stood in the time of the Romans. Facing the Duomo is the oldest building in Novara today: the early Christian \"Battistero\" (Baptistry).\n", "Close to the Duomo is the courtyard of the \"Broletto\" (the historic meeting place of the city council), the centre of the political life of the imperial free city of Novara. Overlooking the courtyard of the Broletto are the \"Palazzo del Podestà\" (\"Palace of the Podestà\"), \"Palazzetto dei Paratici\" (\"Little Palace of the Paratici Family\"), site of the Civic Museum and of the Gallery of Modern Art, the Palace of the City Council, and a building of the 15th century.\n", "Not far from the Piazza della Repubblica (formerly Piazza Duomo) is the Piazza Cesare Battisti (known to Novaresi as the \"Piazza delle Erbe\", \"Herbs square\"), which constitutes the exact centre of the city of Novara.\n", "In Piazza Giacomo Matteotti stands the \"Palazzo Natta-Isola\", seat of the province and of the prefecture of Novara. The landmark feature of this palace is its clock tower. Extending from this square is the via Fratelli Rosselli, along which is the \"Palazzo Cabrino\", the official seat of the administrative offices of the city. As it was a Roman city, the street network of Novara is characterized by a cardo and a Decumanus Maximus, which correspond respectively to the present-day Corso Cavour and Corso Italia. The two streets cross at the so-called \"Angolo delle Ore\" (Corner of the Hours).\n", "The largest square is Piazza Martiri della Libertà (formerly Piazza Castello) dominated by the equestrian statue of Victor Emmanuel II, the first king of Italy. Overlooking the Piazza Martiri are the \"Castello Visconteo-Sforzesco\", built by the Milanese dukes Visconti and Sforza, and the Teatro Coccia. The Castello Visconteo-Sforzesco, once much larger than the complex that remains today, is surrounded by the \"Allea\", one of the largest public gardens in Novara.\n", "Other important squares are:\n", "BULLET::::- Largo Cavour, dominated by the statue of the same name, recently restored.\n", "BULLET::::- Piazza Garibaldi, the square facing the Novara Railway Station, also recently restored and featuring the statue of the hero of two worlds and a fountain with the statue of mondina .\n", "BULLET::::- Piazza Gramsci, formerly Piazza del Rosario, location, after the restoration of 2005, of the landmark statue of Icarus.\n", "Section::::Architecture.:Outside the \"Baluardi\".\n", "Places of interest situated outside the belt of the \"baluardi\" include the Church of San Nazzaro della Costa, with its attached abbey, restored in the 15th century by Bernardino of Siena, and the Ossuary of Bicocca, in pyramidal form, which stands in the neighbourhood of Bicocca, in memory of the fallen soldiers of the historic battle of 23 March 1849, between the Piedmontese (Sardinia) and Austrians. Worthy of note are the Church of Santa Maria delle Grazie (Saints Martino and Gaudenzio), built beginning in 1477 by the Augustinians, whose interior consists of a single nave with lateral chapels and paintings attributed to artists of the 15th century, among them Daniele de Bosis.\n", "Section::::Architecture.:Religious buildings.\n", "BULLET::::- Chiesa di Ognissanti (12th century)\n", "BULLET::::- Santa Maria delle Grazie, also known as San Martino (15th century)\n", "BULLET::::- San Pietro al Rosario (1599-1618)\n", "BULLET::::- San Marco (17th century)\n", "BULLET::::- Oratory of San Giovanni Decollato (17th century)\n", "BULLET::::- Santa Maria della Salute (17th century)\n", "BULLET::::- Sant'Eufemia (17th century)\n", "BULLET::::- Chiesa del Carmine (18th to 19th centuries)\n", "Section::::Festivals and events.\n", "BULLET::::- 22 January: Novara celebrates annually the Feast of San Gaudenzio (Saint Gaudentius of Novara), the patron saint of Novara. Throughout the day, it is possible to visit the tomb of the saint and to obtain the typical roasted chestnuts, also known as \"marroni di Cuneo\" (\" Cuneo chestnuts\").\n", "BULLET::::- 23 March: Re-enactment of the 1849 Battle of Novara, with period uniforms and weapons.\n", "BULLET::::- On 25 April, Liberation Day, as in many other Italian cities, the Novaresi organise numerous initiatives to commemorate the Italian resistance movement, and in particular, the partisans who fought around Novara and in the \"Partisan Republic of the Ossola\".\n", "BULLET::::- Since 2001, \"Giovani Espressioni\" (\"Young Expressions\") has been held in Novara. This is a musical festival for emerging young musicians, organised by Staff Millennium, a performance agency, of which Alessandro Marchetti is the artistic director. The \"Espressioni Contest\" is of special importance as a showcase for emerging bands that picks a winner every year. Among the noted artists who have participated are Negramaro, Caparezza, Finley, Vallanzaska, Extrema, and Blaze Bailey.\n", "BULLET::::- Since 2005, Novara hosts the \"Novara Gospel Festival\", that is composed by workshops, local tours, and obviously gospel concerts in the main theatre of the city. It is probably one of the most important festival of this music in Italy, also because the main event is a concert of the most appreciated gospel's singers, such as Kirk Franklin, Donnie Mc Clurkin, etc.\n", "Section::::Demographics.\n", "In 2007, there were 102,862 people residing in Novara, of whom 49% were male and 51% were female. Minors (children ages 18 and younger) totalled 16.35% of the population compared to pensioners who number 21.6%. This compares with the Italian average of 18.06% (minors) and 19.94% (pensioners). The average age of Novara residents is 44 compared to the Italian average of 42. In the five years between 2002 and 2007, the population of Novara grew by 1.64%, while Italy as a whole grew by 3.85%. The birth rate in Novara is 9.15 births per 1,000 inhabitants compared to the Italian average of 9.45 births.\n", ", 92.37% of the population was Italian. The largest immigrant group comes from other European nations: 2.94%, North Africa: 2.23%, and Latin America: 0.71%. Like most of Italy, Novara is predominantly Roman Catholic.\n", "Section::::Economy.\n", "Novara is an important commercial centre of the Padan plain and is the seat of the Centro Intermodale Merci (CIM: Goods Intermodal Centre). Economically, it is affected by the proximity of Milan, and in fact many Milanese firms have offices in Novara.\n", "The main economic products and services are:\n", "BULLET::::- agriculture: rice and maize (American English: corn)\n", "BULLET::::- metallurgical production\n", "BULLET::::- chemicals and petrochemicals\n", "BULLET::::- pharmaceuticals\n", "BULLET::::- food products\n", "BULLET::::- intermodal commerce and logistics\n", "BULLET::::- banking and insurance services\n", "BULLET::::- rice products exchange\n", "The city of Novara is a member of the TOP-IX (Torino-Piemonte Exchange Point) internet exchange consortium, a consortium to create an Internet Exchange Point for northwestern Italy.\n", "Companies based in Novara include the publishing company De Agostini.\n", "Section::::Transport.\n", "The local public transport agency is the SUN.\n", "Section::::Transport.:Railways.\n", "The city is served by three railway stations:\n", "BULLET::::- Vignale FS, a small station operated by the Ferrovie dello Stato (regional trains)\n", "BULLET::::- Novara FS, the principal station of the Ferrovie dello Stato, Italy's national railway (regional, national and international trains).\n", "BULLET::::- Novara Nord, the station operated by the LeNord railroad. The new station in via Leonardo da Vinci opened in 2005 (regional and high-speed trains (only 2006) trains).\n", "Section::::Transport.:Motorways and main roads.\n", "Novara is linked to Turin and Milan by the A4 motorway (via the junctions Novara Ovest and Novara Est). The A26 motorway crosses most of Novara province, but there is not a junction that links it directly with Novara. To reach Novara from the A26, one must exit at Vercelli Est, but one can also reach Novara by way of the A4, which crosses the A26 at a junction. Novara is served by a system of dual-carriageway bypasses. The oldest such bypass is the Tangenziale Est, directly linked with the motorway junction Novara Est. In 2003, road works were completed on the Tangenziale Sud.\n", "The S11 trunk road from Milan and Magenta passes through Novara on its way to Vercelli and Turin. Trunk roads to the north and south also link Novara to the motorway network.\n", "Section::::Sports.\n", "Novara Calcio is an association football club based in Novara.\n", "There is also a professional women's Serie A1 team. http://www.agilvolley.com/\n", "Section::::Government.\n", "The current mayor of Novara is Alessandro Canelli, elected in June 2016, representing a centre-right coalition.\n", "Section::::Government.:Administrative subdivisions.\n", "Novara is divided into thirteen wards (\"circoscrizioni\"); several of these are formed of a number of quarters (\"quartieri\"), zones, and/or \"frazioni\"\n", "According to changes in local electoral laws, from June 2011 elections they were stripped of their elective bodies (council and president), thus remaining as a simple internal partition of the Comune.\n", "BULLET::::- Centro (Historic Centre)\n", "BULLET::::- Nord est (North East)\n", "BULLET::::- Sant’Andrea (\"quartiere\")\n", "BULLET::::- San Rocco (\"quartiere\")\n", "BULLET::::- Nord (North)\n", "BULLET::::- Sant’Antonio (\"quartiere\")\n", "BULLET::::- Vignale (\"frazione\")\n", "BULLET::::- Veveri (\"frazione\")\n", "BULLET::::- Sant’Agabio\n", "BULLET::::- Porta Mortara\n", "BULLET::::- Sacro Cuore\n", "BULLET::::- San Martino\n", "BULLET::::- Santa Rita\n", "BULLET::::- Ovest (West)\n", "BULLET::::- San Paolo (\"quartiere\")\n", "BULLET::::- Zona Agogna (zone)\n", "BULLET::::- Sud (South)\n", "BULLET::::- Cittadella (\"quartiere\")\n", "BULLET::::- Rizzotaglia (\"quartiere\")\n", "BULLET::::- Villagio Dalmazia (\"quartiere\")\n", "BULLET::::- Torrion Quartara (\"frazione\")\n", "BULLET::::- Sud est (South East)\n", "BULLET::::- Bicocca (\"quartiere\")\n", "BULLET::::- Olengo (\"frazione\")\n", "BULLET::::- Lumellogno\n", "BULLET::::- Lumellogno (\"frazione\")\n", "BULLET::::- Casalgiate (\"frazione\")\n", "BULLET::::- Pagliate (\"frazione\")\n", "BULLET::::- Gionzana (\"frazione\")\n", "BULLET::::- Pernate\n", "Section::::Notable people.\n", "BULLET::::- Sergio Tacchini tennis player;\n", "BULLET::::- Gaspare Campari inventor;\n", "BULLET::::- Alessandro Antonelli architect;\n", "BULLET::::- Silvio Piola football player;\n", "BULLET::::- Giuseppe Ravizza inventor;\n", "BULLET::::- Gaudenzio Ferrari painter;\n", "BULLET::::- Isabella Leonarda (1620–1704), composer;\n", "BULLET::::- Gianni Bettini (1860–1938), inventor;\n", "BULLET::::- Felice Casorati (1883–1963), painter;\n", "BULLET::::- Carlo Emanuele Buscaglia (1915–1944), aviator;\n", "BULLET::::- Vittorio Gregotti (born 1927), architect;\n", "BULLET::::- Enzo Emanuele (born 1977), medical researcher;\n", "BULLET::::- Domenico Fioravanti (born 1977), swimmer;\n", "BULLET::::- Matias Masucci actor, director;\n", "BULLET::::- Oscar Luigi Scalfaro (1918–2012), former Italian President of the republic;\n", "BULLET::::- Urbano Quinto (1933–1997), writer and collector of middle age and renaissance art.\n", "Section::::Twin towns – sister cities.\n", "Novara is twinned with:\n", "BULLET::::- Chalon-sur-Saône, France (since 1970)\n", "BULLET::::- Koblenz, Germany (since 1991)\n", "BULLET::::- Haskovo, Bulgaria (since 2003)\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- Battle of Novara (1513)\n", "BULLET::::- Battle of Novara (1849)\n", "BULLET::::- Battle of Bicocca\n", "BULLET::::- Novara Calcio football club\n", "BULLET::::- Province of Novara\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Comune di Novara, city government website\n", "BULLET::::- Turismo Novara (tourist office)\n", "br\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "Italian comune", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q6046", "wikidata_label": "Novara", "wikipedia_title": "Novara" }