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{ "paragraph": [ "George Maxwell Richards\n", "A chemical engineer by training, Richards was Principal of the St. Augustine campus of the University of the West Indies in Trinidad from 1984 to 1996. He previously worked for Shell Trinidad Ltd before joining the University of the West Indies in 1965. He was sworn into office as President on 17 March 2003 for a five-year term.\n", "Section::::Early life and education.\n", "Richards was born at his family's home in San Fernando in South Trinidad in 1931 as one of five children in the family. He was of Amerindian and Chinese descent. His father, George Richards, was a barrister while his mother, Henrietta Martin was a housewife and teacher. He received his primary education there before winning an exhibition (scholarship) to attend Queen's Royal College in Port of Spain. From May 1950 to September 1951, he worked for the United British Oilfields of Trinidad (precursor to Shell Trinidad Ltd.) at Point Fortin. He received a scholarship from them to study chemical engineering.\n", "Richards then attended the University of Manchester (UMIST), where he took a BEng degree (1955) and an MEng degree (1957). He subsequently obtained a PhD degree in chemical engineering from the University of Cambridge (Pembroke).\n", "Section::::Early career.\n", "Richards returned to Trinidad and worked for Shell Trinidad Ltd from 1957 to 1965 before joining the Department of Chemical Engineering at the University of the West Indies, eventually attaining the post of Professor of Chemical Engineering in October 1970. From August 1980 to May 1985, Richards served as Pro-Vice-Chancellor and Deputy Principal of the University. He served as Acting Principal of the St. Augustine Campus from October 1984 to May 1985, and was confirmed in the position in 1985.\n", "Richards served as Principal through the turbulent period in 1988 when the government slashed the university's budget by 30% and instituted a cess on university students (effectively raising tuition from TT$120 to $3000 overnight).\n", "Richards managed to keep the university afloat through this difficult period and retired as Principal in November 1996 although he continued to teach as Professor Emeritus until he was elected President. Richards also served on the Boards of many Trinidad and Tobago companies including that of the state-owned oil company, Trintoc (now Petrotrin), the National Gas Company and the Trinidad Publishing Company.\n", "Section::::Presidency.\n", "Although the position of President is a primarily ceremonial one, Richards had been outspoken in his criticism of the upsurge of crime in Trinidad and Tobago. He was also well known for his involvement in Carnival. He was the first President of the Republic who was not an attorney.\n", "Richards was re-elected to a second five-year term as President by the Electoral College on 11 February 2008. He was the only candidate, and the Electoral College met for only three minutes.\n", "In May 2009, Richards faced calls to resign for bungling the appointment of the Trinidad and Tobago Integrity Commission, whose members all resigned for various reasons within a week of being sworn in on 1 May 2009, even as Richards embarked on a three-week foreign vacation. In a televised address to the nation on 29 May 2009, he said he had not brought his office into disrepute and so saw no reason to resign. He remained in office until 2013.\n", "Section::::Other activities.\n", "Richards also served on the board of the Trinidad Publishing Company, TRINTOC, and the National Gas Company. He also served on the boards of several service organizations such as Chairman of both the National Training Board and National Advisory Council and the Institute of Marine Affairs.\n", "Section::::Personal life and death.\n", "He was married to Jean Ramjohn, an anesthesiologist and cousin of the former President Noor Hassanali. They had two children: a son, Mark, who is also a medical doctor; and a daughter, Maxine, who is a businesswoman.\n", "Richards died at WestShore Medical Private Hospital in Port of Spain at around 7.43pm, on 8 January 2018 of heart failure at the age of 86.\n", "Section::::Honors.\n", "In 1977, Richards received the Chaconia Medal of the National Order of the Trinity, Class 1 Gold (the \"Chaconia Medal, Gold\") for his contributions to Trinidad and Tobago.\n", "Richards also received an Honorary Doctorate from Heriot-Watt University in 2007.\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "Max Richards" ] }, "description": "President of Trinidad and Tobago", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q57532", "wikidata_label": "George Maxwell Richards", "wikipedia_title": "George Maxwell Richards" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Oscar Bonavena\n", "Oscar Natalio \"Ringo\" Bonavena (September 25, 1942 – May 22, 1976) was an Argentine heavyweight professional boxer with a career record of 58 wins, 9 losses and 1 draw. A rugged, wild-swinging puncher, he was nicknamed \"Ringo\" because of his Beatles haircut, and enjoyed professional success in both Argentina and the United States. He is remembered for giving Joe Frazier and Muhammad Ali hard fought bouts.\n", "Section::::Life and pro career.\n", "Oscar Natalio Bonavena was born in Buenos Aires to two Italian immigrants. He was a professional boxer, Argentinian and South American champion. He also participated in several Argentinian TV programs such as the Pepe Biondi Show.\n", "Section::::Early career.\n", "Bonavena began his early career in New York City under the management of World War II hero and dentist Marvin Goldberg. He was known as \"The Argentine Strong-Boy\".\n", "His pro debut was on February 1, 1964. He soon racked up a quick string of early knockouts, but was overmatched early, sometimes fighting twice a month, and lost by a decision in February 1965 to then highly rated Zora Folley. Bonavena was in only his 15th contest and was far too inexperienced to then really tackle a top veteran like Folley. It was a one sided contest with Bonavena getting up off the deck from a wicked right hand. Even courageous Oscar looked discouraged and shaken at times in the later rounds. However, three years later with far more experience and training he won their rematch by decision.\n", "After that, he returned to Argentina, where his winning and knockout streak continued. But in mid 1966 he was enticed back to New York for a match with rugged contender George Chuvalo.\n", "The free-swinging Bonavena soon ran into trouble outside the ring. He called Muhammad Ali a black kangaroo and even a chicken for draft dodging. Ali was furious. Oscar was one of the few people to upstage Ali in pre-fight press conferences. When, much later, he saw Ali seated ringside at the George Foreman–Ken Norton fight, he went over and started a big slanging match. In his pre-fight press conference with Frazier, Bonavena needled effectively by implying that Frazier had a personal hygiene problem. He would start sniffing and grimace. Lawsuits were brought about by reporters with broken cameras; and other such \"colorful\" behavior. He was always volatile, as trainers soon discovered.\n", "Section::::Early career.:Big name contests, Chuvalo and Frazier.\n", "Bonavena first came to wide public attention after a fine performance defeating rated contender and Canadian champion George Chuvalo, boxing technically better than expected and later going the distance against the young hard-hitting great Joe Frazier. In this their first fight, Bonavena had the future champion down twice in the second round before Frazier rallied to win by decision in the 10th round.\n", "Section::::Early career.:WBA elimination contests.\n", "In 1967, after the World Boxing Association stripped Muhammad Ali of the title for refusing to be inducted into the U.S. military, Bonavena participated in that sanctioning body's 1967 tournament to crown a new heavyweight champion. In a strong performance he decked favoured European champion Karl Mildenberger four times, winning by a decision in Frankfurt, West Germany. But he was himself knocked down twice and clearly outboxed by eventual tournament winner Jimmy Ellis in the semi-finals in Louisville, losing by unanimous decision in an upset. Many deemed it the best win of Ellis's career. Incidentally, Bonavena had been scheduled to fight Ali in Tokyo in May 1967, but the bout was not to be when Ali was stripped of his title. They'd match later.\n", "Section::::Early career.:World Title shot, the Frazier rematch.\n", "The following year, in 1968, after outpointing Leotis Martin, he got a rematch with Frazier for the heavyweight title in Philadelphia. After a grueling fifteen rounds Bonavena lost the rematch by decision, fighting more defensively than previous. He did leave with a seriously battered face photographed in the Ring magazine. However, he had won respect.\n", "In 1969 he got a draw in a rematch with talented Gregorio Peralta, who he'd outpointed four years earlier for the Argentine title, and won his three other contests by knock out.\n", "Section::::Early career.:Versus Ali.\n", "In December 1970, he fought Ali at Madison Square Garden, in the former champ's second bout after his three-year layoff. Bonavena absorbed punishment throughout but fought well, getting through with various head and body punches. With just under 1:30 left in the 15th and final round, Ali caught Oscar rushing in and decked him with a perfectly placed left hook. Bonavena got up, but was clearly not fully recovered. Ali decked him twice more, and the fight was automatically stopped under the three knockdown rule, giving Ali a TKO (technical knockout). The ending was somewhat controversial, as Ali stood over Bonavena as Bonavena was getting up, never going to a neutral corner as the rules of boxing require, which allowed Ali to quickly knockdown Bonavena twice more and automatically end the fight. After the second knockdown, the referee appears to be attempting to guide Ali to a neutral corner, but Ali brushes the referee's arm away and pursues a wobbly Bonavena. The knockout by Ali was the only time in Bonavena's career he lost by a knockout.\n", "Section::::Early career.:Other matches.\n", "After the loss to Ali in 1970 he had a brutally tough match with underrated Alvin Lewis. Bonavena fought intermittently for the next few years. A gregarious party man, he enjoyed life fully.\n", "Eventually losses to Floyd Patterson in 1972 and Ron Lyle in 1974 effectively put him to lower ranking contender status, although he did well enough in both these matches. In the Patterson fight he broke his left hand early, possibly after decking Patterson in the fourth, and remained an advancing threat to the final bell. It was around 1973 a possible match with a then on the rise Ken Norton was being planned but, unfortunately for fans, it never materialised.\n", "On February 26, 1976, overweight and sluggish Bonavena fought what would be his last fight, winning a ten-round decision over the unranked Billy Joiner in Reno.\n", "Section::::Death.\n", "On 22 May 1976 Bonavena was shot dead at the age of 33 by a security guard at the Mustang Ranch near Reno, Nevada, after having become involved in a conflict with its owner. His body was returned to Argentina to lie in state at the Luna Park sports arena in Buenos Aires, where 150,000 people filed by, afterwards being buried in La Chacarita Cemetery in Buenos Aires.\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- Luis Ángel Firpo\n", "BULLET::::- José María Gatica\n", "BULLET::::- Justo Suárez\n", "Section::::References.\n", "BULLET::::- Nevada's Most Infamous Brothel, Mustang Ranch, Back In Business, Fox News\n", "BULLET::::- Woman Who Operated Mustang Ranch Dies, Spokesman-Review, September 9, 1992\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Lauchlin Currie\n", "Lauchlin Bernard Currie (October 8, 1902 – December 23, 1993) worked as White House economic adviser to President Franklin Roosevelt during World War II (1939–45). From 1949-53, he directed a major World Bank mission to Colombia and related studies. Information from the Venona project, a counter-intelligence program undertaken by agencies of the United States government, references him in nine partially decrypted cables sent by agents of the Soviet Union. He became a Colombian citizen after the United States refused to renew his passport in 1954 due to doubts of his loyalty to the United States engendered by testimony of former Communist agents and information in the Venona decrypts.\n", "Section::::Formative years.\n", "He was born to Lauchlin Bernard Currie, an operator of a fleet of merchant ships, and Alice Eisenhauer Currie, a schoolteacher. After his father died in 1906, when Currie was four, his family moved to nearby Bridgewater, Nova Scotia where most of his schooling was done. He later attended schools in Massachusetts and California where he had relatives. In 1922, after two years at Saint Francis Xavier University in Nova Scotia, Currie moved to the United Kingdom to study at the London School of Economics under Edwin Cannan, Hugh Dalton, A. L. Bowley, and Harold Laski.\n", "From the LSE, Currie moved to Harvard University where his chief inspiration was Allyn Abbott Young, then president of the American Economic Association. At Harvard, he earned his Ph.D. in 1931 for a dissertation on banking theory.\n", "Section::::Early professional life.\n", "Currie remained at Harvard until 1934 as a lecturer and assistant to, successively, Ralph Hawtrey, John H. Williams, and Joseph Schumpeter. Paul Sweezy was one of his students in money and banking at Harvard.\n", "In 1934, Currie constructed the first money supply and income velocity series for the United States. He blamed the government's \"commercial loan theory\" of banking for monetary tightening in mid-1929, when the economy was already declining, and then for its passivity during the next four years in the face of mass liquidations and bank failures. Instead, he advocated control of the money supply to stabilize income and expenditures. In a January, 1932 Harvard memorandum on antidepression policy, Currie and fellow instructors Harry Dexter White and Paul T. Ellsworth urged large fiscal deficits coupled with open market operations to expand bank reserves, as well as the lifting of tariffs and the relief of interallied debts.\n", "Section::::New Deal.\n", "Section::::New Deal.:Freshman brain trust.\n", "In 1934, Currie became a naturalized United States citizen and joined Jacob Viner's \"freshman brain trust\" at the U.S. Treasury where he outlined an ideal monetary system for the United States which included a 100-percent reserve banking plan to strengthen central bank control and prevent bank panics in the future by preventing member banks from lending out their demand deposit liabilities, while removing reserve requirements on savings deposits with low turnover. Later that year, Marriner Eccles moved from the Treasury to become governor of the Federal Reserve Board. He took Currie with him as his personal assistant. Harry Dexter White, another \"freshman brain trust\" recruit, became a top adviser to Secretary of the Treasury Henry Morgenthau, and for some years White and Currie worked closely in their respective roles at the Treasury and the Federal Reserve.\n", "Soon afterwards, Currie drafted the \"Banking Act of 1935\" which reorganized the Federal Reserve and strengthened its powers. He also constructed a \"net federal income-creating expenditure series\" to show the strategic role of fiscal policy in complementing monetary policy to revive an economy in exceptionally acute, persisting depression. Currie's preferred 100-percent reserve banking idea, however, was not one of the reforms implemented. Alan Meltzer wrote in his history of the Federal Reserve that \"Lauchlin Currie wrote a remarkable memo for a Treasury committee in 1934 emphasizing the role of money in cyclical fluctuations, at a time when virtually no one thought that money mattered.\" After four years of recovery, the economy declined sharply in 1937. In a four-hour interview with President Roosevelt, he was able to explain that the declared aim of balancing the budget \"to restore business confidence\" had damaged the economy. This was part of the \"struggle for the soul of FDR\" between the cautious Morgenthau and the expansionist Eccles. In April 1938, the president asked Congress for major appropriations for spending on relief and public works. In May 1939, the rationale was explained in theoretical and statistical detail by Currie (\"Mr. Inside\") and by Harvard's Alvin Hansen (\"Mr. Outside\") in testimony before the Temporary National Economic Committee to highlight the role of government deficits in the recovery process.\n", "Section::::New Deal.:White House.\n", "Named FDR's White House economist in July 1939, Currie advised on taxation, social security, and the speeding up of peacetime and wartime production plans. In January 1941, he was sent on a mission to China for discussions with Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek and Chou En-lai, the Communist representative in the Chinese wartime capital of Chungking. On his return in March, he recommended that China be added to the lend-lease program. He was put in charge of its administration under the overall direction of FDR's special assistant Harry Hopkins.\n", "Currie was also assigned to expedite the American Volunteer Group (Flying Tigers), which consisted largely of U.S. military pilots released for combat on behalf of China against Japan and technically part of the Chinese Air Force under the command of Claire Chennault. Currie also organized a large training program in the United States for Chinese pilots. In May 1941, he presented a paper on Chinese aircraft requirements to General George C. Marshall and the Joint War Board. The document, accepted by the Board, stressed the role of an air force in China could play in defending Singapore, the Burma Road, and the Philippines against Japanese attack. It pointed to its potential for strategic bombing of targets in Japan itself. These activities, together with Currie's work in helping to tighten sanctions against Japan, are said to have played a part in provoking Japan's attack on Pearl Harbor.\n", "Currie returned to Chungking in July 1942 to try to patch up the strained relations between Chiang and General Joseph W. Stilwell, commander of U.S. forces in China. Currie was one of several of FDR's envoys who recommended Stilwell's recall and reassignment. Back in Washington, Roosevelt asked Currie to put his case to General Marshall, but the General dismissed the idea. Only much later did Marshall concede that his protégé's continued presence in China was indeed a mistake. Stilwell was recalled in October 1944.\n", "From 1943-44, Currie served as Deputy Administrator for the Foreign Economic Administration where he played a major role in recruiting or recommending economists and others throughout the Washington administration. Prominent examples are John Kenneth Galbraith, Richard Gilbert, Adlai Stevenson, and William O'Dwyer. While at the FEA, Currie became a founding member of the War Agencies Employees Protective Association, an organization created to help civilian Federal employees acquire life insurance while serving in war zones. Currie served as WAEPA's first president from May 1943 until his retirement in June 1945. In 1944-1945, he was involved in loan negotiations between the United States, British and Soviet allies, and in preparations for the 1944 Bretton Woods conference (staged mainly by Harry Dexter White), which led to the creation of the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank. In early 1945, Currie headed a tripartite (U.S., British, and French) mission to Bern to persuade the Swiss to freeze Nazi bank balances and stop further shipments of German supplies through Switzerland to the Italian front.\n", "Section::::Soviet agent.\n", "After the war, Currie was one of those blamed for losing China to the control of Communists. As far back as 1939, Currie had been identified by Communist defector Whittaker Chambers in a meeting with Roosevelt security chief Adolf Berle, as a Soviet agent. Elizabeth Bentley, like Chambers, a former Soviet espionage agent, later claimed in Congressional testimony in 1948 that Currie and Harry Dexter White had been part of the Silvermaster ring. Though she had never met Currie and White personally, Bentley testified to receiving information through cutouts (couriers) who were other Washington economists (later determined to be Soviet agents). White and Currie appeared before the House Committee on Un-American Activities in August 1948 to rebut her charges. White, who was also implicated as a source of Soviet intelligence (later confirmed in Venona intercepts and review of Soviet KGB notes of NKVD official Gaik Ovakimian) had a serious heart problem, and died three days after his appearance at the hearings.\n", "Currie was not prosecuted and in 1949 he was appointed to head the first of the World Bank's comprehensive country surveys in Colombia. After his report was published in Washington in September 1950, he was invited by the Colombian government to return to Bogotá as adviser to a commission established to implement the report's recommendations. In December 1952, Currie gave evidence in New York to a grand jury investigating Owen Lattimore's role in the publication of secret State Department documents in \"Amerasia\" magazine.\n", "However, when Currie, as a U.S. citizen, tried to renew his passport in 1954, he was refused, ostensibly on the grounds that he was now residing abroad and married to a Colombian. However, he may have in fact been identified with the then-secret Venona project, which had decrypted wartime Soviet cables where Currie was identified as a source of Soviet intelligence.\n", "He appears in the Venona cables under the cover name 'PAGE', and in Soviet intelligence archives as 'VIM' and as a source for the Golos and Bentley spy networks.\n", "According to John Earl Haynes and Harvey Klehr, evidence that Currie cooperated with Soviet espionage is convincing and substantial.\n", "Historians Allen Weinstein and Christopher Andrew also conclude Currie was a Soviet asset.\n", "Section::::Colombia.\n", "After a military coup in Colombia in 1953, Currie retired from economic advisory work and devoted himself to raising Holstein cattle on a farm outside Bogotá, and developed the highest-yielding dairy herd in the country. With the return of civilian government in 1958, President Alberto Lleras personally conferred Colombian citizenship upon him and Currie returned to advisory work for a succession of Colombian presidents. Between 1966 and 1971, he went abroad as a visiting professor in North American and British universities: Michigan State (1966), Simon Fraser (1967–1968 and 1969–1971), Glasgow (1968–1969) and Oxford (1969). He returned permanently to Colombia in May 1971 at the behest of President Misael Pastrana Borrero to be the architect of a new \"Plan of the Four Strategies\", with focus on urban housing and export diversification. The plan was implemented, with new institutions playing a major role in accelerating Colombia's urbanization.\n", "Currie was chief economist at the Colombian National Planning Department from 1971 to 1981, followed by twelve years at the Colombian Institute of Savings and Housing until his death in 1993. There he doggedly defended the unique housing finance system (based on \"units of constant purchasing power\" for both savers and borrowers) established in 1972. The system significantly boosted Colombia's growth. He also advised on urban planning and played a major part in the first United Nations Habitat conference in Vancouver in 1976. His \"cities-within-the-city\" urban design and financing proposals (including the public recapture of land's socially created \"valorización\" or \"unearned land value increments\" as cities grow) were explained in \"Taming the Megalopolis\" published in 1976. He was also a professor at the National University of Colombia, the Javeriana University, and the University of the Andes. His writings were heavily influenced by his Harvard mentor Allyn Young. An important paper on Youngian endogenous growth theory was published posthumously in \"History of Political Economy \"(1997). On the day before he died, President César Gaviria awarded him Colombia's highest honor, the Order of Boyaca, for services to his adopted country.\n", "Section::::Death.\n", "He died on December 23, 1993 of a heart attack in Bogota, Colombia.\n", "Section::::Publications.\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Supply and Control of Money in the United States\". 1934. Harvard Univ. Press. His influential early work on monetary theory and policy.\n", "BULLET::::- \"History of Political Economy 32\". 2002. His 1932 Harvard memorandum on antidepression policy. With a foreword by David Laidler and Roger Sandilands explaining its influence on the Chicago School monetary tradition.\n", "Section::::Publications.:Currie's papers.\n", "BULLET::::- General: Duke University's Special Collections Library.\n", "BULLET::::- China: Hoover Institution, Stanford University.\n", "Section::::Sources.\n", "Section::::Sources.:Biography.\n", "BULLET::::- Roger Sandilands, 1990. \"The Life and Political Economy of Lauchlin Currie: New Dealer, Presidential Adviser, and Development Economist\". Duke University Press. .\n", "BULLET::::- \"The New York Times\" 30 December 1993;\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Times\" of London, 10 January 1994.\n", "Section::::Sources.:On Currie and the New Deal.\n", "BULLET::::- Herbert Stein, 1969. \"The Fiscal Revolution in America\".\n", "BULLET::::- Ronnie J. Phillips, 1995. \"The Chicago Plan and New Deal Banking Reform\".\n", "BULLET::::- 2004. Special issue of the \"Journal of Economic Studies 31\". Contains some of his hitherto unpublished FRB and White House memoranda.\n", "Section::::Sources.:In Defense of Currie.\n", "BULLET::::- Roger Sandilands, 2000, \"Guilt by Association? Lauchlin Currie's Alleged Involvement with Washington Economists in Soviet Espionage,\" \"History of Political Economy 32\":\n", "BULLET::::- James Boughton and Roger Sandilands, 2003, \"Politics and the Attack on FDR's Economists: From Grand Alliance to Cold War,\" \"Intelligence and National Security 17\".\n", "Section::::Sources.:On allegation that Currie was a Soviet spy.\n", "BULLET::::- John Earl Haynes and Harvey Klehr, 1999. \"Venona: Soviet Espionage in America in the Stalin Era\".\n", "Section::::Further reading.\n", "BULLET::::- Haynes, John E. and Klehr, Harvey, 2000. \"Venona: Decoding Soviet Espionage in America\". Yale University Press.\n", "BULLET::::- Haynes, John E. and Klehr, Harvey, 2003. \"In Denial: Historians, Communism, & Espionage\". Encounter Press.\n", "BULLET::::- Schecter, Jerrold and Leona, 2002. \"Sacred Secrets: How Soviet Intelligence Operations Changed American History\". Potomac Press.\n", "BULLET::::- Weinstein, Allen, and Vassiliev, Alexander, 2000. \"The Haunted Wood: Soviet Espionage in America—The Stalin Era\". Modern Library Press.\n", "BULLET::::- Alexander Vassiliev, \"Notes on Soviet SVR archives.\"\n", "BULLET::::- Robert J. Hanyok, \"Eavesdropping on Hell: Historical Guide to Western Communications Intelligence and the Holocaust, 1939–1945. Ft. Meade, MD: National Security Agency, Center for Cryptologic History, 2005; \"Currie, known as PAZh (Page) and White, whose cover names were YuRIST (Jurist) and changed later to LAJER (Lawyer), had been used as sources of information by Soviet agents since the 1930s, though there has been much dispute as to whether their involvement was witting or otherwise. They had been identified as Soviet sources in Venona translations and by other agents turned witnesses or informants for the FBI and Justice Department. From the Venona translations, both were known to have been sources of information for their so-called \"handlers\", notably the Silvermaster network.\"\n", "BULLET::::- United States. National Counterintelligence Center. \"A Counterintelligence Reader\". NACIC, no date. vol. 3, chap. 1, pg. 31.\n", "BULLET::::- File card of Patterson contacts in regard Silvermaster, box 203, Robert P. Patterson papers, Library of Congress\n", "BULLET::::- General Bissell to General Strong, 3 June 1942, Silvermaster reply to Bissell memo, 9 June 1942, Robert P. Patterson to Milo Perkins of Board of Economic Warfare, 3 July 1942, all reprinted in \"Interlocking Subversion in Government Departments,\" 30 August 1955, 84th Cong., 1st sess., part 30, 2562–2567.\n", "BULLET::::- Lauchlin Currie testimony, 13 August 1948, U.S. Congress, House of Representatives, Committee on Un-American Activities, 80th Cong., 2d sess., 851–877.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Underground Soviet Espionage Organization (NKVD) in Agencies of the United States Government,\" 21 February 1946, FBI Silvermaster file, serial 573.\n", "BULLET::::- Report on Currie interview, 31 July 1947, FBI Silvermaster file, serial 2794.\n", "BULLET::::- Michael Warner and Robert Louis Benson, \"Venona and Beyond: Thoughts on Work Undone,\" Intelligence and National Security 12, no. 3 (July 1997), 10–11.\n", "BULLET::::- Anonymous Russian letter to Hoover, 7 August 1943, reproduced in Robert Louis Benson and Michael Warner, eds., \"Venona: Soviet Espionage and the American Response, 1939–1957\" (Washington, D.C.: National Security Agency, Central Intelligence Agency, 1996), 51–54. \n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Venona: Soviet Espionage and the American Response, 1939–1957\n", "BULLET::::- Politics and the Attack on FDR's Economists\n", "BULLET::::- Annals of the Flying Tigers\n", "BULLET::::- Lauchlin Bernard Currie Papers, 1931–1994 and undated (bulk 1950–1990) Rubenstein Library, Duke University\n", "BULLET::::- FBI file on Currie in four parts, released under the Freedom of Information Act\n", "BULLET::::- Collection of various works by Lauchlin Currie\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Judy Sheindlin\n", "Judith Susan Sheindlin (\"née\" Blum; October 21, 1942), known professionally as Judge Judy, is an American prosecution lawyer, former Manhattan family court judge, television personality, and author. Since September 1996, Sheindlin has presided over her own successful 4-time Daytime Emmy Award–winning arbitration-based court show series, \"Judge Judy\", produced by CBS Television Distribution.\n", "Sheindlin passed the New York state bar examination in 1965 and became a prosecutor in the family court system. In 1982 New York City Mayor Ed Koch appointed her as a judge, first in criminal court, then later as Manhattan's supervising family court judge in 1986.\n", "Sheindlin is the longest serving judge or arbitrator in courtroom-themed programming history, a distinction that earned Sheindlin a place in the \"Guinness World Records\".ref name=\"etonline\"\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Jack Wagner (actor)\n", "Peter John Wagner II (born October 3, 1959) is an American actor and singer, best known for his roles on the soap operas \"General Hospital\", \"Santa Barbara\", \"The Bold and the Beautiful\", and \"Melrose Place\".\n", "Section::::Early life.\n", "Wagner was born in Washington, Missouri. Raised as a Catholic, he attended St. Gertrude's parochial school and St. Francis Borgia Regional High School in his hometown, where he played football and basketball. He attended the University of Missouri for one year, then junior college before eventually enrolling at the University of Arizona, where he tried out for the golf team and drama department. The drama department offered him a full scholarship.\n", "Section::::Acting career.\n", "Wagner first appeared on the scene in 1982 in the role of Clint Masterson, in Douglas Marland's short-lived cable soap opera, \"A New Day In Eden\" (co-produced by Susan Flannery, who would later be Wagner's co-star on \"The Bold and the Beautiful\").\n", "His most famous role has been Frisco Jones on the soap opera \"General Hospital\" (1983–1987, 1989–1991, 1994–95, 2013). He was half of a supercouple with Kristina Wagner's Felicia and played the father of Georgie and Maxie Jones.\n", "He also played Warren Lockridge on \"Santa Barbara\" from 1991 until that series' conclusion in 1993.\n", "He appeared in several made for television films, including \"Moving Target\" with Jason Bateman, \"Lady Killer\" with Judith Light, \"Frequent Flyer\" with Joan Severance, Nicole Eggert, and Shelley Hack, and \"Dirty Little Secret\" opposite Tracey Gold.\n", "He appeared for many years on Aaron Spelling's Fox nighttime soap opera \"Melrose Place\", as the alternately caring/conniving Dr. Peter Burns (1994–99); he directed episodes as well. His character and Heather Locklear's \"Amanda\" were featured together on a beach in the series finale's closing scene, having faked their own deaths.\n", "He appeared in another Aaron Spelling project, the NBC television series \"Titans\" with Yasmine Bleeth in 2000, and in Spelling's daytime soap opera \"Sunset Beach\" in 1997.\n", "From 2003-2012, he played Nick Marone on the CBS daytime soap \"The Bold and the Beautiful\".\n", "In 1985, Wagner was nominated for a Daytime Emmy Award for \"Best Younger Actor\" for his work on \"General Hospital\". He was nominated again in 2005 for \"Best Lead Actor\" for \"The Bold and the Beautiful\".\n", "Wagner guest-starred on primetime television in notable programs such as \"Monk\", \"Hot in Cleveland\", and \"Castle\".\n", "In January 2013, it was announced that Wagner had agreed to reprise the iconic role of Frisco Jones on \"General Hospital\" for several episodes in early 2013. Currently, he is seen playing Bill Avery on \"When Calls the Heart\", as of 2014. A Hallmark Channel regular, Wagner also starred in the Wedding March movies, with The Wedding March 3: Here Comes the Bride premiering in February 2018.\n", "Section::::\"Dancing with the Stars\".\n", "In 2012, Wagner was a contestant on season 14 of \"Dancing with the Stars\", partnered with professional dancer Anna Trebunskaya. They were eliminated from the competition on April 3, 2012, placing 11th.\n", "Section::::Singing and stage career.\n", "Wagner has recorded six albums. In 1985, he topped the \"Billboard\" charts with the ballad \"All I Need\". The single reached #2 on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 and hit #1 on the Adult Contemporary chart.\n", "Section::::Singing and stage career.:Discography.\n", "Section::::Singing and stage career.:Discography.:Albums.\n", "BULLET::::- 1984: \"All I Need\" - #44 U.S. \"Billboard\" 200\n", "BULLET::::- 1985: \"Lighting Up the Night\" - #150 U.S.\n", "BULLET::::- 1987: \"Don't Give Up Your Day Job\" - #151 U.S.\n", "BULLET::::- 1993: \"Alone in the Crowd\"\n", "BULLET::::- 2005: \"Dancing In The Moonlight\"\n", "BULLET::::- 2014: \"On The Porch\"\n", "Section::::Singing and stage career.:Discography.:Singles.\n", "Although Wagner had been playing the guitar since he was 14, his initial audition for the role of Frisco Jones on \"General Hospital\" with producer Gloria Monty did not include any singing. Wagner had five auditions with ABC before ultimately winning the role of Frisco Jones. His final audition in 1983 included performing the Kenny Loggins song \"Wait a Little While\". ABC musical honcho Kelli Ross hooked Wagner up with her good friend in legendary producer Quincy Jones who oversaw his initial 5 song EP \"All I Need\". Eventually, they would release a full ten song LP of \"All I Need\" once the song \"All I Need\" began to rise up the charts. Quincy Jones protégés Glen Ballard and Clif Magness produced Wagner's first two albums on Qwest Records/Warner Brothers. Wagner's singing talents led him to appearances on \"American Bandstand\", \"Solid Gold\", \"Soul Train\" and \"The Merv Griffin Show\".\n", "Eventually, his musical theater talent led to the title role(s) in a Broadway run of \"Jekyll & Hyde\", making him the first celebrity casting. Wagner has stated this was \"a role of a lifetime\" and performing the dual characters on Broadway was his most fulfilling professional experience. Wagner says \"the role I had the most fun playing, TV-wise, would be Dr. Peter Burns (Melrose Place). He was sort of an evil character who could redeem himself. Theatrically, it was when I played Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde in Jekyll & Hyde on Broadway.\" He also appeared in a national theatre tour in 1987 in the role of Tony in \"West Side Story\", and a national tour of \"Grease\" in 1988.\n", "While he toured as a rock/pop performer in concert consistently from 1985–1988, Wagner did not perform in the 1990s except for an occasional benefit appearance. In 2005, Wagner resumed performing in concert sporadically. His more recent concerts have included a diverse blend of songs from his own catalog, cover songs from artists such as Neil Young, Lindsey Buckingham, and Paul McCartney, and originals.\n", "In 2012, Wagner released new music, the single \"Will the Rain Fall Down\" on iTunes. He also performed the song acoustically on \"The Bold and the Beautiful\".\n", "In 2014, Wagner released the full-length release \"On the Porch\". A notable song from this release was the fan-favorite \"The Right Key\", which made its debut on \"General Hospital\" in 1989. He made a music video for \"Driving Miss Daisy\" which premiered on YouTube.\n", "Section::::Personal life.\n", "Wagner was married to actress Kristina Wagner, who played opposite him on \"General Hospital\" as his love interest Felicia Cummings. After marital troubles they filed for divorce and it was finalized in 2006. \n", "The Wagners have two sons, Peter (born 1990) and Harrison (born 1994). Wagner began dating his \"Melrose Place\" love interest Heather Locklear in 2007; they became engaged in August 2011. The couple called off their engagement on November 15, 2011.\n", "In May 2013, Wagner confirmed to \"Soaps In Depth\" that he and his former \"The Bold and the Beautiful\" co-star Ashley Jones had been dating for about a year. They are no longer together as of 2015. \n", "In November 2011, Jack met his 23-year-old daughter, Kerry, for the first time at a concert in Florida. Kerry had been placed for adoption at birth by her birth mother and had recently hired a private investigator to find both of her biological parents. This was the subject of Wagner's \"personal story\" in his \"Dancing with the Stars\" performance on April 2, 2012.\n", "Wagner is an avid golfer and is ranked as one of the leading celebrity golfers. He is the only non-professional athlete to have won the American Century Celebrity Golf Classic, the annual competition to determine the best golfers among American sports and entertainment celebrities. Wagner first won the event in 2006 and repeated as champion in 2011, when he bested Dallas Cowboys quarterback Tony Romo. He has a total of nineteen top ten finishes. The tournament, televised by NBC in July, is played over three rounds at Edgewood Tahoe Golf Course in Lake Tahoe.\n", "Wagner also won the Missouri junior college championship in 1980, and at one point considered a career in pro golf. He has a Celebrity Golf Classic named after him that raises funds for the Leukemia & Lymphoma Society. Wagner created the event to support the Society's mission to cure such cancers as leukemia, lymphoma, Hodgkin's disease, and myeloma, and to improve the quality of life of patients and their families. The Golf Classic raised more than $600,000 in its first two years to fund critical cancer research and patient services.\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Francesco Maria Piave\n", "Francesco Maria Piave (18 May 1810 – 5 March 1876) was an Italian opera librettist who was born in Murano in the lagoon of Venice, during the brief Napoleonic Kingdom of Italy.\n", "Section::::Career.\n", "Piave's career spanned over twenty years working with many of the significant composers of his day, including Giovanni Pacini (four librettos), Saverio Mercadante (at least one), Federico Ricci, and even one for Michael Balfe. He is most well known as Giuseppe Verdi's librettist, for whom he was to write 10 librettos, the most well-known being those for \"Rigoletto\" and \"La traviata\".\n", "But Piave was not only a librettist: he was a journalist and translator in addition to being the resident poet and stage manager at La Fenice in Venice where he first encountered Verdi. Later, Verdi was helpful in securing him the same position at La Scala in Milan. His expertise as a stage manager and his tact as a negotiator served Verdi very well, but the composer bullied him mercilessly for his pains over many years.\n", "Like Verdi, Piave was an ardent Italian patriot, and in 1848, during Milan's \"\"Cinque Giornate,\"\" when Radetzky's Austrian troops retreated from the city, Verdi wrote to Piave in Venice addressing him as \"Citizen Piave.\"\n", "Together, they worked on ten operas between 1844 and 1862, and Piave would have also prepared the libretto for \"Aida\" when Verdi accepted the commission for it in 1870, had he not suffered a stroke which left him paralyzed and unable to speak. Verdi helped to support his wife and daughter, proposing that \"an album of pieces by famous composers be compiled and sold for Piave's benefit\". The composer paid for his funeral when he died nine years later in Milan aged 65 and arranged for his burial at the Monumental Cemetery.\n", "Section::::Piave's librettos for Verdi.\n", "From the beginnings of their working relationship in 1844, scholars such as Gabriele Baldini see Verdi's overall influence upon the structure of his work take a big leap forward when he notes: \n", "This statement suggests that, almost for the first time, the composer was going to be the one who determined \"that drama essentially consisted of the arrangement of pieces and the clarity of the musical forms..[so that]..he began to become aware of the structure and architecture of musical composition, something which was not even clearly hinted at during the period with Solera. The composer began to control the overall dramatic arc of the drama and no longer would he \"suffer under\" such librettists as Temistocle Solera, who wrote the libretti for five Verdi operas beginning with \"Oberto\" and up to \"Attila\" in 1846.\n", "An example of the pressure which Verdi exerted on Piave was in the struggle to have the Venetian censors approve \"Rigoletto\": \"Turn Venice upside down to make the censors permit this subject\" he demanded, following that up with the admonition not to allow the matter to drag on: \"If I were the poet I would be very, very concerned, all the more because you would be greatly responsible if by chance (may the Devil not make it happen) they should not allow this drama [to be staged]\"\n", "Nonetheless, another Verdi scholar notes that \"Verdi always harried him unmercifully, often having his work revised by others [as in the case of \"Simon Boccanegra\"] [but] Piave rewarded him with doglike devotion, and the two remained on terms of sincere friendship.\" Piave became \"someone Verdi loved\".\n", "In following Salvadore Cammarano as Verdi's main mid-career librettist, Piave firstly wrote \"Ernani\" in 1844, and then \"I due Foscari\" (1844), \"Attila\" (1846), \"Macbeth\" (the 1847 first version), \"Il Corsaro\" (1848), \"Stiffelio\" (1850), \"Rigoletto\" (1851), \"La traviata\" (1853), \"Simon Boccanegra\" (the 1857 first version), \"Aroldo\" (1857), \"La forza del destino\" (the 1862 first version), and \"Macbeth\" (the 1865 second version).\n", "Section::::Filmography.\n", "BULLET::::- \", directed by Vincenzo Sorelli (1938)\n", "BULLET::::- \", directed by Carmine Gallone (1946)\n", "BULLET::::- \"\", directed by Carmine Gallone (1947)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Force of Destiny\", directed by Carmine Gallone (1950)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Rigoletto e la sua tragedia\", directed by Flavio Calzavara (1956)\n", "BULLET::::- \"\", directed by Mario Lanfranchi (1968)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Rigoletto\", directed by Jean-Pierre Ponnelle (1982)\n", "BULLET::::- \"La Traviata\", directed by Franco Zeffirelli (1983)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Macbeth\", directed by Claude d'Anna (1987)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Giuseppe Verdi's Rigoletto Story\", directed by Gianfranco Fozzi (2005)\n", "Section::::References.\n", "Notes\n", "Sources\n", "BULLET::::- Baldini, Gabriele (1970), (trans. Roger Parker, 1980), \"The Story of Giuseppe Verdi: Oberto to Un Ballo in Maschera\". Cambridge, \"et al\": Cambridge University Press.\n", "BULLET::::- Black, John (1998), \"Piave, Francesco Maria\" in Stanley Sadie, (Ed.), \"The New Grove Dictionary of Opera\", Vol. Three, pp. 999. London: Macmillan Publishers, Inc.\n", "BULLET::::- Budden, Julian (1996), \"Verdi\". New York: Schirmer Books (Master Musicians Series).\n", "BULLET::::- Kimball, David (2001), in Holden, Amanda (Ed.), \"The New Penguin Opera Guide\", New York: Penguin Putnam, 2001.\n", "BULLET::::- O'Grady, Deidre (2000), \"Piave, Boito, Pirandello: From Romantic Realism to Modernism\" (Studies in Italian Literature). Edwin Mellon Press.\n", "BULLET::::- Phillips-Matz, Mary Jane (1993), \"Verdi: A Biography\", London & New York: Oxford University Press.\n", "BULLET::::- Werfel, Franz and Stefan, Paul (1973), \"Verdi: The Man and His Letters\", New York: Vienna House.\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "J Mascis\n", "Joseph Donald Mascis Jr. (; born December 10, 1965) is an American musician, best known as the singer, guitarist and main songwriter for the alternative rock band Dinosaur Jr. He has also released several albums as a solo artist and played drums and guitar on other projects. His most recent solo album, \"Elastic Days\", was released in November 2018. He was ranked number 86 in a \"Rolling Stone\" list of the \"100 Greatest Guitarists\", and number 5 in a similar list for \"Spin\" magazine in 2012.\n", "Section::::Biography.\n", "Mascis was born in Amherst, Massachusetts, the son of a dentist and grew up in the same area together with his sister Patty and an older brother. His mother, Theresa (an avid golfer), died in 1985 while his father, Joseph Sr., died in 1993.\n", "Mascis became a music and drumming fan at the age of 9. He joined the jazz ensemble in school as a drummer, because there was not one of rock or punk. At 17, Mascis joined the short-lived hardcore group Deep Wound with Lou Barlow, Scott Helland, and Charlie Nakajima in the early 1980s. He went on to found Dinosaur Jr. with bassist Barlow and drummer Emmett Jefferson \"Patrick\" Murphy (aka \"Murph\") in 1984, switching to guitar in the process, and they achieved national success. His vocals have been described as \"Neil Young-like\" and his guitar riffs as \"monolithic\". Mascis dismissed Barlow from Dinosaur Jr. in 1989 and over the next eight years recorded several more Dinosaur Jr. albums, as well as the 1996 acoustic solo album \"Martin + Me\". In 1989 Kurt Cobain suggested that Mascis join Nirvana.\n", "The manager for Deep Wound was Gerard Cosloy, who then went on to found Homestead Records. Homestead released Dinosaur Jr.'s first record. Mascis says that the reason why Dinosaur Jr.'s sound is not fully formed on that record is that they were more or less automatically signed to Homestead. Megan Jasper, vice president at Sub Pop Records characterises this period as \"J had some anger, like any punk rock kid. Usually, though, when a young person is angry, they tend to be really loud. And J wasn’t. He was only loud when he played music\".\n", "As a side project, he was the drummer in Boston doom metal group Upsidedown Cross, who released a self-titled album on Taang! Records in 1991. He wrote songs for the film \"Gas, Food, Lodging,\" in which he made a cameo appearance. In 1996, he had a small part in the movie \"Grace of my Heart\" and provided a ballad and a Beach Boys-like song for the soundtrack. In 1998, he retired the Dinosaur Jr. name.\n", "In April 2005 Mascis, Barlow, and Murph reformed the band for a tour celebrating the re-release of the group's first three albums. The reunited line-up has since released four new albums: \"Beyond\" in 2007, \"Farm\" in 2009, \"I Bet on Sky\" in 2012, and \"Give a Glimpse of What Yer Not\" in 2016.\n", "Section::::Biography.:Solo material.\n", "In 2000 he began producing albums with his new band, J Mascis + The Fog. In 2003, the house and studio he owned burned down.\n", "In August 2005 Mascis released \"J and Friends Sing and Chant For Amma\", a solo album under the J Mascis and Friends banner. The album consists of devotional songs dedicated to Hindu religious leader Mata Amritanandamayi, or Ammachi, about whom he had written \"Ammaring\" on the first J Mascis + The Fog album \"More Light\". The proceeds from the album are being donated to tsunami relief efforts Ammachi's organization is spearheading. In 2008 the six-track album was made available digitally on his own Baked Goods label.\n", "In 2006 Mascis returned to drumming with his newly formed heavy metal band Witch for their self-titled debut album.\n", "Also that year, he collaborated with Evan Dando on a new Lemonheads album. The Lemonheads was released that September, featuring Mascis playing lead guitar.\n", "In 2010 Mascis joined with John Petkovic and Tim Parnin of Cobra Verde and Dave Sweetapple of Witch to form Sweet Apple. The self-titled debut album was released on Tee Pee Records. Mascis plays drums, guitar, and sings on the album.\n", "Mascis released a mostly acoustic album in March 2011 titled \"Several Shades of Why\" on Sub Pop Records. He was joined in the studio by several guest musicians, including Kurt Vile, Ben Bridwell and Sophie Trudeau. Mascis toured North America with Vile as support act to promote the album. In 2013 Richard Ayoade cast J Mascis in a small role, a caretaker, in his film The Double. Mascis's electric guitar work is featured on the 2014 Strand of Oaks album \"Heal\".\n", "In April 2014 he played with reunited Nirvana on a secret gig after the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inductions. He sang the songs School, Pennyroyal Tea and Drain You. In August 2014 he released the solo album \"Tied to a Star\" on Sub Pop and toured in support of it.\n", "Section::::Personal life.\n", "His wife, Luisa, whom he met in New York in the mid 1990s and married in 2004, is from Berlin, Germany They reside in Amherst, Massachusetts, in a house formerly owned by Robert Thurman, a professor of religion noted for his work on Buddhism, and father of actress Uma Thurman. In September 2007 they had a baby boy named Rory. His brother-in-law is German filmmaker Philipp Virus, the director of the 2006 Dinosaur Jr. DVD \"Live in the Middle East\". He is a devotee of Mata Amritanandamayi, a Hindu guru and author. Mascis explained that he discovered her in the mid 1990s when \"I was at my lowest, as the band got bigger, I got more depressed. I was looking for anyone to help, to feel better\".\n", "In 1982 Mascis became a straight edge, part of a hardcore punk associated movement whose members avoid drug and alcohol abuse. Since then, he has mostly been a teetotaler and never used other recreational drugs.\n", "Section::::Signature Jazzmasters.\n", "July 2007 saw the release of a signature guitar by Fender, the J Mascis Signature Jazzmaster. The instrument comes in a Purple Sparkle finish and, while otherwise visually similar to a standard Jazzmaster, features a few modifications J requested. December 2011 saw the release of the Squier by Fender J Mascis Jazzmaster. This features a basswood body, C-shaped maple neck, rosewood fingerboard with 9.5\" radius and 21 jumbo frets, two single-coil Jazzmaster pickups which have been replaced with Kinman Guitar Electrix ThickMaster (Jazzmaster) Zero-Hum pickups, three-position switching and dual tone circuits, gold anodized aluminum pickguard, aged white plastic parts (knobs, switch tip, pickup covers), Adjusto-Matic™ bridge with vintage-style floating tremolo tailpiece, vintage-style tuners, chrome hardware, Vintage White finish and J Mascis signature on the back of the large '60s-style headstock.\n", "Section::::Discography.\n", "Section::::Discography.:Solo albums.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Martin + Me\" (1996)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The John Peel Sessions\" (2003)\n", "BULLET::::- \"J and Friends Sing and Chant for Amma\" (2005)\n", "BULLET::::- \"J Mascis Live at CBGB's\" (2006)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Several Shades of Why\" (2011)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Tied to a Star\" (2014)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Elastic Days\" (2018)\n", "Section::::Discography.:Dinosaur Jr..\n", "BULLET::::- \"Dinosaur\" (1985)\n", "BULLET::::- \"You're Living All Over Me\" (1987)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Bug\" (1988)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Whatever's Cool With Me\" (1991)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Green Mind\" (1991)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Where You Been\" (1993)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Without a Sound\" (1994)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Hand It Over\" (1997)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Beyond\" (2007)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Farm\" (2009)\n", "BULLET::::- \"I Bet on Sky\" (2012)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Give a Glimpse of What Yer Not\" (2016)\n", "Section::::Discography.:J Mascis + The Fog.\n", "BULLET::::- \"\"More Light\" (2000)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Free So Free\" (2002)\n", "Section::::Discography.:Witch.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Witch\" – Tee Pee Records (2006)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Paralyzed\" – Tee Pee Records (2008)\n", "Section::::Discography.:Deep Wound.\n", "BULLET::::- \"American Style\" (1982 – 7\" – demo)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Deep Wound\" (1983 – 7\" – Radiobeat)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Bands That Could Be God LP\"\n", "BULLET::::- \"Discography\" (2006 – Compilation – Damaged Goods)\n", "Section::::Discography.:Upsidedown Cross.\n", "BULLET::::- Upsidedown Cross (1991)\n", "BULLET::::- Evilution (1993)\n", "BULLET::::- Witchcraft (1997)\n", "BULLET::::- Sloth/Updsidedown Cross Split (2002)\n", "Section::::Discography.:Sweet Apple.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Do You Remember 7\"\" – Valley King Records (2010)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Love & Desperation\" – Tee Pee Records (2010)\n", "BULLET::::- \"I've Got a Feeling (That Won't Change) 7\"\" – Damaged Goods (2010)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Elected/No Government 7\"\" – Outer Battery Records (2012)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Wish You Could Stay (A Little Longer)/Traffic 7\"\" – Outer Battery Records (2013)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Golden Age of Glitter\" – Tee Pee Records (2014)\n", "Section::::Discography.:Heavy Blanket.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Heavy Blanket\" – Outer Battery Records (2012)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Live at Tym Guitars – Brisbane, Australia\" – Tym Records (2013)\n", "BULLET::::- \"In a Dutch Haze\" – Collaboration with Earthless – Outer Battery Records (2014)\n", "Section::::Discography.:Collaborations.\n", "BULLET::::- \"One Track Heart: The Story of Krishna Das (OST)\" (2013) collaboration with Devadas\n", "BULLET::::- \"Feed - Japanese Voyeurs\"\n", "Mascis plays guitar and sings backing vocals on the song \"Feed\" by the now inactive post grunge band Japanese Voyeurs. \"Feed\" can be found on the band's only album to date, \"yolk\", released independently July 2012.\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- JMascis.com\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "Joseph Donald Mascis, Jr.", "Joseph Donald Mascis Jr", "J. Mascis" ] }, "description": "American musician", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q739681", "wikidata_label": "J Mascis", "wikipedia_title": "J Mascis" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "April Ashley\n", "April Ashley, MBE (born 29 April 1935) is an English model and restaurant hostess. She was outed as a transgender woman by the \"Sunday People\" newspaper in 1961 and is one of the earliest British people known to have had sex reassignment surgery.\n", "Section::::Early life.\n", "Born George Jamieson in Sefton General Hospital, Liverpool, she was one of six surviving children of a Roman Catholic father, Frederick Jamieson, and a Protestant mother, Ada Brown Jamieson. In her childhood in Liverpool, Ashley suffered from both calcium deficiency, requiring weekly calcium injections at the Alder Hey Children's Hospital, and bed-wetting, resulting in her being given her own box room aged two when the family moved house.\n", "Section::::1950s to 1970s.\n", "She joined the Merchant Navy in 1951 at the age of 16. Following a suicide attempt, she was given a dishonourable discharge and a second attempt resulted in Ashley being sent to the mental institution in Ormskirk aged 17 for treatments.\n", "In her book \"The First Lady\", Ashley tells the story of the rape she endured while still living as a man. A roommate raped her, and she was severely injured.\n", "Section::::1950s to 1970s.:Gender transition.\n", "After leaving hospital Ashley moved to London, at one point claiming to have shared a boarding house with then ship's steward John Prescott. Having started cross-dressing, she moved to Paris in the late 1950s, began using the name Toni April and joined the famous French entertainer Coccinelle in the cast of the drag cabaret at the Carousel Theatre.\n", "At the age of 25, having saved £3,000, Ashley had a seven-hour-long sex reassignment surgery in 12 May 1960, performed in Casablanca, Morocco by Georges Burou. All her hair fell out and she endured significant pain, but the operation was successful.\n", "Section::::1950s to 1970s.:Modelling career, public outing.\n", "After returning to Britain, Ashley began using the name April Ashley and became a successful fashion model, appearing in such publications as \"Vogue\" (photographed by David Bailey) and winning a small role in the film \"The Road to Hong Kong\", which starred Bing Crosby and Bob Hope.\n", "After a friend sold her story to the media, in 1961 under the headline Her' secret is out\", the \"Sunday People\" outed Ashley as a trans woman. She became a centre of attention and some scandal, and her film credit was instantly dropped.\n", "In November 1960, Ashley had met Hon. Arthur Corbett (later 3rd Baron Rowallan), the Eton-educated son and heir of Lord Rowallan. They wed in 1963, but the marriage quickly broke down. Ashley's lawyers wrote to Corbett in 1966 demanding maintenance payments and in 1967 Corbett responded by filing suit to have the marriage annulled. The annulment was granted in 1970 on the grounds that the court considered Ashley to be male, even though Corbett knew about her history when they married.\n", "Section::::Later life.\n", "After a heart attack in London, Ashley retired for some years to the Welsh border town of Hay-on-Wye. In her book \"April Ashley's Odyssey\" she stated that Amanda Lear was male at birth and they had worked together at Le Carousel where Lear had used the name Peki d'Oslo. Ashley was once great friends with Lear, but according to Ashley's book \"The First Lady\", they had a major falling out and haven't spoken in years.\n", "In the 1980s, Ashley married Jeffrey West, on the retired cruise ship RMS \"Queen Mary\" in Long Beach, California. In 2005, after the passage of the Gender Recognition Act 2004, Ashley was finally legally recognised as female and issued with a new birth certificate. The then Deputy Prime Minister of the United Kingdom John Prescott, who knew Ashley from the 1950s, helped her with the procedure.\n", "Most recently Ashley talked about her life at St George's Hall, Liverpool as part of the city's Homotopia festival on 15 November 2008, and on 18 February 2009 at the South Bank Centre.\n", "She lives in Fulham, South West London.\n", "Section::::Biographies.\n", "\"April Ashley's Odyssey\", a biography by Duncan Fallowell, was published in 1982. In 2006, Ashley released her autobiography \"The First Lady\" and made TV appearances on Channel Five News, \"This Morning\" and BBC News. In one interview, she said, \"This is the real story and contains a lot of things I just couldn't say in 1982\", including alleged affairs with Michael Hutchence, Peter O'Toole, Omar Sharif, Turner Prize sculptor Grayson Perry and Íñigo de Arteaga y Martín, the future 19th Duke of Infantado, among others. However, the book was pulped after it was discovered that it had heavily plagiarized the 1982 book written about Ashley.\n", "In 2012, Pacific Films and Limey Yank Productions announced a project to create a film about April Ashley's life.\n", "Section::::Awards and honors.\n", "BULLET::::- Ashley was appointed Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) in the 2012 Birthday Honours for services to transgender equality.\n", "BULLET::::- A major exhibition 'April Ashley: portrait of a lady' was held at the Museum of Liverpool from 27 September 2013 to 1 March 2015.\n", "BULLET::::- Ashley was awarded a Lifetime Achievement honour at the European Diversity Awards 2014.\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Corbett v Corbett\"\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- April Ashley Photo Gallery Tribute\n", "BULLET::::- April Ashley Documentary\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "April Ashley, MBE" ] }, "description": "English model and restaurant hostess, born 1935.", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q774137", "wikidata_label": "April Ashley", "wikipedia_title": "April Ashley" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Michael Bates (actor)\n", "Michael Hammond Bates (4 December 1920 – 11 January 1978) was an Anglo-Indian actor. He was best known for playing the chief prison guard who processes (and strip-searches) Alex (Malcolm McDowell) in \"A Clockwork Orange\", Cyril Blamire in \"Last of the Summer Wine\" (1973–75), and Rangi Ram in \"It Ain't Half Hot Mum\" (1974–77).\n", "Section::::Early life.\n", "Bates was born in Jhansi, United Provinces, India, to Sarah (\"née\" Clarke, 1896–1982), daughter of William Hammond Walker of Congleton, Cheshire), and Anglo-Indian civil servant Harry Stuart Bates CSI (1893–1985, son of Albert Bates, of Congleton, Cheshire). He was educated at Uppingham School and St Catharine's College, Cambridge. \n", "Bates was commissioned in the Indian Army in March 1942. He served in the Burma Campaign as a major with the Brigade of Gurkhas and was mentioned in dispatches in 1944.\n", "Section::::Career.\n", "In 1953, while an ensemble member with the Stratford Festival in Stratford, Ontario, Canada, Bates appeared in \"Richard III\" and \"All's Well That Ends Well\".\n", "Bates appeared in \"Hotel Paradiso\" (\"L'Hôtel du libre échange\"), which starred Alec Guinness, in 1956 at the Winter Garden Theatre in London. On the radio, he played a variety of characters in the BBC's long-running comedy series \"The Navy Lark\", including Able Seaman Ginger, Lieutenant Bates, Rear Admiral Ironbridge, the Padre, and Captain Ignatius Aloysius Atchison.\n", "Bates appeared in many British television series, including \"Last of the Summer Wine\" from 1973 to 1975 (as Cyril Blamire) and \"It Ain't Half Hot Mum\" from 1974 to 1977 (as Rangi Ram). His role as Rangi Ram later led to some controversy due to allegations that he had performed in blackface. Interviewed by the journalist Neil Clark for \"The Daily Telegraph\" in 2013, Jimmy Perry protested that \"All Michael Bates [...] wore was a light tan. He wasn’t blacked up! Michael spoke fluent Urdu, and was a captain in the Gurkhas\". The show is now not shown on the BBC in the UK. \n", "Bates's film roles include \"Bedazzled\" (1967) as the flirtatious police inspector, \"Here We Go Round the Mulberry Bush\" (1967) as Mr. McGregor, \"Battle of Britain\" (1969) as Warrant Officer Warwick, \"Oh! What a Lovely War\" (1969) as a Lance-Corporal, \"Patton\" (1970) as Field Marshal Sir Bernard Montgomery (to whom he bore a striking resemblance), \"A Clockwork Orange\" (1971) and \"Frenzy\" (1972). On stage, he played Shakespearean roles at Stratford and at the Old Vic, and made a big impression as Inspector Truscott in the West End production of \"Loot\" by Joe Orton in 1966.\n", "Section::::Personal life.\n", "In 1954, Bates married Margaret M. J. Chisholm. They had three children: Rupert (who also became an actor), Camilla, and Jolyon. \n", "Bates was a supporter of the Conservative Party. Peter Sallis claimed that Bates' right-wing opinions contrasted so sharply with the left-wing views of fellow \"Last of the Summer Wine\" star Bill Owen that the series was almost not made because of their arguments.\n", "Bates died of cancer on 11 January 1978 in Chelsea, London, aged 57.\n", "Section::::Selected filmography.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Carrington V.C.\" (1955) – Major Broke-Smith\n", "BULLET::::- \"Dunkirk\" (1958) – Froome\n", "BULLET::::- \"I'm All Right Jack\" (1959) – Bootle\n", "BULLET::::- \"Dr. Strangelove\" (1964) – USAF Guard\n", "BULLET::::- \"Bedazzled\" (1967) – Inspector Clarke\n", "BULLET::::- \"Here We Go Round the Mulberry Bush\" (1968) – Mr. McGregor\n", "BULLET::::- \"Hammerhead\" (1968) – Andreas / Sir Richard\n", "BULLET::::- \"Don't Raise the Bridge, Lower the River\" (1968) – Dr. Spink\n", "BULLET::::- \"Salt and Pepper\" (1968) – Inspector Crabbe\n", "BULLET::::- \"Oh! What a Lovely War\" (1969) – Drunk Lance Corporal\n", "BULLET::::- \"Battle of Britain\" (1969) – Warrant Officer Warwick\n", "BULLET::::- \"Arthur? Arthur!\" (1969) – Mr. Harrington\n", "BULLET::::- \"Patton\" (1970) – Field Marshal Sir Bernard Montgomery\n", "BULLET::::- \"Every Home Should Have One\" (1970) – Magistrate\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Rise and Rise of Michael Rimmer\" (1970) – Mr. Spimm\n", "BULLET::::- \"A Clockwork Orange\" (1971) – Chief Guard Barnes\n", "BULLET::::- \"Frenzy\" (1972) – Sergeant Spearman\n", "BULLET::::- \"No Sex Please, We're British\" (1973) – Mr. Needham\n", "BULLET::::- \"Fall of Eagles\" (1974) - General Erich Ludendorff\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Bawdy Adventures of Tom Jones\" (1976) – Madman\n", "BULLET::::- \"Gulliver's Travels\" (1977) – (voice)\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "British actor", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q1369342", "wikidata_label": "Michael Bates", "wikipedia_title": "Michael Bates (actor)" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Viktor Orbán\n", "Viktor Mihály Orbán (; born 31 May 1963) is a Hungarian politician who has been Prime Minister of Hungary since 2010; he was also Prime Minister from 1998 to 2002. He has also been President of Fidesz, a national conservative political party, since 1993, with a brief break between 2000 and 2003.\n", "Born in Székesfehérvár, Orbán studied law at Eötvös Loránd University, graduating in 1987. He briefly studied political science at Pembroke College, Oxford, before returning to Hungary to enter politics in the wake of the Autumn of Nations. He became head of the reformist student movement the Alliance of Young Democrats (\"Fiatal Demokraták Szövetsége\"), which would eventually become the Fidesz party. Orbán became a nationally known politician after giving an address at the 1989 reburial of Imre Nagy and other martyrs of the 1956 revolution, in which he openly demanded that Soviet troops withdraw from the country.\n", "After the transition to democracy in 1990, he was elected to the National Assembly and served as the leader of Fidesz's parliamentary caucus until 1993. Under his leadership, Fidesz shifted away from its original centre-right, classical liberal, pro-European integration platform toward more right-wing national conservatism. After Fidesz won a plurality of seats in the in the 1998 election, Orbán was appointed Prime Minister for the first time.\n", "Fidesz narrowly lost the 2002 and 2006 elections to the Socialist Party, with Orbán spending this period as Leader of the Opposition. The fall in popularity of the Socialists, exacerbated by Prime Minister Ferenc Gyurcsány's \"Őszöd speech\", helped Orbán lead Fidesz to a landslide victory in 2010 in a landslide victory. Orbán formed a coalition with the Christian Democrats, giving him a supermajority in the National Assembly, which he used to introduce major constitutional and legislative reforms. Fidesz retained its supermajority in the 2014 and 2018 elections.\n", "Orbán's social conservatism, national conservatism, soft Euroscepticism and advocacy of what he describes as an \"illiberal state\" have attracted significant international attention. Critics have described his time in government since 2010 as authoritarian or autocratic.\n", "In August 2018, Orbán became the second longest-serving Prime Minister after Kálmán Tisza. If his current government lasts a full term, upon its completion, he will become the longest-serving Hungarian Prime Minister in history.\n", "Section::::Early life.\n", "Orbán was born on 31 May 1963 in Székesfehérvár into a rural middle-class family, as the eldest son of the entrepreneur and agronomist Győző Orbán (born 1940) and the special educator and speech therapist, Erzsébet Sípos (born 1944). He has two younger brothers, both entrepreneurs, Győző, Jr. (born 1965) and Áron (born 1977). His paternal grandfather, Mihály Orbán, practiced farming and animal husbandry. Orbán spent his childhood in two nearby villages, Alcsútdoboz and Felcsút in Fejér County; he attended school there and in Vértesacsa. In 1977, his family moved permanently to Székesfehérvár.\n", "Orbán graduated from Blanka Teleki High School in Székesfehérvár in 1981, where he studied English. After completing two years of military service, he studied law at Eötvös Loránd University in Budapest, writing his master's thesis on the Polish Solidarity movement. After graduation in 1987, he lived in Szolnok for two years, commuting to his job in Budapest as a sociologist at the Management Training Institute of the Ministry of Agriculture and Food.\n", "In 1989, Orbán received a scholarship from the Soros Foundation to study political science at Pembroke College, Oxford. His personal tutor was the Hegelian political philosopher Zbigniew Pełczyński. In January 1990, he left Oxford and returned to Hungary to run for a seat in Hungary's first post-communist parliament.\n", "At the age of 14 and 15, he was a secretary of the communist youth organisation, KISZ, of his secondary grammar school (KISZ membership was mandatory for university admittance). Orbán said in a later interview that his political views had radically changed during the military service: earlier he had considered himself a \"naive and devoted supporter\" of the Communist regime.\n", "Section::::Early career (1988–1998).\n", "On 30 March 1988, Orbán was one of the founding members of Fidesz (originally an acronym for \"Fiatal Demokraták Szövetsége\", \"Alliance of Young Democrats\") and served as its first spokesperson. The first members of the party, including Orbán, were mostly students from the Bibó István College for Advanced Studies who opposed the Communist regime. At the college, Orbán edited the social science journal \"Századvég\" (\"End of Century\") and was one of the key figures among the radical students.\n", "On 16 June 1989, Orbán gave a speech in Heroes' Square, Budapest, on the occasion of the reburial of Imre Nagy and other national martyrs of the 1956 Hungarian Revolution. In his speech, he demanded free elections and the withdrawal of Soviet troops. The speech brought him wide national and political acclaim. In summer 1989, he took part in the opposition round table talks, representing Fidesz alongside László Kövér.\n", "On returning home from Oxford, he was elected Member of Parliament from his party's Pest County Regional List during the 1990 parliamentary election. He was appointed leader of the Fidesz's parliamentary group, serving in this capacity until May 1993.\n", "On 18 April 1993, Orbán became the first president of Fidesz, replacing the national board that had served as a collective leadership since its founding. Under his leadership, Fidesz gradually transformed from a radical liberal student organization to a center-right people's party.\n", "The conservative turn caused a severe split in the membership. Several members left the party, including Péter Molnár, Gábor Fodor and Zsuzsanna Szelényi. Fodor and others later joined the liberal Alliance of Free Democrats (SZDSZ), initially a strong ally of Fidesz, but later a political opponent.\n", "During the 1994 parliamentary election, Fidesz barely reached the 5% threshold. Orbán became MP from his party's Fejér County Regional List. He served as chairman of the Committee on European Integration Affairs between 1994 and 1998. He was also a member of the Immunity, Incompatibility and Credentials Committee for a short time in 1995. Under his presidency, Fidesz adopted \"Hungarian Civic Party\" (\"Magyar Polgári Párt\") to its shortened name in 1995. His party gradually became dominant in the right-wing of the political spectrum, while the former ruling conservative Hungarian Democratic Forum (MDF) had lost much of its support. From April 1996, Orbán was chairman of the Hungarian National Committee of the New Atlantic Initiative (NAI).\n", "In September 1992, Orbán was elected vice chairman of the Liberal International. In November 2000, however, Fidesz left the Liberal International and joined the European People's Party. During the time, Orbán worked hard to unite the center-right liberal conservative parties in Hungary. At the EPP's Congress in Estoril in October 2002, he was elected vice-president, an office he held until 2012.\n", "Section::::First term as Prime Minister (1998–2002).\n", "In 1998, Orbán formed a successful coalition with the Hungarian Democratic Forum (MDF) and the Independent Smallholders' Party (FKGP) and won the 1998 parliamentary elections with 42% of the national vote. Orbán became the second youngest Prime Minister of Hungary at the age of 35 (after András Hegedüs), serving between 1998 and 2002.\n", "The new government immediately launched a radical reform of state administration, reorganizing ministries and creating a superministry for the economy. In addition, the boards of the social security funds and centralized social security payments were dismissed. Following the German model, Orbán strengthened the Prime Minister's office and named a new minister to oversee the work of his Cabinet. In the process, thousands of civil servants were replaced (no distinction is made between political and civil servant posts, resulting in a strong \"winner takes all\" practice). The overall direction was towards centralized control.\n", "Despite vigorous protests from the opposition parties, in February the government decided that plenary sessions of the unicameral National Assembly would be held only every third week. As a result, according to opposition arguments, parliament's legislative efficiency and ability to supervise the government were reduced. In late March, the government tried to replace the National Assembly rule that requires a two-thirds majority vote with one of a simple majority, but the Constitutional Court ruled this unconstitutional.\n", "The year saw only minor changes in top government officials. Two of Orbán's state secretaries in the Prime Minister's office had to resign in May, due to their implication in a bribery scandal involving the American military manufacturer Lockheed Martin Corporation. Before bids on a major jet-fighter contract, the two secretaries, along with 32 other deputies of Orbán's party, had sent a letter to two US senators to lobby for the appointment of a Budapest-based Lockheed manager to be the US ambassador to Hungary. On 31 August, the head of the Tax Office also resigned, succumbing to protracted attacks by the opposition on his earlier, allegedly suspicious, business dealings. The tug-of-war between the Budapest City Council and the government continued over the government's decision in late 1998 to cancel two major urban projects: the construction of a new national theatre and of the fourth subway line.\n", "Relations between the Fidesz-led coalition government and the opposition worsened in the National Assembly, where the two seemed to have abandoned all attempts at consensus-seeking politics. The government pushed to swiftly replace the heads of key institutions (such as the Hungarian National Bank chairman, the Budapest City Chief Prosecutor and the Hungarian Radio) with partisan figures. Although the opposition resisted, for example by delaying their appointing of members of the supervising boards, the government ran the institutions without the stipulated number of directors. In a similar vein, Orbán failed to show up for question time in parliament, for periods of up to 10 months. His statements of the kind that \"The parliament works without opposition too...\" also contributed to the image of an arrogant and aggressive governance.\n", "A later report in March by the Brussels-based International Federation of Journalists criticized the Hungarian government for improper political influence in the media, as the country's public service broadcaster teetered close to bankruptcy. Numerous political scandals during 2001 led to \"a de facto\", if not actual, breakup of the coalition that held power in Budapest. A bribery scandal in February triggered a wave of allegations and several prosecutions against the Independent Smallholders' Party. The affair resulted in the ousting of József Torgyán from both the FKGP presidency and the top post in the Ministry of Agriculture. The FKGP disintegrated and more than a dozen of its MPs joined the government faction.\n", "Section::::First term as Prime Minister (1998–2002).:Economy.\n", "Orbán's economic policy was aimed at cutting taxes and social insurance contributions over four years, while reducing inflation and unemployment. Among the new government's first measures was to abolish university tuition fees and reintroduce universal maternity benefits. The government announced its intention to continue the Socialist–Liberal stabilization program and pledged to narrow the budget deficit, which had grown to 4.5% of GDP. The previous Cabinet had almost completed the privatization of government-run industries and had launched a comprehensive pension reform. However, the Socialists had avoided two major socioeconomic issues—reform of health care and agriculture, these remained to be tackled by Orbán's government.\n", "Economic successes included a drop in inflation from 15% in 1998 to 10.0% in 1999, 9.8% in 2000 and 7.8% in 2001. GDP growth rates were fairly steady: 4.4% in 1999, 5.2% in 2000, and 3.8% in 2001. The fiscal deficit fell from 3.9% in 1999, to 3.5% in 2000 and 3.4% in 2001 and the ratio of the national debt decreased to 54% of GDP. Under the Orbán cabinet, there were realistic hopes that Hungary would be able to join the Eurozone by 2009. However, negotiations for entry into the European Union slowed in the fall of 1999, after the EU included six more countries (in addition to the original six) in the accession discussions. Orbán repeatedly criticized the EU for its delay.\n", "Orbán also came under criticism for pushing through an unprecedented two-year budget and for failing to curb inflation, which only dropped a half point, from 10% in 1999 to 9.5% in 2000, despite the tight monetary policy of the Central Bank. However, investments continued to grow.\n", "Section::::First term as Prime Minister (1998–2002).:Foreign policy.\n", "In March 1999, after Russian objections were overruled, Hungary joined NATO along with the Czech Republic and Poland. The Hungarian membership to NATO demanded its involvement in Federal Republic of Yugoslavia's Kosovo crisis and modernization of its army. NATO membership also gave a blow to the economy because of a trade embargo imposed on Yugoslavia.\n", "Hungary attracted international media attention in 1999 for passing the \"status law\" concerning estimated three-million ethnic Hungarian minorities in neighbouring Romania, Slovakia, Serbia and Montenegro, Croatia, Slovenia and Ukraine. The law aimed to provide education, health benefits and employment rights to those, and was said to heal the negative effects of the disastrous 1920 Trianon Treaty. Governments in neighbouring states, particularly Romania, claimed to be insulted by the law, which they saw as an interference in their domestic affairs. The proponents of the status law countered that several of the countries criticizing the law themselves have similar constructs to provide benefits for their own minorities. Romania acquiesced after amendments following a December 2001 agreement between Orbán and Romanian Prime Minister Adrian Năstase; Slovakia accepted the law after further concessions made by the new government after the 2002 elections.\n", "Section::::Leader of the Opposition (2002–2010).\n", "The level of public support for political parties generally stagnated, even with general elections coming in 2002. Fidesz and the main opposition Hungarian Socialist Party (MSZP) ran neck and neck in the opinion polls for most of the year, both attracting about 26% of the electorate. According to a September 2001 poll by the Gallup organization, however, support for a joint Fidesz – Hungarian Democratic Forum party list would run up to 33% of the voters, with the Socialists drawing 28% and other opposition parties 3% each.\n", "Meanwhile, public support for the FKGP plunged from 14% in 1998 to 1% in 2001. As many as 40% of the voters remained undecided, however. Although the Socialists had picked their candidate for Prime Minister—former finance minister Péter Medgyessy—the opposition largely remained unable to increase its political support. The dark horse of the election was the radical nationalist Hungarian Justice and Life Party (MIÉP), with its leader, István Csurka's radical rhetoric. MIÉP could not be ruled out as the key to a new term for Orbán and his party, should they be forced into a coalition after the 2002 elections.\n", "The elections of 2002 were the most heated Hungary had experienced in more than a decade, and an unprecedented cultural-political division formed in the country. In the event, Viktor Orbán's group lost the April parliamentary elections to the opposition Hungarian Socialist Party, which set up a coalition with its longtime ally, the liberal Alliance of Free Democrats. Turnout was a record-high 73.5%.\n", "Beyond these parties, only deputies of the Hungarian Democratic Forum made it into the National Assembly. The populist Independent Smallholders' Party and the right Hungarian Justice and Life Party lost all their seats. Thus, the number of political parties in the new assembly was reduced from six to four.\n", "MIÉP challenged the government's legitimacy, demanded a recount, complained of election fraud, and generally kept the country in election mode until the October municipal elections. The socialist-controlled Central Elections Committee ruled that a recount was unnecessary, a position supported by observers from the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, whose only substantive criticism of the election conduct was that the state television carried a consistent bias in favour of Fidesz.\n", "Orbán received the Freedom Award of the American Enterprise Institute and the New Atlantic Initiative (2001), the Polak Award (2001), the Grand Cross of the National Order of Merit (2001), the \"Förderpreis Soziale Marktwirtschaft\" (Price for the Social Market Economy, 2002) and the Mérite Européen prize (2004). In April 2004, he received the Papal Grand Cross of the Order of St. Gregory the Great.\n", "In the 2004 European Parliament election, the ruling Hungarian Socialist Party was heavily defeated by the opposition conservative Fidesz. Fidesz gained 47.4% of the vote and 12 of Hungary's 24 seats.\n", "Orbán was the Fidesz candidate for the parliamentary election in 2006. Fidesz and its new-old candidate failed again to gain a majority in this election, which initially put Orbán's future political career as the leader of Fidesz in question. However, after fighting with Socialist-Liberal coalition, Orbán's position solidified again, and he was elected president of Fidesz yet again for another term in May 2007.\n", "On 17 September 2006, an audio recording surfaced from a closed-door Hungarian Socialist Party meeting, which was held on 26 May 2006, in which Hungarian Prime Minister Ferenc Gyurcsány gave an obscenity-laden speech. The leak ignited mass protests. On 1 November, Orbán and his party announced their plans to stage several large-scale demonstrations across Hungary on the anniversary of the Soviet suppression of the 1956 Revolution. The events were intended to serve as a memorial to the victims of the Soviet invasion and a protest against police brutality during the 23 October unrest in Budapest. Planned events included a candlelight vigil march across Budapest. However, the demonstrations were small and petered out by the end of the year. A new round of demonstrations expected in the spring of 2007 did not materialize.\n", "On 1 October 2006, Fidesz won the municipal elections, which counterbalanced the MSZP-led government's power to some extent. Fidesz won 15 of 23 mayoralties in Hungary's largest cities—although it narrowly lost Budapest to the Liberal Party—and majorities in 18 of 20 regional assemblies.\n", "On 9 March 2008, a national referendum took place on revoking government reforms which introduced doctor fees per visit and medical fees paid per number of days spent in hospital as well, as tuition fees in higher education. Hungarians usually call this popular vote the social referendum. The referendum was initiated by opposition party Fidesz against the ruling MSZP. The procedure for the referendum started on 23 October 2006, when Orbán announced they would hand in seven questions to the National Electorate Office, three of which (on abolishing copayments, daily fees and college tuition fees) were officially approved on 17 December 2007 and called on 24 January 2008. It was assumed likely that the referendum will pass, but it was uncertain whether turnout would be high enough to make it valid; polls indicated about 40% turnout with 80% in favour of rescinding the three reforms.\n", "In the 2009 European Parliament election, Fidesz won by a large margin, garnering 56.36% of votes and 14 of Hungary's 22 seats.\n", "Section::::Second term as Prime Minister (2010–present).\n", "During the 2010 parliamentary elections, Orbán's party won 52.73% of the popular vote, with a two-thirds majority of seats, which gave Orbán enough authority to change the Constitution. As a result, Orbán's government added an article in support of traditional marriage in the constitution, and a controversial electoral reform, which lowered the number of seats in the Parliament of Hungary from 386 to 199.\n", "In his second term as Prime Minister, he garnered controversy for his statements against liberal democracy, for proposing an \"internet tax\", and for his perceived corruption. His second premiership has seen numerous protests against his government, including one in Budapest in November 2014 against the proposed \"internet tax\".\n", "In terms of domestic legislation, Orbán's government implemented a flat tax on personal income. This tax is set at 16%. Orbán has called his government \"pragmatic\", citing restrictions on early retirement in the police force and military, making welfare more transparent, and a central banking law that \"gives Hungary more independence from the European Central Bank\".\n", "After the 2014 parliamentary election, Fidesz won a majority, garnering 133 of the 199 seats in the National Assembly. While he won a large majority, he garnered 44.54% of the national vote, down from 52.73% in 2010.\n", "During the 2015 European migrant crisis, Orbán ordered the erection of the Hungary–Serbia barrier to block entry of illegal immigrants so that Hungary could register all the migrants arriving from Serbia, which is the country's responsibility under the Dublin Regulation, a European Union law. Under Orbán, Hungary took numerous actions to combat illegal immigration and reduce refugee levels.\n", "Orbán questioned Nord Stream II, a new Russia–Germany natural gas pipeline. He said he wants to hear a \"reasonable argument why South Stream was bad and Nord Stream is not\". \"South Stream\" refers to the Balkan pipeline cancelled by Russia in December 2014 after obstacles from the EU.\n", "Since 2017, Hungary's relations with Ukraine rapidly deteriorated over the issue of the Hungarian minority in Ukraine. Orbán and his cabinet ministers repeatedly criticized Ukraine's 2017 education law, which makes Ukrainian the only language of education in state schools, and threatened to block further Ukraine's EU and NATO integration until it is modified or repealed.\n", "In July 2018, Orbán travelled to Turkey to attend the inauguration ceremony of re-elected Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan. In October 2018, Orbán said after talks with President Erdoğan in Budapest that \"A stable Turkish government and a stable Turkey are a precondition for Hungary not to be endangered in any way due to overland migration.\" \n", "In April 2019, Orbán attended China's Belt and Road forum in Beijing, where he met the Chinese President Xi Jinping. In June 2019, Orbán met Myanmar’s State Counsellor and Nobel Peace Prize winner Aung San Suu Kyi. They discussed bilateral ties and illegal migration.\n", "Section::::Views and public image.\n", "Orbán's blend of soft Euroscepticism, populism, and national conservatism has seen him compared to politicians and political parties as diverse as Jarosław Kaczyński's Law and Justice, Silvio Berlusconi's Forza Italia, Marine Le Pen's Front National, Donald Trump, Recep Tayyip Erdoğan and Vladimir Putin.\n", "According to \"Politico\", Orbán political philosophy \"echoes the resentments of what were once the peasant and working classes\" by promoting an \"uncompromising defense of national sovereignty and a transparent distrust of Europe's ruling establishments\". \n", "Orbán has a close relationship to Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu, having known him for decades. He is described as \"one of Mr Netanyahu's closest allies in Europe.\" Orbán received personal advice on economic reforms from Netanyahu, while the latter was Finance Minister of Israel (2003–2005). In February 2019, Netanyahu thanked Orbán for \"deciding to extend the embassy of Hungary in Israel to Jerusalem\".\n", "Orbán is seen as having laid out his political views most concretely in a widely cited 2014 public address at Băile Tușnad (known in Hungary as the \"Tusnádfürdői beszéd,\" or \"Tusnádfürdő speech\"). In the address, Orbán repudiated the classical liberal theory of the state as a free association of atomistic individuals, arguing for the use of the state as the means of organizing, invigorating, or even constructing the national community. Although this kind of state respects traditionally liberal concepts like civic rights, it is properly called \"illiberal\" because it views the community, and not the individual, as the basic political unit. In practice, Orbán claimed, such a state should promote national self-sufficiency, national sovereignty, familialism, full employment and the preservation of cultural heritage, and cited countries such as Turkey, India, Singapore, Russia, and China as models.\n", "Orbán's second and third premierships have been the subject of significant international controversy, and reception of his political views is mixed. The 2011 constitutional changes enacted under his leadership were, in particular, accused of centralizing legislative and executive power, curbing civil liberties, restricting freedom of speech, and weakening the Constitutional Court and judiciary. For these reasons, critics have described him as \"irredentist\", \"right-wing populist\", \"authoritarian\", \"autocratic\", \"Putinist\", as a \"strongman\", and as a \"dictator\".\n", "Other commentators, however, noted that the European migrant crisis, coupled with continued Islamist terrorism in the European Union, have popularized Orbán's nationalist, protectionist policies among European conservative leaders. \"Once ostracized\" by Europe's political elite, writes \"Politico\", Orbán \"is now the talisman of Europe's mainstream right\". As other Visegrád Group leaders, Orbán opposes any compulsory EU long-term quota on redistribution of migrants.\n", "He wrote in the \"Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung\": \"Europe's response is madness. We must acknowledge that the European Union's misguided immigration policy is responsible for this situation\". He also demanded an official EU list of \"safe countries\" to which migrants can be returned. According to Orbán, Turkey should be considered a safe third country.\n", "Orbán has promoted The Great Replacement conspiracy theory. \"Le Journal du Dimanche\" reported on Orbán's explicit adoption of the conspiracy theory, after he claimed; \"if we let tens of millions of migrants travel to Europe from Africa and the Middle East... the young people of Western Europe will know the day when they will be in a minority in their own country\".\n", "During a press conference in January 2019, Orbán praised Brazil's president Jair Bolsonaro saying that currently “the most apt definition of modern Christian democracy can be found in Brazil, not in Europe.”\n", "Section::::Views and public image.:Criticisms.\n", "Orbán's critics have included domestic and foreign leaders (including former United States Secretary of State Hillary Clinton, German Chancellor Angela Merkel, and the Presidents of the European Commission José Manuel Barroso, and Jean-Claude Juncker), intergovernmental organisations, non-governmental organisations. Specifically, he has been accused of pursuing anti-democratic reforms; reducing the independence of Hungary's press, judiciary and central bank; amending Hungary's constitution to prevent amendments to Fidesz-backed legislation; and of cronyism and nepotism.\n", "He was accused of pork barrel politics for building a 4,000-seat stadium in the village in which he grew up, Felcsút, at a distance of some 20 ft from his country house.\n", "Some opposition parties and critics also consider Orbán an opponent of European integration. In 2000, opposition parties MSZP and SZDSZ and the left-wing press presented Orbán's comment that \"there's life outside the EU\" as proof of his anti-Europeanism and sympathies with the radical right. In the same press conference, Orbán clarified that \"[w]e're trying to make the accession fast because it may boost the growth of Hungary's economy\".\n", "Hungarian-American business magnate and political activist George Soros criticized Orbán's handling of the European migrant crisis in 2015, saying: \"His plan treats the protection of national borders as the objective and the refugees as an obstacle. Our plan treats the protection of refugees as the objective and national borders as the obstacle.\"\n", "The Orbán government began to attack Soros and his NGOs since early 2017, particularly for his support for more open immigration. In July 2017, the Israeli ambassador in Hungary joined Jewish groups and others in denouncing a billboard campaign backed by the government. Orbán's critics claimed it \"evokes memories of the Nazi posters during the Second World War\". The ambassador stated that the campaign \"evokes sad memories but also sows hatred and fear\", an apparent reference to the Holocaust. Hours later, Israel's Ministry of Foreign Affairs issued a \"clarification\", denouncing Soros, stating that he \"continuously undermines Israel's democratically elected governments\" and funded organizations \"that defame the Jewish state and seek to deny it the right to defend itself\". The clarification came a few days before an official visit to Hungary by Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu. The anti-Soros messages became key elements of the government's communication and campaign since then, which, among others, also targeted the Central European University (CEU).\n", "Section::::Personal life.\n", "Orbán married jurist Anikó Lévai in 1986; the couple have five children. Their eldest daughter, Ráhel, is married to entrepreneur István Tiborcz, whose company, Elios was accused of receiving unfair advantages when winning public tenders. Orbán's son, Gáspár, is a retired footballer, who played for Ferenc Puskás Football Academy in 2014. He is also the founder of a religious community called Felház. Orbán has three younger daughters (Sára, Róza, Flóra) and three granddaughters (Ráhel's children Aliz and Anna Adél; Sára's daughter Johanna).\n", "Orbán is a member of the Calvinist Hungarian Reformed Church, while his wife and their five children are Roman Catholic. He is very fond of sports, especially of football; he was a signed player of the Felcsút football team, and as a result he also appears in \"Football Manager 2006\".\n", "Orbán has played football from his early childhood. He was a professional player with FC Felcsút. After ending his football career, he became one of the main financiers of the Hungarian football and his hometown's club, Felcsút FC, later renamed the Ferenc Puskás Football Academy. He had a prominent role in the foundation of Puskás Akadémia in Felcsút, creating one of the most modern training facilities for young Hungarian footballers.\n", "He played an important role in establishing the annually organised international youth cup, the Puskás Cup, at Pancho Aréna, which he also helped build, in his hometown of Felcsút. His only son, Gáspár, learned and trained there.\n", "Then FIFA president Sepp Blatter visited the facilities at the Puskás Academy in 2009. Blatter, together with the widow of Ferenc Puskás, as well as Orbán, founder of the Academy, announced the creation of the new FIFA Puskás Award during that visit. He played the bit part of a footballer in the Hungarian family film \"Szegény Dzsoni és Árnika\" (1983).\n", "Section::::Further reading.\n", "BULLET::::- Hollós, János – Kondor, Katalin: \"Szerda reggel – Rádiós beszélgetések Orbán Viktor miniszterelnökkel, 1998. szeptember – 2000. december\";\n", "BULLET::::- Hollós, János – Kondor, Katalin: \"Szerda reggel – Rádiós beszélgetések Orbán Viktor miniszterelnökkel, 2001–2002\";\n", "BULLET::::- \"A történelem főutcáján – Magyarország 1998–2002\", Orbán Viktor miniszterelnök beszédei és beszédrészletei, Magyar Egyetemi Kiadó;\n", "BULLET::::- \"20 év – Beszédek, írások, interjúk, 1986–2006\", Heti Válasz Kiadó,\n", "BULLET::::- \"Egy az ország\". Helikon Könyvkiadó, Budapest, 2007. (translated into Polish as \"Ojczyzna jest jedna\" in 2009).\n", "BULLET::::- \"Rengéshullámok\". Helikon Könyvkiadó, Budapest, 2010.\n", "BULLET::::- Janke, Igor: \"Hajrá, magyarok! – Az Orbán Viktor-sztori egy lengyel újságíró szemével\" Rézbong Kiadó, 2013. (, )\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- Second Orbán Government\n", "BULLET::::- Third Orbán Government\n", "BULLET::::- Fourth Orbán Government\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- News from the BBC (2002)\n", "BULLET::::- Hungarian PM puts football first – BBC\n", "BULLET::::- Orbán in 1989\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "Orbán Viktor", "Viktor Mihály Orbán", "Viktor Orban", "Orban Viktor", "Viktor Mihaly Orban" ] }, "description": "Hungarian politician, chairman of Fidesz", "enwikiquote_title": "Viktor Orbán", "wikidata_id": "Q57641", "wikidata_label": "Viktor Orbán", "wikipedia_title": "Viktor Orbán" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Marek Grechuta\n", "Marek Michał Grechuta (December 10, 1945 – October 9, 2006) was a Polish singer, songwriter, composer, and lyricist.\n", "Section::::Early life.\n", "Grechuta was born on December 10, 1945 in Zamość, Poland. He studied architecture at Tadeusz Kościuszko University of Technology in Kraków.\n", "Section::::Career.\n", "While studying at university, he met the composer Jan Kanty Pawluśkiewicz. Together, they founded the student cabaret Anawa, in 1967. In the same year Grechuta placed second in the VI National Contest of Student Musicians (VI Ogólnopolski Konkurs Piosenkarzy Studenckich) and received an award for \"Tango Anawa\", with lyrics by him and music by Jan Kanty Pawluśkiewicz. In 1968, he won several awards at the Festival of Polish Music in Opole.\n", "In 1969, Grechuta played a minor role in Andrzej Wajda's film \"Polowanie na muchy\" (\"Hunting Flies\"). In 1971, he left Anawa and founded the band WIEM (W Innej Epoce Muzycznej, In a Different Musical Epoch; however \"wiem\" means \"I know\" in Polish).\n", "Grechuta had a large number of popular hits, with his songs often characterized by use of poetic and literary elements. He co-authored, along with P. Birula and K. Szwajgier, the music for \"Exodus\" (written by L. A. Moczulski) at the STU Theatre in Kraków (1974), and co-wrote the musical adaptation of Stanisław Witkiewicz's \"Szalona lokomotywa\" (\"The Crazy Locomotive\") with K. Jasiński and J. K. Pawluśkiewicz in 1977.\n", "In 2003, Grechuta collaborated with the group Myslovitz and re-recorded their older song \"Kraków\". His song \"Dni, których nie znamy\" (\"The Days We Don't Know Yet\") is the anthem of the football club Korona Kielce.\n", "Section::::Personal life.\n", "In 1970, Grechuta married his wife, Danuta. His son was named Łukasz.\n", "He died on October 9, 2006 in Kraków and was buried in the Rakowicki Cemetery.\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- Sung poetry\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Marek Grechuta at culture.pl\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "Marka Grechuta" ] }, "description": "Polish singer and composer", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q361642", "wikidata_label": "Marek Grechuta", "wikipedia_title": "Marek Grechuta" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Lauro Cavazos\n", "Lauro Fred Cavazos Jr. (born January 4, 1927) is an American educator and politician. He served as the US Secretary of Education, and was the first Hispanic to serve in the United States Cabinet.\n", "Section::::Early life and education.\n", "A sixth-generation Texan, he was born on the King Ranch near Kingsville, Texas, where his father served as foreman of the showcase Santa Gertrudis cattle division. He was the son of Lauro F. Cavazos, Sr., and the former Tomasa Quintanilla. Through his maternal ancestry, he is a descendant of Texas Revolution heroine Francita Alavez, the \"Angel of Goliad\".\n", "He earned B.A. and M.A. degrees in zoology from Texas Tech University, and a Ph.D. in physiology in 1954 from Iowa State University (ISU) in Ames, Iowa. While in college, he was a member of Kappa Kappa Psi. Following a stint on the faculties of Tufts University and the Medical College of Virginia.\n", "Section::::Career.\n", "From 1975-80, he served as Dean of the Tufts University School of Medicine. From April 15, 1980, to 1988, he served as President of Texas Tech University. He was both the first alumnus and the first Hispanic to serve as Texas Tech president. \n", "A Democrat, Cavazos served as Secretary of Education from August 1988 to December 1990 during the Republican Reagan and George H. W. Bush administrations. He was forced to resign amid an investigation into improper use of frequent flyer miles in December 1990. \n", "Following his resignation, he returned to the faculty of Tufts University where he has served as Professor of Public Health and Family Medicine since then. He is married to the former Peggy Ann Murdock. The couple has ten children and currently reside in Boston, Massachusetts. He is the brother of U.S. Army General Richard E. Cavazos.\n", "Section::::Career.:Awards.\n", "In 2006, his alma mater Iowa State University awarded him with the Distinguished Achievement Award, their highest honors.\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Lauro F. Cavazos papers (Texas Tech Archives)\n", "BULLET::::- Answers.com-Lauro Cavazos\n", "BULLET::::- \"Cancel Our Reservations\" - \"Time Magazine\" article regarding use of frequent flier miles\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Nino D'Angelo\n", "Gaetano \"Nino\" d'Angelo (born 21 June 1957) is an Italian pop/folk singer.\n", "He was born to a poor family in San Pietro a Patierno, a suburb of Naples, and dropped out of school, taking jobs like ice cream vendor and wedding singer.\n", "His first album, \"A storia mia\" (Neapolitan: \"My Story\") was received very well, especially in Sicily. In 1979 he married Annamaria with whom he would have two sons. He started a career as an actor in \"sceneggiate\" musical dramas, a genre native to Naples, and later as a cinema actor. His first film was \"Celebrità\", released in 1981, a star vehicle written around his singing and the first of five films he acted in that was directed or produced by Ninì Grassia.\n", "In 1982 he released the album \"Un jeans e una maglietta\" (\"Jeans and a T-shirt\") and a film with the same title. The album sold over one million copies and the film surpassed the Hollywood movie \"Flashdance\" at the box office. He participated in the Sanremo Music Festival in 1986 with the song \"Vai\" (\"Go\"). His album \"Cantautore\" was the best seller at the time, although it was not listed in the official \"Hit Parade\". He performed in Australia, Germany, Switzerland, United States, and France—where he debuted 15 December 1987 at the Olympia in Paris.\n", "In 1990, following the deaths of both his parents, he released the album \"Tiempo\" (Neapolitan for \"Time\"), which was championed by Italian music critic Goffredo Fofi.\n", "In 1997 he wrote his first musical, \"Core pazzo\" (\"Mad Heart\"), and co-hosted the Dopofestival show that aired immediately after each night of the Sanremo Music Festival with Piero Chiambretti. He also won the David Di Donatello Award for Best Music for his soundtrack to the film \"To Die for Tano\". In 2000, he also starred, directed, wrote and performed the music for \"Aitanic\", a \"Titanic\" parody and starring fellow Italian actors Sabina Began and Giacomo Rizzo.\n", "The following year he competed in the Sanremo Festival, singing \"Senza giacca e cravatta\" (\"Without Suit and Tie\") and reaching 8th place. He also took part in Sanremo in 2002 and 2003 with the songs \"Mari'\" and \"'A Storia 'E Nisciuno\" (Neapolitan for \"Nobody's Story\"). In 2003 he sang in Brașov, Romania, and appeared in the film Incantato directed by Pupi Avati, which he won a Flaiano Prize for Best Supporting Actor. He was popular with teenagers in the 1970s and into the 1980s, charting \"Billboard\" several times. In 2008, he also starred in a film directed and written by his son, Toni.\n", "In 2013, he was one of the protesters after the mafia dumped toxic waste across the country including Naples.\n", "Section::::Filmography.\n", "BULLET::::- Una notte (2007) regia di Toni D'Angelo\n", "BULLET::::- 4-4-2 - Il gioco più bello del mondo (2006)\n", "BULLET::::- Il cuore altrove (2003)\n", "BULLET::::- Aitanic (2000)\n", "BULLET::::- Vacanze di Natale 2000 (1999)\n", "BULLET::::- Tifosi Film (1999)\n", "BULLET::::- Ama il tuo nemico (1999)\n", "BULLET::::- Paparazzi (1998)\n", "BULLET::::- To Die for Tano (1997)\n", "BULLET::::- Attenti a noi due (1994)\n", "BULLET::::- Fatalità (1991)\n", "BULLET::::- La ragazza del metrò (1988)\n", "BULLET::::- Quel ragazzo della curva B (1987)\n", "BULLET::::- Fotoromanzo (1986)\n", "BULLET::::- Giuro che ti amo (1986)\n", "BULLET::::- Popcorn e patatine (1985)\n", "BULLET::::- Uno scugnizzo a New York (1984)\n", "BULLET::::- L'ammiratrice (1983)\n", "BULLET::::- La discoteca (1983)\n", "BULLET::::- Un jeans e una maglietta (1983)\n", "BULLET::::- Lo studente (1983)\n", "BULLET::::- L'Ave Maria (1982)\n", "BULLET::::- Giuramento (1982)\n", "BULLET::::- Tradimento (1982)\n", "BULLET::::- Celebrità (1981)\n", "Section::::Discography.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Tra terra e stelle\" (2012)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Jammo jà\" (2010)\n", "BULLET::::- \"D'Angelo cantabruni\" (2008)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Gioia Nova\" (2007)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Il ragu' con la guerra\" (2005)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Senza giacca e cravatta\" (2004) - Romanian only release\n", "BULLET::::- \"'O schiavo 'e 'o rre\" (2003)\n", "BULLET::::- \"La festa\" (2002)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Terranera\" (2001)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Stella 'e matina\" (1999)\n", "BULLET::::- \"A 'nu passo d\"a città\" (1997)\n", "BULLET::::- \"A neve 'e 'o sole\" (1995)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Musicammore\" (1994)\n", "BULLET::::- \"...Tiempo\" (1993)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Bravo ragazzo\" (1992)\n", "BULLET::::- \"...e la vita continua\" (1991)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Amo l'estate\" (1990)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Inseparabili\" (1989)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Il cammino dell'amore\" (1988)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Le canzoni che cantava mammà\" (1988)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Cose di cuore\" (1987)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Fotografando l'amore\" (1986)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Cantautore\" (1986)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Eccomi qua\" (1985)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Nino D'Angelo\" (1984)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Forza campione\" (1983)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Sotto 'e stelle\" (1983)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Un jeans 'e 'na maglietta\" (1982)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Le due facce di Nino D'Angelo:Storia - Core 'e papà\" (1982)\n", "BULLET::::- \"'A discoteca\" (1981)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Celebrità\" (1980)\n", "BULLET::::- \"'A parturente\" (1979)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Nino D'Angelo vol.3\" (1978)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Nino D'Angelo vol.2\" (1977)\n", "BULLET::::- \"'A storia mia ('O Scippo)\" (1976)\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "Italian singer", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q1044154", "wikidata_label": "Nino D'Angelo", "wikipedia_title": "Nino D'Angelo" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Mirai Yamamoto\n", "Mirai Yamamoto (山本未來 \"Yamamoto Mirai\", born 4 November 1974 in Tokyo, Japan) is a Japanese actress. Her father is Kansai Yamamoto. She is a left hander. She is married to Kippei Shiina.\n", "Section::::Filmography.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Mikeneko Holmes no Suiri\" (1996)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Fuyajo\" (1998)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Who Am I?\" (1998)\n", "BULLET::::- \"39 Keiho dai Sanjukyu jô\" (1999)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Mr. Rookie\" (2002)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Kagami no Onnatachi\" (2002)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Hotaru no Hoshi\" (2003)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Jigoku Kozo\" (2004)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Exte\" (2007)\n", "BULLET::::- \"2001 no otoko un\" (Fuji TV, 2001)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Kaidan Hyaku Monogatari\" (Fuji TV, 2002)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Taiho Shichauzo\" (TV Asahi, 2002, ep2)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Aibou\" (TV Asahi, 2002)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Sky High\" (TV Asahi, 2003, ep6)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Tsubasa no Oreta Tenshitachi\" (Fuji TV, 2006)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Taiyo no Uta\" (TBS, 2006)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Akai Ito\" (Fuji TV, 2008)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Otomen\" (2009 TV series) as Asuka's mother\n", "BULLET::::- \"Tsubasa\" (NHK, 2009)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Hanazakari no Kimitachi e 2011\" as Io Nanba\n", "BULLET::::- \"Ultraman Ginga S\" as Queen Kisara\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Official profile at Teatro de Poche\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Johann Nestroy\n", "Johann Nepomuk Eduard Ambrosius Nestroy (7 December 1801 – 25 May 1862) was a singer, actor and playwright in the popular Austrian tradition of the Biedermeier period and its immediate aftermath.\n", "Section::::Career.\n", "Nestroy was born in Vienna, where he was a law student from 1817 to 1822, before abandoning his studies to become a singer. He joined the Theater am Kärntnertor, beginning with Sarastro in \"The Magic Flute\" on 24 August 1822. After a year of singing in Vienna, he went to Amsterdam where he appeared in baritone roles for two years at the local German Theatre. From 1825 to 1831 he accepted engagements to sing and act in Brünn, Graz, Pressburg, Klagenfurt, Vienna and Lemberg. He then returned to his native Vienna and started to write and continued to perform.\n", "Nestroy's career as a playwright was an immediate success: his 1833 play \"Der böse Geist Lumpazivagabundus\" was a major hit. He soon became a leading figure in Austrian culture and society. Nestroy succeeded Ferdinand Raimund as the leading actor-dramatist on the Volkstheater, the Viennese commercial stage or 'people's theatre'.\n", "Whereas Raimund concentrated on romantic and magical fantasies, Nestroy used comedy for parody and criticism. Working at the time of conservative minister Klemens von Metternich, he had to carefully draft his plays to skirt the strict censorship in place. His interest in word play was legendary, and his characters often mixed Viennese German with less-than-successful attempts at more \"educated\" speech. Music held an important role in his work, with songs elaborating the theme or helping on with the plot.\n", "Nestroy wrote nearly eighty comedies between the 1830s and the 1850s. Among the most important were ', ', ' (made into the 1939 musical comedy \"Titus macht Karriere\" by Edmund Nick), \"Einen Jux will er sich machen\" (translated as \"On the Razzle\" by Tom Stoppard in 1981) and ', all of which were marked by social criticism and biting satire. He died in Graz, Austria.\n", "Section::::Works.\n", "Nestroy remained a singer all his life, and virtually all his plays include music. He worked closely with a relatively small number of composers: , who set 41 of Nestroy's texts between 1832 and 1847, Michael Hebenstreit, who set 10 works from 1843 to 1850, , who set seven from 1851 to 1859, as well as , Franz Roser, Carl Franz Stenzel, and Andreas Skutta.\n", "Most of his works were designated as some form of \"Posse\" or farce, and of these the majority were \"Possen mit Gesang\" (i.e. 'with singing'). He also produced a number of parodies, both of operas (including \"Cendrillion\"\", \"La Cenerentola\", \"Lohengrin\", \"Martha\", \"Robert le diable\", \"Tannhäuser\" and \"Zampa\") and dramas (including Karl von Holtei's \"Lorbeerbaum und Bettelstab\" and Raupach's \"Robert der Teufel\"). In addition he wrote four Quodlibets, two Burlesken, a Travestie and finally an Operette using music by Jacques Offenbach.\n", "His early works were performed in Graz and Pressburg, then from 1832 to 1846 he worked exclusively at the Theater an der Wien, where 45 of his plays were premiered. After two productions at the Theater in der Leopoldstadt, he moved to the Carltheater from 1847 to 1859, where another 20 were performed.\n", "Section::::Legacy.\n", "About half of Nestroy's works have been revived by the modern German-speaking theatres and many are part and parcel of today's Viennese repertoire. However, few have ever been translated into English. Only one, \"Einen Jux will er sich machen\", has become well known to English-speaking theatregoers. It has become a classic more than once. It was first adapted as Thornton Wilder's \"The Matchmaker\" (which later became the musical \"Hello, Dolly!\") and later achieved success as \"On the Razzle\", which was translated by Stephen Plaice and adapted by Tom Stoppard.\n", "Nestroy has a square—Nestroyplatz—named after him in Vienna, as well as a station on Line 1 of the Vienna U-Bahn, which opened in 1979. When the Reichsbrücke had to be rebuilt after its collapse in 1976, the tender was won by a consortium named \"Project Johann Nestroy\". The official name of the newly built bridge is probably \"Johann Nestroy Brücke\", but that name doesn't seem to have any currency.\n", "One of the most important German speaking theatre awards is named after Nestroy. The is an annual award for primarily Austrian theatre with Oscar-like categories. Its ceremony is held in Vienna and broadcast live on national television.\n", "The Austrian illustrator and painter adapted Nestroy's play \"Der Talisman\" for a graphic novel of the same name.\n", "Section::::References.\n", "BULLET::::- Branscombe, Peter (1992), \"Nestroy, Johann Nepomuk\" in \"The New Grove Dictionary of Opera\", ed. Stanley Sadie (London)\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Internationales Nestroy Zentrum (in German)\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "Johann Nepomuk Eduard Ambrosius Nestroy" ] }, "description": "austrian dramatic, actor and singer", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q44862", "wikidata_label": "Johann Nestroy", "wikipedia_title": "Johann Nestroy" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Joe Preston (bassist)\n", "Joe Preston (born 1969) is an American rock music bassist and a former band member of Earth, Melvins, Men's Recovery Project, The Need and High on Fire. Preston has also played with Sunn O))), and has a solo project called Thrones. In 2007, he joined Harvey Milk in the studio for the recording of \"Life... The Best Game in Town\" and toured with them during their 2008 US and European tours. He is the uncle of actor Dominic Janes.\n", "Section::::Discography.\n", "Section::::Discography.:Earth.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Extra-Capsular Extraction\" (1991 Sub Pop)\n", "BULLET::::- \"10 1990\"\n", "BULLET::::- \"Sunn Amps and Smashed Guitars\" (1995 No Quarter)\n", "Section::::Discography.:Melvins.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Salad of a Thousand Delights\" VHS (1991 Box Dog Video)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Lysol\" CD/LP (1992 Boner Records)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Night Goat\" single (1992 Amphetamine Reptile Records)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Joe Preston\" CD/EP (1992 Boner Records)\n", "Section::::Discography.:Thrones.\n", "BULLET::::- Untitled demo cassette (1994 Punk In My Vitamins? Records)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Alraune\" CD (1996 The Communion Label)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Suckling\" 7\" (1995 Kill Rock Stars)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Reddleman\" 7\" (1999 Punk In My Vitamins? Records)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Senex\" 7\" (1995 Soda Girl Records)\n", "BULLET::::- Split 7\" with Behead the Prophet, No Lord Shall Live (1999 Voice of the Sky Records)\n", "BULLET::::- \"White Rabbit\" 12\" EP (1999 Kill Rock Stars)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Sperm Whale\" 12\" EP (2000 Kill Rock Stars)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Sperm Whale/White Rabbit\" CD (2000 Kill Rock Stars)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Day Late, Dollar Short\" compilation CD (2005 Southern Lord Records)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Late For Dinner 7\"\" (2010 Conspiracy Records)\n", "Section::::Discography.:Harvey Milk.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Life... The Best Game in Town\" (2008 Hydra Head Records)\n", "Section::::Discography.:The Need.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Jacky O' Lantern\" 7\" single (1997 Outpunk Records)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Need\" CD/LP (1997 Chainsaw Records)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Need w/Joe Preston & DJ Zena\" 10\" EP (1998 Up Records)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Need Is Dead\" CD (2000 Chainsaw Records)\n", "Section::::Discography.:Men's Recovery Project.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Grappling With the Homonids\" CD/LP (1998 Vermiform Records)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Resist The New Way\" CD/LP (1999 Vermiform Records)\n", "Section::::Discography.:Sunn O))).\n", "BULLET::::- \"White1\" CD/2xLP (2003 Southern Lord Records)\n", "BULLET::::- \"White2\" CD/2xLP (2004 Southern Lord Records)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Altar\" (collaboration with Boris, CD 2006, 2xCD ltd. 5000 2006, 3xLP 2007 Southern Lord Records)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Oracle\" 2xCD/LP (2007 Southern Lord Records) (appears on \"Belülrol Pusztít\" playing Jackhammer)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Monoliths & Dimensions\" CD/2xLP (2006 Southern Lord Records) (Male choir)\n", "Section::::Discography.:High on Fire.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Blessed Black Wings\" (2005 Relapse Records)\n", "BULLET::::- Split with Ruins 7\"/comic book (2005 Skin Graft Records/Relapse Records)\n", "Section::::Discography.:Witchypoo.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Public Works\" CD/LP (5 Rue Christine)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Everybody Looks Good in a Helmet\" CD/LP (Kill Rock Stars)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Pitching Woo\" CD (Vermiform Records)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Witchypoo Salutes the Space Program\" 7\" (Vermiform Records)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Olympia Must Die\" 7\" (Thin the Herd Records)\n", "Section::::Discography.:Other.\n", "BULLET::::- C-Average – \"C-Average\" CD/LP ( Kill Rock Stars)\n", "BULLET::::- Godheadsilo – \"The Scientific Supercake\" CD/LP ( Kill Rock Stars)\n", "BULLET::::- Godheadsilo – \"Skyward in Triumph\" CD/LP\n", "BULLET::::- Godheadsilo – \"Booby Trap\" 7\"\n", "BULLET::::- Godheadsilo – \"Thee Friendship Village\" EP\n", "BULLET::::- The Hoodwinks – \"Stab, Stab, Stab\" CD/LP ( Thin the Herd Records)\n", "BULLET::::- Loud Machine 0.5 – \"Loud Machine 0.5\" 7\" ( Yoyo Records)\n", "BULLET::::- Snakepit – \"Wait\" b/w \"Disease\" 7\" ( Self Release)\n", "BULLET::::- Snakepit – \"Waste\" b/w \"Million\" 7\" (Self Release)\n", "BULLET::::- Sue P. Fox – \"Light Matches, Spark Lives\" CD/LP ( Kill Rock Stars)\n", "BULLET::::- Superconductor – Touring bassist\n", "BULLET::::- The Whip – \"Freelance Liaison\" b/w \"Sheep and Goat\" 7\" ( Wantage Records)\n", "BULLET::::- Joe Preston and Daniel Menche - \"Cerberic Doxology\" ( Anthem Records)\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "Bass guitarist", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q957289", "wikidata_label": "Joe Preston", "wikipedia_title": "Joe Preston (bassist)" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Mary Dimmick Harrison\n", "Mary Dimmick Harrison (April 30, 1858 – January 5, 1948) was the second wife of the 23rd United States president Benjamin Harrison. She was nearly 25 years younger than Harrison, and was the niece of his first wife.\n", "Section::::Biography.\n", "Born in Honesdale, Pennsylvania, as Mary Scott Lord, she was the daughter of Russell Farnham Lord, chief engineer of the Delaware and Hudson Canal (later known as the Delaware and Hudson Railway), and his wife Elizabeth Mayhew Scott.\n", "On October 22, 1881, she married Walter Erskine Dimmick (July 4, 1856 – January 14, 1882), a son of the attorney-general of Pennsylvania and brother of future Scranton mayor J. Benjamin Dimmick. He died three months after their marriage, leaving her a widow at age 23. A niece of Caroline Harrison, she in 1889 moved into the White House to serve as assistant to the First Lady. Sometime after Mrs. Harrison's death in 1892, the former president and Mrs. Dimmick fell in love and late in 1895 announced their engagement.\n", "At age 37, she married the former president, aged 62, on April 6, 1896, at St. Thomas Protestant Episcopal Church in New York City. Harrison's grown children from his first marriage, horrified at the news, did not attend the wedding. Harrison's vice president, Levi P. Morton, and several former cabinet members were among the three dozen guests; former navy secretary Benjamin F. Tracy was best man. Without a honeymoon, the couple settled in Indianapolis.\n", "Together, the Harrisons had one daughter:\n", "BULLET::::- Elizabeth (Harrison) Walker (1897–1955), a lawyer. Born in Indianapolis, she graduated from New York University School of Law in 1919. In 1922, she married James Blaine Walker, grandnephew of her father's secretary of state James G. Blaine. She was founder and publisher of \"Cues on the News\", an investment newsletter for women. Their daughter, Mary Jane Walker, married Newell Garfield, a grandson of Interior Secretary James Rudolph Garfield, and great-grandson of President James Garfield.\n", "The Harrisons traveled widely: to Venezuela, where Harrison played a role in settling a boundary dispute, and to the First Peace Conference at The Hague in 1899. Benjamin Harrison died on March 13, 1901. Mrs. Harrison survived the former president by nearly half a century. Arden Davis Melick reveals that \"Mary Dimmick Harrison established The Benjamin Harrison Memorial Home in Indianapolis, Indiana.\" On September 1, 1914, Mary and her seventeen-year-old daughter Elizabeth returned from Europe upon the outbreak of war aboard the SS \"Ryndam\".\n", "She died of asthma in New York City on January 5, 1948. She was buried in Indianapolis, Indiana in Crown Hill Cemetery.\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- President Benjamin Harrison House\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Marcel Masse\n", "Marcel Masse, (May 27, 1936 – August 25, 2014) was a Canadian politician. He served as a Quebec MLA, federal MP and federal cabinet minister.\n", "Section::::Biography.\n", "Section::::Biography.:Background.\n", "Masse was educated at the Université de Montréal and pursued graduate work in Paris. He worked as a high school teacher in Joliette, Quebec from 1962 to 1966.\n", "Section::::Biography.:Provincial politics.\n", "In the 1966 Quebec provincial election, he was elected to the Quebec legislative assembly in the riding of Montcalm as a member of the Union Nationale (UN), a conservative political party. He served as a minister in the governments of Quebec premiers Daniel Johnson (1966–1968) and Jean-Jacques Bertrand (1968–1970).\n", "Masse was re-elected in 1970. He was a leadership candidate at the party convention of 1971, but lost by 21 votes. He left the Union Nationale to sit as an independent until his term expired in 1973. In 1974, Masse was hired by the engineering firm Lavalin as an administrator.\n", "Section::::Biography.:Federal politics.\n", "He attempted to win a seat in the House of Commons of Canada as a Progressive Conservative candidate, but was defeated in the 1974 and 1980 federal elections. He was elected as Member of Parliament for Frontenac in the 1984 election that brought Brian Mulroney and the Tories to power.\n", "Prime Minister Mulroney appointed Masse to the position of Minister of Communications. Masse resigned from the Canadian Cabinet on September 25, 1985, during an investigation by the Royal Canadian Mounted Police of alleged overspending during his election campaign. He returned to Cabinet on November 30 after being cleared of any wrongdoing.\n", "As Communications Minister, Masse was responsible for Canada's cultural policy. He argued against measures that would undermine the country's cultural sovereignty during negotiations leading to the Canada–United States Free Trade Agreement. He was moved out of the Communications portfolio to that of Minister of Energy in 1986 when it appeared to Mulroney that Masse might be an obstacle to the free trade negotiations. Masse was moved back to Communications following the 1988 election and the implementation of the Free Trade Agreement.\n", "In 1991, Masse became Minister of National Defence. He resigned from cabinet in January 1993 along with a number of other ministers who were not intending to run in the 1993 election.\n", "Section::::Biography.:Retirement.\n", "Since leaving federal politics Masse, a moderate Quebec nationalist, has served in a number of positions under the \"Parti Québécois\" governments of Jacques Parizeau and Lucien Bouchard. He was head of one of fourteen regional committees that held public hearings on Quebec independence in 1995 in the run up to the 1995 Quebec referendum on sovereignty. He served as president of the \"Conseil de la langue française du Québec\" in 1995, and as Quebec's delegate-general in France from 1996 to 1997. He has also served as chair of the \"Commission des biens culturels du Québec\".\n", "In 1995, he was made an Officer of the National Order of Quebec. In 1989, he was made a Commander of the Order of La Pléiade and an Officer of the Legion of Honour in 1999. He is also a Commander of the Ordre des Palmes Académiques.\n", "Section::::Biography.:Death.\n", "Masse died on August 25, 2014. Circumstances of his death were not immediately disclosed.\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Phan Bội Châu\n", "Phan Bội Châu (; 26 December 1867 – 29 October 1940) was a pioneer of Vietnamese 20th century nationalism. In 1903, he formed a revolutionary organization called the “Reformer\"(\"Duy Tân hội\"). From 1905 to 1908, he lived in Japan where he wrote political tracts calling for the independence of Vietnam from French colonial rule. After being forced to leave Japan, he moved to China where he was influenced by Sun Yat-sen. He formed a new group called the “Vietnamese Restoration League” (\"Việt Nam Quang Phục Hội\"), modeled after Sun Yat-sen's republican party. In 1925, French agents seized him in Shanghai. He was convicted of treason and spent the rest of his life under house arrest in Huế.\n", "Section::::Aliases.\n", "During his career, Phan used several pen names, including Sào Nam (巢南), Thị Hán (是漢), Độc Kinh Tử, Việt Điểu, and Hàn Mãn Tử.\n", "Section::::Early years.\n", "Phan was born as Phan Văn San (潘文珊) in the village of Dan Nhiem, Nam Hoa commune, Nam Đàn District of the northern central province of Nghệ An. His father, Phan Văn Phổ, descended from a poor family of scholars, who had always excelled academically. He spent his first three years in Sa Nam, his mother's village, before the family moved to another village, Đan Nhiễm, his father's home village, also in Nam Đàn District. Until Phan was five, his father was typically away from home, teaching in other villages, so his mother raised him and taught him to recite passages from the \"Classic of Poetry\", from which he absorbed Confucian ethics and virtues.\n", "When Phan was five, his father returned home and he began attending his father's classes, where he studied the Chinese classics, such as the \"Three Character Classic\", which took him just three days to memorize. As a result of his ability to learn quickly, his father decided to move him to further Confucian texts, such as the \"Analects\", which he practiced on banana leaves. In his autobiography, Phan admitted he did not understand the meaning of the text in great detail at the time, but by age six, he was skillful enough to write a variant of the \"Analects\" that parodied his classmates, which earned him a caning from his father.\n", "At the time, the central region of Vietnam where the family lived was still under the sovereignty of Emperor Tự Đức, but the southern part of the country had gradually been colonised in the 1860s and turned into the colony of Cochinchina. In 1874, an attack on Hanoi forced Tự Đức to sign a treaty to open up the Red River for French trade. In Nam Đàn District, a \"Binh Tây\" (\"Pacify the French\") movement sprung among the local scholar-gentry, and Phan responded at the age of seven by playing \"Binh Tây\" with his classmates, using “guns” made of bamboo tubes and lychee bullets. The unrest was enough to prompt the imperial court to bring in troops to quell the opposition to Huế's deal with the French. Phan's family was not affected by the crackdown, but the movement had a deep impact on him. Later in life, he noted that as a youth, “I was endowed with a fiery spirit. From the days when I was a small child … every time I read the stories of those in the past who were ready to die for the righteous cause, tears would come running from my eyes, soaking the books.”\n", "When Phan was thirteen, his father sent him to another teacher with a better reputation. Since the family lacked the money for Phan to travel far away, he studied with a local \"cử nhân\" graduate who was able to borrow a range of books from wealthier families in the area. In 1883, the French finished the colonization of Vietnam by conquering the northern part of Vietnam, and the country was incorporated into French Indochina. Phan drafted an appeal for \"putting down the French and retrieving the North\" (\"Binh Tây thu Bắc\"). He posted the anonymous appeal calling for the formation of local resistance units at intervals along the main road, but there were no responses and the proclamations were soon torn down. Phan realized no one would listen to a person without the social status ensured by passing mandarin examinations.\n", "In 1884, his mother died and his aging father was growing weaker, forcing Phan to help support the family. In 1885, the Cần Vương movement began its uprising against French rule, hoping to install the boy Emperor Hàm Nghi as the ruler of an independent Vietnam by expelling colonial forces. The imperial entourage fled the palace in Huế and attempted to start the uprising from a military base in Nghệ An. The scholar gentry of the province rose up, and Phan attempted to rally approximately 60 classmates who were prospective examination candidates to join in the uprising. Phan called his new unit the \"Army of Loyalist Examination Candidates\" (\"Si tu Can Vuong Doi\") and convinced an older \"cử nhân\" graduate to act as its commander. They had just begun to collect money and raw materials to make \"ad hoc\" weapons when a French patrol attacked the village and scattered the students. Phan's father forced him to seek out the commander to have the membership list destroyed to avoid French retributions.\n", "With his father growing weaker, Phan decided to keep a low profile to avoid trouble with the French colonials so that he could support his family. He did so by teaching and writing, while still continually preparing for examinations. During this time, he quietly acquired books on military strategy by the likes of Sun Tzu and Đào Duy Từ, the military strategist of the Nguyễn lords who stopped the Trịnh lords with a defensive wall, and Trần Hưng Đạo, the military commander of the Trần Dynasty who repelled Mongol invasions of Vietnam in the 13th century. Phan cultivated a small number of his students whom he identified as having abundant pro-independence sentiments. He enthusiastically received visits from Cần Vương visitors and passed on their tales to his students, particularly those concerning Phan Đình Phùng, who led the Cần Vương effort.\n", "Phan failed the regional mandarin exams for a number of years in a row. By the time he was 30, he traveled to Huế to teach, to \"improve his contacts\" and to obtain some special tutoring in preparation for his next exam attempt. In Huế, Phan quickly made friends with similar political values and beliefs. One friend, Nguyễn Thượng Hiền, introduced him to the unpublished writings of Nguyễn Lộ Trạch, a Vietnamese activist/reformist. This was Phan's first encounter with the Self-Strengthening Movement in China and other major political and military reforms made around the world. After returning to Nghệ An in 1900, Phan passed the regional mandarin exams with the highest possible honors.\n", "Section::::Marriage and family.\n", "At the age of 22, Phan married Thái Thị Huyên, who was from the same village. The union had long been arranged by their parents, who were acquaintances. Phan was the only son in the family, and his wife initially did not bear him any children, so she arranged for him to be married to a second wife so that the family line could be continued. This practice was not uncommon in Confucian families of the time. His second wife bore him a son and daughter, and his first wife later bore him another son.\n", "When Phan passed the regional examinations in 1900, he was eligible to become a public servant. However, Phan had no intention of pursuing such a career and only wanted the qualification to increase his \"gravitas\" in rallying anti-colonial action. With his father dying in the same year, Phan had no more family obligations, and decided to travel abroad to pursue his revolutionary activities. Phan served divorce papers on his wife so she would avoid retribution from colonial authorities for his activities.\n", "Phan met with his wife only once more following the divorce: when he was pardoned and released from Hỏa Lò Prison more than two decades later. He was then sent to a loose form of house arrest in Huế and the train stopped at Vinh, Nghệ An, Vietnam. On the way, his wife said, “I am very happy. From now on, my only wish is that you will hold to your initial aspiration. Do whatever you like, and do not worry about your wife and children.” While Phan was living out his final years, his children and their families came to visit him, but never his wife. When she died, she instructed her children not to tell Phan so as to not distract him.\n", "Section::::Activism in Vietnam.\n", "Phan spent the first five years of the 20th century living in Huế and traveling the country. Phan drew up a three-step plan to get the French out of Vietnam. First, he would need to organize remnants of the Cần Vương movement and other sympathizers of the cause. Second, he would need to attain support from the Vietnamese imperial family and the bureaucracy, many of whom had already come to grips with French colonial rule. Finally, he would need to obtain foreign aid, from Chinese or Japanese revolutionaries, to finance the revolution.\n", "It was only later that Phan realized that obtaining independence for Vietnam would be much more difficult than expected. He became familiar with the works of famed European thinkers, such as Voltaire, Rousseau and Darwin. Phan was also influenced by the writings of such Chinese Confucianists as Liang Qichao and Kang Youwei. The European and Chinese works, which had only entered Vietnamese circles a few years later, opened Phan's mind to more expansive thought regarding the struggle for freedom of his people. Liang's \"Hsin-min ts'ung-pao\" (\"The Renovation of the People\") influenced Phan's revolutionary ideas and beliefs, as it criticized the Chinese government and proclaimed that the Chinese people's consciousness needed to be awakened to further the country into the modern era.\n", "Kang, one of the major thinkers that influenced Phan, took the idea of Social Darwinism and discussed the survival of the fittest concept as it applied to nations and ethnic groups. He described the dire outcomes that would face China if the country did not embark on a series of reforms, similar to those faced by the Ottoman Empire and colonial India. He believed that reforms made by Peter the Great and Emperor Meiji were excellent examples of the political restructuring that needed to take place to save China. From Kang's work, Phan realized why Emperor Tự Đức's decision to ignore Nguyễn Trường Tộ's proposed modernization reforms had led to the downfall of Vietnam and had allowed for French rule in Vietnam.\n", "Phan continued to seek support from the scholar-gentry and the bureaucracy serving the French, before shifting his focus to obtaining support from members of the imperial family. Phan had moved to Huế, claiming that he was preparing for the metropolitan imperial examinations, but in actuality, he planned on drumming up support among the various factions of royal family. Phan traveled to Quảng Nam to meet with Nguyễn Thành, a contemporary anti-colonial revolutionary activist who was involved in the Cần Vương movement. Thành suggested that a royal associate of his, Tôn Thất Toại, could help lead the revolution. Phan rejected the offer, but took Thành's advice to seek support from direct descendants of Emperor Gia Long, the founder of the Nguyễn Dynasty. These direct descendants were still highly respected by wealthy Mekong Delta landowners who Phan hoped would raise the bulk of the money needed to finance the revolution.\n", "Section::::Prince Cường Để and the Vietnam Modernization Association.\n", "By the spring of 1903, Phan had found a perfect candidate to lead the revolution: Prince Cường Để, a direct descendant of Gia Long's eldest son, Canh. Để's descendants had long been dissociated from the emperor and his family since the early 19th century. Để's father was personally sought by Phan Đình Phùng to take Hàm Nghi's place and lead a popular revolt against the French in the 1880s, but he declined. By 1894, he suggested that his son, then 12 years old, could be the new face of the revolution. This plan was never executed as Phung died in January 1896. Cường Để changed the course of his life and began studying history, economics and geography and thought admiringly of the heroic achievements of Trần Hưng Đạo, Zhuge Liang, Toyotomi Hideyoshi, Saigō Takamori, Cavour, Otto von Bismarck, George Washington, and Abraham Lincoln.\n", "After getting Cường Để to support the revolutionary cause, Phan wrote his first significant work, \"Luu Cau Huyet Le Tan Thu\" (\"Letter from the Ryukyus Written in Tears of Blood\"). He argued that independence in Vietnam could only be achieved \"through a transformation and revitalization of national character\". The book was moderately successful amongst the Vietnamese populaces and received attention from other nationalists like Phan Chu Trinh. However, many mandarins were reluctant to publicly support Phan's ideas, and as a result, he came to realize that he couldn't rely on the bureaucratic elite to support his cause.\n", "Phan created the Việt Nam Duy Tân Hội (Vietnam Modernization Association) in 1904; Cường Để led the association as its president, while Phan served as general secretary. Despite its growing member base, Duy Tân Hội struggled financially. Phan had hoped to obtain financial assistance from China, but the country was forced to abandon its suzerain relationship with Vietnam after the 1884–85 Sino-French War. Phan and Cường Để decided to seek aid from Japan, which had recently won a war against Russia, had successfully imposed reforms and seemed more inclined to help out revolutionaries in a nearby Asian country. Phan was selected to visit Japan to secure the funds needed to sustain Duy Tân Hội. Phan did not speak Japanese and had no contacts in Japan, so he sought help from Liang Qichao, who was living in Japan since being exiled years earlier.\n", "Liang introduced Phan to many prominent politicians, including Ōkuma Shigenobu, a well-liked statesman who had previously served as Prime Minister of Japan for a few months in 1898. Phan asked Okuma for financial assistance to fund the activities of Vietnamese revolutionaries. In his letter to Okuma, Phan stated that Japan should be obligated to help Vietnam since both countries were of the \"same race, same culture, and same continent\". Japan could also promote its interests in Vietnam and prevent French and Russian expansion into China. However, Phan was unsuccessful in procuring aid from the Japanese. The Japanese government did not want to damage its own relationship with France, while opposition party members promised financial aid to Vietnamese students wishing to study in Japan, but also advised Phan not to start a revolutionary movement until Japan was more willing to help the cause.\n", "In Guangxi and Guangdong, the Vietnamese revolutionaries arranged alliances with the Kuomintang by marrying Vietnamese women to Chinese officers. Their children were at an advantage since they could speak both languages and they worked as agents for the revolutionaries and spread revolutionary ideologies across borders. This intermarriage between Chinese and Vietnamese was viewed with alarm by the French. Phan's revolutionary network practiced this extensively; additionally, Chinese merchants also married Vietnamese women, and provided funds and help.\n", "Section::::Early writings.\n", "Frustrated by the Japanese response, Phan turned to Liang, who explained to Phan it was naïve to expect financial assistance from the Japanese. The Vietnamese people would have to look only within Vietnam for support and financial backing. Liang told Phan that he could best serve the cause by writing and distributing pamphlets advocating for the revolution to rally support from the Vietnamese and others abroad. Phan took Liang's advice very seriously and immediately began to publish materials to obtain support for the revolutionary cause.\n", "These writings, perhaps the most widely recognized of Phan's works, include: \"Viet Nam Vong Quoc Su\" (\"History of the Loss of Vietnam\"), \"Tan Viet Nam\" (\"New Vietnam\"), \"Ai Viet Dieu Dien\" (\"A Lament for Vietnam and Yunnan\"), \"Hai Ngoai Huyet Thu\" (\"Letter from Abroad Written in Blood\"), \"Viet Nam Quoc Su Khao\" (\"An Outline History of Vietnam\"), and \"Ai Viet Dieu Dien\" (\"A Lament for Vietnam and Yunnan\"). All were initially written in Chinese and then translated to Vietnamese, upon which they were smuggled into Vietnam. These works, most notably \"Viet Nam Vong Quoc Su\", were critical in intensifying the nationalist fervor in the country.\n", "Section::::Early writings.:\"Việt Nam vong quốc sử\".\n", "Liang published Phan's 1905 work \"Việt Nam vong quốc sử\" (History of the Loss of Vietnam) and intended to distribute it in China and abroad, but also to smuggle it into Vietnam. Phan wanted to rally people to support the cause for Vietnamese independence; the work is regarded as one of the most important books in the history of Vietnam's anticolonialism movement. The book helped revive the name \"Vietnam\", which was not commonly used at the time.\n", "The book is noted for its negative assessment of the response of the Nguyễn Dynasty in the 19th century to the colonial challenges facing Vietnam and the failure to modernize, with the Nguyễn instead turning to ultra-orthodox conservative Confucianism. The book presents strident and emotive memorials to the key figures of the Can Vuong movement of the late 1880s and early 1890s, led by mandarins such as Tôn Thất Thuyết and Phan Đình Phùng, who led guerrillas against the French. The Cần Vương attempted to overthrow the French rule and establish the boy emperor Hàm Nghi as the ruler of an independent Vietnam. The book also analyzes the French social and economic policies in Vietnam, which it regards as oppression. In the book, Phan argues for the establishment of a nationwide pro-independence front with seven factions or interested groups with a specific motivation to fight the French colonial authorities.\n", "The book is written in a style that differed from the prevailing writing technique and structure of the scholar gentry of the time. The scholar gentry under the Confucian education system fostered by the classical imperial examinations were molded by their study and memorization of classical Chinese poetry and literature. As such, the literary style tended to be poetic, indirect and metaphorical, relying on allusions and imagery to depict an idea. Phan eschewed this traditional style to write in a direct, ordinary prose style, especially in his analytical and argumentative sections. The book precipitated a new style of writing among scholar gentry revolutionaries, who later tended to use a more direct style.\n", "The book created a reaction in China, sparking follow-up essays by Chinese writers who were taken aback by the Phan's description of Vietnamese life under French colonial rule. It generated gloomy pieces by Chinese writers who predicted that their nation would suffer a similar fate if they failed to modernize. One such Chinese response later became a teaching text at the Tonkin Free School in Hanoi, a school run by Phan's contemporaries to promote the independence movement. However, Phan did not receive much of a reaction in terms of aid towards his independence efforts, since the book made Chinese readers worry about their own future. The book had a much better reception among Vietnamese readers. Phan and a colleague, Đặng Tử Kính, left Japan for the first time in August 1905, carrying 50 copies of the book that were to distributed throughout Vietnam, of which further copies were made inside the country. Phan's direct writing style, without the use of allegories, upset traditionalists but made the book more accessible to literate people who had not been trained in classical literature.\n", "Section::::Đông-Du Movement.\n", "In 1905, the Vietnam Modernization Association agreed to send Phan to Japan to get Japanese military assistance or weapons. The \"Duy Tan Hoi\" had turned more radical after Japan's victory over Russia led to the popular belief that Japan would soon turn its attention to ridding Asia of the western imperialist powers in general. However, Phan soon realised that Japanese military aid would not be possible, and turned his attention to using Japan as a base to train and educate young Vietnamese students, by starting the \"Dong Du\" (Visit the East) Society. The number of Vietnamese students sent to Japan for training peaked at 200 in 1908. However, due to pressure from the French government, especially after the signing of the Franco-Japanese Treaty of 1907, Japan declared Phan to be persona non grata and expelled him in 1909.\n", "Section::::After Đông-Du.\n", "In 1909, after being deported from Japan, Phan went to Hong Kong with Cường Để. There, he made plans to raise money and bring to Thailand the Vietnamese students who had studied in Japan, but had now been dispersed. He had previously had the foresight to establish a base in Thailand.\n", "But instead he received news of an armed uprising in Vietnam, led by Hoang Ha Tam. So he assembled his comrades in Hong Kong, and sent two people to Japan to buy 500 of the Arisaka Type 30 rifles. But after buying the weapons to support the uprising with, they could not afford to hire a ship to smuggle the rifles into Vietnam. So, in July, Phan went to Thailand to ask their government to help with the smuggling. The foreign minister refused, since it would be a major diplomatic incident with France if it leaked out. So he had to return to Hong Kong and wait for the money needed for smuggling. The money never arrived, and news arrived that his fundraising organiser was dead, and that the uprising was going badly. Phan donated 480 of the rifles to the forces of Sun Yat-sen. He then tried to smuggle the remaining 20 of the rifles via Thailand, disguised as first-class luggage. This attempt failed. He spent the first half of 1910 begging on the street, selling his books, and spending all his money getting drunk at the pub. This went on until he met an elderly woman, Phan Po-Lin, who took the entire movement into her house. Funds arrived and he planned to move to Thailand. He arrived in Thailand in November 1910, and all his students and followers who could, took up farming there. \n", "Section::::Vietnam Restoration League.\n", "The Wuchang Uprising occurred in China on 10 October 1911. It quickly spread and declared itself the Republic of China. This greatly inspired Phan, since he had many friends among the Chinese revolutionaries. Phan thought this new regime would fix all that was wrong with the old China, and unite with Japan to defeat the Europeans and build a strong Asia. Leaving the farm in the hands of his comrades, he went to China to visit his friends there. \n", "The old Vietnam Modernization Association had become worthless, with its members scattered. A new organization needed to be formed, with a new agenda inspired by the Chinese revolution. A large meeting was held in late March 1912. They agreed to form a new group, the Vietnam Restoration League. Cường Để was made president and chairman; Phan was vice-president.\n", "People voted to campaign for democracy instead of a monarchy, despite strong objections of people from southern Vietnam. The organization's sole purpose was to kick out the French and establish a democratic republic. However they had no funds and had great difficulty getting revolutionary leaflets into Vietnam. Also, the new Chinese government was too busy and would not help the movement with anything other than allowing Vietnamese comrades into its education and training system. The Vietnam Restoration League came up with a proposed flag design. Previously, Vietnam never had a flag, only banners to represent royalty. Their flag idea had 5 five-pointed stars, arranged in a square with a star in the middle. It symbolized the five regions of Vietnam. The national flag had red stars on a yellow background, and the military flag had a red background with white stars. The yellow represented their race, the red represented fire which represented their location to the south of China (see I Ching), and the white represented the metal of their weapons. They also created a book on military strategy and regulations for their army. They even printed their own currency, which they agreed to honour when, or rather \"if\", they attained power. If they won they could easily pay people back, and if they lost it wouldn't cost them anything. The \"money\" was printed in a similar way to the Chinese paper notes. \n", "They also formed an organisation called the Association for the Revitalization of China. It was dedicated to getting support from China for independence movements in smaller Asian countries, starting with Vietnam of course. Using a medical centre as a front, and a fancy office they managed to create the false impression that they were a huge successful organisation. They got hundreds of people to join, and sold a huge amount of their made-up currency. They changed some of the leadership positions of the \"Vietnam Restoration League\" to allow the Chinese to take part. However, they could not get enough money to buy more weapons until they had proved themselves with a military attack of some sort. Everyone said they needed something big and explosive because the people of Vietnam were short on patience. So Phan sent five people with a few grenades to the three regions of Vietnam. The grenades they sent to the North were used on a minor target, the governor of Thái Bình province, two officers and a French restaurateur. They were meant to be used at the mandarin examinations when all the officials would be gathered. Those they sent to the centre via Thailand did not make it to Vietnam at the time, and they had to throw their grenades away. Those that they sent to the south were used on some Vietnamese. The attacks in the North enraged the French, and they demanded Phan be arrested, but the Chinese government refused. But the value of Phan's special currency dropped dramatically after the failure. \n", "They had no money, so they decided to trick a pharmaceutical company in Japan into providing lots of expensive drugs for them on credit. They then closed down their medical centre and didn't pay their debt. But their membership slowly dwindled, and the difficulty of getting into Vietnam increased. And changes in the government of their Chinese province made things difficult. And they had to close their office and send their comrades away.\n", "Section::::Vietnam during World War I.\n", "By 1914, Phan was arrested by the Chinese authorities and thrown in jail on suspicion of helping rival Chinese authorities. The intervention of the Chinese minister for the army stopped them from killing him or handing him over to the French, but he was kept in prison for almost four years, until 1917. In prison he wrote many biographies, including his own, and other books. World War I began shortly thereafter. The country remained a member of the French Empire, and many Vietnamese fought in World War I (see Vietnamese Expeditionary Force). \n", "Some 50,000 Vietnamese troops and 50,000 Vietnamese workers were sent to Europe to fight for France in the war, and thousands lost their lives at the Somme and Picardy, near the Belgian coast, and many more in the Middle East. At the time it was referred to Vietnam's \"Baptism of Fire\". More than 30,000 Vietnamese died during the conflict and 60,000 were wounded. The Vietnamese endured additional heavy taxes to help pay for France's war efforts. Numerous anti-colonial revolts occurred in Vietnam during the war, all easily suppressed by the French. \n", "In May 1916, the sixteen-year-old king, Duy Tân, escaped from his palace in order to take part in an uprising of Vietnamese troops organized by Thái Phiên and Trần Cao Vân. The French were informed of the plan and the leaders arrested and executed. Duy Tân was deposed and exiled to Réunion Island in the Indian Ocean. One of the most effective uprisings during this period was in the northern Vietnamese province of Thái Nguyên. Some 300 Vietnamese soldiers revolted and released 200 political prisoners, who, in addition to several hundred local people, they armed. The rebels held the town of Thái Nguyên for several days, hoping for help from Chinese nationalists. None arrived and the French retook the town and hunted down most of the rebels. \n", "While he was in prison, Phan organised some of his comrades to meet with the German government in Thailand. They donated a large amount of money and promised more if a spectacular action could be done in Vietnam against the French. The comrades attempted an action but failed completely, wasting all the money. After his release, Phan travelled to Beijing and to Japan, and then to various parts of China trying to get back into Vietnam. When he eventually got to the border of Yunnan Province and Vietnam, he discovered that World War I was over and his plans of using it to help defeat the French were hopeless. Phan wandered around China for years after this without accomplishing anything significant. He pondered collaborating with the French, who were now ruled by the Socialist Party (France), and he wrote a booklet about why collaboration with the French would be good. He later changed his mind and blamed this thinking on Phan Ba Ngoc, who was assassinated by one of Phan's supporters for being a collaborator with the French. \n", "Literary Chinese was the language used to communicate in Japan and China by Phan Bội Châu.\n", "Section::::Relations with the Socialists.\n", "At the start of 1921, Phan studied Socialism and the Soviet Union in the hope of gaining assistance from the Soviet Union or socialist groups. He translated a book called \"An Account of the Russian Revolution\", by Fuse Katsuji, into Chinese. He then went to Beijing to meet with Soviet representatives Grigori Voitinsky and Lap. Lap said that the Soviet Union would educate, train, and pay for any Vietnamese students Phan wanted to send, provided they would engage in social revolution and teach socialism in Vietnam afterwards. Lap was keen to hear more about the political situation in Vietnam, since Phan was the first Vietnamese revolutionary to come into contact with them. Lap requested Phan write a book in English about the situation, but Phan was unable to do so as he spoke no English. Phan wrote of the Russians: \"One thing I cannot forget is how dignified, courteous, and sincere the Russians appeared to me. Their language and their expression was at times calm, at times vigorous.\" \n", "Section::::Correspondence with Hồ Chí Minh.\n", "In late 1924, Hồ Chí Minh returned to Canton from Moscow. Hồ and Phan corresponded several times about plans for a new organisation Phan was trying to start. Phan had been a friend of Hồ's father and had known Hồ when he was a child. They were interested in meeting each other again, but never got a chance. \n", "Section::::Final capture.\n", "In 1925, Phan arrived in Shanghai on what he thought was a short trip on behalf of his movement. He was to meet with Ho Chi Minh, who at that time used the name Ly Thuy, one of Ho's many aliases. Ho had invited Phan to come to Canton to discuss matters of common interest. Ho was in Canton at the Soviet Embassy, purportedly as a Soviet citizen working as a secretary, translator, and interpreter. In exchange for money, Ho allegedly informed the French police of Phan's imminent arrival. Phan was arrested by French agents and transported back to Hanoi. This is disputed by Sophie Quinn-Judge and Duncan McCargo, who point out that this is a legend made up by anti-communist authors, considering that Lam Duc Thu's reports showed that the French already had all the information they needed from their own spies. Also, according to Quinn-Judge and McCargo, Ho was rapidly gaining adherence from the \"best elements\" of Vietnamese Quoc Dan Dang to his ideas, thus having no motivation to eliminate Phan, who considered Ho more like a successor, rather than a competitor. Thus Ho had plenty reasons to support such a respected activist as a figurehead for his movement.\n", "Phan himself wrote about this event:\n", "When he was transported back to Hanoi, he was held in Hỏa Lò Prison. At first, the French authorities did not release his real name, in order to avoid public disturbances, but it quickly leaked out who he was. A criminal trial followed, with all the charges going back to 1913 when he had been sentenced to death in absentia. The charges included incitement to murder and supplying an offensive weapon used to commit murder in two incidents, which had resulted in the deaths of a Vietnamese governor on 12 April 1913 and of two French majors on 28 April 1913. The court sentenced Phan to penal servitude for life. He was released from prison on 24 December 1925 by Governor General Alexandre Varenne, in response to widespread public protest. He was placed under house arrest in a house in Huế where Nguyễn Bá Trác lived. Trác was a former member of the Đông-Du movement who had become an active collaborator with the French. Guards kept the house under surveillance, so visits by his admirers were a bit inhibited. More public protests against his house arrest caused the authorities to allow him to move to a house which had been organised by his supporters. It was a thatched house divided into three sections and had a medium-sized garden. Here he was able to meet his supporters, his children and his grandchildren. In 1926, when Phan Chu Trinh died, Phan presided over a memorial service for him in Huế. In 1931, he also gave a speech at a rally celebrating the anniversary of the Yen Bai Uprising, during which Lý Tự Trọng shot and killed French secret police officials who might have been there to assassinate him. Phan spent his last fifteen years living a quiet life in Huế. He would often relax by taking boat trips on the Sông Hương (Perfume River). He died on 29 October 1940, about a month after Japan invaded northern Vietnam. Most cities in Vietnam have named major streets after him.\n", "Section::::Works.\n", "BULLET::::- History of the Loss of Vietnam\n", "Section::::References.\n", "Section::::References.:Sources.\n", "BULLET::::- .\n", "BULLET::::- .\n", "BULLET::::- .\n", "BULLET::::- .\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Abidin Dino\n", "Abidin Dino (23 March 1913 – 7 December 1993) was a Turkish artist and a well-known painter.\n", "Section::::Early years.\n", "Dino was born on 23 March 1913 in Istanbul into an art-loving family. He started drawing and painting at a young age influenced by his family. As a child he lived in Geneva, Switzerland and France for several years with his parents, returning to Istanbul in 1925. Dino began his secondary education at the American highschool Robert College of Istanbul, but dropped out to devote himself to painting, drawing and writing. His articles and cartoons were soon being published in newspapers and magazines, and in 1933 he and five other young innovative painters founded the “D Group”, which held several exhibitions of their work. At around the same time, he illustrated Nazım Hikmet’s books of poetry.\n", "In 1933, the Soviet director Sergei Yutkevich, who had made a film about Ankara, invited Dino to the Lenfil Studios in Leningrad, and with Atatürk's encouragement Dino accepted. In Leningrad, he worked as a scenery designer and assistant director at several film studios, and directed a film called \"\"Miners\"\" in Moscow, Kiev and Odessa. Shortly after returning to Turkey, he went to Paris, France where he worked from 1937 to 1939, meeting such famous artists as Gertrude Stein, Tristan Tzara and Picasso.\n", "Following his return to Istanbul again, he participated in the famous \"Harbor Exhibition\", consisting of paintings of the city's dockworkers and fishermen by well-known Turkish painters of the time. The exhibition aroused widespread public interest, and that year Dino was asked to design the Turkish pavilion at the 1939 New York World's Fair. Meanwhile, he published articles and cartoons in several of the foremost magazines of that time, studying a new approach to realism together with his elder brother poet Arif Dino.\n", "During World War II, he did drawings inspired by the conflict, but his treatment of political subjects in wartime incurred official displeasure, and in 1941 the martial law command of Istanbul exiled him and his elder brother to southeastern Anatolia, where their grandfather had been a governor before. These years of exile until 1945 were artistically very productive for Dino. While his young wife Güzin Dino taught French at Adana High School, he worked for a local newspaper, TurkSozu, producing articles and drawings that illustrated with poetic realism of the hard lives and working conditions of agricultural laborers in the region. It was here that he wrote his plays \"\"Bald\"\" and \"\"Heirs\"\", and began doing sculpture. In 1951, he was allowed to leave Turkey. So he went first to Rome, Italy where he stayed nine months, but settled then in Paris in 1952. \n", "Section::::Paris days.\n", "Within a short time, the home of Guzin and Abidin Dino in Paris became the haunt of many famous artists and writers. The couple first moved into the studio on the top floor of Max Ernst's apartment on the quay of Saint-Michel, and later to a small flat in L'Eure.\n", "Their foreign and Turkish friends, including Nazım Hikmet, Yaşar Kemal, Ahmet Hamdi Tanpinar and Melih Cevdet, found the opportunity to meet one another at the Dino’s home. The Dinos were also always ready with a helping hand for young Turkish painters and students in Paris, introducing them to world-famous masters, and assisting them to get established.\n", "For eight years from 1954, Abidin Dino participated in the \"Salon de Mai\" exhibitions in Paris, while Guzin Dino produced programmes for Radio France, taught Turkish at the Oriental Languages Department of the Sorbonne, and did French translations of Turkish literature.\n", "Section::::Unforgettable friendship.\n", "Although Abidin Dino lived abroad, he never severed relations with Turkey and his friends there, and took a close interest in everything that occurred, particularly in the political field. He was always delighted to cooperate with other artists and writers, writing prefaces and drawing illustrations for his friends' books with unbounded generosity.\n", "After more than a decade's absence he visited Turkey in 1969 to open an exhibition of his work. From then on he came more frequently, participating in both one-person and mixed exhibitions. In 1979 he was elected honorary president of the National Union of the Visual Arts (UNAP) in France. His film \"\"Goal! World Cup 1966\"\" (1966) was a spectacular tribute to his visual sensitivity and brought him the \"Flaherty prize\". This film about the 1966 World Cup final is a documentary that did not confine itself to football matches, but included fascinating footage of people in London and elsewhere in England.\n", "Section::::Master of drawing.\n", "Abidin Dino was interested in everything that was alive, skillfully capturing images with his brush, pencil and camera. He had two favorite themes: hands and flowers. In a book of small drawings, which he did for his wife Guzin published on the tenth anniversary of his death, glimpses of the love and sense of solidarity are seen, which were his inspiration. Entitled \"\"Guzin's Abidins\"\", this book consists of drawings and essays by Abidin Dino.\n", "One may come across his name in numerous art galleries and museums around the world, in a poem, the lyrics of a song, or a book. Not only is he one of the pioneers of modern Turkish painting, but produced masterful works in such disparate fields as caricature, sculpture, ceramics, cinema, and literature.\n", "Dino died on 7 December 1993 at the Villejuif Hospital in Paris. He was laid to rest in the Aşiyan Cemetery in Istanbul.\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- List of Turkish painters\n", "Section::::References.\n", "BULLET::::- Biyografi.info – \"Biography of Abidin Dino\"\n", "BULLET::::- Ada.com.tr – \"Biography of Abidin Dino\"\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Gallery\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "Abidine", "Dino Abidine", "Abıdın Dıno" ] }, "description": "Turkish artist", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q3562681", "wikidata_label": "Abidin Dino", "wikipedia_title": "Abidin Dino" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "André Michelin\n", "André Jules Michelin (16 January 1853 – 4 April 1931) was a French industrialist who, with his brother Édouard (1859–1940), founded the Michelin Tyre Company (\"Compagnie Générale des Établissements Michelin\") in 1888 in the French city of Clermont-Ferrand.\n", "In 1900, André Michelin published the first Michelin Guide, the purpose of which was to promote tourism by car, thereby supporting his tyre manufacturing operation.\n", "In 1886, 33-year-old Andre Michelin abandoned his career as a successful Parisian engineer to take over his grandfather's failing agricultural goods and farm equipment business. Established in 1832,\"Michelin et Cie\" suffered from neglect and was on the verge of insolvency following the founder's death. Michelin's grandfather had started the company that sold farm equipment and an odd assortment of vulcanized rubber products, such as belts, valves and pipes. As soon as Andre took the helm of the company, he recruited his younger brother Edouard to join him at the company. Edouard was named the company's managing director. While duly committed to the success of the business, neither brother had any prior experience selling goods or had the slightest idea where to even begin.\n", "In 1889, a cyclist familiar with the Michelin Company approached Edouard with his flat tyre seeking assistance. Getting a flat tyre frequently meant cyclists were left stranded for hours. In the late 1880s, cycling was becoming a popular form of transportation and hobby due in large part to John Dunlop's 1888 patent for the inflatable bicycle tyre. Before Dunlop's invention, bicycle tyres were made out of solid rubber. The solid rubber tyres tended to provide little traction and made for a difficult and uncomfortable ride. \n", "After the hapless cyclist approached the Michelin Company for assistance, Edouard took great interests in the new pneumatic tyres. The Michelins recognized that there would be a great demand for pneumatic tyres if only there was a way to more quickly make repairs. They reasoned that first the wheel must become detachable. Edouard conducted a series of experiments and developed a number of prototypes. In 1891, he was granted a patent for a detachable tire.\n", "André and his brother Édouard were inducted into the Automotive Hall of Fame in Dearborn, Michigan in 2002.\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "André Michelin at the Automotive Hall of Fame official website.\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Fabijan Abrantovich\n", "Fabijan (Fabian) Abrantovich (Abrantovič, Abrantowicz) (Belarusian: Фабіян Абрантовіч; September 14, 1884 – January 2, 1946) was a prominent religious and civic leader from Belarus. Abrantovich was significant in the struggle for the recognition of the Belarusian language in the Roman Catholic Church, the indoctrination of Belarusians of the Roman Catholic faith in their national character, and to the revival of concepts dealing with Belarusian statehood.\n", "Section::::Biography.\n", "Abrantovich was born in Navahrudak. He first studied there and then in Saint-Petersburg at the Roman Catholic seminary and the Imperial Theological academy. He graduated with the degree of Master of Theology and was ordained to the priesthood on November 9, 1908. As one of the best students at the academy, Abrantovich received scholarship for study at the Catholic University of Leuven, Belgium, where he received Ph.D. in 1912.\n", "Before World War I, Abrantovich was a faculty member at the Catholic Seminary in St.Petersburg. There he became very active in the Belarusian movement. He organized several groups of students and initiated numerous Belarusian publications. Abrantovich was the founder of the Belarusian Christian Movement and was the head of the first Belarusian Christian Union (Chryścijanskaja Demakratyčnaja Złučnaść) which was established in Petrograd (ex St. Petersburg) in May 1917. He was one of the Belarusian Roman Catholic priests who initiated the organization of the Belarusian political conference in Minsk in March 1917 and the conference of the Belarusian Roman Catholic Clergy, May 24–25, 1917. When the Roman Catholic Seminary opened in Minsk during the fall of 1918, Abrantovich was appointed rector of this institution. His time was divided between pastoral obligations, teaching, and Belarusian activities in Minsk. Father Abrantovich was convinced that Roman Catholicism in Belarus should have its own Belarusian character rather than serve as a cultural tool of the Poles to promote polonization.\n", "After the partition of Belarus in 1921 between Poland and Soviet Russia, Abrantovich moved to the Poland-controlled West Belarus: first to the city of Pinsk, and in 1926 to the town of Druja where the congregation of Marian Fathers has opened a \"Gymnasium\" and where Marianist priests settled in 1923. However, his political activities did not stop there: he vigorously protested the Concordat between the Holy See and the Polish government and supported numerous Belarusian political programs. At the request of the Polish church authorities, Abrantovich was removed from Druja and sent away to Harbin in Manchuria, where he was EAstern Catholic Apostolic Exarch.\n", "In 1939 he was in Rome to elect a new Superior, and decided afterwards to visit his colleagues in Poland (Belarus and Galicia), but in September the Soviet troops invaded the East part of Poland, and the German troops the West part. Father Abrantovich was arrested by the NKVD in October after an attempt to pass the frontier toward German-occupied Poland. He was imprisoned in Lwow, and tortured. Later on he was transferred to the Butyrka prison in Moscow. The place and the date of his death are not established with 100% certainty, although it is thought that he died from torture in the Butyrka prison on January 2, 1946.\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- West Belarus\n", "BULLET::::- Vladimir Kolupaev. Belarusian missionaries in China // Entries 37. New York - Miensk: Belarusian Institute of Science and Art, 2014. p. 645 - 650.\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "Fabijan Abrantovič" ] }, "description": "religious leader", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q2635683", "wikidata_label": "Fabijan Abrantovich", "wikipedia_title": "Fabijan Abrantovich" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Panna Cinka\n", "Panna Cinka (, ) (1711(?) – 1772) was a famous Hungarian-Romani violinist.\n", "Cinka was born in Sajógömör, Hungary (modern-day Gemer, Slovakia) to a Romani family of musicians. Her father was a court musician of Francis II Rákóczi. Her father and brothers are said to be the authors of the Rákóczi March, etc.\n", "She studied music in Rozsnyó (today Rožňava) and married a Romani musician-blacksmith. Legends claim that she played violin at the age of 9. After 1725 Cinka formed a music band with her husband and brothers-in-law. She designed a uniform of sorts for the band. She became famous for her skill with a violin. She played first violin in this ensemble. The band toured abroad and was invited to perform in noble houses. She also gave birth to four sons and one daughter. Her father and brothers are said to be the authors of the Rákóczi March among others.\n", "Panna Cinka died in 1772 and was buried on 5 February in Gemer. Her grave has not survived but future poets gave her an epithet \"The Gypsy Sappho\". Many Hungarian writers and composers—such as Mór Jókai, Zoltán Kodály, and Endre Dózsa—adopted her as the character of their works.\n", "She was portrayed by Anna Gurji in Dušan Rapoš's biographical film \"Cinka Panna\".\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Entry in Magyar Életrajzi Lexikon\n", "BULLET::::- Biography in Rombase\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "Panna Czinka", "Czinka Panna" ] }, "description": "famous Hungarian-Romani violinist", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q633020", "wikidata_label": "Panna Cinka", "wikipedia_title": "Panna Cinka" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Cassian of Imola\n", "Cassian, or Saint Cassian of Imola, or Cassius was a Christian saint of the 4th century. His feast day is August 13.\n", "Section::::Life.\n", "Little is known about his life, although the traditional accounts converge on some of the details of his martyrdom. He was a schoolmaster at Imola, but rather than sacrifice to the Roman gods, as so ordered by the current emperor, Julian the Apostate, he was condemned to death and turned over to his own pupils. Since they were eager for revenge for the many punishments he had inflicted on them, they bound him to a stake and tortured him to death by stabbing him with their pointed iron styli, the devices then used to mark wooden or wax writing tablets. Cassian suffered in one of the persecutions of the third century, but in which cannot be assigned with any certainty. \n", "He was interred by the Christians at Imola, where afterwards his relics were honoured with a rich mausolæum. His traditional date of martyrdom is August 13, 363, hence August 13 is his feast day on the Roman calendar. Cassian is the patron saint of Mexico City, Imola (Italy), Suko%C5%A1an (Croatia), and of parish clerks. Comacchio Cathedral is dedicated to him. He is also the patron saint of the localities of San Casciano in Val di Pesa (Italy) and Las Galletas (Tenerife, Spain). St Cassian's Centre is named for him.\n", "Section::::Cultural references.\n", "There are at least two references in modern literature to Cassian. In the novel \"A Confederacy of Dunces\" by John Kennedy Toole, protagonist Ignatius Reilly informs one of his professors that \"St. Cassian of Imola was stabbed to death by his students with their styli.\" (Grove Press edition, p. 128). Annie Dillard also makes a reference to him in her 1992 novel \"The Living.\" Bethel College had a \"Cassianus Lounge\" in the faculty offices area. \n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- A Patron Saint of Teachers\n", "BULLET::::- San Cassiano di Imola\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "Cassianus Forocorneliensis" ] }, "description": "Bishop of Brescia", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q45182", "wikidata_label": "Cassian of Imola", "wikipedia_title": "Cassian of Imola" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Joel David Moore\n", "Joel David Moore (born September 25, 1977) is an American character actor and director. Born and raised in Portland, Oregon, Moore studied acting in college before relocating to Los Angeles to pursue a film career. His first major role was as Owen Dittman in the 2004 comedy \"\", followed by roles in the comedy \"Grandma's Boy\" (2006), Terry Zwigoff's \"Art School Confidential\" (2006), and the independent slasher film \"Hatchet\" (2006).\n", "In 2008, he was cast in the role of Colin Fisher on the Fox series \"Bones\", a guest role he portrayed in sixteen episodes until the series' conclusion in 2017. In 2009, he was cast as Dr. Norm Spellman in James Cameron's \"Avatar\" (2009), a role he will reprise for the film's upcoming sequels, \"Avatar 2\" (2021) and \"Avatar 3\" (2023).\n", "Moore has also starred in several music videos, and directed films: His directorial debut was the psychological thriller \"Spiral\" (2007), followed by the drama \"Youth in Oregon\" (2016), and \"Killing Winston Jones\" (2018).\n", "Section::::Early life.\n", "Moore was born September 25, 1977 in Portland, Oregon, the son of Missy (née Irvine) and John Moore. Moore was raised in Portland, where his family resided in the Mount Tabor neighborhood. He graduated from Benson Polytechnic High School in 1995.\n", "After high school, Moore attended Mt. Hood Community College in Gresham, Oregon, for two years. In 1998, he transferred to Southern Oregon University in Ashland, Oregon, where he earned his Bachelor of Fine Arts degree in 2001 and performed for two summers at the Oregon Shakespeare Festival.\n", "Section::::Career.\n", "Section::::Career.:2000–2007: Early roles.\n", "Before relocating to Hollywood, Joel starred with Gretchen Stouts and Nina Smidt in Tom Monson's \"Drug Wars, The High Times\" (1999), a video about underage binge drinking.\n", "In 2000, he moved to Los Angeles, California, and appeared in several television commercials, including ones for eBay, Cingular Wireless, and Best Buy. Moore shot an international campaign for a branch of Siemens cell phones, XELIBRI, which won a Lion Award.\n", "Moore's first major film role was in 2004's \"\". Between 2004 and 2005, he appeared in a recurring guest role on the NBC series \"LAX\". This was followed by roles in the films \"Grandma's Boy\", and as a jaded art student in Terry Zwigoff's \"Art School Confidential\" (both 2006). The same year, he also had a lead role in the independent slasher film \"Hatchet\", a bit part in \"The Shaggy Dog\", and a supporting role in \"El Muerto\", based on the eponymous comic book series. Also in 2007, Moore made directorial debut with the psychological thriller \"Spiral\", which he filmed in his hometown of Portland, and co-starred in with Amber Tamblyn.\n", "Section::::Career.:2008–present: Acting and directing.\n", "In 2008, he was cast in the supporting role of Dr. Norm Spellman in James Cameron's \"Avatar\" (2009). The same year, he was cast as Colin Fisher on the Fox series \"Bones\", a guest role he would portray across sixteen episodes until the series' conclusion in 2017. Moore also had a supporting role in \"Beyond a Reasonable Doubt\" (2009), a remake of the 1956 film of the same name. He also starred alongside Katy Perry in her music video for \"Waking Up in Vegas\" in 2009.\n", "Other film roles included a supporting part in 2012's \"Savages\", directed by Oliver Stone, and in the crime-thriller \"Gone\" (2012), opposite Amanda Seyfried. Moore directed \"Killing Winston Jones\" in the fall of 2012 in Savannah, Georgia, which starred Danny Glover, Jon Heder, and Richard Dreyfuss.\n", "He would also reprise his role with a cameo appearance in \"Hatchet III\" (2013). during 2014-2015 he played a supporting role in the series \"Forever\", and also had film roles in the thriller \"The Guest\" (2014), and played Joey Ramone in the historical film \"CBGB\" (2013).\n", "In 2016, he directed his second feature, \"Youth in Oregon\", starring Frank Langella, Christina Applegate, and Billy Crudup. In 2017, it was reported that Moore had signed on to appear in both of the \"Avatar\" sequels, \"Avatar 2\" (2020) and \"Avatar 3\" (2021).\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Sir Anthony Meyer, 3rd Baronet\n", "Sir Anthony John Charles Meyer, 3rd Baronet (27 October 1920 – 24 December 2004) was a British soldier, diplomat, and Conservative and later Liberal Democrat politician, best known for standing against Margaret Thatcher for the party leadership in 1989. In spite of his staunch conservative views on economic policy, his passionate support of increased British integration into the European Union led to him becoming increasingly marginalised in Thatcher's Conservative Party.\n", "After being deselected as a Conservative parliamentary candidate for the 1992 general election, Meyer became policy director of the European Movement, and in 1998 he joined the Pro-Euro Conservative Party. After that disbanded in 2001, he became a member of the Liberal Democrats.\n", "Section::::Early life.\n", "Meyer was the son of Marjorie Amy Georgina (née Seeley) and Sir Frank Cecil Meyer. His father was vice-chairman of the De Beers diamond company, and from 1924 to 1929 he was Conservative Member of Parliament for Great Yarmouth, Norfolk. His father was from a Jewish family. His grandfather, Sir Carl Ferdinand Meyer, was born in Hamburg, Germany; he migrated to Britain in the late 19th century, when he worked for the Rothschilds, and later for De Beers; he eventually became Governor of the National Bank of Egypt and was given a baronetcy for the large donations he made to found a National Theatre in Britain.\n", "Section::::Early life.:Education and war service.\n", "Meyer was educated at Eton College, like his father, and he inherited the baronetcy at the age of 15 when his father died in a hunting accident. Like his father, he also attended New College, Oxford, but after one year he joined the Scots Guards in 1941, the same year he married Barbadee Knight, and they would have one son and three daughters. During the battle for Caen, in the break-out from the Normandy invasion beaches he was seriously wounded when the tank he was travelling in was hit, and he spent the next nine months on his back in hospital. During this time he read extensively to make up for his lost years at Oxford, but decided not to return to university. Instead, he joined HM Treasury where he mostly worked on winding up the affairs of the Polish government-in-exile.\n", "Section::::Early life.:Diplomatic career.\n", "In 1946 Meyer passed the Foreign Service examinations, and from 1951 to 1956 he was appointed to the British Embassy in Paris, where he became First Secretary in 1953. The subsequent appointment to the embassy in Moscow was not so enjoyable – he did not speak the language, and confined to the \"diplomatic ghetto\" through the Soviet government's ban on foreign contacts with its citizens, he said he did not have a job to do. He was rescued by a Soviet attempt to compromise him – he reported an attempt to lure him into a cab by a woman agent to the ambassador, who put Meyer and his family on the next plane home. Between 1958 and 1962, he worked at the Foreign Office on European political problems, at a time when the Office was changing its policy from being against the \"Common Market\" to in favour of Britain's joining it.\n", "Section::::Political career.\n", "Section::::Political career.:Finding a party, and a seat.\n", "The death of his mother in 1962 provided Meyer with the family's wealth, and he decided to enter politics to support his pro-European views. In 1962, he resigned from the Foreign Office to work unpaid for the Common Market Campaign led by Liberal peer Gladwyn Jebb, 1st Baron Gladwyn. He later said that he was initially undecided whether to stand for the Conservatives or the Liberals, but his admiration for the Conservative prime minister Harold Macmillan swung his choice.\n", "In 1963, Meyer was selected to fight the constituency of Eton and Slough, then held by Labour's leftwing internationalist Fenner Brockway. In the 1964 General Election, Meyer won the seat by 11 votes, gaining respect by ignoring his constituency party's advice to campaign on the race issue, which could have swung a number of votes in that constituency at the time. His was one of only four Conservative gains in that election. Recognising that he would only be in the seat temporarily, Meyer made the most of his time in Parliament, advocating Britain's joining the Common Market and strengthening the United Nations. He also established himself on the liberal wing of the party: voting to abolish capital punishment and for sanctions against Rhodesia. In the 1966 General Election he lost his seat to Labour's Joan Lestor by 4,663 votes.\n", "His liberalism made him almost untouchable in the Conservative party, and his applications to stand in six constituencies (including Windsor, where he lived) were rejected, but eventually fellow Old Etonian Nigel Birch recommended Meyer to replace him in the constituency of West Flintshire, in north-eastern Wales. He returned to Parliament at the 1970 General Election.\n", "Section::::Political career.:MP for West Flintshire.\n", "Meyer became a popular MP in his new constituency, gaining a reputation for putting the interests of his constituency ahead of Conservative government policy, for example by voting against the closure of the Shotton steelworks, supporting the Airbus A300B whose wings some of his constituents built, against its all-British rival the BAC 3-11, while insisting on the importance of an effective pan-European technology. After Labour's return to power in 1974, he opposed continued sanctions against the white minority government in Rhodesia, claiming that it was intended to transfer power \"forcibly to a violent minority\".\n", "When the Conservative party returned to power under Margaret Thatcher in 1979, Meyer's type of pro-Europeanism was at odds with the Euroscepticism of the bulk of the party. When his Flintshire West constituency's boundaries were expanded and redrawn to form the Clwyd North West constituency in 1983, there was an attempt by local party activists to replace him with the more Thatcherite MEP, Beata Brookes, whom Meyer managed to defeat.\n", "Section::::Political career.:Leadership challenge.\n", "On 23 November 1989, at a time of both Thatcher's and the Conservative Party's waning popularity and shortly after Nigel Lawson's resignation as chancellor, 69-year-old Meyer put himself forward as the pro-European stalking horse for the leadership of the Conservative Party. Meyer fully expected that one of the more prominent pro-Europeans such as Ian Gilmour or Michael Heseltine would take over the role; in the event, none of them did so, and Meyer had no illusions that he had any chance of success. He was derided as \"Sir Anthony Whats'isname\" by the pro-Thatcher \"Sun\" newspaper, who reported that he was the only Conservative MP to oppose the use of force to win back the Falkland Islands following the Argentine invasion of 1982 and had backed a number of Labour policies, including votes against Tory-led welfare benefit cuts and immigration issues. He was also slammed by the \"Daily Express\" as \"Sir Nobody\".\n", "In the 1989 leadership election on 5 December, Meyer was defeated by 314 votes to 33, but when spoilt votes and abstentions were added it was discovered that 60 MPs out of 374 had failed to support Thatcher. Meyer said that \"people started to think the unthinkable\", and Thatcher was ousted in November 1990 to be succeeded by John Major.\n", "On 19 January 1990, Meyer was deselected as a candidate for the 1992 general election by the Clwyd North West constituency party for his \"treachery\", by a 2–1 majority. The deselection campaign was enlivened by a tabloid newspaper's revelation that Meyer had for 26 years had an affair with Simone Washington, a former model and blues singer.\n", "Section::::Post-parliamentary career.\n", "After his forced career change in 1992 Meyer became policy director for the European Movement, and in 1998 he defected to the Pro-Euro Conservative Party before becoming a member of the Liberal Democrats. In 1999 he stood unsuccessfully, during the European Parliament elections, for the London seat. After 1999 he became a lecturer on European affairs until his death.\n", "Section::::Death.\n", "Meyer died of cancer, aged 84, in Kensington and Chelsea, London, in December 2004.\n", "His son, Anthony Ashley Frank Meyer, (born 1944), succeeded him in the baronetcy.\n", "Section::::In popular culture.\n", "Meyer was portrayed by Geoffrey Wilkinson in the 2002 BBC production of Ian Curteis' controversial \"The Falklands Play\".\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Obituary – Sir Anthony Meyer \"The Guardian\", 8 January 2005\n", "BULLET::::- Obituary – Sir Anthony Meyer \"Times Online\", 8 January 2005\n", "BULLET::::- Obituary – Sir Anthony Meyer \"Daily Telegraph\", 10 January 2005\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Johann Jakob Grynaeus\n", "Johann Jakob Grynaeus or Gryner (October 1, 1540 – August 13, 1617) was a Swiss Protestant divine.\n", "Section::::Life.\n", "Grynaeus was born in Bern. His father, Thomas Grynaeus (1512–1564), was for a time professor of ancient languages at Basel and Bern, but afterwards became pastor of Röteln in Baden. He was nephew of the eminent Humanist Simon Grynaeus.\n", "Johann was educated at Basel, and in 1559 received an appointment as curate to his father. In 1563 he proceeded to Tübingen for the purpose of completing his theological studies, and in 1565 he returned to Rötteln as successor to his father. Here he felt compelled to abjure the Lutheran doctrine of the Lord's Supper, and to renounce the Formula of Concord.\n", "Called in 1575 to the chair of Old Testament exegesis at Basel, he became involved in unpleasant controversy with Simon Sulzer and other champions of Lutheran orthodoxy; and in 1584 he was glad to accept an invitation to assist in the restoration of the University of Heidelberg.\n", "Returning to Basel in 1586, after Simon Sulzer's death, as Antistes or superintendent of the church there and as professor of the New Testament, he exerted for upwards of twenty-five years a considerable influence upon both the church and the state affairs of that community, and acquired a wide reputation as a skillful theologian of the school of Huldrych Zwingli. Amongst other labors he helped to reorganize the gymnasium in 1588. Five years before his death he became totally blind, but continued to preach and lecture till his death. He died in Basel, aged 76.\n", "Section::::Works.\n", "His many works include commentaries on various books of the Old and New Testament, \"Theologica theoremata et problemata\" (1588), and a collection of patristic literature entitled \"Monumenia S. patrum orthodoxographa\" (2 vols, fol., 1569).\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Works of Johann Jakob Grynaeus at the Munich Digitization Center\n", "BULLET::::- Universität Mannheim: Listing of works of Johann Jakob Grynaeus\n", "BULLET::::- Griechischer Geist aus Basler Pressen – Preface of Johann Jacob Grynaeus to Johannes and Joachim Brandis, Basel, April 1, 1578\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Tim Wise\n", "Timothy Jacob Wise (born October 4, 1968) is an American anti-racism activist and writer. Since 1995, he has given speeches at over 600 college campuses across the U.S. He has trained teachers, corporate employees, non-profit organizations and law enforcement officers in methods for addressing and dismantling racism in their institutions.\n", "Section::::Early life and education.\n", "Wise was born in Nashville, Tennessee, to Michael Julius Wise and LuCinda Anne (née McLean) Wise. His paternal grandfather was Jewish (of Russian origin), while the rest of his ancestry is northern European, including some Scottish. Wise has said that when he was about 12 years old his synagogue was attacked by white supremacists. Wise attended public schools in Nashville, graduating from Hillsboro High School in 1986. In high school he was student body vice-president and a member of one of the top high school debate teams in the United States. Wise attended college at Tulane University in New Orleans and received his B.A. there, with a major in Political Science and a minor in Latin American Studies. While a student, he was a leader in the campus anti-apartheid movement, which sought to force Tulane to divest from companies still doing business with the government of South Africa. His anti-apartheid activism was first brought to national attention in 1988, when South African Archbishop Desmond Tutu announced he would turn down an offer of an honorary degree from Tulane after Wise's group informed him of the school's ongoing investments there.\n", "Section::::Career.\n", "Section::::Career.:1990s.\n", "After graduating in 1990, Wise started working as an anti-racism activist after receiving training from the New Orleans-based People's Institute for Survival and Beyond. Wise began initially as a youth coordinator, and then associate director, of the Louisiana Coalition Against Racism and Nazism, the largest of the various organizations founded for the purpose of defeating political candidate David Duke when Duke ran for U.S. Senate in 1990 and Governor of Louisiana in 1991.\n", "After his work campaigning against David Duke, Wise worked for a number of community-based organizations and political groups in Baton Rouge and New Orleans, including the Louisiana Coalition for Tax Justice, the Louisiana Injured Worker's Union and Agenda for Children, where he worked as a policy analyst and community organizer in New Orleans public housing.\n", "In 1995, Wise began lecturing around the country on the issues of racism, criticizing white privilege (his own included) and proposing his solutions. The following year, he returned to his hometown Nashville, and he continued his work around the US, gaining a national reputation for his work in defense of affirmative action.\n", "Section::::Career.:2000s.\n", "From 1999 to 2003, Wise served as an advisor to the Fisk University Race Relations Institute. Wise received the 2002 National Youth Advocacy Coalition's Social Justice Impact Award. He has appeared on numerous radio and television broadcasts, including \"The Montel Williams Show\", \"Donahue\", \"Paula Zahn NOW\", \"MSNBC Live\", and ABC's \"20/20\", arguing the case for affirmative action and to discuss the issue of white privilege and racism in America.\n", "Wise argues that racism in the United States is institutionalized due to past overt racism (and its ongoing effects) along with current-day discrimination. Although he concedes that personal, overt bias is less common than in the past (or at least less openly articulated), Wise argues that existing institutions continue to foster and perpetuate white privilege, and that subtle, impersonal, and even ostensibly race-neutral policies contribute to racism and racial inequality today.\n", "Section::::Career.:2010s.\n", "In multi-racial societies such as the U.S., Wise argues that all people (white or people of color) will have internalized various elements of racist thinking. However just because society has been conditioned this way does not mean that society is committed to racist thinking. Wise argues that members of society can challenge this conditioning and be taught to believe in equality.\n", "In 2010, \"Utne Reader\" magazine listed Wise as one of the \"25 Visionaries Who Are Changing Your World\".\n", "In 2013, Wise posted a commentary on his Facebook page describing the hate mail and death threats he receives, and addressing the people who troll his site. Many commenters criticized the commentary as reflecting white privilege, and questioned his role in the discussion of race in the United States. One commenter found Wise's remarks demeaning to anti-racist work done by people of color. Two others compared Wise to Hugo Schwyzer, who was famous in feminist circles but later exposed for misogynistic attitudes. Wise posted a response on Facebook saying in part, \"I won't try and defend the tone of most of my remarks. It was inappropriate. Period. ... I fell into the same kind of vitriolic and sometimes personal attack mode that had gotten me angry in the first place. I shouldn't have. I will strive to do better.\"\n", "Wise starred in a 2013 documentary entitled \"White Like Me\", based on the book by Wise of the same name.\n", "Section::::Personal life.\n", "After living in New Orleans for ten years, Wise relocated to his native Nashville in 1996. In 1998, he married Kristy Cason. Together they have two children. Wise has referred to himself as Jewish and as an anti-Zionist Jew but does not practice Judaism.\n", "Section::::Written works.\n", "BULLET::::- \"White Like Me: Reflections on Race From a Privileged Son\" (Soft Skull Press, 2004)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Affirmative Action: Racial Preference in Black and White\" (Routledge, 2005)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Speaking Treason Fluently: Anti-Racist Reflections From an Angry White Male\" (Soft Skull Press, 2008)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Between Barack and a Hard Place: Racism and White Denial in the Age of Obama\" (City Lights Publishers, 2009) .\n", "BULLET::::- \"Colorblind: The Rise of Post-Racial Politics and the Retreat from Racial Equity\" (City Lights Publishers, 2010) .\n", "BULLET::::- \"Dear White America: Letter to a New Minority\" (City Lights Publishers, 2012) .\n", "BULLET::::- \"Culture of Cruelty\" (City Lights Publishers, 2013) .\n", "BULLET::::- \"Under the Affluence: Shaming the Poor, Praising the Rich and Sacrificing the Future of America\" (City Lights Publishers, 2015) .\n", "BULLET::::- \"White Lies Matter: Race, Crime, and the Politics of Fear in America\" (City Lights Publishers, 2017)\n", "Section::::Video releases.\n", "In addition to books and essays Wise has produced a DVD titled \"On White Privilege: Racism, White Denial & the Costs of Inequality\" and a double-CD entitled \"The Audacity of Truth: Racism and White Denial in the Age of Obama\".\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- Jane Elliott\n", "BULLET::::- \"White People\"\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Thomas Gabriel Fischer\n", "Thomas Gabriel Fischer (born 19 July 1963), also known by his stage names of Tom G. Warrior and Satanic Slaughter, is a Swiss metal musician. He led the groups Hellhammer and Celtic Frost, and today is the frontman of the band Triptykon.\n", "Section::::Career.\n", "Together with Bruce Day and Steve Warrior, he formed the seminal metal band Hellhammer in 1982. In late 1983, bassist and songwriter Martin Eric Ain joined Hellhammer and the line-up of Fischer, Ain and Day recorded an EP, \"Apocalyptic Raids\", as well as a series of demos for the German label Noise Records before disbanding in May 1984. Fischer and Ain joined forces once again and formed Celtic Frost, an influential avant-garde metal trio, in June 1984.\n", "In 1985, Fischer was asked to co-produce and sing on the first demo, titled \"Death Cult\", by fellow Swiss group Coroner. Fischer also wrote the lyrics for the recorded songs. Two of the members of Coroner formed part of Celtic Frost's road crew until 1986.\n", "In 1987, many conflicts within Celtic Frost led to a dissolution of the band, but several months later, Tom reformed the band with a completely new lineup. The band's 1988 release, \"Cold Lake\", established a drastic change in Celtic Frost's music, but greatly disappointed most fans. Tom has stated many times that he takes the blame for the negative direction of Celtic Frost's music during this period, since he was too distracted with a personal relationship and let the other band members do what they wanted. Celtic Frost eventually disbanded in 1993.\n", "A year after Celtic Frost was laid to rest, Fischer formed the EBM/industrial rock project Apollyon Sun.\n", "In 2000, Fischer's book \"Are You Morbid?: Into the Pandemonium of Celtic Frost\" received many favourable reviews, including this from \"Record Collector\": \"Intelligent, humble, questioning, insightful – the cultured side of extreme metal\".\n", "Sometime in 2001, Fischer and Martin Eric Ain met each other again and began writing music, with the aim of creating a new, dark and heavy Celtic Frost album in the vein of their work on \"To Mega Therion\" and \"Into the Pandemonium\". The album, entitled \"Monotheist\", eventually was released in 2006.\n", "Fischer also performed in Probot, Dave Grohl's collaborative project with various metal artists, on the song \"Big Sky\" in 2003.\n", "In 2005, Tom produced vocal (performed by Martin Eric Ain) and guitar tracks (Erol Uenala) for a \"gothicized\" version of Slayer's classic \"Black Magic\" recorded by Los Angeles-based gothic rock band Hatesex. The track appeared on their debut album entitled \"Unwant\". \n", "Due to the 'internal conflict' within Celtic Frost, Tom left the band on 2 April 2008, and has launched a new band named Triptykon.\n", "In 2008, he played guitars and bass for the cover song \"Set the Controls for the Heart of the Sun\" from the 1349 (a Norwegian black metal band) album \"Revelations of the Black Flame\" and also co-mixed the album. In 2009 he co-produced their album \"Demonoir\". In 2010, he was awarded in the Metal Hammer Golden Gods Awards for Inspiration. He currently plays an Ibanez H. R. Giger series Iceman guitar. He also uses an Ibanez Tube Screamer overdrive pedal. Fischer was ranked No. 32 out of 100 Greatest Heavy Metal Guitarists of All Time by \"Guitar World\".\n", "Fischer is a vegetarian. He also states that he does not drink, smoke, or take drugs.\n", "Fischer was the personal assistant to H. R. Giger from 2007 until Giger's death. He was a close friend of Giger and his wife Carmen, and continues to be active for the Giger estate and as the co-director of the Museum HR Giger.\n", "Section::::Discography.\n", "Section::::Discography.:Hellhammer.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Death Fiend\" (demo, 1983)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Triumph of Death\" (demo, 1983)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Satanic Rites\" (demo, 1983)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Apocalyptic Raids\" (EP, 1984)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Apocalyptic Raids 1990 A.D.\" (compilation, 1990)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Demon Entrails\" (compilation, 2008)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Blood Insanity\" (single, 2016)\n", "Section::::Discography.:Celtic Frost.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Morbid Tales\" (EP, 1984)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Emperor's Return\" (EP, 1985)\n", "BULLET::::- \"To Mega Therion\" (album, 1985)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Tragic Serenades\" (EP, 1986)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Into the Pandemonium\" (album, 1987)\n", "BULLET::::- \"I Won't Dance\" (EP, 1987)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Cold Lake\" (album, 1988)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Vanity/Nemesis\" (album, 1990)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Wine in My Hand\" (EP, 1990)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Parched With Thirst Am I and Dying\" (compilation, 1992)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Monotheist\" (album, 2006)\n", "Section::::Discography.:Coroner.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Death Cult\" (demo, 1985)\n", "Section::::Discography.:Apollyon Sun.\n", "BULLET::::- \"God Leaves\" (EP, 1998)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Sub\" (album, 2000)\n", "Section::::Discography.:Probot.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Probot\" (album, 2004)\n", "Section::::Discography.:Dark Fortress.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Eidolon\" (album, 2008)\n", "Section::::Discography.:1349.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Revelations of the Black Flame\" (album, 2009)\n", "Section::::Discography.:Triptykon.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Eparistera Daimones\" (album, 2010)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Shatter\" (EP, 2010)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Breathing\" (Single, 2014)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Melana Chasmata\" (album, 2014)\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Official Celtic Frost Website\n", "BULLET::::- Delineation – Tom Gabriel Fischer’s blog\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "Swiss musician", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q675108", "wikidata_label": "Thomas Gabriel Fischer", "wikipedia_title": "Thomas Gabriel Fischer" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Dexter Blackstock\n", "Dexter Anthony Titus Blackstock (born 20 May 1986) is a former professional footballer who played as a striker. He played most notably for Queens Park Rangers and Nottingham Forest.\n", "Having represented England at youth international level, Blackstock went on to play for the Antigua and Barbuda national team; he qualified through his grandfather, who was born in Antigua.\n", "Section::::Playing career.\n", "Section::::Playing career.:Southampton.\n", "Born in Oxford, Oxfordshire, he came through the Oxford United youth system and was then signed by Southampton, who had to pay United compensation of £275,000 as a result. Due to an injury crisis he was brought into the Southampton first team, where he scored a hat-trick against Colchester United in the League Cup in 2004. He then scored in the local derby against Portsmouth in Southampton's 2–1 win, thus establishing himself in the squad.\n", "He was sent out on loan twice; to Plymouth Argyle in February 2005 for twelve weeks, scoring 4 goals in 14 appearances, and to Derby County in October 2005, scoring 3 goals in 9 appearances. He was recalled from Derby on 22 December 2005 after the appointment of George Burley as Southampton manager.\n", "On 18 February 2006 he played in goal for the final ten minutes of the FA Cup fifth round tie against Newcastle United. An injury to Bartosz Białkowski and with Southampton having used all three substitutes, meant that Blackstock had to take over.\n", "Although Blackstock had featured regularly under Burley, Southampton's purchase of Bradley Wright-Phillips meant that Blackstock had more competition for a role in Southampton's first team. As a result, Blackstock moved to Queens Park Rangers on 10 August 2006 for a fee believed to be around £500,000.\n", "Section::::Playing career.:Queens Park Rangers.\n", "Gary Waddock paid a £500,000 transfer fee for Blackstock's service. Blackstock was given the number 32 shirt for the 2006–07 season, he was first choice striker throughout the season and played with a number of different partners, including Kevin Gallen, Paul Furlong and Marc Nygaard. Somewhat surprisingly however, the teenager Ray Jones was Blackstock's most regular partner as they struck up a good understanding with a combination of pace and power.\n", "As the season progressed so did Blackstock, and it was in the final stages of the season that his performances started to blossom. Throughout the campaign his work effort was fantastic, but he had displayed a worrying sign of missing one-on-one's in the early stages of his QPR career. These worries soon disappeared and a fantastic goal against Preston North End was the highlight of the season. Receiving a ball from Marc Nygaard in a left back position, Blackstock chested the ball down and volleyed it with his left foot into the top corner from 30 yards.\n", "Blackstock ended the campaign as club top scorer on 14 goals, one short of his personal target of 15. He came second in the player of the season awards, and his goal against Preston won goal of the season.\n", "After scoring just six in 2007–08, Blackstock returned to form in 2008–09, and by the end of January had scored 12 goals in all competitions.\n", "Section::::Playing career.:Nottingham Forest.\n", "On 26 March 2009 it was announced that Blackstock had signed for Nottingham Forest on loan until the end of the season, with an undisclosed fee agreed should Forest avoid relegation. Blackstock subsequently made his debut for Forest against Barnsley on 4 April 2009 at Oakwell, scoring his first goal, the winner, for the club against Bristol City in a dramatic 3–2 win at the City Ground on 11 April 2009.\n", "On 22 July 2009, Blackstock signed a 4-year contract with Nottingham Forest for a seven figure fee. He scored his first goal of the season when he notched in a first round Football League Cup win over Bradford City on 12 August 2009. He scored his first goal of the 2010–11 season in a 1–1 draw against newly promoted side Leeds United.\n", "On 20 November 2010 Blackstock suffered serious knee ligament damage after scoring the second goal in Forest's 2–0 win at Cardiff City and was subsequently sidelined for 12 months. He made his comeback in a friendly against York City on 14 November 2011 and scored along with Paul Anderson, another long term injured player.\n", "In August 2011, there was reported interest from Blackpool in Blackstock.\n", "He scored both goals, his first ones back after being injured, in a 2–1 win against Birmingham City on 25 February 2012. Blackstock signed a new four and a half-year contract with Forest on 24 January 2013.\n", "Section::::Playing career.:Nottingham Forest.:Leeds United loan.\n", "On 24 October 2013, Blackstock signed for Leeds United on a three-month loan until 25 January 2014. He was handed the number 9 shirt and made his Leeds debut as a second-half substitute against Huddersfield Town on 26 October, scoring with his first touch for a debut goal.\n", "Blackstock's loan at Leeds was cut short when he returned to Nottingham on 10 December 2013 due to a knee injury.\n", "Section::::Playing career.:Nottingham Forest.:Return from loan.\n", "Blackstock missed the remainder of the 2013–14 season and the beginning of the 2014–15 season with the knee injury. He made his first return to action since suffering the injury on 2 September 2014, playing 45 minutes in a game for Forest's under-21 side. Blackstock eventually made his return to competitive action as a substitute in the 74th minute of a League Cup tie against Spurs on 24 September 2014.\n", "On 1 September 2016, Forest and Blackstock mutually agreed to terminate his contract at the club.\n", "Section::::Playing career.:Rotherham United.\n", "Following his release from Forest, Blackstock signed a 3-year deal with Rotherham United on 5 September 2016. Blackstock scored his first goal for the club in a 3-1 loss against Norwich City on 15 October 2016.\n", "On 12 July 2017 he agreed to leave Rotherham United by mutual consent.\n", "Section::::International career.\n", "On 16 August 2007, Blackstock was called up to Stuart Pearce's first England under-21 squad as full-time manager. In the match against Montenegro on 7 September, he came on as a substitute on 90 minutes and headed the ball down for Andrew Surman to score the final goal in a 3–0 victory.\n", "Blackstock made his senior international appearance for Antigua and Barbuda in a 4–0 friendly defeat to Trinidad & Tobago on 29 February 2012. He scored his first goal on 12 October 2012 in a 2014 World Cup qualifier against United States.\n", "Section::::Outside interests.\n", "In 2009, Blackstock opened a football school for children aged from six to fourteen. Blackstock currently has business interests in the pharmaceutical industry and property. In 2016, tenants in a buy to let home owned by Blackstock spoke out to the media about the dangerous condition the home was in, despite complaining several times to Blackstock and Student Living, the property management company he had hired. Student Living claimed that working with Blackstock had been 'a nightmare'.\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "Antigua and Barbuda footballer", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q1207229", "wikidata_label": "Dexter Blackstock", "wikipedia_title": "Dexter Blackstock" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Howard Wolpe\n", "Howard Eliot Wolpe (November 3, 1939 – October 25, 2011) was a seven-term U.S. Representative from Michigan and Presidential Special Envoy to the African Great Lakes Region in the Clinton Administration, where he led the United States delegation to the Arusha and Lusaka peace talks, which aimed to end civil wars in Burundi and the Democratic Republic of the Congo. He returned to the State Department as Special Advisor to the Secretary for Africa's Great Lakes Region. Previously, he served as Director of the Africa Program at the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, and of the Center's Project on Leadership and Building State Capacity. While at the Center, Wolpe directed post-conflict leadership training programs in Burundi, the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Liberia.\n", "A specialist in African politics for ten of his fourteen years in the Congress, Wolpe chaired the Subcommittee on Africa of the House Foreign Affairs Committee. As chair of the House Africa Subcommittee, Wolpe co-authored (with Rep. Ron Dellums and others) and managed legislation that imposed sanctions against South Africa, by over-riding President Ronald Reagan's veto of that sanctions legislation (the Comprehensive Anti-apartheid Act of 1986). He also authored and managed the passage of the African Famine Recovery and Development Act, -- a comprehensive rewrite in the 1980s of America's approach to development assistance in Africa that included the creation of the \"African Development Fund\". \n", "In 1992, Wolpe's Kalamazoo-based district was eliminated, and most of its territory, including his home, was merged with the district of three-term Republican Fred Upton. The reconfigured district was geographically more Upton's district than Wolpe's, prompting Wolpe to retire.\n", "Prior to entering the Congress, Wolpe served in the Michigan House of Representatives and as a member of the Kalamazoo City Commission. In 1994, he won the Democratic nomination for Governor of Michigan. He initially asked former First Lady of Michigan Helen Milliken to be his running mate, but Milliken declined his offer. Wolpe then selected one of his former rivals in the Democratic primary, State Senator Debbie Stabenow (now a US Senator), as his nominee for lieutenant governor. The Wolpe-Stabenow ticket lost the general election to incumbent Governor John Engler and Lieutenant Governor Connie Binsfeld.\n", "Wolpe taught at Western Michigan University (Political Science Department), Michigan State University where he co-published a volume on modernization in Nigeria, and the University of Michigan (Institute of Public Policy Studies), and served as a Visiting Fellow in the Foreign Policy Studies Program of the Brookings Institution, as a Woodrow Wilson Center Public Policy Scholar, and as a consultant to the World Bank and to the Foreign Service Institute of the U.S. State Department.\n", "Wolpe received his B.A. degree from Reed College, and his Ph.D. from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. He was a member of the boards of directors of the National Endowment for Democracy (NED), Africare, Pathfinders, International and of the Advisory Board of Coexistence International. He co-directed (with Ambassador David C. Miller, Jr.) the Ninetieth American Assembly on \"Africa and U.S. National Interests\" held in March 1997. He wrote extensively on Africa, American foreign policy, and the management of ethnic and racial conflict.\n", "Howard Wolpe was married to Judy Wolpe until her death in 2006. He died on October 25, 2011 at his home in Saugatuck, Michigan. Memorial services were held in Kalamazoo, Michigan in December 2011 and in Washington, D.C. in January 2012.\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- List of Jewish members of the United States Congress\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Congressional biography\n", "BULLET::::- Wilson Center biography\n", "BULLET::::- Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars\n", "BULLET::::- Listen to a 73 min audio interview with Howard Wolpe by David Wiley on his career in the Congress concerning the House Africa Subcommittee, racism, and U.S. foreign policy, taped at Michigan State University in 2003 \n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Leo Panitch\n", "Leo Victor Panitch (born May 3, 1945) is a Distinguished Research Professor of Political Science and Canada Research Chair in Comparative Political Economy at York University. Since 1985, he has served as co-editor of the \"Socialist Register\", which describes itself as \"an annual survey of movements and ideas from the standpoint of the independent new left\". Panitch himself sees the \"Register\" as playing a major role in developing Marxism's conceptual framework for advancing a democratic, co-operative and egalitarian socialist alternative to capitalist competition, exploitation and insecurity.\n", "Since his appointment as a Canada Research Chair in 2002, Panitch has focused his academic research and writing on the spread of global capitalism. He argues that this process of globalization is being led by the American state through agencies such as the U.S. Department of the Treasury and the Federal Reserve. Panitch sees globalization as a form of imperialism, but argues that the American Empire is an \"informal\" one in which the U.S. sets rules for trade and investment in partnership with other sovereign, but less powerful capitalist states. His latest book \"The Making of Global Capitalism: The Political Economy of American Empire\" (2012), written with his close friend and university colleague Sam Gindin, traces the development of American-led globalization over more than a century. In 2013, the book was awarded the Deutscher Memorial Prize in the United Kingdom for best and most creative work in or about the Marxist tradition and in 2014 it won the Rik Davidson/SPE Book Prize for the best book in political economy by a Canadian.\n", "Panitch is the author of more than 100 scholarly articles and nine books including \"Working-Class Politics in Crisis: Essays on Labour and the State\" (1986), \"The End of Parliamentary Socialism: from New Left to New Labour\" (2001) and \"Renewing Socialism: Transforming Democracy, Strategy and Imagination\" (2008) in which he argues that capitalism is inherently unjust and undemocratic.\n", "Section::::Early life.\n", "Leo Victor Panitch was born in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada. He grew up in Winnipeg's North End, a working-class neighbourhood that, as he noted decades later, produced \"many people of a radical left political disposition.\" His Jewish father, Max Panitch, was born in the southern Ukraine town of Uscihtsa, but remained behind in Bucharest, Romania with a fervently religious uncle when his family emigrated to Winnipeg in 1912. He was reunited with them in 1922 and by that time was well on his way to becoming a socialist and a Labour Zionist. As a sewer and cutter of fur coats (an 'aristocrat of the needle trade'), he was active in the Winnipeg labour movement and the Manitoba CCF and its successor, the NDP.\n", "Panitch's mother, Sarah, was an orphan from Rivne in the central Ukraine who had come to Winnipeg in 1921 at the age of 13 accompanied only by her older sister, Rose. Max and Sarah married in 1930. Panitch's older brother Hersh was born in 1934.\n", "Panitch attended a secular Jewish school named after the radical Polish-Yiddish writer I.L. Peretz. During a conference on Jewish radicalism in Winnipeg held in 2001, Panitch said the school grew out of the socialist fraternal mutual aid societies that Jewish immigrants had established. These included the Arbeiter Ring also known as the Workmen's Circle. Panitch told the conference that its first declaration of principles, adopted in 1901, began with the words: \"The spirit of the Workmen’s Circle is freedom of thought and endeavour towards solidarity of the workers, faithfulness to the interests of its class in the struggle against oppression and exploitation.\" He added: \"As such institutions multiplied and spread through the Jewish community, for a great many people and for a considerable number of decades to come, to be Jewish, especially in a city like Winnipeg, came to mean to be radical.\"\n", "Section::::University education.\n", "Panitch received a B.A. (Hons.) in economics and political science in 1967 from the University of Manitoba. During his undergraduate years, he realized how much the writings of Karl Marx and the evolution of historical materialism helped him understand capitalism and its relation to the state. One of his teachers, Cy Gonick, introduced him to ideas about industrial democracy in which workers would control and manage their own workplaces. The 1960s generation of the New Left, Panitch writes, was impelled towards socialism by \"our experience with and observation of the inequalities, irrationalities, intolerances and hierarchies of our own capitalist societies.\"\n", "At age 22, Panitch left Winnipeg and moved to London, England where he earned his M.Sc. (Hons.) in 1968 at the London School of Economics and his PhD from LSE in 1974. His doctoral thesis was entitled \"The Labour Party and the Trade Unions.\" It was published as \"Social Democracy and Industrial Militancy\" in 1976 by Cambridge University Press.\n", "Section::::Academic work, writing and activism.\n", "Panitch taught at Carleton University between 1972 and 1984, and has been a Professor of Political Science at York University since 1984, serving as the Chair of the Department of Political Science from 1988-1994. In 2002, he was appointed Canada Research Chair in Comparative Political Economy at York. The appointment was renewed in 2009. His research involves examining the role of the American state and multinational corporations in the evolution of global capitalism.\n", "After his text in Canadian political science, \"The Canadian State: Political Economy and Political Power\", was published in 1977 by the University of Toronto Press, Panitch became the General Co-editor of its \"State and Economic Life\" book series in 1979 serving in that role until 1995. In 1979, he was also co-founder of the Canadian academic journal, \"Studies in Political Economy\" (on whose advisory board he still sits).\n", "He was also politically active in the two main organizational successors to The Waffle after it was expelled from the NDP in the early 1970s, the Movement for an Independent Socialist Canada and the Ottawa Committee for Labour Action. In the 1980s, he was a regular columnist (\"Panitch on Politics\") for the independent socialist magazine, \"Canadian Dimension\", and has remained active in socialist political circles, in particular the \"Socialist Project\" in Toronto (www.socialistproject.ca). He was inducted as an Academic Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada in 1995, and has also been a member of the Marxist Institute and the Committee on Socialist Studies as well as the Canadian Political Science Association.\n", "In addition to the 33 annual volumes of the Socialist Register he has edited since 1985, he has been the author of over 100 scholarly articles and has published nine books, including \"From Consent to Coercion: The Assault on Trade Union Freedoms;\" \"A Different Kind of State: Popular Power and Democratic Administration\"; \"The End of Parliamentary Socialism: From New Left to New Labour\"; \"American Empire and the Political Economy of Global Finance\"; and \"In and Out of Crisis: The Global Financial Meltdown and Left Alternatives\".\n", "At the \"Globalization, Justice and Democracy\" symposium (Delhi University, November 11, 2010), Panitch, drawing on his book \"In and Out of Crisis\" (with Greg Albo and Sam Gindin), addressed a lack of ambition on the left which, he argued, has been more debilitating than its lack of capacity in the global economic crisis. He outlined immediate reforms that could lead to fundamental changes in class relations including nationalizing banks and turning them into public utilities; demanding universal public pensions to replace private, employer-sponsored ones; and free health care, education and public transit as a way of escaping capitalism's drive to turn public needs into marketable, profit-generating commodities.\n", "Section::::Making of global capitalism.\n", "In 2012, Leo Panitch, with his friend and colleague Sam Gindin, published \"The Making of Global Capitalism: The Political Economy of American Empire\" (2012). As its title suggests, the 456-page book is a comprehensive study of the growth of a global capitalist system over more than a century. Panitch and Gindin argue that the process known as globalization was not an inevitable outcome of expansionary capitalism, but was consciously planned and managed by America, the world's most powerful state.\n", "They dispute the idea that globalization was driven by multinational corporations that have become more powerful than nation states. For them, this claim ignores the intricate relationships between states and capitalism; states maintain property rights, oversee contracts and sign free trade agreements, for example, while deriving tax revenues and popular legitimacy from the success of capitalist enterprises within their borders.\n", "Panitch and Gindin also dismiss claims that the American Empire is in decline as shown, for example, by U.S. trade deficits, industrial shutdowns and layoffs. They argue, in fact, that the opposite is true. In recent decades, American firms \"restructured key production processes, outsourced others to cheaper and more specialized suppliers and relocated to the U.S. south — all as part of an accelerated general reallocation of capital within the American economy.\" They write that although it is always highly volatile, the robust and globally dominant U.S. financial system facilitated this economic restructuring while making pools of venture capital available for investment in new, high-tech firms. As a result, the U.S. share of global production remained stable at around one quarter of the total right into the 21st century.\n", "Section::::Making of global capitalism.:American-led global capitalism.\n", "According to Panitch and Gindin, the institutional foundations for American-led global capitalism were laid during the Great Depression of the 1930s when the Roosevelt administration strengthened the U.S. Federal Reserve and the U.S. Treasury while establishing a wide range of economic and financial regulatory agencies. U.S. entry into World War II led, moreover, to the growth of a permanent American military-industrial complex.\n", "The authors argue that these state financial and military institutions made the U.S. into a Great Power capable of superintending the spread of its own brand of capitalism. The U.S. also dominated post-war global institutions such as the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank, while the American dollar, backed by U.S. Treasury bonds, became the anchor for international finance. Panitch and Gindin write that the American-financed post-war rebuilding of Europe and Japan, \"through low-interest loans, direct grants, technological assistance, and favourable trading relations,\" created the conditions for investment by U.S. multi-national corporations and eventually for substantial foreign investment in the U.S.\n", "Section::::Making of global capitalism.:America's informal empire.\n", "As they trace the history of global capitalism, Panitch and Gindin write that in the years after World War II, the U.S. succeeded in building an \"informal empire\" integrating other capitalist states into a co-ordinated, global capitalist system:\n", "The U.S. informal empire constituted a distinctly new form of political rule. Instead of aiming for territorial expansion along the lines of the old empires, U.S. military interventions were primarily aimed at preventing the closure of particular places or whole regions of the globe to capital accumulation. This was part of a larger remit of creating openings for or removing barriers to capital in general, not just U.S. capital. The maintenance and indeed steady growth of U.S. military installations around the globe after World War II, mostly on the territory of independent states, needs to be seen in this light rather than in terms of securing territorial space for the exclusive U.S. use of natural resources and accumulation by its corporations.\n", "Although the U.S. dominates in this informal, imperial system, Panitch and Gindin argue that other advanced capitalist states maintain their sovereignty, but must defer to American wishes when it comes to military interventions abroad. \"The American state arrogated to itself,\" they argue, \"the sole right to intervene against other sovereign states (which it repeatedly did around the world), and largely reserved to its own discretion the interpretation of international rules and norms.\"\n", "Section::::Making of global capitalism.:From golden age to crisis.\n", "The book chronicles the \"golden age\" of capitalism during the 1950s and '60s when capitalists enjoyed high profits in a booming, full-employment American economy. Workers benefited too from improved social programs and the higher wages that labour unions fought for and won. But, as the authors point out, capitalism is prone to crisis, and the 1970s produced \"stagflation\", simultaneously high rates of inflation and unemployment, stagnant economies and declining profits.\n", "In 1979, Paul Volcker, Chairman of the Federal Reserve found a way out of the crisis by administering the \"Volcker shock\", double-digit interest rates. The deep recession that followed brought high unemployment and with that, a decline over time of labour militancy. The adoption of neoliberal policies during the 1980s, that restricted workers' rights to organize and to strike, made it possible for capitalists to \"discipline\" workers by demanding greater \"flexibity\" in hours and working conditions and by holding down wages. Neoliberalism also led to an array of free trade agreements that promoted worldwide corporate investment and production.\n", "According to Panitch and Gindin, the neoliberal era ushered in a second, highly-profitable \"golden age\", but this time only for the capitalist class, not for workers whose wages stagnated while union membership declined.\n", "Section::::Making of global capitalism.:Global financial meltdown.\n", "The final chapter in \"The Making of Global Capitalism\" is devoted to a detailed examination of the international financial crisis that began in 2007 bringing an end to high corporate profits as millions lost their homes and consumer spending fell. Panitch and Gindin write that the crisis was preceded by decades of growth in volatile financial markets that had become crucial to underwriting capitalist expansion. They argue that the U.S. encouraged the growth in financial markets with its accompanying risk-taking even though it was periodically required \"to put out financial conflagrations\" such as the 1997 Asian financial crisis. The crisis of 2007-08, however, was not regional, but global:\n", "The roots of the crisis, in fact, lay in the growing global importance of U.S. mortgage finance – a development which could not be understood apart from the expanded state support for home ownership, a long-standing element in the integration of workers into U.S. capitalism. Since the 1980s, wages had stagnated and social programs had been eroded, reinforcing workers' dependence on the rising value of their homes as a source of economic security. The decisive role of American state agencies in encouraging the development of mortgage-backed securities figured prominently in their spread throughout global financial markets. The close linkages between these markets and the American state were thus crucial both to the making of the U.S. housing bubble and to its profound global impact when it burst, as mortgage-backed securities became difficult to value and to sell, thus freezing the world's financial markets.\n", "Panitch and Gindin add that the collapse of housing prices led to a sharp decline in U.S. consumer spending because housing represented a main source of workers' wealth. \"The bursting of the housing bubble,\" they write, \"thus had much greater effects than had the earlier bursting of the stock-market bubble at the turn of the century, and much greater implications for global capitalism in terms of the role the U.S. played as 'consumer of last resort'.\"\n", "Panitch and Gindin note that the U.S., as manager-in-chief of the global capitalist system, once again came to the rescue with billions of dollars in bail-out money for domestic and foreign banks.\n", "Section::::Transcending pessimism.\n", "With the apparent victory of global capitalism and the neoliberal state in the 21st century, Panitch notes the persistence of what he calls a \"debilitating pessimism\" about the possibility of realizing a better world. He writes that while some on the left, such as Tony Blair, chose what they called the politics of the third way—an attempt to reconcile socialist goals with a capitalist economy—others continue to feel powerless and defeated, especially in light of communism's failure to develop a democratic alternative to global capitalism.\n", "Panitch argues that to avoid the politics of the third way and to transcend pessimism, socialists need to revive the utopian ideal in which human beings are free to realize their potential by building their capacities for freedom and equality through social co-operation. He writes that \"capitalism is unjust and undemocratic not because of this or that imperfection in relation to equality and freedom, but because at its core it involves the control by some of the use and development of the potential of others, and because the competition it fosters frustrates humanity's capacity for liberation through the social.\"\n", "He recommends that socialists work towards a better world by developing alternative models to enhance human capacities for co-operation and democracy. These include communications systems that are not driven by advertising and consumption; organizations that are non-hierarchical beginning with socialist parties, unions, movements, NGOs and universities; and alternative, communal ways of living that could extend the bonds of the nuclear family to \"a broader supportive community.\"\n", "Panitch argues a rekindling of the socialist imagination requires the recognition of the basic utopian principle that \"you simply cannot have private property in the means of production, finance, exchange and communication and at the same time have an unalienated, socially just and democratic social order; and that you cannot begin to approach a utopia on the basis of the acquisitive and competitive drive.\"\n", "Section::::Personal life.\n", "Panitch married Melanie Pollock of Winnipeg in 1967. She is an longtime activist and human rights advocate who teaches in the School of Disability Studies at Ryerson University in Toronto. In 2006, Melanie Panitch earned a doctorate in social welfare from the City University of New York. Her thesis, on the history of the Canadian Association for Community Living, focused on mothers' campaigns to close institutions and gain human rights for disabled Canadians. In 2007, it was published as \"Disability, Mothers and Organization: Accidental Activists\".\n", "The Panitches have two children. Maxim is a photographer, writer and Scrabble champion while Vida is a philosophy professor at Carleton University in Ottawa, Ontario.\n", "Panitch speaks three languages, English, French and Yiddish. He and his wife live in Toronto, Ontario.\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- Vivek Chibber\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Leo Panitch archives at York University\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Global Financial Meltdown and Left Alternatives\". An interview with Leo Panitch, Sam Gindin and Greg Albo by Sasha Lilley\n", "BULLET::::- New Books Network audio interview with Leo Panitch on \"The Making of Global Capitalism: The Political Economy of American Empire\"\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Nikita Trubetskoy\n", "Prince Nikita Yurievich Trubetskoy (Russian: \"Никита Юрьевич Трубецкой\") (26 May 1699 – 16 October 1767) was a Russian statesman and Field Marshal (1756), minister of defense of Russia 1760.\n", "His parents were general-poruchik and senator Prince Yuri Yurievich Troubetzkoy (20 April 1668 – 8 September 1739), who was governor of Belgorod, and Princess Elena Grigorievna Tcherkassky (b. before 1696).\n", "In 1715-1717, Nikita Trubetskoy was educated abroad. He started his military career as the batman of Peter I. In 1722 he joined the Preobrazhensky Regiment in the rank of sergeant and promoted to ensign in 1722. In 1730, Trubetskoy was one of staunch opponents of the Supreme Privy Council and supported the empress Anna Ivanovna. He had taken part in all of the Russian wars until 1740, then he presided the Voiennaia Kolleguia (ministere of army). He was appointed General-Prosecutor of the Governing Senate. Trubetskoy remained on this post until 1760. He headed the investigation and trial of Andrei Osterman (1741), Aleksei Bestuzhev-Ryumin (1758) and others. In 1760, Trubetskoy became a senator and president of the Military Board. He retired in 1763. He died Marechal of Russia, senator and actual private counsellor. His memories are published in Russkaya Starina in 1870.\n", "Nikita Trubetskoy is known to have been a very enlightened man and connoisseur of art. He was a friend of prince Antioch Kantemir and writer Mikhail Kheraskov, and a patron of Yakov Shakhovsky.\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Nikita Trubetskoy\n", "BULLET::::- Biography\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Guy Ropartz\n", "Joseph Guy Marie Ropartz (; 15 June 1864 – 22 November 1955) was a French composer and conductor. His compositions included five symphonies, three violin sonatas, cello sonatas, six string quartets, a piano trio and string trio (both in A minor), stage works, a number of choral works and other music, often alluding to his Breton heritage. Ropartz also published poetry.\n", "Section::::Life.\n", "Ropartz was born in Guingamp, Côtes-d'Armor, Brittany. He studied initially at Rennes. In 1885 he entered the Conservatoire de Paris, studying under Théodore Dubois, then Jules Massenet, where he became a close friend of the young Georges Enesco. He later studied the organ under César Franck.\n", "He was appointed director of the Nancy Conservatory (at the time a branch of the Paris Conservatory) from 1894 to 1919, where he established classes in viola in 1894, trumpet in 1895, harp and organ in 1897, then trombone in 1900. He also founded the season of symphonic concerts with the newly created orchestra of the Conservatory, ancestor of the Orchestre symphonique et lyrique de Nancy.\n", "Ropartz was associated with the Breton cultural renaissance of the era, setting to music the words of Breton writers such as Anatole Le Braz and Charles Le Goffic. He also supported Breton regional autonomy, joining the Breton Regionalist Union in 1898. He also was the Honorary President of the Association des Compositeurs Bretons that was founded in 1912.\n", "In the early stages of World War I his friend and fellow composer Albéric Magnard was killed defending his house from German invaders. His house was destroyed, along with several musical manuscripts. Ropartz reconstituted from memory the orchestration of Magnard's opera \"Guercoeur\", which had been lost in the fire.\n", "From 1919 to 1929 Ropartz was director of the Strasbourg Conservatory, which he moved into the building of the former parliament of Alsace-Lorraine. At the same time he undertook the direction of the Philharmonic Orchestra of Strasbourg, influencing young students like Charles Munch. Elected in 1949 as a member of the Académie des Beaux-Arts (5th section, musical composition), he succeeded Georges Hüe.\n", "Ropartz also served as a juror with Florence Meyer Blumenthal in awarding the Prix Blumenthal, a grant given between 1919 and 1954 to young French painters, sculptors, decorators, engravers, writers, and musicians.\n", "He retired in 1929 and withdrew to his manor in Lanloup, Brittany. He continued to compose until 1953, however, when he became blind. He died in Lanloup in 1955.\n", "Section::::Style.\n", "His musical style was influenced by Claude Debussy and César Franck. However he self-identified as a Celtic Breton, writing that he was the son of a country \"where the goblins populate the moor and dance by the moony nights around the menhirs; where the fairies and the enchanters - Viviane and Merlin - have as a field the forest of Brocéliande; where the spirits of the unburied dead appear all white above the waters of the Bay of the Departed.\"\n", "Shortly after Ropartz died, René Dumesnil wrote in \"Le Monde\": \"There is with Ropartz a science of folklore and its proper use, which one admires; but more often than the direct use of popular motifs it is an inspiration drawn from the same soil which nourishes the work, like sap in trees.\"\n", "Section::::Compositions.\n", "Section::::Compositions.:Orchestral.\n", "BULLET::::- Symphonies:\n", "BULLET::::- Symphony No. 1 «Sur un choral Breton» (1894/5)\n", "BULLET::::- Symphony No. 2 in F minor (1900)\n", "BULLET::::- Symphony No. 3 in E major for orchestra, choir and soloists (1905/6)\n", "BULLET::::- Symphony No. 4 in C major (1910)\n", "BULLET::::- Symphony No. 5 in G major (1945)\n", "BULLET::::- \"La Cloche des morts\" (1887)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Lamento\" for oboe and orchestra (1887)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Les Landes\" (1888)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Marche de fête\" (1888)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Cinq pièces brèves\" (1889)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Carnaval\" (1889)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Dimanche breton\", suite in 4 movements (1893)\n", "BULLET::::- Fantaisie en ré majeur (1897)\n", "BULLET::::- \"À Marie endormie\" (1912)\n", "BULLET::::- \"La Chasse du prince Arthur\" (1912)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Sons de cloches\" (1913)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Soir sur les chaumes\" (1913)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Rapsodie\" for cello and orchestra (1928)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Sérénade champêtre\" (1932)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Bourrées bourbonnaises\" (1939)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Petite symphonie en mi bémol majeur\" (1943)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Pastorales (1950)\n", "Section::::Compositions.:Stage.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Fethlene\" (1887)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Pêcheur d'islande\" (1893)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Le Pays\" (1912)\n", "Section::::Compositions.:Chamber music.\n", "BULLET::::- six string quartets (1893 to 1949)\n", "BULLET::::- two cello sonatas (1904, 1919)\n", "BULLET::::- three violin sonatas (1907, 1917, 1927)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Pièce\" in E flat minor, for trombone and piano (1908)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Fantaisie brève sur le nom de Magnard\", for string quartet (1892)\n", "BULLET::::- Piano Trio in A minor (1918)\n", "BULLET::::- Two pieces for wind quintet (1924)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Prélude, Marine et Chansons\", for flute, violin, viola, cello and harp (1928)\n", "BULLET::::- Trio in A minor, for strings (1934–35)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Entratta et Scherzetto\", for wind trio (1936)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Andante et allegro\", for trumpet and piano\n", "Section::::Compositions.:Sacred music.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Kyrie solennel\", for 4 soloists, choir and organ (1886)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Offertoire pascal\", for organ (1889)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Psaume 136: 'Super flumina Babylonis\"', for choir and orchestra (1897)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Cinq Motets\", for 4 mixed voices à cappella (1900)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Messe brève en l'honneur de Sainte Anne\", for three equal voices and organ (1921)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Messe en l'honneur de Sainte Odile\", for mixed chorus and organ (1923)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Messe 'Te Deum laudamus\"', for 3 mixed voices and organ (1926)\n", "BULLET::::- Requiem, for soloists, choir and orchestra (1938)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Salve Regina\", for mixed chorus and organ (1941)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Psaume 129: 'De profundis\"', for soloist, choir and orchestra (1942)\n", "Section::::Compositions.:Vocal music.\n", "Section::::Compositions.:Vocal music.:Voice and orchestra.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Trois Prières\"\n", "BULLET::::- \"La Fleur d'or\"\n", "BULLET::::- \"Sous bois\"\n", "Section::::Compositions.:Vocal music.:Voice and piano.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Berceuse\" (1894)\n", "BULLET::::- \"4 Poèmes de l'intermezzo\" (1899)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Veilles de départ\" (1902)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Odelettes\" (1914)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Les Heures propices\" (1927)\n", "BULLET::::- \"La Mer\"\n", "BULLET::::- \"Amour d'hiver\"\n", "BULLET::::- \"Lied\"\n", "BULLET::::- \"Le Petit enfant\"\n", "BULLET::::- \"Sous bois\"\n", "BULLET::::- \"Rondel pour Jeanne\"\n", "BULLET::::- \"Rondel de miséricorde\"\n", "BULLET::::- \"Rondeau pour un délaissé de s'amye\"\n", "Section::::Compositions.:Vocal music.:Choir.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Les Fileuses de Bretagne\", women's choir\n", "BULLET::::- \"Kyrie\"\n", "BULLET::::- \"Les vêpres sonnent\" (1927)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Nocturne\" (1926)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Dimanche\" (1911)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Le Miracle de saint Nicolas\" (1905)\n", "Section::::Compositions.:Piano music.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Ouverture, variations et final\" (1904)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Choral varié\" (1904)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Nocturne No. 1\" (1911)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Dans l'ombre de la montagne\" (1913)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Nocturne No. 2\" (1916)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Nocturne No. 3\" (1916)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Scherzo\" (1916)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Musiques au jardin\" (1917)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Croquis d'été\" (1918)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Croquis d'automne\" (1929)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Jeunes filles\" (1929)\n", "BULLET::::- \"À la mémoire de Paul Dukas\" (1936)\n", "Section::::Compositions.:Organ music.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Trois Pièces: Sur un thème Breton, Intermède, Fugue en mi mineur\" (1894)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Vêpres du commun des saints\" (1896)\n", "BULLET::::- \"6 Pièces pour grand orgue: Prélude funèbre, Prière, Sortie, Thème varié, Prière pour les trépasses, Fantasie\" (1896–1901)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Introduction et allegro moderato\" (1917)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Rapsodie sur deux Noëls populaires\" (1919)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Trois Méditations\" (1919)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Au pied de l'autel\" (100 pieces for harmonium) (1919)\n", "Section::::Literary works.\n", "Ropartz was also a writer of literary works, notably poetry. In his youth he published three collections of verse influenced by the Symbolist movement. In 1889 he published with Louis Tiercelin \"Le Parnasse Breton contemporain\", an anthology of Breton poetry of the second half of the 19th century. He also participated in \"la Revue l'Hermine\", which Tiercelin founded a short while later, in 1890.\n", "Section::::Literary works.:Poems.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Adagiettos\" (1888)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Modes mineurs\" (1889)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Les Muances\" (1892)\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- List of composers from Brittany\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Association Guy Ropartz\n", "BULLET::::- J. G. Ropartz\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "Joseph Guy Marie Ropartz", "Joseph-Guy Ropartz" ] }, "description": "French composer", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q1379409", "wikidata_label": "Guy Ropartz", "wikipedia_title": "Guy Ropartz" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Carlton Cole\n", "Carlton Michael George Cole (born 12 October 1983) is an English football coach and former professional footballer who played as a striker. He scored 51 goals in 289 Premier League appearances for four clubs.\n", "Cole began his career at Chelsea in 2001, spending spells out on loan at Wolverhampton Wanderers, Charlton Athletic and Aston Villa before being transferred to West Ham United in 2006. He was released by West Ham in 2013 only to be re-signed several months later, and the club released him for a second time in May 2015. He later had brief spells at Celtic in Scotland, Sacramento Republic in the United States and Persib Bandung in Indonesia.\n", "He made 19 England under-21 appearances (scoring six goals), and made his debut for the England national team on 11 February 2009 in a friendly match against Spain.\n", "Section::::Club career.\n", "Section::::Club career.:Chelsea.\n", "Section::::Club career.:Chelsea.:2001–02 season.\n", "Cole was born in Croydon, London to a Sierra Leonean mother. He began his career as a trainee with Chelsea, before signing his first professional contract with the club in October 2000.\n", "He made his first-team debut in April 2002 as a substitute for Jimmy Floyd Hasselbaink in a 3–0 victory against Everton. He made his first senior start three weeks later, scoring a goal as Chelsea beat Middlesbrough at the Riverside Stadium. He made one more appearance for Chelsea in the 2001–02 season, in a 3–1 home defeat against Aston Villa in May 2002.\n", "Section::::Club career.:Chelsea.:2002–03 season.\n", "Cole started the 2002–03 season in the Chelsea first-team squad, scoring a goal and making another in the opening match of the season in a 3–2 win over Charlton Athletic after coming on as a substitute for Gianfranco Zola. He suffered a hairline fracture in his leg in August but returned to action in a League Cup tie against Gillingham in November, scoring two goals. Claudio Ranieri, the then manager of Chelsea, described Cole as being the best young player that he had ever coached, saying, \"I've never coached a young player like Carlton. He's fantastic even though he hasn't really started his career yet. He has a very long contract, and, in my opinion, a very big future at Chelsea.\" However, with Eiður Guðjohnsen, Jimmy Floyd Hasselbaink and Gianfranco Zola available for selection, Cole's first team opportunities were limited and he was loaned to Wolverhampton Wanderers in November 2002 for one month, later extended to two months.\n", "Having made seven appearances for Wolves, scoring one goal against Norwich City, his loan spell was cut short as Chelsea, needing cover, recalled him early in January 2003. Cole made a further 12 league and cup appearances for Chelsea in the 2002–03 season, in addition to the four that he made before going on loan to Wolves. He scored six goals in all for Chelsea that season, including a spectacular, long-range left-footed strike against Sunderland, and the winner against Bolton Wanderers in April 2003 as Chelsea pressed for a place in the UEFA Champions League.\n", "Section::::Club career.:Chelsea.:2003–04 season.\n", "Cole signed a new six-year contract with Chelsea in the summer of 2003, but faced competition from Adrian Mutu, Gudjohnsen, Hasselbaink and Mikael Forssell for a place in the starting line-up for Chelsea.\n", "He joined Charlton Athletic on a season-long loan in August 2003, where he scored five goals in 22 league and cup appearances, helping Charlton to finish the 2003–04 season in seventh place in the Premier League.\n", "Section::::Club career.:Chelsea.:2004–05 season.\n", "Despite Charlton being keen to retain Cole's services for the 2004–05 season, he joined Aston Villa on a season-long loan in July 2004. This move sparked off a dispute, as Charlton were expecting Cole to return to the club as part of the deal that took Scott Parker from Charlton to Chelsea. The dispute was later resolved when the two clubs reached a settlement.\n", "Cole scored three goals in 30 league and cup appearances for Villa, including a goal on his debut in a 2–0 win over Southampton in August 2004, in a season which was interrupted by a knee injury picked up in an England under-21 match against the Netherlands in February 2005.\n", "Section::::Club career.:Chelsea.:2005–06 season.\n", "He returned to Chelsea in the summer of 2005 where he appeared in pre-season friendlies. However, first team opportunities were limited by the presence of Didier Drogba and Hernán Crespo, and Cole made only 12 league and cup appearances for Chelsea in the 2005–06 season, scoring one goal in an FA Cup win over Huddersfield Town.\n", "He joined West Ham United in July 2006, having made a total of 31 league and cup appearances for Chelsea, scoring eight goals.\n", "Section::::Club career.:West Ham United.\n", "Section::::Club career.:West Ham United.:2006–07 season.\n", "Cole joined West Ham United in July 2006 for an undisclosed fee, signing a four-year contract. He scored seconds into his competitive debut for West Ham United after coming on as a substitute in injury time to seal a 3–1 home win against Charlton in August 2006.\n", "However, in a season of turmoil at West Ham. in which the club only secured their place in the Premier League on the final day of the season, Cole was unable to establish himself in the first team, making 23 league and cup appearances, 15 of which were as substitute, and scoring three goals.\n", "Section::::Club career.:West Ham United.:2007–08 season.\n", "Into 2007–08 and Cole began to repay the faith shown in him by the Hammers, scoring six goals and making an important contribution in the absence of the injured Dean Ashton.\n", "Section::::Club career.:West Ham United.:2008–09 season.\n", "It was the 2008–09 season, however, that saw Cole finally come of age. He scored twelve goals in all competitions, as well as picking up a further four assists. He started the season in good form, scoring four goals in his first eight matches.\n", "On 26 October 2008, Cole received his first red card of his West Ham career against Arsenal, with a foul on Alex Song at Upton Park. Cole's form earned him a new five-year contract, which he signed in November 2008.\n", "Section::::Club career.:West Ham United.:2009–10 season.\n", "He continued the good form in 2009–10 season, made 30 Premier League appearances, starting 26 of them. He scored ten Premier League goals, including one penalty in the 5–3 home win over Burnley on 28 November. He was then linked with a £20 million January 2010 transfer to Manchester United.\n", "After netting six goals in his first ten Premier League matches, he missed the period between 28 November and 26 February with a knee injury. He also made two League Cup appearances, starting the home second-round win over Millwall. He was booked four times over the course of the season.\n", "Section::::Club career.:West Ham United.:2010–11 season.\n", "He was linked with a transfer to Liverpool in August 2010 for a fee reported to be £20m which consisted of £15m including £5m in performance related add-ons.\n", "On 26 December 2010, he scored two goals in one match in the Premier League, for a first time in his career, in a 3–1 away win against Fulham at Craven Cottage. He also got a brace in the 4–0 League Cup quarter-final victory over Manchester United on 30 November 2010. On 12 February 2011, Cole scored in a 3–3 draw against West Bromwich Albion at The Hawthorns On 27 February 2011, Cole scored the final goal in West Ham's 3–1 victory against Liverpool within two minutes of coming on as a substitute at Upton Park.\n", "Section::::Club career.:West Ham United.:2011–12 season.\n", "After failed bids from both Turkish club Galatasaray and Premier League club Stoke City, West Ham confirmed that Cole was committed to the club and that he would be staying.\n", "Cole came on as a 75th minute and 62nd substitute for Frédéric Piquionne in the two opening matches of the Championship season, against Cardiff City and Doncaster Rovers without scoring. He started the next four matches, scoring four goals; a crucial goal coming in the match at home against Portsmouth on 10 September when in the 76th minute he scored the winner in a 4–3 thriller, latching onto a Matthew Taylor cross before heading into the top corner. On 19 November 2011, Cole scored West Ham's 2000th away League goal in a 2–1 away win against Coventry City. He scored his 50th goal for West Ham in the 1–1 draw with Birmingham City on 26 December 2011. On 19 May 2012, Cole scored the first goal, his fifteenth of the season, in West Ham's 2–1 win over Blackpool in the play-off final, ensuring an immediate return to the Premier League.\n", "Section::::Club career.:West Ham United.:2012–13 season.\n", "Cole's first goal of the 2012–13 season came in a 3–1 victory against London rivals Chelsea on 1 December 2012, with a header inside the six-yard box to the near post. Cole scored again on 23 December, putting West Ham in the lead in the 14th minute against Everton. In the same match, he was sent off for a dangerous tackle against Leighton Baines. West Ham appealed against the red card and it was overturned by The Football Association on 27 December 2012. For the remainder of the season he was mostly used as a substitute or kept out of the team by Andy Carroll.\n", "On 21 May 2013, West Ham announced that Cole would be leaving the club at the end of the season. He had been at West Ham for seven seasons.\n", "Section::::Club career.:West Ham United.:2013–14 season.\n", "On 3 September 2013, after West Ham failed with a number of bids for strikers at the end of the transfer window, they approached Cole about returning to the club. The move did not take place however, due to concerns over Cole's fitness. After training at the club to regain his fitness, on 14 October 2013, Cole signed a short-term contract with West Ham, keeping him at the club until January 2014. Cole made 6 starts and 8 appearances as a substitute for West Ham during this short-term contract. His first goal in his second spell came on 30 November 2013 in his fourth match: coming on as an 81st-minute substitute for Modibo Maïga, Cole scored the second West Ham goal, barely a minute later, and another in the 88th minute, in a 3–0 win against Fulham. He went on to score four more goals, against Manchester United, Arsenal, Cardiff City and Newcastle United.\n", "On 15 January 2014, Cole signed an 18-month contract keeping him at the club to the end of the 2014–15 season.\n", "Section::::Club career.:West Ham United.:2014–15 season.\n", "Cole started West Ham's first match of the season, against Tottenham Hotspur. His first goal came in the following match, on 23 August 2014, in a 3–1 away win against Crystal Palace. His only other goals of the season came in a 3–1 away win at Burnley on 10 October 2014 and in a 2–2 home FA Cup draw against Everton on 13 January 2015, equalising in the 113th minute to make the match 2–2. West Ham won the match 9–8 on penalties with Cole taking and scoring one scoring for West Ham.\n", "In January 2015, Cole was set to join West Bromwich Albion. The deal fell through, near to the transfer deadline for football transfers, after West Ham refused to sanction the move after attempts to sign Tottenham Hotspur player Emmanuel Adebayor as a replacement striker were blocked by Tottenham chairman Daniel Levy. Cole made 23 league appearances in the 2014–15 season, 15 after coming on as a substitute. He was released by West Ham at the end of the 2014–15 season. Following his release, after nine years with West Ham, Cole stated his intention to seek at least three more seasons playing at the top-level of football.\n", "Section::::Club career.:Later career.\n", "On 22 October 2015, Cole signed for Scottish champions Celtic on a two-year deal lasting until 2017. He said of the move \"When Celtic called and said they wanted me, I just ran over. Being at Celtic is not about the money, it's about wearing the shirt with pride. Celtic are in a great position to win trophies and I want to add that to my career\".\n", "He made his debut for Celtic on 29 November in a 1–3 victory away to Inverness Caledonian Thistle; coming on as a 61st-minute substitute for Tom Rogic, Cole provided the assist for Celtic's third goal, an own goal by Danny Devine. On 10 January 2016, he scored his only goal for Celtic in a 3–0 win over Stranraer at Stair Park, in the fourth round of the Scottish Cup. On 16 June 2016, Celtic confirmed that Cole had been released by the club after just eight months.\n", "On 9 August 2016, Cole signed for United Soccer League club Sacramento Republic. After four appearances, he left the club to return to the United Kingdom.\n", "On 30 March 2017, Cole signed for Indonesian club Persib Bandung in the Liga 1. Signing a ten-month contract, he was reunited with former Chelsea teammate Michael Essien. Cole only played twice as a starter from his five appearances without scoring a goal. On 4 August 2017, Persib officially terminated his contract.\n", "Cole was handed a trial by AFC Wimbledon in the beginning of January 2018 and immediately played for their development squad, where he scored a goal in his first game. According to the club's manager, Neal Ardley \"Carlton’s agent spoke to Simon Bassey [first-team coach] and asked about him coming in. This was back in November and we said yeah\". However, he was never handed a contract and despite interest from Hull City and Birmingham City, Cole announced his official retirement on 29 March 2018.\n", "Section::::International career.\n", "Cole represented England at youth levels, making five under-19 appearances, two under-20 appearances and 19 under-21 appearances (scoring six goals).\n", "He made his debut for the England national team on 11 February 2009 in a friendly match against Spain. Coming on as a 75th-minute substitute, he saw a late effort cleared off the line by Carlos Marchena, after latching onto a David Beckham pass. He made seven appearances for England, all from the substitutes' bench.\n", "Section::::Coaching career.\n", "In December 2018, Cole rejoined West Ham United to work with the club's academy players, providing support to under-18 coaches Jack Collison and Mark Phillips.\n", "Section::::Controversies.\n", "In April 2011, Cole was fined £20,000 by The Football Association for comments he made on Twitter regarding England's friendly against Ghana, at Wembley Stadium the previous month, joking that the match was being used as a sting operation by immigration authorities. He requested that the fine be donated to a Ghanaian charity of his choice.\n", "Cole was again charged by The Football Association in March 2015, when in response to a Tottenham fan taunting him on Twitter by asking whether he would consider retirement, he replied \"Fuck off you cunt\". After admitting the offence, he was fined £20,000.\n", "Cole is also known on Twitter due to a controversial parody account in his name, for whom he has been mistaken many times.\n", "Section::::Personal life.\n", "Cole accepted the offer to play in Indonesia as it was close to Malaysia, and his wife, Sofea, had returned there to live, in Kuala Lumpur. In 2018 Cole was declared bankrupt by a court in London.\n", "Section::::Honours.\n", "West Ham United\n", "BULLET::::- Football League Championship play-offs: 2011–12\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Carlton Cole profile at the Football Association website\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "Carlton Michael George Cole" ] }, "description": "English association football player", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q158618", "wikidata_label": "Carlton Cole", "wikipedia_title": "Carlton Cole" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Behrouz Vossoughi\n", "Behrouz Vossoughi (), (born Khalil Vossoughi, , 11 March 1938), is an Iranian actor, TV host and model, with appearances in more than 90 films and plays. He has also worked in television, radio and theater. His work has earned him recognition at several international film festivals, including for Best Actor at the International Film Festival of India in 1974 and the Lifetime Achievement Award at the San Francisco International Film Festival in 2006.\n", "Section::::Career.\n", "He started acting in films with Samuel Khachikian in \"Toofan dar Shahre Ma\" and Abbas Shabaviz's \"Gole gomshodeh\" (1962), and became a major star as the brooding hero of the revenge drama \"Qeysar\" (1969), directed by Masoud Kimiai. Vossoughi received the Best Actor Award at the Sepas Film Festival for this role.\n", "He went on to collaborate with Kimiai on five more films including \"Dash Akol\" (1971). His next collaboration with Kimiai was \"The Deers\" (1974) in which he played the role of Seyed Rasoul. Vossoughi's most acclaimed performance was as Zar Mohamad, a peasant seeking justice in \"Tangsir\" (1975) directed by Amir Naderi. In the same year Vossoughi appeared in The Beehive in the role of Ebi. In 1978, Vossoughi partnered with Ali Hatami in another film, Sooteh-Delan.\n", "He was one of the first Iranians to appear in American and European co-productions, such as \"Caravans\" (1978), co-starring with Anthony Quinn, Jennifer O'Neill and Michael Sarrazin. He also appeared in \"The Invincible Six\" (1970) with Curd Jürgens, and \"Sphinx\" (1981) with Frank Langella and Lesley-Anne Down.\n", "In 2000, at the San Francisco Film Festival award ceremony, Abbas Kiarostami was awarded the Akira Kurosawa Prize for lifetime achievement in directing, but then gave it to Vossoughi for his contribution to Iranian cinema.\n", "In addition to his acting career, in 2012 Vossoughi was an official festival judge for the Noor Iranian Film Festival. He is currently a judge on \"Persian Talent Show\".\n", "Section::::Career.:Notable films.\n", "His most famous film works are \"Qeysar\" (1969), \"The Invincible Six\" (1970), \"Reza Motori\" (1970), \"Dash Akol\" (1971), \"Toughi\" (1971), \"Deshne\" (1972), \"Baluch\" (1972), \"Tangsir\" (1973), \"Gavaznha\" (1974), \"Zabih\" (1975), \"Mamal Amricayi\" (1975), \"Zabih, Kandoo\" (1975), \"Hamsafar\" (1975), \"Sooteh-Delan\" (1978), \"Caravans\" (1978) and \"Sphinx\" (1981).\n", "Section::::Filmography.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Toofan Dar Shahre Ma\" (1958) – directed by Samuel Khachikian\n", "BULLET::::- \"Gole gomshodeh\" (1962) – directed by Abbas Shabaviz\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Hundred Kilo Bridegroom\" (1962) – directed by Abbas Shabaviz\n", "BULLET::::- \"An Angel in My House\" (1963) – directed by Aramis Aghamalian\n", "BULLET::::- \"Gamine (1964)\" – directed by Aramis Aghamalian\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Pleasures of Sin\" (1964) – directed by Siamak Yasemi\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Bride of the Sea\" (1965) – directed by Arman\n", "BULLET::::- \"Dozde Bank\" (1965) – directed by Esmail Koushan\n", "BULLET::::- \"Hashem khan\" (1966) – directed by Tony Zarindast\n", "BULLET::::- \"Today and Tomorrow\" (1966) – directed by Abbas Shabaviz\n", "BULLET::::- \"Twenty years of waiting\" (1966) – directed by Mehdi Reisfirooz\n", "BULLET::::- \"Khodahafez Tehran\" (1966) – directed by Samouel Khachikian\n", "BULLET::::- \"Dalahoo\" (1967) – directed by Siamak Yasemi\n", "BULLET::::- \"Zani Be Name Sharab\" (1967) – directed by Amir Shervan\n", "BULLET::::- \"Vasvaseye sheitan\" (1967) – directed by Tony Zarindast\n", "BULLET::::- \"Come Stranger\" (1968) – directed by Masoud Kimiai\n", "BULLET::::- \"Tange Ejdeha\" (1968) – directed by Siamak Yasemi\n", "BULLET::::- \"Red Plains\" (1968) – directed by Hekmat Aghanikyan\n", "BULLET::::- \"Gerdabe gonah\" (1968) – directed by Mehdi Reisfirooz\n", "BULLET::::- \"Man ham gerye kardam\" (1968) – directed by Samouel Khachikian\n", "BULLET::::- \"Hengameh\" (1968) – directed by Naser Mohammadi\n", "BULLET::::- \"Dozd e Siahpoosh\" (1969) – directed by Amir Shervan\n", "BULLET::::- \"Blue World\" (1969) – directed by Saber Rahbar\n", "BULLET::::- \"Qeysar\" (1969) – directed by Masoud Kimiai\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Window (1970)\" – directed by Jalal Moghadam\n", "BULLET::::- \"Dore Donya Ba Jibe Khali\" (1970) – directed by Khosrow Parvizi\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Invincible Six\" (1970) – directed by Jean Negulesco\n", "BULLET::::- \"Reza Motorcyclist\" (\"Reza Motori\") (1970) – directed by Masoud Kimiai\n", "BULLET::::- \"Wood Pigeon\" (\"Toghi\") (1970) – directed by Ali Hatami\n", "BULLET::::- \"Leyli and Majnun\" (1971) – directed by Siamak Yasemi\n", "BULLET::::- \"Dash Akol\" (1971) – directed by Masoud Kimiai\n", "BULLET::::- \"Rashid (1971)\" – directed by Parviz Nouri\n", "BULLET::::- \"Fleeing the Trap\" (1971) – directed by Jalal Moghadam\n", "BULLET::::- \"Yek Mard O Yek Shahr\" (1971) – directed by Amir Shervan\n", "BULLET::::- \"Baluch\" (1972) – directed by Masoud Kimiai\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Dagger\" – directed by Fereydun Gole\n", "BULLET::::- \"Gharibe\" (1972) – directed by Shapoor Gharib\n", "BULLET::::- \"The dagger\" (1972) – directed by Shapoor Gharib\n", "BULLET::::- \"Khak\" (1972) – directed by Masoud Kimiai\n", "BULLET::::- \"Gorg-e bizar\" (1973) – directed by Maziar Partow\n", "BULLET::::- \"Tangsir\" (1974) – directed by Amir Naderi\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Compromise\" (1974) – directed by Mohammad Motevaselani\n", "BULLET::::- \"Gavaznha\" (1974) – directed by Masoud Kimiai\n", "BULLET::::- \"Mamal Amricayi\" (1975) – directed by Shapoor Gharib\n", "BULLET::::- \"Zabih (1975)\" – directed by Mohammad Motevaselani\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Beehive\" (1975) – directed by Fereydun Gole\n", "BULLET::::- \"Hamsafar\" (1975) – directed by Masoud Asadollahi\n", "BULLET::::- \"Bot\" (1976) – directed by Iraj Ghaderi\n", "BULLET::::- \"Botshekan\" (1976) – directed by Shapoor Gharib\n", "BULLET::::- \"Malakout\" (1976) – directed by Khosrow Haritash\n", "BULLET::::- \"Honeymoon\" (1976) – directed by Fereydun Gole\n", "BULLET::::- \"Sooteh-Delan\" (1978) – directed by Ali Hatami\n", "BULLET::::- \"Cat in the Cage\" (1978) – directed by Tony Zarindast\n", "BULLET::::- \"Caravans\" (1978) – directed by James Fargo\n", "BULLET::::- \"Nafas-borideh\" (1980) – directed by Sirus Alvand\n", "BULLET::::- \"Sphinx\" (1981) – directed by Franklin J. Schaffner\n", "BULLET::::- \"Time Walker\" (1982) – directed by Tom Kennedy\n", "BULLET::::- \"Eyes\" (1987) – directed by Schwann Mikels\n", "BULLET::::- \"Terror in Beverly Hills\" (1989) – directed by John Myhers\n", "BULLET::::- \"Veiled Threat\" (1990) – directed by Cyrus Nowrasteh\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Crossing\" (1999) – directed by Nora Hoppe\n", "BULLET::::- \"Broken Bridges\" (2004) – directed by Rafigh Pouya\n", "BULLET::::- \"Zarin\" (2005) – directed by Shirin Neshat\n", "BULLET::::- \"Sepas\" (2011) – directed by Saeid Khoze\n", "BULLET::::- \"Keep the Flight in Mind\" (2012) – directed by Saeid Khoze\n", "BULLET::::- \"Rhino Season\" (2012) – directed by Bahman Ghobadi\n", "Section::::Filmography.:TV series.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Falcon Crest\" (1981) – directed by Reza Badiyi\n", "BULLET::::- \"Nightingales\" (1989) – directed by Reza Badiyi\n", "Section::::Awards.\n", "BULLET::::- Winner Statue Sepas for Best Actor Sepas Film Festival – 1969\n", "BULLET::::- Winner Statue Sepas for Best Actor Sepas Film Festival – 1970\n", "BULLET::::- Nominated Statue Sepas for Best Actor Sepas Film Festival – 1971\n", "BULLET::::- Honorary Diploma for Best Actor Tashkent International Film Forum – 1972\n", "BULLET::::- Best Actor Award International Film Festival of India – 1974\n", "BULLET::::- Winner Winged Goat Award for Best Actor Tehran International Film Festival – 1974\n", "BULLET::::- Nominated Winged Goat Award for Best Actor Tehran International Film Festival – 1975\n", "BULLET::::- Nominated Winged Goat Award for Best Actor Tehran International Film Festival – 1977\n", "BULLET::::- Akira Kurosawa Award San Francisco International Film Festival – 2000\n", "BULLET::::- Lifetime Achievement Award San Francisco International Film Festival – 2006\n", "BULLET::::- Lifetime Achievement Award Thessaloniki International Film Festival – 2012\n", "BULLET::::- Special Achievement Award Tokyo Filmex – 2012\n", "BULLET::::- Winner of people's heart, presented by a heart, from a disabled Iranian-American U.S. Army ex-serviceman from Berkeley, California – January 14, 2017\n", "Section::::Personal life.\n", "Vossoughi was briefly married in the 1970s, to the Iranian singer Googoosh.\n", "He currently lives in San Rafael, California with his wife, Catherine Vossoughi.\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Official Website\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Jean Meslier\n", "Jean Meslier (; also Mellier; 15 June 1664 – 17 June 1729), was a French Catholic priest (abbé) who was discovered, upon his death, to have written a book-length philosophical essay promoting atheism and materialism. Described by the author as his \"testament\" to his parishioners, the text criticizes and denounces all religions.\n", "Section::::Life.\n", "Jean Meslier was born in Mazerny in the Ardennes. He began learning Latin from a neighborhood priest in 1678 and eventually joined the seminary; he later claimed, in the Author's Preface to his \"Testament\", this was done to please his parents. At the end of his studies, he took Holy Orders and, on 7 January 1689, became priest at Étrépigny, in Champagne.\n", "One public disagreement with a local nobleman aside, Meslier was to all appearances generally unremarkable, and he performed his office without complaint or problem for 40 years. He lived like a pauper, and every penny left over was donated to the poor.\n", "When Meslier died in Étrépigny, there were found in his house three copies of a 633-page octavo manuscript in which the village curate denounces organized religion as \"but a castle in the air\" and theology as \"but ignorance of natural causes reduced to a system\".\n", "Section::::Thought.\n", "In his \"Testament\", Meslier repudiated not only the God of conventional Christianity, but even the generic God of the natural religion of the deists. For Meslier, the existence of evil was incompatible with the idea of a good and wise God. He denied that any spiritual value could be gained from suffering, and he used the deist's argument from design against god, by showing the evils that he had permitted in this world. To him, religions were fabrications fostered by ruling elites; although the earliest Christians had been exemplary in sharing their goods, Christianity had long since degenerated into encouraging the acceptance of suffering and submission to tyranny as practised by the kings of France: injustice was explained away as being the will of an all-wise Being. None of the arguments used by Meslier against the existence of God were original. In fact, he derived them from books written by orthodox theologians in the debate between the Jesuits, Cartesians, and Jansenists. Their inability to agree on a proof for God's existence was taken by Meslier as a good reason not to presume that there were compelling grounds for belief in God.\n", "Meslier's philosophy was that of an atheist. He also denied the existence of the soul and dismissed the notion of free will. In Chapter V, the priest writes, \"If God is incomprehensible to man, it would seem rational never to think of Him at all\". Meslier later describes God as \"a chimera\" and argues that the supposition of God is not prerequisite to morality. In fact, he concludes that \"[w]hether there exists a God or not [...] men's moral duties will always be the same so long as they possess their own nature\".\n", "In his most famous quote, Meslier refers to a man who \"...wished that all the great men in the world and all the nobility could be hanged, and strangled with the guts of the priests.\" Meslier admits that the statement may seem crude and shocking, but comments that this is what the priests and nobility deserve, not for reasons of revenge or hatred, but for love of justice and truth.\n", "Equally well-known is the version by Diderot: \"And [with] the guts of the last priest let's strangle the neck of the last king.\" During the political unrest of May 1968, the radical students of the Sorbonne Occupation Committee paraphrased Meslier's epigram, stating that \"humanity won’t be happy till the last capitalist is hung with the guts of the last bureaucrat.\"\n", "Meslier also vehemently attacked social injustice and sketched out a kind of rural proto-communism. All the people in a region would belong to a commune in which wealth would be held in common, and everybody would work. Founded on love and brotherhood, the communes would ally to help each other and preserve peace.\n", "Section::::Voltaire's \"Extrait\".\n", "Various edited abstracts (known as \"extraits\") of the \"Testament\" were printed and circulated, condensing the multi-volume original manuscript and sometimes adding material that was not written by Meslier. Abstracts were popular because of the length and convoluted style of the original.\n", "Voltaire often mentions Meslier (referring to him as \"a good priest\") in his correspondence, in which he tells his daughter to \"read and read again\" Meslier's only work, and says that \"every honest man should have Meslier's \"Testament\" in his pocket.\" However, he also described Meslier as writing \"in the style of a carriage-horse\".\n", "Voltaire published his own expurgated version as \"Extraits des sentiments de Jean Meslier\" (first edition, 1762). Voltaire's edition changed the thrust of Meslier's arguments (or drew on other Extraits which did this) so that he appeared to be a deist—like Voltaire—rather than an atheist.\n", "The following passage is found at the end of Voltaire's \"Extrait\", and has been cited in support of the view that Meslier was not really an atheist. However, the passage does not appear in either the 1864 complete edition of the \"Testament\", published in Amsterdam by Rudolf Charles, or in the complete works of Meslier published 1970–1972.\n", "Another book, \"Good Sense\" (), published anonymously in 1772, was long attributed to Meslier, but was in fact written by Baron d'Holbach.\n", "The complete \"Testament\" of Meslier was published in English translation (by Michael Shreve) for the first time in 2009.\n", "Section::::Legacy.\n", "In his book \"In Defense of Atheism\" (2007) the atheist philosopher Michel Onfray describes Meslier as the first person to write an entire text in support of atheism:\n", "Prior to announcing Meslier as the first atheist philosopher, Onfray considers and dismisses Cristóvão Ferreira, a Portuguese and former Jesuit who renounced his faith under Japanese torture in 1633 and went on to write a book titled \"The Deception Revealed\". However, Onfray decides that Ferreira was not such a good candidate as Meslier, since Ferreira converted to Zen Buddhism.\n", "The Situationist cultural theorist Raoul Vaneigem praised Meslier's resistance to hierarchical authority, claiming that \"the last full-fledged exemplars of priests genuinely loyal to the revolutionary origins of their religion were Jean Meslier and Jacques Roux fomenting jacquerie and riot\".\n", "According to Colin Brewer (2007), who co-produced a play about Meslier's life,\n", "Historians argue about who was the first overt, post-Classical atheist but Meslier was arguably the first to put his name to an incontrovertibly atheist document. That this important event is largely unrecognised (Meslier was absent from both Richard Dawkins’ and Jonathan Miller's recent TV series on atheism) is due partly to Voltaire who published, in 1761, a grossly distorted \"Extract\" that portrayed Meslier as a fellow-deist and entirely suppressed Meslier's anti-monarchist, proto-communist opinions.\n", "Section::::Bibliography.\n", "BULLET::::- Meslier, Jean (2009). \"Testament: Memoir of the Thoughts and Sentiments of Jean Meslier.\" Translated by Michael Shreve. Prometheus Books. .\n", "Section::::Further reading.\n", "BULLET::::- Brewer, Colin (2007). \"Thinker: Jean Meslier\", \"New Humanist\". Vol. 122 (4), July/August. Available online: .\n", "BULLET::::- Deprun, Jean; Desné, Roland; Soboul, Albert (1970–72). \"Jean Meslier. Oeuvres complètes.\" Vols. 1–3. Paris: Editions Anthropos.\n", "BULLET::::- Morehouse, Andrew R. (1936). \"Voltaire and Jean Meslier\". Yale Romanic Studies, IX. New Haven: Yale University Press.\n", "BULLET::::- Wade, Ira O. (1933). \"The Manuscripts of Jean Meslier's \"Testament\" and Voltaire's Printed \"Extrait\" \", \"Modern Philology\", Vol. 30 (4), May, pp. 381–98 .\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Superstition In All Ages, Common Sense\" 1732 English\n", "BULLET::::- Le bon sens du curé J. Meslier, suivi de son testament published 1830 includes correspondence of Voltaire on Meslier's testament, a biography of Meslier by Voltaire, \"Le bon sens\", by d'Holbach, and the \"Extrait\" of the \"Testament\" produced by Voltaire.\n", "BULLET::::- 1864 complete edition Volume 1, Volume 2 and Volume 3\n", "BULLET::::- A translation of Voltaire's abridged \"Testament\".\n", "BULLET::::- Jean Meslier and \"The Gentle Inclination of Nature\" by Michel Onfray translated by Marvin Mandell\n", "BULLET::::- Archive of Jean Meslier Papers at the International Institute of Social History\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "17th–18th century French priest and atheist", "enwikiquote_title": "Jean Meslier", "wikidata_id": "Q380492", "wikidata_label": "Jean Meslier", "wikipedia_title": "Jean Meslier" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "William Pulteney (British Army officer)\n", "Lieutenant General Sir William Pulteney Pulteney, (18 May 1861 – 14 November 1941) was a British general during the First World War.\n", "Section::::Early life.\n", "Pulteney was educated at Eton College.\n", "Section::::Early military career.\n", "He was commissioned into the Oxford Militia in 1878. He transferred to the Scots Guards where he was commissioned a second lieutenant on 23 April 1881, and was promoted to lieutenant on 1 July 1881. \n", "Section::::Anglo-Egyptian War.\n", "The following year he served in the Anglo-Egyptian War, where he was present at the Battle of Tell El Kebir (September 1882). On 4 May 1892 he was promoted to captain, and in 1895 he served with the Bunyoro expedition and the Nandi expedition, for which he was mentioned in despatches and was appointed a Companion of the Distinguished Service Order (DSO). Promotion to major followed on 1 May 1897.\n", "Section::::2nd Boer War.\n", "The Second Boer War broke out in October 1899, and Pulteney served with the 1st Battalion of his regiment in South Africa from late 1899, attached to the Guards Brigade, with the brevet appointment as lieutenant-colonel from 11 November 1899. He was present at the battles of Belmont, Enslin and Modder River (November 1899), and the battle of Magersfontein (December 1899). The following year he was appointed second in command of his regiment in April, took part in the march to Bloemfontein and Pretoria, and the battles of Diamond Hill (June 1900), Belfast (August 1900) and the advance to Komatipoort in September. For his service in the war, he received the brevet promotion as colonel on 29 November 1900. He stayed with his regiment in South Africa until the war ended in May 1902, and left for the United Kingdom on the \"SS Briton\" two months later.\n", "After the war, he was in charge of the 16th Brigade in Ireland from 1908 and the 6th Division in Southern Ireland in 1910.\n", "Section::::First World War.\n", "Pulteney had an extensive operational career during World War 1, commanding the III Corps on the Western Front continuously from 31 August 1914 through to 19 February 1918. Pulteney commanded XIII Corps in the United Kingdom from 20 February 1918 to 15 April 1919. \n", "After the First World War he was served with the British Military Mission to Japan, until his retirement in 1920.\n", "Section::::Later life.\n", "He held the office of 'Black Rod' in the Parliament of the United Kingdom from 1920 to 1941.\n", "Section::::Honours.\n", "He was created a Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath in 1915; a Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George in 1917, and a Knight Commander of the Royal Victorian Order in 1918.\n", "Section::::Personal life.\n", "Pulteney was married in 1917 to Jessie, daughter of Sir John Arnott, Baronet.\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Centre for First World War Studies: William Pulteney Pulteney\n", "BULLET::::- Profile at Anglo-Boer War\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "British Army general", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q3568897", "wikidata_label": "William Pulteney", "wikipedia_title": "William Pulteney (British Army officer)" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Gail Goodrich\n", "Gail Charles Goodrich Jr. (born April 23, 1943) is an American retired professional basketball player in the National Basketball Association (NBA). He is best known for scoring a then record 42 points for UCLA in the 1965 NCAA championship game vs. Michigan, and his part in the Los Angeles Lakers' 1971–72 season. During that season the team won a still-record 33 consecutive games, posted what was at the time the best regular season record in NBA history, and also won the franchise's first NBA championship since relocating to Los Angeles. Goodrich was the leading scorer on that team. He is also acclaimed for leading UCLA to its first two national championships under the legendary coach John Wooden, the first in 1963–64 being a perfect 30-0 season when he played with teammate Walt Hazzard. In 1996, 17 years after his retirement from professional basketball, Goodrich was elected to the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame.\n", "Section::::High school career.\n", "A native of the Los Angeles area, Goodrich was the captain of the John H. Francis Polytechnic High School basketball team that dominated and won the 1961 Los Angeles City high school basketball championship. Goodrich scored 29 points in the championship game despite breaking his ankle in the third quarter.\n", "Section::::College career.\n", "Goodrich has said that he had originally wanted to attend the University of Southern California (USC), where his father had once been a star player. But coach John Wooden of UCLA ultimately showed much more interest in Goodrich than did USC. Like many Division I colleges, USC was wary of Goodrich's short stature. He was only his junior year in high school and even at his ultimate height of , he was short by college basketball standards. \n", "Goodrich attended UCLA, where he finished as the school's all-time leading scorer and played on the school's first two national championship teams in 1964 and 1965. He was a two-time All-America and the Helms Foundation's \"Co-Player of the Year\" (along with Princeton's Bill Bradley) in 1965.\n", "In the 1965 NCAA championship game, he scored a record 42 points as UCLA beat favored Michigan. This record stood until 1973 when UCLA's Bill Walton scored 44 in the finals vs. Memphis State, and through 2007 it is still the second-highest total by a player in the championship game. While at UCLA, Goodrich was also a member of the Beta Theta Pi fraternity.\n", "A tenacious and fiery competitor, Goodrich used intelligent ball-handling skills and excellent court vision to lead two of the most successful teams in college basketball history. The left-handed junior guard was the team's main scorer. He finished with an average of 21.5 points per game and guided the 1963–64 UCLA Bruins to a 30-0 record. For the first time, a UCLA team won all 30 of its games en route to the school's first NCAA title. Goodrich and Keith Erickson were the only returning starters from the team that won UCLA's first national title in 1964. As a senior, the Bruins repeated as NCAA champions as Goodrich scored 24.6 points per game. At UCLA, Goodrich helped compile a 78-11 three-year record. In both of those championship seasons, Goodrich was named to the NCAA Final Four All-Tournament team. Goodrich at the time finished as UCLA's all-time leading scorer (1,690 points) which is now broken by Don MacLean (2,608 points).\n", "Section::::NBA career.\n", "Section::::NBA career.:Los Angeles Lakers.\n", "Although many believed Goodrich was too small for the college game and too frail for the pros, Goodrich, through perseverance and discipline, proved his doubters wrong. Goodrich was nicknamed \"Stumpy\", a moniker bestowed upon him by teammate Elgin Baylor, because of Goodrich's height and short legs.\n", "Goodrich was a territorial pick by the Los Angeles Lakers in the 1965 NBA draft. As a rookie in 1965–66, he averaged about 15 minutes per game as a reserve guard behind starters Jerry West and former UCLA teammate Walt Hazzard (later known as Mahdi Abdul-Rahman). Goodrich posted averages of 7.8 points per game (ppg), 2.0 rebounds per game (rpg) and 1.6 assists per game (apg). On December 23, 1965, he scored a personal single-game best of 25 points against the San Francisco Warriors. The Lakers advanced to the NBA finals, where they lost in seven games to the Boston Celtics.\n", "In 1966–67, his playing time increased to over 23 minutes per game as he divided time with Hazzard at guard opposite West. Goodrich posted averages of 12.4 ppg, 3.3 rpg and 2.7 apg. In the first game of the season he scored a career-high 30 points in a game against the Baltimore Bullets, a feat which he duplicated six weeks later against the Chicago Bulls.\n", "In 1967–68, his third season, Goodrich's playing time increased again, to 26 minutes per game, although it wasn't without frustration as he returned to a reserve role backing up guard Archie Clark opposite West. Goodrich averaged 13.8 ppg, 2.5 rpg and 2.6 apg. The Lakers returned to the NBA Finals, but they again fell to the Celtics in six games.\n", "Section::::NBA career.:Phoenix Suns.\n", "In 1968, the Lakers lost Goodrich to the Phoenix Suns in the expansion draft, and he quickly became the star of the new franchise and a favorite among Suns fans. A full-time starter for the first time in his NBA career in 1968–69, Goodrich showed what was to come as he scored at least 22 points in each of the Suns' first 11 games. In December 1968, he exploded for 40 points against the Warriors, but topped that later with 43 against the Bulls and, on March 9, 1969, he scored 47 against the San Diego Rockets. For the season, Goodrich scored 23.8 points per game — sixth in the league and tops on his team. He surprised critics who had labeled him a gunner by ranking seventh in assists with 6.4 per game along with 5.4 rpg. He was selected to play in the 1969 NBA All-Star Game. In 1969–70, Goodrich scored 20.0 ppg and 7.5 apg (both tops on the team). After the season, on May 20, 1970, he was traded back to the Lakers in exchange for Mel Counts.\n", "Section::::NBA career.:Return to the Lakers.\n", "For the 1970–71 season, now as a Lakers starter alongside Jerry West, Goodrich averaged 17.5 ppg as the Lakers advanced to the Western Conference Finals.\n", "The 1971–72 Lakers season was one that would go down in history, with Goodrich a major factor. Goodrich, playing all 82 games, averaged a career-high 25.9 ppg, including 28 games of 30 points or more, to go with 3.6 rpg and 4.5 apg. The Lakers posted an NBA-record 33 consecutive wins en route to an NBA-best 69-13 record led by Goodrich and fellow future Hall-of-Famers Jerry West, Wilt Chamberlain, and Elgin Baylor (although Baylor was out most of the year due to injury). The Lakers advanced to the NBA Finals, where they dismantled the New York Knicks in five games to win the NBA championship as Goodrich averaged a series-leading 25.6 ppg.\n", "Goodrich led the Lakers in scoring in 1971–72, 1972–73, 1973–74, and 1974–75. From the 1968–69 season through the 1975–76 season, Goodrich scored an average of 22.4 points a game, among the best in the NBA during that period, while also averaging over five assists per game.\n", "The 1973–74 season was the best all-around season in his career. He was first-team All-NBA and again an all-star. He scored over 2,000 points and averaged 25.3 points a game — fourth in the league in scoring — while leading the NBA in free throws made and free throw attempts as he drove the basket perhaps more than at any point in his career. On October 28, 1973 he fired in a career-high 49 points against the Portland Trail Blazers. In 1973–74, he was in the second year of earning $180,000 per season.\n", "Goodrich, then 31, dropped about for the 1974–75 season stating, \"I decided prior to this season that I would lose about 10 pounds to get down to my college playing weight of 172 ... I'm sure it helps with my quickness and my stamina.\" Goodrich led the Lakers in scoring with a 22.6 per game average. On March 28, 1975, for the first time in his career, Goodrich topped 50 points in a game with 53 against the Kansas City-Omaha Kings.\n", "Goodrich held out in the fall of 1975 and missed the first four games while playing out his option to become a free agent the following season. In the 1975–76 season, Goodrich switched roles, becoming the \"playmaking\" guard rather than the \"shooting guard\", switching spots with Lucius Allen. Goodrich had played a similar role in Phoenix, but during his time with Jerry West, Goodrich was the shooting guard. Ironically, Allen was the shooting guard when he played with Oscar Robertson on the champion Milwaukee Bucks team. So, both were familiar with the roles. According to a Long Beach newspaper, the switch worked and \"did wonders for a slumping Laker team\". That same season the Lakers had acquired Kareem Abdul-Jabbar to upgrade the center position from previous center Elmore Smith.\n", "Section::::NBA career.:Utah/New Orleans Jazz.\n", "On August 6, 1976, Goodrich signed a three-year contract, reportedly worth $1.4 million, with the New Orleans Jazz, where he teamed in the backcourt with Pete Maravich. Early in the 1976–77 season, Goodrich sustained an Achilles heel injury that required surgery. In January 1977, Goodrich filed a lawsuit against the Lakers, alleging that he was shorted over $150,000 of his $275,000 1975–76 season salary due to fines for missing training camp and for pre-season and some regular season games. The lawsuit also asked for $75,000 punitive damages, stating that the fines were a \"breach of contract\". He rehabilitated the leg and prepared hard for the 1977–78 season and it seemingly paid off as he averaged 16.1 points a game and shot a career-best .495 from the field as a 34-year-old guard.\n", "He played one final campaign in 1978–79, the 14th of his career. After averaging 12.7 ppg in 74 games, Goodrich retired, having scored 19,181 career points.\n", "His impact upon the Lakers franchise extended far beyond his playing years. When he signed with the Jazz in 1976, per league rules at the time, the Lakers were to receive compensation for losing a veteran free agent. The Lakers and Jazz agreed to send New Orleans' regular first-round pick from the 1979 draft to Los Angeles (along with first-round picks in 1977 and 1978 and an additional second-round pick). When the Jazz finished the 1978–79 season with the worst record in the NBA, the Lakers were eligible for one of the top two picks of that draft. Until 1985, the two teams with the worst records flipped a coin to determine which team would receive the top pick. The Lakers won the coin flip against the Chicago Bulls, who selected David Greenwood second. The Lakers selected Magic Johnson. They used the first round pick in 1977 for Kenny Carr and they traded the 1978 first round selection to Boston, who took Freeman Williams.\n", "Section::::Legacy.\n", "For his career, Goodrich was a five-time All-Star and was All-NBA in 1973–74. He is still the third all-time scorer among lefties in NBA history. At the time of his retirement in 1979, Goodrich was 11th all-time in scoring and 10th all-time in assists.\n", "Goodrich ranks among all-time Lakers leaders in several categories, including total points (sixth, 13,044), assists (seventh, 2,863), free throws made (seventh, 2,830) and games played (ninth, 687).\n", "On November 20, 1996, the Lakers retired his #25 jersey, with then-Laker star Eddie Jones changing his jersey number from 25 to 6. In 2003, Poly High held a ceremony to retire his #12. On December 18, 2004, UCLA retired his #25.\n", "Section::::Personal life.\n", "After his basketball career, Goodrich and his second wife, Toni, eventually settled in Greenwich, Connecticut. He has three children from his first marriage—a son and twin daughters. Goodrich became an executive with a golf course management company, American Golf Corporation in Santa Monica, California. In 1996, he left American Golf and became the president of National Fairways, a golf company in Greenwich. In his tenure at National Fairways, Goodrich purchased Forsgate Country Club in New Jersey in partnership with another golf firm, RDC Golf. He sold his interest in Forsgate in 1999 and retired from the golf industry. Goodrich serves as a studio analyst for NBA TV.\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- List of National Basketball Association players with 1000 games played\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Basketball Hall of Fame profile\n", "BULLET::::- Official NBA bio\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "Gail Charles Goodrich Jr.", "Stumpy", "The Stump" ] }, "description": "American basketball player", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q1393162", "wikidata_label": "Gail Goodrich", "wikipedia_title": "Gail Goodrich" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Baron Davis\n", "Baron Walter Louis Davis (born April 13, 1979) is an American former professional basketball player who is a studio analyst for \"The NBA on TNT\". He is a two-time NBA All-Star. He was drafted with the third overall pick in the 1999 NBA draft by the Charlotte Hornets. He also played in the NBA for the New Orleans Hornets, Golden State Warriors, Los Angeles Clippers, Cleveland Cavaliers and New York Knicks. Davis played college basketball for UCLA, where he was an All-American honoree before turning professional after his sophomore year. He was a star high school player while at Crossroads School.\n", "Section::::Early life.\n", "Davis was born in Los Angeles and grew up in the South Central area. His grandmother and guardian, Lela Nicholson, was instrumental in pushing him to play basketball. With her encouragement, he eventually enrolled at Crossroads School, a prestigious private school in Santa Monica. \n", "As a senior at Crossroads, Davis led his team to the championship of The Beach Ball Classic tournament in Myrtle Beach, South Carolina over perennial prep powerhouse Simon Gratz High School ([Philadelphia, Pennsylvania]), while earning MVP honors and a spot on the All-Tournament team along with future St. John's standout Erick Barkley at that prestigious event. That year, Davis was also named Gatorade National Player of the Year and a Parade All-American. He was also selected to play in the prestigious McDonald's All-American High School Basketball Game in Colorado Springs in 1997, playing with future NBA players Elton Brand, Shane Battier, Larry Hughes and Ron Artest, and winning the Sprite Slam Dunk Contest despite being the smallest man in the competition at 6'2\".\n", "Section::::College career.\n", "After a highly contested recruiting battle that saw Kansas, Georgia Tech, Duke, and UCLA in hot pursuit for his services, Davis selected UCLA as his school of choice, so that he could play in front of his family and friends. During this time, Davis was involved in a minor controversy pertaining to his driving a 1991 Chevy Blazer that was a gift from his sister, then a UCLA employee. The car was sold to her by a member of Jim Harrick's family. At the time, Harrick was the UCLA men's basketball coach, presenting both a conflict of interest and a potential recruiting violation, since rumor had it that the car was purchased below market value. The controversy subsided when it was discovered that Davis' sister had, in fact, bought the car at the listed blue-book price. Davis then enrolled at UCLA in 1997 without problem. In 1998, Davis was named the Pac-10 Freshman of the Year and made the Third Team All-America his sophomore year in 1999.\n", "In Davis' two years at UCLA, he averaged 13.6 points and 5.1 assists for the Bruins. While coming down from a dunk during an NCAA Tournament game his freshman year, he injured his knee and tore his anterior cruciate ligament (ACL). Surprisingly, though, he made a full recovery the next season and seemed to have regained nearly all of the speed, quickness, and explosiveness he had before the injury while doing enough on the basketball court to warrant his declaring for the 1999 NBA draft after his sophomore campaign.\n", "Section::::Professional career.\n", "Section::::Professional career.:Charlotte Hornets (1999–2002).\n", "Davis was the third pick in the 1999 NBA draft by the Charlotte Hornets. In his NBA debut, a 100–86 win over the Orlando Magic, Davis scored nine points, and added five rebounds, two assists and two steals. In Davis' first year, he backed up Eddie Jones and David Wesley, as the Hornets lost in the first round of the playoffs to the 76ers in four games.\n", "Davis saw better success the following year, as his averages in points, assists, steals and minutes per game all increased and he started all 82 games for the Hornets. Davis lead the Hornets back into the playoffs, and swept the Miami Heat before being defeated by the Ray Allen-led Milwaukee Bucks in seven games in the second round. Davis is credited with making the longest shot in NBA history at the Bradley Center on February 17, 2001, when he buried an 89-foot shot with 0.7 seconds remaining in the third quarter against the Milwaukee Bucks.\n", "The next season, Davis again started all 82 games while averaging 18 points and 8.5 assists per game. He was also selected as an injury replacement for Vince Carter in the 2002 NBA All-Star Game. The Hornets made the playoffs with Davis for the third time in as many years, but after defeating the Tracy McGrady-led Orlando Magic in the opening round, they were eliminated in the second round by the Jason Kidd-led New Jersey Nets.\n", "Section::::Professional career.:New Orleans Hornets (2002–2005).\n", "In the summer of 2002, the Hornets relocated from Charlotte, North Carolina, to New Orleans. In the New Orleans Hornets' inaugural season, Davis suffered multiple injuries that limited him to just 50 games. He was still able to lead the Hornets back to the playoffs, but they would fall to the Allen Iverson-led Philadelphia 76ers in the first round. Iverson would later describe Davis as the most difficult defensive assignment of his career. The following season saw a similar result, injuries limited Davis to 67 games and the Hornets were ousted in the first round of the playoffs by the Dwyane Wade-led Miami Heat .\n", "The Hornets made the playoffs in each of Davis' five years with the team, and only advanced past the first round in the two years he started every game. After Davis was traded to Golden State, New Orleans failed to make the playoffs for three straight years. He played for the US national team in the 2002 FIBA World Championship.\n", "Section::::Professional career.:Golden State Warriors (2005–2008).\n", "On February 24, 2005, Davis was traded from the Hornets to the Golden State Warriors for guard Speedy Claxton and veteran forward Dale Davis after tension with the Hornets' coaching staff and several nagging injuries. The move created one of the more potent backcourts in the NBA with Davis and star guard Jason Richardson. It also saw Davis' return to California, where he had craved to return since his college days at UCLA.\n", "After two seasons in which the Warriors underachieved under coach Mike Montgomery, the Warriors hired former coach Don Nelson for the 2006–07 season. His high-scoring offensive system was designed to fit Davis's up-tempo style. Although Davis suffered through knee soreness and underwent surgery during the season, he still led the Warriors to their first playoff appearance since 1994. The Warriors swept the regular season series against the Mavericks 3–0, giving them an advantage and won the series against the top-seeded Dallas Mavericks 4–2, making them the 1st No. 8 seed to beat a No. 1 seed since the NBA changed the 1st round from a 5-game series to a 7-game series. It was numerically the largest upset in the history of the NBA playoffs, with the 67–15 Mavericks' regular-season win-loss record 25 games better than the 42–40 Warriors'. Davis averaged 25 points per game in the series.\n", "Steve Kerr, then television analyst, called Davis' performance in the 2007 NBA Playoffs \"outrageous...stunningly athletic and creative and explosive.\" Davis' playoff highlights included numerous acrobatic layups, a buzzer-beating half-court three-pointer, and a memorable dunk over Andrei Kirilenko. The Utah Jazz eliminated the undersized Warriors 4 games to 1. Davis averaged 25.3 points, 6.5 assists, 2.9 steals, and 4.5 rebounds per game in the 2007 Playoffs.\n", "In 2008, during a playoff elimination game against the Phoenix Suns, Coach Nelson benched Davis at halftime due to his poor play (shooting 2–13 in 17 minutes). Down fourteen at the half, the Warriors lost by six. Some sportswriters criticized Nelson's decision to bench his team's star with an entire half left to play; other writers speculated about possible friction between Davis and Nelson, which Nelson denied. After the 2007–08 season, in which the Warriors were narrowly edged out of playoff contention despite a record of 48–34 (led by Davis – who remained injury-free throughout the season – with averages of 21.8 PPG, 7.6 assists, 2.3 steals, 4.6 RPG), Davis's agent Todd Ramasar stated that Davis might opt out of his contract with the Warriors, which would have paid him $17.8 million, to pursue other options. On June 30, 2008, Davis opted out of his contract with the Golden State Warriors.\n", "Section::::Professional career.:Los Angeles Clippers (2008–2011).\n", "On July 1, 2008, Davis verbally agreed to a 5-year, $65 million deal to play for his hometown-team, the Los Angeles Clippers, and officially signed with the Clippers on July 10, 2008. Davis initially decided to join the Clippers with the intent of playing with Elton Brand, but Brand shockingly opted out of his contract to sign with the Philadelphia 76ers. After officially signing with the Clippers, Davis said that Brand's departure had no impact on his decision to come to Los Angeles.\n", "Prior to Davis' arrival, the Clippers had never even won their division or conference, and had only advanced past the first round of the playoffs twice since entering the league in 1970. Davis promised to change that, and despite Brand's departure, Clippers fans remained excited to have a star who could compete with crosstown rival Kobe Bryant's popularity.\n", "Davis' first year with the Clippers was marked with a series of injuries and disappointments, as the Clippers struggled to a 19–63 record in which Davis was only able to play 65 games, and saw his points per game average and field goal percentage take a steep decline. Despite this, Davis did produce a few bright spots on the year. On November 22, he scored 30 points and handed out 10 assists in a game against the New Jersey Nets. He also had a pair of 20-assist games on the year.\n", "On November 20, 2009, at a home game vs the Denver Nuggets, Baron reached and surpassed the 5,000 assist mark. In his third year with the Clippers, a rejuvenated and healthy Davis saw some success playing alongside youngsters Eric Gordon, DeAndre Jordan and Rookie of the Year Blake Griffin. While Davis was finally showing the ability that prompted Clippers management to sign him, run-ins with the coaching staff and Clippers' owner Donald Sterling as well as the team's decision to get younger and rebuild, made the Clippers decide to move in a new direction.\n", "Section::::Professional career.:Cleveland Cavaliers (2011).\n", "On February 24, 2011, Davis was traded to the Cleveland Cavaliers along with a first round pick (which turned out to be the first overall pick in the 2011 NBA draft, Kyrie Irving), in exchange for Mo Williams and Jamario Moon. This trade to Cleveland marked a reunion between Davis and former coach Byron Scott, to which Davis was quoted as saying \"I know we're together for a reason. There's some things my game can benefit from just playing in his system\". Davis chose to wear no. 85 to honor his grandparents who raised him in Los Angeles and whose house was on 85th Street. In his debut with the Cavs, Baron scored 18 points, grabbed 4 rebounds, had 5 assists, and made four three-point shots, in a win over the New York Knicks.\n", "Despite joining a Cavaliers team who at the time of the trade had the worst record in the NBA (which included a record-setting 26-game losing streak), Davis helped the Cavaliers close the season with several victories, including a 102–90 upset victory over LeBron James and the Miami Heat, to ensure that Cleveland did not have the worst record in the league at the season's end.\n", "On December 14, 2011, the Cavaliers waived Davis via the amnesty clause. He still made the $30 million over the two years left on his contract, but it did not count against Cleveland's salary cap. The Cavaliers had drafted Kyrie Irving with their first overall pick, and wanted to give him the starting point guard spot, allowing Davis to seek a starting job on a contending team. The Knicks, Heat and Lakers were in the market for a point guard at the time.\n", "Section::::Professional career.:New York Knicks (2011–2012).\n", "On December 19, 2011, Davis signed a one-year contract with the New York Knicks, choosing New York over the Lakers and Heat who also expressed interest in signing Davis. At the time of the signing, Davis had a herniated disk in his back. He did not make his debut for the Knicks until February 20, 2012, coming off the bench to score a three-pointer along with an assist.\n", "Davis took over as the Knicks' starting point guard following the season-ending injury to Jeremy Lin. He also started the four playoff games he played in. On May 6, 2012, during Game 4 of the first round of the playoffs in New York's win against the Miami Heat, Davis injured his right knee while dribbling down the court. He was carted off the court on a stretcher. He underwent surgery after an MRI revealed a partial tear of the patellar tendon in his right knee and complete tears of the right ACL and MCL.\n", "Section::::Professional career.:Later years and comeback (2012–2016).\n", "Davis became an unrestricted free agent in the summer of 2012, but he was expected to be out until May 2013 while recovering from his surgery. He made a return to the basketball court in July 2015, scoring 44 points in the Drew League (which was the subject of his documentary \"The Drew: No Excuse, Just Produce\"), and subsequently announced his interest in returning to the NBA. On January 15, 2016, he signed a contract to play in the NBA Development League, and on March 2, he was acquired by the Delaware 87ers. Two days later, he made his D-League debut in a 114–106 loss to the Iowa Energy, recording eight points, one rebound, four assists and three steals in 19 minutes off the bench. In six games for Delaware to conclude the 2015–16 season, Davis averaged 12.8 points, 2.5 rebounds, 3.5 assists and 1.2 steals per game.\n", "Davis participated in NBA Celebrity All-Star Game 2017 as part of Michael Smith's West Team.\n", "On June 22, 2018, Davis made his debut for Three's Company of The Big3 league leading the team with 17 points and 9 rebounds in a 21-point win.\n", "Section::::Awards and honors.\n", "BULLET::::- NBA\n", "BULLET::::- 2× NBA All-Star (, )\n", "BULLET::::- All-NBA Third Team ()\n", "BULLET::::- 2× NBA steals leader (, )\n", "BULLET::::- NBA Skills Challenge champion ()\n", "BULLET::::- College\n", "BULLET::::- AP Third-team All-American (1999)\n", "BULLET::::- First-team All-Pac-10 (1999)\n", "BULLET::::- Pac-10 Freshman of the Year (1998)\n", "BULLET::::- Pac-10 All-Freshman Team (1998)\n", "BULLET::::- Great Alaska Shootout All-Tournament Team\n", "BULLET::::- UCLA Athletics Hall of Fame (2016)\n", "BULLET::::- High school\n", "BULLET::::- Gatorade Player of the Year (1997)\n", "BULLET::::- McDonald's All-American (1997)\n", "BULLET::::- California Mr. Basketball (1997)\n", "Section::::Personal life.\n", "On January 30, 2014, Davis married former Creative Artists Agency (CAA) agent Isabella Brewster, the sister of actress Jordana Brewster. In April 2014, Brewster announced she and Davis were expecting a child. In January 2016, Brewster gave birth to the couple's second child. The couple split in June 2017. In late 2017 Davis was spotted on several dates with actress Laura Dern.\n", "Section::::Personal life.:Broadcasting career.\n", "Since 2017, Davis is also a regular panelist during NBA on TNT's Monday coverage called \"Players Only\", which features only former NBA players as studio analysts, play by play announcers, and color analysts for games.\n", "Section::::Personal life.:Film and television.\n", "In addition to his NBA career, Davis has had an increasing role in the film industry, with the intention of making it a full-time career when his playing days are over. He is a member of the Screen Actors Guild, having earned membership by appearing in movies such as \"The Cookout\" and guest-starring on the ABC Family show \"Lincoln Heights\" and ABC's \"The Forgotten\". He has made appearances both as himself and fictional characters in movies and on television, and has also been involved in producing a number of films, ranging from \"The Pool Boys\" to \"\". Davis and high school friend, Cash Warren, formed a production company called \"Verso Entertainment\" in 2005.\n", "Davis appeared on the DVD commentary track of the 2008 film \"Step Brothers\" alongside Will Ferrell and John C. Reilly, and appears as himself during season three of \"Hot In Cleveland\". He appeared in the 2012 film \"That's My Boy\" as a gym teacher, and in 2015, he appeared in Yahoo! Screen's \"Sin City Saints\", playing the role of Billy Crane. He also played himself in the 2015 film \"The Night Before\", and portrayed a doctor in \"Joe Dirt 2\".\n", "On November 12, 2015, Davis co-starred alongside Kyrie Irving, Ray Allen and J. B. Smoove as Louis in the fourth episode of \"Uncle Drew\", a series of Pepsi Max advertisements written and directed by Irving.\n", "In Mozart in the Jungle's last three episodes of the third season, Davis made a special guest appearance as Kevin Majors, an injured NBA player. \n", "Davis appeared in the 2017 Chinese film \"My Other Home\" starring Stephon Marbury.\n", "He stars in the scripted television sitcom \"WTF, Baron Davis\" on the Fuse channel, premiering January 20, 2019.\n", "Baron Davis the basketball player should not be confused with Baron Davis the voice actor, who did additional voices in \"Tarzan II\" and \"The Jungle Book 2\". However, Davis the basketball player did some voiceover work for the series \"TripTank\", as Stedmund the horse.\n", "Section::::Personal life.:Business.\n", "In 2012, Davis formed the gaming company \"5 Balloons Interactive\" with Sean O’Brien, formerly of EA Sports, to produce games for the iPhone, iPad, and iPod Touch. Their first game was called \"Getting Buckets\".\n", "In 2016, Davis created the Black Santa Company which sells shirts, beanies, onesies, as well as Christmas ornaments among other products.\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- List of National Basketball Association career assists leaders\n", "BULLET::::- List of National Basketball Association career steals leaders\n", "BULLET::::- List of National Basketball Association annual steals leaders\n", "BULLET::::- List of National Basketball Association single-game assists leaders\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- NBA.com profile\n", "BULLET::::- UCLA bio\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "Baron Walter Louis Davis" ] }, "description": "American basketball player", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q313486", "wikidata_label": "Baron Davis", "wikipedia_title": "Baron Davis" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Dave Parker\n", "David Gene Parker (born June 9, 1951), nicknamed \"The Cobra\", is an American former player in Major League Baseball. He was the 1978 National League MVP and a two-time batting champion. Parker was the first professional athlete to earn an average of one million dollars per year, having signed a five-year, $5 million contract in January 1979. Parker's career achievements include 2712 hits, 339 home runs, 1493 runs batted in and a lifetime batting average of .290. Parker was also known as a solid defensive outfielder during the first half of his career, with a powerful arm, winning three consecutive Gold Gloves during his prime. From 1975 to 1979, he threw out 72 runners, including 26 in 1977.\n", "He was a baseball All-Star in 1977, 1979, 1980, 1981, 1985, 1986, and 1990. In the 1979 All-Star Game, Parker showcased his defensive ability and powerful arm by throwing out Jim Rice at third base and Angels catcher Brian Downing at home. Parker also contributed an RBI on a sacrifice fly and was named the game's MVP.\n", "In 1985, Parker was the winner of the League's first-ever Home Run Derby.\n", "Section::::Early life.\n", "Parker grew up in Cincinnati near Crosley Field, where he learned to play baseball on the stadium's parking lots. His father, Dick Parker, was a shipping clerk in a foundry. Dave Parker attended Courter Tech High School. He has said his favorite sport was football, and he starred at tailback but injured a knee in a game during his senior year and gave up the game. Also a baseball star, one of his fondest memories is playing at Western Hills High School (alma mater of Pete Rose), where he hit a home run that landed on the roof of a Frisch's restaurant.\n", "Section::::Playing career.\n", "Section::::Playing career.:Pittsburgh Pirates.\n", "In the early 1970s, as a member of the Pirates AAA minor league ball team Charleston (WV) Charlies, Parker hit a home run that landed on a coal car on a passing train and the ball was later picked up in Columbus, Ohio. He began his major league career on July 12, 1973 with the Pittsburgh Pirates, for whom he played from 1973 to 1983.\n", "At the 1977 MLB All-Star Game he became the only player in history to have worn batting helmets from two different teams—neither of them his own—in the same game, wearing a San Diego Padres helmet early on before swapping it out for a Cincinnati Reds one.\n", "In 1977, he was National League batting champion, a feat he repeated in 1978 when he was named the National League's MVP. This was in spite of a collision at home plate with John Stearns during a game against the Mets on June 30, 1978, in which Parker fractured his jaw and cheekbone; he wore a specially constructed facemask in order to minimize his time away from the lineup. The Pirates rewarded him with baseball's first million-dollar-per-year contract. The following year, he was an instrumental part of the Pirates' World Series championship team.\n", "During a game in 1979, a powerful hit he made to right field was very difficult to throw into the infield, because he had \"knocked the cover off the ball.\" One of the seams on the ball ruptured, making nearly half of the cover come loose.\n", "Pittsburgh fans angered by his million-dollar contract threw \"nuts and bolts and bullets and batteries\" at him, as pitcher Kent Tekulve stated; a typo in a news story made it appear that they threw car batteries.\n", "In 1981, at a point in his career when it looked as if he would one day rank among the game's all-time greats, Lawrence Ritter and Donald Honig included him in their book \"The 100 Greatest Baseball Players of All Time\". The authors, noting that Parker had succeeded Roberto Clemente at the position, wrote, \"Someone must have a fondness for right field in Pittsburgh.\"\n", "Parker took after his Pirates teammate Willie Stargell in warming up in the on-deck circle with a sledgehammer (when most batters would use a simple lead-weighted bat).\n", "In the early 1980s, however, Parker's hitting suffered due to injuries, weight problems, and his increasing cocaine use. He became one of the central figures in a drug scandal that spread through the major leagues.\n", "Section::::Playing career.:Later career.\n", "At the end of the 1983 season, Parker became a free agent and signed with the Cincinnati Reds. In Cincinnati, his hometown, he returned to the form that made him an All-Star in Pittsburgh. In 1985, he enjoyed his best season since he won the 1978 MVP with a .312 batting average, 34 home runs, and 125 RBI. Parker finished second in 1985 MVP voting to Willie McGee.\n", "Following the season, Parker was among several players who testified against a dealer in the Pittsburgh drug trials. Named as \"regular users\", Parker and six other players were suspended for the following season. The sentences were commuted, however, in exchange for donating ten percent of their base salaries to drug-related community service, submitting to random drug testing, and contributing 100 hours of drug-related community service.\n", "After the 1987 season, Cincinnati traded Parker to the Oakland Athletics for José Rijo and Tim Birtsas. In Oakland, Parker was able to extend his career by spending most of his time as a designated hitter. Although injuries and age caught up to him to a degree – he hit just .257 with 12 homers in 377 at-bats in 1988 and .264 with 22 homers in 553 at-bats in 1989 – his veteran leadership was a significant factor in the A's consecutive World Series appearances.\n", "Parker signed with the Milwaukee Brewers for the 1990 season and had a solid year as the Brewers' DH with a .289 average and 21 home runs in 610 at-bats. Milwaukee opted for youth, however, at the end of the year and traded the aging Parker to the Angels for Dante Bichette.\n", "Parker's last season was 1991. He played for the California Angels until late in the season when he was released. The Toronto Blue Jays then signed him as insurance for the pennant race, and Parker hit .333 in limited action. Since he was acquired too late in the season, however, he did not qualify for inclusion on the post-season roster and thus was unable to play in the American League Championship Series against the Minnesota Twins, which the Blue Jays lost in five games. Parker retired at the end of the season.\n", "Section::::Retirement.\n", "Parker has served as a first-base coach for the Anaheim Angels, a batting coach for the St. Louis Cardinals in 1998, and a special hitting instructor for Pittsburgh. He owned several Popeye's Chicken franchises in Cincinnati until selling his interest in them in 2012 after 25 years.\n", "Parker never got more than 24% of votes on Hall of Fame ballots, and his 15-year Baseball Writers' Association of America eligibility was exhausted on the 2011 ballot. He can now be considered for the Veterans Committee Expansion from 2014. Along with Keith Hernandez and (until 2017) Tim Raines, Parker's involvement with the Pittsburgh drug trials has been the most likely cause of his not being voted into the Hall of Fame, serving as a precursor to those listed on the Mitchell Report not being voted into the Hall of Fame due to steroid abuse.\n", "Parker has had both of his knees replaced due to injuries from his playing career. In 2013, he confirmed to the \"Pittsburgh Tribune-Review\" that he had been diagnosed with Parkinson's disease. He is involved in raising money to find a cure for Parkinson's disease through the Dave Parker 39 Foundation.\n", "Parker has six children. He currently resides in Loveland, Ohio, near Cincinnati, with his wife, Kellye.\n", "Parker was elected to the Reds Hall of Fame Class of 2014, which also included fellow Cincinnati natives Ron Oester and Ken Griffey Jr. In 2012, he was inducted into the Cincinnati Public Schools Athletic Hall of Fame.\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- List of Major League Baseball career home run leaders\n", "BULLET::::- List of Major League Baseball career hits leaders\n", "BULLET::::- List of Major League Baseball career doubles leaders\n", "BULLET::::- List of Major League Baseball career runs scored leaders\n", "BULLET::::- List of Major League Baseball career runs batted in leaders\n", "BULLET::::- List of Major League Baseball annual runs batted in leaders\n", "BULLET::::- List of Major League Baseball batting champions\n", "BULLET::::- List of Major League Baseball annual doubles leaders\n", "BULLET::::- List of Major League Baseball career stolen bases leaders\n", "BULLET::::- List of Major League Baseball career total bases leaders\n", "BULLET::::- List of St. Louis Cardinals coaches\n", "BULLET::::- List of sportspeople sanctioned for doping offences\n", "Section::::External links.\n", ", or Lesters Legends, or Pura Pelota (Venezuelan Winter League)\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "David Gene Parker" ] }, "description": "baseball player", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q26038", "wikidata_label": "Dave Parker", "wikipedia_title": "Dave Parker" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Francis William Kellogg\n", "Francis William Kellogg (May 30, 1810 – January 13, 1879) was a U.S. Representative from the states of Michigan, during the Civil War, and Alabama, during Reconstruction.\n", "Section::::Biography.\n", "Kellogg was born in Worthington, Massachusetts and attended the common schools. He moved to Columbus, Ohio, in 1833 and then to Grand Rapids, Michigan, in 1855 where he engaged in the lumber business with the firm Kellogg, White & Co. at Kelloggville (which was named after him) in Kent County, Michigan. He was a member of the Michigan State House of Representatives in 1857 and 1858.\n", "Kellogg was elected from Michigan as a Republican to United States House of Representatives for the 36th, 37th, and 38th Congresses, serving from March 4, 1859 to March 3, 1865. He represented Michigan's 3rd congressional district for his first two terms, then the 4th district after a redistricting. In all three contests, he defeated the former mayor of Grand Rapids, Thomas B. Church, in the general election. During the American Civil War, he organized the Second, Third, and Sixth Regiments by the authority of the United States Department of War. He was appointed as the colonel of the Third Michigan.\n", "During Reconstruction, he was appointed by U.S. President Andrew Johnson as collector of internal revenue for the southern district of Alabama on April 30, 1866, and served until July 1868, residing in Mobile, Alabama.\n", "Upon the re-admission of Alabama to the Union, Kellogg was elected to a partial term in Alabama's 1st congressional district to the 40th Congress, serving from July 22, 1868, to March 3, 1869. He was succeeded by fellow Republican Alfred Buck. Kellogg then moved to New York City and later to Alliance, Ohio, where he died. He is interred in Fulton Street Cemetery in Grand Rapids, Michigan.\n", "Section::::References.\n", " Retrieved on 2008-02-14\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- The Political Graveyard\n", "BULLET::::- Our Campaigns profile\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "Union Army officer", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q1441782", "wikidata_label": "Francis William Kellogg", "wikipedia_title": "Francis William Kellogg" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Hugh Blumenfeld\n", "Hugh Blumenfeld (born October 11, 1958) is an American folk musician and singer-songwriter from Connecticut. He was born in Jamaica, Queens, New York City, graduated with degrees in Biology and Humanities from M.I.T. in 1980, and got a Masters in English Literature from the University of Chicago in 1981. He was active in the Greenwich Village music scene in the 1980s, attending the Cornelia Street Songwriters Exchange and performing at Folk City and Speak Easy while working on a PhD in Poetics from New York University. He also helped to edit the \"Fast Folk Musical Magazine\" (now part of the Smithsonian-Folkways collection) and recorded songs for a dozen issues. After earning his PhD in 1991, he worked as an English professor until 1994, when he began writing and performing full-time. Over the next 10 years he toured mainly in the Northeast and Midwest, with several short tours in Europe and one in Israel. In 1999 he was appointed Connecticut State Troubadour. \n", "In the fall of 2003, after many forays into the realm of music and healing, he enrolled in medical school at the University of Connecticut and became an MD. He currently practices family medicine in Hartford, Connecticut, and continues to perform as part of a folk quintet, The Faithful Sky with long-time collaborators including Jim Mercik.\n", "Section::::Recordings.\n", "Blumenfeld's first album, \"The Strong In Spirit\", was self-released as an LP in late 1987. It featured performances by Lucy Kaplansky, Marshal Rosenberg, Kenny Kosek and Mark Dann, and was produced by David Seitz. It includes \"Brothers\" and \"Let Me Fall In Love Before the Spring Comes,\" which was later included in On A Winter's Night, a popular compilation edited by Christine Lavin. His second collection of songs, \"Barehanded\", was recorded in 1990 and originally released on cassette for limited distribution. In 1993, this album became the first release of the New York-based independent label Prime-CD, which re-released \"The Strong In Spirit\" on CD the following year. \n", "In 1996, Blumenfeld released \"Mozart's Money\", an album that helped him gain a national audience through reviews and indie radio airplay. The album combined high energy folk-rock and jazz-tinged tracks with more lyrical, strictly acoustic pieces. Lucy Kaplansky and Mark Dann feature prominently and are joined by Michael Visceglia (of Suzanne Vega's band), Mindy Jostyn and Madwoman in the Attic. Its hidden track, \"When Hiroshima Comes to Disneyland\" was penned during a recording session, the first in a string of sharp political satires. \"Rocket Science\", the last of his Prime-CD recordings, came out in 1998 and includes \"Longhaired Radical Socialist Jew.\" In 2000, he recorded \"Big Red\" in Switzerland for the Brambus record label during one of his tours with percussionist Shane Shannahan, who later toured and recorded with Yo Yo Ma's Silk Road Project. On the CD, recorded live in the studio in just two days, they are joined by popular Swiss country music singer Doris Ackermann. Mr Jekyll and Dr Hyde is an expanding collection of satirical songs that includes live recordings, basement tapes and previously released CD tracks.\n", "Section::::Discography.\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Strong in Spirit\" (1988)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Barehanded\" (1993)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Mozart's Money\" (1996)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Rocket Science\" (1998)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Big Red\" (2000)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Mr Jekyll and Dr Hyde\" (1998, 2004)\n", "Compilations:\n", "BULLET::::- On A Winter's Night (Rounder)\n", "BULLET::::- Big League Babe: Tribute to Christine Lavin, Vol. 2 (Prime-CD).\n", "BULLET::::- Postcrypt (Prime-CD)\n", "BULLET::::- The Folk Next Door (WWUH-FM)\n", "BULLET::::- Fast Folk Musical Magazine\n", "BULLET::::- Fast Folk Musical Magazine: A Community of Songwriters (Smithsonian-Folkways, 2002)\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Hugh Blumenfeld's official web site\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Carly Patterson\n", "Carly Patterson Caldwell (born February 4, 1988) is an American singer, songwriter and former artistic gymnast. She was the all-around champion at the 2004 Olympics, the first all-around champion for the United States at a non-boycotted Olympics, and is a member of the USA Gymnastics Hall of Fame.\n", "Section::::Gymnastics.\n", "Patterson began gymnastics after attending a cousin's birthday party at a Baton Rouge gymnastics club (Elite Gymnastics) in 1994. She was coached there by former Israeli Olympian Yohanan Moyal. She started competing internationally in 2000, when she was 12 years old.\n", "Section::::Gymnastics.:2000–2003.\n", "In 2000, Patterson participated in the Top Gym Tournament in Belgium and won the silver medal in the all-around and the bronze on balance beam. The next year, at the 2001 Goodwill Games in Brisbane, Australia, she was ranked second in the all-around before the final rotation but missed three landings on the floor exercise and finished seventh.\n", "Patterson became the U.S. junior national all-around champion in 2002. She then began her senior career by winning the 2003 American Cup, where she was the youngest competitor, having just turned 15. However, she was forced to sit out the 2003 U.S. National Championships, which would have been her first Nationals as a senior, because of a broken elbow.\n", "Although she could not compete in Nationals, Patterson successfully petitioned to the 2003 World Gymnastics Championships in Anaheim, California. There, she earned the all-around silver medal, becoming the first American woman to medal in a World Championships all-around since Shannon Miller in 1994. She also helped the United States earn the team gold medal, a first for the American women.\n", "Section::::Gymnastics.:2004.\n", "Patterson again won the all-around at the American Cup in 2004, a performance she dedicated to her coach Evgeny Marchenko's mother, who had died just days before the competition. Later that year, she became co-national champion with Courtney Kupets. She also won the floor exercise at the National Championships and placed second on balance beam.\n", "At the Olympic Trials, Patterson fell off the balance beam on both days of competition, dropping her to third place. However, her performances at a subsequent national training camp were strong enough for her to make the Olympic team.\n", "Section::::Gymnastics.:2004.:Olympic Games.\n", "At the 2004 Olympic Games in Athens, Patterson finished first overall in the preliminary round and qualified for the all-around and balance beam finals. The United States, including Patterson, struggled in the team final: She under-rotated her vault, stubbed the low bar with her foot on the uneven bars, and had several wobbles on balance beam and a lunge forward on her dismount. She later admitted to being distracted after a rushed start on vault, with her coach saying, \"The beginning of the competition was stressful. It set the tone.\" The U.S. women, the reigning world champions, settled for silver.\n", "In the individual all-around, Patterson narrowly defeated three-time world all-around champion Svetlana Khorkina of Russia. After scoring lower than usual on the vault (9.375), Patterson was stronger on her last three events, scoring 9.575 on the uneven bars, 9.725 on the balance beam, and 9.712 on the floor exercise. She became only the second American woman to win an Olympic all-around gold medal, and the first to do so in a non-boycotted Olympic Games. (Mary Lou Retton won the title at the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles. But because those Games were boycotted by the Soviet Union, Retton did not face the Soviet gymnasts who consistently dominated the sport during that period, accounting for six of the seven Olympic all-around champions before 1984 and nine of the ten previous world all-around champions.)\n", "On August 23, Patterson competed in the balance beam event final, where she received a score of 9.775 and won the silver medal behind Cătălina Ponor of Romania.\n", "Section::::Gymnastics.:Post-Olympics.\n", "Soon after the Olympics, Patterson was diagnosed with several bulging discs in her lower back that had gone unnoticed. She announced her intention to take time off from the sport to rehabilitate her back, but she officially retired in 2006 without ever participating in another major competition. She recalled the decision in a 2009 interview, saying, \"I started having some back issues, and honestly, my doctor was like, 'Carly, you really need to stop if you want to be able to walk when you get older.' ... So I retired and moved on to singing.\"\n", "She continues to stay occupied with event appearances, gymnastics-related and otherwise. She is focused on expanding her career as motivational speaker sharing her story with all age groups and corporate audiences. She also has a number of high-profile corporate sponsorships; she appeared in a Mobile ESPN commercial aired during Super Bowl XL in 2006. She also finished her authorized biography, which was released in April 2006.\n", "In December 2011, she was featured on the TV show Hollywood at Home.\n", "Patterson teamed up with the Taylor's Gift Foundation as spokesperson for their 2012 organ donation challenge.\n", "Section::::Music.\n", "Patterson first expressed interest in becoming a professional singer in a March 2005 interview. On August 21, 2005, she gave an interview on Fox Sports Net's Sports Sunday in which she gave more details on her future career. She sang a small segment of \"Damaged\" and said that she went to New York City to record the demo. On December 18, 2005, she announced that she signed a demo contract for four songs with Papa Joe's Records, owned by Joe Simpson, father of Jessica and Ashlee Simpson. She worked with singer and writer Chris Megert. They wrote and produced songs titled \"Time to Wake Up\" and \"Lost in Me\".\n", "Section::::Music.:\"Celebrity Duets\".\n", "On August 29, 2006, she started her appearance on the show \"Celebrity Duets\". The program was a reality competition show executive produced by Simon Cowell. Celebrities not known for singing were teamed up with professional singers; one of the eight celebrities was voted off each week. The show aired every Thursday on Fox with a results show each Friday, from September 7, 2006, to October 13, 2006.\n", "On September 15, 2006, during the results show, Patterson was eliminated from the competition (singing with Jesse McCartney). Patterson said that she would continue to sing. She also encouraged the audience to continue voting for the remaining celebrities because each vote raised money for charity.\n", "Section::::Music.:Recording.\n", "On February 4, 2008, Patterson signed a recording contract with MusicMind Records, a Chicago-based label. Her single \"Temporary Life (Ordinary Girl)\" was released on iTunes on March 25, 2008. Her debut album \"Back to the Beginning\" was scheduled for release August 5, 2008. However, the CD was not released until more than a year later, on August 25, 2009, and in the interim, Patterson released another single, \"Time to Wake Up,\" on iTunes on February 19, 2009.\n", "On September 10, 2008, a remixed version of Patterson's \"Temporary Life (Ordinary Girl)\" was played on the \"Bobby Bones Show\". The mixed version featured the new artist Captain Caucasian, a pseudonym for Bobby Bones.\n", "Patterson's song \"Here I Am\" was featured on the second season of the ABC Family series \"Make It or Break It\", which focused on the lives of teen gymnasts striving to make it to the Olympic Games.\n", "Section::::Personal life.\n", "Patterson made a cameo appearance at the end of the 2006 film \"Stick It\", starring Missy Peregrym, Jeff Bridges, and Vanessa Lengies.\n", "On January 21, 2012, Patterson became engaged to strategy consultant Mark Caldwell. They married on November 3, 2012, in Dallas, Texas. Carly received her bachelor's degree from Texas Woman's University in 2014.\n", "In April 2017, Patterson and her husband Mark announced that she is expecting their first child together having previously experienced a miscarriage the previous year. On October 10, 2017 People Magazine's website announced about the birth of her first child. Carly and Mark's son, Graham Mitchell Caldwell, was born at 12:39 p.m., weighing 9 lbs., 9 oz., and measuring 20¼ inches long. In August 2018, the couple announced that Patterson is expecting their second child, due February 2019. On February 12, Patterson gave birth to a daughter, Emmaline Rae.\n", "Section::::Honors and awards.\n", "Patterson was chosen for the USA Gymnastics Hall of Fame in 2009.\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- Gymnastics at the 2004 Summer Olympics\n", "BULLET::::- United States at the 2004 Summer Olympics\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Official webpage\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "Carly Rae Patterson" ] }, "description": "former American gymnast", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q240705", "wikidata_label": "Carly Patterson", "wikipedia_title": "Carly Patterson" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Buenaventura Báez\n", "Ramón Buenaventura Báez Méndez, better known as Buenaventura Báez (July 14, 1812March 14, 1884) was the President of the Dominican Republic for five nonconsecutive terms. He is known for attempting to annex the Dominican Republic to other countries on several occasions. His son Ramón Báez was briefly president in 1914.\n", "Section::::Early years and family.\n", "Báez was born in Rincón (now Cabral) in the Captaincy General of Santo Domingo, he was raised in his father's hometown Azua.\n", "Báez was the son of Pablo Altagracia Báez and Teresa de Jesús Méndez. His father Pablo, a wealthy merchant from Azua, was a left in an orphanage when he was born, as he was the result of an extramarital affair between a married Spanish woman and the priest Antonio Sánchez-Valverde. Pablo was raised by a French silversmith (a factor that generated a deep francophilia in both Pablo and Buenaventura) known as \"Monsieur Capellier\", and became a wealthy businessman, slaveholder and politician. Teresa de Jesús Méndez was a beautiful, busty, mixed-race former slave from Rincón. She was born to a slave and a master, and was sold to Pablo Altagracia Báez, who freed her to take her as his mistress when his wife María Quezada told him to do so when realized that she was infertile herself; Pablo and Teresa had 7 children.\n", "Báez was light-haired and blue-eyed like his father but had curly hair and was somewhat swarthy, earning the nickname of \"Jabao\". Cultured and good-looking, Báez was very popular among women, especially because of his gallantry.\n", "Due to his family's fortune he was able to study in Europe, particularly France. There, he learned various languages including English and French. When his father died in 1841, Báez, aged 29, inherited a large fortune that he used assiduously in politics, becoming elected in 1843 deputy to the Haitian Constituent Assembly.\n", "Section::::Political career.\n", "From 1843 Báez served as deputy of Azua to the ruling Haitian government. This post was gained in part because of his role in the revolution that overthrew President Jean-Pierre Boyer from power. As a deputy, Báez led a faction of Dominicans that tried to remove the anti-white bias in the Haitian Constitution, but failed. \n", "Báez was, at first, completely and totally against any move to leave the union with Haiti. Then, on 15 December 1843 Báez, as leader of the Dominican legislative faction, proposed to French consul Auguste Levasseur to establish a French protectorate in the Spanish-speaking side of the island with a governor appointed by Paris, in exchange for guns and warships to compel or fight Port-au-Prince for a retreat. Consul Levasseur was very well disposed and constantly exchanged correspondence between Paris and the conspirators.\n", "When the independence revolution started, he opposed the Trinitarians and imprisoned some of them, tried futilely to prevent the publication of a copy of the Act of Independence in January 1844 in Azua, and in February did not allow the flag of the newly Dominican state to be raised in the city plaza; in part, he was very pessimistic due to the numerical superiority of Haitians and thought that a rebellion against Port-au-Prince with no foreign support was futile. He changed his mind once he saw the popular fervor and decided that the time had come to part ways with Port-au-Prince.\n", "In 1844, Báez helped to lead a successful rebellion against Haiti, which established the independence of the Dominican Republic. He went to Europe in 1846 to convince France to establish a protectorate over the Dominican Republic, but the French refused. As president for the first time, from 1849 until 1853, he attempted to convince the United States to take over the country. He was president again from 1856 until 1857, when he was deposed in a coup.\n", "Báez next supported the idea of having the Dominican Republic be taken over by Spain. He went into exile in Spain and led a luxurious life there. The Spanish agreed to occupy the Dominican Republic in 1861, but by 1865 they had abandoned it (see Dominican Restoration War). Báez then returned to the Dominican Republic and became president again until he was deposed in another coup in May 1866. He then served his longest term as president, from 1868 until 1874, during which time he again attempted to have the United States annex the Dominican Republic. This time he was almost successful, as he convinced American President Ulysses S. Grant to send warships to the Dominican Republic, and drew up an annexation treaty which reached the United States Senate floor. The treaty, however, was not ratified in the US Senate, and it became an embarrassment for Grant.\n", "Section::::Exile and death.\n", "Báez became President again from 1876 until 1878, when he was deposed in a final coup and sent into exile to Puerto Rico, at the time a Spanish colony, where he lived his final days.\n", "He is buried in the Basilica Cathedral of Santa María la Menor.\n", "Section::::Offspring.\n", "Genealogical studies have identified President Báez, and President Espaillat as well, as the most recent common ancestors for most of the Dominican oligarchy, since their offspring managed to establish bonds with the most rich and powerful families from Santiago, and thus, from the country.\n", "BULLET::::- Ramón Buenaventura Báez Méndez (1812–1884)\n", "BULLET::::- Manuel Báez Batista (1839–?)\n", "BULLET::::- Altagracia Amelia Báez Andújar (†1879)\n", "BULLET::::- José María Cabral y Báez (1864–1937)\n", "BULLET::::- Amelia María Cabral Bermúdez (1899–1996)\n", "BULLET::::- Juan Bautista Vicini Cabral (1924–2015)\n", "BULLET::::- Felipe Augusto Antonio Vicini Lluberes (b. 1960)\n", "BULLET::::- Amelia Stella María Vicini Lluberes (b. 1974)\n", "BULLET::::- Juan Bautista Vicini Lluberes (b. 1975)\n", "BULLET::::- Laura Amelia Vicini Cabral de Barletta (1925–2006)\n", "BULLET::::- José María Vicini Cabral (1926–2007)\n", "BULLET::::- José Leopoldo Vicini Pérez\n", "BULLET::::- Marco Vicini Pérez\n", "BULLET::::- Felipe Vicini Cabral (1936–1997)\n", "BULLET::::- Auristela Cabral Bermúdez (1901–1988)\n", "BULLET::::- Donald Joseph Reid Cabral (1923–2006)\n", "BULLET::::- William John Reid Cabral (1925–2010)\n", "BULLET::::- Patricia Reid Baquero (b. 1953)\n", "BULLET::::- Isabela Egan Reid de Pittaluga\n", "BULLET::::- Meghan Egan Reid\n", "BULLET::::- Robert Reid Cabral (1929–1961)\n", "BULLET::::- José María Cabral Bermúdez (1902–1984)\n", "BULLET::::- María Josefina Cabral Vega\n", "BULLET::::- Manuel Díez Cabral (b. 1964)\n", "BULLET::::- José María Cabral Vega\n", "BULLET::::- Amalia Josefina Gabriela Cabral Lluberes (b. 1963)\n", "BULLET::::- Claudia Cabral Lluberes (b. 1964)\n", "BULLET::::- Ana Amelia Batlle Cabral\n", "BULLET::::- Laura Emilia Batlle Cabral\n", "BULLET::::- José María Cabral Lluberes (b. 1967)\n", "BULLET::::- Petrica Cabral Vega (b. 1938)\n", "BULLET::::- María Amalia León Cabral (b. 1960)\n", "BULLET::::- Sarah Amalia Jorge León\n", "BULLET::::- Lidia Josefina León Cabral (b. 1962)\n", "BULLET::::- José Eduardo León Cabral (1963–1975)\n", "BULLET::::- Marco Buenaventura Cabral Vega\n", "BULLET::::- Marco Antonio Cabral Bermúdez (1906–1973)\n", "BULLET::::- Josefina Eugenia Cabral Bermúdez (1910–1994)\n", "BULLET::::- Pedro Ramón Espaillat Cabral\n", "BULLET::::- Alejandro Augusto Espaillat Cabral\n", "BULLET::::- Alejandro José Espaillat Imbert\n", "BULLET::::- Pedro José Espaillat Vélez\n", "BULLET::::- Carlos José Espaillat Vélez\n", "BULLET::::- Fineta Rosario Espaillat Cabral\n", "BULLET::::- Pedro Pablo Cabral Bermúdez (1916–1988)\n", "BULLET::::- Lucía Amelia Cabral Arzeno de Herrera\n", "BULLET::::- José María Cabral Arzeno (b. 1959)\n", "BULLET::::- José María Cabral González (b. 1988)\n", "BULLET::::- Luis José Cabral Arzeno\n", "BULLET::::- Lucía Amelia Cabral Arzeno\n", "BULLET::::- Virginia Cabral Arzeno\n", "BULLET::::- Ramona Antonio Cabral y Báez\n", "BULLET::::- Eduardo Sánchez Cabral\n", "BULLET::::- Buenaventura Cabral y Báez\n", "BULLET::::- Carmen Amelia Mercedes Cabral Machado\n", "BULLET::::- Carlos Alberto Cabral Machado\n", "BULLET::::- Pablo Buenaventura Cabral Machado\n", "BULLET::::- Mario Fermín Cabral y Báez (1877–1961)\n", "BULLET::::- Manuel Antonio Cabral Tavares (1907–1999)\n", "BULLET::::- Alba María Antonia \"Peggy\" Cabral Cornero (b. 1947)\n", "BULLET::::- Teodoro Osvaldo Buenaventura Báez Machado (1857–?)\n", "BULLET::::- José Ramón Báez López-Penha (1909–1995)\n", "BULLET::::- Buenaventura Báez López-Penha\n", "BULLET::::- Marcos Antonio Báez Cocco\n", "BULLET::::- Ramón Báez Machado (1858–1929)\n", "BULLET::::- Buenaventura Báez Soler\n", "BULLET::::- Ramón Báez Romano\n", "BULLET::::- Ramón Buenaventura Báez Figueroa (b. 1956)\n", "BULLET::::- Ramón Buenaventura Báez Zeller (b. 1982)\n", "BULLET::::- José Ramón Báez Alvarez (b.1999)\n", "BULLET::::- José Miguel Báez Figueroa\n", "BULLET::::- Mercedes Báez Soler\n", "BULLET::::- Julio Ernesto de la Rocha Báez\n", "BULLET::::- Ramón de la Rocha Pimentel (b. 1951)\n", "BULLET::::- Clarissa Altagracia de la Rocha Pimentel de Torres (b. 1959)\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "Buenaventura Baez" ] }, "description": "President of the Dominican Republic", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q330837", "wikidata_label": "Buenaventura Báez", "wikipedia_title": "Buenaventura Báez" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Dan Fouts\n", "Daniel Francis Fouts (born June 10, 1951) is an American former football quarterback who played in the National Football League (NFL). Fouts played his entire professional career with the San Diego Chargers, from 1973 through 1987. He was one of the most prolific passing quarterbacks during the 1970s and 1980s, but the Chargers were unable to make it to the Super Bowl during his fifteen-year career. He led the NFL in passing yards four straight years from 1979 to 1982 and became the first player in history to throw for 4,000 yards in three consecutive seasons.\n", "He was inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1993. He lives in Sisters, Oregon and is currently a color analyst for NFL games on CBS television and Westwood One radio. Dan is the son of Bay Area Radio Hall of Famer Bob Fouts.\n", "Section::::High school and college career.\n", "Fouts was born in San Francisco, California. He went to Marin Catholic High School, which is located just north of San Francisco in Kentfield, California, for his two first years, and was starting for the varsity team by his sophomore year. He decided to transfer to St. Ignatius College Preparatory (San Francisco, CA) for his final two years of high school.\n", "Fouts was somewhat of an unknown when he accepted a scholarship offer from the University of Oregon to play for the Oregon Ducks football team. Things were quite different after the All-Pac-8 quarterback's college football career concluded, as he set 19 school records, including those for career passing yardage (5,995) and total offense (5,871). He was inducted into the University of Oregon Hall of Fame in 1992.\n", "Section::::Professional career.\n", "Drafted in the third round in 1973, Fouts helped lead the Chargers to the playoffs from 1979 to 1982 and twice to the AFC title game (1980 and 1981). He led the league four times in passing yards; ending his career with over 40,000, the third player to surpass that landmark. Fouts was elected to the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1993.\n", "Fouts was a 6-time Pro Bowl selection (1979, 1980, 1981, 1982, 1983 and 1985) and compiled passer ratings over 90.0 for a 3-year stretch (1981–83). Fouts was the first NFL player to surpass 4,000 passing yards and would go on to accomplish this in three consecutive seasons (1979–81), led the NFL in passing yards in four consecutive seasons (1979–1982) and six times eclipsed the 20-touchdown mark with a career-high 33 in 1981. His career high of 4,802 passing yards during the 1981 season was an NFL record at the time.\n", "Fouts set NFL season passing yardage records in three consecutive seasons from 1979 to 1981 with totals of 4,082, 4,715, and 4,802 yards. He broke Joe Namath's professional record of 4,007 set in the American Football League in 1967, and Dan Marino broke Fouts' record in 1984 with 5,084 yards. The Chargers in 1979 were the first AFC Western Division champion to run more passing plays (541) than rushing (481). In 1982, a season shortened to 9 games because of a strike, Fouts averaged 320 yards passing per game, an NFL record that stood until Drew Brees averaged 342.25 in 2011. Highlights that season included back-to-back victories against the 1981 Super Bowl teams San Francisco (41-37) and Cincinnati (50-34) in which Fouts threw for over 400 yards in each game to lead the Chargers to shootout victories. That season, he was named the NFL's Most Valuable Player by Pro Football Writers Association and Newspaper Enterprise Association. He finished second in the Associated Press poll behind Mark Moseley, the only kicker to ever win the award. However, AP voted him the league's Offensive MVP, as did Pro Football Weekly.\n", "Fouts garnered All-Pro selections in both 1979 and 1982, while also being named 2nd Team All-Pro in 1980 and 1985. In addition, Fouts was also named 2nd Team All-AFC in 1981 and 1983. However, Fouts and the Chargers lost both AFC Championship Games in which they played.\n", "Fouts's first few years in the league were inauspicious, but with the arrival of head coach Don Coryell in 1978 the Chargers' fortunes turned. Yet it was two years earlier, with the arrival of Bill Walsh as the Chargers' offensive coordinator, that the seeds of success were planted. Under Coryell, the Chargers were known as \"Air Coryell\" for the deep passing game and the involvement of the tight end as a key receiver. This required a tough, intelligent quarterback with a strong arm. Fouts fit the bill.\n", "Fouts was not a mobile quarterback and the deep passing game led to many hits. Hall of Fame coach Bill Walsh, a Chargers assistant coach in 1976, said \"Dan Fouts had a cool, steel-like nerve and courage ... He took a lot of beatings, a lot of pounding, but continued to play, hurt or otherwise. He played more physical football than anybody on his team, including the linebackers\". Rarely using the shotgun, Fouts would drop back from center and look for one of a bevy of great receivers. Wide receiver Charlie Joiner and tight end Kellen Winslow were the most famous, both now in the Hall of Fame, but John Jefferson and Wes Chandler, among others, were also key. Fouts's passing enabled Winslow to lead the NFL in receptions twice (1980,1981), while Winslow (1982) and Lionel James (1985) led the AFC in receptions on another 2 combined occasions. James set the NFL record (since broken) in 1985 for receiving yards by a running back at 1,027. Jefferson became the first receiver to have 1,000 yards receiving in each of his first three seasons in the NFL. Both Jefferson (1980) and Chandler (1982) led the NFL in receiving yards. Chandler's 129 yards receiving per game average in 1982 is still a league record. Both Jefferson (1978, 1980) and Chandler (1982) led the NFL in receiving TDs. In 1980, Winslow, Jefferson and Joiner became the first trio on the same team to have 1,000 yards receiving in a season. When he retired after 1986, Joiner was the NFL's all-time leader in receptions with 750.\n", "Pass protection was also critical for such an offense. The Chargers had an excellent offensive line which protected Fouts well, and included four-time Pro Bowler Ed White, five-time Pro Bowler Russ Washington, 3 time Pro Bowler Doug Wilkerson, Billy Shields and Don Macek. The Chargers led the league in passing yards an NFL record 6 consecutive years from 1978–1983 and again in 1985 under Fouts. They also led the league in total yards in offense 1980-1983 and 1985.\n", "Despite going to the playoffs from 1979 through 1982 and playing in two AFC Championship Games, the Chargers never went to the Super Bowl under Fouts (although they went 7 years after his retirement). Usually this is attributed to poor defense and their unwillingness to run the ball. In Fouts's prime the defense was not as stellar, but the running game became far better with the addition of Chuck Muncie, traded from New Orleans in 1980, and the drafting of James Brooks from Auburn in 1981. It is believed the defense had little opportunity to improve as the offense often scored quickly, leaving the defense to spend far too much time on the field. It also hurt that Fred Dean, an All-Pro sack specialist, was traded away to the San Francisco 49ers in 1981 in a contract dispute, and Dean would win UPI NFC Defensive Player of the Year (while playing in only 11 games) that year en route to a Super Bowl victory and help the 49ers to another Super Bowl title three years later. Dean would later be inducted into the Hall of Fame.\n", "\"I can't say how much it affected us, because we did make it to the AFC championship game,\" said Chargers' All-Pro defensive lineman Gary \"Big Hands\" Johnson of the loss of Dean. \"But I could say if we had more pass rush from the corner, it might've been different.\" \"U-T San Diego\" in 2013 called the trade \"perhaps the biggest blunder in franchise history.\" Fouts himself would almost be traded in 1983 to the Baltimore Colts in exchange for the rights to John Elway due to a contract dispute, but would come to an agreement on an extension and Elway would be infamously traded to the rival Denver Broncos instead.\n", "Overall, the Chargers achieved three wins against four losses in the playoffs under Fouts, who threw for over 300 yards in all but two of those games. One of their more notable wins was the 1982 playoff game known as \"The Epic in Miami\", where Fouts led his team to a 41–38 victory by completing 33 of 53 passes for a franchise record 433 yards and 3 touchdowns on the hot and humid day. His completions, attempts, and yards in the game were all NFL postseason records at the time. The following week in the AFC championship game in Cincinnati, there was a 92 °F drop in temperature compared to the previous week in Miami, and the Chargers lost 27-7 in what is known as the Freezer Bowl.\n", "The following season, he threw for 333 yards and 3 touchdowns in a 31–28 win over the Pittsburgh Steelers in the AFC Wild Card round. Fouts's playoff career ended in the AFC Divisional Playoff game against Miami, where he threw 5 interceptions to only one touchdown pass. Fouts went on to play for four more seasons with the Chargers, retiring in 1987 after 15 years with them. He ended his career as the Chargers' all-time leader in passing yard and touchdowns with 43,040 and 254 respectively.\n", "Section::::Honors.\n", "Fouts finished his 15 NFL seasons with 3,297 of 5,604 completions for 43,040 yards and 254 touchdowns, with 242 interceptions. He also rushed for 476 yards and 13 touchdowns\n", "Fouts is one of only ten quarterbacks in NFL history who have achieved two consecutive 30-touchdown passing seasons. The others are Steve Bartkowski, Aaron Rodgers, Brett Favre, Dan Marino, Jeff Garcia, Tom Brady, Peyton Manning, Drew Brees, and Y. A. Tittle. He was also the third quarterback in NFL history to pass for 40,000 yards, after fellow Hall of Famers Johnny Unitas and Fran Tarkenton, and the first quarterback ever to throw for over 4,000 yards in back-to-back seasons.\n", "Fouts's jersey number, 14, is one of only four numbers retired by the San Diego Chargers (the others being Lance Alworth's 19, Junior Seau's 55 and LaDainian Tomlinson's 21).\n", "In 1989, Fouts was also inducted by the San Diego Hall of Champions into the Breitbard Hall of Fame honoring San Diego's finest athletes both on and off the playing surface.\n", "In 1999, he was ranked number 92 on \"The Sporting News' list of the 100 Greatest Football Players.\n", "In 1992, he was inducted into the University of Oregon and State of Oregon Sports Halls of Fame.\n", "Fouts was enshrined into the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1993, his first year of eligibility.\n", "In 2009, he was picked by the fans as the \"Greatest Charger Of All Time\" for the Chargers 50th anniversary year.\n", "In 2010, he received the Davey O'Brien Legends Award during Colt McCoy's award ceremony.\n", "Section::::Honors.:Chargers Franchise Records.\n", "BULLET::::- Interceptions, career: 242\n", "BULLET::::- Passing yards, season: 4,802 (1981)\n", "BULLET::::- Passing yards per game, season: 320.3 (1982)\n", "BULLET::::- Passing touchdowns, game: 6 (11/22/81 vs. Oakland)\n", "BULLET::::- Passer rating, game (min 15 attempts): 158.3 (9/26/76 vs. St. Louis)\n", "BULLET::::- Passing touchdowns, playoff game: 3 (twice, tied with Philip Rivers)\n", "BULLET::::- Passing yards, playoff game: 433 (1/2/82 vs. Miami, also 2nd and 3rd place with 336 and 333 respectively)\n", "BULLET::::- Passing attempts, playoff game: 53 (1/2/82 vs. Miami\n", "BULLET::::- Completions, playoff game: 33 (1/2/82 vs. Miami\n", "Section::::Broadcasting.\n", "In 1988 through 1993, Fouts started his career as an analyst on NFL on CBS. He worked with a variety of play-by-play announcers including Dick Stockton, James Brown, Verne Lundquist, Brad Nessler, Jim Nantz, Jack Buck, and Tim Ryan.\n", "Fouts left CBS in 1994 to become a sports anchor for KPIX-TV in his hometown of San Francisco. In the fall of 1997, Fouts returned to network television as an analyst, this time serving as a college football analyst for ABC Sports alongside play-by-play man Brent Musburger.\n", "In 1998 Fouts made his big-screen debut, portraying himself in the football comedy \"The Waterboy\", starring Adam Sandler. Fouts and Musburger appeared late in the film as ABC Sports' broadcast team for the fictitious New Year's Day \"Bourbon Bowl\" game.\n", "In 2000, Fouts moved into a commentator role on ABC's \"Monday Night Football,\" alongside \"MNF\" anchor Al Michaels and comedian Dennis Miller.\n", "In 2002, Fouts returned to broadcasting college football, calling Pac 10 action alongside legendary announcer Keith Jackson.\n", "After Jackson's retirement from ABC in 2006, Fouts became a play-by-play announcer, adding his own commentary on the game at times since he was a former player and analyst. His broadcast partner for 2006 and 2007 was Tim Brant, now that Jackson opted to permanently retire.\n", "On February 11, 2008, ESPN announced they weren't re-signing Fouts or his partner Tim Brant.\n", "It was reported in \"USA Today\" on August 20, 2008, that Fouts was returning to CBS for NFL games with a variety of play-by-play announcers including Don Criqui, Ian Eagle, and Dick Enberg. In 2009, he was moved to partner with Enberg as the number 3 broadcasting team for the NFL on CBS. Fouts has since teamed with Eagle in the number three slot until 2014, when the pair was elevated to the number two team behind Jim Nantz and Phil Simms (and later, Tony Romo). Fouts and Eagle are often called \"The Bird and the Beard\".\n", "Fouts has also helped call NFL games for Westwood One radio, including Super Bowl 50.\n", "He had been the play-by-play voice for Chargers preseason games carried on CBS stations throughout Southern California for many years (2012-2016), alongside fellow Charger alum Billy Ray Smith.\n", "Fouts also did color commentary for the football video game \"NFL GameDay 2004\". He partnered with long-time announcer Enberg.\n", "In 2018, Fouts continued to be a color commentator and analyst for CBS Sports during NFL games.\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- Bay Area Sports Hall of Fame\n", "BULLET::::- List of National Football League season pass completion percentage leaders\n", "BULLET::::- List of NFL quarterbacks who have passed for 400 or more yards in a game\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Pro Football Hall of Fame:\" Member profile\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "Daniel Francis Fouts" ] }, "description": "American football player, quarterback, Pro Football Hall of Fame member", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q1159065", "wikidata_label": "Dan Fouts", "wikipedia_title": "Dan Fouts" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Josiah Begole\n", "Josiah Williams Begole (January 20, 1815June 5, 1896) was a U.S. Representative and the 19th Governor of Michigan.\n", "Section::::Early life in New York.\n", "Begole was born in Groveland, New York. His ancestors were French Huguenots who emigrated to the United States in the last quarter of the 18th century to escape religious persecution and settled in Hagerstown, Maryland. Josiah's father, William (1786–1862) was born there and moved to Livingston County, New York in 1802. William served in the War of 1812 and married the daughter of an American Revolutionary War veteran. Three of Williams sons, including Josiah, the eldest, eventually moved to Genesee County, Michigan. He attended the public schools in Mount Morris and Temple Hill Academy in Geneseo, New York.\n", "Section::::Life and Politics in Michigan.\n", "Begole moved to Flint, Michigan in August 1836 and taught school in 1837 and 1838. In the spring of 1839, he married Harriet A. Miles. He engaged in agricultural pursuits from 1839 to 1856 and was school inspector, justice of the peace and township treasurer. Being an anti-slavery man, he became a member of the Republican party at its organization. He was county treasurer 1856–1864. He was briefly engaged in the lumber business in 1863. His eldest son was killed during the American Civil War near Atlanta, Georgia in 1864, and was the greatest sorrow of his life.\n", "He was a member of the Michigan Senate in 1870 and 1871, and a member of the Flint City Council for three years. During that time, he served on the Committees of Finance and Railroads, and was Chairman of the Committee on the Institute for the Deaf and Dumb and Blind. He was a delegate to the Republican National Convention at Philadelphia in 1872 to re-nominate U.S. President Ulysses S. Grant and to nominate Henry Wilson as the new Vice President.\n", "Begole was elected as a Republican from Michigan's 6th congressional district to the United States House of Representatives for the 43rd Congress, serving from March 4, 1873 to March 3, 1875. During that time, he was a member of the Committee on Agricultural and Public Expenditures. He was an unsuccessful candidate for re-election in 1874 and resumed the lumber business, Begole Fox & Co. He later engaged in the manufacture of wagons founding Flint Wagon Works and also engaged in banking.\n", "Section::::Governor.\n", "In 1882, Begole was gubernatorial candidate of the Greenback and Democratic parties, defeating the Republican incumbent David Jerome by over 7,000 votes. He served one term from 1883 to 1885. As a former Republican who ousted a Republican incumbent, Begole faced many obstacles with a Republican-dominated legislature. As a result, the establishment of the state bureau of labor statistics was one of the few acts that was approved. He ran for re-election in 1884, but was defeated by Republican Russell Alger, after which he resumed his former business activities.\n", "He was an early activist for women's suffrage, and in 1884 Begole became vice president of the first statewide suffrage organization, the Michigan Equal Suffrage Association.\n", "Section::::Retirement and death.\n", "Begole died at the age of eighty-one in Flint and is interred in Glenwood Cemetery there.\n", "Section::::References.\n", "BULLET::::- The Political Graveyard\n", "BULLET::::- Begole's biography from the public domain \"Portrait & Biographical Album of Ingham and Livingston Counties, Michigan\", published Chicago: Chapman Bros., 1891\n", "BULLET::::- National Governors Association\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Malvina Hoffman\n", "Malvina Cornell Hoffman (June 15, 1885July 10, 1966) was an American sculptor and author, well known for her life-size bronze sculptures of people. She also worked in plaster and marble. Hoffman created portrait busts of working-class people and significant individuals. She was particularly known for her sculptures of dancers, such as Anna Pavlova. Her sculptures of culturally diverse people, entitled \"Hall of the Races of Mankind\", was a popular permanent exhibition at the Field Museum of Natural History in Chicago. It was featured at the Century of Progress International Exposition at the Chicago World's Fair of 1933.\n", "She was commissioned to execute commemorative monuments and was awarded many prizes and honors, including a membership to the National Sculpture Society. In 1925, she was elected into the National Academy of Design as an Associate member and became a full Academician in 1931. Many of her portraits of individuals are among the collection of the New York Historical Society. She maintained a salon, a social gathering of artistic and personal acquaintances, at her Sniffen Court studio for many years.\n", "She was highly skilled in foundry techniques, often casting her own works. Hoffman published a definite work on historical and technical aspects of bronze casting, \"Sculpture Inside and Out\", in 1939.\n", "Section::::Early life and education.\n", "Malvina Hoffman was born in New York City, the fourth of six children of the concert pianist and composer, Richard Hoffman, and Fidelia Marshall (Lamson) Hoffman. She was named after a maternal aunt, Malvina Helen (Lamson) Cornell, who would later survive the sinking of the RMS \"Titanic\". Her mother, also a pianist, presided over her education at home until she was 10 years of age. The Hoffman's regularly entertained artists and musicians in their home. As a young girl, she met Swami Vivekananda when he lived and taught in New York City, and several of her later sculptures, like that of Sri Ramakrishna, are located at the Ramakrishna-Vivekananda Center of New York.\n", "Hoffman attended Veltin School for Girls, Chapin, and Brearley private schools. While at Brearley, she took evening classes at the Woman's School for Applied Design and the Art Students League of New York.\n", "She studied painting with John White Alexander in 1906, and also with Harper Pennington. Hoffman developed her skill as an artist during her studies with George Grey Barnard, Herbert Adams, and Gutzon Borglum. She worked as an assistant to sculptor Alexander Phimister Proctor at his MacDougal Street studio in Greenwich Village in 1907. In 1908, Hoffman traveled to Paris with Katharine Rhoades and Marion H. Beckett and studied art there.\n", "She made a bust of her father, her first finished sculpture, in 1909, two weeks prior to his death. It was exhibited at the National Academy the following year. Also in 1910, she won an honorable mention for a sculpture of her future husband, Samuel Grimson, at the Paris Salon. Hoffman gravitated towards sculpture due to the artistic freedom she felt when creating a three-dimensional work of art.\n", "After her father's death in 1910, Hoffman moved to Europe with her mother. They first visited London, where they attended the ballet of Alexander Glazunov's \"Autumn Bacchanale\". Hoffman was inspired by the combination of motion and control exhibited by Mikhail Mordkin and Anna Pavlova. Mother and daughter visited Italy before moving to Paris. She worked as a studio assistant for Janet Scudder. During the nights she studied at Académie Colarossi. She studied with Emanuele Rosales and after five unsuccessful attempts, she eventually was accepted as a student by Auguste Rodin. She caught his attention when she quoted a poem that he attempted to remember by Alfred de Musset. During their lessons, he advised her, \"Do not be afraid of realism\". She made a trip to Manhattan in 1912 to dissect bodies at the College of Physicians and Surgeons at Columbia University. From Rosales and Rodin, she learned about bronze casting, chasing, and finishing at foundries. The Hoffman women lived in Paris until the outbreak of World War I in 1914.\n", "Section::::Career.\n", "Section::::Career.:Dancers.\n", "Hoffman became famous internationally for her sculptures of ballet dancers, such as Vaslav Nijinsky and Anna Pavlova, who often posed for her. In 1911, she made \"Russian Dancers\", which was exhibited that year at the National Academy and the following year at the Paris Salon. She made a plaster bust, the last work she made of Pavlova, in 1923. Hoffman also created friezes and other works that captured the movements of dancers. In 1912, she made \"Bacchanale Russe\". In 1917, a version of it won the National Academy's Julia A. Shaw Memorial Prize and the next year a large casting of the sculpture was on display in Paris at the Luxembourg Gardens. She has been called \"America's Rodin\".\n", "Section::::Career.:World War I.\n", "Hoffman helped to organize, and was the American representative, for the French war charity, \"Appui aux Artistes\" that assisted needy artists. She also organized the American-Yugoslav relief fund for children. While working for the Red Cross during World War I, Hoffman traveled to Yugoslavia. She made a larger-than-life-sized work of Croatian sculptor Ivan Meštrović, with whom she studied.\n", "Her sister, Helen, was on the board of the Red Cross, which sent clothing and medical supplies for the Serbian cause. Through her sister, she met Serbian Colonel Milan Pribićević in 1916, who inspired her when he came to the United States and delivered rousing speeches in which he asked Yugoslav immigrants to fight to save their homeland. Hoffman, who may have had a romantic relationship with the colonel, had an interest in \"powerful, charismatic\" people. She once said, \"Hero worship formed a major part of my emotional life.\" He modeled for her sculpture of him entitled \"A Modern Crusader\" (1918). His nephew said that it capture that \"he was gaunt and weary. His eyes were deep sunk in their sockets ... Only his firm mouth and his powerful chin showed no trace of the inhuman punishment which his body and soul had received during half a decade of life in the trenches.\" There are casts at the Metropolitan Museum of Art, Smithsonian American Art Museum, and Art Institute of Chicago.\n", "She also authored the well known poster \"Serbia needs your help\". She based it on the Miloje P. Igrutinović's photo of dead Serbian soldiers, who died of hunger and exhaustion on the Greek island of Vido. She made the solder \"alive\" on the poster and later, as a sort of an artistic installation, posted soldier's head on the bronze statue of the Saint Francis of Assisi in front of the Mayo clinic in Rochester, Minnesota. In 2018 an exhibition \"Who is Malvina Hoffman\" dedicated to Hoffman was open in Novi Sad, Serbia. It was part of the wider project \"Serbia, war and posters\" by the state government. The Hoffman exhibition, organized in cooperation with the US embassy in Belgrade, which later toured the entire Serbia. Among other exhibits, Hoffman's drawings which she made when she visited Serbia in 1919 were also displayed. She published her impressions about the visit in the chapter \"Hunger in the Balkans\" of her book \"Heads and Tales\". The poster \"Serbia needs your help\" later circulated around the United States, being located in a library of a local politician in Phoenix, Arizona, or in the Navajo reservation. That was where the priest Janko Trbović found it. One reprint of the poster, after an intricate and extended search, was donated by the basketball player Vlade Divac.\n", "She made the sculpture \"The Sacrifice\" after the war. It was dedicated in 1923 at the Cathedral of Saint John the Divine in New York. In it, the head of a 13th-century crusader lay on the lap of a draped woman. It is a memorial to the late Ambassador of France, Robert Bacon, and alumni of Harvard University who lost their lives during the war. After the War Memorial Chapel at Harvard University was completed in 1932, it was installed there.\n", "Section::::Career.:Interwar period.\n", "In 1919, she created a pedimental sculpture for Bush House in London. The same year, she was in Paris cataloging Rodin's works for the Musée Rodin. In 1929, her first major exhibit was held at the Grand Central Art Galleries with 105 works of art in various mediums.\n", "Section::::Career.:Hall of Man.\n", "In 1929, Hoffman received a telegram from Stanley Field, \"Have proposition to make, do you care to consider it? Racial types to be modeled while traveling round the world.\" Hoffman was commissioned by the Field Museum of Natural History in Chicago, Illinois to create anthropologically accurate sculptures of peoples of diverse nationalities and races. She traveled around the world — including distant places like Africa, India, and Bali — in 1931 to 1932, creating busts and figures of people and taking more than 2,000 photographs.\n", "She completed more than 105 sculptures, predominantly in bronze, but also in marble and stone. They included busts and full-length figures of individuals, which were installed at the museum's \"Hall of Man\" in 1933. She documented her travels for the commission in the book, \"Heads and Tales\". It was a popular exhibit at the museum, but some critics considered ia a purely anthropological study. During the 1960s, questions began to circulate about the exhibit. According to \"American Historical Review\", \"the sculptures in the 'Races of Mankind' had perpetuated an older typological approach by presenting 'race' in the form of literally static bronze figures depicting idealized racial 'types'\". The \"Hall of Man\" was deinstalled in 1969, but some of the sculptures are still on display.\n", "In 2016, fifty recently conserved sculptures from the \"Mankind\" collection were on display at the museum in an exhibition called, \"Looking at Ourselves: Rethinking the Sculptures of Malvina Hoffman.\"\n", "Section::::Career.:World War II.\n", "As she had during World War I, Hoffman served the Red Cross and she raised money for the Red Cross and national defense during the war.\n", "In 1948, Hoffman created relief sculptures for the walls of the \"American World War II Memorial\" for the Epinal American Cemetery and Memorial in Vosges, France. It is on the site of the \"Battle of the Bulge\" (1944). There are 5,255 American soldiers buried in the cemetery.\n", "Section::::Career.:Other.\n", "She depicted the evolution of medicine in a 13-panel bas relief for Boston's Joslin Clinic. Hoffman made portrait sculptures, including those of \"John Muir\", \"Wendell Willkie\", \"Ignacy Jan Paderewski\", \"Henry Clay Frick\", and \"Ivan Meštrović\". Her works were exhibited often at the National Academy. In 1965, she published \"Yesterday is Tomorrow\".\n", "Among her awards are the gold medal she won in 1924 from the National Academy, the gold medal of honor she won in 1962 for \"Mongolian Archer\" from the Allied of Artists of America, and the gold medal of honor that she won in 1964 from the National Sculpture Society. She was awarded five honorary doctorates. Her awards for public service include the French Legion of Honour and the Royal Order of St. Sava III of Yugoslavia.\n", "Section::::Personal life.\n", "She was married to an Englishman, Samuel Bonarius Grimson, on June 4, 1924. Grimson was injured by mustard gas and phosgene during World War I, and his career as a concert violist ended when his hands were crushed during an accident with a truck during the war. After the war, he collected antique paintings and instruments. He also invented a tube for a color television. He traveled with her during her search for authentic indigenous models for the anthropological series. Hoffman and Grimson divorced in 1936, some speculated that it was due to an affair that she had with the ballerina Anna Pavlova. He married Bettina Warburg, the daughter of Nina Loeb and Paul Warburg, in 1942. She was 16 years his junior. Grimson died in 1955.\n", "Hoffman befriended painter Romaine Brooks, writer Gertrude Stein, and ballet dancer Anna Pavlova. She held costume parties and balls in her studio, which were reported in the city's society pages. She often spent the summers in a Hartsdale cottage provided to her by Paul Warburg.\n", "On July 10, 1966, Malvina Cornell Hoffman died of a heart attack in her studio in Manhattan, which had been purchased by the philanthropist Mary Williamson Averell and provided to Hoffman for a low-priced rent.\n", "Section::::Further reading.\n", "BULLET::::- Connor, Janis, and Joel Rosenkranz, \"Rediscoveries in American Sculpture – Studio Works, 1893–1939\", University of Texas Press, Austin 1989\n", "BULLET::::- Field, Henry, \"The Races of Mankind, Sculptures by Malvina Hoffman\", Anthropology Leaflet 30, Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago 1937\n", "BULLET::::- Hoffman, Malvina, \"Heads and Tales\". Charles Scribner's Sons, NY, NY 1936\n", "BULLET::::- Hoffman, Malvina, \"Sculpture Inside and Out\", Bonanza Books, NY, NY 1939\n", "BULLET::::- Hoffman, Malvina, \"Yesterday Is Tomorrow\", Crown Publishers, Inc. NY, NY 1965\n", "BULLET::::- Kvaran, Einar Einarsson, \"Hunting Hoffman in the Field Museum\", unpublished manuscript\n", "BULLET::::- Nishiura, Elizabeth, \"American Battle Monuments – A Guide to Military Cemeteries and Monuments Maintained By the American Battle Monuments Commission\", Omnigraphics, Inc, Detroit, Michigan 1989\n", "BULLET::::- Papanikolas, Theresa and DeSoto Brown, \"Art Deco Hawai'i\", Honolulu, Honolulu Museum of Art, 2014, , p. 79\n", "BULLET::::- Proske, Beatrice Gilman, \"Brookgreen Gardens Sculpture\", Brookgreen Gardens, South Carolina, 1968\n", "BULLET::::- Redman, Samuel J, \"Bone Rooms: From Scientific Racism to Human Prehistory in Museums\". Cambridge: Harvard University Press. 2016.\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Malvina Hoffman papers, 1897–1984. Online Archive of California.\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "Malvina Cornell", "Grimson Hoffman", "Malvina Cornell Hoffman", "Mrs. Samuel Grimson Hoffman", "Malvina Grimson", "Mrs. Samuel Grimson", "Malvina Grimson-Hoffman", "malvina hoffman" ] }, "description": "American artist", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q3844044", "wikidata_label": "Malvina Hoffman", "wikipedia_title": "Malvina Hoffman" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Bobby Bonilla\n", "Roberto Martin Antonio Bonilla (, born February 23, 1963) is a former player in Major League Baseball of Puerto Rican descent who played in the major leagues from 1986 to 2001.\n", "Through his 16 years in professional baseball, Bonilla accumulated a .279 batting average, with a .358 on-base percentage and a .472 slugging. He was on the Florida Marlins team that won the 1997 World Series. Bonilla led the league in extra base hits (78) during the 1990 MLB season and doubles (44) during the 1991 MLB season. He also participated in six MLB All-Star Games and won three Silver Slugger Awards.\n", "From 1992 to 1994, Bonilla was the highest-paid player in the major leagues, earning more than $6 million per year. Since 2011, he has been paid approximately $1.19 million by the New York Mets each year and is the poster boy for the mutually beneficial practice among major league teams for deferring contractual payments until well after the player has retired. The payments come every July 1, which some media members refer to as \"Bobby Bonilla Day\". This was part of a deal made when the Mets released Bonilla before the 2000 season while still owing him $5.9 million for the final year of his contract. The deal expires in 2035, at which point Bonilla will have been paid $29.8 million for a season in which he did not even play for the Mets.\n", "Section::::Playing career.\n", "Bonilla played baseball at Herbert H. Lehman High School in the Bronx and graduated in 1981. He was not selected in the 1981 Major League Baseball draft and spent a semester at New York Institute of Technology in Old Westbury, New York pursuing a degree in computer science. He was signed by the Pittsburgh Pirates after being spotted by scout Syd Thrift at a baseball camp in Europe.\n", "His rise through the Pirates' farm system came to a halt during spring training in 1985 when he broke his right leg in a collision with teammate Bip Roberts. The Chicago White Sox then acquired him through the Rule 5 draft during the 1985–86 offseason, and Bonilla made his major league debut with the White Sox at the start of the 1986 season. Thrift, then the Pirates' general manager, reacquired the unhappy Bonilla in exchange for pitcher José DeLeón later that year. Bonilla also played from 1984 to 1988 with the Mayagüez Indians of the Puerto Rican Winter League.\n", "Section::::Playing career.:Pittsburgh Pirates.\n", "Bonilla became the Pirates' starting third baseman in 1987, but after committing 67 errors over his next two seasons, manager Jim Leyland moved him to right field. There he formed a formidable combination alongside stars Barry Bonds and Andy Van Slyke and helped propel the Pittsburgh Pirates to two of their three straight National League Eastern Division titles from 1990 to 1992.\n", "From 1986 to 1991, Bonilla had a .284 batting average, with 868 hits, 191 doubles, 114 home runs, and 500 runs batted in (RBIs). He led the league in extra base hits in 1990, and in doubles in 1991. Bonilla also made the All-Star team four years in a row. On October 28, 1991, he became a free agent.\n", "Section::::Playing career.:New York Mets.\n", "Bonilla became the highest-paid player in the National League at the time when he signed a 5-year, $29 million contract ($ today) with the New York Mets on December 2, 1991. However, his offensive production diminished somewhat, finishing with a .278 batting average, 91 home runs, and 277 runs batted in during his three-and-a-half-year tenure with the Mets. Despite this, Bonilla ended up participating in two more All-Star Games (1993 and 1995).\n", "Bonilla's time with the Mets was most noted for his contentious relationship with the New York baseball media. In his introductory press conference after signing with the organization, he challenged them by stating, “I know you all are gonna try, but you’re not gonna be able to wipe the smile off my face.” A number of incidents followed, such as threatening sportswriter Bob Klapisch that he would \"show him the Bronx\" in response to his book on the 1992 Mets, \"The Worst Team Money Could Buy: The Collapse Of The New York Mets\" (). On another occasion, he called the press box during a game to complain about an error that he was charged with.\n", "Section::::Playing career.:Baltimore Orioles.\n", "Bonilla was acquired along with a player to be named later (Jimmy Williams on August 16) by the Baltimore Orioles from the Mets in exchange for Damon Buford and Alex Ochoa on July 28, 1995, and helped the Orioles to the American League Championship Series in 1996.\n", "Section::::Playing career.:Florida Marlins.\n", "Following the 1996 season, Bonilla was once again granted free agency, and signed with the Florida Marlins, reuniting with his old manager, Jim Leyland, where he helped the Marlins win the 1997 World Series. He returned to the Marlins for the 1998 season and batted .278 through 18 games.\n", "Section::::Playing career.:Los Angeles Dodgers.\n", "On May 14, 1998, Bonilla was traded to the Los Angeles Dodgers, along with Manuel Barrios, Jim Eisenreich, Charles Johnson, and Gary Sheffield, in exchange for Mike Piazza and Todd Zeile. Bonilla spent the rest of the 1998 season with the Dodgers, batting .237, with seven home runs and 30 runs batted in.\n", "Section::::Playing career.:Back to the Mets.\n", "In November 1998, the New York Mets reacquired Bonilla from the Los Angeles Dodgers in exchange for Mel Rojas. Again, his level of play did not measure up to expectations and he had numerous clashes with manager Bobby Valentine over lack of playing time. His tenure in New York culminated in an incident during the sixth game of the 1999 NLCS during which the Mets were eliminated by the Braves in 11-innings while Bonilla reportedly sat in the clubhouse playing cards with teammate Rickey Henderson.\n", "After his subpar 1999 season, the Mets released Bonilla, but still owed him $5.9 million. Bonilla and his agent offered the Mets a deal: Bonilla would defer payment for a decade, and the Mets would pay him an annual paycheck of $1.19 million starting in 2011 and ending in 2035, adding up to a total payout of $29.8 million. Mets owner Fred Wilpon accepted the deal mostly because he was heavily invested with Ponzi scheme operator Bernie Madoff, and the 10 percent returns he thought he was getting on his investments with Madoff outweighed the eight percent interest the Mets would be paying on Bonilla's initial $5.9 million. As a result, the payout was a subject of inquiry during the Madoff investment scandal investigation when it came to light in 2008.\n", "Section::::Playing career.:Atlanta Braves.\n", "Bonilla signed with the Braves in 2000 and played a mostly uneventful 114 games for them. He achieved his highest batting average (.255) since the 1997 season, although he hit only five home runs, a far cry from his career high of 34.\n", "Section::::Playing career.:St. Louis Cardinals.\n", "In 2001, he was signed by the St. Louis Cardinals, but injuries reduced his playing time. He played his final game on October 7, 2001 and finished the season with a .213 average, 37 hits, five home runs, and 21 runs batted in. He retired after the season finished citing \"injuries and reduced playing time\" as the main reason for his decision.\n", "Overall, Bonilla finished his career with one championship, six All-Star appearances, 2,010 hits, 287 home runs, 1,173 runs batted in, and a career .279 batting average.\n", "Section::::Personal life.\n", "Bonilla met Madiglia \"Millie\" Bonilla at Herbert Lehman High School in The Bronx. They married in the late 1980s and had two children together. He and his wife divorced in 2009.\n", "Section::::Personal life.:Charity.\n", "In February 1992, Bonilla and his wife Millie started the Bobby and Millie Bonilla Public School Fund with $35,000. The fund benefits different schools attended by Bonilla and his wife, by contributing $500 for every run he batted in for the Mets. Bonilla also participated in other charity events, like the Players Trust All-Star Golf Tournament, organized by Dave Winfield and Joe Mauer in 2014.\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- List of Major League Baseball career home run leaders\n", "BULLET::::- List of Major League Baseball career hits leaders\n", "BULLET::::- List of Major League Baseball career doubles leaders\n", "BULLET::::- List of Major League Baseball career runs scored leaders\n", "BULLET::::- List of Major League Baseball career runs batted in leaders\n", "BULLET::::- List of Major League Baseball annual doubles leaders\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "Roberto Martin Antonio \"Bobby\" Bonilla" ] }, "description": "American baseball player", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q3246427", "wikidata_label": "Bobby Bonilla", "wikipedia_title": "Bobby Bonilla" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Mark Tewksbury\n", "Mark Tewksbury, MSM (born February 7, 1968) is a Canadian former competition swimmer. He is best known for winning the gold medal in the 100-metre backstroke at the 1992 Summer Olympics. He also hosted the first season of \"How It's Made\", a Canadian documentary series, in 2001.\n", "Tewksbury was awarded the Meritorious Service Medal (Civil Division) in 1993 for being a \"motivational speaker and a gifted athlete.\"\n", "Section::::Competitive swimming.\n", "Raised in Calgary, Alberta, Tewksbury trained at the University of Calgary.\n", "He competed at the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul, South Korea, and won a silver medal as a member of Canada's relay team. For some years he ranked as one of the top backstrokers in the world; never a strong below-the-water swimmer, he was unmatched on the surface, but, as the importance of below-the-water swimming increased, Tewksbury's ranking began to fall.\n", "Going into Barcelona, Tewksbury was ranked fourth in the world and most pundits picked one of the powerful American swimmers to win gold. American Jeff Rouse, world record holder in the 100m backstroke, had beaten Tewksbury at the 1991 Pan Pacific Games and 1991 World Aquatics Championships the year before and was heavily favored to win gold. Using his world-leading start and underwaters Rouse took off to an early lead, leaving Tewksbury to play catch-up on both laps. Tewksbury would pass Rouse on the last stroke of the race, beating the American by just six one hundredths of a second—the same margin of victory Rouse had bested Tewksbury the year before at World Championships. Tewksbury would credit using visualization during his preparation to help instill self-belief and calm in the moments before the Olympic final.\n", "Tewksbury's gold medal was Canada's first at the Barcelona games and the first Canadian gold in swimming since the Communist-boycotted 1984 Olympics in Los Angeles. Tewksbury also won a bronze medal in the relay event in Barcelona. He made the cover of \"Time\" magazine. He was inducted into the Canadian Olympic Hall of Fame, the Canadian Sports Hall of Fame, and the International Swimming Hall of Fame and was named Canada's Male Athlete of the Year. After the Barcelona games, Tewksbury retired from swimming.\n", "Section::::Post-swimming career.\n", "After retirement, Tewksbury received a number of high-profile endorsement deals and worked as an athlete representative with the International Olympic Committee (IOC), a position from which he resigned in disenchantment in 1998, accusing the IOC of rampant corruption. He was also part of the group of former Olympic athletes that was pushing for the resignation of IOC President Juan Antonio Samaranch. Only months after the scandal surrounding the 2002 Salt Lake City Olympic winter Games broke, Tewksbury became prominent around the world as a critic of the IOC and demanded reforms to the system.\n", "In 1993, Tewksbury and Mark Leduc both gave interviews about their homosexuality to the CBC Radio series \"The Inside Track\" for \"The Last Closet\", a special episode about homophobia in sports; however, as neither was ready to fully come out at the time, both interviews were given anonymously and recorded through voice filters. In December 1998, Tewksbury officially came out as gay; he subsequently lost a six-figure contract as a motivational speaker because he was \"too openly gay.\"\n", "Tewksbury was also highly critical of Swimming Canada's organization in the wake of the national team's poor performance at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens, where they failed to medal. He suggested that there was a lack of accountability within Swim Canada, and that head coach Dave Johnson was given too much power.\n", "Tewksbury became a prominent advocate for gay rights and gay causes in Canada and the world. On May 16, 2003, Tewksbury joined the board of directors for the 2006 World Outgames in Montreal and was named co-president. He was a panelist at the 2003 National Gay and Lesbian Athletics Conference in Cambridge, Massachusetts, on a panel of LGBT Olympians that also included rower Harriet Metcalf and high jumper Brian Marshall.\n", "Tewksbury was the narrator for the TV show \"How It's Made\" during the first season. In 2006, he published his second book, an autobiography entitled \"Inside Out: Straight Talk from a Gay Jock\". Tewksbury remains a public figure working as a motivational speaker, a television commentator for swimming events, and a continued activist. He is a board member of the Gay and Lesbian Athletics Foundation.\n", "On November 30, 2006 Tewksbury was the Master of Ceremonies for the Tribute to former Prime Minister Paul Martin at the Liberal Party of Canada's Leadership and Biennial Convention in Montreal.\n", "During the 2008 Summer Olympics, Tewksbury served as CBC Sports' swimming analyst alongside play-by play announcer Steve Armitage.\n", "In December 2008 Tewksbury was invited by the government of France to speak at the United Nations in New York City on the day that a declaration was introduced that affirms gay rights and seeks to decriminalize homosexuality.\n", "On September 19, 2009, Tewksbury was inducted into Canada's LGBT Human Rights Hall of Fame, the Q Hall of Fame Canada, in honour of his outstanding achievements and efforts to end discrimination in the sports world.\n", "On August 5, 2010, he was named the chef de mission of the 2012 Canadian Summer Olympic team.\n", "In 2015, Tewksbury was presented the Bonham Centre Award from The Mark S. Bonham Centre for Sexual Diversity Studies, University of Toronto, for his contributions to the advancement and education of issues around sexual identification.\n", "On July 23, 2015, Tewksbury presented his gold medal to the Canadian Museum for Human Rights in Winnipeg for an exhibit promoting the power of sport to influence positive change.\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- List of members of the International Swimming Hall of Fame\n", "BULLET::::- List of Commonwealth Games medallists in swimming (men)\n", "BULLET::::- List of Olympic medalists in swimming (men)\n", "BULLET::::- World record progression 100 metres backstroke\n", "BULLET::::- World record progression 4 × 100 metres medley relay\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "Marcus Tewksbury" ] }, "description": "Canadian swimmer, Olympic gold medallist, former world record-holder", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q239586", "wikidata_label": "Mark Tewksbury", "wikipedia_title": "Mark Tewksbury" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Christopher Greenup\n", "Christopher Greenup (c. 1750 – April 27, 1818) was an American politician who served as a U.S. Representative and the third Governor of Kentucky. Little is known about his early life; the first reliable records about him are documents recording his service in the Revolutionary War where he served as a lieutenant in the Continental Army and a colonel in the Virginia militia.\n", "After his service in the war, Greenup helped settle the trans-Appalachian regions of Virginia. He became involved in politics, and played an active role in three of the ten statehood conventions that secured the separation of Kentucky from Virginia in 1792. He became one of the state's first representatives, and served in the Kentucky General Assembly before being elected governor in a race where, due to his immense popularity, he ran unopposed.\n", "Greenup's term in office was marred by accusations that he had participated in the Burr Conspiracy to align Kentucky with Spain prior to the former's separation from Virginia, but he vigorously and successfully rebutted these charges. Following his term as governor, he became less active in the political arena. He died on April 27, 1818. Greenup County, Kentucky and its county seat were both named in his honor.\n", "Section::::Early life in Virginia.\n", "Christopher Greenup was most likely born in Fairfax County, Virginia around 1750. His parents were John and Elizabeth (Witten) Greenup. His early education was attained at the local schools of the area. He learned surveying and studied law under Colonel Charles Binns at Charles City County, Virginia. During the Revolutionary War, he first served as a lieutenant on the Continental Line and later attained the rank of colonel in the Virginia militia.\n", "In 1781, Greenup helped settle the area now known as Lincoln County, Kentucky where he spent time as a surveyor and a land speculator. He was admitted to practice law in the county court in 1782. Following Virginia's creation of Kentucky County in 1783, he was admitted to the bar of the district court of Harrodsburg and served as clerk from 1785 to 1792. In 1783, he became one of the original trustees of Transylvania Seminary (later to become Transylvania University.) He purchased two lots of land in Lexington and served as the clerk of the town's trustees.\n", "In 1785, Greenup was elected to represent Fayette County for a single term in the Virginia House of Delegates. During his service, he was appointed to a committee with Benjamin Logan and James Garrard to make recommendations on ways to further divide the area that would become Kentucky. The committee was also responsible for revising acts and surveys related to land and water surveys in the area. The committee ultimately recommended the creation of three new counties – Bourbon, Madison, and Mercer. When Mercer County was created later that year, Greenup was appointed a justice there.\n", "During this time, Greenup continued to practice law in Fayette County and pursued various other interests. He was a founding member of the Danville Political Club and in 1787, he joined the Kentucky Society for Promoting Useful Knowledge. Future Kentucky Governors Isaac Shelby and James Garrard, as well as future Supreme Court justice Thomas Todd were also members of the Society. In 1789, he helped organize the Kentucky Manufacturing Society. Later, he was appointed to the Kentucky River Company, a group dedicated to improving infrastructure on the Kentucky River.\n", "On July 9, 1787, during a brief return to Virginia, Greenup married Mary Catherine (\"Cathy\") Pope of Hanover County, Virginia; the couple had two children – Nancy and William.\n", "Section::::Political career in Kentucky.\n", "Greenup served as clerk of the first Kentucky statehood convention in Danville in 1784. He was elected as a delegate to the second and sixth statehood conventions in 1785 and 1788, respectively, and was a trustee of the city of Danville in 1787. H.E. Everman, biographer of fellow delegate James Garrard, noted that despite Greenup's excellent legal background and legislative experience, his lack of oratorical skills prevented him from taking more of a leadership role in the conventions.\n", "When Kentucky was admitted to the Union in 1792, Greenup moved to Frankfort where he was rewarded for his efforts on behalf of the state by being chosen as an elector for the state's senators and governor. He also served in the first Kentucky Senate. Following this, he was appointed to the court of oyer and terminer, but resigned immediately to accept a seat in the U.S. House of Representatives. He was one of Kentucky's first two representatives in the House, and was elected to three successive terms, serving from November 9, 1792 to March 3, 1797. In 1798, he was elected to the Kentucky House of Representatives, representing Mercer County. He also served as clerk of the state senate from 1799 to 1802.\n", "Greenup was a candidate for governor of Kentucky in 1800, but was runner-up to James Garrard in a four-man race that also included Benjamin Logan and Thomas Todd. Greenup garnered a majority of the vote in fifteen counties, just one fewer than Garrard, but Garrard enjoyed strong support in the populous central Kentucky counties and received 8,390 votes, compared with 6,746 for Greenup, 3,996 for Logan, and 2,166 for Todd. Garrard appointed Greenup judge of the circuit court in 1802. After the Kentucky Senate refused to confirm Garrard's Secretary of State, Harry Toulmin, as registrar of the land office, Garrard nominated Greenup. Greenup, however, intended to make another run at the governorship, and at his request, Garrard withdrew the nomination days later.\n", "Greenup resigned his circuit judgeship on June 5, 1804, to make another run for governor. Immensely popular, he ran unopposed, and served as governor from September 4, 1804 to September 1, 1808. During Greenup's administration, the state chartered the Bank of Kentucky and the Ohio Canal Company; Greenup became a director of the former in 1807. Despite his popularity, however, he was unable to pass much of his proposed agenda, which included provision of public education and reforms to the militia, courts, revenue system, and penal system.\n", "A partisan Frankfort newspaper implicated Greenup in the Burr conspiracy, but he successfully defended himself and preserved his reputation. He deployed the Kentucky militia along the Ohio River to defend the state from any threat that might result from the Burr conspiracy, but that threat had largely dissipated by 1807.\n", "On October 22, 1807, Greenup's wife Mary died in the Governor's Mansion. According to legend, her ghostly image has appeared in clock faces and mirrors inside the mansion.\n", "Following his term as governor, Greenup was chosen as a presidential elector for the ticket of James Madison and George Clinton. In 1812, he became a justice of the peace in Franklin County. In August 1812, Kentucky Secretary of State Martin D. Hardin recommended to Governor Isaac Shelby that Greenup be appointed Assistant Secretary of State. Shelby made the appointment, and when Hardin, resigned December 15, 1812, Shelby nominated Greenup as his replacement. The Kentucky Senate approved the nomination on February 3, 1813, and Greenup served until his resignation on March 13, 1813.\n", "Greenup died April 27, 1818, at Blue Lick Springs Resort, where he had traveled seeking relief from his rheumatism. He is buried in the Frankfort Cemetery. Greenup County, Kentucky was named in his honor, as was its county seat of Greenup, Kentucky.\n", "Section::::Footnotes.\n", "The Biographical Directory of the United States Congress gives Greenup's place of birth as Westmoreland County, Virginia.\n", "Hopkins states that Greenup's will included six childrentwo sons and four daughters.\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Christopher Greenup at The Political Graveyard\n", "BULLET::::- Service record from Francis B. Heitman's \"Historical Register of Officers of the Continental Army\"\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "American politician", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q359433", "wikidata_label": "Christopher Greenup", "wikipedia_title": "Christopher Greenup" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Im Dong-hyun\n", "Im Dong-Hyun (; ; born 12 May 1986) is a South Korean archer. He competes for the South Korean national team and is a former world number one. He has 20/200 vision in his left eye and 20/100 vision in his right eye, meaning he needs to be 10 times closer to see objects clearly with his left eye, compared to someone with perfect vision.\n", "Section::::Career.\n", "Section::::Career.:2004 Summer Olympics.\n", "At the 2004 Summer Olympics, Im set a world record in the 72 arrow men's individual ranking round, with a score of 687 (it was not recognized by the International Olympic Committee as an Olympic record, however, as the ranking round took place on 12 August, before the 2004 opening ceremony). He then won his first three elimination matches, advancing to the quarterfinals. In the quarterfinals, Im faced Hiroshi Yamamoto of Japan, losing to the eventual silver medalist 111–110 in the 12-arrow match. Im was placed 6th overall.\n", "Im was also a member of Korea's gold medal men's archery team at the 2004 Summer Olympics.\n", "Section::::Career.:2006 Asian Games.\n", "In 2006 he competed in Archery at the 2006 Asian Games and won two gold medals in the individual and South Korean team.\n", "Section::::Career.:2008 Summer Olympics.\n", "At the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing Im finished his ranking round with a total of 670 points, nine points behind leader Juan René Serrano. This made him the eighth seed for the final competition bracket in which he faced Ali Salem in the first round, beating the Qatari 108–103. In the second round Im was too strong for Butch Johnson (115–106), but in the third round another American, Vic Wunderle, eliminated him with 113–111.\n", "Together with Lee Chang-hwan and Park Kyung-Mo he also took part in the team event. With his 670 score from the ranking round combined with the 676 of Park and the 669 of Lee the Koreans were in first position after the ranking round, which gave them a straight seeding into the quarter finals. With a score of 224–222 they were too strong for the Polish team and in the semi final they beat home nation China 221–218. In the final Italy came close, but South Korea took the title with 227–225.\n", "Section::::Career.:2012 Summer Olympics.\n", "On 27 July 2012 at the 2012 Summer Olympics in London he set a new world record score of 699 in the ranking round at Lord's Cricket Ground, beating his compatriot Kim Bub-Min by one point. Although he was the top seed after the ranking round, he was eliminated in the round of 16, losing 7-1 to Rick van der Ven. Im did win a bronze medal with the South Korean team.\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- Korean archery\n", "BULLET::::- Archery\n", "BULLET::::- List of South Korean archers\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Jehane Noujaim\n", "Jehane Noujaim (, ) (born May 17, 1974) is an American documentary film director best known for her films \"Control Room\", \"Startup.com\", \"Pangea Day\" and \"The Square,\" the latter of which earned her a nomination for an Academy Award.\n", "Section::::Background.\n", "Noujaim was born to an Egyptian father and an American mother. She was raised in Kuwait and Cairo and moved to Boston by the age of 10, in 1990. She attended Milton Academy, matriculated to Harvard University and graduated magna cum laude in visual arts and philosophy.\n", "Section::::Career.\n", "In 2002, before her graduation, Noujaim was awarded the Gardiner fellowship under which she directed \"Mokattam\", an Arabic film about a garbage-collecting village near Cairo in Egypt.\n", "Noujaim joined the MTV news and documentary division as a segment producer for the documentary series \"UNfiltered\".\n", "In 2001, she left to produce and direct \"Startup.com\" under the guidance of documentary filmmaker D.A Pennebaker in association with Pennebaker Hegedus Films. The feature length, highly acclaimed documentary has won numerous distinguished awards including the DGA and IDA Awards for best documentary. She won the DGA Award again for The Square in 2014.\n", "She has since worked in both the Middle East and the United States as a cinematographer on various documentaries including \"Born Rich\" (Jamie Johnson), \"Only the Strong Survive\" (Chris Hegedus, D.A. Pennebaker), and \"Down from the Mountain\" (D.A. Pennebaker, Chris Hegedus, Nick Doob).\n", "In 2004, she directed the feature-length film \"Control Room\", a documentary about US Central Command and its relations with Al Jazeera and other news organizations that covered the 2003 invasion of Iraq, which rewarded her with the TED prize in 2006. This made her the first and youngest woman to do so. She also received a nomination for the Writers Guild of America Award for Best Documentary Screenplay, sharing the nomination with co-writer Julia Bacha. In 2007, she co-directed (with Sherief El Katsha) the film \"Shayfeen.com\" which was broadcast as part of the WhyDemocracy project. In 2012 she released \"\" (which she directed with Mona Eldaeif). A documentary about a group of women leaving their villages to learn about solar engineering, only to return and solar power their own society. And in 2013 she released \"The Square\", a film following the Egyptian revolution and the inspiration it has given to the world.\n", "In January 2014 \"The Square\" was nominated for an Academy Award in documentary category. \"The Square\" also won critical acclaim in the 2013 Sundance Film Festival & the 2013 Toronto International Film Festival.\n", "Section::::Pangea Day.\n", "After winning the TED Prize, Noujaim used her wish to organize Pangea Day, a live videoconference that took place in New York City, Rio de Janeiro, London, Dharamsala, Cairo, Jerusalem, and Kigali on May 10, 2008. The show was internationally broadcast over four hours through internet, television and mobile phones. It featured films, speakers, and music.\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- D. A. Pennebaker\n", "BULLET::::- Jamie Johnson\n", "BULLET::::- Julia Bacha\n", "BULLET::::- Pangea Day\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Tarundeep Rai\n", "Tarundeep Rai (Nepali/Hindi: तरूणदीप राई; born 22 February 1984, in Namchi, Sikkim, India) is an Indian archer. He belongs to the Indian Gorkha community.\n", "Section::::Career.\n", "Tarundeep made his debut in international archery at the age of 19 years when he played at the Asian Archery Championship 2003 held at Yangon, Myanmar.\n", "Tarundeep Rai became the first Indian to win an individual men's silver medal in archery at the 16th Asian Games on 24 November 2010 in Guangzhou, China.\n", "He was a member of the Indian archery team that won the bronze medal at the 15th Asian Games in Doha in 2006.\n", "At the 2004 Summer Olympics, Tarundeep was placed 32nd in the men's individual ranking round with a 72-arrow score of 647. He faced Alexandros Karageorgiou of Greece in the first elimination round, losing 147-143. This score gave Rai a final ranking of 43rd. Rai was also a member of the 11th-place Indian men's archery team at the 2004 Summer Olympics.\n", "Tarundeep was a member of the Indian men's recurve team at the 2012 London Olympics. Tarundeep was placed 31st in the men's individual ranking and the Indian men's team was placed 12th in the team ranking.\n", "Tarundeep was a part of the Indian archery team that finished 4th at the 2003 World Championship in New York City. His team won the silver medal at the 2005 World Championship in Madrid, Spain. He also became the first Indian to make it to the semifinal round of the World Archery Championship in 2005, where he narrowly lost to Won Jong Choi of South Korea by 106-112 for the bronze medal play-off.\n", "Section::::Awards and achievements.\n", "Tarundeep is a recipient of the Arjuna Award (2005) for his achievements in archery.\n", "BULLET::::- Silver Medalist, Recurve Men’s Team, Archery World Cup, Antalya, Turkey, 2012\n", "BULLET::::- Silver Medalist, Recurve Men's Team, Archery World Cup, Porec, Croatia, 2011\n", "BULLET::::- Silver Medalist, Recurve Men's Individual, Asian Games, Guangzhou, P.R. China, 2010\n", "BULLET::::- Gold Medalist, Recurve Men's Team, Archery World Cup, Shanghai, P.R. China, 2010\n", "BULLET::::- Silver Medalist, Recurve Men's Team, Archery World Cup, Porec, Croatia, 2010\n", "BULLET::::- Gold Medalist, Recurve Men's Team, 2nd Asian Grand Prix, Bangkok, Thailand, 2010\n", "BULLET::::- Gold Medalist, Recurve Men's Team, 5th Asian Grand Prix Tournament, Dakha, Bangladesh, 2009\n", "BULLET::::- Gold Medalist, Recurve Men's Individual, 5th Asian Grand Prix Tournament, Dakha, Bangladesh, 2009\n", "BULLET::::- Gold Medalist, Recurve Men's Team, 2nd Asian Grand Prix Tournament, Teheran, I.R. Iran, 2009\n", "BULLET::::- Silver Medalist, Recurve Men's Individual, 2nd Asian Grand Prix Tournament, Teheran, I.R. Iran, 2009\n", "BULLET::::- Bronze Medalist, Recurve Men's Team, Asian Games, Doha, Qatar, 2006\n", "BULLET::::- Bronze Medalist, Recurve Men's Individual, The 3rd Asian Archery Grand Prix Tournament, Jakarta, Indonesia, 2005\n", "BULLET::::- Silver Medalist, Men's Team, 43rd World Outdoor Target Archery Championships, Madrid, Spain, 2005\n", "BULLET::::- Gold Medalist, Recurve Men's Individual, Asian Grand Prix, Bangkok, Thailand, 2004\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Ready, Aim, Aspire...\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Tony Plana\n", "José Antonio Plana (born April 19, 1952), better known as Tony Plana, is a Cuban American actor and director. He is known for playing Betty Suarez's father, Ignacio Suarez, on the ABC television show \"Ugly Betty\" and also for voicing Manuel \"Manny\" Calavera in the video game \"Grim Fandango\".\n", "Section::::Personal life.\n", "José Antonio Plana was born in Havana, Cuba. His family moved to Miami in 1960. He is a graduate of Loyola Marymount University and was trained in acting at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art in London, UK.\n", "Section::::Career.\n", "While he is known to a broad audience for his roles in feature films and television, Plana is also known for his skills in acting and directing for the stage. He has created and directed a number of productions of the works of Shakespeare for minority audiences and he has been active in both the Los Angeles, Washington, D.C. and New York City theater communities, including leading appearances on Broadway and at New York City's Public Theater. He originated the role of Rudy in the L.A. production of the Luis Valdez play \"Zoot Suit\", going on to play Rudy in the film version as well.\n", "Plana has acted, directed and written for television in series, mini-series, and specials such as \"Hill Street Blues\", \",\" \"Resurrection Boulevard,\" \"Commander in Chief,\" \",\" \"The West Wing,\" \"24\", \"Cagney & Lacey\" and many others.\n", "Plana has acted in films such as \"An Officer and a Gentleman\", \"Three Amigos,\" \"Goal!,\" \"Lone Star,\" and others. He is known to PC gamers as the voice of Manny Calavera in the LucasArts 1998 adventure game \"Grim Fandango.\" In 2011, Plana guest starred in \"Desperate Housewives\" as Gabrielle Solis's abusive stepfather, Alejandro Perez. He also directed \"Witch's Lament\", a \"Desperate Housewives\" episode in the show's \"eighth season\". In 2011, he appeared in \"Body of Proof\", in the episode \"Helping Hand\".\n", "Plana, during his acting career participated in the web series \"Los Americans\" (2011), which is characterized by having a multigenerational focus, a middle-class family living in Los Angeles. During the series, he participated with Esai Morales, Lupe Ontiveros, JC Gonzalez, Raymond Cruz, Yvonne DeLaRosa, and Ana Villafañe.\n", "Plana teaches acting at California State University, Dominguez Hills and Rio Hondo College. In 2012, he served as an official judge for the Noor Iranian Film Festival.\n", "Section::::Politics.\n", "Plana is currently volunteering as a spokesperson for comprehensive immigration reform. He was the keynote speaker for the 2012 LULAC conference in Coronado Springs Convention Center in Lake Buena Vista, Florida.\n", "Section::::Awards.\n", "Won\n", "BULLET::::- Satellite Awards for Best Actor in a Supporting Role in a Series, Miniseries, or Motion Picture Made for Television for his role as \"Ignacio Suarez,\" \"Ugly Betty,\" on December 17, 2006.\n", "Nominations\n", "BULLET::::- Screen Actors Guild Awards: Screen Actors Guild Award for Best Ensemble - Comedy Series for: \"Ugly Betty\" (2006).\n", "BULLET::::- ALMA Awards: Outstanding Actor in a Television Series for: \"Resurrection Blvd.\" (2002)\n", "BULLET::::- ALMA Awards: Outstanding Actor in a New Television Series for: \"Resurrection Blvd.\" (2001)\n", "BULLET::::- Bravo Awards: Outstanding Actor in a Feature Film for: \"Lone Star\" (1996).\n", "Section::::Selected filmography.\n", "BULLET::::- \"What's Happening!!\" (1978, TV Series) as Amid\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Boss' Son\" (1978) as Juan\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Paper Chase\" (1978, TV Series) as Marcos\n", "BULLET::::- \"Seed of Innocence\" (1980) (uncredited)\n", "BULLET::::- \"First Family\" (1980) as White House Gardener\n", "BULLET::::- \"Madame X\" (1981, TV Movie) as Senor Rueda\n", "BULLET::::- \"Love & Money\" (1981) as National Guard General\n", "BULLET::::- \"Zoot Suit\" (1981) as Rudy\n", "BULLET::::- \"Circle of Power\" (1981) as Reza Haddad\n", "BULLET::::- \"An Officer and a Gentleman\" (1982) as Emiliano Della Serra\n", "BULLET::::- \"Valley Girl\" (1983) as Low Rider\n", "BULLET::::- \"Nightmares\" (1983) as Father Luis Del Amo (segment \"The Benediction\")\n", "BULLET::::- \"El Norte\" (1983) as Carlos the Bus Boy\n", "BULLET::::- \"Deal of the Century\" (1983) as Chicano Man\n", "BULLET::::- \"What's Up, Hideous Sun Demon\" (1983) as Officer Ignatz\n", "BULLET::::- \"City Limits\" (1984) as Ramos\n", "BULLET::::- \"Latino\" (1985) as Ruben\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Best of Times\" (1986) as Chico\n", "BULLET::::- \"Salvador\" (1986) as Major Max\n", "BULLET::::- \"Three Amigos\" (1986) as Jefe\n", "BULLET::::- \"Disorderlies\" (1987) as Miguel\n", "BULLET::::- \"Born in East L.A.\" (1987) as Feo\n", "BULLET::::- \"Miami Vice\" (1984-1988, TV Series) as Ernesto Guerrero / Cinco\n", "BULLET::::- \"Buy & Cell\" (1988) as Raoul\n", "BULLET::::- \"Break of Dawn \" (1988, TV Movie) as Rodriguez\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Case of the Hillside Stranglers\" (1989, TV Movie) as Mike Hernandez\n", "BULLET::::- \"Romero\" (1989) as Father Manuel Morantes\n", "BULLET::::- \"Why Me?\" (1990) as Benjy Klopzik\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Rookie\" (1990) as Morales\n", "BULLET::::- \"Havana\" (1990) as Julio Ramos\n", "BULLET::::- \"Seinfeld\" (1991, Season 2 Episode 5: \"The Apartment\") as Manny\n", "BULLET::::- \"One Good Cop\" (1991) as Beniamino\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Golden Girls\" (1991, TV Series) as Alvarez\n", "BULLET::::- \"JFK\" (1991) as Carlos Bringuier\n", "BULLET::::- \"Live Wire\" (1992) as Al-red\n", "BULLET::::- \"Red Hot\" (1993) as KGB Investigator\n", "BULLET::::- \"Greshnitsa v maske\" (1993) as Le Arden\n", "BULLET::::- \"A Million to Juan\" (1994) as Jorge\n", "BULLET::::- \"Silver Strand\" (1995, TV Movie) as Richie Guttierez\n", "BULLET::::- \"Nixon\" (1995) as Manolo Sanchez\n", "BULLET::::- \"Primal Fear\" (1996) as Martinez\n", "BULLET::::- \"Lone Star\" (1996) as Ray\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Disappearance of Garcia Lorca\" (1996) as Lorca's Friend Marcos\n", "BULLET::::- \"Canción desesperada\" (1996) as Patrick\n", "BULLET::::- \"Down for the Barrio\" (1997) as Cesar\n", "BULLET::::- \"Santa Fe\" (1997) as Chief Gomez\n", "BULLET::::- \"One Eight Seven\" (1997) as Principal Garcia\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Wonderful Ice Cream Suit\" (1998) as Victor Medina\n", "BULLET::::- \"Shadow of Doubt\" (1998) as Detective Krause\n", "BULLET::::- \"Let the Devil Wear Black\" (1999) as Tall\n", "BULLET::::- \"Every Dog Has Its Day\" (1999) as The Cop\n", "BULLET::::- \"Knockout\" (2000) as Chuck Alvarado\n", "BULLET::::- \"Picking Up the Pieces\" (2000) as Usher\n", "BULLET::::- \"Vegas, City of Dreams\" (2001) as Captain Martin\n", "BULLET::::- \"Half Past Dead\" (2002) as Warden El Fuego\n", "BULLET::::- \"John Doe\" (2003, Season 1, Episode 17: \"Doe or Die\") as Captain Ruiz\n", "BULLET::::- \"Monk\" (2003, TV Series) as Capt. Alameda\n", "BULLET::::- \"24\" (2004, TV Series) as Omar\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Lost City\" (2005) as The Emcee\n", "BULLET::::- \"Goal!\" (2005) as Hernan Munez\n", "BULLET::::- \"El Muerto\" (2007) as Aparicio\n", "BULLET::::- \"Hacia la oscuridad\" (2007) as Carlos Gutierrez\n", "BULLET::::- \"Half Past Dead 2\" (2007) as Warden El Fuego\n", "BULLET::::- \"AmericanEast\" (2008) as Dez\n", "BULLET::::- \"Life Is Hot in Cracktown\" (2009) as Lou\n", "BULLET::::- \"Change Your Life!\" (2010) as Simon Martinez\n", "BULLET::::- \"Desperate Housewives\" (2011, TV Series) as Alejandro Perez\n", "BULLET::::- \"Body of Proof\" (2011, Episode 3: \"Helping Hand\") as Armando Rosas\n", "BULLET::::- \"America\" (2011) as Tio Poldo\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Man Who Shook the Hand of Vicente Fernandez\" (2012) as Dr. Dominguez\n", "BULLET::::- \"Psych\" (2013, Season 7, Episode 4: \"No Country for Two Old Men\") as Pablo Nuñez\n", "BULLET::::- \"Pain and Gain\" (2013) as Captain Lopez\n", "BULLET::::- \"Alpha House\" (2013-2014, TV Series) as Benito 'Benny' Lopez\n", "BULLET::::- \"A Miracle in Spanish Harlem\" (2013) as Mariano\n", "BULLET::::- \"Jane the Virgin\" (2014, TV Series) as Father Ortega\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Fosters\" (2015-2017, TV Series) as Victor Gutierrez\n", "BULLET::::- \"Cristela\" (2015, TV Series) as Joaquin Alvarez\n", "BULLET::::- \"\" (2015, TV Series) as Father Consolmango\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Young Pope\" (2016, TV Series) as Carlos García\n", "BULLET::::- \"America Adrift\" (2016) as William Fernandez\n", "BULLET::::- \"Lethal Weapon\" (2016–2018, TV Series) as Ronnie Delgado\n", "BULLET::::- \"Superstore\" (2017, Season 2, Episode 16: \"Integrity Award\") as Ron Sosa\n", "BULLET::::- \"Roman J. Israel, Esq.\" (2017) as Jessie Salinas\n", "BULLET::::- \"Butterfly Caught\" (2017) as Michael Channis\n", "BULLET::::- \"One Day at a Time\" (2017-2019, TV Series) as Berto\n", "BULLET::::- \"Colony\" (2017–present) as Proxy Alcala\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Punisher\" (2017–2019, TV Series) as Rafael Hernandez\n", "BULLET::::- \"Shooter\" (2018, TV Series) as Guitierez\n", "BULLET::::- \"Dynasty\" (2019) as Cristal Jennings’ father, Silvio Flores.\n", "Section::::Voice acting.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Godzilla 1985\" (1985) as Goro Maki (voice, uncredited)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Santo Bugito\" (1995, TV Series) as Paco\n", "BULLET::::- \"Extreme Ghostbusters\" (1997, TV Series) (voice)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Grim Fandango\" (1998, Video Game) as Manuel \"Manny\" Calavera\n", "BULLET::::- \"Cuba Libre\" (2003) as Narrator (voice)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Hiroshima\" - Radio play based on the book by John Hersey, adapted by John Valentine (2003)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Elena of Avalor\" (2018, TV Series) as Oapa (voice)\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "British actor", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q544692", "wikidata_label": "Tony Plana", "wikipedia_title": "Tony Plana" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Whitney Young\n", "Whitney Moore Young Jr. (July 31, 1921 – March 11, 1971) was an American civil rights leader. He spent most of his career working to end employment discrimination in the United States and turning the National Urban League from a relatively passive civil rights organization into one that aggressively worked for equitable access to socioeconomic opportunity for the historically disenfranchised.\n", "Section::::Early life and career.\n", "Young was born in Shelby County, Kentucky, on July 31, 1921, to educated parents. His father, Whitney M. Young, Sr., was the president of the Lincoln Institute, and served twice as the president of the Kentucky Negro Educational Association. Whitney's mother, Laura Young, was a teacher who served as the first female postmistress in Kentucky (second in the United States), being appointed to that position by President Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1940. Young enrolled in the Lincoln Institute at the age of 13, graduating as his class valedictorian, with his sister Margaret becoming salutatorian, in 1937.\n", "Young earned his Bachelor of Science in social work from Kentucky State University, a historically black institution. Young had aspirations of becoming a doctor at Kentucky State. During this time at Kentucky State, Young was also a forward on the university's basketball team, and was a member of Alpha Phi Alpha fraternity, where he served as the vice president. He became the president of his senior class, and graduated in 1941.\n", "During World War II, Young was trained in electrical engineering at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. He was then assigned to a road construction crew of black soldiers supervised by Southern white officers. After just three weeks, he was promoted from private to first sergeant, creating hostility on both sides. Despite the tension, Young was able to mediate effectively between his white officers and black soldiers angry at their poor treatment. This situation propelled Young into a career in race relations.\n", "After the war, Young joined his wife, Margaret, at the University of Minnesota, where he earned a master's degree in social work in 1947 and volunteered for the St. Paul branch of the National Urban League. He was then appointed as the industrial relations secretary in that branch in 1949.\n", "In 1950, Young became president of the National Urban League's Omaha, Nebraska chapter. In that position, he helped get black workers into jobs previously reserved for whites. Under his leadership, the chapter tripled its number of paying members. While he was president of the Omaha Urban League, Young taught at the University of Nebraska from 1950 to 1954, and Creighton University from 1951 to 1952.\n", "In 1954, he took up his next position, as the first dean of social work at Atlanta University. There, Young supported alumni in their boycott of the Georgia Conference of Social Welfare in response to low rates of African-American employment within the organization. In December, 1954, Young and his wife Margaret were the first blacks to join the United Liberal Church (since 1965, named the Unitarian Universalist Congregation of Atlanta), and Whitney would eventually join its Board of Trustees. Due in part to the Youngs' influence, the church stopped having its annual picnics at segregated parks and became \"integrated not just desegregated.\" Many in the congregation were active in the civil rights movement, and the Reverend Martin Luther King Jr., then assistant to his father at nearby Ebenezer Baptist Church, was a pulpit guest.\n", "In 1957 he co-authored \"Some Pioneers in Social Work: brief sketches; student work book\" with Florence V. Adams.\n", "In 1960, Young was awarded a Rockefeller Foundation grant for a postgraduate year at Harvard University. In the same year, he joined the NAACP and rose to become state president, where he was also a close friend of Roy Wilkins, its executive director.\n", "Section::::Executive Director of National Urban League.\n", "In 1961, at age 40, Young became Executive Director of the National Urban League. He was unanimously selected by the National Urban League's Board of Directors, succeeding Lester Granger on October 1, 1961. Within four years he expanded the organization from 38 employees to 1,600 employees; and from an annual budget of $325,000 to one of $6,100,000. Young served as President of the Urban League until his death in 1971.\n", "The Urban League had traditionally been a cautious and moderate organization with many white members. During Young's ten-year tenure at the League, he brought the organization to the forefront of the American Civil Rights Movement. He both greatly expanded its mission and kept the support of influential white business and political leaders. In a 1964 interview with Robert Penn Warren for the book \"Who Speaks for the Negro?\" and archived at the Louie B. Nunn Center for Oral History, Young expressed the mission of the Urban League not as ground-level activism in itself but as the supplement and complement of the activities of all other organizations; he states, \"we are the social engineers, we are the strategists, we are the planners, we are the people who work at the level of policy-making, policy implementation, the highest echelons of the corporate community, the highest echelons of the governmental community – both at the federal, state and local level – the highest echelons of the labor movement.\" As part of the League's new mission, Young initiated programs like \"Street Academy\", an alternative education system to prepare high school dropouts for college, and \"New Thrust\", an effort to help local black leaders identify and solve community problems.\n", "Young also pushed for federal aid to cities, proposing a domestic \"Marshall Plan\". This plan, which called for $145 billion in spending over 10 years, was partially incorporated into President Lyndon B. Johnson's War on Poverty. Young described his proposals for integration, social programs, and affirmative action in his two books, \"To Be Equal\" (1964) and \"Beyond Racism\" (1969).\n", "As executive director of the League, Young pushed major corporations to hire more blacks. In doing so, he fostered close relationships with CEOs such as Henry Ford II, leading some blacks to charge that Young had sold out to the white establishment. Young denied these charges and stressed the importance of working within the system to effect change. Still, Young was not afraid to take a bold stand in favor of civil rights. For instance, in 1963, Young was one of the organizers of the March on Washington despite the opposition of many white business leaders.\n", "Despite his reluctance to enter politics himself, Young was an important advisor to Presidents Kennedy, Johnson, and Nixon. In 1968, representatives of President-elect Richard Nixon tried to interest Young in a Cabinet post, but Young refused, believing that he could accomplish more through the Urban League.\n", "Young had a particularly close relationship with President Johnson, and in 1969, Johnson honored Young with the highest civilian award, the Presidential Medal of Freedom. Young, in turn, was impressed by Johnson's commitment to civil rights.\n", "Despite their close personal relationship, Young was frustrated by Johnson's attempts to use him to balance Martin Luther King's opposition to the increasingly unpopular Vietnam War. Young publicly supported Johnson's war policy, but came to oppose the war after the end of Johnson's presidency.\n", "In February 1968 President Lyndon Johnson and Mayor of Chicago Richard Daley discussed the possibility of Young replacing fellow African American Robert Weaver in the position of Secretary of Housing and Urban Development. \n", "In 1968, as part of an FBI organized COINTEL operation against the Black liberation movement, Herman B. Ferguson and Arthur Harris were convicted of conspiring to murder Young. The police infiltrators who concocted this frame-up portrayed it as a \"Black revolutionary plot.\" The trial took place in the New York State Supreme Court, with Justice Paul Balsam presiding.\n", "Section::::Leadership at the National Association of Social Workers (NASW).\n", "Young served as President of the National Association of Social Workers (NASW), from 1969 to 1971. He took office at a time of fiscal instability in the association and uncertainty about President Nixon's continuing commitment to the \"War on Poverty\" and to ending the war in Vietnam. At the 1969 NASW Delegate Assembly Young stated,\n", "First of all, I think the country is in deep trouble. We, as a country have blazed unimagined trails technologically and industrially. We have not yet begun to pioneer in those things that are human and social… I think that social work is uniquely equipped to play a major role in this social and human renaissance of our society, which will, if successful, lead to its survival, and if it is unsuccessful, will lead to its justifiable death.\n", "Mr. Young spent his tenure as President of NASW ensuring that the profession kept pace with the troubling social and human challenges it was facing. \"NASW News\" articles document his call to action for social workers to address social welfare through poverty reduction, race reconciliation, and putting an end to the War in Vietnam. In the \"NASW News\", July 1970, he challenged his professional social work organization to take leadership in the national struggle for social welfare:\n", "The crisis in health and welfare services in our nation today highlights for NASW what many of us have been stressing for a long time: inherent in the responsibility for leadership in social welfare is responsibility for professional action. They are not disparate aspects of social work but merely two faces of the same coin to be spent on more and better services for the people who need our help. It is out of our belief in this broad definition of responsibility for social welfare that NASW is taking leadership in the efforts to reorder our nation's priorities and future direction, and is calling on social workers everywhere to do the same.\n", "The \"NASW News\", May 1971, tribute to Young noted that \"As usual Whitney Young was preparing to do battle on the major issues and programs facing the association and the nation. And he was doing it with his usual aplomb-dapper, self-assured, ready to deal with the \"power\" people to bring about change for the powerless.\"\n", "Mr. Young was also well known in the profession of Social Work for being the Dean of the school of Social Work at Clark Atlanta University, which now bears his name. The school has a solid history of Social work, graduating leaders in the profession and having created and founded the \"Afro-Centric\" prospective of Social Work, a frequently used theory practice in urban areas. In his last column as President for NASW, Young wrote, \"whatever we do we should tell the public what we are doing and why. They have to hear from social workers as much as they hear from reporters and government officials.\"\n", "Section::::Death.\n", "On March 11, 1971, Whitney Young drowned while swimming with friends in Lagos, Nigeria, where he was attending a conference sponsored by the African-American Institute. President Nixon sent a plane to Nigeria to collect Young's body and traveled to Kentucky to deliver the eulogy at Young's funeral.\n", "Section::::Legacy.\n", "Whitney Young's legacy, as President Nixon stated in his eulogy, was that \"he knew how to accomplish what other people were merely for\". Young's work was instrumental in breaking down the barriers of segregation and inequality that held back African Americans.\n", "Section::::Legacy.:Namesakes.\n", "Many sites across the country are named after Young or have memorials dedicated to him. For instance, in 1973, the East Capitol Street Bridge in Washington, D.C., was renamed the Whitney Young Memorial Bridge in his honor. Young's birthplace (Whitney Young Birthplace and Museum) in Shelby County, Kentucky is a designated National Historic Landmark, with a museum dedicated to Young's life and achievements.\n", "Young was honored in 1981 by the United States Postal Service on a postage stamp issued as part of its ongoing Black Heritage series.\n", "The Whitney Young School of Honors and Liberal Studies at Kentucky State University was named after him. Also, Clark Atlanta University named its School of Social Work, where Whitney Young served as Dean, in Young's honor. The Whitney M. Young School of Social Work is well known for founding the \"Afro-Centric\" perspective of social work.\n", "The Boy Scouts of America created the Whitney M. Young Jr. Service Award to recognize outstanding services by an adult individual or an organization for demonstrated involvement in the development and implementation of Scouting opportunities for youth from rural or low-income urban backgrounds. In 1973, The African American MBA Association at The Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania held its first Annual Whitney M. Young Jr. Memorial Conference. After 38 years, the Whitney M. Young Jr. Memorial Conference is the longest student-run conference held at The Wharton School.\n", "Schools named after Young include Whitney M. Young Magnet High School in Chicago, Whitney M. Young Gifted & Talented Leadership Academy in Cleveland, Ohio and Whitney M. Young Elementary in Dallas, Texas.\n", "The Whitney M. Young Health Center in Albany, New York was also named after him.\n", "Section::::In movies.\n", "The documentary, \"The Powerbroker: Whitney Young's Fight for Civil Rights\", directed by Christine Khalafian and Taylor Hamilton, chronicles Young's rise from segregated Kentucky to the national movement for civil rights. The film includes archival footage, photos, and interviews compiled by Young's niece, award-winning journalist Bonnie Boswell Hamilton. Interviews include Henry Louis Gates Jr., Ossie Davis, Julian Bond, Roy Innis, Vernon Jordan, Dorothy Height, and Donald Rumsfeld.\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- Civil rights movement in Omaha, Nebraska\n", "BULLET::::- Big Six (activists)\n", "BULLET::::- List of civil rights leaders\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Oral History Interview with Whitney Young, April 13, 1964 Louie B. Nunn Center for Oral History, University of Kentucky Libraries\n", "BULLET::::- Whitney M. Young Birthplace\n", "BULLET::::- Whitney M. Young Memorial Conference at the Wharton School of Business\n", "BULLET::::- Oral History Interview with Whitney Young, from the Lyndon Baines Johnson Library\n", "BULLET::::- \"One Handshake at a Time\" documentary website\n", "BULLET::::- Whitney M. Young Jr., Civil Rights Leader. retrieved from Louisville Life\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "American civil rights leader", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q3025297", "wikidata_label": "Whitney Young", "wikipedia_title": "Whitney Young" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Dick Allen\n", "Richard Anthony Allen (born March 8, 1942) is an American former professional baseball player. During his 15-season Major League Baseball (MLB) career, he appeared primarily as a first baseman, third baseman, and outfielder, most notably for the Philadelphia Phillies and Chicago White Sox, and is ranked among his sport's top offensive producers of the 1960s and early 1970s.\n", "Allen was an All-Star in seven seasons. He won the National League (NL) Rookie of the Year Award and the American League (AL) Most Valuable Player Award. He also led the AL in home runs for two seasons; led the NL in slugging percentage one season and the AL in two seasons, respectively; and led each major league in on-base percentage, one season apiece. His .534 career slugging percentage ranks among the highest in what was an era marked by low offensive production.\n", "Allen's older brother Hank was a reserve outfielder for three AL teams and his younger brother Ron was briefly a first baseman with the 1972 St. Louis Cardinals.\n", "In 2014, Allen appeared for the first time as a candidate on the Baseball Hall of Fame’s Golden Era Committee election ballot for possible Hall of Fame consideration in 2015. He and the other candidates all missed getting elected by the committee. The Committee meets and votes on 10 selected candidates from the 1947 to 1972 era every three years. Allen was one vote short of the required 12 votes needed for election.\n", "Section::::MLB career.\n", "Section::::MLB career.:Philadelphia Phillies.\n", "Dick Allen hit a baseball with an authority Philadelphia fans had not seen since Chuck Klein and Jimmie Foxx. Phillies scout John Ogden convinced the Phillies to sign Allen in for a $70,000 bonus. John Ogden played for the International League Baltimore Orioles from 1919 to 1925 under Jack Dunn, the discoverer of Babe Ruth, and later pitched against Ruth in the American League. Ogden stated in a Philadelphia Bulletin story printed on July 1, 1969, that Dick Allen was the only player he ever saw who hit a ball as hard as Babe Ruth.\n", "Allen's playing career got off to a turbulent start as he faced racial harassment while playing for the Phillies' minor league affiliate in Little Rock; residents staged protest parades against Allen, the local team's first black player. Nevertheless, he led the league in total bases.\n", "His first full season in the majors, 1964, ranks among the greatest rookie seasons ever. He led the league in runs (125), triples (13), extra base hits (80) and total bases (352); he finished in the top five in batting average (.318), slugging average (.557), hits (201), and doubles (38); and won Rookie of the Year. Playing for the first time at third base, he led the league with 41 errors. Along with outfielder Johnny Callison and pitchers Chris Short and Jim Bunning, Allen led the Phillies to a six-and-a-half game hold on first place with 12 games to play in an exceptionally strong National League. The 1964 Phillies then lost ten straight games and finished tied for second place. The Phillies lost the first game of the streak to the Cincinnati Reds when Chico Ruiz stole home with Frank Robinson batting for the game's only run. In Allen's autobiography (written with Tim Whitaker), \"Crash: The Life and Times of Dick Allen\", Allen stated that the play \"broke our humps\". Despite the Phillies' collapse, Allen hit .438 with 5 doubles, 2 triples, 3 home runs and 11 RBI in those last 12 games.\n", "Allen hit a home run off the Cardinals' Ray Washburn in 1965 which cleared Connie Mack Stadium's left center field roof Coke sign. That home run, an estimated 529-footer, inspired Willie Stargell to say: \"Now I know why they (the Phillies fans) boo Richie all the time. When he hits a home run, there's no souvenir.\"\n", "While playing for Philadelphia, Allen appeared on several All-Star teams including the 1965–67 teams (in the latter of these three games, he hit a home run off Dean Chance). He led the league in slugging (.632), OPS (1.027) and extra base hits (75) in .\n", "Non-baseball incidents soon marred Allen's Philadelphia career. In July 1965, he got into a fistfight with fellow Phillie Frank Thomas. According to two teammates who witnessed the fight, Thomas swung a bat at Allen, hitting him in the shoulder. Johnny Callison said, \"Thomas got himself fired when he swung that bat at Richie. In baseball you don't swing a bat at another player—ever.\" Pat Corrales confirmed that Thomas hit Allen with a bat and added that Thomas was a \"bully\" known for making racially divisive remarks. Allen and his teammates were not permitted to give their side of the story under threat of a heavy fine. The Phillies released Thomas the next day. That not only made the fans and local sports writers see Allen as costing a white player his job, but freed Thomas to give his version of the fight. In an hour-long interview aired December 15, 2009, on the MLB Network's \"Studio 42 with Bob Costas\", Allen asserted that he and Thomas are in fact good friends now.\n", "Allen's name was a source of controversy: he had been known since his youth as \"Dick\" to family and friends, but for reasons which are still somewhat obscure, the media referred to him upon his arrival in Philadelphia as \"Richie\", possibly a conflation with the longtime Phillies star Richie Ashburn. After leaving the Phillies, he asked to be called \"Dick\", saying Richie was a little boy's name. In his dual career as an R&B singer, the label on his records with the Groovy Grooves firm slated him as \"Rich\" Allen.\n", "Some of the Phillies' own fans, known for being tough on hometown players even in the best of times, exacerbated Allen's problems. Initially the abuse was verbal, with obscenities and racial epithets. Eventually Allen was greeted with showers of fruit, ice, refuse, and even flashlight batteries as he took the field. He began wearing his batting helmet even while playing his position in the field, which gave rise to another nickname, \"Crash Helmet\", shortened to \"Crash\".\n", "He almost ended his career in 1967 after mangling his throwing hand by pushing it through a car headlight. Allen was fined $2,500 and suspended indefinitely in 1969 when he failed to appear for the Phillies twi-night doubleheader game with the New York Mets. Allen had gone to New Jersey in the morning to see a horse race, and got caught in traffic trying to return.\n", "Section::::MLB career.:St. Louis Cardinals and Los Angeles Dodgers.\n", "Allen finally had enough, and demanded the Phillies trade him. They sent him to the Cardinals in a trade before the season. Even this deal caused controversy, though not of Allen's making, since Cardinals outfielder Curt Flood refused to report to the Phillies as part of the trade. (Flood then sued baseball in an unsuccessful attempt to overthrow the reserve clause and to be declared a free agent.) Coincidentally, the player the Phillies received as compensation for Flood not reporting, Willie Montañez, hit 30 home runs as a 1971 rookie to eclipse Dick Allen's Phillies rookie home run record of 29, set in 1964.\n", "Allen earned another All-Star berth in St. Louis, and his personal problems seemed to abate. The Cardinals even acceded to his wishes regarding his name, as Cardinals broadcaster Jack Buck made a point from game one of calling him \"Dick Allen.\"\n", "Decades before Mark McGwire, Dick Allen entertained the St. Louis fans with some long home runs, at least one of them landing in the seats above the club level in left field. As Jack Buck said at the time, \"Some of the folks in the stadium club might have choked on a chicken leg when they saw that one coming!\" Nevertheless, the Cardinals traded Allen to the Los Angeles Dodgers before the 1971 season for 1969 NL Rookie of the Year Ted Sizemore and young catcher Bob Stinson. Allen had a relatively quiet season in 1971 although he hit .295 for the Dodgers.\n", "Section::::MLB career.:Chicago White Sox.\n", "The Dodgers traded Allen to the White Sox for pitcher Tommy John prior to the season. For various reasons, Allen's previous managers had shuffled him around on defense, playing him at first base, third base, and the outfield in no particular order—a practice which almost certainly weakened his defensive play, and which may have contributed to his frequent injuries, not to mention his perceived bad attitude. Sox manager Chuck Tanner's low-key style of handling ballplayers made it possible for Allen to thrive, for a while, on the South Side. He decided to play Allen exclusively at first base, which allowed him to concentrate on hitting. That first year, his first in the American League, Allen almost single-handedly lifted the entire team to second place in the AL West, as he led the league in home runs (37) (setting a team record), RBI (113), walks (99), on-base percentage (.422), slugging average (.603), and OPS (1.023), while winning a well-deserved MVP award. However, the Sox fell short at the end and finished games behind the World Series–bound Oakland Athletics.\n", "Allen's feats during his years with the White Sox—particularly in that MVP season of 1972—are spoken of reverently by South Side fans who credit him with saving the franchise for Chicago (it was rumored to be bound for St. Petersburg or Seattle at the time). His powerful swing sent home runs deep into some of cavernous old Comiskey Park's farthest reaches, including the roof and even the distant (445 ft) center field bleachers, a rare feat at one of baseball's most pitcher-friendly stadiums. On July 31, 1972, Allen became the first player in baseball's \"modern era\" to hit two inside-the-park home runs in one game. Both homers were hit off Bert Blyleven in the White Sox' 8-1 victory over the Minnesota Twins at Metropolitan Stadium. On July 6, 1974, at Detroit's Tiger Stadium, he lined a homer off the roof facade in deep left-center field at a linear distance of approximately and an altitude of . Anecdotal and mathematical evidence agreed that Allen's clout would've easily surpassed on the fly.\n", "The Sox were favored by many to make the playoffs in 1973, but those hopes were dashed due in large measure to the fractured fibula that Allen suffered in June. (He tried to return five weeks after injuring the leg in a collision with Mike Epstein of the A's, but the pain ended his season after just one game in which he batted 3-for-5.) In 1974, despite his making the AL All-Star team in each of the three years with the Sox, Allen's stay in Chicago ended in controversy when he left the team on September 14 with two weeks left in the season. In his autobiography, Allen blamed his feud with third-baseman Ron Santo, who was playing a final, undistinguished season with the White Sox after leaving the crosstown Chicago Cubs.\n", "With Allen's intention to continue playing baseball uncertain, the White Sox reluctantly sold his contract to the Atlanta Braves for only $5,000, despite the fact that he had led the league in home runs, slugging (.563), and OPS (.938). Allen refused to report to the Braves and announced his retirement.\n", "Section::::MLB career.:Return to the Phillies.\n", "The Phillies managed to coax Allen out of retirement for the 1975 season. The lay-off and nagging effects of his 1973 broken leg hampered his play. His numbers improved in 1976, a Phillies division winner, as he hit 15 home runs and batted .268 in 85 games. He continued his tape measure legacy during his second go-round with the Phillies. On August 22, 1975, Allen smashed a homer into the seldom reached upperdeck at San Diego's Qualcomm (née Jack Murphy) Stadium.\n", "Section::::MLB career.:Oakland Athletics.\n", "Allen played in 54 games and hit 5 home runs with 31 RBIs for a .240 batting average during his final season for the Oakland Athletics in 1977 before leaving the team abruptly in June of that season. His final day as a player was on June 19, playing both games of a doubleheader, against the White Sox. In five total plate appearances, he had two hits, with his final hit being a single in the eighth inning. \n", "Section::::Career Statistics.\n", "Allen made one post-season appearance in the 1976 National League Championship Series as a member of the Phillies, batting .222 (2-9) with a run scored as the Phillies were swept by the Reds. Defensively, his best position was at first base, in which he compiled a .989 fielding percentage in 808 games. He also played 652 games at third base, 257 games in the outfield, and seven games at second base and shortstop.\n", "Section::::Music career.\n", "Dick Allen sang professionally in a high, delicate tenor. The tone and texture of his voice has drawn comparisons to Harptones' lead singer Willie Winfield. During Allen's time with the Sixties-era Phillies, he sang lead with a doo-wop group called The Ebonistics. Dick Allen and The Ebonistics sang professionally at Philadelphia night clubs. He once entertained during halftime of an NBA Philadelphia 76ers game. The \"Philadelphia Inquirer\" printed a review of his performance:\n", "Here came Rich Allen. Flowered shirt. Tie six-inches (152 mm) wide. Hiphugger bell-bottomed pants. A microphone in his hands. Rich Allen, the most booed man in Philadelphia from April to October, when Eagles coach Joe Kuharich takes over, walked out in front of 9,557 people at the Spectrum last night to sing with his group, The Ebonistics, and a most predictable thing happened. He was booed. Two songs later though, a most unpredictable thing happened. They cheered Rich Allen. They cheered him as warmly as they have ever cheered him for a game-winning home run.\n", "Although his music career was not as substantial or long-lasting as that of Milwaukee Braves outfielder Arthur Lee Maye, Allen gained lasting praise for a recording on the Groovy Grooves label titled, \"Echoes of November.\" The song is featured in the Philles official hundred-year anniversary video and the novel \"'64 Intruder\". In 2010, Brazilian pop star Ana Volans rerecorded \"Echoes of November;\" her rendition sold briskly in Brazil. (The CD's jacket contains a dedication to Dick Allen and his Hall of Fame candidacy.)\n", "Section::::Hall of Fame candidacy.\n", "Nearly forty years after retiring, Allen remains a much discussed and still controversial ballplayer. An increasing number of Baseball historians regard him as the best player not inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame. Allen appeared on the Hall of Fame's 2014 Golden Era Committee ballot (the committee votes every three years since 2011 when Ron Santo was elected by the committee) of 10 selected candidates (selected by a committee of the Baseball Writers' Association of America) from the 1947 to 1972 era for consideration of Hall of Fame enshrinement in 2015. Allen and Tony Oliva were both one vote short of the required 12 votes by the committee which elected none of the candidates.\n", "Sabermetrician Bill James rated Dick Allen as the second-most controversial player in baseball history, behind Rogers Hornsby. James called Allen's autobiography, \"Crash\", \"one of the best baseball books in recent years\". For many years Allen held the distinction of the highest slugging percentage among players eligible for but not in the National Baseball Hall of Fame. This only ended in 2006, when Albert Belle became eligible but was not elected.\n", "Allen Barra wrote in his \"Wall Street Journal\" sports column that \"A growing body of baseball historians think that Dick Allen is the best player eligible for the Hall of Fame.\" The arguments usually center around his very high career averages, batting (.292), slugging (.534), and on-base (.378). They also point out that he began his career during the mid-1960s, a period so dominated by pitchers that it is sometimes called the \"second dead ball era\" Of the Major League batters with 500 or more career home runs whose play intersected Dick Allen's career at the beginning or end, only Mickey Mantle's lifetime OPS+ of 172 topped Dick Allen's lifetime 156 OPS+ His career OPS+ is the second highest of any retired player not in the Hall of Fame (only topped by Mark McGwire). Allen also played some of his career in pitcher-friendly parks such as Busch Memorial Stadium, Dodger Stadium, and Comiskey Park.\n", "In addition to hitting for high offensive percentages, Allen displayed prodigious power. Before scientific weight training, muscle-building dietary supplements, and anabolic steroids, Allen boasted a powerful and muscular physique along the lines of Mickey Mantle and Jimmie Foxx. Indeed, baseball historian Bill Jenkinson ranks Allen with Foxx and Mantle, and just a notch below Babe Ruth, as the four top long-distance sluggers ever to wield a baseball bat. A segment of MLB Network's \"Prime 9\" concurred with Jenkinson's findings. On that same broadcast, Willie Mays stated that Allen hit a ball harder than any player he had ever seen. Dick Allen, like Babe Ruth, hit with a rather heavy bat. Allen's 40-ouncer bucked the Ted Williams-inspired trend of using a light bat for increased bat speed. Allen combined massive strength and body torque to produce bat speed and drive the ball. Two of his drives cleared Connie Mack Stadium's 65-foot-high left field grandstand. Twice Allen cleared that park's 65-foot-high right center field scoreboard: a feat considered virtually impossible for a right-handed hitter.\n", "Detractors of Allen's Hall of Fame credentials argue that his career was not as long as most Hall of Famers, so he does not have the career cumulative numbers that others do. They further argue that the controversies surrounding him negatively impacted his teams. Hall of Fame player Willie Stargell countered with a historical perspective of Dick Allen's time: \"Dick Allen played the game in the most conservative era in baseball history. It was a time of change and protest in the country, and baseball reacted against all that. They saw it as a threat to the game. The sportswriters were reactionary too. They didn't like seeing a man of such extraordinary skills doing it his way. It made them nervous. Dick Allen was ahead of his time. His views and way of doing things would go unnoticed today. If I had been manager of the Phillies back when he was playing, I would have found a way to make Dick Allen comfortable. I would have told him to blow off the writers. It was my observation that when Dick Allen was comfortable, balls left the park.\" The two managers for whom Allen played the longest—Gene Mauch of the Phillies and Chuck Tanner of the White Sox—agreed with Willie Stargell that Allen was not a \"clubhouse lawyer\" who harmed team chemistry. Asked if Allen's behavior ever had a negative influence on the team, Mauch said, \"Never. Dick's teammates always liked him. I'd take him in a minute.\" According to Tanner, \"Dick was the leader of our team, the captain, the manager on the field. He took care of the young kids, took them under his wing. And he played every game as if it was his last day on earth.\" Hall of Fame player Orlando Cepeda agreed, saying to author Tim Whitaker, \"Dick Allen played with fire in his eyes.\" Hall of Fame teammate Rich Gossage also confirmed Tanner's view. In an interview with USA TODAY Sports, Gossage said: \"I've been around the game a long time, and he's the greatest player I've ever seen play in my life. He had the most amazing season (1972) I've ever seen. He's the smartest baseball man I've ever been around in my life. He taught me how to pitch from a hitter's prospective, and taught me how to play the game right. There's no telling the numbers this guy could have put up if all he worried about was stats. The guy belongs in the Hall of Fame.\" Another of Allen's ex-White Sox teammates, pitcher Stan Bahnsen, said, \"I actually thought that Dick was better than his stats. Every time we needed a clutch hit, he got it. He got along great with his teammates and he was very knowledgeable about the game. He was the ultimate team guy.\" Another Hall of Fame teammate, Mike Schmidt, credited Dick Allen in his book, \"Clearing the Bases\", as his mentor. In Schmidt's biography, written by historian William C. Kashatus, Schmidt fondly recalls Allen mentoring him before a game in Chicago in 1976, saying to him, \"Mike, you've got to relax. You've got to have some fun. Remember when you were just a kid and you'd skip supper to play ball? You were having fun. Hey, with all the talent you've got, baseball ought to be fun. Enjoy it. Be a kid again.\" Schmidt responded by hitting four home runs in that game. Mike Schmidt is quoted in the same book, \"The baseball writers used to claim that Dick would divide the clubhouse along racial lines. That was a lie. The truth is that Dick never divided any clubhouse.\"\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- Chicagoland Sports Hall of Fame\n", "BULLET::::- List of Major League Baseball career home run leaders\n", "BULLET::::- List of Major League Baseball career runs scored leaders\n", "BULLET::::- List of Major League Baseball career runs batted in leaders\n", "BULLET::::- List of Major League Baseball annual runs batted in leaders\n", "BULLET::::- List of Major League Baseball annual home run leaders\n", "BULLET::::- List of Major League Baseball annual runs scored leaders\n", "BULLET::::- List of Major League Baseball annual triples leaders\n", "Section::::Further reading.\n", "Section::::Further reading.:Articles.\n", "BULLET::::- Keith, Larry (May 19, 1975). \"Philadelphia Story: Act II; Mercurial Dick Allen returns to the city where he began his career, saying 'I'd like to think I've grown up.' Suddenly, pennant talk is rampant\". \"Sports Illustrated\".\n", "BULLET::::- Kiersh, Edward (April 13, 1983). \"His Inner Turmoil Was Allen's Toughest Adversary\". \"Philadelphia Inquirer\".\n", "Section::::Further reading.:Books.\n", "BULLET::::- Kashatus, William C. (2004). \"September Swoon: Richie Allen, the 1964 Phillies and Racial Integration\". University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press.\n", "BULLET::::- Kashatus, William C. (2017). \"Dick Allen: The Life and Times of A Baseball Immortal, An Illustrated Biography\". Lancaster,PA: Schiffer Books.\n", "BULLET::::- Nathanson, Mitchell (2016). \"God Almighty Hisself: The Life and Legacy of Dick Allen\". Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Dick Allen at SABR (Baseball BioProject)\n", "BULLET::::- Dick Allen at Baseball Almanac\n", "BULLET::::- Dick Allen at Baseball Gauge\n", "BULLET::::- Dick Allen at Baseball Library\n", "br\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "Richard Anthony Allen" ] }, "description": "American baseball player and singer", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q5272620", "wikidata_label": "Dick Allen", "wikipedia_title": "Dick Allen" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Carl D. Perkins\n", "Carl Dewey Perkins (October 15, 1912 – August 3, 1984), a Democrat, was a politician and member of the United States House of Representatives from the state of Kentucky serving from 1949 until his death from a heart attack in Lexington, Kentucky in 1984.\n", "Section::::Early years.\n", "Carl Dewey Perkins was born in Hindman, Kentucky on October 15, 1912, to Dora Calhoun Perkins and James Perkins. Perkins attended high school at Hindman High School and Caney Junior College (now Alice Lloyd College). He worked as a teacher in a Knott County School for 90 students. He then went on to attend the Jefferson School of Law (now known as the University of Louisville School of Law) and graduated in 1935. He passed the bar and served a term as a commonwealth attorney for the thirty-first judicial district of Kentucky.\n", "In 1938 Perkins married Verna Johnson and they had one son, Carl C. Perkins.\n", "During World War II, Perkins enlisted in the United States Army and served a tour in Europe.\n", "In 1940, Perkins was elected as a member of the Kentucky General Assembly was then elected Knott County Attorney in 1941 and reelected in 1945. Perkins resigned January 1, 1948 so that he could counsel the Department of Highways for Frankfort, Kentucky.\n", "He was elected to serve as a Kentucky Representative in 1948 winning against the incumbent Wendell H. Meade.\n", "Section::::Congress.\n", "In 1948 Perkins ran against the incumbent Congressman from Kentucky's 7th District, Wendell H. Meade. Perkins unseated Meade and was elected as a Democrat to the Eighty-first and to the seventeen succeeding Congresses and served from January 3, 1949, until his death. Perkins was the chairman of the Committee on Education and Labor (Ninetieth through Ninety-eighth Congresses, 1967–1984). While a part of the committee, his work helped produce the Economic Opportunity Act of 1964 and Head Start. The local Head Start in his home city of Hindman, Kentucky is named after Congressman Perkins.\n", "Perkins was the only congressman from Kentucky to vote in favour of the Civil Rights Act in 1964.\n", "Section::::Death.\n", "Carl D. Perkins died August 3, 1984, in Lexington, Kentucky after complaining of feeling ill on a flight from Washington. He fell ill on the plane and was pronounced dead of a heart attack on arrival at St. Joseph's Hospital in Lexington, Kentucky.\n", "His funeral was widely attended as he was widely regarded as a popular Kentucky politician over the course of his career. Many of his colleagues flew to Kentucky to pay their respects along with thousands of native Kentucky residents.\n", "The funeral proceedings were hosted in the Knott County High School gymnasium that was filled to capacity by colleagues and constituents of the congressman all of which were there to pay their respects. Notable attendees included Senator Edward Kennedy, House Majority Leader Jim Wright, Congressman William H. Natcher and House Speaker Thomas P. O'Neil who gave the eulogy.\n", "Perkins was succeeded in office by his son, Carl C. Perkins.\n", "Section::::Legacy.\n", "Perkins's legacy of support to education and the under-privileged is shown by the federal student loan called the Perkins Loan, named for him, as is the Carl D. Perkins Career and Technical Education Improvement Act of 2006, which provides federal money for career technical education schooling. The Carl D. Perkins Bridge crossing the Ohio River, the Carl D. Perkins Building on the campus of Eastern Kentucky University, and the Carl D. Perkins Federal Building and United States Courthouse in Ashland, Kentucky are named after him. The vocational school in Hindman, Kentucky at Knott County Central High School, Carl D. Perkins Job Corps at Prestonsburg and Carl D. Perkins Rehab Center at Thelma are also named in his honor. Kentucky highway 80 in Hazard, Kentucky is named the Carl D. Perkins Parkway. The Carl D. Perkins Parkway stretches from Hazard, Kentucky through Carl D. Perkins home county of Knott county, Kentucky. The Carl D. Perkins Parkway connects to the Hal Rogers Parkway in Hazard, Kentucky.\n", "Perkins' grave site is in Hindman, Kentucky, in a public cemetery named \"Mountain Memory Gardens\". However, he was originally buried at a private cemetery near his home in Hindman. In 2007 Perkins's body was moved to where he is presently buried at Mountain Memory Gardens. Verna J. Perkins sold the old house and the land. She had since retired to a home for the elderly in Lexington, where she died in 2012.\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- List of United States Congress members who died in office (1950–99)\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Carl D. Perkins Papers, 1948-1984, 496 cubic feet (processed) Compiled by Jackie Couture, Debbie Whalen, Chuck Hill, Eastern Kentucky University Special Collections and Archives\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Julian Fantino\n", "Julian Fantino, (; born August 13, 1942) is a Canadian retired police official and former politician. He was the Conservative Party of Canada Member of the Parliament of Canada for the riding of Vaughan following a November 29, 2010 by-election, until his defeat in 2015. On January 4, 2011, Fantino was named Minister of State for Seniors; on May 18, 2011, he became Associate Minister of National Defence; on July 4, 2012, he was named Minister for International Cooperation. Fantino served as the Minister of Veterans Affairs from 2013 until 2015, when he was demoted to his earlier post of Associate Minister of National Defence following sustained criticism of his performance at Veterans Affairs. He was defeated by Liberal candidate Francesco Sorbara in the 2015 election.\n", "Prior to entering politics, Fantino was the Commissioner of the Ontario Provincial Police from 2006 to 2010, Toronto's Chief of Police from 2000 to 2005, and Ontario's Commissioner of Emergency Management from 2005 until 2006, and also served as chief of police of London, Ontario from 1991 to 1998, and of York Region from 1998 until 2000. Prior to his London appointment, he had been a Toronto police officer since 1969.\n", "Section::::Family.\n", "Fantino was born in Italy and emigrated to Canada with his family when he was 11 years old.\n", "Section::::Early Toronto career.\n", "Before joining the Metro Toronto Police, Fantino was a security guard at Yorkdale Shopping Centre in suburban Toronto. He volunteered as an Auxiliary Police Officer for the Metro Toronto Police from 1964 to 1969 and then joined the force as a Police Constable. He was a member of the Drug Squad and was promoted to Detective Constable. He subsequently served with Criminal Intelligence and then the Homicide Squad before being promoted to Divisional Commander and then Acting Staff Superintendent of Detectives.\n", "Section::::Early Toronto career.:Wiretap controversy.\n", "According to an internal police report leaked in 2007, Fantino, as superintendent of detectives in 1991, had ordered a wiretap of lawyer Peter Maloney a police critic and friend of Susan Eng, chair of the Toronto Police Services Board, the body overseeing the Toronto Police service. Conversations between Maloney and Eng were illegally recorded despite a court order that only the first minute of Maloney's conversations were to be monitored so as to determine whether the individual who he was talking to was on the list of those being investigated.\n", "Section::::Early Toronto career.:Departure.\n", "After 23 years of service with the Metro Toronto Police, Fantino left to accept an appointment as Police Chief of London, Ontario in 1991.\n", "Section::::London Police Service chief (1991-1998).\n", "In London, he presided over the highly publicized and controversial \"Project Guardian\", in which over two dozen gay men were arrested for involvement in a purported child pornography ring. While several men were eventually convicted of crimes not related to the stated purpose of the investigation, such as drug possession and prostitution, no child pornography ring was ever found.\n", "Journalist Gerald Hannon later published a piece in \"The Globe and Mail\" accusing Fantino of mounting an anti-gay witch hunt. In response, Fantino filed a complaint with the Ontario Press Council, which ultimately ruled that the \"Globe\" should have more clearly labelled Hannon's article as an opinion piece.\n", "Fantino says that he is \"not anti-gay or homophobic\" and was simply arresting lawbreakers engaging in \"a sick, perverted crime\".\n", "Section::::York Regional Police chief (1998–2000).\n", "Fantino returned to the Greater Toronto Area as Chief of York Regional Police in 1998. His tenure was brief and he returned to the Toronto Police Service two years later. He was succeeded as chief by Robert Middaugh.\n", "Section::::Toronto Police Service chief (2000–2005).\n", "Section::::Toronto Police Service chief (2000–2005).:Policing controversies.\n", "An incident in September 2000 involving five male police officers entering a woman's bath house sparked public outrage and drew attention to TPS's poor standing in the gay community. In 2004, Fantino made an attempt to repair relations, primarily by appearing on the cover of \"fab\" in a photo which featured him posing in his police uniform with five other models dressed as the Village People standing behind him.\n", "Fantino appeared to have little patience for protesters: he wanted them to ask police for permission before holding demonstrations. In one report, he commented \"a problem is now arising where portions of the public believe that Dundas Square is a public space.\" In his new position with the OPP, Fantino took an aggressive posture with a native protest blocking a major highway: he stated he \"would not/could not tolerate the 401 being closed all day.\" However, the commander on site decided against a raid as \"[he was] not about to put people at risk for a piece of pavement.\"\n", "In 2003, Fantino criticized the effectiveness of the Canadian gun registry.\n", "Also in 2003, Fantino publicly named and identified several people as being under investigation for child pornography. Despite the lack of evidence, and the crown subsequently dropping the charges, at least one of the men publicly identified committed suicide, naming Fantino's intentional destruction of his reputation as the reason for his suicide in the suicide note.\n", "Section::::Toronto Police Service chief (2000–2005).:Corruption scandals.\n", "Fantino came under increasing scrutiny due to three corruption scandals which broke out during his tenure and his handling of those incidents. Fantino was accused of having tried to deal with these cases out of public view and attempting to shield them from investigation by outside police services.\n", "In one case, drug squad officers are alleged to have beaten and robbed suspected drug dealers. In another, plainclothes officers were charged with accepting bribes to help bars dodge liquor inspections. In the third, a group of officers who advocated on behalf of a drug-addicted car thief faced internal charges.\n", "Two of these cases involve the sons of former police chief William McCormack, and came to light not as a result of investigations by Toronto police, but due to a Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) investigation into gangster activity which inadvertently uncovered evidence of wrongdoing by Toronto police officers. Mike McCormack was later cleared of all wrongdoing due to a lack of evidence.\n", "In December 2009, Fantino was accused during a related court case of having \"unplugged\" a special task force investigating corruption charges against the Toronto Police Service's narcotics squad, thereby ignoring the task force's suspicions that another of the force's drug squads was corrupt. Lawyer Julian Falconer argued in court that \"When Chief Fantino declared there were only a few bad apples, he did not deliver the straight goods,\" and shut down the investigation before it expanded as part of a damage-control campaign.\n", "In March 2005, the CBC announced that they had obtained documents via the \"Access to Information Act\" showing that between 1998 and 2005 Toronto had spent $30,633,303.63 settling lawsuits against police. Norm Gardner said the settlement costs, which amount to about $5 million a year over six years, were expected, given the number of confrontations police face, suggesting that \"people think they are going to get paid off.\"\n", "Section::::Contract expiry.\n", "Fantino's contract as police chief expired on February 28, 2005. On June 24, 2004, the police services board announced that it would not be reappointing Fantino due to a 2-2 tie. This was controversial since chair Norm Gardner had been suspended from the five-man board due to a conflict of interest ruling, but as he refused to vacate his seat the three required votes for renewal were far more difficult to obtain. Conservative politicians on Toronto City Council responded with a \"Save Fantino\" campaign, and the board was deadlocked on the issue of beginning the search for Fantino's replacement.\n", "Many Fantino supporters claimed that the Mayor at the time, David Miller, was openly hostile to Fantino. Miller had ignored calls to pressure the police board after it voted against Fantino's renewal, yet Miller subsequently contacted the board looking for a role in hiring the next police chief, although the latter request was not granted.\n", "Former deputy police chief Mike Boyd took over as interim chief of police on March 1, 2005. On April 6, another former deputy chief, Bill Blair, was named Fantino's permanent successor.\n", "Section::::Commissioner of Emergency Management (2005–2006).\n", "On February 8, 2005, Fantino was appointed Ontario's commissioner of emergency management by Ontario premier Dalton McGuinty. This move was criticized by the opposition parties in the Legislative Assembly of Ontario, both for the lack of transparency in the hiring process and for the perception that the appointment was primarily motivated by the desire to avoid having Fantino run as a Progressive Conservative candidate in the 2007 provincial election against Finance Minister Greg Sorbara. However, Sorbara had also blamed Miller for failing to renew Fantino's contract, so this appointment could have also been seen as the Ontario Liberals' show of support for Fantino.\n", "Section::::Ontario Provincial Police commissioner (2006-2010).\n", "Fantino was appointed Commissioner of the Ontario Provincial Police replacing the departed Gwen M. Boniface on October 12, 2006 by the provincial Liberal government; initially for a two-year term. His appointment was criticized by First Nations groups. In March 2008 his contract was extended until October 2009. In June 2009 his contract was further extended until July 2010 so that he could oversee the province's security contingent at the 2010 G8 Summit in Huntsville, Ontario.\n", "He received much public attention over highly publicized child pornography busts, with 21 men arrested in February 2008 and 31 men (some as young as 14) arrested in February 2009. None of the cases has come to trial to date. During his term, Fantino has changed the look of the OPP by ordering that the livery for police cruisers be changed to a 1960s era black and white pattern.\n", "Commissioner Fantino's salary, for 2009, was $251,989.44.\n", "Section::::Ontario Provincial Police commissioner (2006-2010).:Shawn Brant controversy.\n", "Fantino was criticized by lawyer Peter Rosenthal during the trial of aboriginal activist Shawn Brant. Fantino was criticized for ordering wiretaps of Brant's phone without proper authority and for making provocative comments to Brant during negotiations to end a blockade of the rail line west of Kingston. By way of those illegal wiretaps, Fantino was recorded saying to Brant \"You are going to force me to do everything I can; within your community and everywhere else; to destroy your reputation\" and \"your whole world is going to come crashing down\" NDP MPP Peter Kormos called for Fantino's resignation accusing him of using \"pugnacious and bellicose\" rhetoric and for engaging in \"Rambo-style policing.\" In the face of defence motions for the police to disclose more evidence about their conduct the Crown agreed to drop the most serious charges against Brant in exchange for a plea bargain resulting in a light sentence. Fantino was also criticized for his role in the Caledonia land dispute after he was accused of sending e-mails to local politicians accusing them of encouraging anti-police rallies by non-Natives.\n", "Section::::Ontario Provincial Police commissioner (2006-2010).:Internal discipline hearing controversy.\n", "In late 2008 and early 2009, Fantino was embroiled in a controversy surrounding his role in an internal discipline case at the OPP, in which Fantino was accused of being petty and vindictive in his actions against the officers. Fantino ordered a hearing into the matter but attempted to remove the adjudicator he had appointed on the grounds that the judge was biased against the commissioner due to critical comments he made during testimony by Fantino. Divisional Court rejected Fantino's request. The Ontario Court of Appeal upheld the lower court decision saying an informed person viewing the matter realistically and practically would not conclude there was any apprehension of bias on the part of the adjudicator. The OPP dropped the disciplinary case against the two officers on December 15, 2009, the same day Fantino was due to be cross examined by defence lawyer Julian Falconer. The entire process cost more than $500,000 in public money.\n", "Section::::Ontario Provincial Police commissioner (2006-2010).:Private prosecution charge for influencing or attempting to influence an elected official.\n", "Fantino was summoned in early January 2010 to face a charge of influencing or attempting to influence an elected official in April 2007 in Haldimand County, Ontario. The summons came after a December 31 Ontario Superior Court order demanding a formal charge be laid in relation to allegations against Mr. Fantino brought forward by a private complainant, Gary McHale, who alleged that Fantino was illegally influencing or attempting to influence municipal officials in regards to the Caledonia land dispute. The charge against Fantino was stayed in February 2010 as the Crown said there was no reasonable prospect of conviction.\n", "Section::::Ontario Provincial Police commissioner (2006-2010).:$90,000,000 conspiracy lawsuit.\n", "On February 4, 2011, Gerald Guy Brummell of Trenton, Ontario filed a $90,000,000 lawsuit against 36 OPP officers, including Julian Fantino, in the Superior Court of Justice in Cobourg Ontario (File 11/11) alleging a conspiracy and coverup relating to the inappropriate use of the judicial system as a tool of revenge against Brummell and his family for complaining about a death threat by one of their officers. In early 2014 Superior Court Justice H.K. O’Connell sided with the government that the claim of malicious prosecution was not supported by evidence. Brummell has appealed this decision to the Court of Appeal for Ontario. On his web site, Brummell alleged that Fantino was an accessory to the murders of Jessica Lloyd and Marie France Comeau, and claimed OPP were knowledgeable of the earlier crimes of Colonel Russell Williams prior to his murders. The Crown settled the lawsuits brought against them by Williams victims, Larry and Bonnie Jones and Massicotte.\n", "Section::::Political aspirations.\n", "Following the resignation of John Tory as leader of the Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario Fantino's name was floated as a possible candidate in the ensuing leadership election. He ended speculation that he was interested in the job with a letter to the \"Globe and Mail\".\n", "There were rumours that he may run for Mayor of Vaughan, Ontario in the October 25, 2010 municipal election following his retirement from the OPP. An April 2010, \"Toronto Star\"-Angus Reid poll indicates that Fantino would have the support of 43% of voters leading incumbent Mayor Linda Jackson who has 22% support. In an interview with CFRB on July 9, 2010, Fantino announced that he would not be running for mayor of Vaughan.\n", "Section::::Federal politics.\n", "On October 12, 2010, Fantino announced he would seek the nomination for the federal Conservative Party in the riding of Vaughan. It had been reported Prime Minister Stephen Harper had spoken to Fantino in early October about running as a Conservative and that Fantino was \"leaning\" toward doing so. A federal by-election had been made necessary after the resignation of Liberal MP Maurizio Bevilacqua.\n", "Fantino was acclaimed as Conservative Party's candidate on October 14 and the by-election was called for November 29, 2010. During the campaign, he was dogged by a group called \"Conservatives Against Fantino\" led by Gary McHale and Mark Vandermaas, two activists critical of Fantino's role in the Caledonia controversy. The group picketed Fantino's campaign office and events, and became registered as a third party with Elections Canada under the name \"Against Fantino\" (after their use of the term \"Conservatives\" had been disallowed by the agency) in order to be permitted to spend money on printing and distributing 60,000 anti-Fantino pamphlets.\n", "Fantino was elected to the House of Commons of Canada on November 29, 2010 by narrowly defeating Liberal candidate Tony Genco. \"The Globe and Mail\" noted that Fantino had \"beat the Liberals out of one of their safest seats in Ontario, one they had held for 22 years.\"\n", "On January 4, 2011, Fantino was named as Minister of State for Seniors. In Prime Minister Harper's cabinet shuffle following the 2011 federal election Fantino was promoted to Associate Minister of National Defence.\n", "Following the departure of Bev Oda, Harper named Fantino the new Minister for International Cooperation portfolio on July 4, 2012, replacing him at National Defence with Bernard Valcourt.\n", "On July 15, 2013, Fantino was shuffled to the position of Minister of Veterans' Affairs. Several months later, the veterans ombudsman reported that the government provides veterans with insufficient compensation for pain and suffering and criticized the government, saying that some would be near poverty because of cuts to pensions and benefits. In the same year, the department announced the closure of eight local offices servicing veterans. In January 2014, Fantino arrived late for a meeting with veterans about the closures and engaged in an angry confrontation with one of the veterans, resulting in accusations that was is inept, rude and insensitive. In May, he was filmed ignoring and walking away from the angry wife of a veteran as she asked questions of him. Fantino was criticized for his department's difficulties in delivering help and benefits to veterans and for spending $4 million on advertising to explain the government's position while allowing more than $1 billion allocated for benefits to lapse. On January 5, 2015, after months of controversy, Fantino was replaced by Erin O'Toole and demoted to the position of Associate Defence Minister.\n", "In the 2015 Canadian federal election, Fantino was defeated by Liberal candidate, Francesco Sorbara in the redistributed electoral district of Vaughan-Woodbridge.\n", "Section::::Assault charge.\n", "On October 1, 2015 a retired construction worker, John Bonnici, pressed charges against Fantino over an alleged incident on August 31, 1973 in which Bonnici claimed that Fantino poured ketchup down his (Bonnici's) buttocks and spread the condiment by stroking the outside of his pants with a baton. Fantino, who was seeking re-election to the House of Commons in the 2015 Canadian federal election, was charged with \"assault with a weapon\" — a police baton — and \"assault causing bodily harm\" against John Bonnici. The Crown dismissed the charge in December 2015 arguing that there was no reasonable prospect of conviction.\n", "Section::::Post Political Life.\n", "Section::::Post Political Life.:Medical Marijuana.\n", "In September 2017, Julian Fantino announced that he was working with Aleafia, a Concord Ontario-based company that is involved in the use of medical marijuana, one of the many start-ups capitalizing on Canada's July 1, 2018 decriminalization of marijuana. On October 31, 2017, Fantino was announced as Executive Chairman of Aleafia. In several news interviews, he explained how his attitude to the drug changed during his time as Veterans Affairs Minister when he saw the benefits of pot in assisting soldiers to deal with anxiety, sleep disorders and PTSD.\n", "Section::::Post Political Life.:Fantino's allegations of criminal conspiracy, corrupt & illegal behaviour by lawyers, police and a judge.\n", "On September 28, 2017 Julian Fantino swore an affidavit in support of his application to intervene in the judicial review of a decision by the Canadian Judicial Council in respect of a complaint by former Toronto Police officer Donald Best against Ontario Superior Court Justice J. Bryan Shaughnessy. Fantino's \"extensive\" 33 page plus 100 exhibits affidavit stated that Best was convicted \"upon the presentation by lawyers of provably false evidence.\" and that that \"disturbing\" evidence suggests police resources and personnel were \"improperly retained, used and co-opted\" to help one side in the private civil dispute at the time that Fantino was Commissioner of the Ontario Provincial Police (but without his knowledge). Fantino further posited in the affidavit that there was a conspiracy involving secret backroom dealings by a judge and the police.\n", "Mr. Fantino's application to intervene in the Donald Best matter was heard on October 11, 2017 before a Federal Court of Canada prothonotary. The court refused Fantino's application, but he subsequently filed an appeal of this decision which was to be heard on November 20, 2017 but was not heard by the court at that time. As of January 22, 2018 the legal case continues.\n", "Section::::Honours and awards.\n", "BULLET::::- Recipient of the International Association of Chiefs of Police (IACP) Civil Rights Award in Law\n", "BULLET::::- Top Choice Award for Leadership (2005), voted by Italian-Canadians in Toronto, Ontario\n", "BULLET::::- April 14, 2005 he was presented the Key to the City of Toronto by Mayor David Miller.\n", "BULLET::::- Received a star on the Italian Walk of Fame in Toronto, Ontario, Canada in 2009.\n", "BULLET::::- He was Sworn in as a Member of the Queen's Privy Council for Canada on 4 January 2011. Giving Him the Right to the Honorific Prefix \"The Honourable\" and the Post Nominal Letters \"PC\" for Life.\n", "BULLET::::- He Received the Honorary degree of Doctor of Laws from Assumption University on 10 May 2013.\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Julian Fantino official site\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "Canadian politician", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q6307149", "wikidata_label": "Julian Fantino", "wikipedia_title": "Julian Fantino" }

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True Hollywood Story", "Obituary", "The Times", "\"Miss Moneypenny Lives Here\"", "Australian Broadcasting Corporation" ], "wikipedia_id": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ], "wikipedia_title": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ] }

{ "paragraph": [ "Lois Maxwell\n", "Lois Ruth Maxwell (born Hooker; 14 February 1927 – 29 September 2007) was a Canadian actress, best known for her portrayal of Miss Moneypenny in all the first fourteen Eon-produced \"James Bond\" films (1962–1985). She was the first actress to play the part. The films in which she played Miss Moneypenny were \"Dr. No\" (1962), \"From Russia with Love\" (1963), \"Goldfinger\" (1964), \"Thunderball\" (1965), \"You Only Live Twice\" (1967), \"On Her Majesty's Secret Service\" (1969), \"Diamonds Are Forever\" (1971), \"Live and Let Die\" (1973), \"The Man with the Golden Gun\" (1974), \"The Spy Who Loved Me\" (1977), \"Moonraker\" (1979), \"For Your Eyes Only\" (1981), \"Octopussy\" (1983), and \"A View to a Kill\" (1985). She did not appear in the 1954 and 1967 adaptations of \"Casino Royale\", nor in the 1983 remake of \"Thunderball\", \"Never Say Never Again\", as the production was not Eon's, though she did, as a similar character, in the spoof \"O.K. Connery\".\n", "She began her film career in the late 1940s, and won the Golden Globe Award for Most Promising Newcomer for her performance in \"That Hagen Girl\" (1947). Following a number of small film roles, Maxwell became dissatisfied and travelled to Italy, where she worked in film from 1951 to 1955. After her marriage, she moved to the United Kingdom, where she appeared in several television productions.\n", "As Maxwell's career declined, she lived in Canada, Switzerland, and the UK. In 2001, she was diagnosed with bowel cancer and moved to Western Australia, where she lived with her son until her death at age 80 in 2007.\n", "Section::::Life and career.\n", "Section::::Life and career.:Early life.\n", "Born in Kitchener, Ontario, to a nurse mother and a teacher father, Maxwell was raised in Toronto and attended Lawrence Park Collegiate Institute. Dissatisfied with the yields of babysitting jobs, she set her sights on something more lucrative and landed her first job working as a waitress at Canada's largest and most luxurious summer resort, Bigwin Inn, on Bigwin Island in Lake of Bays, Ontario.\n", "During World War II, she ran away from home, aged 15, to join the Canadian Women's Army Corps, a unit formed to release men for combat duties. CWAC personnel were secretaries, vehicle drivers, and mechanics, who performed every conceivable noncombat duty. Maxwell quickly became part of the Army Show in Canada. Later, as part of the Canadian Auxiliary Services Entertainment Unit, she was posted to the United Kingdom, where she performed music and dance numbers to entertain the troops, often appearing alongside Canadian comedians Wayne and Shuster.\n", "Her true age was discovered when the group reached London. To avoid repatriation to Canada, she was discharged and subsequently enrolled at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art, where she became friends with fellow student Roger Moore.\n", "Section::::Life and career.:Career.\n", "Moving to Hollywood at the age of 20, Maxwell won the actress Golden Globe Award for Most Promising Newcomer for her role in the Shirley Temple comedy \"That Hagen Girl\" (1947). In 1949, she participated in a \"Life\" magazine photo layout, in which she posed with another up-and-coming actress, Marilyn Monroe. It was at this time that she changed her surname from Hooker to Maxwell, a name borrowed from a ballet dancer friend. The rest of her family also took this name.\n", "Most of Maxwell's work consisted of minor roles in B films. Tiring of Hollywood, she moved back to Europe, living in Rome for five years (1950–55). There she made a series of films, and at one point became an amateur race driver. One of her Italian films was an adaptation of the opera \"Aida\" (1953), in which Maxwell played a leading role, lip-synching to another woman's vocals and appearing in several scenes with the still unknown Sophia Loren.\n", "While visiting Paris, she met her future husband, TV executive Peter Marriott. They married in 1957 and moved to London, where their daughter Melinda and son Christian were both born (in 1958 and 1959). Maxwell appeared with Patrick McGoohan in the British television series \"Danger Man\" as his accomplice in the 1959 episode \"Position of Trust\".\n", "During the 1960s, Maxwell appeared in many TV series and in films outside the Bond series in both the UK and Canada. She also guest-starred in \"The Saint\", in which she played the part of Helen Allardyce in the episode \"Interlude in Venice\", and The Persuaders, both of which she appeared in alongside the future James Bond, Roger Moore.\n", "She provided the voice of Atlanta for the Supermarionation science-fiction children's series \"Stingray\" and was the star of \"Adventures in Rainbow Country\" in the 1970s.\n", "Maxwell had a minor role as a nurse in Stanley Kubrick's \"Lolita\" (1962). In 1963 Maxwell played a machine gun-firing nurse in the series \"The Avengers\" (episode \"The Little Wonders\", which was first aired on 11 January 1964).\n", "Maxwell had a guest appearance in an episode of the ITC series \"The Baron\" (\"Something for a Rainy Day\", 1965), as an insurance investigator.\n", "Section::::Life and career.:Career.:Role as Miss Moneypenny.\n", "Maxwell lobbied for a role in the James Bond film \"Dr. No\" (1962), since her husband had suffered a heart attack and they needed the money. Director Terence Young, who had once turned her down on the grounds that she \"looked like she smelled of soap\", offered her either Miss Moneypenny or Bond's girlfriend, Sylvia Trench, but she was uncomfortable with the idea of a revealing scene outlined in the screenplay. The role as M's secretary guaranteed just two days' work at a rate of £100 per day; Maxwell supplied her own clothes for the filming.\n", "In 1967, Maxwell appeared in the Italian spy spoof \"Operation Kid Brother\" with Sean Connery's brother, Neil, and Bernard Lee (who played M). The same year, she portrayed Moneypenny in a made-for-TV special, \"Welcome to Japan, Mr. Bond\", in which she co-starred with Kate O'Mara and Desmond Llewelyn.\n", "In 1971, the role of Moneypenny was nearly recast after Maxwell demanded a pay raise for \"Diamonds Are Forever\"; Moneypenny's undercover policewoman's cap disguises the hair Maxwell had already dyed in preparation for another part. Initially, the character of Miss Moneypenny did not feature in the movie, but it was decided to add the scene where disguised as a customs officer, she gives Bond his travel documents at the port of Dover during production. The additional scene was a rather last-minute rewrite designed to include the character, as the producers felt it important to incorporate the regular character and actress Lois Maxwell. Maxwell and Connery filmed their lines separately and were not present together for the short scene However, she stayed on as Moneypenny when her former classmate, Roger Moore, assumed the role of 007 in \"Live and Let Die\" (1973). She reprised her character, weeping for the death of Bond, in a short scene with Lee in the French comedy \"Bons baisers de Hong Kong\" (1975).\n", "During the filming of \"A View to a Kill\" (1985), her final appearance as Moneypenny, producer Cubby Broccoli pointed out to her that they were the only cast or crew members from \"Dr. No\" who had not yet left the series. Maxwell asked that Moneypenny be killed off, but Broccoli recast the role, instead.\n", "According to author Tom Lisanti, Maxwell's Moneypenny was seen as an \"anchor\", and her flirtatious relationship with Bond provided the films with dramatic realism and humanism; for Moneypenny, Bond was \"unobtainable\", freeing the characters to make outrageous sexual double entendres.\n", "Section::::Life and career.:Later life.\n", "In 1973, Maxwell's husband died, having never fully recovered from his heart attack in the 1960s. Maxwell subsequently returned to Canada, settling in Fort Erie, Ontario, where she lived on Oakes Drive. She spent her summers at a cottage outside of Espanola, Ontario, where she wrote a column for the \"Toronto Sun\" under the pseudonym \"Miss Moneypenny\" and became a businesswoman working in the textile industry. In 1994, she returned to the UK once again to be nearer to her daughter Daphne, retiring to a cottage in Frome, Somerset. A plaque has been placed on her home there by the Frome Society of Local Study.\n", "Section::::Life and career.:Later life.:Death.\n", "Following surgery for bowel cancer in 2001, Maxwell moved to Perth, Australia, to live with her son Christian's family. She remained there, working on her autobiography, until her death at Fremantle Hospital on 29 September 2007.\n", "Of his friend's death, Sir Roger Moore said to BBC Radio 5 Live, \"It's rather a shock. She was always fun and she was wonderful to be with and was absolutely perfect casting [...] It was a great pity that, after I moved out of Bond, they didn't take her on to continue in the Timothy Dalton films. I think it was a great disappointment to her that she had not been promoted to play M. She would have been a wonderful M.\"\n", "Section::::Partial filmography.\n", "BULLET::::- \"A Matter of Life and Death\" (1946) as Actress (uncredited)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Spring Song\" (1946) as Penelope Cobb (uncredited)\n", "BULLET::::- \"That Hagen Girl\" (1947) as Julia Kane\n", "BULLET::::- \"Corridor of Mirrors\" (1948) as Lois\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Big Punch\" (1948) as Karen Long\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Dark Past\" (1948) as Ruth Collins\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Decision of Christopher Blake\" (1948) as Miss McIntyre (uncredited)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Crime Doctor's Diary\" (1949) as Jane Darrin\n", "BULLET::::- \"Kazan\" (1949) as Louise Maitlin\n", "BULLET::::- \"Tomorrow Is Too Late\" (1950) as Signorina Anna\n", "BULLET::::- \"Love and Poison\" (1950) as Queen Christina\n", "BULLET::::- \"Brief Rapture\" (1951) as Erika\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Woman's Angle\" (1952) as Enid Mansell\n", "BULLET::::- \"Viva il cinema!\" (1952)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Ha da venì... don Calogero\" (1952) as Maestrina\n", "BULLET::::- \"Lady in the Fog\" (1952) as Margaret 'Peggy' Maybrick\n", "BULLET::::- \"Women of Twilight\" (1952) as Chris Ralston, the New Mother\n", "BULLET::::- \"Mantrap\" (1953) as Thelma Speight / Tasman\n", "BULLET::::- \"Aida\" (1953) as Amneris\n", "BULLET::::- \"La Grande Speranza\" (1955) as Lt. Lily Donald\n", "BULLET::::- \"Passport to Treason\" (1956) as Diane Boyd\n", "BULLET::::- \"Satellite in the Sky\" (1956) as Kim\n", "BULLET::::- \"High Terrace\" (1956) as Stephanie Blake\n", "BULLET::::- \"Time Without Pity\" (1957) as Vickie Harker\n", "BULLET::::- \"Kill Me Tomorrow\" (1957) as Jill Brook\n", "BULLET::::- \"Face of Fire\" (1959) as Ethel Winter\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Unstoppable Man\" (1961) as Helen Kennedy\n", "BULLET::::- \"Lolita\" (1962) as Nurse Mary Lore\n", "BULLET::::- \"Dr. No\" (1962) as Miss Moneypenny\n", "BULLET::::- \"Come Fly with Me\" (1963) as Gwen Sandley\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Haunting\" (1963) as Grace Markway\n", "BULLET::::- \"From Russia with Love\" (1963) as Miss Moneypenny\n", "BULLET::::- \"Goldfinger\" (1964) as Miss Moneypenny\n", "BULLET::::- \"Thunderball\" (1965) as Miss Moneypenny\n", "BULLET::::- \"Operation Kid Brother\" (1967) as Max\n", "BULLET::::- \"You Only Live Twice\" (1967) as Miss Moneypenny\n", "BULLET::::- \"On Her Majesty's Secret Service\" (1969) as Miss Moneypenny\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Adventurers\" (1970) as Woman at Fashion Show (uncredited)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Diamonds Are Forever\" (1971) as Miss Moneypenny\n", "BULLET::::- \"Endless Night\" (1972) as Cora Walker Brown\n", "BULLET::::- \"Live and Let Die\" (1973) as Miss Moneypenny\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Man with the Golden Gun\" (1974) as Miss Moneypenny\n", "BULLET::::- \"From Hong Kong with Love\" (1975) as Miss Moneypenny\n", "BULLET::::- \"Age of Innocence\" (1977) as Mrs. Hogarth\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Spy Who Loved Me\" (1977) as Miss Moneypenny\n", "BULLET::::- \"Moonraker\" (1979) as Miss Moneypenny\n", "BULLET::::- \"Lost and Found\" (1979) as English Woman\n", "BULLET::::- \"Mr. Patman\" (1980) as Director\n", "BULLET::::- \"For Your Eyes Only\" (1981) as Miss Moneypenny\n", "BULLET::::- \"Octopussy\" (1983) as Miss Moneypenny\n", "BULLET::::- \"A View to a Kill\" (1985) as Miss Moneypenny\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Blue Man\" (1985) as Monica Duval\n", "BULLET::::- \"Martha, Ruth and Edie\" (1988) as Edie Carmichael\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Fourth Angel\" (2001) as Olivia (final film role)\n", "Section::::Television.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Danger Man\" (1960) as Sandi Lewis\n", "BULLET::::- \"\": \"The Room Upstairs\" (1961) as Esther Hollis\n", "BULLET::::- \"Zero One\" (1962) as Miss. Smith\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Avengers\" - episode - The Little Wonders (1964) as Sister Johnson\n", "BULLET::::- \"Ghost Squad\" (1964) as Elizabeth Creasey\n", "BULLET::::- \"Stingray\" (1964) as Lieutenant Atlanta Shore / Milly Carson / Marinville Tracking Station (voice)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Baron\" (1965) as Charlotte Russell\n", "BULLET::::- \"Gideon's Way\" (1966) as Felissa Henderson\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Saint\": \"Interlude in Venice\" (1966-1967) as Beth Parish / Helen\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Saint\": \"Simon and Delilah\" (1967) as Beth Parish\n", "BULLET::::- \"Randall and Hopkirk (Deceased)\" (1969) as Kim Wentworth\n", "BULLET::::- \"Adventures in Rainbow Country\" (1969-1970) as Nancy Williams\n", "BULLET::::- \"Department S\" (1970) as Mary Burnham\n", "BULLET::::- \"Omnibus\" - episode - Ian Fleming Creator of the James Bond Myth (1970) as Herself\n", "BULLET::::- \"UFO\": \"The Cat with Ten Lives\" (1970) & \"The Man Who Came Back\" (1971) as Miss Holland\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Persuaders!\" (1972) as Louise Cornell\n", "BULLET::::- \"Front Page Challenge\" (Episode - Meet Miss Moneypenny) (1981) as Herself\n", "BULLET::::- \"Alfred Hitchcock Presents\" (1987) as Ms. Golden\n", "BULLET::::- \"E! True Hollywood Story\" - \"Documentary\" (Episode - The Bond Girls)\n", "Section::::Misc..\n", "BULLET::::- \"James Bond: Licence to Thrill\" - TV Movie documentary (1987) as Herself\n", "BULLET::::- \"In Search of James Bond with Jonathan Ross\" - TV Movie documentary (1995) as Miss Moneypenny\n", "BULLET::::- \"Behind the Scenes with 'Thunderball\"' - Video documentary (1995) as Herself / Miss Moneypenny\n", "BULLET::::- \"Inside 'Octopussy\"' - Video documentary short (2000) as Herself\n", "BULLET::::- \"Terence Young: Bond Vivant\" - documentary video short (2000) as Herself\n", "BULLET::::- \"Inside 'Dr. No\"' - Video documentary short (2000) as Herself\n", "BULLET::::- \"James Bond: A BAFTA Tribute\" - TV Movie documentary (2000) as Herself\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Obituary in \"The Times\", 1 October 2007\n", "BULLET::::- \"Miss Moneypenny Lives Here\", Australian Broadcasting Corporation, 14 January 2005\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "Lois Hooker" ] }, "description": "Canadian actress", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q232860", "wikidata_label": "Lois Maxwell", "wikipedia_title": "Lois Maxwell" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Harold Maxwell-Lefroy\n", "Harold Maxwell-Lefroy (20 January 1877 – 14 October 1925) was an English entomologist. He was a Professor of Entomology at Imperial College London who was posted as the second \n", "Imperial Entomologist to India. He worked on applied entomology and initiated experiments on the use of chemicals to control insects, founding the Rentokil company.\n", "Section::::Biography.\n", "Maxwell-Lefory was born in the village of Crondall to Charles James Maxwell Lefroy of the 14th Hussars and Elizabeth Catherine McClintock.and attended Marlborough College and King's College, Cambridge, matriculating in 1895 and receiving a BA in the natural science tripos with first class in 1898 followed by a masters degree in 1902.\n", "He served as assistant master of Seaford College, and later worked as an entomologist in Barbados from 1899. In 1903, Lefroy was appointed entomologist to the Government of India (succeeding Lionel de Nicéville, who was the first entomologist, appointed in 1901). Then in 1905 he was involved in the creation of the Imperial Agricultural Research Institute in Pusa, in the Indian state of Bihar, and he was appointed the first Imperial Entomologist.\n", "Lefroy convened a series of meetings on an all-India basis, to bring together all the entomologists of the country. From 1915, five such meetings were held at the Imperial Agricultural Research Institute, and these formed the foundation of entomological knowledge in India. He was succeeded in the position of Imperial Entomologist by T. Bainbrigge Fletcher. He published \"Indian Insect Life\", a summary of the major insects of economic importance in 1906, in association with Frank Milburn Howlett.\n", "In the early 1920s, Lefroy was asked by Sir Frank Baines, Principal Architect of the Office of Works, to study ways of exterminating death watch beetles that had been found in Westminster Hall, beside England's Houses of Parliament. As a result, he went on to devise various successful formulations for pest control, and in time Lefroy began receiving regular orders from people who had heard about his work. In 1924, Lefroy and his assistant Miss Elizabeth Eades started supplying bottles of woodworm fluid from a small factory in Hatton Garden, which later led to the formation by them of a company called Rentokil Limited (now Rentokil Initial) in 1925.\n", "Lefroy was killed by poisonous fumes in a laboratory accident in October 1925. It is thought that he was experimenting with Lewisite. Lefroy married Kathleen Hamilton O'Meara, second daughter of a provost-marshal in British Guiana. They had three children Gladys Kathleen, Charles, and Cecil Anthony Maxwell Lefroy (later CBE).\n", "Section::::Publications.\n", "BULLET::::- Indian Insect Pests (1906)\n", "BULLET::::- Maxwell-Lefroy, H. 1909. \"Indian Insect Life: a Manual of the Insects of the Plains (Tropical India)\" Thacker and Spink, Calcutta. xii + 786 pp.\n", "BULLET::::- Maxwell-Lefroy, H. 1910. \"List of Names Used in India for Common Insects\" Indian Agricultural Research Institute, Pusa, India. iv + 47 + xii pp.\n", "BULLET::::- Manual of Entomology 1923\n", "BULLET::::- Food of Birds in India (1911) C. W. Mason and Maxwell-Lefroy\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "H. Maxwell-Lefroy", "Harold Maxwell Lefroy" ] }, "description": "British entomologist", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q5661696", "wikidata_label": "Harold Maxwell-Lefroy", "wikipedia_title": "Harold Maxwell-Lefroy" }

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"Masao%20Koga", "Columbia%20Music%20Entertainment", "Tokyo%20Kid", "World%20War%20II", "hydrochloric%20acid", "Akira%20Kobayashi", "NHK", "K%C5%8Dhaku%20Uta%20Gassen", "Fukuoka%2C%20Fukuoka", "avascular%20necrosis", "hepatitis", "Tokyo%20Dome", "pneumonia", "Tokyo", "NHK", "Arashiyama", "Kyoto", "Sh%C5%8Dwa%20period", "Edo-Tokyo%20Museum", "Sugi%20no%20Osugi", "%C5%8Ctoyo%2C%20K%C5%8Dchi", "Kayoko%20Kishimoto", "Zainichi%20Korean", "Kawa%20no%20nagare%20no%20y%C5%8D%20ni", "Nodo%20jimanky%C5%8D%20jidai", "Odoru%20ry%C5%AB%20ky%C5%ABj%C5%8D", "Akireta%20musume-tachi", "Kanashiki%20kuchibue", "Odoroki%20ikka", "Home%20run%20ky%C5%8D%20jidai", "Hit%20Parade%20%28film%29", "Akogare%20no%20Hawaii%20k%C5%8Dro", "H%C5%8Dr%C5%8D%20no%20utahime", "Enoken%20no%20sokonuke%20daih%C5%8Ds%C5%8D", "Aozora%20tenshi", "Tokyo%20Kid", "%C5%8Cgon%20Bat", "Tonbo%20kaeri%20d%C5%8Dch%C5%AB", "Watashi%20wa%20josei%20no.%201", "Chichi%20koishi", "Naki%20nureta%20ningy%C5%8D", "Haha%20wo%20shitaite", "Hibari%20no%20komoriuta", "Ano%20oka%20koete", "Y%C5%8Dki-na%20wataridori", "Tsukigata%20Hanpeita%20%281952%20film%29", "Hibari%20no%20S%C4%81kasu%20Kanashiki%20Kobato", "Ushiwakamaru%20%28film%29", "Futari%20no%20hitomi", "Ringo-en%20no%20sh%C5%8Djo", "Hibari-hime%20hatsuyume%20d%C5%8Dch%C5%AB", "Mita%20katakure%21", "Hibari%20no%20utau%20tamatebako", "Shimai", "Hibari%20no%20y%C5%8Dki-na%20tenshi", "Hibari%20no%20kanashiki%20hitomi", "Yama%20wo%20mamoru%20ky%C5%8Ddai", "Oj%C5%8Dsan%20shach%C5%8D", "Misora%20Hibari%20no%20haru%20ha%20uta%20kara", "Hiyodori%20s%C5%8Dshi", "Izu%20no%20odoriko%20%281954%20film%29", "Yasunari%20Kawabata", "The%20Dancing%20Girl%20of%20Izu", "Uta%20shigure%20oshidori%20wakash%C5%AB", "Bikkuri%20goj%C5%ABsantsugi", "53%20Stations%20of%20the%20T%C5%8Dkaid%C5%8D", "Yaoya%20Oshichi%20furisode%20tsukiyo", "Wakaki%20hi%20wa%20kanashi", "Uta%20goyomi%20Onatsu%20Seij%C5%ABr%C5%8D", "Shichihenge%20tanuki%20goten", "Tanuki", "%C5%8Cedo%20senry%C5%8Dbayashi", "Musume%20send%C5%8Dsan", "Uta%20matsuri%20mangetsu%20tanuki-gassen", "Furisode%20ky%C5%8Denroku", "Takekurabe%20%281955%20film%29", "Higuchi%20Ichiy%C5%8D", "Takekurabe", "So%20Young%2C%20So%20Bright", "Janken%20musume", "Furisode%20kotengu", "Fuefuki%20Wakamusha", "Utamatsuri%20Edokko%20Kin-san%20torimonoch%C5%8D", "Rikid%C5%8Dzan%20monogatari%20dot%C5%8D%20no%20otoko", "Utae%21%20Seishun%20Harikiri%20Musume", "Koi%20sugata%20kitsune%20goten", "Peach%20Boy", "Oshidori%20kenkagasa", "The%20Badger%20Palace", "%C5%8Catari%20tanukigoten", "Edo%20Girl%20Detective", "Onnazamurai%20tadaima%20sanj%C5%8D", "Secret%20of%20the%20Golden%20Coin", "Musume%20no%20Naka%20no%20Musume", "The%20Great%20Avengers", "Tokyo%20beranm%C4%93%20musume", "The%20Revenger%20in%20Red", "Beni-dasuki%20kenkaj%C5%8D", "Beranm%C4%93%20tanteij%C5%8D", "The%20Prickly-mouthed%20Geisha", "Beranm%C4%93%20geisha", "Zoku%20beran%20me-e%20geisha", "Samurai%20Vagabond", "Oja%20kissa", "Sword%20of%20Destiny", "Hizakura%20kotengu", "Hakubaj%C5%8D%20no%20hanayome", "Beran%20me-e%20geisha%20makari%20t%C5%8Dru", "Sen-hime%20to%20Hideyori", "Hibari%20Traveling%20Performer", "Cosmetic%20Sales%20Competition", "Festival%20of%20Gion", "Gion%20matsuri", "Shichihenge%20tanuki%20goten", "Janken%20musume", "Tenry%C5%AB%20b%C5%8Dkoigasa", "Uogashi%20no%20Onna%20Ishimatsu", "Best%20selling%20music%20artists" ], "paragraph_id": [ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 6, 6, 6, 7, 8, 9, 9, 12, 12, 12, 12, 13, 13, 14, 16, 16, 16, 16, 19, 19, 21, 23, 39, 43, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 51, 52, 53, 55, 57, 58, 60, 61, 62, 63, 65, 67, 68, 70, 71, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 89, 89, 90, 92, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 96, 97, 98, 100, 101, 102, 102, 102, 103, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 109, 112, 113, 122, 131, 131, 133, 136, 141, 142, 145, 147, 149, 149, 155, 157, 157, 159, 160, 161, 162, 164, 165, 166, 167, 168, 169, 172, 172, 175, 176, 177, 178, 181 ], "start": [ 222, 357, 474, 510, 539, 129, 201, 205, 216, 227, 243, 250, 260, 19, 29, 39, 65, 96, 191, 373, 525, 576, 236, 556, 684, 46, 30, 91, 157, 46, 152, 193, 361, 17, 71, 129, 46, 58, 377, 405, 93, 110, 159, 111, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 36, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 47, 105, 132, 13, 13, 63, 13, 13, 13, 13, 67, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 146, 170, 13, 43, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 21, 13, 21, 13, 79, 13, 23, 13, 19, 13, 22, 13, 43, 22, 13, 50, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 32, 13, 13, 13, 13, 12 ], "text": [ "Michiya Mihashi", "swan-song", "The Three Tenors", "Teresa Teng", "Mariachi Vargas de Tecalitlan", "Tokyo Dome", "Ai", "Koda Kumi", "Ken Hirai", "Kiyoshi Hikawa", "Exile", "AKB48", "Nobuyasu Okabayashi", "Isogo-ku", "Yokohama", "Japan", "fishmonger", "housewife", "World War II", "Yokohama", "NHK", "Masao Koga", "Columbia Records", "Tokyo Kid", "World War II", "hydrochloric acid", "Akira Kobayashi", "NHK", "Kōhaku Uta Gassen", "Fukuoka", "avascular necrosis", "hepatitis", "Tokyo Dome", "pneumonia", "Tokyo", "NHK", "Arashiyama", "Kyoto", "Shōwa period", "Edo-Tokyo Museum", "Sugi no Osugi", "Ōtoyo, Kōchi", "Kayoko Kishimoto", "ethnic Korean", "Kawa no nagare no yō ni", "Nodo jimankyō jidai", "Odoru ryū kyūjō", "Akireta musume-tachi", "Kanashiki kuchibue", "Odoroki ikka", "Home run kyō jidai", "Hit Parade", "Akogare no Hawaii kōro", "Hōrō no utahime", "Enoken no sokonuke daihōsō", "Aozora tenshi", "Tokyo Kid", "Golden Bat", "Tonbo kaeri dōchū", "Watashi wa josei no. 1", "Chichi koishi", "Naki nureta ningyō", "Haha wo shitaite", "Hibari no komoriuta", "Ano oka koete", "Yōki-na wataridori", "Tsukigata Hanpeita", "Hibari no Sākasu Kanashiki Kobato", "Ushiwakamaru", "Futari no hitomi", "Ringo-en no shōjo", "Hibari-hime hatsuyume dōchū", "Mita katakure!", "Hibari no utau tamatebako", "Shimai", "Hibari no yōki-na tenshi", "Hibari no kanashiki hitomi", "Yama wo mamoru kyōdai", "Ojōsan shachō", "Misora Hibari no haru ha uta kara", "Hiyodori sōshi", "Izu no odoriko (1954 film)", "Yasunari Kawabata", "The Dancing Girl of Izu", "Uta shigure oshidori wakashū", "Bikkuri gojūsantsugi", "53 Stations of the Tōkaidō", "Yaoya Oshichi furisode tsukiyo", "Wakaki hi wa kanashi", "Uta goyomi Onatsu Seijūrō", "Shichihenge tanuki goten", "Tanuki", "Ōedo senryōbayashi", "Musume sendōsan", "Uta matsuri mangetsu tanuki-gassen", "Furisode kyōenroku", "Takekurabe", "Higuchi Ichiyō", "Takekurabe", "So Young, So Bright", "Janken musume", "Furisode kotengu", "Fuefuki Wakamusha", "Utamatsuri Edokko Kin-san torimonochō", "Rikidōzan monogatari dotō no otoko", "Utae! Seishun Harikiri Musume", "Koi sugata kitsune goten", "Peach Boy", "Oshidori kenkagasa", "The Badger Palace", "Ōatari tanukigoten", "Edo Girl Detective", "Onnazamurai tadaima sanjō", "Secret of the Golden Coin", "Musume no Naka no Musume", "The Great Avengers", "Tokyo beranmē musume", "The Revenger in Red", "Beni-dasuki kenkajō", "Beranmē tanteijō", "The Prickly-mouthed Geisha", "Beranmē geisha", "Zoku beran me-e geisha", "Samurai Vagabond", "Oja kissa", "Sword of Destiny", "Hizakura kotengu", "Hakubajō no hanayome", "Beran me-e geisha makari tōru", "Sen-hime to Hideyori", "Hibari Traveling Performer", "Cosmetic Sales Competition", "Festival of Gion", "Gion matsuri", "Shichihenge tanuki goten", "Janken musume", "Tenryū bōkoigasa", "Uogashi no Onna Ishimatsu", "Best selling music artists" ], "wikipedia_id": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ], "wikipedia_title": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ] }

{ "paragraph": [ "Hibari Misora\n", "Misora recorded a total of 1,200 songs, and sold 68 million records. After she died, consumer demand for her recordings grew significantly, and by 2001, she had sold more than 80 million records. Her male contemporary was Michiya Mihashi and although he was more popular as a singer, Misora's movie career made her more popular with the general public. Her swan-song is often performed by numerous artists and orchestras as a tribute to her, including notable renditions by The Three Tenors (Spanish/Italian), Teresa Teng (Taiwanese), and Mariachi Vargas de Tecalitlan (Mexican).\n", "Each year there is a special on Japanese television and radio featuring her songs. A memorial concert for Misora was held at the Tokyo Dome on November 11, 2012. It featured numerous musicians such as Ai, Koda Kumi, Ken Hirai, Kiyoshi Hikawa, Exile, AKB48 and Nobuyasu Okabayashi amongst others, paying tribute by singing her most famous songs.\n", "Section::::Biography.\n", "Section::::Biography.:Life and career.\n", "Misora was born in Isogo-ku, Yokohama, Japan. Her father was , a fishmonger, and her mother , a housewife. Misora displayed musical talent from an early age after singing for her father at a World War II send-off party in 1943. He invested a small fortune taken from the family's savings to begin a musical career for his daughter. In 1945 she debuted at a concert hall in Yokohama, at the age of eight. At the same time, she changed her last name, Katō, to , at the suggestion of her mother. A year later, she appeared on a NHK broadcast, and impressed the Japanese composer Masao Koga with her singing ability. He considered her to be a prodigy with the courage, understanding, and emotional maturity of an adult. In the following two years, she became an accomplished singer and was touring notable concert halls to sold-out crowds.\n", "Her recording career began, aged 12, in 1949. She changed her stage name to Hibari Misora, which means \"lark in the beautiful sky,\" and starred in the film . The film gained her nationwide recognition. She recorded her first single for Columbia Records later that year. It became a commercial hit, selling more than 450,000 copies. She subsequently recorded \"Kanashiki kuchibue\", which was featured on a radio program and was a national hit. As an actress, she starred in around 160 movies from 1949 until 1971, and won numerous awards. Her performance in Tokyo Kid (1950), in which she played a street orphan, made her symbolic of both the hardship and the national optimism of post-World War II Japan.\n", "On January 13, 1957, Misora was attacked with hydrochloric acid, and injured in Asakusa International Theater. The attacker was described as an overly enthusiastic fan of hers.\n", "In 1962, Misora married actor Akira Kobayashi. They divorced in 1964.\n", "In 1973 Tetsuya Katō, Misora's brother, was prosecuted for gang-related activity. Although NHK did not acknowledge any connection, Misora was excluded from \"Kōhaku Uta Gassen\" for the first time in 18 years. She then refused to appear on NHK for years afterwards.\n", "In 1978, she adopted a 7-year-old boy, Kazuya Kato.\n", "Section::::Biography.:Illness and death.\n", "In April 1987, on her way to a performance in Fukuoka, Misora suddenly collapsed. She was rushed to a hospital in Fukuoka, where she was diagnosed with avascular necrosis brought on by chronic hepatitis. She eventually showed signs of recovery in August. Misora commenced recording a new song in October, and in April 1988 performed at her final concert at the Tokyo Dome.\n", "Misora died from pneumonia on June 24, 1989, aged 52, at a hospital in Tokyo. Her death was widely mourned throughout Japan.\n", "Beginning in 1990, television and radio stations annually play her song on her birth-date to show respect. In a national poll by NHK in 1997, the song was voted the greatest Japanese song of all time by more than 10 million people.\n", "Section::::Biography.:Museum.\n", "In 1994, the \"Hibari Misora Museum\" opened in Arashiyama, Kyoto. This multistorey building traced the history of Misora's life and career in multi-media exhibits, and displayed various memorabilia. It attracted more than 5 million visitors, until its closedown on November 30, 2006, as to allow a scheduled reconstruction of the building. The main exhibits were moved into the Shōwa period section of the Edo-Tokyo Museum, until reconstruction was complete. The new \"Hibari Misora Theater\" opened on April 26, 2008, and includes a CD for sale of a previously unreleased song. \n", "A bronze statue of her debut was built as a memorial in Yokohama in 2002, and attracts around 300,000 visitors each year.\n", "Section::::Biography.:Monuments.\n", "A monument depicting Hibari's portrait with an inscribed poem was erected in her memory near Sugi no Osugi in Ōtoyo, Kōchi. In 1947 Hibari Misora, at the age of 10 years, was involved in a traffic accident in Ōtoyo, Kōchi. While recovering from injuries she stayed in the town and reportedly visited Sugi no Osugi and wished to become a famous singer. She returned to Tokyo, where her recording career began in 1949.\n", "Section::::Biography.:Portrayals in media.\n", "After Hibari's death in 1989, a TBS television drama special aired in the same year by the name of \"The Hibari Misora Story\" (), where Misora was portrayed by Kayoko Kishimoto.\n", "Section::::Question of Korean ancestry.\n", "Hibari Misora's ancestry has been a matter of dispute. In Korean society, there are assertions that she was of ethnic Korean ancestry, and that she and her family held Korean passports. This claim spread around widely. After her death in 1989, author Rou Takenaka and journalist Tsukasa Yoshida investigated Misora's background, confirming that she was not Korean, but Japanese.\n", "Section::::Notable songs.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Kappa Boogie Woogie\" (, 1949)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Kanashiki Kuchibue\" (, 1949)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Tokyo Kiddo\" (, 1950)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Echigo Jishi No Uta\" (, 1950)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Omatsuri Mambo\" (, 1952)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Ringo Oiwake\" (, 1952)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Minatomachi 13-banchi\" (, 1957)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Hanagasa Dōchū\" (, 1957)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Yawara\" (, 1964)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Kanashii Sake\" (, 1966)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Makkana Taiyō\" (, 1967)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Jinsei Ichiro\" (, 1970)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Aisansan\" (）, 1986)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Midaregami\" (, 1987)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Kawa no nagare no yō ni\" (, 1989)\n", "Section::::Filmography.\n", "Hibari Misora appeared in 166 films:\n", "Section::::Filmography.:1940s.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Nodo jimankyō jidai\" (のど自慢狂時代)(1949)\n", "BULLET::::- \"\" (新東京音頭　びっくり五人男)(1949)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Odoru ryū kyūjō\" (踊る龍宮城, lit. \"Dancing Dragon Palace\")(1949)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Akireta musume-tachi\" (あきれた娘たち), alternate title: \"Kingorō no kodakara sōdō\" (金語楼の子宝騒動)(1949)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Kanashiki kuchibue\" (悲しき口笛, lit. \"Sad whistling\")(1949)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Odoroki ikka\" (おどろき一家)(1949)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Home run kyō jidai\" (ホームラン狂時代, lit. \"The Age of Home run Madness\")(1949)\n", "Section::::Filmography.:1950s.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Hit Parade\" (ヒットパレード - 1950)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Akogare no Hawaii kōro\" (憧れのハワイ航路 - 1950)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Hōrō no utahime\" (放浪の歌姫, lit. \"The Wandering Songstress\" - 1950)\n", "BULLET::::- \"\" (続・向う三軒両隣　第三話　どんぐり歌合戦 - 1950)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Enoken no sokonuke daihōsō\" (エノケンの底抜け大放送 - 1950)\n", "BULLET::::- \"\" (続・向う三軒両隣　第四話　恋の三毛猫)(1950)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Aozora tenshi\" (青空天使, lit. \"Blue Sky Angel\" - 1950)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Tokyo Kid\" (東京キッド - 1950)\n", "BULLET::::- \"\" (左近捕物帖　鮮血の手型, lit. \"Sakon Detective Story: The Fresh Blood Handprint\" - 1950)\n", "BULLET::::- \"\" (黄金バット　摩天楼の怪人, lit. \"Golden Bat: Mysterious stranger of the Skyscraper\" - 1950)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Tonbo kaeri dōchū\" (とんぼ返り道中 - 1950)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Watashi wa josei no. 1\" (1950) - as herself, the short film\n", "BULLET::::- \"Chichi koishi\" (父恋し - 1951)\n", "BULLET::::- \"\" (唄祭り　ひばり七変化, lit. \"Song Festival: Hibari Quick Change\" - 1951)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Naki nureta ningyō\" (泣きぬれた人形, lit. \"The Doll Wet from Crying\" - 1951)\n", "BULLET::::- \"\" (鞍馬天狗　角兵衛獅子 - 1951)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Haha wo shitaite\" (母を慕いて, lit. \"Yearning for Mother\" - 1951)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Hibari no komoriuta\" (ひばりの子守唄, lit. \"Hibari's Lullaby\" - 1951)\n", "BULLET::::- \"\" (鞍馬天狗　鞍馬の火祭 - 1951)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Ano oka koete\" (あの丘越えて, lit. \"Cross that Hill\" - 1951)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Yōki-na wataridori\" (陽気な渡り鳥 - 1952)\n", "BULLET::::- \"\" (鞍馬天狗　天狗廻状 - 1952)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Tsukigata Hanpeita\" (月形半平太 - 1952)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Hibari no Sākasu Kanashiki Kobato\" (ひばりのサーカス　悲しき小鳩, lit. \"Hibari's Circus: Sad Little Dove\" - 1952)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Ushiwakamaru\" (牛若丸 - 1952)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Futari no hitomi\" (二人の瞳) a.k.a. \"Girls Hand in Hand\" US title (1952)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Ringo-en no shōjo\" (リンゴ園の少女, lit. \"Girl of Apple Park\" - 1952)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Hibari-hime hatsuyume dōchū\" (ひばり姫初夢道中 - 1952)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Mita katakure!\" (三太頑れっ！ - 1953)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Hibari no utau tamatebako\" (ひばりの歌う玉手箱, lit. \"Hibari's Singing Treasure Chest\" - 1953)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Shimai\" (姉妹, lit. \"Sisters\" - 1953)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Hibari no yōki-na tenshi\" (ひばりの陽気な天使 - 1953)\n", "BULLET::::- \"\" (ひばり捕物帳　唄祭り八百八町, lit. \"Hibari Detective Story: Song Festival Across Tokyo\" - 1953)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Hibari no kanashiki hitomi\" (ひばりの悲しき瞳 - 1953)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Yama wo mamoru kyōdai\" (山を守る兄弟, lit. \"The Brothers who Protect the Mountain\") (1953)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Ojōsan shachō\" (お嬢さん社長, lit. \"Madame Company President\" - 1953)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Misora Hibari no haru ha uta kara\" (美空ひばりの春は唄から, lit. \"Hibari Misora's Spring is from Song\" - 1954)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Hiyodori sōshi\" (ひよどり草紙 - 1954)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Dancing Girl of Izu\" (伊豆の踊子, \"Izu no odoriko (1954 film)\" - 1954), a film adaptation of Yasunari Kawabata's story \"The Dancing Girl of Izu\"\n", "BULLET::::- \"Uta shigure oshidori wakashū\" (唄しぐれ　おしどり若衆 - 1954)\n", "BULLET::::- \"\" (青春ロマンスシート　青空に坐す - 1954)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Bikkuri gojūsantsugi\" (びっくり五十三次, lit. \"Surprising 53 Stations of the Tōkaidō\" - 1954)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Yaoya Oshichi furisode tsukiyo\" (八百屋お七　ふり袖月夜 - 1954)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Wakaki hi wa kanashi\" (若き日は悲し - 1954)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Uta goyomi Onatsu Seijūrō\" (歌ごよみ　お夏清十郎 - 1954)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Shichihenge tanuki goten\" (七変化狸御殿, lit. \"Quick Change Tanuki Palace\" - 1954)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Ōedo senryōbayashi\" (大江戸千両囃子 - 1955)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Musume sendōsan\" (娘船頭さん - 1955)\n", "BULLET::::- \"\" (青春航路　海の若人 - 1955)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Uta matsuri mangetsu tanuki-gassen\" (歌まつり満月狸合戦 - 1955)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Furisode kyōenroku\" (ふり袖侠艶録 - 1955)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Takekurabe\" (たけくらべ, \"Adolescence\" a.k.a. \"Growing Up Twice\" a.k.a. \"Growing Up\" a.k.a. \"Child's Play\") (1955) - a film adaptation of Higuchi Ichiyō's novel \"Takekurabe\"\n", "BULLET::::- \"So Young, So Bright\" (ジャンケン娘 \"Janken musume\" - 1955)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Furisode kotengu\" (ふり袖小天狗 - 1955)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Fuefuki Wakamusha\" (笛吹若武者 - 1955)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Utamatsuri Edokko Kin-san torimonochō\" (唄祭り　江戸っ子金さん捕物帖 - 1955)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Rikidōzan monogatari dotō no otoko\" (力道山物語　怒濤の男 - 1955)\n", "BULLET::::- \"\" (旗本退屈男　謎の決闘状 - 1955)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Utae! Seishun Harikiri Musume\" (歌え！青春　はりきり娘 - 1955)\n", "BULLET::::- (銭形平次捕物控　死美人風呂) (1956)\n", "BULLET::::- (おしどり囃子) (1956)\n", "BULLET::::- (恋すがた狐御殿 Koi sugata kitsune goten) (1956)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Peach Boy\" (宝島遠征 Takarajima ensei) (1956)\n", "BULLET::::- (ふり袖太平記) (1956)\n", "BULLET::::- (ふり袖捕物帖　若衆変化) (1956)\n", "BULLET::::- (鬼姫競艶録) (1956)\n", "BULLET::::- (銭形平次捕物控　まだら蛇 ) (1957)\n", "BULLET::::- (大江戸喧嘩纏) (1957)\n", "BULLET::::- (旗本退屈男　謎の紅蓮搭) (1957)\n", "BULLET::::- (ふり袖捕物帖　ちりめん駕籠) (1957)\n", "BULLET::::- (ロマンス誕生 Romansu tanjō) (1957)\n", "BULLET::::- (おしどり喧嘩笠 Oshidori kenkagasa) (1957)\n", "BULLET::::- (怪談番町皿屋敷) (1957)\n", "BULLET::::- a.k.a. \"Big Hit Three Color Daughters\" (1957)\n", "BULLET::::- (青い海原) (1957)\n", "BULLET::::- (ふり袖太鼓) (1957)\n", "BULLET::::- (ひばりの三役　競艶雪之丞変化) (1957)\n", "BULLET::::- (ひばりの三役　競艶雪之丞変化　後篇) (1957)\n", "BULLET::::- (娘十八御意見無用)\n", "BULLET::::- (おしどり駕籠)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Badger Palace\" a.k.a. \"The Princess of Badger Palace\" (大当り狸御殿 Ōatari tanukigoten) (1958)\n", "BULLET::::- (丹下左膳)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Edo Girl Detective\" (ひばり捕物帖　かんざし小判 ) (1958)\n", "BULLET::::- (恋愛自由型) (1958)\n", "BULLET::::- (花笠若衆) (1958)\n", "BULLET::::- (女ざむらい只今参上 Onnazamurai tadaima sanjō) (1958)\n", "BULLET::::- (おこんの初恋　花嫁七変化) (1958)\n", "BULLET::::- (ひばりの花形探偵合戦) (1958)\n", "BULLET::::- (希望の乙女) (1958)\n", "BULLET::::- (隠密七生記) (1958)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Secret of the Golden Coin\" (ひばり捕物帖　自雷也小判 ) (1958)\n", "BULLET::::- (娘の中の娘 Musume no Naka no Musume) (1958)\n", "BULLET::::- (唄祭り　かんざし纏) (1958)\n", "BULLET::::- \"\"　(いろは若衆　ふり袖ざくら ) (1959)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Great Avengers\"　(忠臣蔵　桜花の巻　菊花の巻 ) (1959)\n", "BULLET::::- (鞍馬天狗) (1959)\n", "BULLET::::- (東京べらんめえ娘 Tokyo beranmē musume) (1959)\n", "BULLET::::- (孔雀城の花嫁) (1959)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Revenger in Red\" (紅だすき喧嘩状 Beni-dasuki kenkajō) (1959)\n", "BULLET::::- (お染久松 そよ風日傘) (1959)\n", "BULLET::::- (水戸黄門 天下の副将軍) (1959)\n", "BULLET::::- (江戸っ子判官とふり袖小僧) (1959)\n", "BULLET::::- (血闘水滸伝 怒濤の対決) (1959)\n", "BULLET::::- \"\" (いろは若衆 花駕籠峠 ) (1959)\n", "BULLET::::- (べらんめえ探偵娘 Beranmē tanteijō) (1959)\n", "BULLET::::- (ひばり捕物帖 ふり袖小判) (1959)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Prickly-mouthed Geisha\" (べらんめえ芸者 Beranmē geisha) (1959)\n", "Section::::Filmography.:1960s - 1980s.\n", "BULLET::::- (Zoku beran me-e geisha) (1960)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Samurai Vagabond\" (Tonosama - Yaji kita) (1960)\n", "BULLET::::- (Oja kissa) (1960)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Sword of Destiny\" () (1960)\n", "BULLET::::- \"\" (Hibari no mori no ishimatsu) (1960)\n", "BULLET::::- (Hizakura kotengu) (1961)\n", "BULLET::::- (Hakubajō no hanayome) (1961)\n", "BULLET::::- (Beran me-e geisha makari tōru) (1961)\n", "BULLET::::- (Sen-hime to Hideyori) (1962)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Hibari Traveling Performer\" (Hibari no Hahakoi Guitar) (1962)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Cosmetic Sales Competition\" (Minyo no Tabi Akita Obako) (1963)\n", "BULLET::::- () (1964)\n", "BULLET::::- () (1966)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Festival of Gion\" (Gion matsuri) (1968) a.k.a. \"Gion Festival\" a.k.a. \"Kurobe's Sun\" a.k.a. \"The Day the Sun Rose\"\n", "Section::::Filmography.:Songs in films.\n", "Her songs also appeared in 5 Japanese films:\n", "BULLET::::- \"Shichihenge tanuki goten\" (七変化狸御殿 - 1954)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Janken musume\" (ジャンケン娘 - 1955)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Tenryū bōkoigasa\" (天竜母恋い笠 - 1960)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Uogashi no Onna Ishimatsu\" (魚河岸の女石松 - 1961)\n", "BULLET::::- \"\" (花と龍 青雲篇 愛憎篇 怒濤篇 - 1973)\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- Best selling music artists\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Official website\n", "BULLET::::- Official museum website\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "Japanese singer and actress", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q147811", "wikidata_label": "Hibari Misora", "wikipedia_title": "Hibari Misora" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Kyu Sakamoto\n", "Section::::Life and career.\n", "Section::::Life and career.:Early years: 1941–1949.\n", "Section::::Life and career.:Early years: 1941–1949.:Childhood in Kawasaki and Kasama.\n", "Sakamoto was born on 10 December 1941, in Kawasaki, Kanagawa Prefecture, to Hiroshi Sakamoto, a cargo tender officer, and his second wife, Iku. He was the youngest of his father's nine children, which is why he was nicknamed , meaning \"lil nine\". Kyū is also an alternate reading of the \"kanji\" of his given name, .\n", "In the summer of 1944, during the air raids over the greater Tokyo area, Kyu's mother took her three children to live with their maternal grandparents in rural Kasama, Ibaraki Prefecture. They moved back to Kawasaki in 1949. Their father's company had been closed by the American occupation forces and he opened a restaurant.\n", "Section::::Life and career.:1956–1958.\n", "Section::::Life and career.:1956–1958.:Teenage life.\n", "In 1956, Kyu's parents divorced. His mother was given custody over her three minor children including Kyu, and they adopted the mother's maiden name, Ōshima. His older step-siblings kept their father's surname, Sakamoto. Kyu started playing guitar in high school, but he soon began singing.\n", "Section::::Life and career.:First recordings (1959–1960).\n", "Section::::Life and career.:First recordings (1959–1960).:JVC and Toshiba Records.\n", "In May 1958, when Sakamoto was 16 years old, he joined the Japanese pop-band The Drifters that had been formed three years earlier. Sakamoto was unhappy about his position in the band as second vocalist, and this often led to fights with the other members. His big breakthrough as a band member came 26 August 1958, when he sang at the annual music festival Western Carnival at the Nichigeki Hall. After a quarrel that ended in a fight with two of the other members, Sakamoto left the band in November 1958.\n", "For a short period of time, Sakamoto returned to his studies and focused on entering the university. By December 1958, he joined his classmate's Hisahiko Iida's band called Danny Iida and Paradise King. He replaced Hiroshi Mizuhara as singer. Sakamoto's career began to rise to expectations, where he ended his studies and left school. In June 1959, the band got a record deal at the JVC record company. The Paradise King and Sakamoto released their song \"Kanashiki Rokujissai\" in August 1960, which became a great hit. In the time after they released a number of songs that became very popular. This led to Sakamoto obtaining a record deal at the Toshiba Records company and left the Paradise King aiming at a solo career.\n", "Section::::Life and career.:Solo career (1961–1985).\n", "Section::::Life and career.:Solo career (1961–1985).:Debut album and international success (1961–1964).\n", "Sakamoto's solo career was inaugurated with the love song \"Ue o Muite Arukō\" written by Rokusuke Ei and Hachidai Nakamura. The song was first heard on the NHK entertainment program \"Yume de Aimashō\" on 16 August 1961. It became a smash hit and was released on red vinyl on October 15. It remained the highest selling record until January 1962, three months after its release.\n", "His international breakthrough came in 1963 during a visit to Japan by Louis Benjamin, an executive of British record company Pye Records. Hearing the song several times, Benjamin decided to bring it back to England. Due to concerns that the title would be too hard for English-speakers to pronounce or remember, the song was renamed \"Sukiyaki\", after the Japanese cooked beef dish familiar to the English. The new title was intended to sound both catchy and distinctive in Japanese, but other than the language, it had no actual connection to the song.\n", "Initially, Pye Records released an instrumental version of the song recorded by Kenny Ball and His Jazzmen. After that became a hit in England, His Master's Voice (HMV) released the original, which also sold well, reaching sixth place in HMV's most sold records. In 1963, Capitol Records released the song in the USA with the alternate title, eventually selling over one million copies, and remaining number one on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 number one single for three weeks in June, 1963.\n", "After the international success of \"Sukiyaki\", Sakamoto went on a world tour that lasted from summer of 1963 to the beginning of 1964. Among the countries he visited were the United States (including Hawaii), Germany, and Sweden. During his time in the U.S., he was invited to appear in several television shows. On 13 August 1963, he landed at Los Angeles International Airport and that evening, was a guest of television program \"The Steve Allen Show\". Sakamoto was also expected to appear on \"The Ed Sullivan Show,\" but his appearance was canceled owing to a scheduling conflict with the production of his upcoming movie, \"Kyu-chan Katana o Nuite\".\n", "Sakamoto had only one other song reach the U.S. charts, \"China Nights (Shina no Yoru)\" (Capitol 5016), which peaked at number 58 in 1963. His only American album, \"Sukiyaki and Other Japanese Hits\" (Capitol 10349), peaked at number 14 on the Billboard Pop Albums chart (now known as the Billboard 200) in 1963 and remained on the Pop Albums chart for 17 weeks.\n", "He received his sole foreign Gold Record of the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) by Capitol Records on 15 May 1964 in Hotel Okura, Tokyo.\n", "Section::::Life and career.:Solo career (1961–1985).:Later appearances.\n", "During the 1964 Summer Olympics, he was featured on the Swedish TV-program \"Hylands hörna\" broadcast live from Tokyo.\n", "In 1968, Sakamoto and Hachidai Nakamura participated in the international singing contest Festival Internacional da Canção in Rio de Janeiro with the song \"Sayonara, Sayonara\".\n", "Section::::Life and career.:Marriage and family.\n", "In 1971, Sakamoto married Japanese actress Yukiko Kashiwagi. The couple had two daughters, Hanako and .\n", "Section::::Life and career.:Death.\n", "On August 12, 1985, Sakamoto was aboard Japan Airlines Flight 123, on which he was heading to Osaka for an event. The plane crashed into two ridges of Mount Takamagahara in Ueno, Gunma which became the deadliest single-aircraft accident in history. A total of 520 people were killed in the crash, including Sakamoto.\n", "His body is interred at Chōkoku-ji Temple in Minato, Tokyo.\n", "Section::::Legacy.\n", "His most popular song, \"Ue o Muite Arukō\" (\"I look up when I walk\") remains the only Japanese song to reach number one on the \"Billboard\" pop charts in the United States, a position it maintained for three weeks in 1963. It was also the first ever Japanese language song to enter the UK charts, though it only climbed to number 6 with no further chart entries.\n", "The whisling in \"Ue o Muite Arukō\" was sampled in the Avicii song \"Freak\" from his posthumous album Tim (Avicii album)\n", "\"Sukiyaki\" has been covered multiple times over the years, beginning with the instrumental by Kenny Ball and his Jazzmen. \"Sukiyaki\" was also covered as an instrumental, by English pianist Johnny Pearson, during 1982. Well-known English-language cover versions include a 1981 cover by A Taste of Honey and a 1995 cover by 4 P.M., both of which made the top ten of the Billboard Hot 100. In 1989, Selena's \"self-titled album\" contained a Spanish translation of the Taste of Honey cover which was released as a single in 1990. The English lyrics have also appeared in whole or in part in songs by performers including Slick Rick and Doug E. Fresh (1985's \"La Di Da Di\"), Salt-N-Pepa (1985's \"The Show Stopper\"), Snoop Dogg (1993's \"Lodi Dodi\", a \"La Di Da Di\" cover), Bone Thugs-n-Harmony (1995's \"Bless Da 40 Oz.\"), Raphael Saadiq (1995's \"Ask of You\", another to make the Hot 100), Mary J. Blige (1997's \"Everything\") and Will Smith (1999's \"So Fresh\", featuring Slick Rick).\n", "An American version by Jewel Akens with different American lyrics was written for it. Titled \"My First Lonely Night (Sukiyaki)\" in 1966, the song reached number 82 on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100.\n", "On 16 March 1999, Japan Post issued a stamp commemorating Sakamoto and \"Sukiyaki\". The stamp is listed in the Scott Standard Postage Stamp Catalogue as Japan number 2666 with a face value of 50 yen.\n", "Wii Music includes \"Sukiyaki\" in the \"handbell harmony\" section.\n", "\"Ue o Muite Arukō\" was featured in the soundtrack of the 2011 Studio Ghibli film \"From Up on Poppy Hill\". In one scene, an animated Sakamoto is seen performing the song on the television.\n", "An instrumental version of \"Ue o Muite Arukō\" was used in episode 2 of the Amazon series \"The Man in the High Castle\", a reimagining of life in the United States had the Allies lost World War II. In the series, set in 1963, the year the song debuted, Japan is given control over the West Coast, and \"Ue o Muite Arukō\" can be heard playing in a bar.\n", "\"Sukiyaki\" was also featured in season 2, episode 2 of the television show \"Mad Men\", a period drama television series about the lives of advertisers in New York in the 1960s.\n", "Section::::Discography.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Sukiyaki and Other Japanese Hits\" (1963)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Very Best of Kyu Sakamoto\" (1994)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Kyu Sakamoto Memorial Best\" (2005)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Kyu Sakamoto CD & DVD The Best\" (2005)\n", "Section::::Filmography.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Takekurabe\" (1955)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Everything Goes Wrong\" (1960)\n", "BULLET::::- \"\" (1961)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Shichiji ni aimashō\" (1963)\n", "BULLET::::- \"\" (1964)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Gulliver's Travels Beyond the Moon\" (1965)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Kyūchan's Big Dream\" (1967)\n", "BULLET::::- \"\" (1975)\n", "Section::::Biography.\n", "BULLET::::- \"\" (made-for-TV movie, TV Tokyo, 2005)\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- Kyū Sakamoto Memorial Hall\n", "BULLET::::- 6980 Kyusakamoto, an outer main-belt asteroid, named in his honor\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- , watching clip of Sakamoto on Steve Allen Show (1963)\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "Kyu Sakamoto", "Kyuu Sakamoto" ] }, "description": "Japanese singer and actor", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q313081", "wikidata_label": "Kyū Sakamoto", "wikipedia_title": "Kyu Sakamoto" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Jami\n", "Nūr ad-Dīn 'Abd ar-Rahmān Jāmī (), also known as Mawlanā Nūr al-Dīn 'Abd al-Rahmān or Abd-Al-Rahmān Nur-Al-Din Muhammad Dashti, or simply as Jami or Djāmī and in Turkey as Molla Cami (7 November 1414 – 9 November 1492), was a Persian poet who is known for his achievements as a prolific scholar and writer of mystical Sufi literature. He was primarily a prominent poet-theologian of the school of Ibn Arabi and a Khwājagānī Sũfī, recognized for his eloquence and for his analysis of the metaphysics of mercy. His most famous poetic works are \"Haft Awrang, Tuhfat al-Ahrar, Layla wa -Majnun, Fatihat al-Shabab, Lawa'ih, Al-Durrah al-Fakhirah.\"\n", "Section::::Biography.\n", "Jami was born in Jam, (modern Ghor Province, Afghanistan) in Khorasan. Previously his father Nizām al-Dīn Ahmad b. Shams al-Dīn Muhammad had come from Dasht, a small town in the district of Isfahan. A few years after his birth, his family migrated to Herat, where he was able to study Peripateticism, mathematics, Persian literature, natural sciences, Arabic language, logic, rhetoric and Islamic philosophy at the Nizamiyyah University. His father, also a Sufi, became his first teacher and mentor. While in Herat, Jami held an important position at the Timurid court, involved in the era's politics, economics, philosophy and religious life.\n", "Because his father was from Dasht, Jami's early pen name was \"Dashti,\" but later, he chose to use \"Jami\" because of two reasons he later mentioned in a poem:\n", "Jami was a mentor and friend of the famous Turkic poet Alisher Navoi, as evidenced by his poems:\n", "Afterwards, he went to Samarkand, the most important center of scientific studies in the Muslim world and completed his studies there. He embarked on a pilgrimage that greatly enhanced his reputation and further solidified his importance through the Persian world. Jami had a brother called Molana Mohammad, who was, apparently a learned man and a master in music, and Jami has a poem lamenting his death. Jami fathered four sons, but three of them died before reaching their first year. The surviving son was called Zia-ol-din Yusef and Jami wrote his Baharestan for this son.\n", "At the end of his life he was living in Herat. His epitaph reads \"When your face is hidden from me, like the moon hidden on a dark night, I shed stars of tears and yet my night remains dark in spite of all those shining stars.\" There is a variety of dates regarding his death, but consistently most state it was in November 1492. Although, the actual date of his death is somewhat unknown the year of his death marks an end of both his greater poetry and contribution, but also a pivotal year of political changed where Spain was no longer inhabited by the Arabs after 781 years. His funeral was conducted by the prince of Herat and attended by great numbers of people demonstrating his profound impact.\n", "Section::::Teachings and Sufism.\n", "In his role as Sufi shaykh, which began in 1453, Jami expounded a number of teachings regarding following the Sufi path. He created a distinction between two types of Sufi's, now referred to as the \"prophetic\" and the \"mystic\" spirit. Jami is known for both his extreme piety and mysticism. He remained a staunch Sunni on his path toward Sufism and developed images of earthly love and its employment to depict spiritual passion of the seeker of God. He began to take an interest in Sufism at an earlier age when he received a blessing by a principal associate Khwaja Mohammad Parsa who came through town. From there he sought guidance from Sa'd-alDin Kasgari based on a dream where he was told to take God and become his companion. Jami followed Kasagari and the two became tied together upon Jami's marriage to Kasgari's granddaughter. He was known for his commitment to God and his desire for separation from the world to become closer to God often causing him to forget social normalities.\n", "After his re-emergence into the social world he became involved in a broad range of social, intellectual and political actives in the cultural center of Herat. He was engaged in the school of Ibn Arabi, greatly enriching, analyzing, and also changing the school or Ibn Arabi. Jami continued to grow in further understanding of God through miraculous visions and feats, hoping to achieve a great awareness of God in the company of one blessed by Him. He believed there were three goals to achieve \"permanent presence with God\" through ceaselessness and silence, being unaware of one's earthly state, and a constant state of a spiritual guide. Jami wrote about his feeling that God was everywhere and inherently in everything. He also defined key terms related to Sufism including the meaning of sainthood, the saint, the difference between the Sufi and the one still striving on the path, the seekers of blame, various levels of tawhid, and the charismatic feats of the saints. Oftentimes Jami's methodology did not follow the school of Ibn Arabi, like in the issue of mutual dependence between God and his creatures Jami stated \"We and Thou are not separate from each other, but we need Thee, whereas Thou dost not need us.\"\n", "Jami created an all-embracing unity emphasized in a unity with the lover, beloved, and the love one, removing the belief that they are separated. Jami was in many ways influenced by various predecessors and current Sufi's, incorporating their ideas into his own and developing them further, creating an entirely new concept. In his view, love for the Prophet Mohammad was the fundamental stepping stone for starting on the spiritual journey. Jami served as a master to several followers and to one student who asked to be his pupil who claimed never to have loved anyone, he said, \"Go and love first, then come to me and I will show you the way.\" For several generations, Jami had a group of followers representing his knowledge and impact. Jami continues to be known for not only his poetry, but his learned and spiritual traditions of the Persian speaking world. In analyzing Jami's work greatest contribution may have been his analysis and discussion of God's mercy towards man, redefining the way previous texts were interpreted.\n", "Section::::Works.\n", "Jami wrote approximately eighty-seven books and letters, some of which have been translated into English. His works range from prose to poetry, and from the mundane to the religious. He has also written works of history and science. As well, he often comments on the work of previous and current theologians, philosophers and Sufi's. In Herat, his manual of irrigation design included advanced drawings and calculations and is still a key reference for the irrigation department.\n", "His poetry has been inspired by the ghazals of Hafiz, and his famous and beautiful divan \"Haft Awrang\" (Seven Thrones) is, by his own admission, influenced by the works of Nizami. The Haft Awrang also known as the long masnavis or mathnawis are a collection of seven poems. Each poem discusses a different story such as the Salaman va Absal that tells the story of a carnal attraction of a prince for his wet-nurse. Throughout Jami uses allegorical symbolism within the tale to depict the key stages of the Sufi path such as repentance and expose philosophical, religious, or ethical questions. Each of the allegorical symbols has a meaning highlighting knowledge and intellect, particularly of God. This story reflects Jamī's idea of the Sufi-king as the ideal medieval Islamic ruler to repent and embark upon the Sufi path to realize his rank as God's 'true' vicegerent and become closer to God. As well, Jami is known for his three collections of lyric poems that range from his youth towards the end of his life called the Fatihat al-shabab (The Beginning of Youth), Wasitat al-'ikd (The Central Pearl in the Necklace), and Khatimat al-hayat (The conclusion of Life). Throughout Jami's work references to Sufism and the Sufi emerge as being key topics. One of his most profound ideas was the mystical and philosophical explanations of the nature of divine mercy, which was a result of his commentary to other works.\n", "Section::::Artwork.\n", "Jami is also known for his poetry influencing and being included with Persian paintings that depict Persian history through manuscript paintings. Most of his own literature included illustrations that was not yet common for literature. The deep poetry Jami provides, is usually accompanied with enriched paintings reflecting the complexity of Jami's work and Persian culture.\n", "Section::::Impact of Jami's works.\n", "Jami worked within the Tīmūrid court of Herat helping to serve as an interpreter and communicator. His poetry reflected Persian culture and was popular through Islamic East, Central Asia and the Indian subcontinent. His poetry addressed popular ideas that led to Sufi's and non-Sufi's interest in his work. He was known not only for his poetry, but his theological works and commentary of on culture. His work was used in several schools from Samarqand to Istanbul to Khayrābād in Persia as well as in the Mughal Empire. For centuries Jami was known for his poetry and profound knowledge. In the last half-century Jami has begun to be neglected and his works forgotten, which reflects an overarching issue in the lack of research of Islamic and Persian studies.\n", "Section::::Divan of Jami.\n", "Among his works are:\n", "BULLET::::- \"Baharestan (Abode of Spring)\" Modeled upon the \"Gulestan\" of Saadi\n", "BULLET::::- \"Diwanha-ye Sehganeh (Triplet Divans)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Al-Fawaed-Uz-Ziya'iya\". A commentary on Ibn al-Hajib's treatise on Arab grammar \"Al-Kafiya\". This commentary has been a staple of Ottoman Madrasas' curricula under its author's name \"Molla Cami\".\n", "BULLET::::- \"Haft Awrang (Seven Thrones)\" His major poetical work. The fifth of the seven stories is his acclaimed \"Yusuf and Zulaykha\", which tells the story of Joseph and Potiphar's wife based on the Quran.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Jame -esokanan-e Kaja Parsa\n", "BULLET::::- \"Lawa'ih\" A treatise on Sufism (Shafts of Light)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Nafahat al-Uns (Breaths of Fellowship)\" Biographies of the Sufi Saints\n", "BULLET::::- \"Resala-ye manasek-e hajj\"\n", "BULLET::::- \"Resala-ye musiqi\"\n", "BULLET::::- \"Resala-ye tariq-e Kvajagan\"\n", "BULLET::::- \"Resala-ye sarayet-e dekr\"\n", "BULLET::::- \"Resala-ye so al o jawab-e Hendustan\"\n", "BULLET::::- \"Sara-e hadit-e Abi Zarrin al-Aqili\"\n", "BULLET::::- \"Sar-rešta-yetariqu-e Kājagān\" (The Quintessence of the Path of the Masters)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Shawahidal-nubuwwa\" (Distinctive Signs of Prophecy)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Tajnīs 'al-luġāt (Homonymy/Punning of Languages)\" A lexicographical work containing homonymous Persian and Arabic lemmata.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Tuhfat al-ahrar\" (The Gift to the Noble)\n", "Along with his works are his contributions to previous works and works that have been created in response to his new ideas.\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- Ghazal\n", "BULLET::::- List of Persian poets and authors\n", "BULLET::::- Nazar ill'al-murd\n", "BULLET::::- Persian literature\n", "Section::::Sources.\n", "BULLET::::- E.G. Browne. \"Literary History of Persia\". (Four volumes, 2,256 pages, and twenty-five years in the writing). 1998.\n", "BULLET::::- Jan Rypka, \"History of Iranian Literature\". Reidel Publishing Company. 1968\n", "BULLET::::- Ḥāfiż Mahmūd Shīrānī. \"Dībācha-ye awwal [First Preface]\". In \"Ḥifż ul-Lisān [a.k.a. Ḳhāliq Bārī]\", edited by Ḥāfiż Mahmūd Shīrānī. Delhi: Anjumman-e Taraqqi-e Urdū, 1944.\n", "BULLET::::- Aftandil Erkinov A. \"La querelle sur l`ancien et le nouveau dans les formes litteraires traditionnelles. Remarques sur les positions de Jâmi et de Navâ`i\". \"Annali del`Istituto Universitario Orientale. 59, (Napoli), 1999, pp. 18–37.\n", "BULLET::::- Aftandil Erkinov. \"Manuscripts of the works by classical Persian authors (Hāfiz, Jāmī, Bīdil): Quantitative Analysis of 17th–19th c. Central Asian Copies\". \"Iran: Questions et connaissances. Actes du IVe Congrès Européen des études iraniennes organisé par la Societas Iranologica Europaea\", Paris, 6–10 Septembre 1999. vol. II: Périodes médiévale et moderne. [Cahiers de Studia Iranica. 26], M.Szuppe (ed.). Association pour l`avancement des études iraniennes-Peeters Press. Paris-Leiden, 2002, pp. 213–228.\n", "BULLET::::- Jami. \"Flashes of Light: A Treatise on Sufism\". Golden Elixir Press, 2010. (ebook)\n", "For Further Reading:\n", "BULLET::::- R. M. Chopra, \"Great Poets of Classical Persian\", Sparrow Publication, Kolkata, 2014, ()\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Jami on Iran Chamber Society Website\n", "BULLET::::- Jami's Yusuf and Zulaikha: A Study in the Method of Appropriation of Sacred Text\n", "BULLET::::- Jami's Salaman and Absal as Translated by Edward Fitzgerald. 1904\n", "BULLET::::- Persian deewan of Jami Uploaded by Javed Hussen\n", "BULLET::::- Online books by Jami – maktabah.org\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "Nur ad-Dīn Abd ar-Rahmān Jāmī", "Djāmī", "Abd-Al-Rahmān Nur-Al-Din Muhammad Dashti", "Mawlanā Nūr al-Dīn 'Abd al-Rahmān" ] }, "description": "Persian poet", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q312458", "wikidata_label": "Jami", "wikipedia_title": "Jami" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Richard Temple-Nugent-Brydges-Chandos-Grenville, 1st Duke of Buckingham and Chandos\n", "Richard Temple-Nugent-Brydges-Chandos-Grenville, 1st Duke of Buckingham and Chandos (20 March 1776 – 17 January 1839), styled Earl Temple from 1784 to 1813 and known as The Marquess of Buckingham from 1813 to 1822, was a British landowner and politician.\n", "Section::::Background.\n", "Born Richard Temple-Nugent-Grenville, he was the eldest son of George Nugent-Temple-Grenville, 1st Marquess of Buckingham, son of George Grenville, Prime Minister of Great Britain. His mother was Lady Mary Nugent, daughter of Robert Nugent, 1st Earl Nugent. Thomas Grenville and Lord Grenville were his uncles.\n", "He was educated at Brasenose College, Oxford, where he matriculated in 1791.\n", "Section::::Political career.\n", "Earl Temple, as he was known in his father's lifetime, was elected Member of Parliament for Buckinghamshire in 1797. In 1806 he was made a Privy Counsellor and appointed Vice-President of the Board of Trade and Joint Paymaster of the Forces in the Ministry of All the Talents headed by his uncle, Lord Grenville. He retained these posts until the fall of the Grenville administration in 1807. He left the House of Commons in 1813 when he succeeded his father in the marquessate. In 1820 he was appointed a Knight of the Garter. In 1822 he was further honoured when he was made Earl Temple of Stowe, with remainder to his granddaughter Anne Eliza Mary, and Marquess of Chandos and Duke of Buckingham and Chandos, with normal remainder to heirs male. He returned to ministerial office in July 1830 when he was made Lord Steward of the Household, but only held the post for a short while. Apart from his political career he was also Lord-Lieutenant of Buckinghamshire from 1813 to 1839.\n", "Buckingham also owned a plantation in Jamaica and in Britain, including thirty-eight properties in the Old Nichol. Nicknames such as \"Lord Grenville's fat nephew\", Ph D (\"Phat Duke\"), and the \"gros Marquis\", attested to his size and unpopularity.\n", "Section::::Family.\n", "In April 1796, aged 20, the then Earl Temple married the Lady Anne Brydges), daughter, only adult child and sole heir of the late James Brydges, 3rd Duke of Chandos. Accordingly, Nugent-Temple-Grenville added Brydges and Chandos to their family names (and those of their children) by royal licence of 15 November 1799; and their full family name became the remarkable \"quintuple\"-barreled Temple-Nugent-Brydges-Chandos-Grenville. His wife died in 1836 and he died in January 1839, aged 62, and he was succeeded by his son, Richard.\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Thomas Grenville\n", "Thomas Grenville (31 December 1755 – 17 December 1846) was a British politician and bibliophile.\n", "Section::::Background and education.\n", "Grenville was the second son of Prime Minister George Grenville and Elizabeth Wyndham, daughter of Sir William Wyndham, 3rd Baronet. George Nugent-Temple-Grenville, 1st Marquess of Buckingham, was his elder brother and William Grenville, 1st Baron Grenville, his younger brother. He was educated at Eton.\n", "Section::::Career.\n", "In 1778, he was commissioned ensign in the Coldstream Guards and in 1779 promoted a lieutenant in the 80th Regiment of Foot, but resigned his commission in 1780. He was, with one interval, a member of parliament from 1780 to 1810, and for a few months during 1806 and 1807 President of the Board of Control (1806) and then First Lord of the Admiralty (1806–1807). In 1798, he was sworn of the Privy Council.\n", "On 1 February 1799 Grenville and a party were travelling on when she was wrecked near Scharhörn off the Elbe. She was trying to deliver Grenville and his party to Cuxhaven, from where they were to proceed on a diplomatic mission to meet Frederick William III of Prussia in Berlin during the War of the Second Coalition. \"Proserpine\" was stuck in ice in worsening weather. At 1:30, on 2 February, all 187 persons on \"Prosperine\" left her and started the six-mile walk to the island Neuwerk, in freezing weather and falling snow. Seven seamen, a boy, four Royal Marines, and one woman and her child died; the rest made it to safety in the tower of Neuwerk. The diplomatic party reached Cuxhaven on 6 February to continue to Berlin via Hamburg and return to London on 23 March.\n", "Section::::Library.\n", "He began collecting books from at least his early twenties, and by his death had amassed 20,240 volumes containing 16,000 titles. The collection is notable for its many editions of Homer, Aesop and Ariosto, for early travel books, and for literature in the Romance languages. Rare volumes include a vellum copy of the Gutenberg Bible, which Grenville bought in France in 1817 for 6,260 francs, a Mainz Psalter and a Shakespeare First Folio. There are also 59 manuscripts. Grenville liked his books to be in excellent condition, and would often have books washed or rebound, as well as seeking out relevant pages to add to any incomplete copies he owned. He lent books widely, Barry Taylor describing his library as apparently \"semi-public\". He bequeathed the collection to the British Museum, of which he had become a trustee in 1830, and it is now housed in the King's Library Tower in the British Library.\n", "Section::::Personal life.\n", "Grenville died at Piccadilly, London, in December 1846, aged 90. He never married.\n", "Section::::Styles from birth to death.\n", "BULLET::::- Mr. Thomas Grenville (1755–1779)\n", "BULLET::::- Mr. Thomas Grenville, MP (1779–1784)\n", "BULLET::::- Mr. Thomas Grenville (1784–1790)\n", "BULLET::::- Mr. Thomas Grenville, MP (1790–1798)\n", "BULLET::::- The Rt. Hon. Thomas Grenville, MP (1798–1810)\n", "BULLET::::- The Rt. Hon. Thomas Grenville (1810–1813)\n", "BULLET::::- The Rt. Hon. Thomas Grenville, MP (1813–1818)\n", "BULLET::::- The Rt. Hon. Thomas Grenville (1818–1846)\n", "Section::::References.\n", "BULLET::::- \"British Historical Facts 1760–1830\", by Chris Cook and John Stevenson (The Macmillan Press 1980)\n", "Section::::Further reading.\n", "BULLET::::- Payne, J.T., Foss, H. and Rye, W.B. \"Bibliotheca Grenvilliana\". London, 1842–72. Catalogue of Thomas Grenville's library. Copies held by many major scholarly libraries.\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Biography\n", "BULLET::::- British Library's description of the Grenville Library\n", "BULLET::::- The Grenville Library copy of the Gutenberg Bible. Select the 'vellum copy' option to see images of the Grenville Library copy.\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Ralph Hall\n", "Ralph Moody Hall (May 3, 1923 – March 7, 2019) was an American politician who served as the United States Representative for from 1981 to 2015. He was first elected in 1980, and was the chairman of the House Committee on Science, Space and Technology from 2011 to 2013. He was also a member of the Committee on Energy and Commerce. In 2004, he switched to the Republican Party after having been a member of the Democratic Party for more than 50 years.\n", "At 91, he was the oldest serving member of Congress at the end of his last term in office, the oldest person to ever serve in the House of Representatives, the oldest person ever elected to a House term and the oldest House member ever to cast a vote, and the last member of Congress from the G.I. Generation. He and Michigan Congressman John Dingell were the last two World War II veterans serving in Congress.\n", "On March 6, 2014, Hall was challenged in the Republican primary by five other Republicans. He received 45.42% of the vote, which was under 50%, the amount required to avoid a runoff election. In the runoff, Hall faced former U.S. Attorney John Ratcliffe, who finished second in the primary with 28.77% of the vote. On May 27, 2014, Ratcliffe defeated Hall in the runoff election, 53% to 47%.\n", "Section::::Early life, education, and law career.\n", "Hall was born in Fate, Texas, and was a lifelong resident of Rockwall County, northeast of Dallas. He graduated from Rockwall High School in 1941. He joined the U.S. Navy on December 10, 1942, serving as an aircraft carrier pilot from 1942 to 1945 during World War II, attaining the rank of lieutenant.\n", "When he was young, Hall pumped gas for a man and woman whom he later identified as the infamous gangsters Bonnie and Clyde.\n", "He attended Texas Christian University in Fort Worth during 1943. After the war, he attended the University of Texas (1946–47), and received a law degree from Southern Methodist University in Dallas in 1951. He was admitted to the Texas Bar in 1951 and maintained a private law practice in Rockwall for many years.\n", "Section::::Early political career (1950–1973).\n", "Hall was elected county judge of Rockwall County, Texas in November 1950. He held that position until 1962.\n", "In 1962, he was elected to the Texas State Senate after incumbent Ray Roberts won a special election to replace Sam Rayburn in Congress. As a state senator, he would eventually chair a variety of committees:\n", "BULLET::::- Consumer Protection (1969–1972)\n", "BULLET::::- County, District, and Urban Affairs (1969–1972)\n", "BULLET::::- Historical and Recreational Sites (1969–1970)\n", "BULLET::::- Motion Picture Theater Industry (1969–1970)\n", "BULLET::::- Counties, Cities, and Towns (1967–1968)\n", "BULLET::::- Local and Uncontested Bills (1967–1968)\n", "BULLET::::- Transportation (1965–1966)\n", "In 1972, he ran for Lieutenant Governor of Texas and lost the Democratic primary, getting only 15% of the vote. Bill Hobby won the primary with a plurality of 33%, and won the general election.\n", "Section::::Business (1973–1980).\n", "He was the president and CEO of Texas Aluminum Corp. and general counsel of Texas Extrusion Co., Inc. He was founding member and chairman of Lakeside National Bank of Rockwall, and was chairman of the directors of Lakeside News, Inc. He was a counsel for the aircraft parts maker Howmet Corporation from 1970 to 1974.\n", "As of 2006, he was serving as the chairman, president or director of Crowley Holding Co., Bank of Crowley, Lakeside National Bank, Lakeside Bancshares Inc., North & East Trading Co., and Linrock Inc.\n", "Section::::Later political career (1980–2015).\n", "Section::::Later political career (1980–2015).:Elections.\n", "In 1980, incumbent Democratic U.S. congressman Ray Roberts of Texas' 4th congressional district decided to retire. Hall won the Democratic primary with 57% of the vote. In the general election, he defeated Republican business manager John Wright, with 52% of the vote, the closest race in the district's history and the lowest winning percentage in a general election in Hall's political career. He is only the fourth person to represent the 4th District since its creation in 1903. The district's second congressman, Rayburn, the longtime Speaker of the House, represented the district for 48 years. He has never won re-election in a general election with less than 58% of the vote. He also never won re-election in a Democratic or Republican primary with less than 66% of the vote, except in 2010.\n", "BULLET::::- 2004\n", "In November 2004, Hall ran for his first full term as a Republican. He got heavy White House backing, from then President George W. Bush also a Texan, in the three-way GOP primary that year, defeating two opponents. Hall won the primary with 78% of the vote, and the general election with 67% of the vote defeating Democratic candidate Jim Nickerson and Libertarian Kevin D. Anderson.\n", "BULLET::::- 2006\n", "Hall defeated Democratic candidate Glenn Melancon and Libertarian candidate Kurt Helm in the 2006 general election with 67% of the vote.\n", "BULLET::::- 2008\n", "In the general election, Hall again faced Democratic nominee Glenn Melancon and was re-elected with 69% of the vote.\n", "BULLET::::- 2010\n", "In the Republican primary, Hall won the nomination with 57% of the vote, his worst performance in a primary election since his first election in 1980. It was a six candidate race, with his closest opponent, Steve Clark, winning 30% of the vote. In the general election, he won re-election with 73% of the vote against Democratic candidate VaLinda Hathcox and two other candidates.\n", "BULLET::::- 2012\n", "Hall won the Republican primary with 58% of the vote. He won over Democratic candidate VaLinda Hathcox in the general election for the second year in a row, this time by 73% to 24%.\n", "BULLET::::- 2014\n", "In May 2013, Hall announced his bid for an 18th term in the U.S. House. On December 20, 2013, he said that the 2014 campaign would be his last, regardless of the result.\n", "In the March 4, 2014 Republican primary, Hall led a six-candidate field with 29,815 votes (45.4%). Because he did not obtain a majority of the ballots cast, Hall was forced to enter the May 27, 2014 runoff election with the runner-up, former U.S. Attorney John Lee Ratcliffe of Heath who received 18,891 votes (28.8%).\n", "Ratcliffe defeated Hall in a contentious and expensive March 21 runoff. With the loss, Hall became the only sitting Republican U.S. representative from Texas to unsuccessfully seek renomination to his or her seat out of 257 attempts since statehood. No Democrat even filed, meaning that the runoff was the real contest for the seat. Accordingly, Ratcliffe was elected unopposed, and assumed office on January 3, 2015.\n", "Section::::Later political career (1980–2015).:Tenure.\n", "BULLET::::- \"an old-time Conservative Democrat\"\n", "Hall described himself as \"an old-time conservative Democrat.\" For many years, he was one of the most conservative Democrats in the House. He was an early supporter of a constitutional amendment requiring a balanced federal budget and also favored legislation requiring a super-majority on any tax increases. He frequently clashed with the Clinton Administration, and voted for three of the four articles of impeachment against President Bill Clinton. He endorsed George W. Bush for President in 2000, becoming one of the few Democratic politicians to do so. The two had been friends for many years.\n", "BULLET::::- 2004 party switch\n", "Hall was frequently rumored as a candidate to switch parties, especially after the Republicans took control of the House in 1995. Even as Democrats with far less conservative voting records than Hall's, such as Greg Laughlin, Jimmy Hayes, Billy Tauzin and Nathan Deal, all switched parties, he insisted that he would remain a Democrat as long as it did not hurt his constituents. He said that he had an obligation to \"pull my party back toward the middle.\" He was one of the co-founders of the Blue Dog Coalition, a group of moderate and conservative Democratic congressmen.\n", "BULLET::::- Northern Mariana Islands (CNMI)\n", "The Northern Mariana Islands are a U.S. commonwealth in the Pacific with a large garment industry. Billing records of Preston Gates Ellis and Rouvelas Meeds, an international law firm employed by the CNMI, the government of the islands, show numerous contacts between the law firm and Hall's office. He said his dealings with the law firm were with Lloyd Meeds, a partner with the firm, which at the time listed 36 attorneys on staff, not with Jack Abramoff, the firm's representative for the CNMI contract. In 2006, he said of the Northern Marianas, \"They were good allies, and I believed their government should handle their affairs and not have us impose labor laws on them.\"\n", "BULLET::::- Views on climate change\n", "On December 1, 2011, Hall gave an interview to \"National Journal\" in which he expressed disbelief in anthropogenic climate change. He accused climate scientists of concocting the evidence for anthropogenic climate change in order to receive federal research grants, citing the Climategate controversy and calling investigations which had largely exonerated them \"straw-man reviews\". He stated that \"I'm really more fearful of freezing. And I don't have any science to prove that. But we have a lot of science that tells us they're not basing it on real scientific facts.\" He responded to allegations that Republicans could be called anti-science in light of these views by saying \"I'm not anti-science, I'm pro-science. But we ought to have some believable science... We have to be more careful what outlays we make for something that hasn't been proved.\"\n", "BULLET::::- Legislation sponsored\n", "Hall introduced into the House the North Texas Invasive Species Barrier Act of 2014 (H.R. 4032; 113th Congress), a bill that would exempt the North Texas Municipal Water District (NTMWD) from prosecution under the Lacey Act for transferring water containing invasive species from Oklahoma to Texas. The Lacey Act protects plants and wildlife by creating civil and criminal penalties for various violations, including transferring invasive species across state borders.\n", "Section::::Later political career (1980–2015).:Committee assignments.\n", "BULLET::::- Committee on Science and Technology, Chairman \"Emeritus\"\n", "BULLET::::- Subcommittee on Energy\n", "BULLET::::- Subcommittee on Space\n", "BULLET::::- Committee on Energy and Commerce\n", "BULLET::::- Subcommittee on Environment and Economy\n", "BULLET::::- Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations\n", "Section::::Later political career (1980–2015).:Caucus memberships.\n", "BULLET::::- International Conservation Caucus\n", "BULLET::::- Republican Study Committee\n", "BULLET::::- Tea Party Caucus\n", "Section::::Personal life.\n", "Hall married the former Mary Ellen Murphy on November 14, 1944, while he was serving in the United States Navy in Pensacola, Florida. They had three sons, Hampton, Brett, and Blakeley, and (as of 2013) have five grandchildren. She died on August 27, 2008.\n", "In January 2004, regarding his switch of party, Hall said \"I talked with some of my family. Some agreed, some did not. My wife didn't agree. She'd rather I quit than switch parties.\"\n", "Hall died of natural causes on March 7, 2019 in Rockwall, Texas at the age of 95.\n", "Section::::Electoral history.\n", "Source: \n", "Source: \n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- List of American politicians who switched parties in office\n", "BULLET::::- List of United States Representatives who switched parties\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Profile at SourceWatch\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "American politician, attorney", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q966332", "wikidata_label": "Ralph Hall", "wikipedia_title": "Ralph Hall" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Han Yu\n", "Han Yu (; 76825 December 824), courtesy name Tuizhi (), was a Chinese writer, poet, and government official of the Tang dynasty who significantly influenced the development of Neo-Confucianism. Described as \"comparable in stature to Dante, Shakespeare or Goethe\" for his influence on the Chinese literary tradition, Han Yu stood for strong central authority in politics and orthodoxy in cultural matters. \n", "He is considered by many to be among China's finest prose writers. Ming dynasty scholar Mao Kun (茅坤) ranked him first among the \"Eight Great Prose Masters of the Tang and Song\".\n", "Section::::Biography.\n", "Han Yu was born in 768, in Heyang (河陽, present day Mengzhou) in Henan to a family of noble lineage. His father worked as a minor official but died when Han Yu was two, who was then raised in the family of his older brother, Han Hui (韓會). He was a student of philosophical writings and confucian thought. His family moved to Chang'an in 774 but was banished to Southern China in 777 because of its association with disgraced minister Yuan Zai. Han Hui died in 781 while serving as a prefect in Guangdong province. In 792, after four attempts, Han Yu passed the \"jinshi\" imperial examination. In 796, after failing to secure a position in the civil service at the capital, he went into the service of the provincial military governor of Bianzhou until 799, and then of the military governor of Xuzhou. He gained his first central government position in 802 on the recommendation of the military governor. However, he was soon exiled, seemingly for failing to support the heir apparent's faction (other possible reasons are because of his criticism of the misbehaviour of the emperor's servants or his request for reduction of taxes during a famine).\n", "From 807 to 819 he held a series of posts first in Luoyang and then in Chang'an. During these years, he was strong advocate of reimposing central control over the separatist provinces of the north-east. This period of service came to an end when he wrote his famous Memorial on Bone-relics of the Buddha (諫迎佛骨表) presented to Emperor Xianzong. The memorial is a strongly worded protest against Buddhist influence on the country. The Emperor, offended by Han Yu's criticism, ordered his execution. He was however saved by his friends at the court, and he was demoted and exiled to Chaozhou instead. After Han Yu offered a formal apology to the Emperor a few months later, he was transferred to a province nearer to the capital. Emperor Xianzong died within a year, and his successor Emperor Muzong brought Han Yu back to the capital where he worked in the War Office. He was then appointed to a high-ranking position after he successfully completed a mission to persuade a rebellious military commander to return to the fold.\n", "Han Yu held a number of their distinguished government posts such as the rector of the Imperial university. At the age of fifty-six, Han Yu died in Chang'an on December 25, 824 and was buried on April 21, 825 in the ancestral cemetery at Heyang.\n", "Section::::Thoughts and beliefs.\n", "Han Yu was an important Confucian intellectual who influenced later generations of Confucian thinkers. He also sponsored many literary figures of the turn of the ninth century. He led a revolt against \"pianwen\" (駢文), a formal, richly ornamented literary style, advocating a return to a classical, simple, logical, and exact style. He felt that this classical style of writing—called \"guwen\" (古文), literally, \"ancient writing\"—would be appropriate for the restoration of Confucianism. To him literature and ethics were intertwined, and he advocated the personal assimilation of Confucian values through the Classics, making them part of one's life.\n", "Han Yu promoted Confucianism but was also deeply opposed to Buddhism, a religion that was then popular at the Tang court. In 819, he sent a letter, \"Memorial on Bone-relics of the Buddha\", to the emperor in which he denounced \"the elaborate preparations being made by the state to receive the Buddha's fingerbone, which he called 'a filthy object' and which he said should be 'handed over to the proper officials for destruction by water and fire to eradicate forever its origin'. Han Yu contrasted the Chinese civilization and barbarism where people were \"like birds and wild beast or like the barbarians\". He considered Buddhism to be of barbarian (夷狄) origin, therefore an unsuitable religion for the Chinese people.\n", "Han Yu was also critical of Daoism which he considered to be a harmful accretion to Chinese culture, he nevertheless made the distinction between Daoism which is a home-grown religion and Buddhism as a foreign faith. In \"The Origin of Dao\" (原道, \"Yuandao\"), he argued that the monasticism of both Buddhism and Daoism to be economically non-productive, creating economic and social dislocation. He also criticised both of these beliefs for being unable to deal with social problems. He considered Confucianism to be distinct from these two beliefs in linking the private, moral life of the individual with the public welfare of the state. He emphasised Mencius's method of assuring public morality and social order, and his concept of the expression of Confucian spirituality through political action would later form the intellectual basis for neo-Confucianism.\n", "Section::::Literary works.\n", "Section::::Literary works.:Prose.\n", "Han Yu is often considered the greatest master of classical prose in the Tang. He was listed first among the \"Eight Great Prose Masters of the Tang and Song\" by Ming Dynasty scholar Mao Kun. Together with Liu Zongyuan he headed the Classical Prose Movement to return to the unornamented prose of the Han Dynasty. He considered the classical \"old style prose\" or \"guwen\" to be the kind of writing more suited to argumentation and the expression of ideas. Han Yu's \"guwen\" however was not an imitation of ancient prose, but a new style based on the ancient ideals of clarity, concision, and utility. Han Yu wrote in many modes, often with discursiveness and experimental daring.\n", "Amongst his best known essays are his polemics against Buddhism and Daoism and support for Confucianism, such as \"Buddhism Memorial on Bone-relics of the Buddha\" and \"The Origin of Dao\". Other notable works include \"Text for the Crocodiles\" (鱷魚文) in which he declares that crocodiles be formally banished from Chaozhou, and \"Goodbye to Penury\" (送窮文) that describes his failed attempt to rid himself of the ghost of poverty.\n", "Section::::Literary works.:Poetry.\n", "Han Yu also wrote poetry, however, while Han Yu's essays are highly regarded, his poetry is not considered the finest. According to \"A History of Chinese Literature\" by Herbert Giles, Han Yu \"wrote a large quantity of verse, frequently playful, on an immense variety of subjects, and under his touch the commonplace was often transmuted into wit. Among other pieces there is one on his teeth, which seemed to drop out at regular intervals, so that he could calculate roughly what span of life remained to him. Altogether, his poetry cannot be classed with that of the highest order, unlike his prose writings\".\n", "Section::::Significance and assessment.\n", "Han Yu ranks among the most important personalities in the history of traditional Chinese culture. His works not only become classics in Chinese literature, but his writings redefined and changed the course of the tradition itself. He was a stylistic innovator in the many genres he wrote in, and was a major influence on the literary and intellectual life of his time as well as later dynasties. The writings of Han Yu would become influential to Song Dynasty writers and poets, in particular Ouyang Xiu who popularized the use of \"guwen\" as advocated by Han Yu, a style that would stay as the model for Chinese prose until the revolution in Chinese literature of modern China. In an inscription for a shrine to Han Yu, Song Dynasty poet Su Shi praised Han Yu:\n", "All the major accounts of Han Yu's life agree that he had an open and forthright character, which manifested itself in his unswerving loyalty to his friends. According to Li Ao, Han Yu was a great conversationalist and an inspired teacher: \"His teaching and his efforts to mold his students were unrelenting, fearing they would not be perfect. Yet he amused them with jokes and with the chanting of poems, so that they were enraptured with his teaching and forgot about returning home\". The sense of humor that is so obvious in his writing was also important in his life. Herbert Giles judged that it was \"due to his calm and dignified patriotism that the Chinese still keep his memory green\".\n", "Han Yu led a defense of Confucianism at a time when Confucian doctrine was in decline, and attacked both Buddhism and Daoism which were then the dominant belief systems. His writings would have a significant influence on Neo-Confucians of later eras, such as the Song dynasty scholars Cheng Yi and Zhu Xi, although he was criticized by Song Confucians for being much more of a stylist than a moralist. Most modern scholarship, although content to assign to Han Yu a secure place in the history of Chinese literature, has been embarrassed by the violence of his Confucian passions.\n", "Section::::Memorial.\n", "In honor of Han's contribution to Chaoshan when he was exiled to Chaozhou, the Han River flowing through Chaozhou is named after him. Han Yu Temple (韩文公祠) in Chaozhou was established since the Song dynasty at the riverside of Mount Han, which also named after him.\n", "Section::::Studies.\n", "Erwin von Zach wrote \"Han Yüs poetische Werke\", a German language study. \"The Poetry of Meng Chiao and Han Yü\", a book by Stephen Owen published by the Yale University Press, was the first substantial English-language study of Han Yu. It was published 13 years after Zach's book.\n", "Section::::Modern references.\n", "In an essay on Kafka, the Argentinian writer Jorge Luis Borges, in making the argument that \"each writer creates his own precursors\", placed Han Yu as one of the antecedents of Kafka due to some resemblance between them.\n", "Section::::Descendants.\n", "Han Yu's offspring held the title of Wujing Boshi (五經博士; Wǔjīng Bóshì).\n", "In 1976, Han Yu was the subject of a high-profile defamation lawsuit in Taiwan called \"Han Sih-Tao v. Kuo Sho-Hua\". In that case, Han Sih-Tao, a 39th-generation direct descendant of the Han Yu, brought a criminal suit against Kuo for writing a defamatory article alleging Han Yu died of a venereal disease because he frequented some houses of ill repute. Many celebrated academic experts on Chinese literature testified as expert witnesses on one side or another. After extensive litigation, Kuo was fined for a token amount (about US$30) for criminal libel.\n", "Section::::References.\n", "Section::::References.:Sources.\n", "BULLET::::- Works cited\n", "BULLET::::- Barnstone, Tony; Chou, Ping (eds.) (2005). \"The Anchor Book of Chinese Poetry.\" , New York: Random House.\n", "BULLET::::- Birch, Cyril (ed.) (1965). \"Anthology of Chinese Literature.\" New York: Grove Press, Inc.\n", "BULLET::::- Available online at: Google Books; A History of Chinese Literature Internet Archive; A History of Chinese Literature Project Gutenberg.\n", "BULLET::::- Leung, K. C. \"The Poetry of Meng Chiao and Han Yü\" (book review). \"Books Abroad\", ISSN 0006-7431, 07/1976, Volume 50, Issue 3, p. 715.\n", "BULLET::::- Hartman, Charles (1986). \"Han Yu and the T'ang Search for Unity.\" New Jersey: Princeton University Press.\n", "BULLET::::- Owen, Stephen (ed.) (1996). \"An Anthology of Chinese Literature.\" New York: W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- John Thompson on Han Yu and the guqin\n", "BULLET::::- Books of the \"Quan Tangshi\" that include collected poems of Han Yu at the Chinese Text Project: Book 336, Book 337, Book 338, Book 339, Book 340, Book 341, Book 342, Book 343, Book 344, Book 345\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "Wen", "Hanchangli", "Tuizhi", "Han Shiba", "Hanlibu", "Hanwengong" ] }, "description": "Ancient Chinese writer, essayist and poet", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q318998", "wikidata_label": "Han Yu", "wikipedia_title": "Han Yu" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Anne de Xainctonge\n", "Venerable Anne de Xainctonge (21 November 1567, Dijon – 8 June 1621, Dole) was the founder of the Society of the Sisters of Saint Ursula of the Blessed Virgin, the first non-cloistered women's religious community. She was declared Venerable by the Roman Catholic Church in 1991.\n", "Section::::Life.\n", "She was born in Dijon, the eldest child of Jean de Xainctonge, a politician, and his wife, Lady Marguerite Collard, both members of the nobility. Her father saw to it that she had a good education. Her upbringing was also very practical. She and her step-sister Nicole were entrusted with the care of the poultry-yard, cellar, and fruit-rooms.\n", "At the age of seventeen, Anne made her appearance in high society with all the pomp of her position. She is described as vivacious and witty. When an acceptable suitor presented himself, she declined the proposal and her parents reluctantly let her have her way. The catechism lesson of a Jesuit, gave her the idea to assist with the instruction. She gathered those students having most difficulty and helped prepare them for the regular class. She also visited hospitals to care for and instruct the sick.\n", "Near her house was a Jesuit school for boys which inspired her with the idea of educating girls.An uncloistered order of women, operating a free school for girls, was a new idea at that time, and Anne met with a great deal of resistance. In 1596 she left Dijon for Dole, a university town, at that time in Franche-Comté and under Spanish influence. There she found other young women interested in teaching women and girls. Rome had recently reasserted the cloister as the only approved form of religious life for women. Nonetheless, on 16 June 1606, Anne opened the first convent of what would later become the \"Society of the Sisters of Saint Ursula of the Blessed Virgin\", in a house that had previously been a restaurant. In lieu of a religious habit, she and her companions adopted the simple black dress of the Spanish widows everywhere visible in the region of Dole, so as to render them inconspicuous in the streets on the rare occasions they had to leave the house.\n", "The society spread rapidly in the east of France and in Switzerland. In addition to the original school, seven more were established by de Xainctonge during her lifetime. In 1619, a community was established in Porrentruy, Switzerland. Francis de Sales wrote to her expressing the wish that she make an establishment in his diocese, but she died in Dôle at the age of 53, before that could happen.\n", "Section::::Veneration.\n", "Due to her work she was considered a candidate for beatification soon after her death, but the French Revolution and other wars of the period led to the destruction of many documents. Some sources add that de Xainctonge herself asked that her personal writings be burned after her death. On 14 May 1991, John Paul II declared the heroic virtues of Anne Xainctonge.\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Aroup Chatterjee\n", "Aroup Chatterjee (born 23 June 1958) is a British Indian author and physician. He was born in Calcutta, and moved to the United Kingdom in 1985. He is the author of the book \"Mother Teresa: The Untold Story\" (originally published as \"Mother Teresa: The Final Verdict\"), a work which challenges the widespread regard of Mother Teresa as a symbol of philanthropy and selflessness.\n", "Chatterjee's criticism inspired the documentary \"Hell's Angel\" that was shown on Channel 4, a British television channel. The documentary was written by a well-known critic of Mother Teresa, Christopher Hitchens, who co-produced it with journalist and filmmaker Tariq Ali. Chatterjee and Hitchens were the two Devil's advocates, or hostile witnesses to Catholic Church procedures for the beatification of Mother Teresa in 2003.\n", "Section::::Life and career.\n", "Chatterjee was born in 1958 and raised in the district of Calcutta, India, moving to the United Kingdom in 1985. In the 1970s and 1980s while studying at Calcutta Medical College he worked part-time for a left-wing political party campaigning against poverty and later worked at a hospital where he regularly treated patients from the oldest and poorest districts of the city as well as refugees from the civil war with what is now Bangladesh. Later while living in the UK he became concerned by the increasingly common portrayal of the widespread destitution and disease in his native Calcutta which stemmed from press reporting of the work of Mother Teresa. At that point he describes his attitude to Mother Teresa as \"If anything, I was positively inclined towards her\" although he says he never saw any of her nuns in the slums. However it was this image at odds with his own experience as a doctor in Calcutta that caused him to look more closely at her work and reputation. \n", "From the 1990s onwards he began to uncover what he calls a \"cult of suffering\" which Mother Teresa and her followers in the Missionaries of Charity were running back in Calcutta supported by her friend Pope John Paul II.\n", "In February 1993 Chatterjee sent a proposal for a short documentary to Vanya Del Borgo, associate producer of Bandung Productions which was owned by Tariq Ali. The proposal was passed to a Channel 4 commissioner who approved it, and Del Borgo with Chatterjee's proposal began work, approaching journalist and author Christopher Hitchens to write and present it. The documentary became the 1994 film \"Hell's Angel\". Chatterjee found the documentary \"too sensationalist\" and Hitchens went on to write his book .\n", "Chatterjee spent the next year travelling and interviewing people who had worked closely with Mother Teresa and the Missionaries of Charity and began to campaign against the conditions in Nirmal Hriday, also known as the Kalighat Home for the Dying in Calcutta. In particular he heard stories of lack of basic hygiene, the absence of any pain medication and the frequent reuse of hypodermic needles.\n", "Chatterjee then began work on a book, eventually released by Meteor Books in 2002 under the original title \"Mother Teresa: The Final Verdict\". Chatterjee says in addition to the hours of interviews, \"I started in pre Internet days and I spent months in libraries in London. I also travelled the world researching it. I followed slum dwellers, beggars, destitute children with a video camera. I interviewed hundreds of people. I stood with video camera outside Teresa's home for hours.\"\n", "Following the publication of his book Chatterjee continued to speak out against what he calls the \"bogus and fantastic figure\" of Mother Teresa, acting as Devil's advocate in the process of her sainthood. He continues to work as a physician in London where he lives with his Irish wife, who was raised as a Roman Catholic, and their three children.\n", "Section::::\"Mother Teresa: The Untold Story\".\n", "In December 2002 independent publisher Meteor Books, owned by Bhagbat Chakraborty, published Chatterjee's book under the title \"Mother Teresa: The Final Verdict\". In 2016 the same book was reissued under a new title, \"Mother Teresa: The Untold Story\" by Fingerprint! publishers after being taken up by literary agent Kanishka Gupta. The book covers her life and her rise to fame following the documentary \"Something Beautiful for God\" by Malcolm Muggeridge, the Calcutta home for the dying and the practices of running it, the non-consensual death bed baptisms of Hindus and Muslims, the pathetic hygienic practices in the homes run by her, her very limited connections with Kolkata and the masses and the vast amount of financial donations given to the charity but not spent at Nirmal Hriday. He covers her Nobel Peace Prize and the speech in which she claimed to have saved tens of thousands of destitute people; Chatterjee estimates in his book the real number was 700. He also writes about the celebrities and the powerful people who had audiences with her, and the controversies surrounding the money she accepted from dictators such as Haitian president Jean-Claude Duvalier, convicted fraudster Charles Keating and disgraced publisher Robert Maxwell. The book looks at the worldwide reach of the Missionaries of Charity and examines the available evidence for her financial accounts along with her personal crusade against abortion and contraception. He blames the West, especially the United States of America, for creating her benevolent image as a savior in the backdrops of a ravaged sub continent. The final chapters address her death, funeral and beatification and Chatterjee's own involvement as an official devil's advocate or hostile witness and the transcripts of the proceedings. Chatterjee sums up his view of Mother Teresa's life's work as: \n", "Section::::\"Mother Teresa: The Untold Story\".:Critical reception.\n", "The self-published book has been praised for the content but has been criticized for its editorial errors. \"Times Higher Education\" praised the book as necessary and well-documented, which could have been improved with editing. \"The Irish Times\" praised the content and advocated for its wide dissemination in light of its seriousness but noted Chatterjee's personal agenda to have undermines the credibility. It criticized the book for suffering from glaring errors of syntax, missing words, repetitions et al and for his often contradictory assertions.A review by Tim Challies praised the extensive documentation in the book consisting of multitude of examples; though noting the shoddy organizing, as a result of being self-published. The \"Socialist Review\" favorably received it as \"a valuable contribution to unmasking the real Teresa\". \n", "\"The Telegraph\" praised the 2016 reprint as a brutally honest and relentlessly scathing read which gives readers an impartial point of view.A review in The Quint described it as a disconcerting book that had exhaustive details and consisted of laborious arguments though parts of it did appear to be inarticulate rants and failed to be objective.\n", "Section::::Devil's advocate.\n", "On the path to Mother Teresa's sainthood, a process Chatterjee has described as \"a superstitious, black magic ceremony\", Chatterjee acted as one of two official Devil's advocates during the process of her beatification in 2003, the other being Christopher Hitchens. In order to begin the requirements of beatification, the first step on the way to sainthood, the Catholic Church was required to announce a first miracle ascribed to Mother Teresa, which it did on 1 December 2002, the alleged miraculous cure of Monica Besra of a cyst caused by tuberculosis. Chatterjee pointed out the cure was a result of medical treatment Besra received from Superintendent of the Balurghat Hospital and not the placing of metal jewellery on her body. His position was also confirmed by her doctor Dr. Ranjan Mustafi, speaking of the nine months of drugs and treatment he provided: \"I've said several times that she was cured by the treatment.\" Initially both Besra and her husband called the miracle \"a hoax,\" as did Prabir Ghosh from the Kolkata Humanist Association, who runs a programme raising awareness of holy men who dupe ordinary Indians into paying for supposed miracle cures. During the process, the Catholic Church allows consultation with doubters where the miracle is contested. In his book, Chatterjee details his deposition to the committee, his correspondence with the official postulator Brian Kolodiejchuk, and the transcripts of his questions and answers.\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- Criticism of Mother Teresa\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Review of Chatterjee book in the \"Socialist Review\"\n", "BULLET::::- Maternal Neglect – Review of \"Mother Teresa: The Final Verdict\" by Latha Menon\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Harlow Curtice\n", "Harlow Herbert Curtice (August 15, 1893 – November 3, 1962) was an American auto industry executive who led General Motors (GM) from 1953 to 1958. As GM's chief, Curtice was selected as Man of the Year for 1955 by TIME magazine.\n", "Curtice was born in Petrieville, Michigan. He joined General Motors at age 20, and rose through its AC Spark Plug division to head it by age 36, and made the division profitable during the Depression. Selected to head the Buick division of GM, he expanded its line and made it profitable in the 1930s.\n", "In 1948, Curtice became executive vice president of GM, and succeeded to the presidency in 1953 when GM president Charles Wilson became Secretary of Defense. With Curtice as president, GM became immensely profitable, and became the first corporation to have $1 billion in profits in one year.\n", "In 1958, Curtice retired just after his 65th birthday. The following year, he accidentally shot and killed a friend while duck hunting. He died in 1962 at age 69.\n", "Section::::Early life.\n", "Curtice was born in Petrieville, Michigan, on August 15, 1893, the son of Marion Curtice and the former Mary Ellen Eckhart, and was raised in Eaton Rapids, Michigan, attending Eaton Rapids High School. During school vacations, he kept the books for his father, a commission merchant, and also worked in a woolen mill. He graduated from the Ferris Business College in 1914. After moving to Flint, Michigan later in 1914, Curtice began his meteoric rise at GM. He started as a bookkeeper for GM's AC Spark Plug Division. The 20-year-old, in his job interview by the company comptroller, told him that his ambition was to become comptroller himself within a year. He did so, becoming AC Spark Plug's comptroller at just 21. Curtice went beyond the ledger, exploring the plant to find out what the figures meant in terms of men and equipment.\n", "After a brief period of service as an Army enlisted man, Curtice resumed his career at AC Spark Plug, becoming assistant general manager in 1923 and president in 1929. While other product lines struggled with or were destroyed by the Depression, Curtice's AC Spark Plug Division expanded and prospered.\n", "Section::::Executive.\n", "GM's Buick division was having great difficulties during the Depression (according to Curtice, production was at only 17% of 1926 levels). Curtice was put in charge, and quickly made a new organization for Buick, and marketed a new car. He also created a small network of dealers that would be exclusively Buick dealers. Curtice guided Buick through the war years and by the time he was elevated to a GM vice presidency, he had made Buick the fourth best-selling car line.\n", "During World War II, Buick produced aircraft engines with such efficiency that the Army considered making Curtice a General, but he declined. In 1946, GM President Charles Wilson offered him the position of executive vice president—to be Wilson's right-hand man—but Curtice declined, stating that he wished to see Buicks rolling again off the assembly line before he left the division. In 1948, Wilson offered the position again to Curtice; this time he accepted.\n", "Curtice had greater power as executive vice president than any prior holder of that position. He was in charge of all staff matters. In 1953, Wilson left after President Dwight Eisenhower appointed him Secretary of Defense. GM's board of directors appointed Curtice to take Wilson's place.\n", "Section::::President.\n", "Curtice kept GM's tradition of letting division heads be effectively autonomous. However, with GM's Allison Division (aircraft motors) lagging in 1953, he stepped in personally to help run the division and find money for a massive investment for a new line of engines that again made the division competitive with Pratt & Whitney. In 1955, Eastern Airlines' Eddie Rickenbacker placed a large order for the new engines. In his first two years as president, Curtice traveled abroad twice, spending millions each time with on-the-spot decisions.\n", "The early months of Curtice's rule at GM saw fears of a recession. In February 1954, with the economy still lagging, Curtice announced that GM would spend $1 billion (approximately $12 billion today) in expanding its plants and facilities in anticipation of the boom to come. This set off a spree of capital spending by other corporations, which helped ensure the recovery of the economy. Ford matched the billion with a billion of its own, while Chrysler announced plans to spend $500 million. Meanwhile, Curtice, a poker player, upped the ante by announcing plans to spend a second billion. Curtice saw that the economy would recover, and was prepared for it. In 1955, GM sold five million vehicles and became the first corporation to earn a billion dollars in a year. Curtice was given \"Time\" magazine's \"Man of the Year\" recognition for 1955 because \"in a job that required it, he has assumed the responsibility of leadership for American business. In his words 'General Motors must always lead.'\" During his presidency, he was only at his home in Flint, Michigan at the weekends; he remained at GM headquarters during the week.\n", "In 1956, he announced plans to devote another billion to capital investment, the largest such sum ever invested by a single firm in a single year. At the peak of his earning ability, he made $800,000 per year (over $9 million today).\n", "He was inducted into the Automotive Hall of Fame in 1971.\n", "Section::::Later life.\n", "Upon reaching age 65, Curtice retired on August 31, 1958. He remained a director of GM. In 1959, he accidentally shot and killed retired GM vice president, Harry W. Anderson, while on a duck hunting trip to Canada.\n", "Curtice resided in Flint throughout his career. He died at his home in Flint in 1962, aged 69, of an apparent heart attack. He was survived by his wife, three daughters, and a brother.\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Bai Juyi\n", "Bai Juyi (also Bo Juyi or Po Chü-i; ; 772–846), courtesy name Letian (), was a renowned Chinese poet and Tang dynasty government official. Many of his poems concern his career or observations made about everyday life, including as governor of three different provinces.\n", "Bai was also influential in the historical development of Japanese literature. His younger brother Bai Xingjian was a short story writer.\n", "Among his most famous works are the long narrative poems \"Chang hen ge\" (\"Song of Everlasting Sorrow\"), which tells the story of Yang Guifei, and \"The Song of the Pipa Player\".\n", "Section::::Life.\n", "Bai Juyi lived during the Middle Tang period. This was a period of rebuilding and recovery for the Tang Empire, following the An Lushan Rebellion, and following the poetically flourishing era famous for Li Bai (701－762), Wang Wei (701－761), and Du Fu (712－770). Bai Juyi lived through the reigns of eight or nine emperors, being born in the \"Dali\" regnal era (766-779) of Emperor Daizong of Tang. He had a long and successful career both as a government official and a poet, although these two facets of his career seemed to have come in conflict with each other at certain points. Bai Juyi was also a devoted Chan Buddhist.\n", "Section::::Life.:Birth and childhood.\n", "Bai Juyi was born in 772 in Taiyuan, Shanxi, which was then a few miles from location of the modern city, although he was in Zhengyang, Henan for most of his childhood. His family was poor but scholarly, his father being an Assistant Department Magistrate of the second-class. At the age of ten he was sent away from his family to avoid a war that broke out in the north of China, and went to live with relatives in the area known as Jiangnan, more specifically Xuzhou.\n", "Section::::Life.:Early career.\n", "Bai Juyi's official career was initially successful. He passed the \"jinshi\" examinations in 800. Bai Juyi may have taken up residence in the western capital city of Chang'an, in 801. Not long after this, Bai Juyi formed a long friendship with a scholar Yuan Zhen. Bai Juyi's father died in 804, and the young Bai spent the traditional period of retirement mourning the death of his parent, which he did along the Wei River, near to the capital. 806, the first full year of the reign of Emperor Xianzong of Tang, was the year when Bai Juyi was appointed to a minor post as a government official, at Zhouzhi, which was not far from Chang'an (and also in Shaanxi province). He was made a member (scholar) of the Hanlin Academy, in 807, and Reminder of the Left from 807 until 815, except when in 811 his mother died, and he spent the traditional three-year mourning period again along the Wei River, before returning to court in the winter of 814, where he held the title of Assistant Secretary to the Prince's Tutor. It was not a high-ranking position, but nevertheless one which he was soon to lose.\n", "Section::::Life.:Exile.\n", "While serving as a minor palace official in 814, Bai managed to get himself in official trouble. He made enemies at court and with certain individuals in other positions. It was partly his written works which led him into trouble. He wrote two long memorials, translated by Arthur Waley as \"On Stopping the War\", regarding what he considered to be an overly lengthy campaign against a minor group of Tatars; and he wrote a series of poems, in which he satirized the actions of greedy officials and highlighting the sufferings of the common folk.\n", "At this time, one of the post-An Lushan warlords (\"jiedushi\"), Wu Yuanji in Henan, had seized control of Zhangyi Circuit (centered in Zhumadian), an act for which he sought reconciliation with the imperial government, trying to get an imperial pardon as a necessary prerequisite. Despite the intercession of influential friends, Wu was denied, thus officially putting him in the position of rebellion. Still seeking a pardon, Wu turned to assassination, blaming the Prime Minister, Wu Yuanheng, and other officials: the imperial court generally began by dawn, requiring the ministers to rise early in order to attend in a timely manner; and, on July 13, 815, before dawn, the Tang Prime Minister Wu Yuanheng was set to go to the palace for a meeting with Emperor Xianzong. As he left his house, arrows were fired at his retinue. His servants all fled, and the assassins seized Wu Yuanheng and his horse, and then decapitated him, taking his head with them. The assassins also attacked another official who favored the campaign against the rebellious warlords, Pei Du, but was unable to kill him. The people at the capital were shocked and there was turmoil, with officials refusing to leave their personal residences until after dawn.\n", "In this context, Bai Juyi overstepped his minor position by memorializing the emperor. As Assistant Secretary to the Prince's Tutor, Bai's memorial was a breach of protocol — he should have waited for those of censorial authority to take the lead before offering his own criticism. This was not the only charge which his opponents used against him. His mother had died, apparently caused by falling into a well while looking at some flowers, and two poems written by Bai Juyi — the titles of which Waley translates as \"In Praise of Flowers\" and \"The New Well\" — were used against him as a sign of lack of Filial Piety, one of the Confucian ideals. The result was exile. Bai Juyi was demoted to the rank of Sub-Prefect and banished from the court and the capital city to Jiujiang, then known as Xun Yang, on the southern shores of the Yangtze River in northwest Jiangxi Province. After three years, he was sent as Governor of a remote place in Sichuan. At the time, the main travel route there was up the Yangzi River. This trip allowed Bai Juyi a few days to visit his friend Yuan Zhen, who was also in exile and with whom he explored the rock caves located at Yichang. Bai Juyi was delighted by the flowers and trees for which his new location was noted. In 819, he was recalled back to the capital, ending his exile.\n", "Section::::Life.:Return to the capital and a new emperor.\n", "In 819, Bai Juyi was recalled to the capital and given the position of second-class Assistant Secretary. In 821, China got a new emperor, Muzong. After succeeding to the throne, Muzong spent his time feasting and heavily drinking and neglecting his duties as emperor. Meanwhile, the temporarily subdued regional military governors, \"jiedushi\", began to challenge the central Tang government, leading to the new de facto independence of three circuits north of the Yellow River, which had been previously subdued by Emperor Xianzong. Furthermore, Muzong's administration was characterized by massive corruption. Again, Bai Juyi wrote a series of memorials in remonstrance.\n", "Section::::Life.:As Governor of Hangzhou.\n", "Again, Bai Juyi was sent away from the court and the capital, but this time to the important position of the thriving town of Hangzhou, which was at the southern terminus of the Grand Canal and located in the scenic neighborhood of West Lake. Fortunately for their friendship, Yuan Zhen at the time was serving an assignment in nearby Ningbo, also in what is today Zhejiang, so the two could occasionally get together, at least until Bai Juyi's term as Governor expired.\n", "As governor of Hangzhou, Bai Juyi realised that the farmland nearby depended on the water of West Lake, but, due to the negligence of previous governors, the old dike had collapsed and the lake had dried out to the point that the local farmers were suffering from severe drought. He ordered the construction of a stronger and taller dike, with a dam to control the flow of water, thus providing water for irrigation, relieving the drought, and improving the livelihood of the local people over the following years. Bai Juyi used his leisure time to enjoy the beauty of West Lake, visiting the lake almost every day. He ordered the construction of a causeway to allow walking on foot, instead of requiring the services of a boat. A causeway in the West Lake (Baisha Causeway, 白沙堤) was later referred to as Bai Causeway in Bai Juyi's honour, but the original causeway built by Bai Juyi named Baigong Causeway (白公堤) no longer exists.\n", "Section::::Life.:Life near Luoyang.\n", "In 824, Bai Juyi's commission as governor expired, and he received the nominal rank of Imperial Tutor, which provided more in the way of official salary than official duties, and he relocated his household to a suburb of the \"eastern capital,\" Luoyang. At the time, Luoyang was known as the eastern capital of the empire and was a major metropolis with a population of around one million and a reputation as the \"cultural capital,\" as opposed to the more politically oriented capital of Chang'an.\n", "Section::::Life.:Governor of Suzhou.\n", "In 825, at the age of fifty-three, Bai Juyi was given the position of Governor (Prefect) of Suzhou, situated on the lower reaches of the Yangtze River and on the shores of Lake Tai. For the first two years, he enjoyed himself with feasts and picnic outings, but after a couple years he became ill and was forced into a period of retirement.\n", "Section::::Life.:Later career.\n", "After his time as Prefect of Hangzhou (822-824) and then Suzhou (825-827), Bai Juyi returned to the capital. He then served in various official posts in the capital, and then again as prefect/governor, this time in Henan, the province in which Luoyang was located. It was in Henan that his first son was born, though only to die prematurely the next year. In 831 Yuan Zhen died. For the next thirteen years, Bai Juyi continued to hold various nominal posts but actually lived in retirement.\n", "Section::::Life.:Retirement.\n", "In 832, Bai Juyi repaired an unused part of the Xiangshan Monastery, at Longmen, about 7.5 miles south of Luoyang. Bai Juyi moved to this location, and began to refer to himself as the \"Hermit of Xianshang\". This area, now a UNESCO World Heritage Site, is famous for its tens of thousands of statues of Buddha and his disciples carved out of the rock. In 839, he experienced a paralytic attack, losing the use of his left leg, and became a bedridden invalid for several months. After his partial recovery, he spent his final years arranging his Collected Works, which he presented to the main monasteries of those localities in which he had spent time.\n", "Section::::Life.:Death.\n", "In 846, Bai Juyi died, leaving instructions for a simple burial in a grave at the monastery, with a plain style funeral, and to not have a posthumous title conferred upon him. He has a tomb monument in Longmen, situated on Xiangshan across the Yi River from the Longmen cave temples in the vicinity of Luoyang, Henan. It is a circular mound of earth 4 meters high, 52 meters in circumference, and with a 2.80 meter high Monument inscribed \"Bai Juyi\".\n", "Section::::Works.\n", "Bai Juyi has been known for his plain, direct, and easily comprehensible style of verse, as well as for his social and political criticism. Besides his surviving poems, several letters and essays are also extant.\n", "He collected his writings in the anthology called the \"\".\n", "Section::::Works.:History.\n", "One of the most prolific of the Tang poets, Bai Juyi wrote over 2,800 poems, which he had copied and distributed to ensure their survival. They are notable for their relative accessibility: it is said that he would rewrite any part of a poem if one of his servants was unable to understand it. The accessibility of Bai Juyi's poems made them extremely popular in his lifetime, in both China and Japan, and they continue to be read in these countries today.\n", "Section::::Works.:Famous poems.\n", "Two of his most famous works are the long narrative poems \"Chang hen ge\" (\"Song of Everlasting Sorrow\"), which tells the story of Yang Guifei, and \"The Song of the Pipa Player\". Like Du Fu, he had a strong sense of social responsibility and is well known for his satirical poems, such as \"The Elderly Charcoal Seller\". Also he wrote about military conflicts during the Tang Dynasty. Poems like \"Song of Everlasting Regret\" were examples of the peril in China during the An Lushan rebellion.\n", "Bai Juyi also wrote intensely romantic poems to fellow officials with whom he studied and traveled. These speak of sharing wine, sleeping together, and viewing the moon and mountains. One friend, Yu Shunzhi, sent Bai a bolt of cloth as a gift from a far-off posting, and Bai Juyi debated on how best to use the precious material:\n", "Bai's works were also highly renowned in Japan, and many of his poems were quoted and referenced in \"The Tale of Genji\" by Murasaki Shikibu.\n", "Section::::Works.:Poetic forms.\n", "Bai Juyi was known for his interest in the old \"yuefu\" form of poetry, which was a typical form of Han poetry, namely folk ballad verses, collected or written by the Music Bureau. These were often a form of social protest. And, in fact, writing poetry to promote social progress was explicitly one of his objectives. He is also known for his well-written poems in the regulated verse style.\n", "Section::::Works.:Art criticism.\n", "Bai was a poet of the middle Tang Dynasty. It was a period after the An Lushan Rebellion, the Tang Empire was in rebuilding and recovery. As a government official and a litterateur, Bai observed the court music performance that was seriously affected by Xiyu(西域, Western regions), and he made some articles with indignation to criticize that phenomenon. As an informal leader of a group of poets who rejected the courtly style of the time and emphasized the didactic function of literature, Bai believing that every literary work should contain a fitting moral and a well-defined social purpose. That makes him not satisfied with cultural performance styles of Tang court.\n", "For instance, in his work of \"FaquGe(法曲歌),\" translated as \"Model Music\", is a poem regard to a kind of performing art, he made the following statement:\n", "but the barbarian music sounds evil and disordered whereas Han music sounds harmonious! (法曲法曲合夷歌，夷声邪乱华声和)\n", "Faqu is a kind of performing style of Yanyue, a part of court music performance. In this poem, Bai Juyi strongly criticized that Tang Daqu was heavily influenced by some non-native musical elements, which were absent in the Han Daqu-the original form of Daqu. Tang culture was an amalgamation of the culture of the Han majority, the culture of the \"Western Region\" (西域), and Buddhism. The conflict between the mainstream Han culture and minority culture exposed after the An Lushan Rebellion. The alien culture was so popular and it had seriously threatened the status of Han culture.\n", "Musical performances at the Tang court are of two types: seated performances (坐部) and standing performances (立部). Seated performances were conducted in smaller halls with a limited number of dancers, and emphasized refined artistry. Standing performances involves numerous dancers, and were usually performed in courtyards or squares intended for grand presentations.\n", "Bai's another poem, \"Libuji(立部伎）\", translated as \"Standing Section Players\", reflected the phenomenon of \"decline in imperial court music\". In this poem, Bai mercilessly pointed out that music style of both seated performances and standing performances were deeply influenced by foreign culture.\n", "Seated performances are more elegant than standing performances. Players in the Seating Section were the most qualified performers, while the performing level of the players in the Standing Section were a bit poor(立部贱,坐部贵). In Bai Juyi's time, those two performances were full of foreign music, the Yayue(雅乐, literally: \"elegant music\") was no longer be performed in those two sections. The Yayue music was only be performed by the players who were eliminated from those two sections(立部又退何所任,始就乐悬操雅音). This poem shows the culture changing in the middle Tang Dynasty and the decline of Yayue, a form of classical music and dance performed at the royal court and temples\n", "In those two poems of Bai reflected the situation of political and culture in the middle Tang Dynasty after the An Lushan Rebellion, and he was concerned that the popularity of foreign music could lead the Tang society into chaos.\n", "Section::::Appraisal.\n", "Bai Juyi is considered one of the greatest Chinese poets, but even during the ninth century, sharp divide in critical opinions of his poetry already existed. While other poets like Pi Rixiu only had the highest praise for Bai Juyi, others were hostile, like Sikong Tu (司空圖) who described Bai as \"overbearing in force, yet feeble in energy (\"qi\"), like domineering merchants in the market place.\" Bai's poetry was immensely popular in his own lifetime, but his popularity, his use of vernacular, the sensual delicacy of some of his poetry, led to criticism of him being \"common\" or \"vulgar\". In a tomb inscription for Li Kan (李戡), a critic of Bai, poet Du Mu wrote, couched in the words of Li Kan: \"...It has bothered me that ever since the Yuanhe Reign we have had poems by Bai Juyi and Yuan Zhen whose sensual delicacy has defied the norms. Excepting gentlemen of mature strength and classical decorum, many have been ruined by them. They have circulated among the common people and been inscribed on walls; mothers and fathers teach them to sons and daughters orally, through winter's cold and summer's heat their lascivious phrases and overly familiar words have entered people's flesh and bone and cannot be gotten out. I have no position and cannot use the law to bring this under control.\"\n", "Bai was also criticized for his \"carelessness and repetitiveness\", especially his later works. He was nevertheless placed by Tang poet Zhang Wei (張為) in his Schematic of Masters and Followers Among the Poets (詩人主客圖) at the head of his first category: \"extensive and grand civilizing power\".\n", "Section::::Appraisal.:Modern assessment.\n", "Burton Watson says of Bai Juyi: \"he worked to develop a style that was simple and easy to understand, and posterity has requited his efforts by making him one of the most well-loved and widely read of all Chinese poets, both in his native land and in the other countries of the East that participate in the appreciation of Chinese culture. He is also, thanks to the translations and biographical studies by Arthur Waley, one of the most accessible to English readers\".\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- Li Shidao\n", "BULLET::::- List of emperors of the Tang Dynasty\n", "BULLET::::- West Lake\n", "Section::::Works cited.\n", "BULLET::::- Hinsch, Bret. (1990). \"Passions of the Cut Sleeve\". University of California Press.\n", "BULLET::::- Hinton, David (2008). \"Classical Chinese Poetry: An Anthology\". New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux. / .\n", "BULLET::::- Nienhauser, William H (ed.). \"The Indiana Companion to Traditional Chinese Literature\". Indiana University Press 1986.\n", "BULLET::::- Arthur Waley, \"The Life and Times of Po Chü-I, 772-846 A.D\" (New York,: Macmillan, 1949). 238p.\n", "BULLET::::- Waley, Arthur (1941). \"Translations from the Chinese\". New York: Alfred A. Knopf.\n", "BULLET::::- Watson, Burton (1971). \"Chinese Lyricism: Shih Poetry from the Second to the Twelfth Century\". (New York: Columbia University Press).\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Bai Juyi: Poems — English translations of Bai Juyi's poetry.\n", "BULLET::::- Translations of Chinese poems\n", "BULLET::::- Chinese poems in translation\n", "BULLET::::- Six Bai Juyi's poems included in \"300 Selected Tang Poems\", translated by Witter Bynner\n", "BULLET::::- Article on the Shanghai Oriental Pearl Tower that was based on a poem by Bai Juyi\n", "BULLET::::- English translation of Bai Juyi's \"A Poem for the Swallows(《燕詩》 /《燕詩示劉叟》)\"\n", "BULLET::::- Books of the \"Quan Tangshi\" that include collected poems of Bai Juyi at the Chinese Text Project:\n", "BULLET::::- Book 424, Book 425, Book 426, Book 427, Book 428,\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "Wen", "Bai Ershier", "Baiwengong", "Po Chu-i", "Letian", "Xiangshan jushi", "Zuiyin xiansheng", "Bai fu", "Bai Letian" ] }, "description": "Chinese poet of the Tang Dynasty", "enwikiquote_title": "Bai Juyi", "wikidata_id": "Q313324", "wikidata_label": "Bai Juyi", "wikipedia_title": "Bai Juyi" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Li Shangyin\n", "Li Shangyin (c. 813858), courtesy name Yishan (義山), was a Chinese poet of the late Tang Dynasty, born in Henei (now Qinyang, Henan). Along with Li He, he was much admired and \"rediscovered\" in the 20th century by young Chinese writers for the imagist quality of his poems. He is particularly famous for his tantalizing \"no title\" (無題) poems.\n", "Section::::Biography.\n", "Li Shangyin's career was rough, and he never obtained a high position, either because of factional disputes, or because of his association with Liu Fen (劉蕡), a prominent opponent of the eunuchs.\n", "Section::::Historical background.\n", "Li Shangyin lived at a time when the Tang Dynasty, after some two hundred years of glorious reign, was fast declining. Culturally, politically and economically the Tang was one of the great periods of Chinese history. The cosmopolitan capital of Chang'an was filled with traders from the Middle East and other parts of Asia where many Asian vassal states sent envoys to pay tribute. The empire covered a vast territory, the largest yet in the history of China. The nation, under the reign of Emperors Gaozuyi, through Taizong, Empress Wu, and to the time of Emperor Xuanzong, steadily grew to the height of its prosperity. After the An Lushan Rebellion, however, the political and economic structure of the country began to disintegrate and the Dynasty went rapidly into decline. The rebel generals fighting against the Tang court during and after the An Lushan Rebellion were allowed to surrender and given military governor posts even after the leaders of the rebellion were vanquished. Peace and stability over the entire area of Hebei was heavily bought by a compromise settlement. These provincial governors paid only lip service to the central government. The court, now weak and impotent, tolerated their growing independence, wary also of the aggression of the Tibetans to the north-west who posed a constant threat to the capital. During the subsequent years, military governors repeatedly challenged imperial authority with attempts to claim hereditary succession, resulting in revolts and bloodshed. Apart from this loss of control over the provincial military leaders and other problems at the frontiers, the Tang court was internally plagued by the increasingly powerful eunuchs and the fierce Niu-Li factional strife.\n", "The eunuchs first gained political influence as a group when Gao Lishi helped Emperor Xuanzong in his rise in power. Later, Li Fuguo also helped to put Su-zong on his throne. By gaining royal patronage eunuchs gradually controlled personal access to the emperors and participated in the business of the central government. They also involved themselves with provincial appointments, at times, even intervening with armed forces in disputes over imperial successions. By the time of Li Shangyin, the emperors had allowed the eunuchs to become fully entrenched both militarily and politically. After Xianzong, all Tang emperors (except Jingzong) were put on the throne by the eunuchs.\n", "In 835, the infamous \"Sweet Dew Incident\" occurred during the reign of Emperor Wenzong. A palace coup designed by Li Xun (the prime-minister) and Zheng Zhu (the military governor of Feng Xiang) support of Wenzong's effort to overthrow the eunuchs failed. The eunuchs, led by Qiu Shiliang, slaughtered the clans of many high officials and chief ministers. A great many other innocent people were killed in connection with this event. The eunuchs whose power had been growing out of control now completely dominated the Emperor and the affairs of state.\n", "Apart from the eunuchs, the Niu-Li factional strife was another destructive internal force haunting the Tang court. The Niu and Li factions were not organized political parties, but two groups of rival politicians, hostile toward each other as a result of some personal animosity. The head of the Niu faction was represented by Niu Sengru and Li Zongmin and the Li faction by Li Deyu. In the 830s, the two contending factions created much turmoil in court through the reigns of Muzong, Jingzong, Wenzong, Wuzong and Xuanzong, a period coinciding almost exactly with Li Shangyin's life. According to Chen Yinke, the struggle was also due to a difference in social background between the two groups, one representing the traditional ruling class of North China, and the other, the newly risen class of scholar-officials who reached their positions through the civil service examinations. In any case, many intellectuals and high officials were involved in this struggle. Whenever members of one faction were in power, people associated with the other faction would be demoted, or out of favor. The factional strife\n", "kept court officials from uniting against the increasing power of the eunuchs. The emperors, rendered completely helpless, tried to play one force against another. It was some fifty years after Li Shangyin's death that the eunuchs were finally eradicated with the help of the military governors, precipitating the downfall of Tang. The forty-five years of Li-Shangyin's life covered the reign of six emperors. Among them, Xianzong and Jingzong were murdered by the eunuchs. Muzong, Wuzong and Xuanzong indulged in escapist practices, dying, in the case of Wuzong, of an overdose of elixir drugs.\n", "Section::::Works.\n", "Li was a typical Late Tang poet: his works are sensuous, dense and allusive. The latter quality makes adequate translation extremely difficult. The political, biographical or philosophical implications supposed to be contained in some of his poems have been a subject of debate for many centuries in China.\n", "His most famous and cryptic poem is called \"Jin Se\" (錦瑟) (the title is only taken from the first two characters of the poem, since the poem is one of Li's \"no title\" poems), which consists of 56 characters and a string of images. His \"no title\" poems are regarded as \"pure poetry\" by some modern critics.\n", "Although more famous for his sensuous poems, Li indeed wrote in many styles, sometimes be satirical, humorous or sentimental. Moreover, some ancient critics hold that he is the only poet who, in some of his poems, succeeds in imitating the masculine quality of Du Fu's works.\n", "Section::::Influence.\n", "In 1968, Roger Waters of the rock band Pink Floyd borrowed lines from his poetry to create the lyrics for the song \"Set the Controls for the Heart of the Sun\" from the band's second album \"A Saucerful of Secrets\".\n", "Part of a poem by Li Shangyin is recited by a minor character in the Mortuary in the role-playing video game \"\".\n", "More recently, Li Shangyin's poem, \"When Will I Be Home?\" is alluded to and quoted from by Hig, the protagonist of Peter Heller's 2012 novel, \"The Dog Stars\". The novel ends with a reprinting of the poem in full.\n", "His name is mentioned and his poem is quoted in the Korean TV Series Gu-am Heo Jun, Episode 119.\n", "Section::::References.\n", "BULLET::::- Chen, Bohai, \"Li Shangyin\". \"Encyclopedia of China\" (Chinese Literature Edition), 1st ed.\n", "BULLET::::- Yu, Teresa Yee-Wah. 2011. \"Li Shangyin : The Poetry of Allusion.\" Retrospective Theses and Dissertations, 1919-2007. T, University of British Columbia. .\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Poems by Li Shang-yin\n", "BULLET::::- Biography, Chinese texts and translations.\n", "BULLET::::- Regulated verses of Li Shangyin, with English translation, pinyin transliteration, and tonal patterns.\n", "BULLET::::- Books of the \"Quan Tangshi\" that include collected poems of Li Shangyin at the Chinese Text Project:\n", "BULLET::::- Book 539\n", "BULLET::::- Book 540\n", "BULLET::::- Book 541\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "Li Shiliu", "Yuxisheng", "Yishan" ] }, "description": "Chinese poet and writer", "enwikiquote_title": "Li Shangyin", "wikidata_id": "Q203782", "wikidata_label": "Li Shangyin", "wikipedia_title": "Li Shangyin" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "William Amherst, 1st Earl Amherst\n", "William Pitt Amherst, 1st Earl Amherst, GCH, PC (14 January 1773 – 13 March 1857) was a British diplomat and colonial administrator. He was Governor-General of India between 1823 and 1828.\n", "Section::::Background and education.\n", "Born at Bath, Somerset, Amherst was the son of William Amherst and Elizabeth, daughter of Thomas Paterson. He was the grand-nephew of Jeffrey Amherst, 1st Baron Amherst, and succeeded to his title in 1797 according to a special remainder in the letters patent. He was educated at Westminster School and Christ Church, Oxford.\n", "Section::::Ambassador extraordinary to China.\n", "In 1816 he was sent as ambassador extraordinary to the court of China's Qing dynasty, with a view of establishing more satisfactory commercial relations between China and Great Britain. On arriving at Pei Ho (Baihe, today's Haihe), he was given to understand that he could only be admitted to the Jiaqing Emperor's presence on condition of performing the kowtow, a ceremony which Great Britain considered degrading (a view that was not shared by either the Netherlands or Russia, which also traded with China), and which was, indeed, a homage exacted by a Chinese sovereign from his tributaries. To this, Amherst, following the advice of Sir George Thomas Staunton, who accompanied him as second commissioner, refused to consent, as Macartney had done in 1793, unless the admission was made that his sovereign was entitled to the same show of reverence from a mandarin of his rank. In consequence of this, he was not allowed to enter Peking (Beijing), and the object of his mission was frustrated.\n", "His ship, the \"Alceste\", after a cruise along the coast of Korea and to the Ryukyu Islands on proceeding homewards, was totally wrecked on a submerged rock in Gaspar Strait. Amherst and part of his shipwrecked companions escaped in the ship's boats to Batavia, whence relief was sent to the rest. The ship in which he returned to England in 1817 touched at St Helena and, as a consequence, he had several interviews with the emperor Napoleon (see Ellis's \"Proceedings of the Late Embassy to China\", 1817; McLeod's Narrative of a Voyage in H.M.S. \"Alceste\", 1817). During one of the interviews, it was attributed to Napoleon that he said, \"China is a sleeping giant. Let her sleep. For when she wakes, she will shake the world.\"\n", "Section::::Governor-General of India.\n", "Amherst was Governor-General of India from August 1823 to February 1828. The principal events of his government were annexation of Assam leading to the first Burmese war of 1824, resulting in the cession of Arakan and Tenasserim to the British Empire.\n", "Amherst's appointment came on the heels of the removal of Governor-General Lord Hastings in 1823. Hastings had clashed with London over the issue of lowering the field pay of officers in the Bengal Army, a measure that he was able to avoid through successive wars against Nepal and the Marathas. However, his refusal in the early 1820s during peacetime to lower field pay, resulted in the appointment of Amherst, who was expected to carry out the demands from London.\n", "However, Amherst was an inexperienced governor who was, at least in the early days of his tenure in Calcutta, influenced heavily by senior military officers in Bengal such as Sir Edward Paget. He inherited a territorial dispute from John Adam, the acting Governor-General prior to his arrival, which involved the Anglo-Burmese border on the Naaf River and this spilled over into violence on 24 September 1823. Unwilling to lose face in a time of Burmese territorial aggression, Amherst ordered the troops in.\n", "The war was to last two years, with 15,000 killed on the British side and it cost 13 million pounds, contributing to an economic crisis in India. It was only due to the efforts of powerful friends such as George Canning and the Duke of Wellington that Amherst was not recalled in disgrace at the end of the war.\n", "The war significantly changed Amherst's stance on Burma, and he now adamantly refused to annexe Lower Burma, but he did not succeed in repairing his reputation entirely, and he was replaced in 1828. He was created Earl Amherst, of Arracan in the East Indies, and Viscount Holmesdale, in the County of Kent, in 1826. On his return to England he lived in retirement till his death in March 1857.\n", "Section::::Family.\n", "Lord Amherst married twice, and remarkably, both his wives were dowager countesses of Plymouth. His first wife was Sarah, Dowager Countess of Plymouth (1762–1838), daughter of Andrew Archer, 2nd Baron Archer and widow of Other Windsor, 5th Earl of Plymouth (d. 1799). She was more than ten years older than him and the mother of several children. They were married in 1800 and were blessed with two sons as well as a daughter Lady Sarah Elizabeth Pitt Amherst. Sarah died in May 1838, aged 76, after about 38 years of marriage. Lady Amherst's pheasant was named after Sarah; it was at her instigation that the species was introduced from Asia to Bedfordshire. The genus \"Amherstia\", a Burmese flowering tree, is also named after her.\n", "In 1839, an year after the death of his first wife, Lord Amherst, aged 66, married the widowed daughter-in-law of his first wife. This was Mary, Dowager Countess of Plymouth (1792–1864), elder daughter and co-heiress of John Sackville, 3rd Duke of Dorset, and widow of his stepson Other Windsor, 6th Earl of Plymouth (1789–1833). Although this was an unusual marriage, it was not forbidden by either Church law or civil law. His second wife had no children by either marriage.\n", "Lord Amherst died in March 1857, aged 84 at Knole House in Kent, the seat of the Dukes of Dorset, a property which his second wife had inherited. He was survived by his second wife, Lady Amherst, heiress of Knole, who died in July 1864, aged 71. Lord Amherst was succeeded in his titles by his second and only surviving son, William.\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "Barrackpore Mutiny of 1824\n", "Section::::References.\n", "BULLET::::- A. Thackeray and R. Evans, Amherst (Rulers of India series), 1894.\n", "BULLET::::- Webster, Anthony. (1998) \"Gentlemen Capitalists: British Imperialism in Southeast Asia\", Tauris Academic Studies, New York, .\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "William Pitt Amherst, 1st Earl Amherst", "William P. Amherst, 1st Earl Amherst", "William Pitt Amherst", "William Pitt Amherst, 1st Earl Amherst of Arracan", "Viscount Holmesdale" ] }, "description": "British diplomat", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q142609", "wikidata_label": "William Amherst, 1st Earl Amherst", "wikipedia_title": "William Amherst, 1st Earl Amherst" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Francisco de Miranda\n", "Sebastián Francisco de Miranda y Rodríguez de Espinoza (; March 28, 1750 – July 14, 1816), commonly known as Francisco de Miranda (), was a Venezuelan military leader and revolutionary. Although his own plans for the independence of the Spanish American colonies failed, he is regarded as a forerunner of Simón Bolívar, who during the Spanish American wars of independence successfully liberated much of South America. He was known as \"The First Universal Venezuelan\" and \"The Great Universal American\". In the National Archive of Venezuela can be found the statute of the blood purity of the father of Francisco de Miranda (book nine). \n", "Miranda led a romantic and adventurous life in the general political and intellectual climate that emerged from the Age of Enlightenment that influenced all of the Atlantic Revolutions. He participated in three major historical and political movements of his time: the American Revolutionary War, the French Revolution and the Spanish American wars of independence. He described his experiences over this time in his journal, which reached to 63 bound volumes. An idealist, he developed a visionary plan to liberate and unify all of Spanish America, but his own military initiatives on behalf of an independent Spanish America ended in 1812. He was handed over to his enemies and four years later, died in a Spanish prison.\n", "Section::::Early life.\n", "Miranda was born in Caracas, Venezuela Province, in the Spanish colonial Viceroyalty of New Granada, and baptized on April 5, 1750. His father, Sebastian de Miranda Ravelo, was an immigrant from the Canary Islands who had become a successful and wealthy merchant, and his mother, Francisca Antonia Rodríguez de Espinoza, was a wealthy Venezuelan. \n", "Growing up, Miranda enjoyed a wealthy upbringing and attended the finest private schools. However, he was not necessarily a member of high society; his father faced some discrimination from rivals due to his Canarian roots.\n", "Section::::Education.\n", "Miranda's father, Sebastian, always strove to improve the situation of the family, and in addition to accumulating wealth and attaining important positions, he ensured his children a college education. Miranda was first tutored by Jesuits, Jorge Lindo and Juan Santaella, before entering the Academy of Santa Rosa.\n", "On January 10, 1762, Miranda began his studies at the Royal and Pontifical University of Caracas, where he studied Latin, the early grammar of Nebrija, and the Catechism of Ripalda for two years. Miranda completed this preliminary course in September 1764 and became an upperclassman. Between 1764 and 1766, Miranda continued his studies, studying the writings of Cicero and Virgil, grammar, history, religion, geography and arithmetic.\n", "In June 1767, Miranda received his baccalaureate degree in the Humanities. It is unknown if Miranda received the title of Doctor, as the only evidence in favor of this title is his personal testimony stating he received it in 1767, at age 17.\n", "Section::::Education.:Issues of ethnic lineage.\n", "Beginning in 1767, Miranda's studies were disrupted in part due to his father's rising prominence in Caracas society. In 1764, Sebastian de Miranda was appointed the captain of the local militia known as the Company of the White Canary Islanders by the governor, Jose de Solano y Bote. Sebastian de Miranda directed his regiment for five years, but his new title and societal position bothered the white aristocracy (the Mantuanos). In retaliation, a competing faction formed a militia of its own and two local aristocrats, Don Juan Nicolas de Ponte and Don Martin Tovar Blanco, filed a complaint against Sebastian de Miranda.\n", "Sebastian de Miranda requested and was granted honorary military discharge to avoid further antagonizing the local elite, and spent many years attempting to clear the family name and establish the \"purity\" of his family line. The need to establish the \"cleanliness\" of the family bloodline was important to maintain a place in society in Caracas, as it was what allowed the family to attend university, to marry in the church, and to attain government positions. In 1769, Sebastian produced a notarized genealogy to prove that his family had no African, Jewish or Muslim ancestors, according to the records in the National Archive of Venezuela. Miranda's father obtained a blood cleanliness certificate, which should not be confounded with the blood nobility certificate.\n", "In 1770, Sebastian won his family's rights through an official royal patent, signed by Charles III, which confirmed Sebastian's title and societal standing. The court ruling, however, created an irreconcilable enmity with the aristocratic elite, who never forgot the conflict nor forgave the challenge, which inevitably influenced subsequent decisions by Miranda.\n", "Section::::Voyage to Spain (1771–1780).\n", "After the court victory of his father, Miranda decided to pursue a new life in Spain, and, on January 25, 1771, Miranda left Caracas from the port of La Guaira for Cadiz, Spain, on a Swedish frigate, the Prince Frederick. Miranda landed at the Port of Cadiz on March 1, 1771, where he stayed for two weeks with a distant relative, Jose D'Anino, before leaving for Madrid.\n", "Section::::Voyage to Spain (1771–1780).:In Madrid.\n", "On March 28, 1771, Miranda travelled to Madrid and took an interest in the libraries, architecture, and art that he found there. In Madrid, Miranda pursued his education, especially modern languages, as they would allow him to travel throughout Europe. He also sought to expand his knowledge of mathematics, history, and political science, as he aimed to serve the Spanish Crown as a military officer. During this time, he also pursued genealogical research of his family name to establish his ties to Europe and Christianity, which was especially important to him after his father's struggles to legitimize their family line in Caracas.\n", "It was in Madrid that Miranda began to build his personal library, which he added to as he traveled, collecting books, manuscripts and letters.\n", "In January 1773, Miranda's father transferred 85,000 reales vellon (silver coins), to help his son obtain the position of captain in the Princess's Regiment.\n", "Section::::Voyage to Spain (1771–1780).:Early campaigns.\n", "During his first year as a captain, Miranda traveled with his regiment mainly in North Africa and the southern Spanish province of Andalusia. In December 1774, Spain declared War with Morocco, and Miranda experienced his first combat during the conflict.\n", "While Miranda was assigned to guard the stations of an unwanted colonial presence in North Africa, he began to draw connections to the similar colonial presence in Spanish South America. His first military feat took place during the siege of Melilla, held from December 9, 1774, to March 19, 1775, in which the Spanish forces managed to repel the Sultan of Morocco Mohammed ben Abdallah. However, despite the actions taken and danger faced, Miranda did not get an award or promotion and was assigned to the garrison of Cadiz.\n", "Despite Miranda's success in the military, he faced many disciplinary complaints, ranging from complaints that he spent too much time reading, to financial discrepancies, to the most serious disciplinary charges of violence and abuse of authority. One of Miranda's well-known enemies was Colonel Don Juan Manuel de Cagigal, who charged Miranda with the loss of company funds and brutalities against soldiers in Miranda's regiment. The account of the dispute was sent to Inspector General O'Reilly and eventually reached King Charles III, who ordered Miranda to be transferred back to Cadiz.\n", "Section::::Missions in America (1781–1784).\n", "Section::::Missions in America (1781–1784).:The United States Revolution.\n", "Spain became involved in the United States Revolutionary War in order to expand their territories in Louisiana and Florida, to force Britain to maintain multiple simultaneous war fronts, and to seek a recovery of Gibraltar. The Spanish captain general of Louisiana, Bernardo de Gálvez, in 1779 attacked the British at Baton Rouge and Natchez, freeing the Mississippi River basin of hostile forces that could threaten its capital, New Orleans.\n", "Spanish forces had begun moving against the British, and Miranda was ordered to report to the Regiment of Aragon, which sailed from Cadiz in spring of 1780 under Victoriano de Navia's command. Miranda reported to his chief, General Juan Manuel Cagigal y Monserrat, in Havana, Cuba. From their headquarters in Cuba, de Cagigal and Miranda participated in the Siege of Fort Pensacola on May 9, 1781, and Miranda was awarded the temporary title of lieutenant colonel during this action. Miranda also contributed to the French success of a naval battle at the Chesapeake Bay when he helped the Count de Grasse raise needed funds and supplies.\n", "Section::::Missions in America (1781–1784).:The Antilles.\n", "Miranda remained prominent while in Pensacola, and in August 1781, Cagigal secretly sent Miranda to Jamaica to arrange for the release of 900 prisoners, see to their immediate needs, and acquire English ships for the Spanish Navy. Miranda was also asked to perform espionage work while staying with his British hosts. Miranda managed to perform a successful reconnaissance mission and also negotiated an agreement dated November 18, 1781, that regulated the exchange of Spanish prisoners. However, Miranda also entered into a deal with a British merchant, Philip Allwood. Miranda agreed to use the ships he had secured from the British to transport Allwood's goods back to Spain to sell them. Upon his return, Miranda was charged with being a spy and smuggler of British goods.\n", "The order to send Miranda back to Spain pursuant to the judgment of February 5, 1782, of the Supreme Inquisition Council failed to be met due to various faults of form and substance in the administrative process that caused the order to be questioned and, in part, by Cagigal's unconditional support of Miranda.\n", "Miranda participated in the Capture of The Bahamas and carried news of the island's fall to his superior Bernardo de Gálvez. Gálvez was angry that the Bahamas expedition had gone ahead without his permission, and he imprisoned Cajigal and had Miranda arrested. Miranda was later released, but this experience of Spanish officialdom may have been a factor in his subsequent conversion to the idea of independence for Spain's American colonies. The efficiency demonstrated by Miranda in the Bahamas led Cagigal to recommend that Miranda be promoted to colonel under the command of the General Commander of the Spanish forces in Cuba, Bernardo de Gálvez, in the town of Guárico.\n", "At that time, the Spaniards were preparing a joint action with the French to invade Jamaica, the last British stronghold in the Gulf of Mexico, and Guárico was the ideal place to plan these operations, being close to the island and providing easy access for troops and commanders. Miranda was seen as the right person to plan operations because he had a firsthand knowledge of the situation of the British in the area. However, a preemptive attack by the British and the difficulties of the French fleet forced peace between Britain and France, so the invasion did not materialize and Miranda remained in Guárico.\n", "Section::::Missions in America (1781–1784).:Exile in the United States.\n", "With the failure of the invasion of Jamaica, priorities for the Spanish authorities changed, and the process of the Inquisition against Miranda became greater. Eventually Miranda's problems with the Inquisition became complicated and he was sent to Havana to be arrested and sent to Spain. For various reasons these plans were thwarted, and, fearing the imminence of his arrest, Miranda decided to go to the United States. With the support of Cagigal, he escaped the surveillance of the Governor of Havana, and, aided by American James Seagrove who arranged the trip, he fled to New Bern, where he landed on July 10, 1783. During his time in the United States, Miranda made a critical study of its military defenses, which demonstrated extensive knowledge of the development of American conflict and circumstances.\n", "While there, Miranda prepared and fixed a correspondence technique, used for the rest of his journey: he would meet people through the gift or loan of books, and examine the culture and customs of the places through which he passed in a methodical way. Passing through Charleston, Philadelphia, and Boston, he dealt with different characters in American society. In New York City he met the prominent and politically connected Livingston family. Apparently Miranda had a romantic relationship with Susan Livingston, daughter of Chancellor Livingston. Although Miranda wrote to her for years, he never saw her again after leaving New York.\n", "During his time in the United States, Miranda met with many important people. He was personally acquainted with George Washington in Philadelphia. He also met General Henry Knox, Thomas Paine, Alexander Hamilton, Samuel Adams, and Thomas Jefferson. He also visited various institutions of the new nation that impressed him such as the Library of Newport and Princeton College.\n", "Section::::In Europe (1785–1790).\n", "Section::::In Europe (1785–1790).:Kingdom of Great Britain.\n", "On December 15, 1784, Miranda left the port of Boston in the merchant frigate \"Neptuno\" for London and arrived in England on February 10, 1785. While in London, Miranda was discreetly watched by the Spanish, who were suspicious of him. The reports highlight that Miranda had meetings with people suspected of conspiring against Spain and people considered among the eminent scholars of the time.\n", "Section::::In Europe (1785–1790).:Prussia.\n", "The first secretary of the U.S. embassy, Colonel William Stephens Smith, whom Miranda knew from his stay in New York, came to England at around the same time. Miranda and Smith decided to travel to Prussia to attend military exercises prepared by King Frederick the Great of Prussia. Bernardo del Campo, Ambassador of Spain in the British capital since 1783, gave Miranda a letter of introduction to the Minister of Spain in Berlin, while James Penman, an English businessman whom Miranda had befriended in Charleston, was responsible for keeping his papers while he traveled.\n", "However, the Spanish ambassador had secretly intrigued to have Miranda arrested when he reached Calais, France, where he could be handed over to Spain. The plan fell apart because the Venezuelan and his friend went on 10 August 1785 to a Dutch port (Hellevoetsluis) instead.\n", "Section::::In Europe (1785–1790).:Russia.\n", "Miranda then travelled throughout Europe, including present-day Belgium, Germany, Austria, Hungary, Poland, Greece and Italy, where he remained for over a year. After passing through Constantinople, he visited the court of Catherine the Great, which had moved at that time from Moscow to Kiev (current Ukraine). In Hungary he stayed in the palace of Prince Nicholas Esterházy, who was sympathetic to his ideas, and wrote him a letter of recommendation to meet the musician Joseph Haydn.\n", "Attempts to abduct Miranda by the diplomatic representatives of Spain failed as the Russian Ambassador in London, Semyon Vorontsov, declared on August 4, 1789, to the Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, Francis Osborne, 5th Duke of Leeds, that Miranda, although a Spanish subject, was a member of the Russian diplomatic mission in London. In Russia, he used the surname Meeroff and he left several children who later emigrated to the United States and Argentina.\n", "Miranda made use of the Spanish–British diplomatic row known as the Nootka Crisis in February 1790 to present to some British Cabinet ministers his ideas about the independence of Spanish territories in South America.\n", "Section::::Miranda and the French Revolution (1791–1798).\n", "Starting in 1791, Miranda took an active part in the French Revolution as marechal de camp. In Paris, he befriended the Girondists Jacques Pierre Brissot and Jérôme Pétion de Villeneuve, and he briefly served as a general in the section of the French Revolutionary Army commanded by Charles François Dumouriez, fighting in the 1792 campaign of Valmy.\n", "The Army of the North commanded by Miranda laid siege to Antwerp. Miranda failed to take Maastricht in February 1793 and was first arrested in April 1793 on the orders of Antoine Quentin Fouquier-Tinville, Chief Prosecutor of the Revolution, and accused of conspiring against the republic with Charles François Dumouriez, the renegade general. Though indicted before the Revolutionary Tribunal – and under attack in Jean-Paul Marat's \"L'Ami du peuple\" – he and his lawyer Claude François Chauveau-Lagarde conducted his defence with such calm eloquence that he was declared innocent.\n", "However, Marat denounced Chauveau-Lagarde as a liberator of the guilty. Even so, the campaign of Marat and the rest of the Jacobins against him did not weaken. He was arrested again in July 1793 and incarcerated in La Force prison, effectively one of the ante-chambers of death during the prevailing Reign of Terror. Appearing again before the tribunal, he accused the Committee of Public Safety of tyranny in disregarding his previous acquittal.\n", "Miranda seems to have survived by a combination of good luck and political expediency: the revolutionary government simply could not agree on what to do with him. He remained in La Force even after the fall of Robespierre in July 1794, and was not finally released until January of the following year. The art theorist Quatremère de Quincy was among those who campaigned for his release during this time. Now convinced that the whole direction taken by the Revolution had been wrong, he started to conspire with the moderate royalists against the Directory, and was even named as the possible leader of a military coup. He was arrested and ordered out of the country, only to escape and go into hiding.\n", "He reappeared after being given permission to remain in France, though that did not stop his involvement in yet another monarchist plot in September 1797. The police were ordered to arrest the \"Peruvian general\", as the said general submerged himself yet again in the underground. With no more illusions about France or the Revolution, he left for England in a Danish boat, arriving in Dover in January 1798.\n", "Section::::Expeditions in South America (1804–1808).\n", "Section::::Expeditions in South America (1804–1808).:Diplomatic negotiations, 1804–1805.\n", "In 1804 with informal British help, Miranda presented a military plan to liberate the Captaincy General of Venezuela from Spanish rule. At the time, Britain was at war with Spain, an ally of Napoleon. Home Riggs Popham was commissioned by prime minister Pitt in 1805 to study the plans proposed by Miranda to the British Government, Popham then persuaded the authorities that, as the Spanish Colonies were discontented, it would be more easy to promote a rising in Buenos Aires. Disappointed by this decision in November 1805, Miranda travelled to New York, where he rekindled his acquaintance with William S. Smith to organize an expedition to liberate Venezuela. Smith introduced him to merchant Samuel Ogden.\n", "Section::::Expeditions in South America (1804–1808).:Venezuela and the Caribbean, 1806.\n", "Miranda then went to Washington for private meetings with President Thomas Jefferson and Secretary of State James Madison, who met with Miranda but did not involve themselves or their nation in his plans, which would have been a violation of the Neutrality Act of 1794. In New York Miranda privately began organizing a filibustering expedition to liberate Venezuela. Along with Colonel Smith he raised private funds, procured weapons, and recruited soldiers of fortune. Among the 200 volunteers who served under him in this revolt were Smith's son William Steuben and David G. Burnet, who would later serve as interim president of the Republic of Texas after its secession from Mexico in 1836. Miranda hired a ship of 20 guns from Ogden, which he rebaptized \"Leander\" in honor of his oldest son, and set sail to Venezuela on 2 February 1806.\n", "In Jacmel, Haiti, Miranda acquired two other ships, the \"Bee\" and the \"Bacchus\", and their crews. It was in Jacmel on March 12 that Miranda made and raised on the \"Leander\", the first \"Venezuelan\" flag, which he had personally designed. On April 28, a botched landing attempt in Ocumare de la Costa resulted in two Spanish \"garda costa\"s, \"Argos\" and \"Celoso\", capturing the \"Bacchus\" and the \"Bee\". Sixty men were imprisoned and put on trial in Puerto Cabello accused of piracy. Ten were sentenced to death, hanged and dismembered in quarters. One of the victims was the printer Miles L. Hall, who for that reason has been considered as the first martyr of the printing press in Venezuela.\n", "Miranda aboard of the \"Leander\" escaped, escorted by the packet ship HMS \"Lilly\" to the British islands of Grenada, Trinidad, and Barbados, where he met with Admiral Alexander Cochrane. As Spain was then at war with Britain, Cochrane and the governor of Trinidad Sir Thomas Hislop, 1st Baronet agreed to provide some support for a second attempt to invade Venezuela.\n", "The \"Leander\" left Port of Spain on 24 July, together with HMS , HMS , HMS , and HMS \"Lilly\", carrying General Miranda and some 220 officers and men. General Miranda decided to land in La Vela de Coro and the squadron anchored there on 1 August. The next day the frigate HMS joined them for three days. On 3 August, 60 Trinidadian volunteers under the Count de Rouveray, 60 men under Colonel Dowie, and 30 seamen and marines from HMS \"Lilly\" under Lieutenant Beddingfelt landed. This force cleared the beach of Spanish forces and captured a battery of four 9- and 12-pounder guns; the attackers had four men severely wounded, all from HMS \"Lilly\". Shortly thereafter, boats from HMS \"Bacchante\" landed American volunteers and seamen and marines. The Spanish retreated, which enabled this force to capture two forts mounting 14 guns.\n", "General Miranda then marched on and captured Santa Ana de Coro, but found no support from the city residents. However, on 8 August a Spanish force of almost 2000 men arrived. They captured a master of transport and 14 seamen who were getting water, unbeknownst to Lieutenant Donald Campbell. HMS \"Lilly\" landed 20 men on the morning of 10 August; this landing party killed a dozen Spaniards, but was able to rescue only one of the captive seamen. Colonel Downie and 50 men were sent, but the colonel judged the enemy force too strong and withdrew. When another 400 men came from Maracaibo, General Miranda realized that his force was too small to achieve anything further or to hold Coro for long. On August 13, Miranda ordered his force to set sail again. HMS \"Lilly\" and her squadron then carried him and his men safely to Aruba.\n", "In the aftermath of the failed expedition, Colonel Smith and Ogden were indicted by a federal grand jury in New York for piracy and violating the Neutrality Act of 1794. Put on trial Colonel Smith claimed his orders came from President Thomas Jefferson and Secretary of State James Madison, who refused to appear in court. Both Colonel Smith and Ogden stood trial and were found not guilty.\n", "Section::::Expeditions in South America (1804–1808).:Project to attack Venezuela, 1808.\n", "Miranda spent the next year in Trinidad as host of governor Hyslop waiting for reinforcements that never came. On his return to London, he was met with better support for his plans from the British government after the failed invasions of Buenos Aires (1806–1807). In 1808 a large military force to attack Venezuela was assembled and placed under the command of Arthur Wellesley, but Napoleon's invasion of Spain suddenly transformed Spain into an ally of Britain, and the force instead went there to fight in the Peninsular War.\n", "Section::::The First Republic of Venezuela (1811–1812).\n", "Section::::The First Republic of Venezuela (1811–1812).:Return to Venezuela.\n", "Venezuela achieved \"de facto\" independence on Maundy Thursday April 19, 1810, when the Supreme Junta of Caracas was established and the colonial administrators deposed. The Junta sent a delegation to Great Britain to get British recognition and aid. This delegation, which included future Venezuelan notables Simón Bolívar and Andrés Bello, met with and persuaded Miranda to return to his native land. In 1811 a delegation from the Supreme Junta, among them Bolívar, and a crowd of common people enthusiastically received Miranda in La Guaira. In Caracas he agitated for the provisional government to declare independence from Spain under the rule of Joseph Bonaparte.\n", "Miranda gathered around him a group of similarly minded individuals and helped establish an association, \"la Sociedad Patriotica\", modeled on the political clubs of the French Revolution. By the end of the year, the Venezuelan provinces elected a congress to deal with the future of the country, and Miranda was chosen as the delegate from El Pao, Barcelona Province. On July 5, 1811, it formally declared Venezuelan independence and established a republic. The congress also adopted his \"tricolor\" as the Republic's flag.\n", "Section::::The First Republic of Venezuela (1811–1812).:Decay of the First Republic of Venezuela.\n", "Section::::The First Republic of Venezuela (1811–1812).:Decay of the First Republic of Venezuela.:Crisis of the Republic.\n", "The following year Miranda and the young Republic's fortunes turned. Republican forces failed to subdue areas of Venezuela (the provinces of Coro, Maracaibo and Guyana) that had remained royalist. In addition, Venezuela's loss of the Spanish market for its main export, cocoa, caused an economic crisis, which mostly hurt the middle and lower classes, who lost enthusiasm for the Republic. Finally a powerful earthquake and its aftershocks hit the country, which caused large numbers of deaths and serious damage to buildings, mostly in republican areas.\n", "It did not help that it hit on March 26, 1812, as services for Maundy Thursday were beginning. The Caracas Junta had been established on a Maundy Thursday April 19, 1810 as well, so the earthquake fell on its second anniversary in the liturgical calendar. This was interpreted by many as a sign from Providence. It was explained by royalist authorities as divine punishment for the rebellion against the Spanish Crown.\n", "The archbishop of Caracas, Narciso Coll y Prat, referred to the event as \"the terrifying but well-deserved earthquake\" that \"confirms in our days the prophecies revealed by God to men about the ancient impious and proud cities: Babylon, Jerusalem and the Tower of Babel\". Many, including those in the Republican army and the majority of the clergy, began to secretly plot against the Republic or outright defect. Other provinces refused to send reinforcements to Caracas Province. Worse still, whole provinces began to switch sides. On July 4, an uprising brought Barcelona over to the royalist side.\n", "Section::::The First Republic of Venezuela (1811–1812).:Decay of the First Republic of Venezuela.:Miranda's dictatorship.\n", "Neighboring Cumaná, now cut off from the Republican center, refused to recognize Miranda's dictatorial powers and his appointment of a commandant general. By the middle of the month, many of the outlying areas of Cumaná Province had also defected to the royalists. With these circumstances a Spanish marine frigate captain, Domingo Monteverde, operating out of Coro, was able to turn a small force under his command into a large army, as people joined him on his advance towards Valencia, leaving Miranda in charge of only a small area of central Venezuela. In these dire circumstances Miranda was given broad political powers by his government.\n", "Section::::The First Republic of Venezuela (1811–1812).:Decay of the First Republic of Venezuela.:Defeat of the Republican army.\n", "Bolívar lost control of San Felipe Castle of Puerto Cabello along with its ammunition stores on 30 June 1812. Deciding that the situation was lost, Bolívar effectively abandoned his post and retreated to his estate in San Mateo. By mid-July Monteverde had taken Valencia and Miranda also saw the republican cause as lost. He started negotiations with royalists that finalized an armistice on July 25, 1812, signed in San Mateo. Then Colonel Bolívar and other revolutionary officers claimed his actions as treasonous.\n", "Section::::The First Republic of Venezuela (1811–1812).:The arrest of Miranda.\n", "Bolívar and others arrested Miranda and handed him over to the Spanish Royal Army in La Guaira port. For his apparent services to the royalist cause, Monteverde granted Bolívar a passport, and Bolívar left for Curaçao on 27 August. Miranda went to the port of La Guaira intending to leave on a British ship before the royalists arrived, although under the armistice there was an amnesty for political offenses. Bolívar claimed afterwards that he wanted to shoot Miranda as a traitor but was restrained by the others; Bolívar's reasoning was that, \"if Miranda believed the Spaniards would observe the treaty, he should have remained to keep them to their word; if he did not, he was a traitor to have sacrificed his army to it.\"\n", "By handing over Miranda to the Spanish, Bolívar assured himself a passport from the Spanish authorities (passports which, nevertheless, had been guaranteed to all republicans who requested them by the terms of the armistice), which allowed him to leave Venezuela unmolested, and Miranda thought that the situation was hopeless.\n", "Section::::Last years (1813–1816).\n", "Miranda never saw freedom again. His case was still being processed when he died in a prison cell at the Penal de las Cuatro Torres at the Arsenal de la Carraca, outside Cádiz, aged 66, on July 14, 1816. He was buried in a mass grave, making it impossible to identify his remains, so an empty tomb has been left for him in the National Pantheon of Venezuela.\n", "Section::::Miranda's ideals.\n", "Section::::Miranda's ideals.:Political beliefs.\n", "Miranda has long been associated with the struggle of the Spanish colonies in Latin America for independence. He envisioned an independent empire consisting of all the territories that had been under Spanish and Portuguese rule, stretching from the Mississippi River to Cape Horn. This empire was to be under the leadership of a hereditary emperor called the \"Inca\", in honor of the great Inca Empire, and would have a bicameral legislature. He conceived the name \"Colombia\" for this empire, after the explorer Christopher Columbus.\n", "Section::::Miranda's ideals.:Freemasonry.\n", "Similarly to some others in the history of American Independence (George Washington, José de San Martín, Bernardo O'Higgins and Simón Bolívar), Miranda was a Freemason. In London he founded the lodge \"The Great American Reunion\".\n", "Section::::Personal life.\n", "After fighting for Revolutionary France, Miranda finally made his home in London, where he had two children, Leandro (1803 – Paris, 1886) and Francisco (1806 – Cerinza, Colombia, 1831), with his housekeeper, Sarah Andrews, whom he later married. He had a friendship with the painter James Barry, the uncle of the surgeon James Barry; Miranda helped to keep the secret that the latter was assigned female at birth. According to historian Linda de Pauw, \"Miranda was an ardent feminist, named women as his literary executors, and published an impassioned plea for female education a year before Mary Wollstonecraft published her famous \"Vindication of the Rights of Women\".\"\n", "Section::::Legacy and honours.\n", "BULLET::::- An oil painting by the Venezuelan artist Arturo Michelena, \"Miranda en la Carraca\" (1896), which portrays the hero in the Spanish jail where he died, has become a graphic symbol of Venezuelan history, and has immortalized the image of Miranda for generations of Venezuelans.\n", "BULLET::::- The name of Miranda remains engraved on the Arc de Triomphe, which was built during the First Empire, and his portrait is in the Palace of Versailles. His statue is in the Square de l'Amérique-Latine in the 17th arrondissement.\n", "BULLET::::- Miranda's name has been honoured several times, including in the name of the Venezuelan state, Miranda (created in 1889), a Venezuelan harbour, Puerto Miranda, a subway station and an important main avenue in Caracas, as well as a number of Venezuelan municipalities named \"Miranda\" or \"Francisco de Miranda\".\n", "BULLET::::- Both Caracas airbase and a Caracas park are named after him.\n", "BULLET::::- The Order of Francisco de Miranda was established in the 1930s.\n", "BULLET::::- In 2006, Venezuela's Flag Day was moved to the 3rd of August, in honor of Miranda's 1806 disembarkation at La Vela de Coro.\n", "BULLET::::- One of the Bolivarian missions, Mission Miranda, is named after him.\n", "BULLET::::- Miranda's life was portrayed in the Venezuelan film \"Francisco de Miranda\" (2006), as well as in the unrelated film \"Miranda Returns\" (2007).\n", "BULLET::::- Pensacola, Florida, has a square named after him.\n", "BULLET::::- There are statues of Miranda in Cadiz (Spain), Caracas, Havana, London, Philadelphia, Patras (Greece), Pensacola Fla, São Paulo (Brazil), St. Petersburg (Russia), Paris and Valmy (France).\n", "BULLET::::- The house where Miranda lived in London, 27 Grafton Street (now 58 Grafton Way), Bloomsbury, has a blue plaque that bears his name, and functions today as the Consulate of Venezuela in the United Kingdom.\n", "Section::::References.\n", "BULLET::::- \"It cites the following references:\"\n", "BULLET::::- Biggs, James. \"History of Miranda's Attempt in South America\", London, 1809.\n", "BULLET::::- The Marqués de Rojas, \"El General Miranda\", Paris, 1884.\n", "BULLET::::- The Marqués de Rojas \"Miranda dans la révolution française\", Carácas, 1889.\n", "BULLET::::- Robertson, W. S. \"Francisco de Miranda and the Revolutionizing of Spanish America\", Washington, 1909.\n", "Section::::Further reading.\n", "BULLET::::- Chavez, Thomas E. \"Spain and the Independence of the United States: An Intrinsic Gift\". University of New Mexico Press, 2003.\n", "BULLET::::- Juan Carlos Chirinos. \"Miranda, el nómada sentimental\". Editorial Norma, Caracas, 2006. / Ediciones Ulises, Sevilla, 2017\n", "BULLET::::- Harvey, Robert. \"Liberators: Latin America`s Struggle For Independence, 1810-1830\". John Murray, London (2000).\n", "BULLET::::- Miranda, Francisco de. (Judson P. Wood, translator. John S. Ezell, ed.) \"The New Democracy in America: Travels of Francisco de Miranda in the United States, 1783–84\". Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1963.\n", "BULLET::::- Racine, Karen. Francisco De Miranda: A Transatlantic Life in the Age of Revolution. Wilmington, Del: SR Books, 2003.\n", "BULLET::::- Robertson, William S. \"Francisco de Miranda and the Revolutionizing of Spanish America\" in \"Annual Report of the American Historical Association for the Year 1907\", Vol. 1. Washington: Government Printing Office, 1908. 189–539.\n", "BULLET::::- Robertson, William S. \"Life of Miranda\", 2 vols. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1929.\n", "BULLET::::- Rumazo González, Alfonso. \"Francisco de Miranda. Protolíder de la Independencia Americana (Biografía)\". Caracas: Ediciones de la Presidencia de la República, 2006.\n", "BULLET::::- Smith, Denis. \"General Miranda's Wars: Turmoil and Revolt in Spanish America, 1750-1816\". Toronto, Bev Editions (e-book), 2013.\n", "BULLET::::- Thorning, Joseph F. \"Miranda: World Citizen\". Gainesville: University of Florida Press, 1952.\n", "BULLET::::- Moisei Alperovich . \"Francisco de Miranda y Rusia\", V Centenario del descubrimiento de América: encuentro de culturas y continentes. Editorial Progreso, (Moscu), shortened version in Spanish, (1989), , Edit. Progreso, URSS, 380 pages. Russian Version : unabridged, (1986).\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Colombeia\" (In Spanish) – The complete digitized files of Francisco de Miranda, mostly in Spanish, with translations of his documents written in English and French. More than 15 volumes in relation to Miranda's voyages, the French Revolution and the negotiations of Miranda with foreign nations, specially Great Britain.\n", "BULLET::::- Grogan, Samuel \"Francisco de Miranda\", History Text Archive\n", "BULLET::::- Another statue by Lorenzo Gonzalez (1977) on the Benjamin Franklin Parkway, Philadelphia\n", "BULLET::::- \"General Miranda's Expedition\", \"Atlantic Monthly\", Vol. 5, No. 31 (May 1860). An account of the Leander affair\n", "BULLET::::- Diarios: Una selección 1771 – 1800 – Selections from the diaries of Francisco de Miranda, 1771–1800, Caracas: Monte Avila, 2006\n", "BULLET::::- Full text archive of 'General Miranda's Expedition', from the \"Atlantic Monthly\" May 1860\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "Sebastián Francisco de Miranda y Rodríguez de Espinoza", "Miranda,F·de", "Don Juan Manuel de Cagigal" ] }, "description": "Venezuelan revolutionary", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q311447", "wikidata_label": "Francisco de Miranda", "wikipedia_title": "Francisco de Miranda" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Steven Tyler\n", "Steven Tyler (born Steven Victor Tallarico; March 26, 1948) is an American singer, songwriter, actor, and former television panelist. He is best known as the lead singer of the Boston-based rock band Aerosmith, in which he also plays the harmonica, piano, and percussion. He is known as the \"Demon of Screamin'\" due to his high screams and his wide vocal range. He is also known for his on-stage acrobatics. During his high-energy performances, Tyler usually dresses in bright, colorful outfits with his trademark scarves hanging from his microphone stand.\n", "In the 1970s, Tyler rose to prominence as the lead singer of Aerosmith, which released such milestone hard rock albums as \"Toys in the Attic\" and \"Rocks\", along with a string of hit singles, including \"Dream On\", \"Sweet Emotion\" and \"Walk This Way\". By the late 1970s and early 1980s, Tyler had a heavy drug and alcohol addiction and the band's popularity waned. In 1986, Tyler completed drug rehabilitation and Aerosmith rose to prominence again when Tyler and Joe Perry joined Run-DMC for a re-make of the classic Aerosmith song \"Walk This Way,\" which became a Top 5 hit. Aerosmith subsequently launched a remarkable comeback with the multi-platinum albums \"Permanent Vacation\", \"Pump\", \"Get a Grip\" and \"Nine Lives\", which produced a combined thirteen Top 40 singles and won the band numerous awards. During this time, the band embarked on their longest and most extensive concert tours, promoted their singles with conceptual music videos and made notable appearances in television, film and video games.\n", "In the wake of this success, Tyler emerged as one of the most enduring rock icons. Since the late 1980s, he has embarked on several solo endeavors including guest appearances on other artists' music (working with artists as diverse as Alice Cooper, Mötley Crüe, Santana, Pink and Keith Anderson), film and TV roles (including as a judge on \"American Idol\" and several cameo and guest appearances in other programs and films), authoring a bestselling book and solo work (including the Top 40 hit single \"(It) Feels So Good\" in 2011). While tension with his Aerosmith bandmates boiled in 2009 and 2010 after he fell off the stage at a concert, had a relapse with prescription drugs (which he successfully received treatment for in 2009), and signed on to \"American Idol\" without telling his bandmates, Tyler has continued to record music and perform with Aerosmith, after more than 48 years in the band. In 2016, Tyler released his debut solo album, \"We're All Somebody from Somewhere\", a country rock album that included the hit single \"Love Is Your Name\". Tyler supported the album with the \"Out on a Limb\" Tour. Tyler continues to perform both solo (with the Loving Mary Band as his backing band) as well as with Aerosmith.\n", "Tyler is included among \"Rolling Stone's\" 100 Greatest Singers. He was ranked third on \"Hit Parader\"'s Top 100 Metal Vocalists of All Time. In 2001, he was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame with Aerosmith and in 2013, Tyler and his songwriting partner Joe Perry received the ASCAP Founders Award and were inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame.\n", "Section::::Early life.\n", "Steven Victor Tallarico was born on March 26, 1948, at the Polyclinic Hospital in Manhattan, New York, and moved to the Bronx when he was three years old. The family relocated to Yonkers when he was about nine years old. Tallarico is the son of Susan Ray (; June 2, 1925July 4, 2008), a secretary, and Victor A. Tallarico (May 14, 1916September 10, 2011), a classical musician and pianist who taught music at Cardinal Spellman High School in The Bronx.\n", "His father was of Italian and German descent, while his mother was possibly of Polish and English ancestry. He has noted on a number of occasions that his maternal grandfather was Ukrainian. and changed his surname from \"Czarnyszewicz\" (from ) to \"Blancha\" (possibly from ). His paternal grandfather, Giovanni Tallarico, was from Cotronei, Calabria, Italy. Tyler learned on the genealogy show \"Who Do You Think You Are?\" that his great-great-great-grandfather was part African-American. Steven has one older sister named Lynda. \n", "Steven attended Roosevelt High School in Yonkers, New York, but was expelled from the school due to drug use. He later graduated from Quintano's school for Young Professionals.\n", "At 17, Tyler spent time in Greenwich Village, New York, the highlight of which was seeing a Rolling Stones concert. Tyler states that he and his friends \"hung around for a while, buzzing like crazy just because we got to touch them.\" He added, \"Everybody told me that I looked just like Mick Jagger with my big lips and Keith Richards basically was the music I used to love more than anything.\" A photo in the band's autobiography \"\" shows Tyler standing behind Mick Jagger outside a hotel.\n", "Section::::Career.\n", "Section::::Career.:Formation and success of Aerosmith (1970–1978).\n", "Before Aerosmith, Tyler wrote what would become one of Aerosmith's signature songs, \"Dream On\". In 1969, Tyler attended a local rock show in Sunapee, New Hampshire, where he first saw future bandmates Joe Perry (guitars) and Tom Hamilton (bass), who at the time were playing in a band called the Jam Band. Tyler later stated he was struck by their raw power and attitude. Around 1970, Tyler, Perry, and Hamilton decided to form a band. Tyler, who had played drums in many of his previous bands while in school, insisted that he would be the frontman and lead singer. Joey Kramer, an old acquaintance of Tyler's from New York, was recruited to play the drums. Tyler invited his boyhood friend, Ray Tabano, to play rhythm guitar. Driven by a collective ambition to launch their careers as full-time musicians and hopeful recording artists, the band moved to Boston, and shared a small apartment at 1325 Commonwealth Avenue, in Brighton in the fall of 1970. Shortly after relocating to Boston, Tyler's dissatisfaction with Tabano's lack of passion and dedication prompted the band to replace Tabano with Brad Whitford. Although Tyler was never billed as the \"leader\" of Aerosmith, he co-managed, with drummer Joey Kramer, the assets of the band and directed its activities during this formative period.\n", "After spending time on the Boston club circuit under the tutelage of their first manager, Frank Connelly, the band began working with New York managers Steve Leber and David Krebs. Leber describes the band as \"the closest thing I've ever seen to the Rolling Stones\". In early 1972, the managers arranged the gig at the legendary nightclub Max's Kansas City to showcase the group to record company executives. They subsequently signed a record deal with Columbia Records in 1972 and released their eponymous debut album in 1973. This was followed by their second album, \"Get Your Wings\" in 1974. Around this time, Aerosmith continued to tour wherever they could and opened for bands like Mott the Hoople. The band had a minor hit in \"Dream On\", which peaked at number 59 in 1973, but Aerosmith did not break into the mainstream until the back-to-back releases of their next sets of albums, \"Toys in the Attic\" (1975) and \"Rocks\" (1976). In 1975, they achieved their first top-40 hit in \"Sweet Emotion\". Soon after, \"Dream On\" was re-released and hit number six in 1976, followed by another top-10 hit \"Walk This Way\". Additionally, \"Rocks\" produced the hit singles \"Last Child\", \"Back in the Saddle\", and \"Home Tonight\". By 1976, Aerosmith found themselves headlining huge stadiums and major rock music festivals. That year, Tyler emerged as a prominent rock star and sex symbol in his own right, gracing the cover of \"Rolling Stone\" magazine, and their fifth album, \"Draw the Line\", continued the band's success and they were catapulted to international fame and recognition, launching tours in Europe and Japan. A series of Hot 100 hits continued throughout the remainder of the decade, including \"Draw the Line\", \"Kings and Queens\", and \"Chip Away the Stone\". Aerosmith's first five albums have also all since gone multiplatinum and all five are considered to be among the greatest hard rock albums of all time. Aerosmith toured heavily throughout the mid- to late 1970s, and their live shows during this time period were captured through 1978's live album \"Live! Bootleg\" and the 1989 VHS release \"Live Texxas Jam '78\". Also in 1978, Tyler made his acting debut as the leader of the Future Villain Band in the film \"Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band\", alongside his Aerosmith bandmates. The film also spawned Aerosmith's cover of the Beatles hit \"Come Together\", which was Aerosmith's last top-40 single for nine years.\n", "Section::::Career.:Decline of Aerosmith (1979–1983).\n", "As the decade wore on, the fast-paced life of touring, recording, living together, and using drugs began to take its toll on the band. Tyler and Perry often were called the Toxic Twins for their legendary intake of stimulants and heroin. Their relationship is well documented in many of Aerosmith's video releases, as well as in the Aerosmith \"Behind the Music\". On July 28, 1979, after a huge quarrel at a World Series of Rock concert in Cleveland, Perry left Aerosmith to begin his own band, The Joe Perry Project. \"Night in the Ruts\" was released that fall, and Aerosmith forged on with new guitarist Jimmy Crespo.\n", "In the fall of 1980, Tyler was injured in a motorcycle crash that left him hospitalized for two months, and unable to tour or record for much of 1981. When the band reconvened in the studio, Tyler formed a writing partnership with Crespo, co-writing and producing the album \"Rock in a Hard Place\" (1982). Brad Whitford had left in 1981, shortly after recording the guitar parts for the album's lead single, \"Lightning Strikes\". Whitford was replaced by Rick Dufay, and the band continued to tour into 1983. As the 1980s decade wore on, Tyler's drug abuse increased. His heroin addiction was at its worst between 1979 and 1982, when he would roam the streets of New York City looking for dealers.\n", "Section::::Career.:Reuniting and getting clean (1984–1986).\n", "On February 14, 1984, Perry and Whitford, who left the band in 1979 and 1981, respectively, attended an Aerosmith show. According to the band's \"Behind the Music\" special on VH1, Tyler alleged that he made the first phone call to Perry, encouraging them to meet up again. Backstage, they all met and Perry and Whitford agreed to join the band once again. With the new reunion, the band also fired their managers Leber and Krebs, hired new manager Tim Collins (who was managing Joe Perry), and signed a new record contract with Geffen Records. Aerosmith embarked on a reunion tour, the Back in the Saddle Tour, and recorded once again, releasing \"Done with Mirrors\" in 1985. However, the band was still using drugs, especially Tyler, who collapsed while performing in Springfield, Illinois, on the 1984 tour. In 1986, the band held a meeting in which the band members staged an intervention on Tyler, and persuaded him to enter a drug rehabilitation program. After he completed rehabilitation, his bandmates did likewise; all had completed treatment by the mid-1980s.\n", "Section::::Career.:Comeback and superstardom (1986–1999).\n", "Aerosmith rose to prominence again when Tyler and Perry appeared on Run–D.M.C.'s cover of Aerosmith's \"Walk This Way\" in 1986, a track that combined elements of hip-hop and rock, that broke down the barriers between the two genres, broke rap into the mainstream, and introduced Aerosmith to a new generation. The track hit number four on the charts and launched a famous music video that had a heavy rotation. This paved the way for Aerosmith to mount a significant comeback. Tyler and Perry renewed their songwriting partnership, but were also working with outside songwriting collaborators brought in by the record company, such as Desmond Child and Jim Vallance. To give Aerosmith a slick sound accessible to mainstream audiences, they received help from producer Bruce Fairbairn. Aerosmith released \"Permanent Vacation\" in 1987, which became a huge multiplatinum success and launched three top-20 hits (\"Dude (Looks Like a Lady)\", \"Angel\", and \"Rag Doll\"). The band launched a tour with the emerging Guns N' Roses, opening many shows. \"Permanent Vacation\" was followed by 1989's \"Pump\", which was even more successful, selling 7 million copies and producing three top-10 hits (\"Love in an Elevator\", \"Janie's Got a Gun\", and \"What it Takes\") and one top-40 hit (\"The Other Side\"). \"Pump\" in particular had Tyler expand his musical horizons, co-writing the innovative hit \"Janie's Got a Gun\", which won the band its first Grammy award. The band toured with many emerging acts and performed in locations such as Australia for the first time. In the late 1980s, Tyler also guested on albums by comedian Sam Kinison, Alice Cooper (a fellow '70s rocker also launching a successful comeback) and popular contemporaries Mötley Crüe. Around that time, Tyler and Perry appeared at a Bon Jovi concert in Milton Keynes and performed \"Walk This Way\".\n", "With the twin successes of \"Permanent Vacation\" and \"Pump\", the band became an MTV sensation and Tyler became a household name. The band was featured on a \"Wayne's World\" sketch on \"Saturday Night Live\" in 1990, which is ranked as the number-one moment of all time on the show. That same year, Aerosmith recorded one of the first episodes of \"MTV Unplugged\". In 1991, Aerosmith was one of the first bands to be featured on \"The Simpsons\". That year, the band also signed a $30  million record deal with their old label Columbia, for which they would begin recording later that decade. The box set \"Pandora's Box\" was released by Columbia in late 1991, and the band filmed a music video for \"Sweet Emotion\" to promote the release. Earlier in the year, the band also performed \"Dream On\" with an orchestra at MTV's 10th Anniversary celebration; their filmed performance was used as the official video for the song. After a brief break, the band returned to the studio in 1992 to record their next album. The band's A&R man John Kalodner criticized some of the early material being considered for this album, targeting Tyler's sexually profane lyrics in particular.\n", "However, the band eventually began recording again and released \"Get a Grip\" in 1993, which became their most successful album worldwide, selling over 15 million copies and producing a series of hit singles (\"Cryin'\", \"Livin' on the Edge\", \"Eat the Rich\", \"Amazing\", and \"Crazy\"). While the album had mixed reviews and received some criticism for over-using outside collaborators, Aerosmith won more awards during this time than any other, winning two Grammy Awards, four MTV Video Music Awards, two American Music Awards, a People's Choice award, and a \"Billboard\" Award. The band became well known for their videos at this time, which featured film-like storylines and up-and-coming actors and actresses such as Edward Furlong, Stephen Dorff, Jason London, Josh Holloway, and most notably Alicia Silverstone. Tyler's daughter Liv made her acting debut in the band's video for \"Crazy\" in 1994. The band also launched their biggest and most extensive tour yet, performing over 240 shows in nearly 30 countries, including touring Latin America for the first time and performing in many European countries for the first time.\n", "After the 18-month Get a Grip Tour ended in December 1994, the band took a break in 1995 to spend time with their families. They needed to rest due to the grueling lifestyle of the previous 10 years under the helm of manager Tim Collins, who helped orchestrate much of the band's comeback and sustained success. Tyler and Perry also began writing for a new album, and the band performed a couple of one-off shows in Boston to try out the new material. They also vacationed together with their families in Florida. Aerosmith, however, almost broke up after Tim Collins spread rumors that band members were deriding each other and that Tyler was being unfaithful to his wife and using drugs again during recording sessions in Miami. The band subsequently fired Collins in 1996 in the middle of recording for their next album. In 1997, they released \"Nine Lives\", which went double platinum, launched three hits (\"Falling in Love (Is Hard on the Knees)\", \"Hole in My Soul\", and \"Pink\"), and won the band their fourth Grammy for \"Pink\". They toured for over two years in support of the album. In 1997, Tyler and Perry were featured in a commercial for the GAP. That fall, the band's was released.\n", "In 1998, while on tour in support of \"Nine Lives\", Tyler suffered a ligament injury when a microphone stand fell hard onto his knee. Tyler and the band finished the show, but they had to cancel several dates, and Tyler had to wear a leg cast while filming the video for \"I Don't Want to Miss a Thing\". The song was the band's first number-one hit and the only song to date by a rock band to debut at number one on the Hot 100. It has since become a slow-dance staple, and at the time introduced Aerosmith and Steven Tyler to yet another new generation. The song was written for the film \"Armageddon\", which featured Tyler's daughter Liv. In 1999, Tyler and Perry joined Kid Rock and Run–D.M.C. to perform \"Walk This Way\" at the MTV Video Music Awards. Earlier that year, the band had the Rock 'n' Roller Coaster Starring Aerosmith open at Walt Disney World.\n", "Section::::Career.:Continued success and touring (2000–2008).\n", "In 2001, Aerosmith played at the Super Bowl XXXV halftime show and was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. The band released the album \"Just Push Play\", which featured the top-10 hit \"Jaded\". At the 2001 Indianapolis 500, Tyler sang the National Anthem in traditional Aerosmith style – complete with a raspy voice, bluesy swagger, and a hard rocker yell. When Tyler sang the National Anthem, he changed the words which caused a public outcry. Instead of singing \"Land of the free and the home of the brave\", he changed the words to \"Land of the free and the home of the Indianapolis 500.\" This received negative reactions from veterans and fans, leading Tyler to issue a public apology. Aerosmith embarked on the 8-month-long Just Push Play Tour in June 2001, and has toured every year since, except 2008. After the September 11 attacks, the band performed at the benefit concert in Washington, DC. Tyler donned a full-length jacket featuring the American flag, and the band performed a brief set including \"Livin' on the Edge\", \"I Don't Want to Miss a Thing\", \"Just Push Play\", and \"Walk This Way\". The band flew back to Indianapolis to perform a show that same night.\n", "In 2002, Aerosmith's two-hour-long \"Behind the Music\" was released, chronicling the band's tumultuous history and current activities and touring. They were also honored as MTV Icons. In the summer, they released the compilation \"O, Yeah! The Ultimate Aerosmith Hits\", which went double platinum and included the new track \"Girls of Summer\", which spawned a namesake tour with Kid Rock and Run–D.M.C. opening. In 2003, he received an honorary degree from Berklee College of Music, and in 2005, received an honorary doctorate from the University of Massachusetts Boston. In 2003, he inducted AC/DC into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. Later in the year, he went on tour with Aerosmith for the Rocksimus Maximus Tour with KISS. In 2004, Aerosmith released the blues cover album \"Honkin' on Bobo\" and launched a brief tour with Cheap Trick, focused on smaller markets. Tyler sang the National Anthem to kick off the 2004 World Series at Fenway Park. The 2004 film \"The Polar Express\" featured Tyler singing \"Rockin' on Top of the World\" alongside a group of computer-animated elves resembling Aerosmith.\n", "In 2005, Tyler sang lead vocals on Santana's hit single \"Just Feel Better\" and made a cameo appearance in the film \"Be Cool\". In 2006, after recovering from throat surgery and the grueling Rockin' the Joint Tour, Steven Tyler performed with Joe Perry and the Boston Pops Orchestra for the orchestra's annual Fourth of July concert, his first major public appearance since the surgery. During the concert, which was broadcast nationally on CBS, Tyler, Perry, and the orchestra performed a medley of \"Walk This Way\", \"I Don't Want to Miss a Thing\", and \"Dream On\". That year, Tyler recorded a duet with country music artist Keith Anderson, titled \"Three Chord Country and American Rock & Roll\". The song, a remixed version of a song found on Anderson's debut album, was released as a single on the U.S. Hot Country Songs charts.\n", "Later that year, the Aerosmith compilation \"\" was released, which included two new tracks. Tyler hit the road with Aerosmith again for the Route of All Evil Tour with Mötley Crüe and also made several more public appearances. He made a cameo appearance on the sitcom \"Two and a Half Men\", playing himself. On October 14, 2006, Tyler sang \"God Bless America\" during the seventh-inning stretch at game three of the National League Championship Series between the St. Louis Cardinals and the New York Mets at Busch Stadium in St. Louis. On November 24, he volunteered by serving Thanksgiving dinner to the needy at a restaurant in West Palm Beach, Florida, before an Aerosmith show there. In 2007, Tyler kept active in Aerosmith with the band's world tour which had them perform in 19 countries. That same year, Steven and Liv Tyler were profiled on \"E! True Hollywood Story.\"\n", "On May 21, 2008, Tyler checked into Las Encinas Hospital rehabilitation clinic in Pasadena, California, to recover from multiple leg surgeries. He made a public statement saying, \"The 'foot repair' pain was intense, greater than I'd anticipated. The months of rehabilitative care and the painful strain of physical therapy were traumatic. I really needed a safe environment to recuperate where I could shut off my phone and get back on my feet.\" In June 2008, \"\" was released, the franchise's first video game based solely around one band and the most successful game based around a band. On July 14, 2008, Tyler's mother, Susan Tallarico, died at age 84.\n", "On July 18, 2008, Tyler appeared with Billy Joel at the last concert to be played at Shea Stadium. Backed by Joel's band, he sang lead vocals on \"Walk This Way\". In August 2008, HarperCollins won an auction to publish Tyler's autobiography. That same month, Tyler performed with trumpeter Chris Botti in Boston. The concert was released as a CD/DVD, \"Chris Botti In Boston\" in March 2009. In December 2008, Tyler made a surprise appearance at the Trans-Siberian Orchestra concerts at Nassau Coliseum (December 12, 2008) and the Izod Center (December 13, 2008). At the Izod Center, he collaborated with the Trans-Siberian Orchestra on \"Dream On\" and \"Sweet Emotion\".\n", "Section::::Career.:Touring, \"American Idol\", \"Does the Noise in My Head Bother You?\", and \"Music from Another Dimension!\" (2009–2014).\n", "On August 5, 2009, while on the Guitar Hero Aerosmith Tour, Tyler fell off a stage near Sturgis, South Dakota, injuring his head and neck and breaking his shoulder. He was airlifted to Rapid City Regional Hospital. Aerosmith was forced to cancel the rest of their 2009 tour, except for two shows in Hawaii in October. In 2007, Aerosmith had to cancel their first concert in Maui, which resulted in a class action lawsuit involving 8,000 plaintiffs. Attendees received tickets and, in some cases, reimbursements for out of pocket expenses. The band performed in early November at an auto race in Abu Dhabi.\n", "On November 9, 2009, the media reported that Tyler had no contact with the other members of Aerosmith and that they were unsure if he was still in the band. On November 10, 2009, Joe Perry confirmed Tyler had quit Aerosmith to pursue a solo career and was unsure whether the move was indefinite. No replacement was announced. Despite rumors of leaving the band, and notwithstanding Perry's comment as reported earlier the same day, Tyler joined The Joe Perry Project onstage November 10, 2009, at the Fillmore New York at Irving Plaza and performed \"Walk This Way\". According to sources at the event, Tyler assured the crowd that despite rumors to the contrary, he is \"not quitting Aerosmith.\"\n", "On December 22, 2009, \"Rolling Stone\" reported that Tyler had checked into rehab for pain management. In 2010, he embarked on the Cocked, Locked, Ready to Rock Tour with Aerosmith, which had them perform over 40 concerts in 18 countries. On September 16, 2010, it was reported he would have his first solo project. He wrote \"Love Lives\", a theme song for the Japanese sci-fi movie \"Space Battleship Yamato\". The song was based on the English translated script, as well as on some clips of the film itself. The single was released on November 24, a week before the movie was released. A preview of the single can be heard in the movie's trailers. On September 22, 2010, Fox confirmed that Tyler would replace Simon Cowell as a judge for the tenth season of \"American Idol\" alongside Randy Jackson and fellow new judge Jennifer Lopez (who replaced Kara DioGuardi and Ellen DeGeneres). In December 2010, Tyler performed at the Kennedy Center Honors, honoring Paul McCartney by performing several tracks from \"Abbey Road\".\n", "On January 19, 2011, Tyler made his debut appearance as a judge on \"American Idol\", during the premiere of the show's 10th season, which aired through the end of May. On April 2, 2011, Tyler presented an award at the 2011 Kids' Choice Awards. The following day, he performed with Carrie Underwood at the Academy of Country Music Awards. Underwood and Tyler performed Underwood's song \"Undo It\" and completed their segment with an energetic version of the Aerosmith classic \"Walk This Way\". On May 3, 2011, he released his autobiography \"Does the Noise in My Head Bother You?\", which reached number two on \"The New York Times\" Best Seller List in the category Hardcover Non-fiction. The book was accompanied by the new single \"(It) Feels So Good\", released May 10. The single reached number 35 on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100. In addition, during breaks in between \"Idol\", Tyler worked on new material for Aerosmith's next studio album. Tyler performed the Aerosmith song \"Dream On\" on the season finale of \"American Idol\" on May 25.\n", "Throughout the summer of 2011, Tyler worked with the other members of Aerosmith on the band's next studio album, scheduled for release in the spring of 2012. In September 2011, he starred as the inspiration for Andy Hilfiger's fashion line, \"Andrew Charles\". Tyler developed a signature scarf collection called \"Rock Scarf\" for Andrew Charles. On October 22, 2011, Tyler set off for an 18-date Aerosmith tour across Latin America and Japan. On October 25, it was reported by TMZ that Tyler slipped in his hotel shower in Paraguay and injured his face, including losing several teeth. Tyler was rushed to the hospital, and the scheduled show was postponed for the following night. When he did finally perform after the opening song, he proudly displayed his broken tooth which he had on a string around his neck. He then removed his sunglasses to reveal a nasty black eye. The tour wrapped up on December 10 in Sapporo, Japan.\n", "On January 22, 2012, Tyler sang the National Anthem at the AFC Championship Game. On March 11, 2012, a special about Aerosmith aired on \"60 Minutes\", where some of the comments made by the band members highlighted the still-contentious relationships in the band. On March 22, Perry surprised Tyler with a performance of \"Happy Birthday\" on \"American Idol\" in advance of Tyler's 64th birthday. On March 26, 2012, Aerosmith announced their \"Global Warming Tour\" with dates in many major North American cities from June 16 to August 8, preceded by a performance on May 30 for Walmart shareholders. In April, a Burger King television commercial featuring Tyler debuted. Aerosmith's new album, \"Music from Another Dimension!\" was set for release on November 6, 2012 and the band debuted their new single \"Legendary Child\" with a performance of the song on the season finale of \"American Idol\" on May 23.\n", "On July 12, 2012, Tyler announced that he would be leaving \"American Idol\" after two seasons, with a statement saying, \"After some long ... hard ... thoughts ... I've decided it's time for me to let go of my mistress 'American Idol' before she boils my rabbit. I strayed from my first love, AEROSMITH, and I'm back — but instead of begging on my hands and knees, I got two fists in the air and I'm kicking the door open with my band. The next few years are going to be dedicated to kicking some serious ass — the ultimate in auditory takeover ...\" However, the reports suggest that Tyler was dumped by the \"American Idol\" bosses. Tyler has since indicated that his troubles with his bandmates were the primary reason he signed up to do \"American Idol\". He was replaced by Keith Urban.\n", "On August 12, Aerosmith wrapped up the first leg of their Global Warming Tour with a rescheduled performance in Bristow, Virginia, and on August 28, the band released two singles simultaneously, the rocker \"Lover Alot\" and the ballad \"What Could Have Been Love\", both of which were coproduced and cowritten by Tyler. On September 22, Aerosmith performed at the iHeartRadio music festival in Las Vegas. On November 6, the new Aerosmith album \"Music from Another Dimension!\" was released, and on November 8, the band began the second leg of their Global Warming Tour, which took the band to 14 North American cities through December 13. On January 21, 2013, Aerosmith released \"Can't Stop Lovin' You\" (featuring Carrie Underwood) as the fourth single from \"Music from Another Dimension!\". He briefly returned to \"American Idol\" in season 12, auditioning dressed up as a woman named \"Pepper\" in front of the judges (Randy Jackson, Nicki Minaj, Keith Urban, and Mariah Carey). He also visited the judges when they were auditioning contestants in November 2012 in Oklahoma City while Tyler also happened to be in town for a concert on Aerosmith's Global Warming Tour. The episode aired on January 31, 2013.\n", "On February 20, it was announced that Tyler and his songwriting partner Joe Perry would be recipients of the ASCAP Founders Award at the society's 30th Annual Pop Music Awards on April 17. Two days later, it was announced that the duo would be inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame at a ceremony to be held on June 13.\n", "In late April and early May 2013, Aerosmith extended their Global Warming Tour to Australia, New Zealand, the Philippines, and Singapore. This marked the band's first performances in Australia in 23 years, and the band's first-ever performances in the latter three countries. While down-under in April 2013, Tyler told New Zealand media of his \"dear Maori friends\" and why the band had opted only to play Dunedin for their first New Zealand concert date. He also confessed to having the hots for J-Lo (Jennifer Lopez) while working on \"American Idol\" and told of how it turned out to be one of the best things he ever did. Tyler also appeared in Moscow, Russia on November 9 for the Miss Universe 2013 pageant as one of the judges and performed \"Dream On\". On May 30, Aerosmith performed as part of the \"Boston Strong\" charity concert for victims of the Boston Marathon bombings. The band also performed at a handful of shows in the U.S. and Japan in July and August In the fall of 2013, Aerosmith extended their tour to Central and South America, including their first-ever performances in Guatemala, El Salvador and Uruguay.\n", "From May 17 to June 28, 2014, Tyler performed 15 shows with Aerosmith on the European leg of the Global Warming Tour. This was followed by the Let Rock Rule Tour (featuring Slash with Myles Kennedy and the Conspirators as the opening act), which sent Aerosmith to 19 locations across North America from July 10 to September 12.\n", "Section::::Career.:\"We're All Somebody from Somewhere\" solo album, \"Out on a Limb\" solo tour, and continued touring with Aerosmith (2015–present).\n", "On March 31, 2015, Tyler stated that he was working on his first solo country album. On April 6, it was announced that he signed a record deal with Scott Borchetta's Dot Records (a division of the Big Machine Label Group). On May 13, Tyler released the lead single, \"Love Is Your Name\", from his forthcoming debut album. He promoted the song on the \"Bobby Bones Show\", iHeartMedia, \"CBS This Morning\", \"Entertainment Tonight\", and the \"American Idol\" season-14 finale. To increase his exposure to the country audience, Tyler appeared as himself in an episode of the musical drama series \"Nashville\", performing a cover of \"Crazy\" with Juliette Barnes (portrayed by Hayden Pannettiere).\n", "On June 13, Tyler rejoined his Aerosmith bandmates for the Blue Army Tour, which sent the band to 17 North American locations through August 7; this was followed by a one-off performance in Moscow on September 5. From the fall of 2015 through the spring of 2016, Tyler completed work on his solo album, \"We're All Somebody from Somewhere\", which was released on July 15, 2016. A second single, \"Red, White & You\", was released in January 2016, followed by the third single (the title track) in June 2016. From July through September 2016, Tyler will be performing with his backing band Loving Mary on the 19-date Out on a Limb Tour; this was preceded by a pair of performances in Niagara Falls in March 2016 and a benefit show for his charity Janie's Fund in New York City in May 2016.\n", "Since December 2015, in various interviews, Tyler and fellow Aerosmith bandmates Brad Whitford and Joe Perry all discussed the possibility of an Aerosmith farewell tour or \"wind-down tour\" slated to start in 2017. Perry has suggested the tour could last for two years and Tyler said it could potentially last \"forever\"; Tyler and Whitford also discussed the potential of doing one last studio album.\n", "From September through October 2016, Tyler rejoined Aerosmith for a nine-date tour of Latin America, called the Rock 'N' Roll Rumble Tour, preceded by a performance at the Kaaboo Festival in San Diego.\n", "In April 2017, Tyler performed with Aerosmith in Phoenix, Arizona for the NCAA Final Four Men's Basketball Tournament and also performed two solo shows with Loving Mary in Japan. Tyler rejoined Aerosmith for a \"farewell\" tour of Europe in the spring and summer of 2017, titled the Aero-Vederci Baby! Tour. After the European leg concluded in July, the band played in South America in September and October 2017 The last few dates of the tour had to be canceled, however, due to health issues. Tyler also performed a handful of solo shows in 2017 with The Loving Mary Band.\n", "In January 2018, Tyler hosted an inaugural red carpet gala for his charity “Janie's Fund” during the 60th Grammy Awards. In February, he starred in a commercial for Kia Motors that aired during Super Bowl LII; the ad featured Tyler as a race car driver that went back in time, set to the soundtrack of the Aerosmith classic “Dream On”. In the spring and summer of 2018, Tyler played approximately two dozen concerts across North America and Europe with The Loving Mary Band as his backing band. \n", "On August 15, Tyler appeared with Aerosmith on NBC's \"Today\" show to announce a residency in Las Vegas called “”, a reference to both Las Vegas casino gambling and their 1994 single of the same name. The band will play 35 shows during the months of April, June, July, and September thru December of 2019 at the Park Theater. In mid July, the band will perform at a festival in Minnesota, and in August, they will play a total of nine shows spread across three MGM venues in Maryland, New Jersey, and Massachusetts.\n", "Section::::Dirico Motorcycles (Red Wing Motorcycles).\n", "On September 15, 2007, at New Hampshire International Speedway, Tyler announced the launch of Dirico Motorcycles, which are designed by Tyler, engineered by Mark Dirico, and built by AC Custom Motorcycles in Manchester, New Hampshire. Tyler has been a long-time motorcycle fan and riding enthusiast,\n", "Steven Tyler also participates in a variety of charity auctions involving motorcycles, including the Ride for Children charity.\n", "Section::::Politics.\n", "In the early months of 2013, an act was forwarded into the Hawaii legislature entitled the Steven Tyler Act (Hawaii Senate Bill 465). The act would give more privacy to public figures such as government officials and celebrities on vacation. Tyler and numerous other celebrities all lobbied for it. The legislation would give public figures the right to sue paparazzi for taking unwanted photographs. The bill's sponsor is Maui state legislator J. Kalani English. The bill was cleared through the Judiciary Committee on Friday, February 8, 2013. Tyler is registered as a Republican.\n", "Section::::Personal life.\n", "Section::::Personal life.:Julia Holcomb.\n", "In 1975, Tyler persuaded the parents of 16-year-old groupie Julia Holcomb to sign over guardianship to him so that she could live with him in Boston. They dated and took drugs together for three years. Holcomb was referred to as \"Diana Hall\" by the editor of the Aerosmith autobiography \"Walk This Way\" in an attempt to conceal her identity, but other sources have confirmed her identity. Pressures leading to their split included their age difference (Tyler was 27 when they first met), a withdrawn marriage proposal, a house fire, and a planned pregnancy that resulted in an abortion when Tyler was worried that the fire's smoke, as well as drugs, might lead to birth defects.\n", "Band member Ray Tabano wrote in \"Walk This Way\" that the abortion \"really messed Steven up,” because the child was a boy. Tyler wrote, \"It was a big crisis. It's a major thing when you're growing something with a woman, but they convinced us that it would never work out and would ruin our lives. You go to the doctor and they put the needle in her belly and they squeeze the stuff in and you watch. And it comes out dead. I was pretty devastated. In my mind, I'm going, Jesus, what have I done?\" However, Julia Holcomb has said that Tyler was snorting cocaine while watching the abortion and offered some to her.\n", "Julia Holcomb revealed her regret for having the abortion, joined the Silent No More organization of women who have regretted their abortions, and converted to Catholicism.\n", "Section::::Personal life.:Family and relationships.\n", "Tyler had a brief relationship with fashion model Bebe Buell, during which he fathered actress Liv Tyler, born in 1977. Buell initially claimed that the father was Todd Rundgren to protect her daughter from Tyler's drug addiction. Through Liv's marriage to British musician Royston Langdon and relationship with entertainment manager David Gardner, Tyler has three grandchildren.\n", "In 1978, he married Cyrinda Foxe, an ex-Warhol model, and the former wife of New York Dolls' lead singer David Johansen, and fathered model Mia Tyler (born on December 22, 1978). He and Foxe divorced in 1987; in 1997, she published \"Dream On: Livin' on the Edge With Steven Tyler and Aerosmith\", a memoir of her life with Tyler. Foxe died from brain cancer in 2002.\n", "On May 28, 1988, in Tulsa, Oklahoma, Tyler married clothing designer Teresa Barrick. With Barrick, he fathered a daughter, Chelsea, in 1989 and a son, Taj, in 1991. In February 2005, the couple announced that they were separating due to personal problems.\n", "The divorce was finalized in January 2006.\n", "Tyler began a relationship with Erin Brady in 2006. They got engaged in December of 2011. In January, 2013, Tyler and Brady broke off their engagement.\n", "Tyler is the cousin of Tommy Tallarico, co-creator of the concert series Video Games Live.\n", "Section::::Personal life.:Throat surgery.\n", "In 2006 immediately after a two-hour performance in Florida, Tyler got into an argument during which he yelled. He awoke the next morning to find that he had a hoarse voice. On March 22, 2006, the \"Washington Post\" reported that Tyler would undergo surgery for an \"undisclosed medical condition\". A statement from Tyler's publicist read in part, \"Despite Aerosmith's desire to keep the tour going as long as possible, [Tyler's] doctors advised him not to continue performing to give his voice time to recover.\" Aerosmith's remaining North American tour dates in 2006 on the Rockin' the Joint Tour were subsequently canceled.\n", "The cause was diagnosed as a ruptured blood vessel in his throat, which was successfully sealed off using a laser by Dr. Steven M. Zeitels, director of the Massachusetts General Hospital Center for Laryngeal Surgery and Voice Rehabilitation. In the words of Tyler: \"He just took a laser and zapped the blood vessel.\" After a few weeks of rest, Tyler and the rest of Aerosmith entered the studio on May 20, 2006, to begin work on their new album.\n", "Tyler's first public performance after the surgery was July 3–4, 2006, with Joe Perry at the Hatch Shell in Boston, with the Boston Pops Orchestra. The duo sang \"Dream On\", \"Walk This Way\", and \"I Don't Want to Miss a Thing\" as part of the Boston Pops July 4 Fireworks Spectacular.\n", "Tyler's throat surgery was featured in 2007 on an episode of the National Geographic Channel series, \"Incredible Human Machine\".\n", "Section::::Personal life.:Hepatitis C.\n", "In a September 2006 interview with \"Access Hollywood\", Tyler revealed that he had been suffering from hepatitis C for the past 11 years. He was diagnosed with the disease in 2003 and had undergone extensive treatment from 2003–2006, including 11 months of interferon therapy, which he said was \"agony\". The disease is usually spread through blood-to-blood contact, or with sharing used needles.\n", "Section::::Philanthropy and Impact.\n", "Tyler launched Janie's Fund – named after Aerosmith's 1989 track “Janie's Got a Gun” – in 2015 to providing protection and counseling for young female victims of abuse, and he has helped raise over $2.4 million for the organization since then. Janie's House, established in 2017 in Atlanta, offers shelter from the victims of abuse or neglect, with space for 30 live-in clients and 24-hour medical facilities available.\n", "Section::::Awards and nominations.\n", "Emmy Award\n", "BULLET::::- 2011 – \"Outstanding Performer In An Animated Program\" – For playing \"The Mad Hatter\" on The Wonder Pets: Adventures in Wonderland (nominated)\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "Steven Victor Tallarico", "00075997903 IPI", "00128625765 IPI", "Steven Tallarico" ] }, "description": "American singer, songwriter, keyboardist", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q194045", "wikidata_label": "Steven Tyler", "wikipedia_title": "Steven Tyler" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Yungchen Lhamo\n", "Yungchen Lhamo (Tibetan: དབྱངས་ཅན་ལྷ་མོ) is a Tibetan singer-songwriter living in New York City. She won an Australian Record Industry Association award (ARIA) for best Folk/World/Traditional album, and was then signed by Peter Gabriel's Realworld Record label.\n", "Yungchen has performed with Billy Corgan (Smashing Pumpkins) and has sung duets with Natalie Merchant on \"Ophelia\". She collaborated with Annie Lennox on her album \"Ama\". Lhamo's recordings have been used in \"Seven Years in Tibet\" and many Tibetan documentaries. Yungchen has also performed at other venues such as London's Royal Festival Hall, New York City's Carnegie Hall, and Berlin's Philharmonic Hall.\n", "Section::::Life and career.\n", "div style=\"text-align:justify;\"\n", "Yungchen Lhamo has toured extensively throughout the world, singing unaccompanied, a combination of songs of her own unique composition and traditional Buddhist chant and mantras. She has performed with artists including Annie Lennox, Peter Gabriel, Billy Corgan, Natalie Merchant, Bono, Sheryl Crow and Michael Stipe. She has performed in the Lilith Fair Festival and toured widely as a part of the WOMAD World music festivals.\n", "Lhamo's name means \"Goddess of Song\" – a name given to her by a lama soon after she was born near Lhasa. Yungchen left Tibet in 1989 to make pilgrimage to Dharamsala. She was inspired to reach out to world through her music. She moved to Australia in 1993, then to New York City in 2000.\n", "Lhamo's Australian debut album, \"Tibetan Prayer\", produced by John Prior, won the ARIA Music Awards for best Folk/World/Traditional Music release in 1995. She is the first Tibetan singer to win a prestigious music industry award. The success of that record led to her signing with Peter Gabriel's Real World label. Her first record for the label, \"Tibet, Tibet\", mainly features a cappella renditions of original compositions—authentic Tibetan Buddhist prayers and songs. Her next recording, \"Coming Home\", was a collaboration with producer Hector Zazou, showcasing her voice, and also featuring chanting by Tibetan monks, a wide range of mostly modern Western instruments, and the benefits of multi-track recording, enabling Lhamo's voice to be layered repeatedly.\n", "On November 20, 22 and 24, 2007, at the Louvre Museum in Paris, Yungchen accompanied a site-specific dance work 'Walking The Line' by American choreographer Bill T. Jones. This performance, with solo percussion by Florent Jodelet, took place in one of the museum's locations (the one-hundred meter perspective) stretching from the Winged Victory of Samothrace, to the Renaissance Arch (from the Stanga Palace) in which the celebrated sculptures \"The Dying Slave\" and \"The Rebellious Slave\" (c1513) by Michelangelo are exhibited.\n", "Lhamo's album \"Ama\" (which means Mother in the Tibetan language) was released in April 2006 and was produced by Iranian-American musician Jamshied Sharifi. Featured artists include Annie Lennox and Joy Askew. Yungchen's music has earned her recognition by the Province of Genoa, Italy, as a “Messenger of Peace” and she was awarded the title of “Ambassador of Culture”.\n", "Section::::Discography.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Tibetan Prayer\" (1995)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Tibet, Tibet\" (1996)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Coming Home\" (1998)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Ama\" (2006)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Tayatha\" (Yungchen Lhamo & Anton Batagov) (2013)\n", "Section::::References.\n", "BULLET::::- or ARCHIVED here at The Internet Archive\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Official website\n", "BULLET::::- Yungchen's Real World\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "Tibetan musician", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q2507975", "wikidata_label": "Yungchen Lhamo", "wikipedia_title": "Yungchen Lhamo" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Frederick W. Lanchester\n", "Frederick William Lanchester LLD, Hon FRAeS, FRS (23 October 1868 – 8 March 1946), was an English polymath and engineer who made important contributions to automotive engineering and to aerodynamics, and co-invented the topic of operations research.\n", "Lanchester became a pioneer British motor-car builder, a hobby which resulted in his developing a successful car company, and is considered one of the \"big three\" English car engineers - alongside Harry Ricardo and Henry Royce.\n", "Section::::Biography.\n", "Lanchester was born in Lewisham, London to Henry Jones Lanchester (1834–1914), an architect, and his wife Octavia (1834-1916), a tutor of Latin and mathematics. He was the fourth of eight children; his older brother Henry Vaughan Lanchester also became an architect; his younger sister Edith Lanchester was a socialist and suffragette; and his brothers George Herbert Lanchester and Frank joined him in forming the Lanchester Motor Company.\n", "When he was a year old, his father relocated the family to Brighton, and young Frederick attended a preparatory school and a nearby boarding school, where he did not distinguish himself. He himself, thinking back, remarked that, \"it seemed that Nature was conserving his energy\". However, he did succeed in winning a scholarship to the Hartley Institution, in Southampton, and after three years won another scholarship, to Kensington College, which is now part of Imperial College. He supplemented his instruction in applied engineering by attending evening classes at Finsbury Technical School. Unfortunately, he ended his education without having obtained a formal qualification.\n", "When he completed his education in 1888, he acquired a job as a Patent Office draughtsman for £3 a week. About this time he registered a patent for an isometrograph, a draughtsman's instrument for hatching, shading and other geometrical design work.\n", "In 1919, at the age of fifty-one, Lanchester married Dorothea Cooper, the daughter of Thomas Cooper, the vicar of St Peter's Church in Field Broughton in Lancashire. The couple relocated to 41 Bedford Square, London, but in 1924 Lanchester built a house to his own design (Dyott End) in Oxford Road, Moseley, Birmingham. The couple remained there for the rest of their life together but did not have any children.\n", "He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1922, and in 1926 the Royal Aeronautical Society awarded him a fellowship and a gold medal.\n", "In 1925 Lanchester founded a company named Lanchester Laboratories Ltd., to perform industrial research and development work. Although he developed an improved radio and gramophone speaker, he was unable to market it successfully because of the Great Depression. He continued, overworking, until in 1934 his health failed and the company was forced to close. He was diagnosed eventually with Parkinson's disease and was reportedly much grieved that this, along with cataracts in both eyes, prevented him from \"doing any official job\" during the Second World War.\n", "He was awarded gold medals by the Institution of Civil Engineers in 1941 and the Institution of Mechanical Engineers in 1945.\n", "Although he achieved his fame by his creative brilliance as an engineer, Frederick Lanchester was a man of diverse interests, blessed with a fine singing voice. Using the pseudonym of Paul Netherton-Herries he published two volumes of poetry.\n", "Lanchester, who had never been successful commercially, lived the remainder of his life in straitened circumstances, and it was only through charitable help that he was able to remain in his home. He died at his home, Dyott End, on 8 March 1946.\n", "Section::::Work.\n", "Section::::Work.:Gas engines.\n", "Near the end of 1888, Lanchester went to work for the Forward Gas Engine Company of Saltley, Birmingham as assistant works manager. His contract of employment included a clause stating that any technical improvements that he made would be the intellectual property of the company. Lanchester wisely struck this out before signing. This action was prescient, for in 1889 he invented and patented a Pendulum Governor to control engine speeds, for which he received a royalty of ten shillings for each one fitted to a Forward Engine. In 1890 he patented a Pendulum Accelerometer, for recording the acceleration and braking of road and rail vehicles.\n", "After the death of the current works manager, Lanchester was promoted to his job. He then designed a new gas engine of greater size and power than any produced by the company before. The engine was a vertical one with horizontal, opposed poppet valves for inlet and exhaust. The engine had a very low compression ratio, but was very economical to operate.\n", "In 1890 Lanchester patented a self-starting device for gas engines. He subsequently sold the rights for his invention to the Crossley Gas Engine Company for a handsome sum.\n", "He rented a small workshop next to the Forward Company's works and used this for experimental work of his own. In this workshop, he produced a small vertical single cylinder gas engine of , running at 600 rpm. This was coupled directly to a dynamo, which Lanchester used to light the Company's office and part of the factory.\n", "Section::::Work.:Petrol engines.\n", "Lanchester began to find the conflict between his job as works manager and his research work irksome. Therefore, in 1893, he resigned his job in favour of his younger brother George. At about the same time, he produced a second engine type similar in design to his previous one but operating on benzene at 800 rpm. An important part of his new engine was the revolutionary carburettor, for mixing the fuel and air correctly. His invention was known as a wick carburettor, because fuel was drawn into a series of wicks, from where it was vapourised. He patented this invention in 1905.\n", "Lanchester installed his new petrol engine in a flat-bottomed launch, which the engine drove via a stern paddle wheel. Lanchester built the launch in the garden of his home in Olton, Warwickshire. The boat was launched at Salter's slipway in Oxford in 1904, and was the first motorboat built in Britain.\n", "Section::::Work.:Cars.\n", "Having put a petrol engine in a boat, the next logical step was to use it for road transport. Lanchester set about designing a four-wheeled vehicle to be driven by a petrol engine. He designed a new petrol engine of , with two crankshafts rotating in opposite directions, for exemplary smoothness, and air cooling by way of vanes mounted on the flywheel. There was a revolutionary epicyclic gearbox (years before Henry Ford adopted it) giving two forward speeds plus reverse, and which drove the rear wheels \"via\" chains. With a walnut body, it seated three, side by side. (By contrast, Rudolf Egg's tricycle had a 3 hp (2.2 kW) 402 cc {24½in) de Dion-Bouton single and was capable of 40 km/h {25 mph}, and Léon Bollée's trike a 1.9 kW {2.5 hp} 650 cc (40 in) engine of his own design, capable of over 50 km/h {30 mph}.\n", "Lanchester's car was completed in 1895 and given its first test run in 1896, and proved to be unsatisfactory, being underpowered and having transmission problems. Lanchester designed a new 8 hp (6 kW) 2,895 cc (177 in) air-cooled engine with two horizontally opposed cylinders, still with two crankshafts. He also re-designed the epicyclic gearbox and combined it with the engine. A driveshaft connected the gearbox to a live axle. The new engine and transmission were fitted to the original 1895 car.\n", "Lanchester had relocated his business to larger workshops in Ladywood Road, Fiveways, Birmingham as work on the car progressed and had also sold his house to help finance the cost of his research. A second car was then built with the same engine and transmission but with Lanchester's own design of cantilever suspension. This was completed in 1898 and won a Gold Medal for its design and performance at the Automobile Exhibition and Trials at Richmond. It became known as the Gold Medal Phaeton.\n", "In 1898, Lanchester designed a water-cooled version of his engine, which was fitted to a boat, driving a propeller. In 1900 the Gold Medal Phaeton was entered for the first Royal Automobile Club 1,000 Miles Trial and completed the course successfully after one mechanical failure en route.\n", "Section::::Work.:Lanchester Engine Company.\n", "In December 1899 Lanchester and his brothers created the Lanchester Engine Company in order to manufacture cars that could be sold to the public. A factory was acquired in Montgomery Street, Sparkbrook, Birmingham, known as the Armourer Works. In his new factory, Lanchester designed a new ten horsepower twin cylinder engine. He decided to use a worm drive transmission and designed a machine to cut the worm gears. He patented this machine in 1905 and it continued for 25 years to produce all of the Lanchester worm gears. He also introduced the use of splined shafts and couplings in place of keys and keyways, another innovation that he patented. The back axle had roller bearings and Lanchester designed the machines to make these. His car was designed with the engine placed between the two front seats rather than at the front, and also had a side mounted tiller rather than a steering wheel. The transmission also included a system similar to modern disc brakes that clamped the clutch disc for braking, rather than using a separate system as in most cars.\n", "The new 10hp car appeared in 1901 and remained in production until 1905, with only minor design modifications. He became a friend of Rudyard Kipling and would send him experimental models to test. In 1905, Lanchester produced a 20hp four-cylinder engine, and in 1906 he produced a 28hp six-cylinder engine. Although Sir Henry Royce had already tackled the problem of crankshaft torsional oscillation and consequent vibration in straight-6 engines, Lanchester analysed the problem scientifically and invented the torsional crankshaft vibration damper as a solution to the problem of engine balance. His design, patented in 1907, used a secondary flywheel coupled to the end of the crankshaft with a viscous clutch. At around the same time Lanchester also patented a harmonic balancer to cancel out the unbalanced secondary forces in a four-cylinder engine, using two balance weights rotating at twice crankshaft speed in opposite directions.\n", "The Lanchester Engine Company sold about 350 cars of various designs between 1900 and 1904, when they became bankrupt due to the incompetence of the Board of Directors. It was immediately reformed as The Lanchester Motor Company. During this period he also experimented with fuel injection, turbochargers, added steering wheels in 1907 and invented the accelerator pedal to help control engine operation, which previously would not cease if the operator had problems. He invented (or was the first to use) detachable wire wheels, bearings that were pressure-fed with oil, stamped steel pistons, piston rings, hollow connecting rods, the torsional vibration damper for 6-cylinder engines, and the harmonic balancer for 4-cylinder designs.\n", "Eventually Lanchester became disillusioned with the activities of the company's directors, and in 1910 resigned as general manager, becoming their part-time consultant and technical adviser. His brothers, George and Frank, assumed technical and administrative responsibility for the company.\n", "Section::::Work.:Daimler Company.\n", "In 1909 Lanchester became a technical consultant for the Daimler Company where he became involved in a number of engineering projects including the Daimler-Knight engine, variants of which powered the petrol-electric KPL bus and the Daimler-Renard Road Train, and the first British heavy tanks of World War I and powered all Daimler cars from 1909 to the mid 1930s winning in 1909 the coveted RAC Dewar Trophy.\n", "BULLET::::- Daimler-Knight engines\n", "Working with Daimler in Coventry, the American inventor Charles Knight had obtained a British patent for his modified Knight engine on 6 June 1908, and in September 1908 Daimler announced the first 4-cylinder Daimler-Knight engine a double sleeve-valve design developed from Knight's 1904 patents. Daimler had put all its resources into this \"rather unsatisfactory engine\" (according to Harry Ricardo), but although Lanchester continued to develop and work on the design, \"he had realised that it was a forlorn hope from the start.\"\n", "BULLET::::- KPL bus\n", "The hybrid petrol-electric KPL (Knight-Pieper-Lanchester) bus used a pair of 4-cylinder, 12 h.p. (R.A.C. rating) Daimler-Knight engines each coupled to a dynamotor driving one of the rear wheels, using a patent of Henri Pieper. The bus was announced in June 1910 but the Tilling-Stevens company (an associate of the London General Omnibus Company) threatened a patent infringement action, and it was withdrawn in May 1911 after only 10 buses had been made.\n", "BULLET::::- Daimler-Renard Road Train\n", "Daimler began importing the Renard Road Train in February 1907. Daimler fitted a number of four-cylinder 'pre-Knight' engines in the Road Train; Lanchester's development work resulted in a 75/80 hp Daimler-Knight 6-cylinder engine for the Daimler-Renard tractor unit in 1910. \n", "The Birmingham Small Arms company (BSA) bought Daimler in 1910, and Lanchester became consultant engineer to the new parent company.\n", "BULLET::::- Daimler-Foster tractors\n", "A larger 100 hp 6-cylinder engine with twin crankshafts each driving a sleeve-valve appeared in January 1912, fitted to the larger of two Daimler-Foster agricultural tractors ('Agritractors') made in conjunction with William Foster & Co. of Lincoln. According to Harry Ricardo, the duplication of the whole of the valve operating mechanism involved excessive mechanical complication and introduced grave difficulties in the way of mechanical synchronization. Lanchester designed a new cylinder head for sleeve-valve engines and patented it with Daimler in February 1913. Gaining an extra 5 hp by April 1913, the 105 hp Daimler-Knight engine (coupled with the tractor's massive transmission designed by William Tritton) powered the Daimler-Foster Artillery Tractor, the No. 1 Lincoln Machine, Little Willie, and the British Mark I-IV tanks during World War I.\n", "Lanchester's contract with Daimler was terminated after the Wall Street Crash of 1929; the Lanchester Motor Company's overdraft was also withdrawn, forcing immediate liquidation of its assets. BSA group, the owners of Daimler since 1910, completed the purchase of the Lanchester company in January 1931 and moved production to Radford, Coventry.\n", "Section::::Work.:Aeronautics.\n", "Lanchester began to study aeronautics seriously in 1892, eleven years before the first successful powered flight. Whilst crossing the Atlantic on a voyage to the United States, Lanchester studied the flight of herring gulls, seeing how they were able to use motionless wings to catch up-currents of air. He measured various birds to see how the centre of gravity compared with the centre of support. As a result of his deliberations, Lanchester, eventually formulated his circulation theory of flight. This is the basis of aerodynamics and the foundation of modern aerofoil theory. In 1894 he tested his theory on a number of models. In 1897 he presented a paper entitled \"The soaring of birds and the possibilities of mechanical flight\" to the Physical Society, but it was rejected, being too advanced for its time. Lanchester realised that powered flight required an engine with a much greater power-to-weight ratio than any existing engine. He proposed to design and build such an engine, but was advised that no one would take him seriously.\n", "Lanchester was discouraged by the attitude to his aeronautical theory, and concentrated on automobile development for the next ten years. In 1906 he published the first part of a two-volume work, \"Aerial Flight\", dealing with the problems of powered flight . In it, he developed a model for the vortices that occur behind wings during flight, which included the first full description of lift and drag. His book was not well received in England, but created interest in Germany where the scientist Ludwig Prandtl mathematically confirmed the correctness of Lanchester's vortex theory. In his second volume, Lanchester turned his attention to aircraft stability, \"Aerodonetics\" , developing his phugoid theory which contained a description of oscillations and stalls. During this work he outlined the basic layout used in most aircraft since then. Lanchester's contribution to aeronautical science was not recognised until the end of his life.\n", "In 1909 H. H. Asquith's Advisory Committee for Aeronautics was established, and Lanchester was appointed a member. Lanchester guessed correctly that aircraft would play an increasingly important part in warfare, unlike the military command which envisioned warfare as continuing much the same way it had in the past.\n", "The same year, 1909, Lanchester patented contra-rotating propellers.\n", "In 1914 he gave the Institution of Civil Engineers' 'James Forrest Lecture', on the subject of \"The Flying Machine From An Engineering Standpoint\".\n", "Section::::Work.:Lanchester’s Power Laws.\n", "Lanchester was particularly interested in predicting the outcome of aerial battles. In 1914, before the start of World War I, he published his ideas on aerial warfare in a series of articles in \"Engineering\". They were published in book form in 1916 as \"Aircraft in Warfare: the Dawn of the Fourth Arm\" , and included a description of a series of differential equations that are known now as Lanchester's Power Laws. These laws described how two forces would attrit each other in combat, and demonstrated that the ability of modern weapons to operate at long ranges dramatically changed the nature of combat—a force that was twice as large had been twice as powerful in the past, but now it was four times, the square of the quotient.\n", "Lanchester's Laws were originally applied practically in the United States to study logistics, where they developed into operations research (OR) (operational research in UK usage). OR techniques are now widely used, perhaps most so for business.\n", "Section::::Work.:The post-war company.\n", "After the war, the company introduced the more conventional Forty engine, a rival for the Rolls-Royce 40/50 hp; it was joined in 1924 by an overhead cam 21 hp (RAC Rating) six cylinder engine. In 1921 Lanchester was the first company to export left-hand drive cars. Tinted glass was also introduced on these cars for the first time. A 4440 cc straight eight engine was introduced at the 1928 Southport Rally, again with overhead cams: it proved to be the last \"real\" Lanchester, in 1931 the company was acquired by B.S.A., who had also owned the Daimler Company since 1909. From then until 1956, Lanchester cars were built at the Daimler factory in Coventry as sister cars with Daimler, like R-R with Bentley [ref Lanchester Legacy trilogy].\n", "Section::::Legacy.\n", "Lanchester was respected by most fellow engineers as a genius, but he did not have the business acumen to convert his inventiveness to financial gain. Whereas James Watt had found an able business partner in Matthew Boulton, who managed business affairs, Lanchester had no such assistance. During most of his career he lacked financial backing to be able to develop his ideas and perform research, as he would have liked. He nonetheless made many contributions in many different fields. He wrote more than sixty technical papers for various institutions and organisations, and received awards from a number of bodies.\n", "Section::::Legacy.:Archives.\n", "Lanchester's papers, notebooks, and related material are dispersed between a number of archive collections, including those of Coventry University, the University of Southampton Library, Birmingham Museums Trust, the National Aerospace Library, the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Cambridge University's Churchill Archives Centre and the Bodleian Library at Oxford University.\n", "Section::::Memorials.\n", "In 1970, several colleges in Coventry merged to form Lanchester Polytechnic, so named in memory of Frederick Lanchester. It was renamed Coventry Polytechnic in 1987, and became Coventry University in 1992.\n", "Coventry University's Lanchester library opened in 2000. Its name commemorates Frederick Lanchester and the previous incarnation of the university as Lanchester Polytechnic. Like much of Lanchester's own work, apparently regardless of convention, its form displays the way it functions.\n", "Its distinctive appearance comes from the building's energy efficient specifications, making use of light wells and exhaust stacks to draw air through the building, providing natural ventilation.\n", "An open-air sculpture, the Lanchester Car Monument, in the Bloomsbury, Heartlands, area of Birmingham, designed by Tim Tolkien, is on the site where the Lanchester company built their first four-wheel, petrol car in 1895. It was unveiled by Frank Lanchester's daughter, Mrs Marjorie Bingeman, and the Lanchester historian, Chris Clark at the Centenary Rally in 1995. \n", "Section::::Selected bibliography.\n", "BULLET::::- (Limited ed. of 640 copies.)\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- Phugoid\n", "Section::::References.\n", "BULLET::::- Notes\n", "BULLET::::- Citations\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Dr F. W. Lanchester\" his 1946 obituary in \"Flight\"\n", "BULLET::::- Lanchester Interactive Archive at Coventry University\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "Paul Netherton-Herries", "Fred Lanchester", "Frederick Lanchester", "Frederick William Lanchester" ] }, "description": "British polymath", "enwikiquote_title": "Frederick W. Lanchester", "wikidata_id": "Q1453055", "wikidata_label": "Frederick W. Lanchester", "wikipedia_title": "Frederick W. Lanchester" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Eddie Plank\n", "Edward Stewart Plank (August 31, 1875 – February 24, 1926), nicknamed \"Gettysburg Eddie\", was an American professional baseball player. A pitcher, Plank played in Major League Baseball for the Philadelphia Athletics from 1901 through 1914, the St. Louis Terriers in 1915, and the St. Louis Browns in 1916 and 1917.\n", "Plank was the first left-handed pitcher to win 200 games and then 300 games, and now ranks third in all-time wins among left-handers with 326 career victories (eleventh all time) and first all-time in career shutouts by a left-handed pitcher with 66. Philadelphia went to the World Series five times while Plank played there, but he sat out the 1910 World Series due to an injury. Plank had only a 1.32 earned run average (ERA) in his World Series career, but he was unlucky, with a 2–5 win–loss record in those games.\n", "Plank died of a stroke in 1926. He was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1946.\n", "Section::::Early life.\n", "Plank grew up on a farm near Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. He was the fourth of seven children born to Martha McCreary and David Plank. His father was a school director and tax collector in Gettysburg. Plank did not play baseball until Frank Foreman, the pitching coach at Gettysburg College, asked him to try out for the school's baseball team. History books often erroneously state that Plank graduated from Gettysburg College. He attended Gettysburg Academy, a prep school affiliated with the college. However, he played for the college's team without ever being enrolled there.\n", "Section::::Career.\n", "Plank signed with the Richmond Colts of the Virginia League, a minor league. The league folded before Plank could pitch for the Colts. Foreman recommended Plank to Connie Mack, the manager of the Philadelphia Athletics, and Mack signed Plank to a contract.\n", "Plank made his major league debut for the Athletics on May 13, 1901. As a rookie, Plank pitched to a 17-13 win–loss record with a 3.31 earned run average (ERA) and 28 complete games in 32 games started. He won 20 games for the first time in his career in 1902, as the Athletics won the American League (AL) pennant. He won 23 games in 1903 while leading the AL in games started. In 1905, Plank made his first trip to the World Series. He faced Christy Mathewson in the first game and Joe McGinnity in the fourth game. Though Plank gave up only three runs in 17 innings during the series, the Athletics lost to the New York Giants in five games and did not score an earned run in the entire series. The Athletics returned to the World Series in 1910, but Plank was forced to sit out with a sore arm.\n", "By 1911, Plank was the last member of the Athletics remaining from the 1901 team. The 1911 team made the World Series and faced the Giants again. After Plank won Game Two and lost in a relief appearance in Game Five, the Athletics won the series in six games. In 1913, the Athletics and Giants met again in the World Series, and Plank faced Mathewson in Games Two and Five. Mathewson hit a tenth-inning single off of Plank to set up a Giants victory in Game Two, but Plank and the Athletics bested Mathewson 3–1 in the fifth and deciding game of the series. In 1914, Plank's final year with Philadelphia, he went to the World Series again. Plank pitched a complete game in Game Two, but he lost 1-0 and the Boston Braves won the series in four games.\n", "During his tenure in Philadelphia, Plank was one of the most consistent pitchers in the game, winning over 20 games seven times. In the four World Series in which he played, Plank earned a 1.32 ERA but only a 2–5 win-loss record. He pitched complete games in all six of his World Series starts.\n", "In November 1914, it was rumored that Plank would be sold to the New York Highlanders. In December, Plank signed a contract to play in the Federal League. Mack expressed no regret at Plank's departure, saying, \"I wish him the best of luck... I was through with him. He was after the money. He was a wonderful pitcher and he is a good one yet.\" He played for the outlaw league's St. Louis Terriers and won 21 games, the eighth and final time he reached the 20-win plateau. Some baseball reference works decline to acknowledge the Federal League as a major league, and therefore give Plank credit for only seven 20-win seasons and 305 total wins.\n", "When the Federal League folded, Plank applied for free agency but was declared to belong to the St. Louis Browns for 1916. In September of that year, Plank predicted that he might be able to pitch ten more seasons, saying, \"I don't know whether it is that I have more on the ball this season than I had in other years, but at any rate I feel that I have just as much stuff as I ever did.\" However, by June 1917 newspapers reported that Plank's career was nearly over; he had struggled with arm problems and had left the team at one point due to a nervous breakdown. He retired in October 1917, citing stomach difficulties brought on by the stress of baseball. His final game was a 1–0 11-inning complete game loss to Walter Johnson and the Washington Senators on August 6, 1917. Despite his announcement, the New York Yankees traded pitchers Urban Shocker and Nick Cullop, infielders Fritz Maisel and Joe Gedeon, catcher Les Nunamaker, and cash to the Browns for Plank and Del Pratt. Plank refused to report to New York, insisting he was retired.\n", "Over his career, Plank amassed a 326–194 record, a 2.35 ERA, and 2,246 strikeouts. He won 305 games in the American League (AL), making him that league's winningest left-handed pitcher. In addition, he was the winningest pitcher (left or right-handed) in the AL until 1921, when he was surpassed by Walter Johnson. Plank was known as a finesse pitcher with a good sidearm sweeping curveball. He was also known for his long pauses on the mound, which some claimed lengthened the duration of the games in which he pitched.\n", "Plank was also a good hitting pitcher in his career, compiling a .206 batting average (331-for-1607) with 130 runs scored, 3 home runs, and 122 RBI. He recorded a career .971 fielding percentage, which was 28 points over the league average for AL pitchers from 1901 to 1917.\n", "Section::::Personal life.\n", "Plank married Anna (\"née\" Myers) in 1915. They had a son, named Edward Stewart Plank Jr. Plank's brother Ira was the baseball coach at Gettysburg College for more than twenty years.\n", "Section::::Later life.\n", "After his 1917 retirement, Plank went into the garage business in Gettysburg. He pitched the 1918 season for the Steelton club of the Bethlehem Steel League, an industrial baseball league. Steelton was only 40 miles from his home and the arrangement allowed him to manage his business during the week. He died on February 24, 1926, several days after suffering a stroke. Plank is buried in Evergreen Cemetery in Gettysburg.\n", "Upon hearing of Plank's death, Connie Mack said that he felt like a father who had just lost a son. \"Eddie Plank was one of the smartest left-hand pitchers it has been my pleasure to have on my club. He was short and light, as pitchers go, but he made up for the physical defects, if such they were, by his study of the game and his smartness when he was on the pitching peak\", he said. Former teammate Jack Coombs said, \"I have always been thankful that I was thrown into such intimate contact with so inspiring a man in the days when the majority of ballplayers were of a much lower type than at the present time.\"\n", "Section::::Legacy.\n", "In 1943, former teammate Eddie Collins remembered Plank as the greatest pitcher in baseball. \"Not the fastest. Not the trickiest, and not the possessor of the most stuff, but just the greatest\", Collins said. He was inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1946 and voted into the Pennsylvania Sports Hall of Fame in 1972.\n", "Gettysburg College began planning for the Eddie Plank Memorial Gymnasium at the college shortly after Plank's death. The gym was completed in 1927 and indoor sports such as basketball and wrestling were played there until 1962. A restaurant in downtown Gettysburg honors Plank's career. A portion of Plank's childhood farm is a housing development known as Plank's Field. Plank is mentioned in the poem \"\"Line-Up for Yesterday\"\" by Ogden Nash.\n", "In 2006, a T206 tobacco card featuring Plank was described as the \"second most valuable card in existence.\" It was owned by Arizona Diamondbacks owner Ken Kendrick and was part of a collection that Kendrick loaned to the Baseball Hall of Fame for display there. The most valuable baseball card in existence, a T206 Honus Wagner card, is in the same collection.\n", "The first full-length biography of Eddie Plank entitled \"Gettysburg Eddie: The Story of Eddie Plank\" by Lawrence Knorr was published in 2018 by Sunbury Press.\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- 300 win club\n", "BULLET::::- List of Major League Baseball career wins leaders\n", "BULLET::::- List of Major League Baseball annual saves leaders\n", "BULLET::::- List of Major League Baseball career hit batsmen leaders\n", "BULLET::::- List of Major League Baseball career strikeout leaders\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Eddie Plank Documentary film\n", "BULLET::::- Photograph of Eddie Plank part of Historic Gettysburg Digital Collection at Gettysburg College\n", "BULLET::::- Collins Calls Plank Greatest Pitcher; Kept Batters Waiting, by Harry Grayson, April 19, 1943\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "American baseball player", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q2734900", "wikidata_label": "Eddie Plank", "wikipedia_title": "Eddie Plank" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "J. Meade Falkner\n", "John Meade Falkner (8 May 1858 – 22 July 1932) was an English novelist and poet, best known for his 1898 novel, \"Moonfleet\". An extremely successful businessman as well, he became chairman of the arms manufacturer Armstrong Whitworth during World War I.\n", "Section::::Life and works.\n", "Falkner was born in Manningford Bruce, Wiltshire, and spent much of his childhood in Dorchester and Weymouth. He was educated at Marlborough College and Hertford College, Oxford, graduating with a degree in history in 1882. After Oxford, he was a master at Derby School, then went to Newcastle as tutor to the family of Sir Andrew Noble, who ran Armstrong Whitworth Co., one of the largest arms manufacturers in the world. Falkner eventually followed him as chairman in 1915. In his business travels round the world, Falkner brought back antiquarian treasures of all kinds.\n", "After his retirement as chairman in 1921 he became Honorary Reader in paleography at the University of Durham, as well as Honorary Librarian to the Dean and Chapter Library of Durham Cathedral. Falkner fell in love with Durham and, although he spent his later years travelling frequently, he called Durham his home, living in the Divinity House (now the University Music School) on Palace Green in front of the cathedral from 1902 until his death. There is a commemorative plaque there, while his monument is in the south cloister of the cathedral. He is buried at St John the Baptist Church in Burford, Oxfordshire.\n", "In addition to his three novels and his poetry, he also wrote three topographical guides (Oxfordshire, Bath and Berkshire) and a \"History of Oxfordshire\".\n", "Section::::Bibliography.\n", "Section::::Bibliography.:Fiction.\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Lost Stradivarius\" (1895)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Moonfleet\" (1898)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Nebuly Coat\" (1903)\n", "Section::::Bibliography.:Non-fiction.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Handbook for Travellers in Oxfordshire\" (1894)\n", "BULLET::::- \"A History of Oxfordshire\" (1899)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Handbook for Berkshire\" (1902)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Bath in History and Social Tradition\" (1918) ['by an appreciative visitor']\n", "BULLET::::- \"A History of Durham Cathedral Library, with an Additional Chapter on some Late Durham Bibliophiles\" (1925) [authored with H.D. Hughes]\n", "Section::::References.\n", "BULLET::::- John Meade Falkner, sportsman, at rjbw.net\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Neil Bonnett\n", "Lawrence Neil Bonnett (July 30, 1946 – February 11, 1994) was a NASCAR driver who compiled 18 victories and 20 poles over his 18-year career. The Alabama native currently ranks 45th in all-time NASCAR Cup victories. He appeared in the 1983 film \"Stroker Ace\" and the 1990 film \"Days of Thunder\". Bonnett hosted the TV show \"Winners\" for TNN from 1991 to 1994. He was a color commentator for CBS, TBS, and TNN in the years until his death.\n", "Section::::NASCAR career.\n", "Bonnett began his NASCAR career as a protégé of 1983 Winston Cup champion Bobby Allison, working on the team's cars. He later became part of the famous \"Alabama Gang\" that included himself, Red Farmer and the Allison family: father Bobby, Brother Donnie and, later, Son Davey. He began driving in NASCAR in 1974 and earned his first victory in 1977 at the Capital City 400 in Richmond, Virginia driving for Harry Hyde-Jim Stacy Racing. He had another victory in 1977 at the Los Angeles Times 500, which would be the last Dodge win in NASCAR until 2001. Many in racing circles thought 1978 would be his year to dominate, but troubles with his cars (the new for '78 Dodge Magnum) and financial problems between Hyde and Stacy caused his cars to fail and to drop out of many races. In 1979 he hooked up with the Wood Brothers Racing Team and got his career back on track with three victories. He later won back-to-back World 600s (NASCAR's longest race, now the Coca-Cola 600) in 1982 and 1983 and back-to-back Busch Clash (now Bud Shootout) victories in 1983 and '84, including his first in which he did not win a single pole from the previous season, but was selected as a wild card entry.\n", "In 1984, Bonnett joined Junior Johnson's team, becoming a teammate to Darrell Waltrip. In 1985, he had one of his best seasons, finishing fourth in the points standings while Waltrip went on to win his third championship.\n", "Bonnett participated in International Race of Champions (IROC) during three seasons (1979, 1980, and 1984), and finished second twice.\n", "Bonnett holds the distinction of being the winner of the first ever NASCAR race held outside of North America when he won the 1988 Goodyear NASCAR 500 at the Calder Park Thunderdome in Melbourne, Australia (at the time the newly opened Thunderdome was also the first NASCAR style speedway to be built outside of North America). The race, run two weeks after the Daytona 500, was not a Winston Cup race but featured some drivers from the series including fellow Alabama Gang member Bobby Allison, Michael Waltrip, Dave Marcis and Kyle Petty who were up against Australian drivers somewhat new to NASCAR racing. Bonnet, who had won the Pontiac Excitement 400 at Richmond International Raceway the previous weekend, started from the pole driving his Valvoline sponsored Pontiac Grand Prix. He and Allison (who had won the Daytona 500 two weeks previous), driving a Buick LeSabre, dominated the crash marred, 280 lap 500 km (310 mile) race finishing first and second ahead of Dave Marcis on a day when cabin temperatures were reported to reach over 57° Celsius (135° Fahrenheit) as the race was held during Australia's notoriously hot summer.\n", "On April 1, 1990, Bonnett suffered a life-threatening crash during the TranSouth 500 at Darlington, South Carolina, when his car slammed into Sterling Marlin’s car during a 14-car crash on lap 212. He was left with amnesia and dizziness, he retired from racing and turned to television, becoming a race color commentator for TNN, CBS Sports, and TBS Sports, and hosting the TV show \"Winners\" for TNN.\n", "However, Bonnett still desired to continue racing. In 1992, he began testing cars for good friends Dale Earnhardt and car owner Richard Childress. Cleared to race again in 1993 and upon Earnhardt's suggestion, Childress gave Bonnett a ride for the 1993 DieHard 500 at Talladega Superspeedway which was numbered 31 and sponsored by GM Goodwrench. But his comeback race was marred by a crash in which his car spun, became airborne, and crashed into the spectator fence. He was uninjured and called the rest of the race from the CBS broadcast booth after being cleared at the infield care center. He would also start the final race of the 1993 season in Atlanta, but he dropped out after just three laps. The reason the team gave for removing the car from the race was a blown engine; however, he was teamed with points leader Earnhardt, and the car was retired to assist Earnhardt in winning the season's championship. Earnhardt needed to maximize his finishing position, and by Bonnett quitting the race he was assured of those three championship points. That was Bonnett's final cup start of his career.\n", "Section::::Death.\n", "Despite the setbacks, Bonnett was encouraged because he had secured a ride and sponsorship for at least six races in the 1994 season with car owner James Finch, including the season opening race, the Daytona 500, for Phoenix Racing. But on February 11, 1994, during the first practice session for the 1994 Daytona 500, a shock mount broke causing him to lose control of his Chevrolet on the track's high-banked fourth turn. The car swerved onto the track apron, and then up the steep bank before crashing into the wall nearly head on. Bonnett did not survive the accident; he was 47 years old.\n", "That weekend, another racing death occurred, as 1993 Goody's Dash (four-cylinder) champion Rodney Orr was also killed in a racing crash during the practices surrounding the first weekend. In the middle of the second Goodyear-Hoosier tire war, Hoosier withdrew from the race immediately.\n", "Bonnett is buried in Pleasant Grove's cemetery, Forest Grove Memorial Gardens. A road called \"Allison-Bonnett Memorial Drive\" in his hometown honors him, along with fellow native Davey Allison, who died seven months earlier.\n", "When Earnhardt, Bonnett's colleague, won the 1998 Daytona 500, he dedicated the victory to Bonnett among others.\n", "Three years later Earnhardt himself died in a racing accident during the final lap of the 2001 Daytona 500. About three weeks after the accident, magazine photographers released photographs of Bonnett's autopsy, as well as those of another driver who died a few days later, Rodney Orr, to the public, which led to a lawsuit.\n", "When Brad Keselowski scored Phoenix Racing's first Sprint Cup win 15 years later in the 2009 Aaron's 499 at Talladega Superspeedway, Finch dedicated the win to Bonnett. During the 2013 season, Finch designed the No. 51 car's paint scheme in the Cup and Nationwide Series like Bonnett's 1994 Country Time Chevrolet that he drove shortly before his death.\n", "Section::::In popular culture.\n", "Bonnett was portrayed by the actor Sean Bridgers in the TV movie \"\".\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- List of famous NASCAR drivers\n", "BULLET::::- List of NASCAR fatal accidents\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Neil Bonnett at the International Motorsports Hall of Fame\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "American racing driver", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q1984154", "wikidata_label": "Neil Bonnett", "wikipedia_title": "Neil Bonnett" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Edd Roush\n", "Edd J. Roush (May 8, 1893 – March 21, 1988) was a Major League Baseball player who was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1962. He played the majority of his career at center field, led the National League in hitting twice, and had his best years with the Cincinnati Reds.\n", "Section::::Career.\n", "Roush made his major league debut on August 20, 1913 for the Chicago White Sox. He switched to the fledgling Federal League in and spent two seasons with the Indianapolis Hoosiers, who became the Newark Peppers in . In , he split the season between the New York Giants and the Cincinnati Reds.\n", "With the Reds from 1916 to 1926, the left-handed hitting Roush never batted below .321, batted .352 in 1921, and won the National League batting title in 1917 and 1919, hitting .341 and .321. He was an important part of the Red's World Series championship in 1919, and for his entire life he insisted that even if the White Sox had played the 1919 World Series on the level, the Reds would have won.\n", "Roush led the league in slugging average (.455) in 1918, in doubles (41) in 1923, and in triples (21) in 1924. He was renowned as having the best arm of any outfielder in his era. He held out most of the 1922 season over a salary dispute that continued into spring 1923.\n", "Roush played for the New York Giants again from 1927 until 1929, and then rejoined the Reds for a single season in 1931 before retiring. He sat out the 1930 season over a salary dispute.\n", "Roush finished his 18-year career with a .323 lifetime average, 268 stolen bases and 182 triples. He never struck out more than 25 times in a season and had 30 inside-the-park home runs.\n", "Roush, who used a massive 48-ounce Louisville Slugger (the heaviest bat used in baseball), claimed that he never broke a bat in his big league career.\n", "Section::::Post-playing career.\n", "Roush served one season as the Reds coach alongside his good friend, manager Bill McKechnie, who had previously been his teammate. During his career he had saved his money and was able to retire after he finished playing. He built a house in Bradenton, Florida, and used it as a winter residence. He frequently attended spring training and told stories of the old days. Roush spent most of his time in his hometown of Oakland City, where he served on the town and school boards and ran the Montgomery cemetery for 35 years.\n", "He was one of the 22 players interviewed by Lawrence Ritter and included in the original version of \"The Glory of Their Times\", a ground-breaking book that set a standard for oral histories of baseball.\n", "Section::::Honors.\n", "In addition to Roush's selection into the Baseball Hall of Fame, chosen with McKechnie, he is also a member of the Cincinnati Reds Hall of Fame, inducted in 1960.\n", "Considered the greatest player in Reds' history at the time, Roush was invited to throw out the first ball at the last game at Crosley Field on June 24, 1970. Joe Morgan called Roush \"the best of us all\".\n", "In 1981, Ritter and Donald Honig included Roush in their book \"The 100 Greatest Baseball Players of All Time\".\n", "Section::::Death.\n", "Roush died at the age of 94 on March 21, 1988, in Bradenton, Florida. At the time of his death he was the last surviving Federal League participant and the last surviving 1919 World Series participant.\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- List of Major League Baseball career hits leaders\n", "BULLET::::- List of Major League Baseball career triples leaders\n", "BULLET::::- List of Major League Baseball career runs scored leaders\n", "BULLET::::- List of Major League Baseball career stolen bases leaders\n", "BULLET::::- List of Major League Baseball batting champions\n", "BULLET::::- List of Major League Baseball annual doubles leaders\n", "BULLET::::- List of Major League Baseball annual triples leaders\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Edd Roush Oral History Interview (1 of 3) - National Baseball Hall of Fame Digital Collection\n", "BULLET::::- Edd Roush Oral History Interview (2 of 3) - National Baseball Hall of Fame Digital Collection\n", "BULLET::::- Edd Roush Oral History Interview (3 of 3) - National Baseball Hall of Fame Digital Collection\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "Edd J. Roush" ] }, "description": "American baseball player and coach", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q1282610", "wikidata_label": "Edd Roush", "wikipedia_title": "Edd Roush" }

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Somerset Maugham", "Glynis Johns", "Rex Harrison", "Duke University", "Baltimore", "Boston", "Elspeth March", "Jean Simmons", "Adam and Evelyne", "Young Bess", "Footsteps in the Fog", "Deborah Kerr", "naturalised citizen", "Santa Monica, California", "prostate", "bone cancer", "Antiques Roadshow", "Bunny Campione", "Ivanhoe", "Mogambo", "The King's Thief", "Man of the West", "The Song You Gave Me", "A Southern Maid", "Give Her a Ring", "Over the Garden Wall", "A Southern Maid", "Under Secret Orders", "So This Is London", "Convoy", "Secret Mission", "Thursday's Child", "The Man in Grey", "The Lamp Still Burns", "Fanny by Gaslight", "Love Story", "Madonna of the Seven Moons", "Waterloo Road", "Caesar and Cleopatra", "Caravan", "The Magic Bow", "Captain Boycott", "Blanche Fury", "Saraband for Dead Lovers", "Woman Hater", "Adam and Evelyne", "King Solomon's Mines", "Soldiers Three", "The Light Touch", "The Wild North", "Scaramouche", "The Prisoner of Zenda", "Salome", "Young Bess", "All the Brothers Were Valiant", "Beau Brummell", "Green Fire", "Moonfleet", "Footsteps in the Fog", "The Last Hunt", "Bhowani Junction", "The Little Hut", "Gun Glory", "Harry Black", "The Whole Truth", "North to Alaska", "The Secret Partner", "Sodom and Gomorrah", "The Legion's Last Patrol", "Swordsman of Siena", "The Shortest Day", "The Secret Invasion", "Among Vultures", "The Crooked Road", "Red Dragon", "Flaming Frontier", "The Oil Prince", "Killer's Carnival", "Target for Killing", "Requiem for a Secret Agent", "The Trygon Factor", "The Last Safari", "Any Second Now", "The Hound of the Baskervilles", "Sherlock Holmes", "The Wild Geese", "The Royal Romance of Charles and Diana", "A Hazard of Hearts", "Hell Hunters", "Fine Gold", "Rob Roy", "Leslie Arliss", "Stafford Parker", "Diamond City", "David Farrar", "Christopher Columbus", "Fredric March", "Davis Lewis", "Nunnally Johnson", "The Saxon Charm", "John Huston", "Quo Vadis", "Miguel Cervantes", "Eric Ambler", "I Thank a Fool", "Kinematograph Weekly", "The Virginian", "Hotel", "The Fall Guy", "Murder, She Wrote", "Paint Me a Murder", "The Love Boat", "The Wizard", "Das Erbe der Guldenburgs", "Pros and Cons", "George Bernard Shaw", "Malvern Festival", "Elspeth March", "The Apple Cart", "Malvern Festival", "Gladstone", "Vivien Leigh", "Romeo and Juliet", "Buxton Festival", "Robert Donat", "Constance Cummings", "Flora Robson", "Deborah Kerr", "The Power of Darkness", "Peter Glenville", "Leo Tolstoy", "Jean Simmons", "Rex Harrison", "Glynis Johns", "Lux Radio Theatre", "King Solomon's Mines", "Box office reception of Stewart Granger's films in France", "Britmovie.co.uk", "Photographs and literature", "BBC interview with Gloria Hunniford" ], "wikipedia_id": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", 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{ "paragraph": [ "Stewart Granger\n", "Stewart Granger (born James Lablache Stewart; 6 May 191316 August 1993) was an English film actor, mainly associated with heroic and romantic leading roles. He was a popular leading man from the 1940s to the early 1960s, rising to fame through his appearances in the Gainsborough melodramas.\n", "Section::::Early life.\n", "He was born James Lablache Stewart in Old Brompton Road, Kensington, West London, the only son of Major James Stewart, OBE and his wife Frederica Eliza (née Lablache). Granger was educated at Epsom College and the Webber Douglas Academy of Dramatic Art. He was the great-great-grandson of the opera singer Luigi Lablache and the grandson of the actor Luigi Lablache. When he became an actor, he was advised to change his name in order to avoid being confused with the American actor James Stewart. Granger was his Scottish grandmother's maiden name. Offscreen friends and colleagues continued to call him Jimmy for the rest of his life, but to the general public he became Stewart Granger.\n", "Section::::Career.\n", "Section::::Career.:Extra and theatre work 1933–40.\n", "Granger made his film debut as an extra in 1933, starting with \"The Song You Gave Me\" (1933). He can also be glimpsed in \"Give Her a Ring\" (1933), \"Over the Garden Wall\" (1934) and \"A Southern Maid\" (1934). It was at this time that he met Michael Wilding and they remained friends until Wilding's death in 1979.\n", "Years of theatre work followed, initially at Hull Repertory Theatre and then, after a pay dispute, at Birmingham Repertory Theatre. Here he met Elspeth March, a leading actress with the company, who became his first wife. His productions at Birmingham included \"The Courageous Sex\" and \"Victoria, Queen and Empress\"; he also acted at the Malvern Festival in \"The Millonairess\" and \"The Apple Cart\" and was in the film \"Under Secret Orders\" (1937).\n", "Granger began to get work on stage in London. He appeared in \"The Sun Never Sets\" (1938) at the Drury Lane Theatre and in \"Serena Blandish\" (1938) opposite Vivien Leigh.\n", "At the Buxton Festival, he played Tybalt in a production of \"Romeo and Juliet\" opposite Robert Donat and Constance Cummings. He also acted opposite them both in \"The Good Natured Man\". In London he was in \"Autumn\" with Flora Robson and \"The House in the Square\" (1940).\n", "Granger had small roles in the film \"So This Is London\" (1939) and \"Convoy\" (1940).\n", "Section::::Career.:War service and after 1940–43.\n", "At the outbreak of the Second World War, Granger enlisted in the Gordon Highlanders, then transferred to the Black Watch with the rank of second lieutenant. However he suffered from stomach ulcers and he was invalided out of the army in 1942.\n", "Granger had a small role in a war film \"Secret Mission\" (1942) and a bigger one in a comedy \"Thursday's Child\" (1943). He was in a stage production of \"Rebecca\" when he was asked to audition for the film that turned him into a star. Granger had been recommended by Donat, who most recently worked with Granger on stage in \"To Dream Again\".\n", "Section::::Career.:Stardom: Gainsborough melodramas 1943–46.\n", "Granger's first starring film role was as the acid-tongued Rokeby in the Gainsborough Pictures period melodrama, \"The Man in Grey\" (1943), a film that helped to make him and his three co-stars – James Mason, Phyllis Calvert and Margaret Lockwood – into box office names in Britain.\n", "Granger followed it with \"The Lamp Still Burns\" (1943) playing the love interest of nurse Rosamund John. More popular was another for Gainsborough Pictures, \"Fanny by Gaslight\" (1944), which reunited him with Calvert and Mason, and added Jean Kent. \"The New York Times\" reported that Granger \"is a young man worth watching. The customers... like his dark looks and his dash; he puts them in mind, they say of Cary Grant.\" It was the second most popular film at the British box office in 1944.\n", "Another hit was \"Love Story\" (1944) where he plays a blind pilot who falls in love with terminally ill Margaret Lockwood, with Patricia Roc co-starring. Granger filmed this at the same time as \"Waterloo Road\" (1945), playing his first villain, a \"spiv\" who has run off with the wife of John Mills. This film was popular too, and it was one of Granger's favourites.\n", "\"Madonna of the Seven Moons\" (1945), with Calvert and Roc, was more Gainsborough melodrama, another hit. Also popular was \"Caesar and Cleopatra\", supporting Claude Rains and Vivien Leigh; this film lost money because of its high production cost but was widely seen, and was the first of Granger's films to be a hit in the USA. At the end of 1945 British exhibitors voted Granger the second-most popular British film star, and the ninth-most popular overall. \"The Times\" reported that \"this six-foot black-visaged ex-soldier from the Black Watch is England's Number One pin up boy. Only Bing Crosby can match him for popularity.\"\n", "\"Caravan\" (1946), starring Granger and Kent, was the sixth most popular film at the British box office in 1946. Also well liked was \"The Magic Bow\" (1946), with Calvert and Kent, where Granger played Niccolò Paganini That year he was voted the third-most popular British star, and the sixth-most popular overall.\n", "Section::::Career.:Rank Organisation 1947–49.\n", "Granger went over to Rank, for whom he made a series of historical dramas: \"Captain Boycott\" (1947), set in Ireland, directed by Frank Launder; \"Blanche Fury\" (1948), with Valerie Hobson; and \"Saraband for Dead Lovers\" (1948), an Ealing Studios production. Granger was cast as the outsider, the handsome gambler Philip Christoph von Königsmarck who is perceived as 'not quite the ticket' by the established order, the Hanoverian court where the action is mostly set. Granger stated that this was one of his few films of which he was proud. However it was a disappointment at the box office, as was \"Blanche Fury\".\n", "Granger wanted a change of pace and so appeared in \"Woman Hater\" (1948), a comedy with Edwige Feuillère. In 1949 Granger was reported as earning around £30,000 a year.\n", "That year Granger made \"Adam and Evelyne\", starring with Jean Simmons. The story, about a much older man and a teenager whom he gradually realises is no longer a child but a young woman with mature emotions and sexuality, had obvious parallels to Granger's and Simmons' own lives. Granger had first met the very young Jean Simmons when they both worked on Gabriel Pascal's \"Caesar and Cleopatra\" (1945). Three years on, Simmons had transformed from a promising newcomer into a star – and a very attractive young woman. They married the following year in a bizarre wedding ceremony organised by Howard Hughes – one of his private aircraft flew the couple to Tucson, Arizona, where they were married, mainly among strangers, with Michael Wilding as Granger's best man.\n", "Granger's stage production of Leo Tolstoy's \"The Power of Darkness\" (a venture he had intended as a vehicle for him to star with Jean Simmons) was very poorly received when it opened in London at the Lyric Theatre on 25 April 1949. (During the run two men attempted to cut some locks from Granger's hair.) The disappointment added to his dissatisfaction with the Rank Organisation, and his thoughts turned to Hollywood.\n", "Section::::Career.:MGM 1950-1957.\n", "In 1949 Granger made his move; MGM was looking for someone to play H. Rider Haggard's hero Allan Quatermain in a film version of \"King Solomon's Mines\". Errol Flynn was offered the role but turned it down; Granger's signing was announced in August 1949.\n", "On the basis of the huge success of this film, released in 1950 and co-starring Deborah Kerr and Richard Carlson, he was offered a seven-year contract by MGM. He signed it in May 1950, and MGM announced three vehicles for him: \"Robinson Crusoe\", a remake of \"Scaramouche\" and an adaptations of \"Soldiers Three\".\n", "His first film under the new arrangement was an action comedy \"Soldiers Three\" (1951). Granger followed it with location work for \"Constable Pedley\" in Canada. This was put on hold so Granger could make a light comedy, \"The Light Touch\", in a role meant for Cary Grant. It was a box office disappointment. However filming resumed on \"Constable Pedley\" which became \"The Wild North\" (1953) and that was a big hit.\n", "In 1952, Granger starred in \"Scaramouche\" in the role of Andre Moreau, the bastard son of a French nobleman, a part Ramón Novarro had played in the 1923 version of Rafael Sabatini's novel. Granger's co-star Eleanor Parker said Granger was the only actor she did not get along with during her entire career. \"Everyone disliked this man... Stewart Granger was a dreadful person, rude... just awful. Just being in his presence was bad. I thought at one point the crew was going to kill him.\" However the resulting film was a notable critical and commercial success.\n", "After this came the remake of \"The Prisoner of Zenda\" (1952), for which his theatrical voice, stature (6'2\") and dignified profile made him a natural. It too was popular.\n", "In 1952 he and Jean Simmons sued Howard Hughes for $250,000 damages arising from an alleged breach of contract. The case was settled out of court.\n", "Columbia borrowed him to play the love interest of Rita Hayworth in \"Salome\" (1953), another big hit. Back at MGM he co-starred with his wife in \"Young Bess\" (1953), playing Thomas Seymour. The film was popular, though it did not recover its cost, and it remained a favourite of Granger's.\n", "He had a commercial success in \"All the Brothers Were Valiant\" (1953), playing a villain opposite Robert Taylor. Granger lost out on \"A Star Is Born\", which went to James Mason instead. He had the title role in \"Beau Brummell\" (1954), opposite Elizabeth Taylor, and a box office disappointment. More successful was the adventure story \"Green Fire\" (1954), co starring Grace Kelly.\n", "Granger went to Britain to make a film with Simmons, \"Footsteps in the Fog\" (1955), for Columbia. Back at MGM he was in \"Moonfleet\" (1955), cast as an adventurer, Jeremy Fox, in the Dorset of 1757, a man who rules a gang of cut-throat smugglers with an iron fist until he is softened by a 10-year-old boy who worships him and who believes only the best of him. The film was directed by Fritz Lang and produced by John Houseman, a former associate of Orson Welles. It was a flop.\n", "Granger and Taylor were reunited in \"The Last Hunt\" (1956), a Western, with Taylor playing the villain, and a box office disappointment. So too was \"Bhowani Junction\" (1956), adapted from a John Masters novel about colonial India on the verge of obtaining independence. Ava Gardner played an Anglo-Indian (mixed race) woman caught between the two worlds of the British and the Indians, and Granger the British officer with whom (in a change from the novel) she ultimately fell in love.\n", "Gardner was in Granger's next film, \"The Little Hut\" (1957), a sex farce which proved a surprise smash at the box office. He followed it with a minor Western, \"Gun Glory\" (1957). It was his last film under his MGM contract. Granger had turned down the role of Messala in the 1959 film \"Ben-Hur\", reportedly because he did not want to take second billing to Charlton Heston.\n", "Section::::Career.:Leaving MGM 1957-60.\n", "Granger became a successful cattle rancher. He bought land in New Mexico and Arizona and introduced Charolais cattle to America.\n", "In order to finance this he kept acting. He played a professional adventurer in a film for 20th Century Fox, \"Harry Black\" (1958), partly shot in India. He went to Britain to be in a thriller \"The Whole Truth\" (1958) then returned to Los Angeles to support John Wayne in a comic \"northern\", \"North to Alaska\" (1960). By now his marriage to Simmons had ended and Granger decided to move to Europe.\n", "Section::::Career.:Continental European career 1960-69.\n", "In June 1960 Granger announced he would appear in \"The Leopard\", then made two films for MGM in Britain, one of which was \"I Thank a Fool\" alongside Susan Hayward. He would follow it with \"Pontious Pilate\" for Hugo Fregonese and \"The Tumbled House\" for John Farrow. The role in \"The Leopard\" ended up going to Burt Lancaster, the one in \"I Thank a Fool\" to Peter Finch, and the Fregonese and Farrow films were never made. Granger did go to Britain to appear in a thriller \"The Secret Partner\" (1961) for MGM. \n", "He went to Italy and played Lot in Robert Aldrich's \"Sodom and Gomorrah\" (1962), filmed in Rome. When \"Sodom\" started filming Granger announced he had signed a three picture deal with MGM, which would include \"I Thank a Fool\", \"Swordsman of Siena\" and a third film for Jacques Bar. He also announced he had reactivated his production company, Tracy Productions, who would make \"Dark Memory\" by Jonathan Latimer. Granger did not appear in \"I Thank a Fool\" and \"Dark Memory\" was not made. Instead Granger stayed in Italy to make \"Commando\" (1962), an action film and \"Swordsman of Siena\" (1963), a swashbuckler. \"Dark Memory\" was not made. Granger was in a war film \"The Secret Invasion\" (1964) for Roger Corman shot in Yugoslavia.\n", "In Germany, Granger acted in the role of Old Surehand in three Western films adapted from novels by German author Karl May, with French actor Pierre Brice (playing the fictional Indian chief Winnetou), in \"Among Vultures\" (1964), with Elke Sommer; \"The Oil Prince\" (1965) (\"Rampage at Apache Wells\") (1965), shot in Yugoslavia; and \"Old Surehand\" (\"Flaming Frontier\") (1965). He was teamed with Brice and Lex Barker, also a hero of Karl May films, in a crime movie, \"Gern hab' ich die Frauen gekillt\" (\"Killer's Carnival\") (1966).\n", "Granger starred in several Eurospy films such as \"Red Dragon\" (1965), a West Germany-Italian film shot in Hong Kong; and \"Requiem for a Secret Agent\" (1966). He did \"The Crooked Road\" (1965), with Robert Ryan under the direction of Don Chaffey in Yugoslavia; \"Target for Killing\" (1966), a crime movie with Karin Dor; \"The Trygon Factor\" (1966), a British co produced based on a novel by Edgar Wallace.\n", "Granger's last studio picture was \"The Last Safari\" (1967), shot in Africa and directed by Henry Hathaway. Granger was billed under Kaz Garas. He later called this \"my last real film... the worst film ever made in Africa!\"\n", "In 1970 he described his recent films as \"movies not even I will talk about\". He later estimated that he made more than $1.5 million in the 1960s but lost all of it.\n", "Section::::Career.:US television.\n", "Granger returned to the US and made a TV film \"Any Second Now\" (1969).\n", "In 1970 he appeared as Colonial Mackenzie on the TV western series \"Men From Shiloh\" in the episode titled Colonial Mackenzie Verses the West (S9Ep01). Men of Shiloh was previously known as \"The Virginian\". \n", "He subsequently replaced actors Lee J. Cobb, Charles Bickford and John McIntire on NBC's \"The Virginian\", as the new owner of the Shiloh ranch on prime-time TV for its ninth year (1971). Granger said he accepted the role for money and because it \"seemed like it could be a lot of fun\", but was disappointed by the lack of character development for his role.\n", "He played Sherlock Holmes in a poorly received 1972 TV film version of \"The Hound of the Baskervilles\".\n", "Section::::Career.:Retirement.\n", "In the 1970s Granger retired from acting and went to live in southern Spain, where he invested in real estate and resided in Estepona, Málaga. It was whilst living there that he became a friend and business partner of former barrister and television producer James Todesco (\"Eldorado\" TV series). Together they were involved in real estate investment and development.\n", "He appeared in \"The Wild Geese\" (1978) as an unscrupulous banker, who hires a unit of mercenary soldiers (Richard Burton, Roger Moore, Richard Harris and others) to stage a military coup in an African nation. His character then makes a deal with the existing government, and betrays the mercenaries.\n", "In 1980 he was diagnosed with lung cancer and told he had three months to live. Granger later said, \"I was 67 and had smoked 60 cigarettes a day for 40 years, but the doctor said if I had an operation there might be a chance of two to four more years of life. So I said, \"Who the hell needs that, but you better give me three months to put my house in order.'\" Granger underwent the operation, had a lung and a rib removed, only to be informed he didn't have cancer after all – he had tuberculosis.\n", "Section::::Career.:Return to Acting.\n", "He returned to acting in 1981 with the publication of his autobiography \"Sparks Fly Upward\", claiming he was bored. Granger spent the last decade of his life appearing on stage and television including playing Prince Philip in \"The Royal Romance of Charles and Diana\"(1982), a guest role in the TV series in \"The Fall Guy\" starring Lee Majors, and as a suspect in \"Murder She Wrote\" in 1985. He even starred in a German soap-opera called in \"Das Erbe der Guldenburgs\" (The Guldenburg Heritage) (1987).\n", "He moved to Pacific Palisades, California.\n", "One of his last roles was in the 1989–90 Broadway production of \"The Circle\" by W. Somerset Maugham, opposite Glynis Johns and Rex Harrison in Harrison's final role. The production actually opened at Duke University for a three-week run, followed by performances in Baltimore and Boston before opening on 14 November 1989 on Broadway.\n", "Section::::Personal life.\n", "He was married three times:\n", "BULLET::::- Elspeth March (1938–1948); two children, Jamie and Lindsay\n", "BULLET::::- Jean Simmons (1950–1960), (with whom he had starred in \"Adam and Evelyne\", \"Young Bess\" and \"Footsteps in the Fog\"); one daughter, Tracy\n", "BULLET::::- Caroline LeCerf (1964–1969); one daughter, Samantha\n", "Granger claimed in his autobiography that Deborah Kerr had approached him romantically in the back of his chauffeur-driven car at the time he was making \"Caesar and Cleopatra\". Although at the time he was married to Elspeth March, he states that he and Kerr went on to have an affair. When asked about this revelation, Kerr's response was, \"What a gallant man he is.\"\n", "In 1956 Granger became a naturalised citizen of the United States.\n", "He died in Santa Monica, California, on August 16, 1993, from prostate and bone cancer at the age of 80.\n", "His niece is \"Antiques Roadshow\" appraiser Bunny Campione, the daughter of his sister, Iris.\n", "Section::::Appraisal.\n", "In 1970 Granger said \"Stewart Granger was quite a successful film star, but I don't think he was an actor's actor.\"\n", "Among the films that Granger was announced to star in, but that ended up being made with other actors, were \"Ivanhoe\" (1952), \"Mogambo\" (1953), \"The King's Thief\" (1955) and \"Man of the West\" (1958).\n", "Section::::Complete filmography.\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Song You Gave Me\" (1933) as Waiter (uncredited)\n", "BULLET::::- \"A Southern Maid\" (1933) (uncredited)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Give Her a Ring\" (1934) as Diner (uncredited)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Over the Garden Wall\" (1934) (uncredited)\n", "BULLET::::- \"A Southern Maid\" (1934) (uncredited)\n", "BULLET::::- \"I Spy\" (1934) (uncredited)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Under Secret Orders\" (1937) (uncredited)\n", "BULLET::::- \"So This Is London\" (1939) as Laurence\n", "BULLET::::- \"Convoy\" (1940) as Sutton (uncredited)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Secret Mission\" (1942) as Sub-Lieutenant Jackson\n", "BULLET::::- \"Thursday's Child\" (1943) as David Penley\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Man in Grey\" (1943) as Peter Rokeby\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Lamp Still Burns\" (1943) as Laurence Rains\n", "BULLET::::- \"Fanny by Gaslight\" (1944) as Harry Somerford\n", "BULLET::::- \"Love Story\" (1944) as Kit Firth\n", "BULLET::::- \"Madonna of the Seven Moons\" (1945) as Nino\n", "BULLET::::- \"Waterloo Road\" (1945) as Ted Purvis\n", "BULLET::::- \"Caesar and Cleopatra\" (1945) as Apollodorus\n", "BULLET::::- \"Caravan\" (1946) as Richard Darrell\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Magic Bow\" (1946) as Nicolo Paganini\n", "BULLET::::- \"Captain Boycott\" (1947) as Hugh Davin\n", "BULLET::::- \"Blanche Fury\" (1948) as Philip Thorn\n", "BULLET::::- \"Saraband for Dead Lovers\" (1948) as Konigsmark\n", "BULLET::::- \"Woman Hater\" (1948) as Lord Terence Datchett\n", "BULLET::::- \"Adam and Evelyne\" (1949) as Adam Black\n", "BULLET::::- \"King Solomon's Mines\" (1950) as Allan Quatermain\n", "BULLET::::- \"Soldiers Three\" (1951) as Pvt. Archibald Ackroyd\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Light Touch\" (1951) as Sam Conride\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Wild North\" (1952) as Jules Vincent\n", "BULLET::::- \"Scaramouche\" (1952) as Andre Moreau\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Prisoner of Zenda\" (1952) as Rudolf Rassendyll / King Rudolf V\n", "BULLET::::- \"Salome\" (1953) as Commander Claudius\n", "BULLET::::- \"Young Bess\" (1953) as Thomas Seymour\n", "BULLET::::- \"All the Brothers Were Valiant\" (1953) as Mark Shore\n", "BULLET::::- \"Beau Brummell\" (1954) as Beau Brummell\n", "BULLET::::- \"Green Fire\" (1954) as Rian X. Mitchell\n", "BULLET::::- \"Moonfleet\" (1955) as Jeremy Fox\n", "BULLET::::- \"Footsteps in the Fog\" (1955) as Stephen Lowry\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Last Hunt\" (1956) as Sandy McKenzie\n", "BULLET::::- \"Bhowani Junction\" (1956) as Col. Rodney Savage\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Little Hut\" (1957) as Sir Philip Ashlow\n", "BULLET::::- \"Gun Glory\" (1957) as Tom Early\n", "BULLET::::- \"Harry Black\" (1958) as Harry Black\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Whole Truth\" (1958) as Max Poulton\n", "BULLET::::- \"North to Alaska\" (1960) as George Pratt\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Secret Partner\" (1961) as John Brent aka John Wilson\n", "BULLET::::- \"Sodom and Gomorrah\" (1962) as Lot\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Legion's Last Patrol\" (US: \"Commando\") (1962) as Captain Le Blanc\n", "BULLET::::- \"Swordsman of Siena\" (1962) as Thomas Stanswood\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Shortest Day\" (1963) as Avvocato (uncredited)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Secret Invasion\" (1964) as Maj. Richard Mace\n", "BULLET::::- \"Among Vultures\" (1964) as Old Surehand\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Crooked Road\" (1965) as Duke of Orgagna\n", "BULLET::::- \"Red Dragon\" (1965) as Michael Scott\n", "BULLET::::- \"Flaming Frontier\" (1965) as Old Surehand\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Oil Prince\" (1965) as Old Surehand\n", "BULLET::::- \"Killer's Carnival\" (1966) as David Porter (Vienna segment)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Target for Killing\" (1966) as James Vine\n", "BULLET::::- \"Requiem for a Secret Agent\" (1966) as Jimmy Merrill\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Trygon Factor\" (1966) as Supt. Cooper-Smith\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Last Safari\" (1967) as Miles Gilchrist\n", "BULLET::::- \"Any Second Now\" (1969 TV movie) as Paul Dennison\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Hound of the Baskervilles\" (1972 TV movie) as Sherlock Holmes\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Wild Geese\" (1978) as Sir Edward Matherson\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Royal Romance of Charles and Diana\" (1982 TV movie) as Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh\n", "BULLET::::- \"A Hazard of Hearts\" (1987 TV movie) as the elder Lord Vulcan\n", "BULLET::::- \"Hell Hunters\" (1988) as Martin Hoffmann\n", "BULLET::::- \"Chameleons\" (1989 TV movie) as Jason\n", "BULLET::::- \"Fine Gold\" (1989) as Don Miguel\n", "Section::::Complete filmography.:Unmade films.\n", "BULLET::::- In 1944 it was reported Granger's ambition was to play Rob Roy – J. Arthur Rank announced he was interested in a Rob Roy project in 1945 but it was never made\n", "BULLET::::- \"Digger's Republic\" for Leslie Arliss as Stafford Parker (1946) – this became \"Diamond City\" with David Farrar in the role instead\n", "BULLET::::- \"Self-Made Man\" (1947) from a script by Alan Campbell about a cocky type who comes out of the RAF and makes and loses a million dollars\n", "BULLET::::- \"Christopher Columbus\" in the title role (1947) – film was eventually made with Fredric March\n", "BULLET::::- \"Pursuit of Love\" for producer Davis Lewis at Enterprise Studios (1947)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Treacher\" (1947) produced by Nunnally Johnson for Universal\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Saxon Charm\" (1947)\n", "BULLET::::- Reported as testing for John Huston in \"Quo Vadis\" (1949)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The House by the Sea\" based on book by Jon Godden, with Granger as producer (1949)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Donnybrook Fighter\" (1952)|author=* \"Robinson Crusoe\" (early 1950s)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Highland Fling\" (1957)|author=\n", "BULLET::::- \"Ever the Twain\" (1958)\n", "BULLET::::- biography of Miguel Cervantes for his own production company(1958)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Night Comers\" with Jean Simmons – adaptation of Eric Ambler book \"State of Siege\"\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Four Winds\" from a 1954 novel by David Beatty – for his own production company, Tracy Productions (1958)\n", "BULLET::::- \"I Thank a Fool\" (1962)\n", "Section::::Box office ranking.\n", "At the peak of his career, exhibitors voted Granger among the top stars at the box office:\n", "BULLET::::- 1945 – 9th biggest star in Britain (2nd most popular British star)\n", "BULLET::::- 1946 – 6th biggest star in Britain (3rd most popular British star)\n", "BULLET::::- 1947 – 5th most popular British star in Britain\n", "BULLET::::- 1948 – 5th most popular British star in Britain.\n", "BULLET::::- 1949 – 7th most popular British star in Britain.\n", "BULLET::::- 1951 – most popular star in Britain according to \"Kinematograph Weekly\"\n", "BULLET::::- 1952 – 19th most popular star in the US\n", "BULLET::::- 1953 – 21st most popular star in the US and 8th most popular in Britain\n", "Section::::Partial television credits.\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Virginian\" (1970–71) – 24 episodes as Col. Alan MacKenzie\n", "BULLET::::- \"Hotel\" – episodes \"Glass People\", \"Blackout\" (1983–1987) as Anthony Sheridan / Tony Fielding\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Fall Guy\" – episode \"Manhunter\" (1983) as James Caldwell\n", "BULLET::::- \"Murder, She Wrote\" – episode \"Paint Me a Murder\" (1985) as Sir John Landry\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Love Boat\" – episode \"Call Me Grandma/A Gentleman of Discretion/The Perfect Divorce/Letting Go\" (1985) as General Thomas Preston\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Wizard\" – episode \"The Aztec Dagger\" (1987) as Jake Saunders\n", "BULLET::::- \"Das Erbe der Guldenburgs\" (1987) – two episodes as Jack Brinkley\n", "BULLET::::- \"Pros and Cons\" (1991) – episode \"It's the Pictures That Got Small\" (final television appearance)\n", "Section::::Partial theatre credits.\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Courageous Sex\" by Mary D. Sheridan – Birmingham, May 1937\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Millionairess\" by George Bernard Shaw – Malvern Festival, July 1937 – with Elspeth March\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Apple Cart\" – Malvern Festival, August 1937 – with Elspeth March\n", "BULLET::::- \"Victoria, Queen and Empress\" – Birmingham Repertory, September 1937 – as Gladstone\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Sun Never Sets\" – Drury Lane Theatre, London, 1938\n", "BULLET::::- \"Serena Blandish\" – 1938 – with Vivien Leigh\n", "BULLET::::- \"Romeo and Juliet – Buxton Festival, September 1939 – with Robert Donat and Constance Cummings, as Tybalt\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Good Natured Man\" by Oliver Goldsmith – Buxton Festival, September 1939 – with Robert Donat and Constance Cummings\n", "BULLET::::- \"Autumn\" – with Flora Robson\n", "BULLET::::- \"House in the Square\" – St Martins Theatre, London, April 1940\n", "BULLET::::- \"To Dream Again\" – Theatre Royal, August 1942\n", "BULLET::::- \"Rebecca\"\n", "BULLET::::- wartime tour of \"Gaslight\" with Deborah Kerr\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Power of Darkness\" adapted from by Peter Glenville from the story by Leo Tolstoy – March–April 1949 – with Jean Simmons\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Circle\" – 1989 – with Rex Harrison and Glynis Johns\n", "Section::::Partial radio performances.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Continuous Performance – the Film\", BBC (December 1946)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Lux Radio Theatre\", \"King Solomon's Mines\" (1952)\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Box office reception of Stewart Granger's films in France\n", "BULLET::::- Britmovie.co.uk\n", "BULLET::::- Photographs and literature\n", "BULLET::::- BBC interview with Gloria Hunniford\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "James Lablache Stewart" ] }, "description": "British actor", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q310150", "wikidata_label": "Stewart Granger", "wikipedia_title": "Stewart Granger" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Fiona Mactaggart\n", "Fiona Margaret Mactaggart (born 12 September 1953) is a British Labour Party politician and former primary school teacher. She was the Member of Parliament (MP) for Slough from the 1997 general election until she stood down at the 2017 general election.\n", "Section::::Early life and career.\n", "While at university, Mactaggart was an outspoken member of the Young Students and Socialists Society and sought to live down her school days at Cheltenham Ladies' College, an independent school for girls. She read for a BA in English at King's College London, an MA at the Institute of Education and a PGCE at Goldsmiths, University of London.\n", "Mactaggart was Vice-President and National Secretary of the National Union of Students from 1978 to 1981. She was Press and Public Relations Officer for the National Council for Voluntary Organisations (NCVO) for six months before being General Secretary of the Joint Council for the Welfare of Immigrants from 1982 to 1987. She was a primary school teacher in Peckham from 1987 to 1992, noting \"I have a voice that children can hear at the other end of the playground\".\n", "Mactaggart was a councillor and Leader of the Labour Group on Wandsworth Council from 1988 to 1990. From 1992 to 1997, she was a lecturer in Primary Education at the Institute of Education and Chair of Liberty, the civil liberties rights pressure group. While a primary school teacher, she decided to become an MP, as being able to change the world \"thirty kids at a time\" seemed too slow for her. She is a feminist.\n", "Section::::Parliamentary career.\n", "Mactaggart was elected as Labour MP for Slough in 1997. She was selected to stand for election for Labour through an all-women shortlist.\n", "From May 2003, until Mactaggart asked to leave her post in the 5 May 2006 Cabinet reshuffle, she served at the Home Office as Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State with responsibility for Criminal Justice, Race Equality and Communities and then Offender Management.\n", "In 2004, Mactaggart attracted criticism for a reluctance to condemn violent protests by Sikhs which led to the cancellation of the play \"Behzti\" at the Birmingham Repertory Theatre. Around a thousand protesters stormed the production, set in a temple, at the opening of the curtain. Speaking on BBC Radio 4, MacTaggart said: \"I think that when people are moved by theatre to protest, in a way that's a sign of the free speech which is so much part of the British tradition. I think that it's a great thing that people care enough about a performance to protest\". Mactaggart also suggested the play and its author would benefit from the violent protests, adding that the controversy was \"a sign of a lively flourishing cultural life\".\n", "In November 2008, Mactaggart attracted criticism for using unreliable statistics during as parliamentary that were not fully supported by evidence when discussing the issue of prostitution. Mactaggart was asked how those criminalised by a new law were supposed to know if a prostitute had been trafficked or not. She replied \"I think they can guess\", \"something like 80% of women in prostitution are controlled by their drug dealer, their pimp, or their trafficker.\" When questioned on her claim she stated that it \"came from an official Government publication into prostitution and the sex trade\". However, a BBC magazine article states that \"it is impossible to find that number in any research done on this subject.\" The Home Office have also stated that they \"do not endorse or use the figure that 80 per cent of prostitutes are controlled by others\". The controversy continued in January 2009 with MacTaggart told the House of Commons that she regarded all women prostitutes as the victims of trafficking, because their route into the sector \"almost always involves coercion, enforced addiction to drugs and violence from their pimps or traffickers.\" Again this claim is not supported by any known research.\n", "In May 2011, Mactaggart was criticised by the Association of Political Thought for calling some of the views of London School of Economics professor of political and gender theory Anne Phillips \"frankly nauseating\" because of her supposed support for prostitution. This assessment was based on the existence of a question on an LSE reading list about the ethical differences between legal waged labour and prostitution. Mactaggart had previously caused controversy with her hard-line approach to the issue of prostitution by comparing men who use prostitutes to abusers of children, stating \"I don't think most men who use prostitutes think of themselves as child abusers, but they are\".\n", "In February 2014 Mactaggart asked the Secretary of State for Work and Pensions, Iain Duncan Smith, if he would \"make it his policy not to offer job subsidies for employing teenagers as auxiliary workers in adult entertainment establishments\". Her question related to employers in the adult entertainment industry being offered over £2,000 incentive from the Department for Work and Pensions for every unemployed young person (aged 18–24) that they hired. Esther McVey, the Minister of State for Employment, stated that \"The Welfare Reform Act 2012 ensured that vacancies which involve performing sexual activities were banned from being advertised on Government websites and a distinction was made in law to differentiate between performers and ancillary workers.\"\n", "Later in 2014 Mactaggart was appointed to the Intelligence and Security Committee. She abstained in the September 2014 vote on whether or not to enter the war against ISIL.\n", "In March 2015, she was appointed to the Privy Council of the United Kingdom and therefore granted the title The Right Honourable.\n", "Section::::Personal life.\n", "Her father, the late Sir Ian Mactaggart, Bt, was a multimillionaire Glasgow property developer, Conservative candidate and Eurosceptic. Her mother's father, Sir Herbert Williams, Bt, was a Conservative Member of Parliament for 27 years. Her great-grandfather was Sir John Mactaggart, the first treasurer of the first branch of Keir Hardie's Labour Party. Her father left her a fifth of his £6.5m estate, and it is thought she was the second richest Labour MP. Critics often make an issue of MacTaggart's huge wealth, with journalist Benedict Brogan describing her as \"a Scottish laird who is as wealthy as she is humourless\".\n", "Mactaggart owns three homes, one in London, one on the Isle of Islay and a flat in Slough. She suffers from multiple sclerosis and is an ovarian cancer survivor. Her sister stood as a Parliamentary candidate for the Liberal Democrats in Devizes in the 1992 General Election.\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Fiona Mactaggart MP official constituency site\n", "BULLET::::- Profile at the Home Office\n", "BULLET::::- Profiles 2003, 2002, 2001, The Guardian\n", "BULLET::::- Fiona MacTaggart, BBC News, 9 February 2004\n", "BULLET::::- Public schools face charity test, BBC News, 21 December 2004\n", "BULLET::::- slough labour party website\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "Fiona Margaret Mactaggart" ] }, "description": "British politician", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q695047", "wikidata_label": "Fiona Mactaggart", "wikipedia_title": "Fiona Mactaggart" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Roman Czerniawski\n", "Roman Garby-Czerniawski (6 February 1910 – 26 April 1985) was a Polish Air Force Captain and Allied double agent during World War II, using the codename Brutus.\n", "Section::::Life.\n", "Czerniawski graduated in the late 1930s from the Wyższa Szkoła Wojenna (WSWoj), a military academy at Warsaw. As a former officer of the Polish Air Force, he volunteered to create an allied espionage network in France in 1940. He set it up with Mathilde Carré who recruited the agents; some French declined to work for a Pole. This network was code-named \"Interallie\".\n", "Czerniawski was evacuated to Britain to be examined by Polish intelligence and then meet General Sikorski where he was presented with the Virtuti Militari. He was returned to France by parachute in November 1941.\n", "On 17 November 1941 the Abwehr group of Hugo Bleicher arrested Czerniawski and then Carré. The network had been uncovered due to the lack of proper operational security within the organisation, and many other members of the Interallie were picked up after Carré agreed to co-operate with the Germans in return for her life. Czerniawski and others were imprisoned.\n", "After having been offered safety by the Germans, he was sent to England as an agent. However, he made himself known to the British authorities. He was de-briefed by the British (MI6) and Polish authorities about the security lapses of his organisation in France. He was then employed as a double agent by MI5 using the codename \"Brutus\" (after Caesar's friend and assassin) under their Double Cross System.\n", "His strong anti-Russian attitude, manifested in his denouncing (in a pamphlet he authored) a Polish officer who attended an official reception at the Soviet Embassy, led to doubts about his suitability. For this act of mutiny against the Polish authorities, he was arrested and imprisoned. MI5 produced a cover story that he had been detained in a sweep of \"anti-Bolshevik\" Poles.\n", "A Polish court martial found him guilty of gross insubordination, but to keep the matter quiet sentenced him to only two months imprisonment. After his release from prison, Czerniawski was unrepentant to his handlers; MI5 doubted his reliability, thinking him fickle and liable to meddle, and MI5 also harboured concerns that the Germans would be suspicious about his arrest and swift release. He was no longer permitted to operate the radio himself and he was only used for distribution of low grade information (\"chicken feed\"). Initial German suspicion faded and in December 1943 the British decided to use Brutus for distribution of important deception information.\n", "Therefore, he played a major part in the allied deception prior to the D-Day landings in Normandy in 1944 as one of the primary agents passing false information as part of Fortitude South, the deception plan aimed at convincing Germany that the Allies would invade Europe in the Pas de Calais area across the English Channel from South-East England.\n", "After the war he stayed in the UK and wrote \"The Big Network\", published in 1961.\n", "Czerniawski died in London, on 26 April 1985, at the age of 75. He was buried in Newark-on-Trent in Newark Cemetery for RAF burials.\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- List of Poles\n", "Section::::References.\n", "BULLET::::- Andrzej Pepłoński, \"Wywiad Polskich Sił Zbrojnych na Zachodzie, 1939–1945\" (Polish Armed Forces Intelligence in the West, 1939–1945), Warsaw, 1995.\n", "BULLET::::- Stanisław Żochowski, \"Wywiad polski we Francji 1940–1945\" (Polish Intelligence in France, 1940–1945), Lublin, 1994, .\n", "BULLET::::- John Cecil Masterman, \"The Double-Cross System in the War of 1939–1945\", Yale University Press, 1972.\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Biografia na stronie www.polishairforce.pl\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "Polish Army officer", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q3440842", "wikidata_label": "Roman Czerniawski", "wikipedia_title": "Roman Czerniawski" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Richard Karn\n", "Richard Karn Wilson (born February 17, 1956) is an American actor and former game show host. He is best known for his co-starring role as Al Borland in the 1990s sitcom \"Home Improvement\" and his tenure as the fourth host of \"Family Feud\" from 2002 to 2006.\n", "Section::::Early life.\n", "Karn was born Richard Karn Wilson in Seattle, Washington. His father Gene was a Seabee who served in World War II. Richard graduated from Roosevelt High School and the University of Washington, where he was a member of Beta Theta Pi. Karn also gained drama experience in Scotland at the Edinburgh Festival.\n", "After earning his drama degree in 1979, Karn moved to New York City, where in less than one week he was hired to do a commercial for Michelob beer that was featured during Super Bowl XIV. When he joined the Screen Actors Guild, he was informed there was already a Richard Wilson, prompting him to drop his last name.\n", "Section::::Show business career.\n", "In 1989, his wife Tudi convinced him to move to Los Angeles. He found a place for them to live by managing an apartment complex, catering events at a Jewish synagogue on the side. After receiving a traffic citation, Karn attended a traffic school and sat beside an agent who told him about casting for the new television show \"Home Improvement\". The role of Al Borland had already been given to Stephen Tobolowsky, but when taping was scheduled, Tobolowsky was busy with another movie and the role had to be recast. Karn was a guest star in the pilot episode but became a regular cast member when the show was picked up by the network.\n", "In 2002, Karn replaced Louie Anderson as the fourth host of the game show \"Family Feud\". Karn left \"Family Feud\" in 2006 and was replaced by John O'Hurley.\n", "In 2002, Karn made an appearance in The Strokes' music video for \"Someday\", which featured segments of the band on a fictional showing of \"Family Feud\" against the band Guided by Voices.\n", "On October 6, 2008, Karn replaced Patrick Duffy as host of Game Show Network's \"Bingo America\". Karn served as a substitute host on GSN Radio.\n", "Karn did commercials for Orchard Supply Hardware in the 1990s.\n", "Section::::Books.\n", "BULLET::::- \"House Broken: How I Remodeled My Home for Just Under Three Times the Original Bid\" (1999) – (with George Mair)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Handy at Home: Tips on Improving Your Home from America's Favorite Handyman\" (2002) – (with George Mair)\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Ed Belfour\n", "Edward John Belfour (born April 21, 1965) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey goaltender.\n", "Belfour was born in Carman, Manitoba and grew up playing hockey. He played junior hockey for the Winkler Flyers before going to the University of North Dakota where he helped the school win the NCAA championship in the 1986–87 season. The following year, Belfour signed as a free agent with the Chicago Blackhawks (after not being picked in the draft) alternating time between them and the Saginaw Hawks of the International Hockey League. Many regard Belfour as an elite goaltender and one of the best of all-time. His 484 wins rank 3rd all-time among NHL goaltenders. His son, Dayn, is also a goaltender, currently playing for the University of Nebraska-Omaha. Belfour was inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame in the 2011 class, his first year of eligibility. In addition Belfour is one of only two players to have won an NCAA championship, an Olympic Gold medal, and a Stanley Cup (the other such player is Neal Broten).\n", "His characteristic face mask earned him the sobriquet \"Eddie the Eagle\", and some of his quirks and off-ice antics earned him the nickname \"Crazy Eddie\". After wearing #30 for his tenure with the Blackhawks, Belfour switched to #20 while a member of the San Jose Sharks as a tribute to Vladislav Tretiak, his goaltending coach and mentor from the Blackhawks. He would wear this for the rest of his playing career.\n", "Section::::Playing career.\n", "Section::::Playing career.:Chicago Blackhawks.\n", "In the 1989–90 season, Belfour began with the Canadian national men's hockey team, but was recalled by the Blackhawks for their postseason and set a 4-2 postseason mark with a 2.49 GAA.\n", "The next season, 1990–91, Belfour became the starting goalie, and turned in what many consider to be one of the best rookie seasons in NHL history. He notched 43 victories in 74 games (both NHL rookie and Blackhawk team records), finished the season with a 2.47 GAA and 4 shutouts. He also led the league in Save% (.910). It was the last time a goalie led the league in Wins, Save%, and GAA until Carey Price achieved the feat in the 2014–2015 season. For his success, he received the Calder Memorial Trophy for outstanding play by a rookie, and is the first person to receive the award under the \"Makarov Rule\" because he was a year under the new cutoff age of eligibility (26), the Vezina Trophy for best goaltender and the William M. Jennings Trophy for fewest team goals-against. He was also nominated for the Hart Memorial Trophy as the league's most valuable player, unprecedented at that time for a goaltender and rookie (Brett Hull of the St. Louis Blues won the award). He would win the Vezina Trophy again in 1993 and the Jennings Trophy in 1993, 1995, and 1999.\n", "Belfour helped lead the Blackhawks to the Stanley Cup Finals in the 1991–92 season, where they eventually lost in 4 games to the Pittsburgh Penguins.\n", "However, by the 1995–96 season, tension was forming between Belfour and backup goalie Jeff Hackett, very similar to the tension between Belfour and his former backup, Dominik Hašek, which led to Hašek's trade to Buffalo. Belfour was traded to the San Jose Sharks midway through the 1996–97 season after turning down a contract extension from the Hawks.\n", "Belfour finished his tenure with the Blackhawks ranking among the team leaders in many goaltending categories. Belfour finished third among all Blackhawk goalies in games played (415) and wins (201) in both categories ranking behind Hall of Famers Tony Esposito and Glenn Hall. Belfour also ranks fourth in shutouts (30), and second in assists (17). Belfour easily ranks as the Blackhawks' goalie leader in penalty minutes, with 242. Esposito, who played in more than twice as many games and minutes as Belfour, had only 31.\n", "Faced with losing Ed Belfour as an unrestricted free agent on July 1, 1997, the Chicago Blackhawks traded Belfour to the San Jose Sharks on January 25, 1997 for right wing Ulf Dahlen, defenseman Michal Sykora, goalie Chris Terreri, and a conditional second-round draft pick in the 1998 N.H.L. amateur entry draft.\n", "Section::::Playing career.:San Jose Sharks and Dallas Stars.\n", "Following a dismal half-season with the Sharks, Belfour signed as a free agent with the Dallas Stars on July 2, 1997. During the season, Belfour played 61 games and had an astonishing 1.88 GAA as his team won the Presidents' Trophy and made it to the Western Conference Finals only to lose to the Detroit Red Wings.\n", "The next season, the Stars repeated their regular season championship and Belfour won his fourth Jennings Trophy. In the playoffs, Belfour won duels against past Vezina- and Stanley Cup-winning goaltenders Grant Fuhr and Patrick Roy, respectively. The Stars won the Stanley Cup, beating the Buffalo Sabres in six games, capped by an incredible goalie duel against former backup Dominik Hašek that ended in a 2-1 win in the third overtime. Belfour made 53 saves to Hašek's 50, and for the entire Finals, had a 1.26 GAA to Hašek's 1.68.\n", "Belfour backstopped his team to another consecutive finals appearance, winning his second seven-game Western Conference final duel against the Colorado Avalanche's Patrick Roy. The Stars lost the Cup in double-overtime to the New Jersey Devils. Belfour had 4 shutouts in that playoffs, including a triple-overtime blanking of the Devils in game five of the finals series.\n", "During the 2001–02 season, the Stars began to play poorly and there was a falling out between then-Stars coach Ken Hitchcock and GM Bob Gainey. After a poor season, the Stars decided not to re-sign Belfour and named Marty Turco the starting goalie for the next season.\n", "Section::::Playing career.:Toronto Maple Leafs.\n", "On July 2, 2002, Belfour signed as a free agent with the Toronto Maple Leafs after then Leafs goaltender, Curtis Joseph, chose to sign with the Detroit Red Wings. Belfour rebounded after a dismal season with the Stars, winning a franchise-record 37 games and helping his new team finish second in the Northeast Division. His 2.26 GAA ranked 11th in the league. During the season, he was invited to play in the mid-season All-Star Game in Florida, but a back injury forced him to miss the event. On April 1, he earned his 400th career win in a match against the Devils. In the playoffs, Belfour posted a 2.71 GAA and a .915 Save% in seven games in an opening-round loss to the Flyers. On April 16 in Game Four at the Air Canada Centre, Ed made 72 saves before losing 3-2 on an overtime goal by Mark Recchi. Belfour finished as runner-up for the Vezina Trophy, won that year by the Devils' Martin Brodeur.\n", "In 2003–04, he posted a 34-19-6 record in 59 games as the Maple Leafs finished fourth overall in the conference standings. He recorded a 2.13 GAA and a .918 save percentage along with ten shutouts. On April 3 in the final game of the season, Belfour posted a 6-0 shutout over the Senators to secure home ice advantage in the opening round of the playoffs. That shutout gave him 10 on the season, setting a new personal best. In the playoffs, Belfour posted three shutouts in the opening round against the Senators, setting a record for shutout streaks in a series. However, in the second round, former teammate Jeremy Roenick eliminated the Leafs by putting a game 6 overtime goal past Belfour.\n", "Belfour did not play during the NHL lockout in 2004–05, instead taking a minority stake in the projected Dallas Americans team in the proposed revival of the World Hockey Association while recovering and rehabilitating himself from primarily back-related injuries. The team had folded by October, 2004.\n", "On November 28, 2005, Belfour won his 447th career NHL game, moving him into a tie with Terry Sawchuk for 2nd place in career wins. Ed made 34 saves in the 2-1 win over the Florida Panthers.\n", "On December 19, 2005, Belfour moved past Sawchuk with a 9-6 win over the New York Islanders at the Air Canada Centre. He was honoured in a special pre-game ceremony on December 23, 2005, before a game against the Boston Bruins at the Air Canada Centre; the Leafs went on to win the game. At the end of the 2005/06 season, Belfour had a record of 457-303-111 in the regular season, and 88-68 in the playoffs.\n", "On July 1, 2006, Maple Leafs General Manager John Ferguson, Jr. released Belfour to free agency after a lacklustre 22-22-4 record and a 3.29 GAA.\n", "Section::::Playing career.:Florida Panthers.\n", "On July 25, Belfour signed with the Florida Panthers. In October 2006, Alex Auld was injured while the two goalies were horsing around, despite reports that Belfour assaulted Auld. On February 13, 2007, Belfour tied Hall of Famer Tony Esposito for eighth place on the career shutout list with his 76th in the Panthers' 1-0 blanking of the Montreal Canadiens. Later in the season, another injury to Alex Auld gave Belfour the chance to become starter. He started 27 consecutive games, a record for the Panthers. Belfour regained his skill after the 2005/2006 season by posting a 2.79 GAA, .902 save percentage, and 1 shutout in 57 games.\n", "Section::::Playing career.:Europe.\n", "On August 27, 2007, it was announced that Belfour would play with Leksands IF in the Swedish second division. (HockeyAllsvenskan). Belfour's signing created much fanfare in the following months. He played his first professional game outside of North America in 18 years on October 31, 2007 with a 4-1 win over Sundsvall. Belfour followed up this game with a shutout streak lasting for 251 minutes, a club record in Leksand. He also broke the record for most shutouts during a whole season with 7.\n", "During the division round, Belfour had a GAA of 1.79, which was the best of all goalies in Allsvenskan. During the playoffs, he had a GAA of 2.59 and a save percentage of .911.\n", "Section::::Eagle mask.\n", "Throughout his career, Belfour has worn masks featuring an eagle on either side of his helmet. When asked why an eagle, he stated \"I've always liked the eagle as a bird. It is a strong figure representing individuality, leadership, confidence, and outstanding vision. Its hunting and aggression are characteristics I admire, so when I was thinking of what I wanted on my mask, the eagle was a natural choice\". Belfour's eagle has changed dramatically, from a rough Native looking style in Chicago, to a fierce competitive image in Dallas, while the background always features his current team's colours. On the chin, there is an image of the logo for the Make-a-Wish Foundation, a charity very close to his heart, and the back plate highlights his passion for speed and restored cars. The car on the back is a 1941 Willys, along with the words Carman Racing, which is the name of Belfour's car customization and restoration shop in Freeland, Michigan. Upon seeing Belfour's eagle mask for the first time, Mike Keenan, his head coach when he started in the NHL, nicknamed him \"The Eagle\".\n", "Section::::International play.\n", "Belfour was selected to represent Canada at the 1991 Canada Cup Championship as the backup goaltender and was included in the squad for the 2002 Winter Olympic Team. In February 2002, Belfour won an Olympic gold medal with the Canadian men's hockey team. Although he didn't play in any of the Olympic Games in Salt Lake City, he did add depth in goal to the strong Canadian team backing up Curtis Joseph and Martin Brodeur.\n", "Section::::Personal.\n", "Belfour is an accomplished tri-athlete in his spare time, collects and rebuilds classic cars, and holds a private pilot's license.\n", "Early in the 2000–01 season, on October 20, Belfour plead guilty to a misdemeanor charge in which Belfour was subdued by police after a woman he was with became frightened by an intoxicated Belfour in a Dallas hotel room. While under arrest and being transported to the local division, he allegedly offered Dallas police officers $1 billion for his release without charges. He apologized to the Dallas Stars organization and police officers involved and was fined $3000 for resisting arrest.\n", "Late in the 2006–07 season, Belfour, along with Panthers teammate Ville Peltonen, was arrested on April 9 outside of a South Florida nightclub and was charged with disorderly intoxication and resisting an officer without violence. He was released the same day from Miami-Dade County jail on $1,500 bond.\n", "In his post-playing career he was inducted as a member of Manitoba Sports Hall of Fame The Manitoba Junior Hockey League also awards a trophy named after Belfour to its top goaltender each season.\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- List of NHL goaltenders with 300 wins\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Ed Belfour biography at HockeyGoalies.org\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Alan Johnson\n", "Alan Arthur Johnson (born 17 May 1950) is a British Labour Party politician who served as Home Secretary from June 2009 to May 2010. Before that, he filled a wide variety of cabinet positions in both the Blair and Brown governments, including Health Secretary and Education Secretary. Until 20 January 2011 he was Shadow Chancellor of the Exchequer. Johnson was the Member of Parliament for Hull West and Hessle from the 1997 general election. On 18 April 2017, following the announcement of the 2017 general election, Johnson said he would not be a candidate.\n", "Section::::Early life.\n", "Born in London on 17 May 1950, the son of Stephen and Lillian Johnson, he was \"orphaned\" at the age of 13 when his mother died, his father having previously abandoned the family. Johnson was then in effect brought up by his older sister Linda when the two were assigned a council flat by their child welfare officer. Linda, then herself only 16, has since been recognised as the hero of Johnson's poignant 2013 memoir \"This Boy: A Memoir of a Childhood\". He passed the eleven-plus exam and attended Sloane Grammar school in Chelsea, now part of Pimlico Academy, and left school at the age of 15. He then worked at Tesco before becoming a postman at 18. He was interested in music and joined two pop music bands. Johnson joined the Union of Communication Workers, becoming a branch official. He joined the Labour Party in 1971, although he considered himself a Marxist ideologically aligned with the Communist Party of Great Britain. A full-time union official from 1987, he became General Secretary of the union in 1992. By this time, however, as his memoir makes clear, he was more inclined towards the right wing of the Labour Party.\n", "Before entering parliament Johnson was a member of Labour's National Executive Committee. During this time he was the only major union leader to support the abolition of Clause IV.\n", "Section::::Parliamentary career.\n", "Just three weeks before the 1997 general election, Johnson was selected to stand for parliament in the safe Labour seat of Hull West and Hessle when the previous incumbent, Stuart Randall, stood down suddenly. Randall subsequently became a member of the House of Lords.\n", "Section::::Parliamentary career.:In government.\n", "He was appointed Parliamentary Private Secretary to Dawn Primarolo in 1997 and achieved his first ministerial post at the Department of Trade and Industry (DTI) in 1999. He was moved to the Department for Education and Skills in 2003 as Minister for Higher Education although he had left school at 15.\n", "Johnson, along with other ministers in Tony Blair's government, and many other MPs, attracted much criticism for voting on 18 March 2003 for the Iraq war: \"to use all means necessary to ensure the disarmament of Iraq's weapons of mass destruction\" leading to the UK joining the US invasion of Iraq two days later. He responded to such criticism on 21 February 2007 by saying \"The whole cabinet believed the intelligence we were presented [with] and we made our case to the British people based on it in good faith. As we all now know, that intelligence was wholly wrong. We will be judged historically as to whether getting rid of Saddam Hussein, despite all the consequences, was a positive thing or that the consequences outweigh the positives of getting rid of a brutal tyrant.\"\n", "In September 2004, Prime Minister Tony Blair appointed Johnson to the Cabinet as Secretary of State for Work and Pensions after the resignation of Andrew Smith. Following the 2005 election, Johnson was initially announced on 6 May 2005 as being \"Secretary of State for Productivity, Energy and Industry\", but after just a week, on 13 May, it was declared that the new title would not be used, after widespread derision of the new name, because the abbreviation for Johnson's title, Productivity, Energy and Industry Secretary, would have been \"PENIS\". The department's old name was kept and Johnson served as Secretary of State for Trade and Industry. On 5 May 2006, one day after the 2006 local elections, his brief was changed to that of Secretary of State for Education and Skills, replacing Ruth Kelly.\n", "Section::::Parliamentary career.:Education Secretary.\n", "During his time as education secretary, Johnson brought in new ideas and proposals, including encouraging parents to spend more time with their children in a bid to help them progress with their literacy and numeracy skills. Johnson has also previously expressed some concerns over diplomas, and has opened up debate in parliament on the subject of what parental situation is best. He stated that in his view, it is the parents themselves who make the difference, not their marital situation. Johnson looked at improving pay and working conditions for teachers during his tenure as Education Secretary.\n", "Section::::Parliamentary career.:Health Secretary.\n", "Johnson became Secretary of State for Health on 28 June 2007, succeeding Patricia Hewitt in Prime Minister Gordon Brown's first Cabinet. He later criticised breast cancer patient Debbie Hirst because she attempted to buy the cancer drug Avastin, which the NHS had denied her. Johnson told Parliament, patients \"cannot, in one episode of treatment, be treated on the NHS and then allowed, as part of the same episode and the same treatment, to pay money for more drugs. That way lies the end of the founding principles of the NHS\".\n", "When there was a problem with \"C.difficile\" at hospitals managed by the Maidstone & Tunbridge Wells NHS Trust, they dismissed their \"blameless\" chief executive \"both unlawfully ... and unfairly\" and agreed to pay her £250,000, much less than the sum that they were told that defending a case for unfair dismissal would cost. When the proposed payment became known, Johnson intervened and the Department of Health ordered the trust to withhold more than two-thirds of the severance payment, although its director general of finance, performance and operations said that \"it was 'not unfair'\" that she should receive the money. When the case came to the Court of Appeal, the payment was restored in a judgement that was highly critical of the Department, including quoting her complaint that Johnson had made \"personal comments made about me ... without any reference to the Trust, or informing me, ... regarding my severance value and its non-payment\".\n", "Section::::Parliamentary career.:Home Secretary.\n", "On 5 June 2009, Johnson was appointed to the position of Home Secretary during a reshuffle, replacing the first female holder of the post, Jacqui Smith.\n", "In October 2009, Alan Johnson sacked the Chairman of the Advisory Council on the Misuse of Drugs (ACMD), Professor David Nutt. Nutt had accused the government of \"distorting\" and \"devaluing\" research evidence in the debate over illicit drugs, criticising it for making political decisions with regard to drug classifications in rejecting the scientific advice to downgrade MDMA (Ecstasy) from a class A drug, and rejecting the scientific advice not to reclassify cannabis from class C to class B drug. Alan Johnson wrote to the professor: \"It is important that the government's messages on drugs are clear and as an advisor you do nothing to undermine public understanding of them. I cannot have public confusion between scientific advice and policy and have therefore lost confidence in your ability to advise me as Chair of the ACMD\".\n", "In January 2010, Professor Nutt established the Independent Scientific Committee on Drugs, with the aim of publishing honest drug information. By 2 April 2010, seven members of the ACMD had resigned.\n", "In February 2010, it came out in court that MI5 had known that Binyam Mohamed, a former Guantanamo Bay detainee, had been tortured or mistreated by the American services, despite earlier statements to the contrary. In response, Johnson insisted that the media coverage of the torture had been \"baseless, groundless accusations\". He also claimed that Government lawyers had not forced the judiciary to water down criticism of MI5, despite an earlier, draft ruling by Lord Neuberger, the Master of the Rolls that the Security Service had failed to respect human rights, deliberately misled parliament, and had a \"culture of suppression\" that undermined government assurances about its conduct.\n", "Section::::Parliamentary career.:Deputy leadership candidate and potential leader.\n", "Johnson publicly stated in May 2006 he expected to stand for the post of Deputy Leader of the Labour Party when John Prescott stepped down. Johnson told the BBC in an interview on 9 November 2006 that he would in fact be supporting Brown and standing as deputy leader. He was successfully nominated onto the ballot paper for Labour Deputy leader with most number of nominations. On 24 June 2007, Johnson was narrowly beaten for the deputy leadership by Harriet Harman. He led in rounds 2 to 4 of the voting, until he was overtaken by Harman in the last round, eventually finishing with 49.56% of the vote.\n", "Having been touted in the media as a possible successor to outgoing Labour leader Gordon Brown, Johnson officially announced to the BBC on 12 May 2010 that he would not be standing in the forthcoming leadership contest, and would instead be backing David Miliband.\n", "In November 2014, amid criticism within the party of its leader Ed Miliband, Johnson again denied speculation that he was a potential leadership candidate.\n", "Section::::Parliamentary career.:Potential London Mayoral candidate.\n", "In 2010, there was much speculation that Johnson was going to stand as a candidate for the London Mayoral election after announcing that he was not going to contest the leadership. Many of Johnson's close allies encouraged him to stand for the Mayoralty and he was thought to have been considering it. However, Johnson decided not to stand for the Labour Party selection for Mayor and instead backed Oona King for the candidacy, but she lost to Ken Livingstone. In 2011, there was speculation that Livingstone could be deselected as the Labour candidate in favour of Johnson but that did not happen. In 2012, after Livingstone's defeat by Boris Johnson, many Labour members said that Johnson should have been the Labour candidate. Johnson then revealed that he did consider standing for Mayor of London but he felt that his allegiance was to Hull. However, he said that he would not stand for Mayor of London in the 2016 elections as he wants to stay on as an MP.\n", "Section::::Parliamentary career.:Views on electoral reform.\n", "Johnson is a strong supporter of electoral reform, advocating the Alternative Vote Plus (AV+) system as recommended by the Jenkins Commission. He indicated that he would seek support within the Labour Party for an amendment to the government's Bill on Electoral Reform, to add AV+ as an additional choice in the referendum. In 2010, it was rumoured that he would step down as an MP to trigger a by-election in Hull, to stand on a Proportional representation ticket. He supported the Yes! to Fairer Votes campaign in the referendum on 5 May 2011. He appeared as one of the main Labour supporters of the Yes! campaign at a London event on 3 May 2011, at which Ed Miliband also appeared.\n", "Section::::Parliamentary career.:Views on trade unionism.\n", "Writing for the Blairite \"Progress\" magazine in 2013, Johnson described trade union officials as \"fat, white, finger-jabbing blokes on rostrums shouting and screaming\" and said in 2014 that \"A perception that Labour is in the pocket of the unions is damaging to the party ... The precious link between Labour and the unions becomes a liability rather than an advantage when it is allowed to look like a transaction.\"\n", "Section::::Parliamentary career.:Shadow Chancellor.\n", "Johnson was chosen as Shadow Chancellor in Ed Miliband's first shadow cabinet, appointed on 8 October 2010. His first major speech was the Opposition response to the comprehensive spending review. The BBC reported that he had made several \"gaffes\" in his role as Shadow Chancellor and \"in an interview he appeared not to know the rate of National Insurance paid by employers, and he was also reported to have clashed with his party leader over the policy of introducing a graduate tax to replace university tuition fees. He resigned as Shadow Chancellor on 20 January 2011 after three and a half months in the job, citing personal reasons. He was replaced by Ed Balls.\n", "Section::::Parliamentary career.:Since 2015.\n", "Johnson campaigned for Britain to remain in the European Union in the 2016 referendum, and was chair of the Labour Party's 'Labour In For Britain' campaign.\n", "A critic of Labour leader Jeremy Corbyn, just before Corbyn was elected leader in 2016 for the second time, Johnson told Rachel Sylvester and Alice Thomson of \"The Times\": \"He is totally incompetent and incapable of being the leader of a political party and he knows it\". Corbyn was \"useless\" in the EU referendum campaign. Concerning moderates like himself: \"We’ve got to recapture this party again otherwise it’s dead and finished and gone\". Johnson stood down at the 2017 general election. He was succeeded as MP by Emma Hardy.\n", "Section::::Personal life.\n", "Johnson has been married three times. His first marriage was to Judith Elizabeth Cox, with whom he has one son and two daughters. After their divorce, he married Laura Jane Patient in 1991; the couple had a son born in 2000. The couple divorced in February 2014. In December 2015, Johnson married his third wife, businesswoman Carolyn Burgess.\n", "His hobbies include music, tennis, reading, cooking, football, and radio. He supports Queens Park Rangers.\n", "Section::::Personal life.:Memoirs.\n", "His memoir of childhood, \"This Boy: A Memoir of a Childhood\", was published in 2013. It won the Royal Society of Literature Ondaatje Prize (2014), and the Orwell Prize, Britain's top political writing award.\n", "His second volume of memoirs, \"Please, Mister Postman\", was published in September 2014. It won the Specsavers National Book Awards \"Autobiography of the Year\".\n", "His third and final volume of memoirs, \"The Long and Winding Road\", was published in September 2016.\n", "The titles of all three of his books are names of songs written by, or performed by, The Beatles.\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- NS Profile: Alan Johnson, Paul Routledge, \"New Statesman\", 29 November 2004\n", "BULLET::::- Profile: Alan Johnson MP, \"BBC News\", 22 October 2002\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "Alan Arthur Johnson" ] }, "description": "British politician", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q332336", "wikidata_label": "Alan Johnson", "wikipedia_title": "Alan Johnson" }

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Apes", "Andy Serkis", "Gary Oldman", "Free State of Jones", "Lanford Wilson", "Burn This", "Adam Driver", "Hudson Theatre", "The Americans", "Matthew Rhys" ], "wikipedia_id": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ], "wikipedia_title": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", 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{ "paragraph": [ "Keri Russell\n", "Keri Lynn Russell (born March 23, 1976) is an American actress and dancer. She came to fame for portraying the title role of Felicity Porter on the WB drama series \"Felicity\" (1998–2002), for which she won a Golden Globe Award. Russell also starred as KGB agent Elizabeth Jennings on the FX spy thriller series \"The Americans\" (2013–2018), for which she received Primetime Emmy Award and Golden Globe Award nominations.\n", "Russell has appeared in several films, including \"\" (2006), \"Waitress\" (2007), \"August Rush\" (2007), \"Extraordinary Measures\" (2010), \"Dawn of the Planet of the Apes\" (2014), and \"Free State of Jones\" (2016). In 2017, she received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.\n", "Section::::Early life.\n", "Keri Lynn Russell was born on March 23, 1976, in Fountain Valley, California, the daughter of Stephanie (née Stephens), a homemaker, and David Russell, a Nissan Motors executive. She has an older brother, Todd, and a younger sister, Julie. The family lived in Coppell, Texas; Mesa, Arizona; and Highlands Ranch, Colorado, moving frequently due to her father's work. Russell's dancing earned her a spot on \"The Mickey Mouse Club.\"\n", "Section::::Career.\n", "Section::::Career.:1991–2002.\n", "Russell first appeared on television at age 15 as a cast member of the \"All-New Mickey Mouse Club\" variety show on the Disney Channel. She was on the show from 1991 to 1994 (Seasons 4–6) and co-starred with future actor Ryan Gosling and future pop stars Christina Aguilera, Britney Spears, JC Chasez, Justin Timberlake, and Tony Lucca.\n", "In 1992, Russell appeared in \"Honey, I Blew Up the Kid\" alongside Rick Moranis and in 1993, she had a role on the sitcom \"Boy Meets World\" as Mr. Feeny's niece. Russell appeared on \"Married... with Children\" in a 1995 episode (\"Radio Free Trumaine\", production 9.24). She subsequently starred in several film and television roles, including the 1996 made-for-television film \"The Babysitter's Seduction.\" That year she also had a role on the short-lived soap opera series \"Malibu Shores.\"\n", "In 1994, Russell appeared as the \"other woman\" in Bon Jovi's music video \"Always\" with Jack Noseworthy, Carla Gugino, and Jason Wiles. In 1997, she appeared in two episodes of \"Roar\" alongside Heath Ledger.\n", "From 1998 to 2002, Russell starred as the title character on the successful WB Network series \"Felicity\". In 1999, she won a Golden Globe for the role. Russell's long curly hair was one of her character's defining characteristics, and her drastic hairstyle change at the beginning of the show's second season was thought to cause a significant drop in the show's ratings.\n", "During the show's run, Russell appeared in the films \"Eight Days a Week\", \"The Curve\", and \"Mad About Mambo\", all of which received only limited releases in North America. Her next role was in the film \"We Were Soldiers\" (2002), playing the wife of a United States serviceman during the Vietnam War. The film was released two months before the end of \"Felicity\"'s run.\n", "Section::::Career.:2003–2012.\n", "When \"Felicity\" ended, Russell moved to New York City and made her off-Broadway stage debut in 2004, appearing opposite Jeremy Piven, Andrew McCarthy, and Ashlie Atkinson in Neil LaBute's \"Fat Pig\". In 2005, she returned to television and film, beginning with an appearance in the Hallmark Hall of Fame television movie \"The Magic of Ordinary Days\", theatrical film \"The Upside of Anger\" (alongside Kevin Costner, Joan Allen and Evan Rachel Wood), and the television miniseries \"Into the West\". Directing \"\" in 2005, J. J. Abrams asked Russell to join the cast and she accepted. She was screen tested for the role of Lois Lane in \"Superman Returns\" but lost the role to Kate Bosworth.\n", "In the summer of 2006, Russell was chosen to be a celebrity spokeswoman for CoverGirl Cosmetics. In the summer of 2007, Russell appeared in \"The Keri Kronicles\", a reality show/sitcom sponsored by CoverGirl and airing on MySpace; the show was filmed at Russell's home in Manhattan and spotlighted her life. Also in 2007, she played \"Melody\" on the NBC show \"Scrubs\".\n", "Russell next starred in the film \"Waitress\", which marked the fourth time she played a pregnant woman. Her performance—opposite Nathan Fillion, Cheryl Hines, Jeremy Sisto, Andy Griffith and the film's director Adrienne Shelley—was positively received by critics, with Michael Sragow of \"The Baltimore Sun\" writing that Russell's performance had \"aesthetic character\" and \"wields tenderness and fierceness with quiet heat\". In 2007, Russell also completed roles in \"Grimm Love\" (titled \"Rohtenburg\" for its German release), in which she played Katie Armstrong, a graduate student who writes a thesis paper on an infamous cannibal murder case, and the thriller \"The Girl in the Park\", opposite Sigourney Weaver, Kate Bosworth and Alessandro Nivola.\n", "Russell next appeared in \"August Rush\", released in November 2007. She also appeared on the cover of the \"New York Post\"s Page Six magazine on November 11, 2007. Russell later appeared in \"Bedtime Stories\". In an appearance on \"The View\" on December 15, 2008, Russell said she got the part because Adam Sandler's wife Jackie had seen her in \"Waitress\" and suggested her for the movie. Russell voiced Wonder Woman in a direct-to-video animated feature released March 3, 2009.\n", "Russell starred alongside Brendan Fraser and Harrison Ford in the Tom Vaughan-helmed \"Extraordinary Measures\" for CBS Films. The drama, which started filming on April 6, 2009 and was released on January 22, 2010, was the first film to go into production for the new company. Russell played Aileen Crowley, a mother who tries to build a normal home life for her sick children while her husband, John (Fraser), and an unconventional scientist (Ford) race against time to find a cure.\n", "Russell starred in the Fox series \"Running Wilde\", from 2010 to 2011.\n", "Section::::Career.:2013–present.\n", "From 2013 to 2018, she starred in the FX drama series \"The Americans\", playing Elizabeth Jennings, a deep-undercover Russian KGB spy living as an American in the 1980s Cold War era. She appears opposite Matthew Rhys, who portrays her character's husband and spy partner. Russell and Rhys became partners in real life during this time. The series ended after six seasons.\n", "In 2013, Russell starred in the science fiction horror film \"Dark Skies\" and the romantic comedy film \"Austenland\". In 2014, Russell starred in the science fiction action film \"Dawn of the Planet of the Apes,\" a sequel to the 2011 film \"Rise of the Planet of the Apes\", alongside actors Andy Serkis and Gary Oldman. She later starred as Serena Knight in the 2016 historical war film \"Free State of Jones\".\n", "In July 2018, it was announced Russell had joined the cast of the film \"\", which is set for release on December 20, 2019. The film reunited her with former collaborator J.J. Abrams, whom she worked with on \"Felicity\" and \"Mission: Impossible III\".\n", "In August 2018, it was announced that Russell would star as Anna in the first Broadway revival of Lanford Wilson's play \"Burn This\". She starred opposite Adam Driver. Performances began in March 2019 at the Hudson Theatre.\n", "Section::::Personal life.\n", "In 2006, Russell became engaged to Shane Deary, a carpenter she met through mutual friends. The couple married in New York on February 14, 2007. They have two children together: a son born in 2007 and a daughter born in 2011. Russell and Deary separated in early summer 2013.\n", "Since 2014, Russell has been in a relationship with her \"The Americans\" co-star Matthew Rhys. They have a son, born in 2016.\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "Keri Lynn Russell" ] }, "description": "American actress", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q229426", "wikidata_label": "Keri Russell", "wikipedia_title": "Keri Russell" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Agustín Gamarra\n", "Agustín Gamarra Messia (August 27, 1785 – November 18, 1841) was a Peruvian soldier and politician, who served as the 10th and 14th President of Peru.\n", "Gamarra was a Mestizo, being of mixed Spanish and Quechua descent. He had a military life since childhood, battling against the royalist forces. He then joined the cause of Independence as second in command after Andrés de Santa Cruz. He also participated in the Battle of Ayacucho, and was later named Chief of State. In 1825, he married Francisca ('Pancha') Zubiaga y Bernales, who Simon Bolivar crowned when she was about to put the crown on him. After the invasion of Bolivia in 1828, he was named a mariscal (marshal), a highly esteemed military officer.\n", "After the defeat of José de la Mar in Gran Colombia, Gamarra urged his overthrow and assumed the presidency for a brief period after Antonio Gutiérrez de la Fuente. The peace treaty with Gran Colombia was also signed during Gamarra's government.\n", "Section::::Presidency of Peru.\n", "Section::::Presidency of Peru.:First Presidency.\n", "The government of Gamarra followed contrary beliefs to those of José de la Mar. This coincided with a great Peruvian constitutionalist movement; Gamarra put aside the Constitution of 1828, which he opposed given the limitations that were established for the executive branch.\n", "Gamarra finished, with great effort, his first constitutional government. He had a very active character which allowed him to leave Lima to thwart rebellions in various parts of the country. During such expeditions he would leave the presidency to Antonio Gutiérrez de la Fuente, who manifested his authoritarian character and started to receive the enmity of other government officials based in Lima.\n", "Section::::Presidency of Peru.:Peru and Bolivia: one and indivisible?\n", "Another idea that obsessed Gamarra was the annexation of Bolivia. He shared this idea with Andrés de Santa Cruz. However, while Bolivia did not think of the creation of one single State, Gamarra believed in the incorporation of the Bolivian territory under a single Peruvian nation.\n", "Section::::Presidency of Peru.:Second Presidency and invasion of Bolivia.\n", "In 1835, when Orbegoso and Andrés Santa Cruz signed the treaty to establish the Peru-Bolivian Confederacy, Gamarra deeply opposed it and participated in a campaign to defeat it with the help of Chile. This led to the Battle of Yungay and the overthrow of Santa Cruz. Gamarra was then officially named President by the Peruvian congress.\n", "During his second government, Gamarra confronted the challenge of pacifying the country in middle of various subversions while at the same time the beginning of a war against Bolivia. Gamarra was defeated and killed by Bolivian forces during the Battle of Ingavi in 1841.\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "Agustin Gamarra" ] }, "description": "President of Peru", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q379638", "wikidata_label": "Agustín Gamarra", "wikipedia_title": "Agustín Gamarra" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Peter Nixon\n", "Peter James Nixon AO (born 22 March 1928) is a former Australian politician representing the National Party (and also under its former name, the Country Party).\n", "Born in Orbost, Victoria, Nixon was a grazier and company director. Prior to the 1961 election he gained Country Party pre-selection for the rural Division of Gippsland, following the sudden death of the original candidate. He was elected and was returned at every subsequent election he contested. Nixon quickly became a senior member of the Country Party and first entered the ministry as Minister for the Interior in October 1967 before moving to the Shipping and Transport portfolio in 1971 under John Gorton. He retained this portfolio under William McMahon. He is mentioned in the song Gurindji Blues, saying \"Buy your land back, Gurindji\" referring to his assessment of the Wattie Creek land rights strike.\n", "In opposition from 1972 to 1975, Nixon was a prominent figure in persuading his National Party colleagues to help pass Australian Labor Party legislation opposed by the Nationals' coalition partner, the Liberal Party. This helped prove to voters the National Party's independence from the Liberal Party and in cases such as when the Nationals supported Labor's policy on educational grants to public schools, helped to show the National Party's connection with core voter issues. Nixon was also a longtime critic of what he saw as bias by the Australian Broadcasting Corporation against the National Party.\n", "Following the Coalition victory in 1975, Nixon served as Minister for Transport until 1979 and then Minister for Primary Industry, both in Malcolm Fraser's government.\n", "On the floor of parliament, Nixon was known for trading insults with opposition members and particularly his verbal stoushes with Fred Daly.\n", "Following his retirement from politics in 1983, Nixon returned to the business world, including spending seven years from 1984 as a commissioner of the Australian Football League (AFL). In 1996, he was chosen to chair a joint Commonwealth-State inquiry into the Tasmanian economy. The report became known as the \"Nixon Report: Tasmania into the 21st Century\".Trustee of MCC 86–91. Freeman City of Jakarta, Athens.Chief Commissioner East Gippsland Shire 95–97\n", "Section::::Honours.\n", "On 26 January 1993 Nixon was made an Officer of the Order of Australia for his service to the Australian parliament and to the community.\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "Australian politician", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q7176113", "wikidata_label": "Peter Nixon", "wikipedia_title": "Peter Nixon" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "James Riady\n", "James Tjahaja Riady (; born 1957 in Djakarta) (also known as Lie Zen) is the deputy chairman of the Lippo Group, a major Indonesian conglomerate. He is a Chinese Indonesian, and also the son of Mochtar Riady, who founded Lippo. Lippo ceded its control of Lippo Bank to Khazanah of Malaysia in 2005. Since his conversion to evangelical Christianity, James is now focusing on the study of theology.\n", "Section::::Early life.\n", "Riady studied at the University of Melbourne in Australia.\n", "Section::::Business activities.\n", "Riady's entry into the American business community began in 1977, when he was persuaded by Arkansas banking moguls W. R. Witt and Jackson T. Stephens, and founders of Stephens Inc., one of America's largest investment banks outside of Wall Street, to become partners in the Stephens's Worthen Banking Corporation, after the younger Riady was sent by his father, Mochtar Riady, to set up a banking presence in the United States. Mochtar Riady was also interested in helping Jimmy Carter's former budget director, Bert Lance, sell stock he held in the National Bank of Georgia, though the deal never materialized. Through their dealings with Stephens Inc. the Riadys made the acquaintance of the then-Arkansas governor, Bill Clinton. In the early 1980s James and his father signed a licensing agreement with Zenith Electronics to produce color television sets in Indonesia and built a large production plant near Jakarta. Later, in 1985, Worthen was indicted of having administered several million dollars' worth of illegal, preferential loans to companies owned by the Riadys. The loans had allegedly been channeled through Lippo Finance and Investment, the Riadys' Little Rock-based company established in 1983, as well as the Stephenses and Liem Swie Liong, another Chinese-Indonesian businessman, sometimes described as having been Mochtar's mentor.\n", "After Worthen, James Riady bought the Bank of Trade in California, the oldest Chinese-American bank. Not long afterwards, the U.S. federal government issued cease-and-desist orders for \"hazardous lending\" and for violations against the money-laundering statutes. Riady then promptly sold the bank.\n", "James Riady moved to Los Angeles and established Lippo Bank with the help of Taiwanese banker John Huang. Again the bank lost a lot of money, made a number of bad loans, and violated laws of money laundering. James Riady established ties with Johnny Rayati in 2018 to enter the cannabis business in Washington State.\n", "Together with Jim Guy Tucker he established a company called AcrossAsia Multimedia Ltd. Tucker, another former Arkansas governor, had been forced to vacate the governor's mansion in 1996 due to alleged fraud in the Whitewater scandal. The two had met through Little Rock's Second Presbyterian Church. With AcrossAsia Multimedia they wanted to build the largest cable TV infrastructure in Indonesia using a company called Kabelvision. The venture was unsuccessful.\n", "The Riady family recently acquired the tallest skyscraper in the western US, Los Angeles' US Bank Tower, for $367.5M through OUE, a Singapore-listed entity that it controls.\n", "Section::::Controversies.\n", "Section::::Controversies.:Clinton Finance Scandal.\n", "Corruption controversies have marked Riady's business career. In the 1996 presidential campaign, James Riady was a major campaign contributor to the Democratic Party. In 1998, the United States Senate conducted an investigation of the finance scandal of the 1996 U.S. presidential campaign. James Riady was indicted and pleaded guilty to campaign finance violations by himself and his corporation. He was ordered to pay an 8.6 million U.S. dollar fine for contributing foreign funds to the Democratic Party, the largest fine ever levied in a campaign finance case.\n", "Section::::Controversies.:KPPU Bribery Scandal.\n", "In 2008, Riady's close business associate Billy Sindoro, an executive of Riady's Jakarta-based First Media, was filmed handing bribes to officials of Indonesia's anti-monopoly agency, the KPPU. Riady and First Media were then in a business dispute with a Malaysian company and the KPPU was deliberating that dispute. Sindoro was later found guilty of corruption. In December 2008, the Riady-owned Jakarta Globe published a sympathetic portrait of Sindoro in prison where he lamented he would not be able to spend Christmas with his family.\n", "Section::::Controversies.:Obama Visa Waiver.\n", "In January 2010, the Washington Post revealed how the 'disgraced' Riady had received a visa waiver by the Obama Administration to re-enter the US, despite having been banned by the Bush administration. Riady's old friend, US Secretary of State Hillary Rodham Clinton claimed she had no knowledge of the visa waiver. A State Department official, embarrassed by the Post's revelation, said \"the reality of his past remains a significant obstacle for future travel to the United States.\" Riady received a waiver from a rule that forbids entry to foreigners guilty of \"a crime involving moral turpitude,\" a term that government lawyers generally interpret to include fraud. \n", "James Riady lives with his family in Lippo Village, Karawaci, surrounded by security aides. He has been demonized by the media because of his involvement in the campaign financing scandal. Hendardi, an Indonesian human rights activist, once stated that Riady's \"major achievement was to export corruption to the U.S.\"\n", "Section::::Evangelical activities.\n", "Since converting to Christianity in 1990, Riady has been an avid evangelical. He has established foundations, charities and Christian-inspired schools to spread the message in Muslim-majority Indonesia. Inevitably, his zeal has clashed with Muslim fundamentalists in the country. On 23 July 2001, Fortune published an interview in which he espoused his vision of converting poor villages to Christianity. The second biggest Muslim organization in Indonesia, the 28-million-strong Muhammadiyah, quickly assembled mass protests and demonstrations against him..\n", "Under the organization Yayasan Pendidikan Pelita Harapan, Riady helped to establish a Christian university named Universitas Pelita Harapan (UPH). He recruits students from all around Indonesia to attend the school's \"Teachers College\" (TC) on a scholarship program, training them to be teachers and sending them out to bring education to the remote areas of Indonesia. Graduates of Teachers College are often placed in schools owned and run by the organization: Sekolah Pelita Harapan, Sekolah Dian Harapan, and Sekolah Lentera Harapan. He is involved quite personally in this particular college, enforcing a strict code of discipline as well as requiring these students to attend weekly chapel and his own church. He is well known at the university for his sermons at weekly chapel, in which he focuses extensively on a chapter-by-chapter exegesis of Romans. Riady adheres to Reformed theology, often referred to as Calvinism.\n", "Section::::Arts interests.\n", "James is a serious collector of paintings and is known to have spent millions of dollars for a single work of art that he likes. Part of his vast collection can be seen on display in the UPH Painting Museum located on the 3rd floor of Matahari Towers in Lippo Karawaci. It stores more than 700 paintings by both prominent national and international painters including Raden Saleh, Affandi, A. Sudjono, Barli, Wakidi, A.D. Pirous, Widayat, Zaini, Srihadi Soedarsono, Agus Djaya, Trubus, Mochtar Apin, Sudjana Kerton, Ivan Sagito, But Mochtar, Hendra Gunawan, Dede Eri Supria, Nasiah Djamin, Walter Speis, R. Bommet, Willem Dooijewaard, J.D. Van Herwerden, etc. (Ovuvwevwevwe, Kacrut, 2016)\n", "Section::::Family.\n", "James Riady lives in Karawaci with his family. He is married to Aileen Hambali, and they have four children altogether: Caroline Riady Djojonegoro, John Riady, Stephanie Riady, and Henry Riady. His father is Mochtar Riady, a prominent Indonesian businessman.\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- US Department of Justice statement\n", "BULLET::::- Washington Post profile from 1998\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Kevin McKenna\n", "Kevin James McKenna (born 21 January 1980) is a Canadian former professional soccer who played as a centre back. Occasionally, he also played as a central midfielder or striker.\n", "Section::::Club career.\n", "McKenna began to play with soccer 1990 in the Academy team of Calgary Foothills and was promoted to the senior team in 1991. He was selected for the Alberta Provincial Under 15 team in 1995 and won the Canadian National Championships with them that year. Owen Hargreaves was also part of that Alberta team.\n", "Section::::Club career.:Energie Cottbus.\n", "After playing with Calgary Foothills as an amateur, McKenna played three seasons (the first two in the reserves) with German Bundesliga side Energie Cottbus. On the first game of the 2000–01 season, McKenna and international teammate Paul Stalteri simultaneously became the first Canadian to play in the German Bundesliga in a match between McKenna's newly promoted Cottbus and Stalteri's Werder Bremen.\n", "Section::::Club career.:Hearts.\n", "In 2001, McKenna moved to Scottish Premier League team Hearts on loan, playing eight games for the Edinburgh club. After a £300,000 transfer that summer, McKenna was the club's second leading scorer in the 2001–02 season with nine goals in 35 games. As a mostly reserve striker in 2002–03, McKenna scored six in 41. He also scored five goals in 38 games in 2003–04. After falling out of favour at Hearts in 2005, McKenna returned to Energie Cottbus. He was elected as the club's new captain after the departure of former skipper Gregg Berhalter.\n", "Section::::Club career.:1. FC Köln.\n", "In the summer of 2007, McKenna signed a four-year contract with 1. FC Köln, dropping down a division to the German Second Division. McKenna made his debut for his new team on 10 August 2007, in a 2–0 away win against FC St. Pauli. Several weeks later, McKenna scored his first goal for the club on 5 October in a 4–1 home victory over Kickers Offenbach. He helped Köln to promotion into the top flight in his first season with the club.\n", "McKenna scored his first goal in the 2010–11 season in a 4–2 away loss to powerhouse Werder Bremen on 28 August, the other goal scored by teammate Lukas Podolski. Weeks later during the month of September, McKenna had surgery done on his knee and was labeled out indefinitely, however he made a faster recovery then originally anticipated and returned to the first team in early December. He did not see any playing time until being subbed on in the 75th minute to Schalke 04 on 19 December, the game ended as a 3–0 loss.\n", "McKenna made his 2011–12 debut as a starter on 13 August against Schalke in the team's second game of the season, it ended as a 5–1 away loss. Two weeks later Mckenna scored his first goal of the season and the winning goal to beat Hamburger SV in a thrilling 4–3 away victory.\n", "Section::::International career.\n", "McKenna made his debut for Canada in a May 2000 friendly match against Trinidad and Tobago. By November 2009, he has earned a total of 46 caps, scoring nine goals. He has represented Canada in four FIFA World Cup qualification matches. McKenna has been a regular for the Canadian national team since 2002, when he featured in the CONCACAF Gold Cup as a target man for Holger Osieck's side. McKenna scored three goals, including a brace over Haiti in the first round.\n", "McKenna earned his 50th cap for team Canada in a friendly against Ecuador prior to the 2011 CONCACAF Gold Cup, the game ended in a 2–2 home draw at BMO Field. McKenna was named the captain for Canada during the Gold Cup with Paul Stalteri not in the tournament roster.\n", "Section::::Honours.\n", "Individual\n", "BULLET::::- CONCACAF Gold Cup Best XI: 2002\n", "Canada Under 15 Cup Winners 1995\n", "International\n", "BULLET::::- CONCACAF Gold Cup:\n", "BULLET::::- Third place: 2002\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Trivimi Velliste\n", "Trivimi Velliste (born 4 May 1947, in Tartu, Estonia) is an Estonian politician who served as Minister of Foreign Affairs from 1992 to 1994 and as the Estonian Ambassador to the United Nations from 1994 to 1998. He currently is a Member of Parliament in the Riigikogu representing the Pärnumaa Electoral District.\n", "Velliste is considered one of the leading forces behind the liberation of the Baltic States. His fight for Estonian identity as a foundation for the struggle to gain independence was an affront to the Russians and was conducted at great personal risk. Velliste deliberately encouraged the drive for national and political freedom. In accordance with his beliefs, he founded a society for the protection of Estonian historical monuments. Velliste considered knowledge of the past to be a necessity in the fight for elementary human rights on the road to self-government and self-confidence.\n", "In 1988, Mr Velliste was awarded the second Rafto Prize.\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Riigikogu Information Page\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Linda Coleman (North Carolina politician)\n", "Linda Coleman (born July 12, 1949) is an American politician from the state of North Carolina. Coleman was elected to three terms as a Democratic state representative in the North Carolina General Assembly before being appointed Director of the Office of State Personnel by the Governor in 2009.\n", "Section::::Early life and education.\n", "She attended public schools in Greenville and North Carolina A&T University. She later earned a master's degree in public administration. Her first job out of college was as a classroom teacher.\n", "Section::::Early political career and state legislature.\n", "Before serving in the North Carolina House of Representatives, Coleman was a Wake County Commissioner for four years, and worked as human resources management director at the State Departments of Agriculture and Administration and as personnel director for the Department of Community Colleges.\n", "In the legislature, she represented Eastern Wake County, North Carolina. Coleman was elected for the first time in November 2004 and re-elected in 2006 and 2008. In her first term, she served as chair of her freshman class in the North Carolina House Democratic Caucus.\n", "Section::::Elections.\n", "Section::::Elections.:2012 lieutenant gubernatorial election.\n", "Coleman ran for Lieutenant Governor of North Carolina in the 2012 election, and had the backing of the State Employees Association of North Carolina. The \"News and Observer\" also endorsed Coleman, calling her \"the better-qualified and more moderate choice.\" She lost the general election by a narrow margin to Republican Dan Forest.\n", "Section::::Elections.:2016 lieutenant gubernatorial election.\n", "Coleman ran for Lieutenant Governor again in 2016. She won the Democratic primary on March 15 with approximately 51 percent of the vote over three challengers. Coleman was defeated again by Forest in the November rematch.\n", "Section::::Elections.:2018 U.S. House election.\n", "Coleman was the Democratic nominee for North Carolina's 2nd congressional district in the 2018 general election. She was narrowly defeated by incumbent Republican George Holding.\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- News & Observer: Perdue appoints Coleman to Personnel\n", "BULLET::::- Campaign site\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "North Carolina politician", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q6551484", "wikidata_label": "Linda Coleman", "wikipedia_title": "Linda Coleman (North Carolina politician)" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Wayne Wonder\n", "Von Wayne Charles (born 26 July 1972), known professionally as Wayne Wonder, is a Jamaican reggae fusion (specifically reggae/R&B) artist. While his early recordings were dancehall and reggae, he later moved towards hip hop and rap. His most popular single is the 2003 hit \"No Letting Go\".\n", "Section::::Biography.\n", "Section::::Biography.:Early life.\n", "Wonder was born in Buff Bay, Portland, Jamaica. He sang in Sunday school as a child, and began songwriting at the age of 13, getting a major career break when he was given a regular weekly slot at Metro Media in Allman Town. \n", "Section::::Biography.:Auditioning and debut album.\n", "He auditioned at Sonic Sounds studio, but while Sly Dunbar was impressed, his touring commitments with Black Uhuru prevented him from signing Wonder. He had more success, however, with King Tubby, who produced his first single, \"Long and Lasting Love\", in 1985, with two more following. Wonder's career suffered a setback when Tubby was killed in 1988, and he recorded for several other record producers at Sonic Sound, enjoying a further hit with the Lloyd Dennis-produced \"It's Over Now\", leading to the release of his first album, \"No More Chance\", although his success in this era was limited. \n", "Section::::Biography.:Second album: \"Part 2\" and further releases.\n", "His fortunes improved when he began working with Dave Kelly, a friend from primary school, who had become resident sound engineer at Penthouse Studios. The partnership enjoyed a string of hits, starting with \"Saddest Day\", and they also worked on Wonder's second album, \"Part 2\". His 1990 live performance of Alphaville's \"Forever Young\" was recorded and later released to Alphaville fans in a limited, cassette-only album entitled \"History\". He toured the UK in 1992 along with other Penthouse stars Marcia Griffiths, Tony Rebel, and Buju Banton. He also recorded \"Bonafide Love (Movie Star)\" with Buju Banton, and wrote several early hits for him, including the controversial \"Boom Bye Bye\". He toured again with Banton in 1994 as part of the Penthouse Showcase. Wonder formed the band Alias along with Kelly, Baby Cham, Frisco Kid, and Frankie Sly, and later Entourage.\n", "Section::::Biography.:Record label launch and further album releases.\n", "In 2000, Wonder launched his own record label, Singso, and his 2000 album \"Da Vibe\" saw him begin to incorporate hip hop into his sound. He collaborated with several other major artists, including Jason Dalyrimple of Soul for Real, Foxy Brown, and Lisa \"Left Eye\" Lopes, and the move towards hip hop increased with his 2001 album \"Schizophrenic\".\n", "Section::::Biography.:Atlantic Records signing and international recognition.\n", "His career really took off internationally when he signed to Atlantic Records, achieving worldwide success with the song \"No Letting Go\" in 2003. The song is based on the Diwali riddim, which was also used by several other artists that year, such as Sean Paul, Lumidee and Missy Elliott. The single reached No. 11 in the US and No. 3 in the UK.\n", "\"No Letting Go\" and the album \"No Holding Back\" were a major success on urban radio stations in the US, and this prompted the release of several compilation albums featuring older Wonder material, including Trojan Records', \"\" (2005). \n", "Section::::Biography.:Further releases.\n", "A new album, \"Foreva\" was released in 2007. It reached No. 6 on the US Top Reggae Albums chart.\n", "His album \"May Way\" was released in December 2012. \"Sweet Songs\" is due to be released in 2014.\n", "In October 2014, he featured on the \"Never Mind the Buzzcocks\" identity parade, where he revealed he now tours selling Yams, joking \"I've sold more Yams than records.\"\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Wayne Wonder's official website\n" ] }

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{ "end": [ 34, 101, 151, 163, 260, 61, 95, 114, 139, 196, 244, 275, 331, 414, 500, 519, 128, 28 ], "href": [ "Kalisz", "Adam%20Mickiewicz%20University%20in%20Pozna%C5%84", "Deputy%20Marshal%20of%20the%20Sejm%20of%20the%20Republic%20of%20Poland", "Sejm", "Prime%20Minister%20of%20Poland", "Member%20of%20the%20European%20Parliament", "Lower%20Silesian%20Voivodship", "Opole%20Voivodship", "Law%20and%20Justice", "European%20Conservatives%20and%20Reformists", "European%20Parliament", "Committee%20on%20Foreign%20Affairs%20%28EU%29", "Committee%20on%20Women%27s%20Rights%20and%20Gender%20Equality", "Committee%20on%20Civil%20Liberties%2C%20Justice%20and%20Home%20Affairs", "Polityka", "Rzeczpospolita%20%28newspaper%29", "Ministry%20of%20Foreign%20Affairs%20%28Poland%29", "http%3A//www.konradszymanski.pl" ], "paragraph_id": [ 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 5, 7 ], "start": [ 28, 65, 136, 159, 236, 28, 70, 98, 124, 159, 225, 247, 284, 360, 492, 505, 101, 12 ], "text": [ "Kalisz", "Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań", "Deputy Marshall", "Sejm", "Prime Minister of Poland", "Member of the European Parliament", "Lower Silesian Voivodship", "Opole Voivodship", "Law and Justice", "European Conservatives and Reformists", "European Parliament", "Committee on Foreign Affairs", "Committee on Women's Rights and Gender Equality", "Committee on Civil Liberties, Justice and Home Affairs", "Polityka", "Rzeczpospolita", "Ministry of Foreign Affairs", "Official website" ], "wikipedia_id": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ], "wikipedia_title": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ] }

{ "paragraph": [ "Konrad Szymański\n", "Konrad Krzysztof Szymański (born 6 December 1969) since November 2015 has been the Polish Minister for European Affairs.\n", "Section::::Biography.\n", "Szymański was growing up in Kalisz. He earned a Master of Law at Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań in 1995. He was an advisor to the Deputy Marshall of the Sejm from 1999 to 2000, subsequently serving in the Political Cabinet of the Prime Minister of Poland. \n", "From 2004 to 2014, he was a Member of the European Parliament for the Lower Silesian Voivodship & Opole Voivodship with the Law and Justice party, part of the European Conservatives and Reformists group. Szymański sat on the European Parliament's Committee on Foreign Affairs and its Committee on Women's Rights and Gender Equality. He was a substitute on the Committee on Civil Liberties, Justice and Home Affairs and a member of the delegation for relations with Belarus. In 2013 and 2014, Polityka and Rzeczpospolita respectively voted him one of the best Polish members of the European Parliament. \n", "On 9 November 2015 Szymański was appointed the Polish Secretary of State for European Affairs at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Official website\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "Polish politician", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q440788", "wikidata_label": "Konrad Szymański", "wikipedia_title": "Konrad Szymański" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Jan Březina\n", "Jan Březina (born 14 April 1954 in Konice)\n", "is a Czech politician and Member of the European Parliament with TOP 09, part of the European People's Party and sits on the European Parliament's Committee on Industry, Research and Energy. He was elected for Christian Democratic Union - Czechoslovak People's Party, but left the party in February 2012.\n", "He is a substitute for the Committee on Regional Development and a member of the\n", "Delegation for relations with the countries of south-east Europe.\n", "Section::::Education.\n", "BULLET::::- 1978: Master's degree in mining (VŠB Technical University of Ostrava)\n", "Section::::Career.\n", "BULLET::::- since 1990: Member of KDU-ČSL (Christian Democratic Union - Czechoslovak People's Party)\n", "BULLET::::- since 1995: Member of a district committee of KDU-ČSL\n", "BULLET::::- since 2000: Member of the board of KDU-ČSL\n", "BULLET::::- since 2000: Member of the KDU-ČSL national conference\n", "BULLET::::- since 2000: Member of the KDU-ČSL national committee\n", "BULLET::::- 1995-1997: Deputy Mayor of Uničov\n", "BULLET::::- 1997-2000: Chief Executive of Olomouc District Office\n", "BULLET::::- 2000-2004: Member of the Regional Assembly of the Olomouc Region and President of the Olomouc Region\n", "BULLET::::- 2000-2004: Joint Committee with the EU Committee of the Regions\n", "BULLET::::- 2004: Member of the Committee of the Regions\n", "BULLET::::- since 1998: Participated in the drafting of the Czech Republic's strategy papers\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- 2004 European Parliament election in the Czech Republic\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "Czech politician", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q710830", "wikidata_label": "Jan Březina", "wikipedia_title": "Jan Březina" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Milan Cabrnoch\n", "Milan Cabrnoch (born 6 August 1962 in Čáslav) is a Czech physician and politician. He was a Member of the European Parliament with the Civic Democratic Party, part of the European Conservatives and Reformists and sat on the European Parliament's Committee on Employment and Social Affairs.\n", "He was a substitute for the Committee on Budgetary Control and a member of the Delegation to the EU-Russia Parliamentary Cooperation Committee.\n", "Section::::Education.\n", "BULLET::::- 1986: Doctor of Medicine (Faculty of Paediatrics, Charles University, Prague)\n", "Section::::Career.\n", "BULLET::::- 1986–1994: Doctor\n", "BULLET::::- 1994–1998: Head of department at the Ministry of Health\n", "BULLET::::- 1998: Deputy Minister of Health\n", "BULLET::::- since 1995: Member of ODS (Civic Democratic Party)\n", "BULLET::::- 2000–2004: Member of the ODS executive council\n", "BULLET::::- 1998–2004: Member of Kolín Town Council\n", "BULLET::::- 1998–2004: Member of the Chamber of Deputies of the Parliament of the Czech Republic and Vice-Chairman of the Chamber's Committee for Social Policy and Health\n", "BULLET::::- Member of the Permanent Delegation of the Parliament of the Czech Republic to the Council of Europe\n", "\"See also:\" 2004 European Parliament election in the Czech Republic\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "Czech politician, physicist and MEP", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q3490182", "wikidata_label": "Milan Cabrnoch", "wikipedia_title": "Milan Cabrnoch" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Hynek Fajmon\n", "Hynek Fajmon (born 17 May 1968 in Nymburk) is a Czech politician and Member of the European Parliament with the Civic Democratic Party, part of the European Democrats, and sits on\n", "the European Parliament's Committee on Budgets.\n", "He is a substitute for the Committee on Agriculture and Rural Development, a member of the delegation for relations with the People's Republic of China, and a member of Committee on Budgets.\n", "On 27 September 2007, he published an article expressing a favorable view of the U.S. radio detecting base, at the time a very controversial topic in the Czech Republic.\n", "Section::::Education.\n", "BULLET::::- 1992: Master's degree (Faculty of Philosophy and Arts, Charles University, Prague)\n", "BULLET::::- Diplomatic Academy of Vienna\n", "BULLET::::- London School of Economics\n", "Section::::Career.\n", "BULLET::::- 1994-1997: Diplomat\n", "BULLET::::- 1998: Adviser on NATO affairs to the Minister of Defence\n", "BULLET::::- since 1991: Member of ODS (Civic Democratic Party)\n", "BULLET::::- since 2001: Member of the ODS executive council\n", "BULLET::::- since 1990: Member of Lysá nad Labem Town Council\n", "BULLET::::- since 1996: Member of Lysá nad Labem Town Board\n", "BULLET::::- 1998-2001: Mayor of Lysá nad Labem\n", "BULLET::::- 2001-2002: Deputy Mayor of Lysá nad Labem\n", "BULLET::::- 2001-2004: Member of the Chamber of Deputies of the Parliament of the Czech Republic\n", "BULLET::::- 2001-2004: Member of the Committee for European Integration\n", "BULLET::::- 2003-2004: Observer at the European Parliament, member of the Committee on Budgets\n", "\"See also:\" 2004 European Parliament election in the Czech Republic\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "Czech member of Czech Parliament (1998–2006)", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q741884", "wikidata_label": "Hynek Fajmon", "wikipedia_title": "Hynek Fajmon" }