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{ "paragraph": [ "Michel Vermeulin\n", "Michel Vermeulin (born 6 September 1934) is a former road and track cyclist from France, who won the gold medal in the men's team road race at the 1956 Summer Olympics in Melbourne, Australia, alongside Arnaud Geyre and Maurice Moucheraud. He also won the silver medal in the men's 4.000m team pursuit in the track competition in Melbourne, Australia. Vermeulin was a professional rider from 1958 to 1964.\n", "Section::::Major results.\n", "BULLET::::- 1956\n", "BULLET::::- 1958\n", "BULLET::::- 1959\n", "BULLET::::- 1960\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Official Tour de France results for Michel Vermeulin\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "Road bicycle racer", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q391302", "wikidata_label": "Michel Vermeulin", "wikipedia_title": "Michel Vermeulin" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Phạm Ngọc Thảo\n", "Colonel Phạm Ngọc Thảo (IPA: , ), also known as Albert Thảo (1922–1965), was a communist sleeper agent of the Viet Minh (and, later, of the Vietnam People's Army) who infiltrated the Army of the Republic of Vietnam and also became a major provincial leader in South Vietnam. In 1962, he was made overseer of Ngô Đình Nhu's Strategic Hamlet Program in South Vietnam and deliberately forced it forward at an unsustainable speed, causing the production of poorly equipped and poorly defended villages and the growth of rural resentment toward the regime of President Ngô Đình Diệm, Nhu's elder brother. In light of the failed \"land reform\" efforts in North Vietnam, the Hanoi government welcomed Thao's efforts to undermine Diem.\n", "During the First Indochina War, Thảo was a communist officer in the Vietminh and helped oversee various operations in the Mekong Delta in the far south, at one point commanding his future enemy Nguyễn Khánh, who briefly served the communist cause. After the French withdrawal and the partition of Vietnam, Thảo stayed in the south and made a show of renouncing communism. He became part of the military establishment in the anti-communist southern regime and quickly rose through the ranks. Nominally Catholic, Thảo befriended Diệm's elder brother, Archbishop Pierre Martin Ngô Đình Thục—the devoutly Roman Catholic Ngô family strongly favored co-religionists and had great trust in Thảo, unaware that he was still loyal to the communists. He went on to serve as the chief of Bến Tre Province, and gained fame after the area—traditionally a communist stronghold—suddenly became peaceful and prosperous. Vietnamese and US officials, as well as journalists hostile to or supportive of Saigon, misinterpreted this as a testament to Thảo's great ability, and he was promoted to a more powerful position where he could further his sabotage. Thảo and the communists in the local area had simply stopped fighting, so that the communists could quietly recuperate, while Thảo would appear to be very skillful and be given a more important job where he could do more damage.\n", "Through intrigue, Thảo also helped destabilise and ultimately unseat two South Vietnamese regimes—Diem's and the military junta of Khánh. As the Diệm regime began to unravel in 1963, Thảo was one of the officers planning a coup. His plot was ultimately integrated into the successful plot and his activities promoted infighting which weakened the government and distracted the military from fighting the Viet Cong insurgency. Throughout 1964 and 1965, as South Vietnam was struggling to establish a stable state after the ouster of Diệm, Thảo was involved in several intrigues and coup plots which diverted the government from implementing its programs. In 1965, he went into hiding after a failed attempt to seize power from Khánh and was sentenced to death \"in absentia\". Although this coup also failed, the subsequent chaos forced Khánh's junta to collapse. Thảo died the same year he was forced into hiding; it is believed that he was murdered after a bounty was placed on his head. After Vietnam was reunified at the end of the Vietnam War, the victorious communists claimed Thảo as one of their own and posthumously made him a one-star general.\n", "Section::::Early Vietminh years.\n", "Born Phạm Ngọc Thuần, Thảo was one of eleven children of a northern Vietnamese Roman Catholic family. At the time, Vietnam was a French colony. The family held French citizenship but opposed French colonialism. His father, an engineer, once headed an underground communist organisation in Paris, which assisted the Viet Minh's anti-French pro-independence activities outside Vietnam. After attending French schools in Saigon, Thuần changed his name to Thảo and renounced his French citizenship. In his high school years at the Lycée Chasseloup-Laubat, Thảo met Trương Như Tảng, who later became a high-ranking member of the Viet Cong, a communist guerrilla organisation in South Vietnam. Tảng described Thảo as \"my dearest friend\" and recalled that they had \"spent endless hours talking about everything under the sun. We were closer than brothers.\"\n", "Thảo spent his teenage years obsessed with his motorcycle. Despite being educated at an upper-class school that served children of French colonial administrators and privileged Vietnamese—French was the medium of instruction and Gallic culture and history a major part of the curriculum—Thảo was attracted to nationalist politics. He participated in Hồ Chí Minh's revolutionary campaigns for Vietnamese independence and joined the Vietminh.\n", "In September 1945, Hồ declared independence under the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (DRV) following the withdrawal of Imperial Japan, which had seized control of the country from France during the Second World War. At the time, there was a power vacuum, as both Japan and France had been decimated by the war. There was an outbreak of nationalist fervour in Vietnam; Tảng and Thảo joined the Vanguard Youth, an impromptu independence militia. Tảng was assigned to be the leader of the local unit, but he left the movement soon after, leaving Thảo in command. During this period, Saigon was regularly engulfed in riots.\n", "In 1946, France attempted to reassert control over its colony and conventional military fighting broke out. Thảo served with the Vietminh in the Mekong Delta in the far south of Vietnam during the war against French rule from 1946 to 1954. He almost met his end before he had started; he was apprehended by the local communists in Mỹ Tho, who saw his French-style dress and mistook him for a colonial agent. They tied him up and chained him to a block of stone before throwing him into a river to drown. However, Thảo broke free of the weight and swam to safety. Thảo proceeded further south and deeper into the Mekong Delta to the town of Vĩnh Long, where he was again arrested by the local Vietminh. Just as Thảo was about to be executed by drowning, one of the communists realised he was a brother of one of their comrades. Thảo was released and rejoined his family, who lived in the region.\n", "As a leader of the resistance, Thảo was allocated the responsibility of indoctrinating the 1947 batch of recruits with Vietminh ideology. One of Thảo's students was his future enemy, South Vietnamese General and President Nguyễn Khánh. This group became the 410th Battalion and went on to fight near Cà Mau, the southernmost part of Vietnam. By 1949, Thảo was in charge of the Vietminh espionage apparatus around Saigon and organised the guerrilla companies in the countryside. Thảo was also involved in procuring arms. Filipino traders brought arms into southern Vietnam in return for rice, shrimp, pork, gold and banknotes. Following the French defeat in 1954 at Điện Biên Phủ, Thảo helped evacuate communist fighters from South Vietnam and Cambodia in accordance with the terms of the Geneva Conference. Under these Accords, Vietnam was to be temporarily divided at the 17th parallel pending national elections to reunify the country in 1956, and military personnel were to be evacuated to their respective sides of the border. In the meantime, Hồ Chí Minh's Vietminh controlled the north under the DRV while the south was under the French-sponsored State of Vietnam.\n", "However, Thảo remained in the anti-communist south when Vietnam was partitioned and made a show of renouncing communism. He became a schoolteacher and later worked in a bank, as well as the Department of Transport. He consistently refused to turn in the names of his former comrades, claiming that they were merely patriots fighting against the French and were not communists. At the same time, one of Thảo's brothers had been appointed as North Vietnam's ambassador to East Germany, having served as vice chairman of the Vietminh's Resistance Committee for the South during the war against the French. In October 1955, Prime Minister Diệm ousted Emperor Bảo Đại in a referendum to determine the form of government of the State of Vietnam. \"Republic\" received almost 99% of the vote and \"monarchy\" received a little over 1%. Diệm declared himself president of the newly proclaimed Republic of Vietnam. He scrapped the national elections, citing the fact that South Vietnam was not a signatory to the Accords of the Geneva Conference.\n", "Section::::Undercover communist in the South Vietnamese army.\n", "The U.S.-backed Diệm was passionately anti-communist. In 1957, he initiated an \"Anti-Communist Denunciation Campaign\" to root out Vietminh members and their sympathisers. Thousands of people were killed or jailed, and in time Diệm's campaigns created more sympathy for the Vietminh. Before 1960, various small-scale pro-Communist uprisings were taking place in the countryside. Thảo went on the run and hid in Vĩnh Long, worried that Diệm's men were after him. In December 1960, North Vietnam's Politburo authorised the creation of the National Front for the Liberation of South Vietnam, popularly known as the Viet Cong. The Vietcong were dominated by communists, but portrayed itself as a nationalist militant organisation, stating its aim to be the \"reunification of the fatherland\" with the overthrow of the \"disguised colonial regime of the U.S. imperialists and the dictatorial Ngo Dinh Diem administration\". The creation of the Vietcong marked an escalation in the scale and organisation of the insurgency that developed into the Vietnam War.\n", "Thảo's Catholic background helped him to avoid detection as a communist. He and his brother were the only members of the family who were not anti-communist. The remainder of the relatives were followers of Diệm's brother, Archbishop Thục, who had been Bishop of Vĩnh Long during the war against France. Thảo was known to have a face that revealed nothing of his inner feelings. Thục's intervention helped Thảo rise in the Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN). Thục put Thảo in touch with Trần Kim Tuyến, who was in charge of intelligence operations under Diệm's younger brother Nhu, who was the head of the secret police and controlled the ARVN Special Forces. Thảo began as a propagandist for various units of the army and for the secret Catholic Cần lao Party, whose system of informants and secret cells helped create the atmosphere of a police state and maintained the Ngô family's grip on power.\n", "Tảng believed that Thục \"undoubtedly considered that Thảo's Catholic and family loyalties were stronger and more durable than his youthful enthusiasm for revolution\". He felt that Thảo had tricked Thục into believing that he was no longer a communist, and that his inside knowledge would be useful to the Ngô family. Thảo started by training the Civil Guard. As a result of his family's Catholic connections, Thảo rose steadily in the ARVN, since Diệm's regime had always promoted officers primarily on religious preference and loyalty. Nhu sent him to Malaysia to study counterinsurgency techniques, and upon his return, Thảo became a vital part of Nhu's efforts to purge the army of disloyal officers. As Thảo kept a close watch on those who commanded troops, lest they use their personnel in a coup, the leading officers were keen to maintain a good relationship with him, which increased his effectiveness as a spy. Thảo rose even further when the troops he commanded helped put down the November 1960 coup attempt against Diệm. Thảo assisted Khánh and Trần Thiện Khiêm to put down the revolt. All three were promoted, with the latter pair gaining the leadership of the ARVN and of the combined forces, respectively. This cemented the trio's close ties.\n", "Thảo was promoted to the post of chief of Bến Tre Province. He covertly worked with the cadres of Nguyễn Thị Định, a Vietcong leader who later became the highest ranking female communist in post-war reunified Vietnam. The area was a traditional communist stronghold, and anti-government attacks had increased in recent times, but it suddenly became peaceful when Thảo arrived. There were rumours that Thảo and the communists had decided to cease fighting for their mutual benefit; the guerrillas could quietly strengthen themselves, while Thảo would appear to be successful and he would be promoted to a more powerful position where he could cause more damage to Diệm. The lack of fighting between Thảo's forces and the Vietcong proved to be beneficial to the communist cause. In a three-month period in 1963, the Vietcong were able to recruit 2,000 men in Bến Tre and formed two more battalions. Thảo was praised by the Ngô family and U.S. military advisors, unaware of his ruse. He received another promotion, and with it, more influence and contacts among the officer corps.\n", "The US ambassador, Elbridge Durbrow, described Bến Tre Province as an \"agricultural showplace\" and advised journalists to travel there to see Thảo's successful administration. The influential American journalist Joe Alsop changed his plans so that he could spend more time in Bến Tre, saying that the province \"particularly inspires hope\". In one operation by Thảo's ARVN forces, American field journalists covering the battle saw their hours-long attempt to box in a Vietcong battalion yield only one farmer who lived in a hut with antigovernment slogans. Despite this, the American journalists and Vietnamese officers remained unaware that Thảo was a double agent. In fact, the Pulitzer Prize-winning journalist David Halberstam misinterpreted the lack of attacks in Bến Tre, while other provinces were being ravaged, as proof that Thảo was one of the few capable government officials in the Mekong Delta. Journalist Robert Shaplen wrote: \"In all respects, Thao is one of the most remarkable Vietnamese around, being a conspiratorial revolutionary figure straight out of a Malraux novel and, at the same time, a highly sophisticated and astute man, whose talents, if only they were properly channeled, could profitably be used right now.\" As Thảo was a former leader of the Vietminh, outsiders thought that his apparent success was due his first-hand knowledge of communist tactics. During his period as the province chief, Thảo set up the Council of Elders, a consultative body of 20–200 men and women, who were allowed to criticise local officials. He advocated the creation of the Council of Patrons, a philanthropic body to raise money for community projects.\n", "Section::::Strategic Hamlet Program.\n", "In 1962, Nhu began work on the ambitious Strategic Hamlet Program, an attempt to build fortified villages that would be secure zones for rural Vietnamese. The objective was to lock the Vietcong out so that they could not operate among the villagers. Thảo supervised these efforts, and when told that the peasants resented being forcibly removed from their ancestral lands and put into forts that they were forced to build, he advised Nhu and Tuyến that it was imperative to build as many hamlets as fast as possible. This pleased the Vietcong, who felt that Thảo's efforts were turning the rural populace against Saigon. Thảo specifically had villages built in areas that he knew had a strong Vietcong presence. This increased the number of communist sympathisers who were placed inside the hamlets and given identification cards. As a result, the Vietcong were able to more effectively penetrate the villages to access supplies and personnel.\n", "Later in 1962, United States Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara visited South Vietnam and was taken on an inspection tour of the country, accompanied by Diệm and Thảo. Perhaps because Thảo divulged the tour details to Vietcong guerrillas, each of McNamara's stopovers was punctuated by bloody attacks on nearby ARVN installations. For example, when McNamara was in Bình Dương Province, five government soldiers were killed. As he flew from Đà Lạt north to Đà Nẵng near the Demilitarized Zone, he was greeted by a Vietcong bombing of a southbound troop train, which killed 27 and wounded 30 Civil Guard members.\n", "Section::::The fall of Diệm.\n", "In 1963, the Diệm regime began to lose its tight control over the country as civil unrest spread as a result of the Buddhist crisis. Large scale demonstrations by the Buddhist majority erupted in response to the government shootings of nine Buddhists in Huế who were protesting against a ban on the flying of the Buddhist flag during Vesak, the birthday of Gautama Buddha. With Diệm remaining intransigent in the face of Buddhist demands for religious equality, sections of society began calling for his removal from power. Thảo was part of the many plots that engulfed Saigon, destabilising the regime. Aiming for a 15 July coup, Tuyến consulted with Thảo regarding his plans, but Tuyến was too closely associated with Nhu to recruit the necessary military aid and he was subsequently exiled by Nhu.\n", "Tuyen's group ended up being led by Thảo but his initial coup plans were shelved when American CIA agent Lucien Conein instructed Thảo's superior, General Khiêm, to stop the coup on the grounds that it was premature. Thảo's motivation for involvement in the plotting is generally attributed to communist instructions for him to cause infighting within the ARVN whenever possible. He resumed plotting, intending to stage the coup on 24 October. He had recruited various infantry, marine and paratroop units for his scheme, totalling 3,000 men. Thảo's group did not carry out the coup after senior generals persuaded him to integrate his forces into their larger group, which was more likely to succeed. Thảo reasoned that aligning himself with a group of officers that were likely to successful would yield more influence in the resulting junta. The coup was successfully executed on 1 November 1963 under the leadership of Generals Dương Văn Minh and Trần Văn Đôn.\n", "Thảo commanded around two dozen tanks, which formed a column in the streets surrounding the Presidential Palace at midnight, and helped launch the full-scale attack at 03:30 on 2 November. The rebels eventually gained control of the building, and at daybreak Thảo's forces stormed the palace, but found it empty; Diệm and Nhu had escaped. A captured officer of the Presidential Guard revealed the brothers' hiding place and under the orders of Khiêm, Thảo went after them. Khiêm ordered Thảo to ensure the brothers were not physically harmed. Thảo arrived at the house in Cholon where the brothers were purportedly hiding and phoned the rebels back at the palace. Diệm and Nhu were apparently listening in on an extension in another room and escaped. The brothers subsequently surrendered to an ARVN convoy led by General Mai Hữu Xuân at a nearby Catholic church and were executed en route to military headquarters despite being promised safe exile.\n", "The US media's links to Thảo have been the source of historical debate. The journalists' reporting of Diệm's authoritarian rule, military failures, and attacks on Buddhists shifted American public opinion and put pressure on Washington to withdraw support for the Ngô family and seek a change of leadership. William Prochnau felt that the fall of Diệm was the biggest influence of the media on American foreign policy in over six decades. Thảo and Phạm Xuân Ẩn had been the source of much of the media's information. Conservative revisionist historians have accused the media of bringing down Diệm by publishing reports that, according to them, were based on false data disseminated by communist propagandists to unfairly malign Diệm's rule, which they claim was effective and fair towards the Buddhist majority.\n", "Section::::Participation in military junta.\n", "After the fall of the Diệm regime, Thảo was designated by the head of state Minh and the civilian Prime Minister Nguyễn Ngọc Thơ to create the nucleus of a group called the Council of Notables, and promote it to the public. which, as an interim body of prominent civilians, would advise the military junta before it handed over power to an elected legislature under civilian rule. The Council of 60 people, 58 men and 2 women, held its first meeting on 1 January 1964 in Saigon. The council was composed almost entirely of well-known professionals and academics and, as such, was hardly representative of South Vietnamese society; there were no delegates from the agricultural or labour sectors of the economy. It gained a reputation for being a forum of debate, rather than a means of enacting policy change and government programs for the populace. Thơ and Minh assigned Thảo with the task of encouraging a transition to democracy by facilitating the formation of a few political parties. This was ineffective, as many political parties with only a handful of members sprang up and squabbled. Within 45 days of the coup, 62 parties had formed but nothing meaningful resulted. In the end, these efforts proved to be irrelevant as Minh's junta and the accompanying Council of Notables were overthrown before the end of the month. During this period, Thảo served as the head of military security and played a role in replacing Colonel Đỗ Khắc Mai with Nguyễn Cao Kỳ as the head of the Republic of Vietnam Air Force. In the aftermath of the coup, Vietcong attacks increased markedly amid infighting among the Saigon leadership, which Thảo had helped to stir up.\n", "The generals sent Thảo to Fort Leavenworth in the United States for six months to learn conventional warfare tactics. He also spent a month in England before returning to Vietnam. By this time, Minh's junta had been replaced in a 1964 January coup by Khánh. It is suspected that one of the generals' motives for deploying Thảo overseas was his continual involvement in plotting. Khánh appointed Thảo as his press officer as well as an unofficial political adviser.\n", "Later that same year, Khánh became involved in a power struggle with his deputy Khiêm as well as Minh, who had been retained as the titular head of state. Thảo was a close friend of Khiêm, so when Khánh prevailed in the power struggle, Khánh despatched Khiêm to Washington as the ambassador with Thảo was his press attaché. In August 1964, Khánh's leadership became increasingly troubled after he tried to augment his powers by declaring a state of emergency. This only provoked large-scale protests and riots calling for an end to military rule, with Buddhist activists at the forefront. Fearful of losing power, Khánh began making concessions to the protesters and promised democracy in the near future, which encouraged more groups to demand changes, and Khánh demoted certain Catholic pro-Diệm supporters. On 13 September, a Catholic-dominated group led by Generals Lâm Văn Phát and Dương Văn Đức, both of whom had been demoted, moved troops into Saigon but then withdrew after it became obvious they did not have the numbers to remove Khánh. Khiêm and Thảo were implicated in helping to plot Phát and Đức's attempted putsch; both were sent abroad by Khánh.\n", "Section::::1965 attempted coup.\n", "In late December 1964, Thảo was summoned back to Saigon by Khánh, who correctly suspected him and Khiêm of plotting together with Washington. Thảo suspected Khánh was attempting to have him killed, so he went underground upon returning to Saigon, and began plotting in earnest, having been threatened with being charged for desertion. He sheltered in a house belonging to a friend of Trương Như Tảng. The ruling junta appealed to Thảo in newspaper advertisements and broadcasts to follow orders to report, but he ignored them. In mid-January 1965, the regime called for him to report to his superiors in the ARVN, warning that he would be \"considered guilty of abandoning his post with all the consequences of such a situation\" if he failed to do so.\n", "Due to his Catholic background, Thảo was able to recruit Diệm loyalists such as Phát. With Khánh's grip on power shaky, an anonymous source said that Thảo was worried about how he would be treated if someone else took over: \"Thao acted first, out of fear that if he did not, the other generals would overthrow Khanh and get rid of him as well. He knew that if the others overthrew Khanh his fate would be worse than Khanh's.\" During this time, Thảo kept in touch with elements of the CIA in an attempt to get American backing. Meanwhile, Khiêm had been putting pressure on Khánh for over two months by charging him and the Buddhists of seeking a \"neutralist solution\" and \"negotiating with the communists\". At the same time, Khánh's relationship with the Americans—particularly Ambassador and retired General Maxwell Taylor—had broken down over a series of policy disputes and personal arguments, and the Americans were trying to encourage Khánh's colleagues to overthrow him so that more hawkish policies could be enacted. The other generals wanted to overthrow Khánh and were aware that Thảo—who was widely distrusted—was planning to make a move. They anticipated trouble in trying to keep their subordinates, who were becoming impatient with Khánh's ongoing tenure, from joining Thảo. Between January and February, Thảo continued to finalize the details of his own counter-coup, using the contacts he had cultivated over the past decades.\n", "Phát and other pro-Diệm officers opposed the Buddhist influence being exerted on Khánh. Thảo consulted Kỳ—who wanted to seize power for himself—before the plot, and exhorted him to join the coup, but the air force chief claimed that he was remaining neutral. Thảo thus believed Kỳ would not intervene against him, but Kỳ was strongly opposed to Thảo and Phát. American intelligence analysts had believed that General Don was involved in the coup with Phát and Thảo, but this was proven false when the action started. Eight months after the coup was over, Don told the American historian George McTurnan Kahin that he had been plotting with Thảo, who had planned for him to become Defense Minister and Chief of Staff of the military, but that the Đại Việt and Thảo's Catholic civilian allies had insisted on installing Khiêm, a Catholic. A month before the coup, American intelligence analysts had believed that Thảo was planning to replace Khánh as commander-in-chief with Don.\n", "Shortly before noon on 19 February, he used around fifty tanks, their crew and a mixture of infantry battalions to seize control of the military headquarters, the post office and the radio station of Saigon. He surrounded the home of General Khánh and Gia Long Palace, the residence of head of state Phan Khắc Sửu. The tanks were led by Colonel Dương Hiếu Nghĩa, a Catholic member of the Đại Việt. The country was still trying to find stability, with Phan Huy Quát being appointed prime minister just three days earlier. Khánh managed to escape and flee to Vũng Tàu. His plane lifted off from Tan Son Nhut Air Base, the country's military headquarters, just as rebel tanks were rolling in, attempting to block the runway. Thảo's men tried to capture the Saigon base of the Republic of Vietnam Navy, and its commander, Admiral Chung Tấn Cang, but were foiled, but they did capture a number of junta members at Tan Son Nhut.\n", "Thảo made a radio announcement stating that the sole objective of his military operation was to get rid of Khánh, whom he described as a \"dictator\". He said that he intended to recall Khiêm to Saigon to lead the Armed Forces Council in place of Khánh, but would retain the civilian cabinet that answered to the generals. In doing so, he caught Khiêm off guard, asleep in his Maryland home. When informed of what was happening, Khiêm sent a cable in which he pledged \"total support\" to the plot. The coup group made pro-Diệm announcements, claiming then-U.S. Ambassador Henry Cabot Lodge, Jr. \"was wrong in encouraging the coup against Diem rather than correcting mistakes\".\n", "A Catholic rebel officer made a speech extolling Diệm, and mourning his loss. This gave the impression that the coup plotters wanted to roll back the country to a Diệm-era position and punish those who had been involved in Diệm's overthrow and execution. Thảo's group also promised to aggressively fight the Vietcong and cooperate with the United States. Throughout the day, a series of anti-Khánh speeches were broadcast on radio, and the rebels claimed to have the support of four divisions, something that was regarded as dubious. U.S. government analysts concluded that the rebellion was \"primarily a move by die-hard neo-Diemists and Catholic military militants, disturbed at the rise of Buddhist influence, opposed to Gen. Khánh and—in a vague, ill-thought-out way—desirous of turning back the clock and undoing some of the results of the November 1963 ouster of Diem.\" Among the civilians linked to Thảo's plot were Catholic academics and a militant priest.\n", "As Diệm had strongly discriminated along religious lines, the rebels' commented caused a negative response among the Buddhist majority. The Buddhist activist monk Thich Tam Chau called on Buddhists to support the incumbent junta. The pro-Diệm speeches also alarmed pro-Buddhist and anti-Diệm generals, such as Nguyễn Chánh Thi and Nguyễn Hữu Có, who had been part of the failed 1960 and successful 1963 coups against Diệm respectively. They thought that Thảo and Phat might seek revenge, driving many anti-Diệm officers who may have otherwise been neutral or sympathetic to the coup, to swing more towards Khánh.\n", "Although Taylor and US military commander General William Westmoreland wanted Khánh out, the pro-Diệm political ideology expressed by Thảo's supporters alienated them, as they feared that the coup plotters would destabilize and polarize the country if they took power. The Americans worried that Phat and Thảo could galvanize support for Khánh through their extreme views, which had the potential to provoke large-scale sectarian divisions, playing into the hands of the communists and hindering wider American objectives. They were also worried by Thảo's intention to remove Quát and the civilian government, whom he saw was \"too susceptible to Buddhist peacemongering\". The U.S. saw civilian participation in governance as a necessity. They worried that a Khánh victory would enhance his prestige, so they wanted to see some third force emerge and defeat both the Thảo and Khánh factions. Westmoreland and Taylor decided to work for the failure of both Thảo and Khánh, and helped organize US advisers for the purpose.\n", "Phat was supposed to seize the Bien Hoa Air Base to prevent air force chief Kỳ from mobilising air power against them, but he failed to reach the airfield before Kỳ, who circled Tan Son Nhut and threatened to bomb the rebels. Most of the forces of the III and IV Corps surrounding the capital disliked both Khánh and the rebels, and took no action. However, as night came, senior military opinion began to turn against Thảo and Phát, although it was not clear at this stage whether the anti-Thảo forces being organised and led by Thi were hostile to Khánh as well.\n", "At 20:00, Phát and Thảo met with Kỳ, and insisted that Khánh be removed from power. The coup collapsed when, between midnight and dawn, anti-Thảo forces swept into the city from the south along with some components of the 7th Airborne Brigade loyal to Kỳ from Biên Hòa in the north. Whether the rebels were genuinely defeated by the overwhelming show of strength or whether a deal was struck with Kỳ to end the revolt in exchange for Khánh's removal is disputed, although a large majority support the latter. According to the latter version, Phát and Thảo agreed to free the members of the Armed Forces Council that they had arrested and withdraw in exchange for Khánh's complete removal from power. Possibly as a means of saving face, Phát and Thảo were given an appointment with the figurehead chief of state Sửu, who was under close control by the junta, to \"order\" him to sign a decree stripping Khánh of his military leadership, and organizing a meeting of the junta and Prime Minister Quát's civilian cabinet. During the early morning, while the radio station was still in the hands of Thảo's men, a message attributed to Sửu was read out; it claimed that the chief of state had sacked Khánh. However, the authenticity of the announcement was put into doubt when loyalists took control of the station and Sửu spoke in person, claiming otherwise. There were no injuries or deaths in the coup.\n", "Before fleeing, Thảo broadcast a premature message claiming the coup had been effective in removing Khánh, and the Armed Forces Council later adopted a vote of no confidence in Khánh later that day, and forced him into exile. Later in the morning, while on the run, Thảo made a broadcast using a military radio system to call for Khanh's departure and defend his actions, which he described as being in the best interest of the nation. Phat and Thảo were stripped of their ranks, but nothing was initially done as far as prosecuting or sentencing them for their involvement in the coup.\n", "Section::::Hiding and death.\n", "While in hiding in Catholic villages, Thảo expressed his willingness to surrender and cooperate with Quát's government, if he and approximately 50 officers involved in the coup were granted amnesty. He also offered to go into exile in the United States, where his family had moved when he was sent there for training in 1964. In May 1965, a military tribunal sentenced both Thảo and Phát to death in absentia. The death sentence was attributed to the influence of Thi, who had assigned hit squads to look for him. After the conclusion of the trial, it was announced that the Armed Forces Council would disband and give the civilians more control in running the government. Thi was believed to have agreed to the transfer of power to a civilian government in return for Thảo's death. As a result, Thảo had little choice but to attempt to seize power in order to save himself and he and Thi began to manoeuvre against one another.\n", "On 20 May, a half dozen officers and around 40 civilians, most or all of whom were Catholic, were arrested on charges of attempting to assassinate Quát and kidnap Thi and Kỳ. Several of the arrested were known supporters of Thảo and believed to be abetting him in evading the authorities. Despite this, Thảo himself managed to escape, even as a US$30,000 bounty was put on him by the junta. On 16 July 1965, he was reported dead in unclear circumstances; an official report claimed that he died of injuries while on a helicopter en route to Saigon, after being captured north of the city. However, it is generally assumed that he was murdered or tortured to death on the orders of some military officials. One report holds that a Catholic priest betrayed Thảo, while another claims General Nguyễn Văn Thiệu caught him. In his memoirs, Kỳ claimed Thảo had been captured by police in Saigon and \"died in jail a few weeks later, probably from a beating\". After the Fall of Saigon in 1975, a conspiracy theory emerged, maintaining that Thảo went underground and worked in counterintelligence for the communist Central Office of South Vietnam, helping to hunt down Vietcong cadres who had defected to Saigon.\n", "Section::::Legacy.\n", "Although Thảo's last plot failed, his activities in 1965 and the resultant infighting led to a series of internal purges within the ARVN. Amid the instability, the Vietcong made strong gains across the country throughout the year. In response to the deteriorating military situation, the Americans began to deploy combat troops to South Vietnam in large numbers.\n", "Thảo was posthumously promoted by the ARVN to the rank of one–star general and awarded the title of \"Heroic war dead\" (). After the Fall of Saigon and the end of the Vietnam War, the communist government awarded him the same title and paid war pensions to his family, claiming him as one of their own. In 1981, the communists had his body exhumed and reburied in the \"Patriots' cemetery\" in Ho Chi Minh City (previously Saigon). Tảng believed Thảo \"was a man who throughout his life fought single-mindedly for Vietnam's independence\". Tảng, who later abandoned communism, said that Thảo \"was a nationalist, not an ideologue\", and credited him with turning the military tide towards the communists by helping to bring down Diệm and fomenting chronic instability and infighting for 18 months. Hồ Chí Minh had reacted to Diệm's death by saying \"I can scarcely believe that the Americans would be so stupid\". A communist report written in March 1965, soon after Thảo's revolt had caused Khánh to depart, stated that \"The balance of force ... has changed very rapidly in our favor. ... The bulk of the enemy's armed forces ... have disintegrated, and what is left continues to disintegrate\".\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Lena Frances Edwards\n", "Lena Frances Edwards (September 17, 1900 – December 3, 1986) was a New Jersey physician who was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom.\n", "Section::::Biography.\n", "Edwards was born in Washington, D.C., on September 17, 1900. She was the daughter of dentist and oral surgeon Thomas Edwards and Marie Coakley Edwards, a homemaker.\n", "Edwards was valedictorian of her class at Washington's Dunbar High School in 1917. She completed her undergraduate studies at Howard University in three years, and graduated from Howard University Medical School in 1924. While at Howard Edwards joined Delta Sigma Theta, and served as chapter president from 1920-1921. She and Keith Madison, a fellow student at the medical school, were married following their graduation. They had six children together between 1925 and 1939. She separated from Madison in 1947.\n", "Edwards died in 1986 in Lakewood, New Jersey.\n", "Section::::Medical career.\n", "In 1925, Edwards and her husband moved to Jersey City, New Jersey, and each entered medical practice. She became a speaker on public health and a natural childbirth advocate while serving the European immigrant community of Hudson County, New Jersey. In 1931, she joined the staff of Margaret Hague Hospital in Jersey City, but because her race and gender were regarded as barriers to professional advancement, she was not admitted to residency in obstetrics and gynecology there until 1945.\n", "Edwards returned to Washington in 1954 and taught obstetrics at Howard University Medical School. She would not accept a position as department chair because of her religious objections to abortion. She was the medical adviser to the National Association of Colored Women's Clubs and chaired the Maternal Welfare Committee of the District of Columbia Urban League.\n", "At the age of 60, Edwards helped found Our Lady of Guadeloupe Maternity Clinic in Hereford, Texas, a mission serving Mexican migrant worker families. She served at the mission until 1965, when a heart attack led her to leave and move back to Washington. She worked there at the Office of Economic Opportunity and Project Head Start until her retirement in 1970.\n", "Section::::Religious life.\n", "Edwards was a devout adherent of Roman Catholic Christianity throughout her life. In 1947 she became a lay member of the Third Order of Saint Francis. Her son Thomas Madison joined the Franciscan Friars of the Atonement in 1953 taking the religious name Martin. He was ordained in 1962, and was the first African American priest to be ordained in the Society of the Atonement.\n", "Section::::Honors and legacy.\n", "Her service was recognized by President Johnson in 1964, when she was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom. In 1966 she was awarded an honorary degree from Saint Peter's College, New Jersey. She was awarded the Poverello Medal in 1967.\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- New Jersey Women's History\n", "BULLET::::- Jersey City Past and Present\n", "BULLET::::- U.S. National Library of Medicine exhibition, Changing the Face of Medicine\n", "BULLET::::- African American Registry\n", "BULLET::::- Oxford African American Studies Center\n", "BULLET::::- Catholic Under the Hood podcast\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "American doctor", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q6522100", "wikidata_label": "Lena Frances Edwards", "wikipedia_title": "Lena Frances Edwards" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "François Crépin\n", "François Crépin (30 October 1830 – 30 April 1903) was an important botanist of the 19th century and director of the National Botanic Garden of Belgium.\n", "Crépin was born in Rochefort, Belgium. The genus \"Crepinella\" (Araliaceae) is named after him. As a taxonomist he circumscribed numerous plants within the genus \"Rosa\". He died in Brussels.\n", "His Belgian herbarium and his \"herbier des roses\" are kept in the collections of the Botanic Garden Meise.\n", "Section::::Honours.\n", "BULLET::::- 1872: Corresponding member of the Royal Academy of Science, Letters and Fine Arts of Belgium; full membership in 1875.\n", "Section::::Selected works.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Les Characées de Belgique\", 1863 – Characeae native to Belgium.\n", "BULLET::::- \"La nomenclature botanique au congrès international de botanique de Paris\", 1867 – Botanical nomenclature of the International Congress of Botany of Paris.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Description de deux roses et observations sur la classification du genre Rosa\", 1868.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Manuel de la flore de Belgique\", (fifth edition 1884) – Manual of Belgian flora.\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "Crép.", "Crep." ] }, "description": "Belgian botanist", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q1450997", "wikidata_label": "François Crépin", "wikipedia_title": "François Crépin" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Nancy Cox (virologist)\n", "Nancy J. Cox (born 1949) is an American virologist and served as the Director of the Influenza Division at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) from 2006-2014 and as Director of CDC’s World Health Organization (WHO) Collaborating Center for Surveillance, Epidemiology and Control of Influenza from 1992-2014. Cox served as the Chair and Co-Chair of the Scientific Advisory Council of the GISAID Initiative, between the years 2008 - 2017 and is frequently recognized for having played an instrumental role in the success of GISAID.\n", "Section::::Biography.\n", "Nancy J. Cox was born in 1949 and is a native of the Curlew, Iowa. She was educated at Iowa State University graduating in 1970 with a degree in Bacteriology. Dr. Cox was awarded a Marshall Scholarship to study in England at the University of Cambridge in Darwin College, Cambridge, where in 1975 she earned a doctoral degree in virology.\n", "Nancy Cox, PhD, started working on influenza at the CDC in 1976. She retired in December 2014, after 37 years and 278 publications. Over the course of her career, Cox helped transform the surveillance and science of influenza viruses and vaccines worldwide. At CDC, she set the standards for measuring immune response in infected and vaccinated people, and also led the agency to be the global reference center for antiviral resistance and for measuring transmission of influenza viruses in animal models. As director of the World Health Organization (WHO) Collaborating Center for the Surveillance, Epidemiology and Control of Influenza at CDC, Cox worked closely with public health officials from Russia, Vietnam and China, helping to transform their capabilities in influenza virology and surveillance. Her work with WHO also led to significant changes in the methods, reporting, interpretation and policy development for selecting vaccine viruses for use in annual influenza vaccine production.\n", "Cox has been the recipient of 10 CDC recognition awards, seven Nakano Awards, four Shepard Awards, The Lancet’s “Paper of the Year,” Time Magazine’s “The Time 100: People Who Shape Our World,” Service to America Award, CDC’s Lifetime Achievement Award and the US Government Federal Employee of the Year award.\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "American virologist", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q6962616", "wikidata_label": "Nancy Cox", "wikipedia_title": "Nancy Cox (virologist)" }

{ "end": [ 55, 64, 88, 142, 35, 49, 81, 150, 218, 359, 468, 76, 159, 166, 66, 227, 161, 341, 451, 89 ], "href": [ "Berlin", "Germany", "journalist", "Deutsche%20Welle", "Economics", "Sociology", "Freie%20Universit%C3%A4t%20Berlin", "internship", "Rundfunk%20Berlin-Brandenburg", "Rundfunk%20im%20amerikanischen%20Sektor", "Washington%2C%20D.C.", "Berlin", "Euro", "European%20Union", "Einstein", "Max%20Planck%20Institute", "United%20Nations", "DIHK", "Ifo%20institute", "Lindau%20Nobel%20Laureate%20Meetings" ], "paragraph_id": [ 1, 1, 1, 2, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 6, 9, 9, 19, 19, 20, 22, 22, 23 ], "start": [ 49, 57, 78, 128, 26, 40, 57, 140, 215, 355, 452, 70, 155, 164, 58, 207, 147, 337, 438, 59 ], "text": [ "Berlin", "Germany", "journalist", "Deutsche Welle", "Economics", "Sociology", "Freie Universität Berlin", "internship", "RBB", "RIAS", "Washington, D.C.", "Berlin", "Euro", "EU", "Einstein", "Max Planck Institute", "United Nations", "DIHK", "Ifo institute", "Lindau Nobel Laureate Meetings" ], "wikipedia_id": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ], "wikipedia_title": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "" ] }

{ "paragraph": [ "Manuela Kasper-Claridge\n", "Manuela Kasper-Claridge (born 26 October 1959 in Berlin, Germany) is a German journalist.\n", "Manuela Kasper-Claridge is the head of the department \"Business, Science an Environment\" of Germany's international broadcaster Deutsche Welle (DW) with around 3,000 employees and freelancers from 60 countries. She is DW´s deputy editor in chief since October 2017.\n", "Section::::Early life and career.\n", "Manuela Kasper-Claridge is the daughter of Dieter and Carmen Kasper, she was born 1959 in Berlin, Germany.\n", "After school, she studied Economics and Sociology at the Freie Universität Berlin and graduated in 1984. From 1985 to 1986 she completed an internship at West Berlin’s public radio and television service SFB (today RBB). After that, Manuela Kasper-Claridge trained TV news producers and directors. Between 1988 and 1992, she worked as a news producer for RIAS-TV, covered Germany’s Reunification, Central and Eastern European affairs and reported from Washington, D.C.\n", "Manuela Kasper-Claridge is the mother of three children. She lives in Berlin.\n", "Section::::Career at DW.\n", "BULLET::::- 1992-1998 Producing reports and documentaries covering Europe, USA and Asia\n", "BULLET::::- Since 1998 Head of DW’s Business Department, covering worldwide current affairs. Responsible for special broadcasts on the introduction of the Euro and EU expansion; conducted interviews with various top political and business leaders\n", "BULLET::::- Since 2001 Also responsible for DW’s Science Department\n", "BULLET::::- Since 2014 Head of DW's department \"Business, Science, Environment\"\n", "BULLET::::- Since 2017 DW´s deputy editor in chief\n", "The department \"Business, Science, Environment\" produces business news as well as the weekly business magazine \"Made in Germany\" and the globalization program \"Global 3000\". \n", "Further on, there is a business news bulletin called \"Business\" that is broadcast several times a day. Produced in two different languages, it offers reports, business news and analysis from the world’s most important financial centers, key markets and leading producers. Kasper-Claridge is also in charge of the weekly produced science magazine \"Tomorrow Today\".\n", "The department Business & Science of DW is responsible for the websites “Business” and “Sci-Tech”. These web pages include daily updated multimedia news and reports (text, picture, video, audio). Further on, the department is producing four radio programs, to be broadcast weekly: Living Planet, Spectrum, World Link, World in Progress.\n", "Since 2016 the department \"Business & Science\" produces \"In Good Shape\", the weekly health show on DW and \"eco@Africa\" - an environment magazine that is co-produced by Deutsche Welle in Berlin, Channels TV in Nigeria and KTN in Kenya.\n", "In 2018, Manuela Kasper-Claridge initiated the start of “Eco India”, another weekly environment magazine that is co-produced by DW and the Indian digital partner Scroll.in, covering the Indian subcontinent. \n", "Section::::Projects, cooperations and jury memberships.\n", "In 2005 Kasper-Claridge was given responsibility for the “Einstein Year“ - a special project in co-operation with DW-TV’s science magazine \"Projekt Zukunft/Tomorrow Today\", leading German scientists and the Max Planck Institute.\n", "Kasper Claridge was also responsible for introducing the program \"Global 3000\" in April 2008. The motto is \"We give globalisation a face,\" and the United Nations is the cooperation partner. This magazine is also aired by thousands of rebroadcasters around the world.\n", "In 2009 Kasper-Claridge started \"Global Ideas\", an award-winning multimedia-based climate project for Deutsche Welle which is available in 5 different languages, climate projects showing best practice are featured - with a focus on emerging nations and developing countries. This worldwide project is supported by the International Climate Initiative.\n", "Kasper-Claridge has regularly attended the World Economic Forum in Davos. She initiated partnerships with the WEF and the Schwab Foundation and is producing regional debates for DW in cooperation with the WEF (e.g. debates about Latin America and South-East Asia). She is also a member of the German Chambers of Industry and Commerce's (DIHK) committee on media and communication. Kasper-Claridge is on the board of trustees of Germany’s Ifo institute. She has served as a jury member for a variety of award programs (e.g. Empowering Award, Mid-Market Awards) and has also moderated various podium discussions in German and English.\n", "Manuela Kasper-Claridge initialized a cooperation with the Lindau Nobel Laureate Meetings. DW reported with special editions of the science magazine Tomorrow Today about the annual meeting. Kasper-Claridge exclusively interviewed various Nobel laureates like Stephen Chu (physics), Mario Molina (chemistry), Barry Marshall (medicine) and Alvin Roth (economy).\n", "Within the last years, Manuela Kasper-Claridge joined several times the Fortune conference \"Most Powerful Women\" in London, which brought together the most prominent European women leaders in business, along with selected leaders form government, media, philanthropy and the arts. Since June 2016 she is a member of the board of the association “Gesellschaft der Freunde und Förderer des HWWI gGmbH e.V.”.\n", "Section::::Awards.\n", "Manuela Kasper-Claridge won several prices at international film and documentary festivals. Among others the bronze medal at the “New York Festival – World´s best TV and Films 2018” with the documentary „Founders Valley“. \n", "Other award-winning reports:\n", "BULLET::::- “Saigas in distress – The mystery of the dead antelopes“ at the Cannes Corporate Media & TV Awards\n", "BULLET::::- „Passion & Profit - Sounddesigner Kling Klang Klong“ at the World Media Festival 2017\n", "BULLET::::- First price of the „Environmental Action Germany“ for the multimedia project „Global Ideas“, category: best web documentary.\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Chris Trotter\n", "Chris Trotter (born c. 1956) is a left-leaning political commentator in New Zealand. He is the editor of the occasional \"Political Review\" magazine, and is a regular speaker, orator and singer at left-wing, union and socialist events.\n", "Section::::Biography.\n", "Chris Trotter has worked for unions and was on the New Zealand council of the Labour Party. He writes the \"From the Left\" column in the \"Dominion Post\", and has also contributed to the \"Independent Financial Review\". He makes semi-frequent television appearances as a political commentator.\n", "He has attracted criticism from other broad left critics who regard his knowledge of feminist, indigenous and LGBT politics to be insignificant, particularly insofar as their own distributive justice dimensions are concerned \n", "Trotter is the author of \"No Left Turn\", a political history of New Zealand. Novelist, poet and critic C K Stead described the book as \"a dashingly written and persuasive elegy for the Scandinavian-style socialist democracy New Zealand might have been, and at the same time a realistic (though at times appropriately angry) acknowledgement that, given the forces, internal and external, ranged against it, the chances of it happening, and lasting, were never very good.\"\n", "In February 2008, he said that Helen Clark should stand down before the election and be replaced by Phil Goff, who he thought may have been Labour's only hope of regaining ground with struggling families. He has since recanted, arguing that Goff should have stood down in his turn before the 2011 New Zealand general election, arguing that David Cunliffe should replace him.\n", "In July 2018, Trotter joined the Free Speech Coalition, a group of former politicians, lawyers, journalists, and academics that pursued legal action against the Mayor of Auckland Phil Goff for denying Auckland Council facilities to two Canadian alt-right activists Lauren Southern and Stefan Molyneux. Trotter justified his defense of the two alt-right activists' free speech by arguing that left-wing opponents of the tour lacked the courage to debate the alt-right.\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Chris Trotter's blog\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Andres Larka\n", "Andres Larka VR I/1 (5 March 1879 Pilistvere, Kabala Parish (now in Kõo Parish, Viljandi County) Estonia – 8 January 1943 Malmyzh, Kirov, Soviet Union) was an Estonian military commander during the Estonian War of Independence and a politician.\n", "In 1902 he graduated from Vilnius Military Academy. Larka participated in the Russo-Japanese War and graduated from the Imperial Nicholas Military Academy in 1912. He participated in World War I fighting on the Eastern front against the German Empire, including fighting in East Prussia, Poland and Romania. Larka became the first Minister of War of Republic of Estonia; in March he achieved rank of Major General. In 1918, during the German occupation, he participated in organising the Defence League. After the start of the Estonian Liberation War in 1918, Larka soon moved from position of Minister of War to Chief of Staff. In February 1919 he became the aide of the Minister of War and held that position to the beginning of 1925. In that position his job was to organize mobilization and actions of reserve units. After the war he also organized demobilization. He retired in 1925 because of health issues. In 1930 he became official leader of the League of Liberators and was their candidate in the April 1934 presidential elections. But on 12 March 1934, as it seemed likely that Larka would be elected, Konstantin Päts and Johan Laidoner made a coup d'état in order to prevent him from winning the elections. The elections were postponed indefinitely, Larka and about 400 of his closest supporters were imprisoned and authoritarian rule was established. Larka was in prison twice (1934-1935 and 1935-1937). In 1940 the Soviet occupation authorities arrested Larka; he died in imprisonment in 1943.\n", "Larka is recipient of the Latvian military Order of Lāčplēsis, 2nd class.\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- Estonian War of Independence\n", "BULLET::::- Freikorps in the Baltic\n", "BULLET::::- League of Liberators\n", "Section::::References.\n", "BULLET::::- Ülo Kaevats et al. 2000. \"Eesti Entsüklopeedia 14\". Tallinn: Eesti Entsüklopeediakirjastus,\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Swathi Reddy\n", "Swathi Reddy (born 19 April 1987) is a Russian-born Indian film actress and television presenter who predominantly works in Telugu Cinema along with Tamil and Malayalam films. Her nickname \"Colors Swathi\" comes from her stint in the Telugu television show \"Colours\", which was telecast on Maa TV. After playing supporting roles, she made her debut as a leading actress in the Tamil film \"Subramaniapuram\" (2008). Her role in the Telugu film \"Ashta Chamma\" earned her the Filmfare Award and Nandi Award for Best Actress.\n", "Section::::Early life.\n", "Swathi was born in the city of Vladivostok, located in the southerly reaches of the Russian Far East during the reign of the erstwhile Soviet Union. She was initially given the name Svetlana but later her name was changed to Swathi. She completed her schooling from SFS High School in Visakhapatnam. Her father, who was an officer in the Indian Navy, was training as a submariner in the Soviet Union when she was born. She has one elder brother named Siddharth. Her family moved to Mumbai and later to the Eastern Naval Command in Visakhapatnam, where she spent most of her childhood. While studying in 11th class, she moved to Hyderabad. She enrolled at St. Mary’s College in Yousufguda, Hyderabad and graduated in biotechnology.\n", "After her EAMCET, she ventured into television at age 17 by hosting a show called \"Colors\". Due to a positive response, the show was further extended and moved to the primetime slot. She went on to present over 150 episodes. After completing the first year of her graduation, she made her debut in feature films.\n", "Section::::Personal life.\n", "Swathi married her boyfriend Vikas Vasu, a Malayali pilot, on 30 August 2018.\n", "Section::::Career.\n", "Section::::Career.:Acting.\n", "She made her debut in supporting roles. Her first film in supporting role was \"Danger\", a Telugu Movie. It received negative reviews. Her next movie release was Aadavari Matalaku Ardhalu Verule which released in 2007. That film was a hit. In 2008, she debuted as a female lead in her first Tamil movie \"Subramaniapuram\". For her performance in \"Ashta Chamma,\" she won the Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Telugu and Nandi Award for Best Actress. She made her debut in Malayalam films with \"Amen\" which was a super hit. Reportedly, Swati will work in Telugu cinema in sequel \"Gitanjali 2\" directed by Raj Kiran.\n", "Section::::Career.:Other work.\n", "Swathi has been occasionally working as a voice actor and playback singer as well. In 2008, she had dubbed for actress Ileana D'Cruz in the film \"Jalsa\". In 2010, she gave her voice to an HIV/AIDS education animated software tutorial created by the nonprofit organization TeachAIDS. In 2011, she turned playback singer, rendering her voice for two songs, \"Unbelievable\" and \"A Square B Square\", for the soundtrack albums of her own film \"Katha Screenplay Darshakatvam Appalaraju\" and \"100% Love\", respectively.\n", "She has also appeared in an advertisement for \"Cadbury's Dairy Milk\". \n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "Colors Swati" ] }, "description": "Indian actress", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q7654043", "wikidata_label": "Swati Reddy", "wikipedia_title": "Swathi Reddy" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Siddique (actor)\n", "Siddique is an Indian film actor and producer, who works in Malayalam cinema. He has appeared in more than 300 films.\n", "Siddique made his acting debut with the film \"Aa Neram Alppa Dooram\" (1985). He got a break with the comedy film \"In Harihar Nagar\" (1990). Due to its success, Siddique acted in a variety of comic roles during the early-1990s in films such as \"Godfather\", \"Manthrikacheppu\", \"Simhavalan Menon\", \"Kasargode Khadarbhai\", \"Thiruthalvaadi\", \"Mughamudra\", \"Kunukkitta Kozhi\", and \"Welcome to Kodaikanal\". Siddique turned to more serious roles with \"Asuravamsam\" and \"Lelam\" (both 1997). He also did a notable villain role in \"Sathyameva Jayathe\" (2001), which led to a succession of similar roles.\n", "In 2004, he was awarded the Kerala State Film Award for Best Supporting Actor for his performances in \"Sasneham Sumitra\" and \"Choonda\". Siddique ventured into production by co-producing the film \"Nandanam\" (2002) under Bhavana Cinema. In 2013, he received the Nandi Special Jury Award for \"Naa Bangaaru Talli\". In India, he is both known for his supporting and villain roles.\n", "Section::::Personal life.\n", "Siddique was born on October 1, 1962 at Edavanakkad, in Ernakulam, Kerala, India. He was the youngest child in a family of three with an elder brother and a sister. He did his primary schooling in his hometown, Edavanakkad and completed a Diploma in Electrical Engineering from Government Polytechnic College, Kalamassery.\n", "He then worked as an Electrical Engineer at Kerala State Electricity Board division at Thrissur, Kerala. After a few years of service at KSEB, he flew abroad to Riyadh, Saudi Arabia and worked there for a few more years. Later he quit his job and came back. He started discovering his acting talents during his academic years at Government Polytechnic College, Kalamassery. He started his career as a mimicry artist from there.\n", "He is married to Seena, after the suicide of his first wife and has three children (Reshin, Shaheen, and Farheen). He has a son Rasheen Siddique from his previous marriage. His second son Shaheen made his debut as an actor in the movie \"Pathemaari\".\n", "Section::::Career.\n", "Siddique started his career in the late 1980s with minor roles. His major break came in 1990 when, along with Mukesh, Jagadeesh, and Asokan, he was cast as one of the heroes in \"In Harihar Nagar\". The movie, directed by Siddique (director) and Lal, went on to become a huge box office success, starting a streak of similar low-budget comedy movies featuring the cast. Siddique became an essential part of such movies along with Mukesh and Jagadeesh. Films in the genre included \"Manthrikacheppu\" (1992), \"Simhavalan Menon\", \"Kasargode Khadarbhai\" (1992), \"Thiruthalvadi\" (1992), \"Mughamudra\" (1992), \"Kunukkitta Kozhi\" (1992), \"Mookkillarajyathu\" (1991), \"Mimics Parade\", \"Grihapravesam\", \"Welcome to Kodaikanal\", \"Kavadiyattam\", KaattilethadiTheverude Aana, Marupuram, Vaarafalam\", Mughachithram\" and \"Kinnaripuzhayoram\". He was cast alongside leading actresses of the time like Parvathy, Shobana, Sunitha, Mathu, and Suchithra. His performance in \"Godfather\" by Siddique-Lal was positively received by Malayalam movie viewers. Siddique also did action roles in some films. For example, there is the case of \"Ayalathe Adheham\", where he played the role of a villain. In \"Ekalavyan\" he played the role of Sarath, a young police officer, supporting Suresh Gopi.\n", "His talent lies in how an actor should keep reinventing to be in Malayalam movie biz - learning from his experience and mistakes. His career curve shows a good inclination towards adapting to a variety roles - comedy, villain, character roles and so on. He is one among the artists who rose from junior artist level to a major actor with his talent and hard work.\n", "Section::::Career.:1990s.\n", "The mid-1990s did not go well for Siddique as a number of personal problems affected his career. He made a comeback in the late 1990s with supporting roles in \"Asuravamsam\" with Manoj K. Jayan, and in \"Lelam\" and \"Crime File\" (both with Suresh Gopi). These films ensured his return to the mainstream. In \"Sathyameva Jayathe\", he played a cold-blooded villain with Suresh Gopi. Following the success of this film, Siddique was offered a number of opportunities to play villains.\n", "During this period, he also acted in television serials. His role in \"Sthree\" with Vinaya Prasad was a huge hit among Malayalam television audiences. He also anchored a musical programme called \"Sallapam\" on Doordarshan. Siddique has also anchored other musical programmes including \"Sangeetha Samagamam\" in Amrita TV and \"Symphony\" in Kairali TV, in the 2000s.\n", "Section::::Career.:2000s.\n", "In 2002, he produced \"Nandanam\", directed by Ranjith. The movie featured young actors Prithviraj Sukumaran and Navya Nair. Siddique appeared in a small but completely different role in the film. This was a box-office hit despite the absence of major stars.\n", "Siddique started appearing in a number of different looks in his later films. This can be seen in films such as \"Chota Mumbai\", \"Hallo\", \"Nadiya Kollappetta Rathri\", \"Udayon\", \"Vellinakshatram\", \"The Tiger\", and \"Alibhai\".\n", "He encouraged director Lal to create the sequel to \"In Harihar Nagar\". The movie \"2 Harihar Nagar\" was released in 2009 with the middle-aged actors Jagadeesh, Mukesh, and Asokan coming together. Again in 2010, he appeared in the series' third installment, \"In Ghost House Inn\".\n", "In April 2011, Siddique launched Kerala's first family magazine \"Family Facebook\". Siddique is the editor of the monthly magazine that is rich with stories of the players in the Malayalam film industry – actors, directors, playback singers and others.\n", "Section::::Awards.\n", "BULLET::::- Kerala State Film Awards\n", "BULLET::::- 2003: Second Best Actor -\"Sasneham Sumitra\", \"Choonda\"\n", "BULLET::::- Kerala State TV Awards\n", "BULLET::::- 2005 : Kerala State Television Award for Best Actor - Samasya & Annu Mazhayayirunu\n", "BULLET::::- Kerala Film Critics Award\n", "BULLET::::- 2003 - Second Best Actor - Sasneham Sumitra\n", "BULLET::::- 2017 - Second Best Actor [Sukhamayirikkatte, Aan Mariya Kalippilanu, Kattappanayile Rithwik Roshan]\n", "BULLET::::- Nandi Awards\n", "BULLET::::- 2013 - Special Jury Award- Naa Bangaaru Talli\n", "BULLET::::- Asianet TV Awards\n", "BULLET::::- Best Actor- Sthree\n", "BULLET::::- Amrita Film AwardS\n", "BULLET::::- 2008: Best Actor in a Supporting Role -\"Nadiya Kollappetta Rathri\", \"Alibhai\", \"Paradesi'\n", "BULLET::::- 2009: Best Negative Role\n", "BULLET::::- Asianet Film awards\n", "BULLET::::- 2003: Asianet Best Film Award - Nandanam\n", "BULLET::::- 2006: Asianet Film Award for Best Villain -\"Bada Dhosth\", \"Prajapathi\"\n", "BULLET::::- 2008: Asianet Award for Best Actor in a Villain Role - \"Madambi\"\n", "BULLET::::- 2011: Asianet Award for Best Actor in a Villain Role - August11\n", "BULLET::::- 2013: Asianet Film Awards Best Supporting Actor - Drishyam\n", "BULLET::::- 2018: Asianet Film Awards Best Supporting Actor - Hey Jude\n", "BULLET::::- Asiavision Movie Awards\n", "BULLET::::- 2014: Asiavision Movie Awards Second Best Actor for Drishyam\n", "BULLET::::- SIIMA\n", "BULLET::::- 2016: Best supporting actor in Malayalam - Pathemari\n", "BULLET::::- Vanitha Film Awards\n", "BULLET::::- 2017: Vanitha-Cera Film Award 2017,for Best Actor in a Supporting Role [Kattappanayile Rithwik Roshan & Aan Mariya Kalippilanu]\n", "BULLET::::- 2011: Best Actor in a Negative Role [Pokkiriraja]\n", "BULLET::::- 2008: Kairali World Malayalee Council Malayalam Film Award for Best Villain (\"Twenty:20\", \"Madambi\")\n", "BULLET::::- 2009: Asiavision Annual Television Award Dubai for Best Musical Programme Presenter (\"Sangeetha Sangamam\", Amritha TV)\n", "BULLET::::- 2012: Naval Base Kerala Library Singalore's \"Simhapuri Award\" for the contribution to the Art & Culture.\n", "Section::::Filmography.\n", "Section::::Filmography.:Producer.\n", "BULLET::::1. \"Bada Dosth\" (2006)\n", "BULLET::::2. \"Nandanam\" (2002)\n", "Keladi Kanmani 2015-2017\n", "Section::::Television.\n", "BULLET::::- As host\n", "BULLET::::- Sallapam (Doordarshan)\n", "BULLET::::- Samagamam(Amrita TV)\n", "BULLET::::- Sangeetha Samagamam (Amrita TV)\n", "BULLET::::- Symphony (Kairali TV)\n", "BULLET::::- Pachakuthira (Kairali TV)\n", "BULLET::::- As actor\n", "BULLET::::- Sthree(Asianet)\n", "BULLET::::- Chila Kudumba chitrangal (Kairali TV)\n", "BULLET::::- Black and White (Asianet)\n", "BULLET::::- vava(surya TV)\n", "BULLET::::- Samasya\n", "BULLET::::- Annu Mazhayayirunu\n", "BULLET::::- Sthree (part-2) (Asianet)\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Siddhique at MSI\n", "BULLET::::- Siddique: Filmography by year\n", "BULLET::::- An interview with Siddique (in Malayalam)\n", "BULLET::::- Siddique's movies in Malayalam Movies\n", "BULLET::::- Simhapuri Award for Siddique\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Robert C. McEwen\n", "Robert Cameron McEwen (January 5, 1920 – June 15, 1997) was a Republican member of the United States House of Representatives from New York.\n", "Section::::Biography.\n", "McEwen was born on January 5, 1920, in Ogdensburg, St. Lawrence County, New York. He attended the University of Vermont and the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania,\n", "He served in the United States Army Air Corps from 1942 to 1946, and attained the rank of Sergeant.\n", "McEwen graduated from Albany Law School in 1947, was admitted to the bar and practiced in Ogdensburg.\n", "He was elected to the New York State Senate on January 5, 1954, to fill the vacancy caused by the appointment of Paul D. Graves to the New York Supreme Court. McEwen remained in the State Senate until 1964, sitting in the 169th, 170th, 171st, 172nd, 173rd and 174th New York State Legislatures.\n", "He was elected as a Republican to the 89th, 90th, 91st, 92nd, 93rd, 94th, 95th and 96th United States Congresses, holding office from January 3, 1965, to January 3, 1981.\n", "He did not run for reelection in 1980. In 1981 McEwen was appointed by Ronald Reagan to the International Joint Commission, the United States-Canada body that advises the governments of the respective countries on issues related to boundary waters, and he served until 1989.\n", "In 1982, the Custom House at Ogdensburg was named in his honor.\n", "McEwen died in Ogdensburg on June 15, 1997. He was buried in Ogdensburg Cemetery.\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Nand Kishore Yadav\n", "Nand Kishore Yadav (born 26 August 1953) is an Indian Politician. He is currently serving as cabinet minister of road in Government of Bihar. Nand Kishore Yadav, a member of the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) and member of Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS). He is a senior BJP leader who joined, as minister, the Bihar Government after split of the\n", "Mahagathbandhan and parting of ways between Lalu's RJD & Nitish Kumar's JDU. He served as Cabinet Minister of Road Construction and Tourism in the Government of Bihar, prior to the split of JDU from NDA in June 2013. He was also leader of opposition in Bihar Assembly.\n", "Section::::Family background, Early Life & Education.\n", "Nand Kishore Yadav was born on 26 August 1953 to Late Panna Lal Yadav & Late Rajkumari Yadav. Nand Kishore Yadav's Great Grandfather Late Jhalo Sardar, was a famous landlord of that period. It is said that he used to pet lions. His grandfather, Late Ramdas Rai,splurged the family inheritance, mainly on keeping & breeding birds. (Nand Kishore Yadav is quoted as saying \"Hum sher se chidiyon per aagaye\"). His father Late Panna Lal Yadav ji had to restart from scratch. He set up a business in Khajekalan area of old Patna. It is here that Nand Kishore Yadav was born and lived his childhood.\n", "Section::::Rashtriya Swaymsevak Sangh (RSS).\n", "In 1969, Nand Kishore Yadav joined the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS). Within 2 years, he was deeply involved in student politics. He rose to become President of Patna City Chhatra Sangharsh Samiti.The turning point in Nand Kishore Yadav's life came in 1969. It was the year he passed his matriculation exam. This was the year that changed his life forever. In words of Nand Kishore Yadav :- \"We used to go to Khajekalan akhara (arena) to revise mathematics with some friends. A friend, Kumar Dinesh, once recited - Nij Vaibhav ko, Nij Gaurav ko, Tum Desh ke bahadur bhool gaye, Updesh diya jo Gita ka, Kyon sunna-sunana bhool gaye\". There two time inspired him to change his life.\n", "Upon enquiry, Kumar Dinesh told him about the RSS and how they sang these words at the shakhas. This intrigued him and he wanted to know more. The following day he visited the nearby RSS shakhawith his friend. He became a member of RSS that day. With this started his political journey. Nand Kishore Yadav joined student politics and within two (2) years he rose to become the President of Patna City Chhatra Sangharsh Samiti.\n", "After completing his intermediate he started his graduation but had to leave his studies mid-way. During his studies, he became active in students politics and in 1971, he joined Students Union (Vidyarthi Parishad). In 1974, he joined the social movement launched by Late Lok Nayak Jai Prakash Narayan against the despotic misrule of Congress. It was in 1974, on the call of JP, he left his BSc Final Exams midway and went on to head the Patna City Student's Committee (Patna City Chhatra Sangharsh Samiti)\n", "Section::::Early political career.\n", "Nand Kishore Yadav was an active student leader. His association with the Jai Prakash movement landed him in jail for twenty three weeks during 1974-76. He was elected Corporator of Patna Municipal Corporation in 1978. In the same year, he also became Patna District head of Janata Yuva Morcha. In 1982, he rose to be the Deputy Mayor of Patna Municipal Corporation. A year later, he became President of Bharatiya Janata Party Patna Mahanagar. From 1983 to 1990, Yadav served at various positions in the party. He was General Secretary, Treasurer and Vice President of Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha.\n", "Section::::Political career.\n", "As a young student leader and a dedicated swayamsevak, Nand Kishore Yadav worked tirelessly for the cause of student causes. His work and popularity saw him rise rapidly through the ranks of students politics. On 18 February 1974, the Patna University Students Union organized a convention\n", "which invited student leaders from the whole state. [1] They formed Bihar Chhatra Sangharsh Samiti (BCSS) to spearhead the agitation. [2] This movement saw the rise of many contemporary Bihar leaders. Notable among them were Nand Kishore Yadav, Lalu Prasad Yadav, Sushil Kumar Modi, Ram Vilas Paswan.\n", "BIHAR MOVEMENT:-\n", "As the BIHAR MOVEMENT [1] spearheaded by students, exploded onto the national scene, Nand Kishore Yadav, was elected as President of Patna City Bihar Chhatra Sangharsh Samiti. The famed Gandhian Jai Prakash Narayan had started his socio-political movement, 1974 was a year of discontent. It was the year that ushered in high inflation, unemployment and lack of supplies of essential commodities. On 8 April 1974, the students of Bihar Chhatra Sangharsh Samiti led a massive silent procession. Nand Kishore Yadav participated in this movement under the tutelage of Lok Nayak Jay Prakash Narayan. This association with JP landed him in jail for 23 weeks during 1974-1976. On call of Lok Nayan JP, Nand Kishore Yadav left his studies in the final year and dedicated himself to the socio-political revolution that is now famously called The Bihar Movement.\n", "1978-1983:- At 25 years of age, Nand Kishore Yadav was elected Corporator of Patna Municipal Corporation. This year he also became the Patna District Head of Janata Yuva Morcha. In 1982, he rose to become the Deputy Mayor of Patna Municipal Corporation. In 1983, an year later Nand Kishore Yadav became President of Bhartiya Janata Party, Patna Mahanagar. [4]\n", "1983-1990:- During this period Yadav served at various positions in the party. He was General\n", "Secretary, Treasurer and Vice President of Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha.\n", "1990-1995:- During this period Nand Kishore Yadav rose to become State President of Yuva Morcha.\n", "1995-1998:- During this period Nand Kishore Yadav rose to become State Mahamantri of BJP. 1995 also saw his arrival in the State Legislative Assembly as an young M.L.A. from Patna East. He contested and won all the six Assembly Elections since 1995.\n", "1998-2003:- He became Bharatiya Janata Party’s State President. In the year 2000, he was again elected as legislator from Patna East. In 2003, his role and responsibilities increased, he became State Convenor (Pradesh Sanyojak) and also member of BJP Rashtriya Karya Samiti and Kendriya\n", "Anushasan Samiti.\n", "2003-2008:- In February 2005, he was elected as legislator from Patna East for the third time and in November 2005 for the fourth time from the same seat. In 2005 itself, he was made a Minister in the state of Bihar of Road Construction Department.\n", "2008-2013:- In April 2008, he held the position of the State Health Minister. In November 2010, he once again became Minister in the Department of Road Construction.\n", "2013-2015:-As the BJP-JDU alliance broke in June 2013, he was given the role of Leader of Opposition in Bihar Assembly.\n", "2015-2017:- In November 2015 he was elected as legislator from Patna East for the sixth time and he was given the role of Chairman, Public Accounts Committee in Bihar Vidhan Sabha.\n", "2017:- From July 2017 Nand Kishore Yadav is serving Bihar as Road Construction Minister in the newly formed BJP-JDU alliance government. Among his many achievements, the project he holds most dear is his role as Road Construction Minister. It is at this post that he spearheads the transformation of Bihar.\n", "New better roads mean faster connectivity, better rule of law, easy flow of commerce...all essential ingredients for creating a NUTAN BIHAR.\n", "Section::::References.\n", "BULLET::::- \"BJP dubs RJD's 'Bihar Bandh' as total failure\", \"The Economic Times\", 27 July 2015\n", "BULLET::::- \"BJP slams Nitish for taking sole credit for performance\", \"The Free Press Journal\", 27 July 2015\n", "BULLET::::- \"True, more than one CM face in Bihar BJP, says Nand Kishore Yadav\", \"The Indian Express\", 13 April 2015\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Nand Kishore Yadav Official Facebook Page\n", "BULLET::::- Nand Kishore Yadav official Twitter Account\n", "BULLET::::- Bihar Legislative Assembly\n", "BULLET::::- Bhartiya Janata Party\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Alvin Hall\n", "Alvin D. Hall (born June 27, 1952) is an American financial adviser, author, and media personality.\n", "Section::::Early life.\n", "Hall was born June 27, 1952, in Crawfordville, Florida, one of seven children to a family of farmers, day workers and fishermen. Interviewed on the BBC Radio 4 programme \"Midweek\" he said that his grandmother had told him he was \"everything she had\", something that helped him get through difficult financial decisions; she was also a great saver and gave him 50 dollars when he was heading to Yale university. He grew up in severe poverty.\n", "He studied for a Bachelor of Arts in English at Bowdoin College and a Master of Arts in American literature at the University of North Carolina. After a period of unemployment and working as a college professor (teaching literature), he started to take an interest in finance.\n", "In 2016, February 27 was declared Alvin Hall Day to celebrate his success and imfluence on his hometown.\n", "He is gay.\n", "Section::::Financial adviser.\n", "Hall started buying shares a few at a time. His ability to translate complex financial concepts into simple English through the use of slices of cake led to him becoming director of course development at Leo Fleur, a company selling training materials for Wall Street examinations. In 1986 he became director of marketing for the Chicago-based Longman Financial Services Institute in creating and implementing marketing campaigns for training programmes and products and consequently was executive director of the New York Institute of Finance.\n", "He is the president of Cooperhall Press and designs and runs seminars for financial institutions around the world.\n", "In 1990, Hall briefly lectured British stockbrokers in London in preparation for the NASD exams in the United States.\n", "Hall has written books and articles on saving and investing as well as debt management. He presented \"Your Money or Your Life\" on BBC2 and has made various television and radio appearances. He has also appeared on \"\" as a panelist on several occasions.\n", "He also edits a money column in the UK's \"Reveal\" magazine. He has written \"Money Magic\" for the charitable organisation Quick Reads which encourages people to get back into the habit of reading.\n", "He was involved in Jamie Oliver's programme, \"Jamie's Dream School\". On the programme, Hall taught the pupils mathematics.\n", "Section::::Art collector.\n", "Hall is an art collector whose pieces include works by Carroll Dunham, Victoria Morton, Tina Barney, Lee Friedlander, Carrie Mae Weems and Mel Kendrick. \n", "Section::::BBC Radio.\n", "Hall has presented several finance-related radio programmes for BBC Radio 4, which often broadcast in the period when Radio 4's personal finance programme \"Money Box\" is off-air.\n", "Hall won the Wincott Award for business journalism for his 2006 documentary \"Jay-Z: From Brooklyn to the Boardroom\" in which he interviewed and profiled the entrepreneurial rap star Jay-Z.\n", "2011\n", "BULLET::::- \"Poorer Than Their Parents\": four programmes in which Alvin Hall assesses whether today's youth will be worse off than their parents.\n", "2010\n", "BULLET::::- \"Alvin Hall's Generations of Money\": Alvin Hall helps four different generations plan for an uncertain future and explores the economic bonds that tie them together\n", "2009\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Money Grab\": Alvin Hall examines the continuous rise in executive pay.\n", "2008\n", "BULLET::::- \"Alvin Hall's World of Money\": Alvin Hall asks where investors put their money during the time of a credit crunch.\n", "2006\n", "BULLET::::- \"Jay-Z: From Brooklyn to the Boardroom\": Profile of the rap entrepreneur Jay-Z.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Alvin Hall's Secret Collection\": Hall gains access to remarkable private art collections.\n", "Section::::BBC Radio.:Tribute to Alistair Cooke.\n", "BULLET::::- \"In Alistair Cooke's Footsteps\", Hall's tribute to the \"Letter from America\" broadcaster, aired on the BBC World Service in November 2012.\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Official site\n", "BULLET::::- Alvin Hall On Small Spending\n", "BULLET::::- BBC raw Quick Reads - Money Magic by Alvin Hall\n", "BULLET::::- Alvin Hall's World of Money on Money box for BBC Radio 4\n", "BULLET::::- \"Your money or your wife? Ask Alvin Hall\", BBC, 18 June 2002.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Interview with asrecommended\"\n", "BULLET::::- Take Three Management\n", "BULLET::::- http://business.scotsman.com/topics.cfm?tid=1077&id=814932004}\n", "BULLET::::- https://web.archive.org/web/20090913102541/http://bettermoneyadvice.co.uk/finance/AlvinHallOnThe%20CreditCrunch\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Keshari Nath Tripathi\n", "Keshari Nath Tripathi (born 10 November 1934) is an Indian politician and the former Governor of West Bengal. He took oath as Governor of West Bengal on 24 July 2014 and as Governor of Bihar on 27 November, same year. He was sworn in as the Governor of Mizoram on 4 April 2015. He was a Veteran BJP leader. Earlier, he was the speaker of Uttar Pradesh legislative assembly and the president of Uttar Pradesh unit of Bharatiya Janata Party.\n", "Section::::Personal life.\n", "He was born\n", "in Allahabad to Pandit Harish Chandra Tripathi and Smt. Shiva Devi. \n", "Keshari Nath Tripathi is married to Sudha Tripathi and has three children.\n", "Section::::Political career.\n", "He was a member of the Uttar Pradesh legislative assembly five times viz.1977-1980, 1989-1991,1991-1992,1993-1995, 1996-2002 and 2002-2007.He served as the Speaker of the UP Legislative Assembly from 1991-1993, 1997 to 2002 and from May 2002 to March 2004. He also held the position of Cabinet Minister, Institutional finance and Sales Tax in U.P. during the Janata Party regime from 1977-1979. He is also only Minister nominated 3 times as the Honorable Speaker of Vidhan Sabha.. On 14 July 2014, he was named as the next Governor of West Bengal. On 27 November 2014 he was sworn in as the Governor of Bihar and on 6 January 2015 he was sworn in as the Governor of Meghalaya\n", "Keshari Nath Tripathi on 4 April 2015 was sworn-in as the 16th Governor of Mizoram. He will discharge the functions of the Governor of Mizoram in addition to his own duties as Governor of West Bengal and Bihar. He replaced Aziz Qureshi, who was sacked by Union Government on 28 March 2015. Congress-ruled Mizoram has seen seven governors in eight months.\n", "Senior BJP leader Ram Nath Kovind replaced Keshari Nath Tripathi as the Governor of Bihar in August 2015.\n", "Kesrinath Tripathi had been given additional charge as Governor of Bihar on 20 June 2017.\n", "Section::::Other works.\n", "Tripathi practiced as a Senior Advocate at Allahabad High Court. He is also an author and a poet and has published several books. His chief literary works are two anthologies called 'Manonukriti' and 'Aayu Pankh. On the professional side, his commentary on The Representation of People Act, 1951 is still widely esteemed. Aside from that, he has written many other books not only in Hindi but also in English. He is also a part of the Hindi poets gathering that takes place both in India and abroad.\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- UP Legislative Assembly Website\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Edward W. Pattison\n", "Edward Worthington Pattison (April 29, 1932 – August 22, 1990) was a Democratic member of the United States House of Representatives from New York.\n", "Section::::Biography.\n", "\"Ned\" Pattison was born in Troy, New York on April 29, 1932. He graduated from Cornell University in 1953, and served in the United States Army from 1954 until 1956. He received a law degree from Cornell Law School in 1957 and practiced in Troy.\n", "He served as Rensselaer County Treasurer from 1970 until 1975. Pattison unsuccessfully ran for Congress in 1970 against Carleton J. King, and for Rensselaer County Executive in 1973.\n", "Pattison was elected to Congress in 1974 as a post-Watergate Democrat, one of the \"Watergate babies\", in a predominantly Republican district and served from January 3, 1975 until January 3, 1979. While a Member of the House of Representatives, he first served on the House Committee on the Judiciary, where as a freshman Representative, he played a key role in the reform of the national copyright law. During his second term, he served on the House Banking Committee. Following his admission of past use of marijuana, Pattison lost a bid for re-election in 1978 against Gerald B. H. Solomon. In 1980, Pattison ran for the New York State Senate, 41st district, but lost to incumbent Joe Bruno.\n", "After leaving Congress Pattison returned to practicing law, and also worked as a political commentator on local television and radio.\n", "He died in West Sand Lake, New York and was buried in Troy's Oakwood Cemetery.\n", "Pattison's son, Mark was elected Mayor of Troy in 1995 and re-elected in 1999. Members of the Pattison family continue to be active in local politics.\n", "The government center for Rensselaer County is named for him.\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "James Ramsden (industrialist)\n", "Sir James Ramsden (25 February 1822 – 19 October 1896) was a British mechanical engineer, industrialist, and civic leader, who played a dominant role in the development of the new town of Barrow-in-Furness, then in the historic county of Lancashire, later in Cumbria. He served five successive terms as mayor on its first achieving municipal borough status, from 1867 onwards.\n", "Section::::Biography.\n", "James Ramsden was most probably born at Bolton, Lancashire (although the census records are inconsistent on this point). James Ramsden was one of several children of William Ramsden, an engineer. He served an apprenticeship with the Liverpool firm of Bury, Curtis, and Kennedy before becoming locomotive superintendent for the new Furness Railway Company in January 1846. He very soon rose to become company secretary, and later served as managing director between 1866 and 1895.\n", "In 1866, Ramsden was also appointed managing director of the \"Barrow Hematite Steel Company, Limited\", and from 1875 to 1888 took the same role at \"The Barrow Shipbuilding Company\".\n", "Ramsden's home was Abbots Wood, a large new mansion on the outskirts of the town, rented from the railway company. From here, he took an active interest in virtually all local developments, including the early Barrow Shipbulding Company; the new Port of Barrow, and the massively expanded iron and steel industries. He was also a notable benefactor, contributing towards many new social and civic facilities within the town.\n", "Ramsden was knighted in 1872, and a statue by Matthew Noble was unveiled that same year in what was to become Ramsden Square, Barrow-in-Furness. A portrait of Ramsden hangs in the borough's town hall. However, he remained a largely local figure, declining calls to stand for Parliament in 1885 when the borough was seeking its first Member of Parliament.\n", "Ramsden was married in 1853 to Hannah Mary Edwards from Wallasey, Cheshire. Their only child Frederic James Ramsden (1859–1941) also served as superintendent of the Furness Railway.\n", "Sir James Ramsden died in 1896 and was buried at Barrow Cemetery.\n", "Section::::Notes and references.\n", "Notes\n", "References\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "John Pitkin Norton\n", "John Pitkin Norton (July 19, 1822 – September 5, 1852) was an educator, agricultural chemist, and author.\n", "Section::::Biography.\n", "Norton was born in Albany, New York in 1822, where his father John Treadwell Norton, a successful farmer and engineer, owned a hardware store. His mother, Mary Hubbard Pitkin, married his father in 1821 and died in 1829. He and his father returned to Farmington, Connecticut to live on land his father inherited from his grandfather John Treadwell, former governor of Connecticut.\n", "Norton studied chemistry under Benjamin Silliman at Yale College, and was eventually appointed professor of agricultural chemistry at Yale in 1846. He helped to found the Department of Philosophy and the Arts at Yale with Silliman's son, Benjamin Silliman, Jr., which would later become the Sheffield Scientific School and the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences. He was the author of \"Elements of Scientific Agriculture\" (1850), and many scientific papers, dealing with the chemistry of crops. During his short teaching career at Yale (1846–52), he took Samuel William Johnson as a pupil, who would later become one of the country's foremost educators in scientific agriculture.\n", "Norton succumbed to tuberculosis at the age of 30, and died in Farmington, Connecticut in 1852. He is buried in Grove Street Cemetery in New Haven, Connecticut.\n", "Section::::Legacy.\n", "Norton is one of the few scientists recognized in the United States Capitol in Washington DC. A small statue of him is on the Edmond Amateis bronze doors. (See pp. 350 – 351 of \"Art in the United States Capitol\", 1978, US Government Printing Office.)\n", "Norton's house, completed in 1849 and designed by Henry Austin to resemble an Italian villa, was included in the federal government's Historic American Buildings Survey as the John Pitkin Norton House. It was purchased by Yale in 1923 and is now known as Steinbach Hall.\n", "Section::::Further reading.\n", "BULLET::::- - Originally published in 1850\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "William F. Walsh\n", "William Francis Walsh (July 11, 1912 – January 8, 2011) was a Republican-Conservative member of the United States House of Representatives from New York State.\n", "Section::::Biography.\n", "Walsh was born in Syracuse, New York to Irish immigrant parents. He graduated from St. Bonaventure's College, now St. Bonaventure University, in 1934. He received a master's degree in social work from the University at Buffalo in 1949, and an honorary doctorate in civil law from St. Bonaventure University in 1970. He served in the United States Army Air Forces from 1941 to 1946, first as a private, and later being honorably discharged as a captain.\n", "Walsh was Welfare Commissioner of Onondaga County in New York State in 1959. He was elected mayor of Syracuse in 1961, and served until 1969. He became more nationally-known by serving as Vice President of the US Conference of Mayors. He was a delegate to the 1968 Republican National Convention. He was elected to Congress in 1972, and served from January 3, 1973 until January 3, 1979.\n", "Section::::Honors in memory.\n", "At St. Bonaventure University in St. Bonaventure, New York, the William F. Walsh Science Center was named in his honor in 2006 and dedicated in 2008. The Center was built as a result of $10 million in federal monies secured for its construction with the assistance of former United States Congress Member James T. Walsh, William's son, who is also a Republican.\n", "Section::::Personal life.\n", "Walsh was married to Mary Dorsey Walsh, and had seven children, all of whom pursued careers in public service. Walsh's children, Bill Walsh and Martha Hood Walsh are judges in Onondaga County, and James T. Walsh served in Congress for twenty years. His grandson Ben Walsh became Syracuse mayor in 2018.\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Hetty King\n", "Winifred Emms (4 April 1883 – 28 September 1972), best known by her stage name Hetty King, was an English entertainer who played in the music halls over a period of 70 years.\n", "Section::::Birth.\n", "Emms was born in New Brighton, a seaside resort in Cheshire, and performed with her father on the beach in a company of minstrels.\n", "Section::::Career.\n", "Emms adopted the name Hetty King when she first appeared on the stage of the Shoreditch Theatre, at the age of six with her father, William Emms (1856–1954), a comedian who used the stage name of Will King. For the week commencing 10 December 1904 she topped the programme at the newly opened (by 10 days) Empire-Hippodrome in Ashton-under-Lyne, billed as \"The Society Gem\". It was her first of many appearances at this theatre, part of the Broadhead circuit. By 1905, she was appearing in music halls, with her solo act, as a male impersonator, often dressed as a \"swell\". Her career spanned both World Wars when she performed in the uniform of either a soldier or a sailor. In the First World War her act included, in 1916, \"Songs the soldiers sing\" in which she sang some of the less ribald songs invented by soldiers in the trenches.\n", "She also played the \"principal boy\" in many pantomimes. She continued to entertain until the end of her life, touring with the show \"Thanks for the Memory\".\n", "Section::::Family.\n", "She was married to actor and writer Ernie Lotinga (aka Ernest) (1876–1951), born in Sunderland. Her husband was a music hall comedian, singer and theatre proprietor, appearing as \"Dan Roe\" from 1898, who appeared in films in the 1920s and 1930s, often as the comic character PC Jimmy Josser. They divorced in 1917, decree nisi being granted on Friday 16 March by Sir Samuel Evans on the grounds of Miss King's misconduct with the vaudeville artist and actor Mr Jack Norworth. The divorce was not contested.\n", "Her half sister Olive Emms was also an actress and her half brother, Harold Emms, wrote many of Hetty's songs with his French wife, Francine.\n", "The family were not related to H. Vernon Watson (1886–1949), the music hall artist performing under the sobriquet Nosmo King.\n", "Hetty King was cremated at Golders Green Crematorium.\n", "Section::::Commemoration.\n", "On 8 November 2010 a commemorative blue plaque was erected to King at her last residence in Wimbledon by the theatre charity The Music Hall Guild of Great Britain and America.\n", "Section::::Songs recorded.\n", "BULLET::::- \"All the nice Girls Love a Sailor\" (also known as \"Ship Ahoy\")\n", "BULLET::::- \"Piccadilly\"\n", "BULLET::::- \"Tell her the Old, Old Story\"\n", "BULLET::::- \"Down by the Riverside\"\n", "BULLET::::- \"I'm Going Away\"\n", "BULLET::::- \"Now I'm Home Again\"\n", "BULLET::::- \"Bye Bye Bachelor Days\"\n", "BULLET::::- \"Love 'em & Leave 'em Alone\"\n", "BULLET::::- \"Fill 'em up\"\n", "BULLET::::- \"Oh Girls, why do you Love the Soldiers\"\n", "BULLET::::- \"What Does A Sailor Care?\"\n", "BULLET::::- \"I'm Afraid to Come Home in the Dark\"\n", "Section::::Film.\n", "Hetty King appeared in the movie \"Lilacs in the Spring\" (1954), which was directed by Herbert Wilcox and starred Anna Neagle and Errol Flynn. Towards the end of her career, aged 87, she appeared in a film entitled \"Hetty King – Performer\" (1970).\n", "Section::::References.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Kindly Leave the Stage\" R Wilmut\n", "BULLET::::- \"Hetty King: Performer\" (1970) (TV documentary)\n", "BULLET::::- Ernie Lotinga - Filmography\n", "Interviewed on BBC Desert Island Discs 14 April 1969 - Can be heard via BBC iplayer\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Mário Lino\n", "Mário Lino Soares Correia (born May 31, 1940 in Lisbon), commonly known as Mário Lino, is a Portuguese civil engineer and former politician. He was the Minister of Public Works, Transportation and Communication in the 17th Constitutional Government of Portugal.\n", "He became famous for saying that the southern waterfront of the Tagus river in Portugal \"is a desert\". Lino is a former member of the Communist Party.\n", "He is also known for saying that the new Lisbon International Airport would never be constructed in the city of Alcochete, by using the expression \"Na margem sul jamais!\" (\"in the south bank never!\"), however later it was decided that the new airport would be built there.\n", "These events led to accusations by the government's opposition that Mario Lino does not know what he is doing while taking decisions that may compromise the country.\n", "He is also a supporter of Iberian Federalism.\n", "After leaving the government, he largely withdrew from public life.\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Biography on Portugal.gov.pt\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Art Tripp\n", "Arthur Dyer Tripp III (born September 10, 1944) is a retired American musician who is best known for his work as a percussionist with Frank Zappa and the Mothers of Invention and Captain Beefheart and his Magic Band during the 1960s and 1970s. Tripp retired from music in the 1980s and works as a chiropractor in Mississippi.\n", "Section::::Early career.\n", "Arthur Dyer Tripp III was born September 10, 1944, in Athens, Ohio. He grew up in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. He started playing drums in fourth grade with school bands, then later while at high school at weddings, fraternity parties and dances. Tripp became a student of Stanley Leonard, a timpanist with the Pittsburgh Symphony Orchestra, with whom he learned to play other percussion instruments, including the xylophone, tympani, marimba, and dozens of others.\n", "In 1962, Tripp enrolled at the Cincinnati College Conservatory of Music to study percussion. His private teacher at the conservatory, Ed Weubold, was a percussionist with the Cincinnati Symphony Orchestra (CSO). Tripp became a regular member of the CSO, performing with artists such as Igor Stravinsky, Isaac Stern, Leonard Rose, Jose Iturbi, Loren Hollender and Arthur Fiedler. In 1966, the US State Department sent the orchestra on a 10-week world tour, which provided additional experience for the young musician. During this time, Tripp also played two seasons as timpanist with the Dayton Philharmonic Orchestra, as well as a season with both the Cincinnati Summer Opera and the Cincinnati Pops Orchestra. He was selected by avant garde composer John Cage to work with him in performances and workshops when Cage became composer-in-residence at the Conservatory of Music.\n", "Tripp graduated in 1966 with a Bachelor of Music degree and in 1967, accepted a scholarship to the Manhattan School of Music in New York, primarily in order to finish a Master of Music degree, but also to expose himself further to contemporary music. His teacher was a former timpanist with the Philadelphia Orchestra, Fred Hinger. Hinger was at that time performing with the Metropolitan Opera Orchestra as well as teaching there.\n", "Section::::Later career.\n", "It was in New York that Tripp was introduced to Frank Zappa’s recording engineer, Richard Kunc. Kunc told Zappa about Tripp, who, he said, had the type of background and experience he thought Zappa was looking for. Tripp met Zappa and played for him at Apostolic Studio in New York’s Greenwich Village. Tripp was soon hired to play with The Mothers of Invention and went on to record seven albums and perform numerous tours throughout the US and Europe. In early 1968, the band left New York after an 18-month stay and relocated to Hollywood. A year later, Zappa disbanded the Mothers to pursue a solo career. Tripp appears on two albums compiled from recordings made before the dissolution of the Mothers of Invention: Burnt Weeny Sandwich and Weasels Ripped My Flesh, both released in 1970.\n", "Meanwhile, Tripp had been discussing projects with occasional Zappa collaborator and long-time friend Don Van Vliet (a.k.a. Captain Beefheart). He would later join Beefheart's group the Magic Band. At that time, he also recorded with Chad Stuart and Tarantula, played percussion on the \"Smothers Brothers Summer Special\", and was offered a position in the pit orchestra for the stage show \"Oh! Calcutta!\".\n", "Tripp decided to move to northern California with the Magic Band. The move heralded a five-year period of recording and touring again throughout the US and Europe. During the same period he was asked, but declined due to his commitment with Beefheart, to do session work with former Magic Band member Ry Cooder and saxophonist Ornette Coleman. Eventually, conflicts with Beefheart meant the rest of The Magic Band split off to compose and rehearse new music that was recorded on an album sponsored by the Jethro Tull organization, along with its drummer Barriemore Barlow and guitarist Martin Barre, called Mallard. However, by then Tripp had become dissatisfied with music so he returned to Pittsburgh to work in the insurance business with his father.\n", "After three years, realizing that selling insurance was not something he wanted to do either, Tripp decided to return to music. He went back to Los Angeles where he stayed with former Mothers bandmate Ian Underwood and Ruth Underwood, who also played extensively with Zappa, while he worked as a studio musician recording with artists such as Al Stewart and various commercial producers. However, studio work proved to lack the allure of live performance and he once again lost interest in pursuing his career in music.\n", "After leaving music, Tripp became a chiropractor, and currently practices in Mississippi.\n", "Section::::Discography.\n", "BULLET::::- Mothers of Invention: Cruising With Ruben & The Jets (1968, LP, Verve)\n", "BULLET::::- Tarantula: Tarantula (1968, LP, A&M)\n", "BULLET::::- Mothers of Invention: Uncle Meat (1969, 2LP, Bizarre)\n", "BULLET::::- Wild Man Fischer: An Evening With Wild Man Fischer (1969, LP, Bizarre/Reprise)\n", "BULLET::::- Mothers of Invention: Burnt Weeny Sandwich (1970, LP, Bizarre)\n", "BULLET::::- Mothers of Invention: Weasels Ripped My Flesh (1970, LP, Bizarre)\n", "BULLET::::- Captain Beefheart and The Magic Band: Lick My Decals Off, Baby (1970, LP, Straight)\n", "BULLET::::- Jean-Luc Ponty: King Kong (1970, LP, World Pacific Jazz ST20172)\n", "BULLET::::- Smothers Brothers: The Smothers Brothers Summer Show (1970, TV, ABC)\n", "BULLET::::- Captain Beefheart: The Spotlight Kid (1972, LP, Reprise)\n", "BULLET::::- Captain Beefheart and The Magic Band: Clear Spot (1972, LP, Reprise)\n", "BULLET::::- Captain Beefheart and The Magic Band: Unconditionally Guaranteed (1974, LP, Mercury)\n", "BULLET::::- Mallard: 'Mallard (1975, LP, Virgin Records V2045)\n", "BULLET::::- Captain Beefheart and The Magic Band: Shiny Beast (Bat Chain Puller) (1978, LP, Warner)\n", "BULLET::::- Al Stewart: Time Passages (1978, LP, Arista)\n", "BULLET::::- Frank Zappa: You Can't Do That on Stage Anymore, Vol. 1 (1988, 2CD, Rykodisc)\n", "BULLET::::- Frank Zappa: You Can't Do That on Stage Anymore, Vol. 4 (1991, 2CD, Rykodisc)\n", "BULLET::::- Mothers of Invention: The Ark (1991, CD, Rhino Foo-eee Records, R2 70538)\n", "BULLET::::- Zappa / Mothers: Electric Aunt Jemima(1991, CD, USA, Rhino Foo-eee Records R2 71019)\n", "BULLET::::- Zappa / Mothers: Our Man In Nirvana(1991, CD, USA, Rhino Foo-eee Records R2 71022)\n", "BULLET::::- Frank Zappa: You Can't Do That on Stage Anymore, Vol. 5 (1992, 2CD, Rykodisc)\n", "BULLET::::- Jefferson Airplane: Loves You (1992, 3CD, RCA)\n", "BULLET::::- Zappa/Mothers: Ahead Of Their Time (1993, CD, Rykodisc)\n", "BULLET::::- Tim Buckley: Live at the Troubadour 1969 (1994, CD, French, Edsel Records)\n", "BULLET::::- Frank Zappa: The Lost Episodes (1996, CD, Rykodisc)\n", "BULLET::::- Frank Zappa: Mystery Discs (1998, CD, Rykodisc)\n", "BULLET::::- Captain Beefheart and His Magic Band: Grow Fins (1999, 5CD, Revenant Records)\n", "BULLET::::- Captain Beefheart & His Magic Band: Grow Fins vol.III: Grow Fins(2001, 2lp, USA, Xeric)\n", "BULLET::::- Captain Beefheart: Railroadism(2003, CD, UK, Viper cd 015)\n", "BULLET::::- Jefferson Airplane: Crown of Creation (2003, EU, CD, RCA)\n", "BULLET::::- Captain Beefheart and The Magic Band: Live at Bickershaw Festival(2007, cd, UK, ozitcd9006)\n", "BULLET::::- Captain Beefheart and The Magic Band: Translucent Fresnel - Live 72/73 - the Nans True's Hole Tapes (2011, 2lp, UK, Ozit Dandelion Records LP 8008)\n", "BULLET::::- Frank Zappa: Road Tapes - Kerrisdale Arena, Vancouver BC, 25 August 1968(2012, CD, USA, Vaulternative Records )\n", "BULLET::::- Frank Zappa: Finer Moments(2012, CD, USA, Zappa Records)\n", "BULLET::::- The Mothers of Invention: Wollman Rink, Central Park, NY, August 3, 1968(2014, CD, UK, Keyhole Records)\n", "BULLET::::- Captain Beefheart & The Magic Band: Live From Vancouver 1973(2014, CD, UK, Gonzo gzo106cd)\n", "BULLET::::- Don van Vliet & The Magic Band: Rough, Raw and Zmazing(2015, 2lp, UK, Ozit Records) - \"Record Store Day 2015\" release. limited edition on yellow vinyl\n", "BULLET::::- Zappa/Mothers: Meat Light (2016, 3CD, USA, Zappa Records)\n", "Section::::Filmography.\n", "BULLET::::- 200 Motels, 1971\n", "BULLET::::- Uncle Meat, 1987\n", "BULLET::::- The True Story of Frank Zappa's 200 Motels, 1989\n", "BULLET::::- , 2009\n", "Section::::References.\n", "Section::::References.:Sources.\n", "BULLET::::- Frank Zappa, Captain Beefheart and the Secret History of Maximalism, Michel Delville & Andrew Norris, Salt Publishing, 2005\n", "BULLET::::- The Big Note, A Guide to the Recordings of Frank Zappa, Charles Ulrich, New Star Books, 2018\n", "BULLET::::- Freak Out! My Life With Frank Zappa, Pauline Butcher, Plexus Publishing Ltd., 2011\n", "BULLET::::- For Mother’s Sake, Jimmy Carl Black, Inkanish Publications, 2013\n", "BULLET::::- The Frank Zappa Book, Frank Zappa with Peter Occhiogrosso, Poseidon Press, 1989\n", "BULLET::::- Captain Beefheart, Mike Barnes, Cooper Square Press, 2000 & 2002\n", "BULLET::::- Lunar Notes, Bill Harkleroad with Billy James, SAF Publishing Ltd., 1998\n", "BULLET::::- Beefheart: Through the Eyes of Magic, John “Drumbo” French, Proper Music Publishing Ltd., 2010\n", "BULLET::::- Dropouts Boogie, John Robinson, Uncut Magazine, IPC Media, September, 2012\n", "BULLET::::- Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Cincinnati_%E2%80%93_College-Conservatory_of_Music#Noted_alumni, CCM Noted Alumni\n", "Section::::Interviews.\n", "BULLET::::- Frank Zappa and the Mothers of Invention In The 1960s, DVD Video SIDVD545, 2008\n", "BULLET::::- Radio Interview, February 6, 2010, https://web.archive.org/web/20090907173741/http://woub.org/radio/index.php?section=4&page=19\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Art Tripp Pittsburgh Music History Website\n", "BULLET::::- Zappa United Mutations Website\n", "BULLET::::- Beefheart Website\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "David Stevenson (historian)\n", "David Stevenson is a British historian specialising in the period of the First World War. He is Stevenson Professor of International History at the London School of Economics and Political Science (LSE).\n", "Section::::Academic career.\n", "Stevenson studied for his undergraduate degree at the University of Cambridge, before receiving a Ph.D. from the same university. He became a Lecturer at the LSE in 1982. In 1998, he was appointed Professor of International History. Between 2004 and 2005, he also received a Leverhulme Research Fellowship \"for research on supply and logistics in 1914-1918\"\n", "His most recent books are: \"With Our Backs to the Wall: Victory and Defeat in 1918\", released by Penguin (in the UK) and Belknap Press and \"1917: War, Peace and Revolution\", published by OUP.\n", "Section::::Personal life.\n", "Professor Stevenson is married and lives in Essex. He is President of both the London Central Branch of the Historical Association and the Loughton and District Historical Society and is one of the founding members of the annual Loughton Festival.\n", "Section::::Bibliography.\n", "BULLET::::- Stevenson, D., \"French War Aims against Germany, 1914-1919\", 1982 (Oxford University Press) ,\n", "BULLET::::- Stevenson, D., \"The First World War and International Politics\", 1988 (Oxford University Press) ,\n", "BULLET::::- Stevenson, D., \"Armaments and the Coming of War: Europe, 1904-1914\", 1996 (Oxford University Press) ,\n", "BULLET::::- Stevenson, D., \"The Outbreak of the First World War: 1914 in Perspective\", 1997 (Macmillan) ,\n", "BULLET::::- Stevenson, D., \"1914-1918: the History of the First World War\", 2004 (Penguin Press), also published as \"Cataclysm: the First World War as Political Tragedy\" (by Basic Books, USA) ,\n", "BULLET::::- \"La Grande Guerra: Una Storia Globale\" (by Rizzoli, Italy)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Der Erste Weltkrieg\" (by Artemis and Winkler, Germany)\n", "BULLET::::- Stevenson, D., \"With Our Backs to the Wall: Victory and Defeat in 1918\", 2011 (Penguin Books, Harvard University Press) ,\n", "BULLET::::- Stevenson, D., \"1917. War, Peace, and Revolution\" 2017 (Oxford University Press)\n", "BULLET::::- Podcast:\n", "BULLET::::- David Stevenson (Pritzker Military Museum & Library)\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Interview on \"With Our Backs to the Wall\" at the Pritzker Military Library\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "M. L. Carr\n", "Michael Leon Carr (born January 9, 1951) is an American former professional basketball player in the National Basketball Association (NBA) and American Basketball Association (ABA), and former head coach and General Manager of the Boston Celtics. He coached the Celtics for two seasons, posting a career record of 48 wins and 116 losses.\n", "Section::::Playing career.\n", "After graduating from Guilford College, Carr was selected by the Kentucky Colonels of the American Basketball Association with the 7th pick of the 5th round of the 1973 NBA draft. However, he was one of the final roster cuts the Colonels made in camp, and was subsequently released. The following season, Carr played in Israel for the Israel Sabras in the European Pro Basketball league. For leading his team to the championship, leading the league in scoring, and emerging second in rebounding, he was named Most Valuable Player.\n", "During the 1975–76 ABA season, Carr played for the Spirits of St. Louis, averaging 12.2 points and 6.2 rebounds per game, and was named to the ABA's All-Rookie Team. The Spirits of St. Louis were one of two ABA teams (the Colonels being the other) that did not join the NBA in the ABA–NBA merger, and as a result Carr joined the NBA as a member of the Detroit Pistons from 1976–79. After being selected to the All-Defense second team during the 1979 season and leading the league in steals, Carr was signed as a free agent by the rebuilding Boston Celtics. Pistons coach Dick Vitale responded by saying, \"We just had the heart and soul ripped from our team.\" The Carr acquisition was one of the four major additions which immediately propelled the Celtics back to the top of the NBA standings after finishing near the bottom the previous season, along with majority owner Harry Mangurian, head coach Bill Fitch and rookie forward Larry Bird. Carr was instrumental in leading the Celtics' defense past the favored Philadelphia 76ers in the 1981 Eastern Conference Finals, on the way to Boston's 14th NBA championship. Playing for the Celtics until 1985, Carr averaged 9.7 points and 4.3 rebounds per game during his NBA career.\n", "He is best known for the steal and dunk he made in overtime of Game 4 of the 1984 NBA Finals versus the Lakers in Los Angeles, which sealed the victory for Boston, and eventually won another title for them. He is also famous for waving a towel during crucial situations to fire up the Celtics.\n", "Section::::Coaching career.\n", "Carr later became the General Manager of the Celtics in 1994. He later took over as coach for the 1995–96 and 1996–97 seasons. In his last year as coach, the Celtics had the worst record in team history, winning just 15 games and losing 67 in a tactical effort to get a stronger draft position and poise the team for a comeback under famed college coach Rick Pitino. He was replaced at the end of season by Pitino, who was unable to restore the team to the glory of Carr's playing days. After the 1997 season, he became the Celtics' Director of Corporate Development.\n", "Carr later became president of the WNBA's Charlotte Sting as part of a failed attempt to become the owner of an expansion NBA team in Charlotte, along with Steve Belkin and former teammate Larry Bird. He was given a small investment stake in the Charlotte Bobcats when Bob Johnson was selected to have the NBA franchise in Charlotte. Subsequently, Bob Johnson sold the team and ML Carr no longer has a relationship with the Bobcat franchise.\n", "Carr currently resides in Massachusetts with his wife Sylvia, where he is a partner with New Technology Ventures - a tech-focused venture capital firm based in Newton, Massachusetts.\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Ralph Brill\n", "Ralph L. Brill (December 19, 1935 – June 21, 2019) was Professor of Law at Chicago-Kent College of Law.\n", "Section::::Early life.\n", "Brill was born in Chicago, the son of Romanian immigrants. He attended the University of Illinois, where he received both his undergraduate degree and his Juris Doctor. While in law school, Brill served as associate editor of the University of Illinois Law Forum. He was admitted to the Illinois Bar in 1960. Brill's first case as an attorney was a dog bite case.\n", "Section::::Establishing a legal writing course.\n", "Brill began teaching law school in the fall of 1960 at the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor. He began his teaching career by teaching a subject outside the customary law school discipline — Legal Writing. Legal Writing was part of a course entitled \"Problems and Research.\" It was at this time that Brill began to recognize the importance of including skills courses in the law school curriculum. Brill also became aware early on that \"skills\" teachers, such as those who taught legal writing, were treated differently from \"substantive\" (non-skills) teachers who were considered part of the regular faculty. According to institutional protocol, non-skills, or \"theoretical,\" professors were compensated at a higher rate and given more political power than were their peers teaching nontheoretical and pragmatically oriented courses.\n", "Following his year in Ann Arbor, in 1961, Brill returned to his hometown when he was offered a position at Chicago-Kent College of Law which, in 1969, merged with the Illinois Institute of Technology. Brill taught Property, Agency, Legislation, Damages and several sections of legal writing. For much of his later career, he has taught Torts. Recently, he added a Famous Trials in History seminar.\n", "Section::::Legal writing program at Chicago-Kent.\n", "In 1977, Brill was asked by administrators at Chicago-Kent to set up a larger scale legal writing program. At that time, legal writing was still not considered an important discipline in legal study. Aside from a few programs, such as Marjorie Rombauer's program at the University of Washington, most legal writing departments consisted of one director and a staff of part-time instructors. Even when instructors were employed full-time, their contracts were most often limited to one or two years. These instructors were not considered \"real\" law school professors. In some instances, Legal Writing courses were staffed with individuals who were not legal professionals. Many legal educational institutions at the time maintained that skills teaching was the province of law firms, and that the discipline of legal writing was little more than a remedial grammar course not appropriate, even if necessary, in a graduate school setting.\n", "Recognizing that skills instruction went beyond a course in remedial grammar, Brill proposed a three-year legal writing program which would be taught by legal professionals, and would be of a uniform quality for all students. Brill further proposed that class sizes be reduced so that students would receive more individualized instruction. The Chicago-Kent faculty adopted Brill's proposal and the legal writing program at Kent not only became the benchmark for all law school legal writing programs, but Chicago-Kent became known for the high level of legal training that its students received.\n", "Brill remained director of Chicago-Kent's legal writing program for fourteen years. During that time period and afterward, he worked to improve the status of the legal writing professional. In 1985, Brill became one of the original Board members of the Legal Writing Institute (LWI), an association of legal writing professionals. Until the establishment of the LWI, legal writing professionals had few opportunities to exchange ideas or to compare experiences as to status at their schools. The LWI enabled them to band together in an attempt to enhance programs and status at their own schools.\n", "While working toward national goals related to the profession of the legal writing professional, Brill continued to enhance the quality of his own program at Chicago-Kent. He helped to ensure that instructors in his own department, although not having the status of tenured faculty, were able to work without capped contracts. Moreover, Brill began, at the earliest stages of national computer use, to incorporate technology into his teaching by way of the use of listservs and visual presentations in class. In the early 1990s, Chicago-Kent became known for its use of technology in law school, and Brill was instrumental in establishing American Bar Association (ABA) accreditation standards related to distance learning in law schools.\n", "Brill stepped down as director of Chicago-Kent's legal writing program in 1992, but remained on the faculty of Chicago-Kent teaching Torts and Tort-related subjects.\n", "Section::::Contributions within the field of Legal Writing.\n", "Although Brill is primarily associated with legal writing, his involvement in attempting to enhance legal education has been more expansive. Brill served as interim dean at Chicago-Kent on two separate occasions in the early 1970s, and taught Torts throughout his entire tenure as director of Chicago-Kent's legal writing program. He continues to work with the school's moot court team and sponsors the Brief award for the Chicago-Kent's intraschool moot court competition. He has been chair of the Association of American Law Schools (AALS) Section on Legal Writing, Research, and Reasoning and of the Individual Rights and Responsibilities Committee. Brill has been at the forefront of efforts to integrate computers into the law school classroom, and has spoken on issues related to replacing the traditional law school handwritten exam with an exam typed on a laptop. \n", "In addition to his work in legal education, Brill has been active in the Chicago Bar Association and was the chief draftsperson of rules requiring State of Illinois lawyers to be responsible for continuing their legal education for the remainder of their careers. Brill has also been a consultant on numerous tort cases.\n", "Despite stepping down as Director of Legal Writing, Brill continued to remain involved in the development of the field. In 1994, Brill established a legal writing listserv in conjunction with the Legal Writing Institute Conference held at Chicago-Kent that year. The listserv was expanded subsequent to the conference and enabled legal writing professionals to communicate on a daily basis concerning the development of their programs. The listserv membership, which grew from a handful of individuals to over a thousand members within ten years, became instrumental in enhancing the solidarity of the professionals in the field and the overall quality of programs across the nation. Professor Brill was also an early leader and continues to be involved with the Association of Legal Writing Directors (ALWD), which was formed to advance the political objectives of the profession.\n", "In 1995, Brill, along with Hofstra Legal Writing Professor Richard Neumann, worked toward lobbying the ABA to increase law school requirements for skills and writing instruction. The result was the ABA's adoption of increased requirements for writing during law school. In 1996, Brill, along with Susan Brody and Richard Neumann, argued that the ABA should change its standards regarding the protections and job security afforded Legal Writing professionals, and that adhering to these standards should be considered in determining whether a law school should be accredited. The result was the ABA's adoption of standard 405(d). Although this standard did not equate legal writing professionals to the status of tenured law school faculty, it did put legal writing professionals on more of an equal footing. Subsequent to the adoption of 405(d), many law schools determined that Legal Writing professors should be given even greater job protections and security than required by the standard.\n", "In 1997, Brill along with Susan L. Brody, Christina L. Kunz, Richard K. Neumann, Jr., and Marilyn R. Walter, collaborated on the Sourcebook on Legal Writing Programs. This book compiled information on existing programs of legal writing and gave recommendations for optimal programs. Recommendations included suggestions on class sizes and commentary on the need to improve the status and salary of legal writing professionals in order to enhance skills training in general. The Sourcebook became a standard for schools attempting to improve their own legal writing programs and put the American Bar Association on notice that the future of the quality of legal education necessitated taking notice that legal writing was integral to a quality legal education.\n", "In recent years, both the ABA and law schools have begun to pay more attention to not only the status of the legal writing professional, but also to the quality of legal writing programs throughout the country. Currently, U.S. News and World Reports assesses the quality of legal writing programs when doing its annual rankings of law schools. The rankings of legal writing programs are based in part, on the status and security afforded legal writing professionals.\n", "Section::::Recognition.\n", "Brill has received several awards for his commitment to legal education. \n", "BULLET::::- In 1997, Brill was given the AALS Legal Writing, Research, and Reasoning Section Award for contributions to the profession of legal writing.\n", "BULLET::::- In 2004, Brill received the Thomas F. Blackwell Memorial Award for his contributions to legal writing and legal education.\n", "BULLET::::- In 2006, Brill received the Burton Foundation's \"Legends of the Law\" Award for \"outstanding contribution to legal writing education\".\n", "BULLET::::- In 2007, Brill and Professor Molly Lien of The John Marshall Law School in Chicago were jointly awarded the first Legal Writing Institute Terri LeClercq Award for Courage—an award established to reward acts of courage in advancing causes related to legal writing.\n", "BULLET::::- In 2009, Chicago-Kent established an endowed visiting professor position in his name, the Ralph L. Brill Distinguished Visitor, with plans to eventually establish an endowed chair (the school's first) in his name.\n", "BULLET::::- In 2011, the Association of Legal Writing Directors (ALWD) created the Brill Award to honor him for his 50 years of teaching and contributions to the enhancement of Legal Writing programs. Brill was the first honoree.\n", "BULLET::::- In 2011, Professor Adrian James Walters of England's Nottingham Trent University was named IIT Chicago-Kent College of Law's first Ralph Brill Endowed Chair.\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Chicago-Kent biography\n", "BULLET::::- Legal Writing Institute homepage\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Matt Spaeth\n", "Matt Spaeth (born November 24, 1983) is a former American football tight end. He was drafted by the Steelers in the third round of the 2007 NFL Draft and later won Super Bowl XLIII with them against the Arizona Cardinals. He has also played for the Chicago Bears. He played college football at Minnesota.\n", "Spaeth won 2006's John Mackey Award as college football's best tight end.\n", "Section::::Early years.\n", "Spaeth graduated from St. Michael-Albertville, in St. Michael, Minnesota in 2002, where he played both football and basketball. St Michael was in the Wright County Conference at the time. Spaeth holds multiple records at St. Michael–Albertville in both sports. As a three-year starter in basketball he set records for most rebounds in a game (23), most steals in a game (8), most points in a career (1359), and most career rebounds (804).\n", "Section::::College career.\n", "Spaeth played college football at Minnesota. In 2003 Matt started the season as a reserve, but was inserted into the starting lineup when starter Ben Utecht got injured. Spaeth went on to start 10 games where he had 12 catches for 98 yards and was named to the Sportingnews.com and Rivals.com Freshman All-American team.\n", "In 2004 Matt increased his production to 24 catches for 298 yards and 4 touchdowns. He started every game was an honorable mention pick to the All-Big Ten Team.\n", "In 2005 Spaeth again started every game, hauling in 26 catches for 333 yards and 4 touchdowns. He was named to the All-Big Ten First team.\n", "2006 was the most productive season of Spaeth's career. Despite playing the last month of the season with a separated shoulder, Matt went on to get career highs in receptions (47) & receiving yards (564), and tied his career high in touchdowns (4). For the second consecutive year, he was named to the All-Big Ten First team, and in December was named a First Team All American. He was also awarded the team's Bronko Nagurski Most Valuable Player Award. Spaeth did not play in the Insight Bowl on December 29 because of an injured shoulder.\n", "Section::::Professional career.\n", "Section::::Professional career.:NFL Draft.\n", "Spaeth was invited to the NFL Scouting Combine. He ran a 4.83 40-yard dash time.\n", "Section::::Professional career.:Pittsburgh Steelers.\n", "Spaeth was drafted by the Pittsburgh Steelers in the third round of the 2007 NFL Draft. Spaeth started the season primarily on the goal line package and special teams. Spaeth's first catch in the NFL was a touchdown – catching a 5-yard pass from Ben Roethlisberger in the Steelers' 34-7 win over the Cleveland Browns on September 9, 2007. When second-string tight end Jerame Tuman was placed on injured reserve, Spaeth was promoted to second-string.\n", "Spaeth caught 5 passes for 34 yards and 3 touchdowns in the 2007 NFL season.\n", "In the 2008 season, Spaeth added 17 more catches to his career and 136 yards during the regular season. Along with both an increase in catches and yards, Spaeth also played in Super Bowl XLIII where he had one catch for six yards. The Steelers went on to win 27-23 over the Arizona Cardinals. In 2009, Spaeth had 5 catches for 25 yards and 1 touchdown.\n", "At the end of the 2010 season, Spaeth and the Steelers appeared in Super Bowl XLV against the Green Bay Packers. He had one reception for nine yards in the 31–25 loss.\n", "Section::::Professional career.:Chicago Bears.\n", "As an unrestricted free agent following the 2010 season, Spaeth signed with the Chicago Bears, who then traded away tight end Greg Olsen. Spaeth scored his first touchdown catch with the Bears in Week 1 against the Atlanta Falcons on a one-yard pass from Jay Cutler.\n", "On March 13, 2013, Spaeth was released by the Bears, being the last Bear to wear number 89, which was retired on December 8, 2013, in honor of tight end and Super Bowl XX winning head coach Mike Ditka.\n", "Section::::Professional career.:Pittsburgh Steelers (second stint).\n", "On March 15, 2013, Spaeth re-signed with the Pittsburgh Steelers.\n", "On November 2, 2014, he caught Ben Roethlisberger's record-breaking 12th touchdown in two games.\n", "On March 9, 2015 it was announced that the Steelers had signed Spaeth to a two-year contract extension.\n", "On July 21, 2016, the Steelers released Spaeth due to a failed physical.\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- CBS Sports pre-draft bio\n", "BULLET::::- Steelers bio\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Reed Hadley\n", "Reed Hadley (born Reed Herring, June 25, 1911 – December 11, 1974) was an American film, television and radio actor.\n", "Section::::Early life.\n", "Hadley was born in Petrolia, Texas, to Bert Herring, an oil well driller, and his wife Minnie. Hadley had one sister, Bess Brenner. He was reared in Buffalo, New York, where he attended and graduated from Bennett High School.\n", "Section::::Career.\n", "Before moving to Hollywood, he acted in \"Hamlet\" on stage in New York City, a last-minute substitute for the scheduled actor who failed to appear to portray Fortinbras.\n", "Section::::Career.:Radio.\n", "In the 1950s, Hadley played Chad Remington on \"Frontier Town\". He also was one of the actors who portrayed cowboy hero \"Red Ryder\" on the \"Red Ryder\" series during the 1940s. \n", "Section::::Career.:Television.\n", "Hadley starred in two television series, \"Racket Squad\" (1950–1953) as Captain Braddock, and \"The Public Defender\" (1954–1955) as Bart Matthews, a fictional attorney for the indigent. He also was a guest star on such programs as the religion anthology series, \"Crossroads,\" and on Rory Calhoun's CBS western series, \"The Texan\". In 1959, he played fictitious Sheriff Ben Tildy in \"The Sheriff of Boot Hill\", with Denver Pyle cast as Joe Lufton. He also starred in Sea Hunt, Season 4/Episode 4; “Vital Error”\n", "Section::::Career.:Film.\n", "Throughout his 35-year career in film, Hadley was cast as both a villain and a hero of the law, in such movies as \"The Baron of Arizona\" (1950), \"The Half-Breed\" (1952), \"Highway Dragnet\" (1954) and \"Big House, U.S.A.\" (1955), and narrated a number of documentaries. In films, he starred as Zorro in the 1939 serial \"Zorro's Fighting Legion\".\n", "Hadley was the narrator of several Department of Defense films: \"Operation Ivy\", about the first hydrogen bomb test, Ivy Mike, \"Military Participation on Tumbler/Snapper\"; \"Military Participation on Buster Jangle\"; \"The B-47\" (T.F. 1-4727); and \"Operation Upshot–Knothole\" all of which were produced by Lookout Mountain studios. The films were originally intended for internal military use, but have been \"sanitized\" and de-classified, and are now available to the public.\n", "In 1945 he narrated “The Nazi Plan”, a documentary film using captured propaganda and newsreel footage to dramatize the Nazis rise to power and was used by the prosecution in the International Military Tribunal in Nuremberg. He served as the narrator on various Hollywood films, including \"House on 92nd Street\" (1945), \"Boomerang\" (1947), and \"The Iron Curtain\" (1948).\n", "Section::::Personal life.\n", "Hadley and his wife, Helen, had one son, Dale\n", "Section::::Death.\n", "On December 11, 1974, Hadley died of a heart attack in Los Angeles. He was 63. He was survived by his wife and son.\n", "Section::::Recognition.\n", "Hadley has a star at 6553 Hollywood Boulevard in the Television section of the Hollywood Walk of Fame. It was dedicated on February 8, 1960.\n", "Section::::Filmography.\n", "Section::::Filmography.:Film.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Hollywood Stadium Mystery\" (1938) - Ralph Mortimer (film debut)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Female Fugitive\" (1938) - Bruce Dunning\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Great Adventures of Wild Bill Hickok\" (1938, Serial) - Jim Blakely\n", "BULLET::::- \"Sunset Murder Case\" (1939) - Oliver Helton\n", "BULLET::::- \"Orphans of the Street\" (1938) - Miller\n", "BULLET::::- \"Sergeant Madden\" (1939) - Lawyer (uncredited)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Calling Dr. Kildare\" (1939) - Tom Crandell\n", "BULLET::::- \"Bachelor Mother\" (1939) - Polly's First Dance Partner (uncredited)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Stronger Than Desire\" (1939) - Flagg's Party Guest (uncredited)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Man from Montreal\" (1939) - Ross Montgomery aka L. R. Rawlins\n", "BULLET::::- \"Zorro's Fighting Legion\" (1939, Serial) - Don Diego Vega / Zorro\n", "BULLET::::- \"I Take This Woman\" (1940) - Bob Hampton\n", "BULLET::::- \"Ski Patrol\" (1940) - Ivan Dubroski\n", "BULLET::::- \"Meet the Wildcat\" (1940) - Basso--Henchman\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Bank Dick\" (1940) - Francois\n", "BULLET::::- \"Flight Command\" (1940) - Admiral's Aide (uncredited)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Adventures of Captain Marvel\" (1941, Serial) - Rahman Bar [Ch. 1, 11-12]\n", "BULLET::::- \"Sky Raiders\" (1941, Serial) - Caddens - Henchman\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Flame of New Orleans\" (1941) - Party Guest (uncredited)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Ziegfeld Girl\" (1941) - Geoffrey's Friend in Audience (uncredited)\n", "BULLET::::- \"I'll Wait for You\" (1941) - Tony Berolli\n", "BULLET::::- \"Whistling in the Dark\" (1941) - Beau Smith\n", "BULLET::::- \"Unfinished Business\" (1941) - Party Guest (uncredited)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Sea Raiders\" (1941, Serial) - Carl Tonjes\n", "BULLET::::- \"Appointment for Love\" (1941) - Ferguson (uncredited)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Look Who's Laughing\" (1941) - Master of Ceremonies (uncredited)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Road Agent\" (1941) - Henchman Shayne\n", "BULLET::::- \"Arizona Terrors\" (1942) - Jack Halliday aka Don Pedro de Berendo\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Bugle Sounds\" (1942) - Court-Martial Judge (uncredited)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Jail House Blues\" (1942) - Boston\n", "BULLET::::- \"Juke Box Jenny\" (1942) - Brother Wicks\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Mystery of Marie Roget\" (1942) - Naval Officer\n", "BULLET::::- \"Lady in a Jam\" (1942) - Man (uncredited)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Now, Voyager\" (1942) - Henry Montague (uncredited)\n", "BULLET::::- \"I Married a Witch\" (1942) - Young Man (uncredited)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Wintertime\" (1943) - Radio Announcer (voice, uncredited)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Guadalcanal Diary\" (1943) - War Correspondent / Narrator\n", "BULLET::::- \"Happy Land\" (1943) - Off-Screen Narrator (uncredited)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Four Jills in a Jeep\" (1944) - Fighter Pilot Dispatcher on Loudspeaker (uncredited)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Buffalo Bill\" (1944) - Narrator (uncredited)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Pin Up Girl\" (1944) - Radio Announcer (voice, uncredited)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Eve of St. Mark\" (1944) - Radio Announcer (voice, uncredited)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Roger Touhy, Gangster\" (1944) - FBI Agent Boyden\n", "BULLET::::- \"Home in Indiana\" (1944) - Narrator in Opening Scene (uncredited)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Wing and a Prayer\" (1944) - Cmdr. O'Donnell\n", "BULLET::::- \"Wislon\" (1944) - White House Usher (uncredited)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Rainbow Island\" (1944) - High Priest Kahuna\n", "BULLET::::- \"In the Meantime, Darling\" (1944) - Maj. Phillips\n", "BULLET::::- \"Circumstantial Evidence\" (1945) - Prosecutor\n", "BULLET::::- \"Diamond Horseshoe\" (1945) - Intern (uncredited)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Don Juan Quilligan\" (1945) - Announcer of Pearl Harbor Attack (uncredited)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Captain Eddie\" (1945) - News Announcer (uncredited)\n", "BULLET::::- \"A Bell for Adano\" (1945) - Cmdr. Robertson\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Caribbean Mystery\" (1945) - Dr. Rene Marcel\n", "BULLET::::- \"House on 92nd Street\" (1945) - Narrator (voice, uncredited)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Leave Her to Heaven\" (1945) - Dr. Mason\n", "BULLET::::- \"Doll Face\" (1945) - Flo Hartman\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Last Bomb\" (1945, Short, Documentary) - Narrator\n", "BULLET::::- \"Shock\" (1946) - District Attorney O'Neill\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Dark Corner\" (1946) - Police Lt. Frank Reeves\n", "BULLET::::- \"It Shouldn't Happen to a Dog\" (1946) - Mike Valentine\n", "BULLET::::- \"If I'm Lucky\" (1946) - Jed Conklin, Magonnagle's Campaign Manager\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Razor's Edge\" (1946) - Party Waiter (voice, uncredited)\n", "BULLET::::- \"13 Rue Madeleine\" (1946) - Narrator (voice, uncredited)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Boomerang\" (1947) - Off-Screen Narrator (voice, uncredited)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Brasher Doubloon\" (1947) - Dr. Moss (uncredited)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Louisiana\" (1947)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Fabulous Texan\" (1947) - Jessup\n", "BULLET::::- \"T-Men\" (1947) - Narrator (uncredited)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Captain from Castile\" (1947) - Juan Escudero (uncredited)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Panhandle\" (1948) - Matt Garson\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Man from Texas\" (1948) - Marshal Gregg\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Iron Curtain\" (1948) - Narrator (uncredited)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Canon City\" (1948) - Narrator (voice)\n", "BULLET::::- \"A Southern Yankee\" (1948) - Fred Munsey\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Return of Wildfire\" (1948) - Marty Quinn\n", "BULLET::::- \"Jungle Goddess\" (1948) - Radio Newscaster (uncredited)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Walk a Crooked Mile\" (1948) - Narrator (voice)\n", "BULLET::::- \"He Walked by Night\" (1948) - Narrator (voice, uncredited)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Last of the Wild Horses\" (1948) - Riley Morgan\n", "BULLET::::- \"I Shot Jesse James\" (1949) - Jesse James\n", "BULLET::::- \"Rimfire\" (1949) - The Abilene Kid\n", "BULLET::::- \"Grand Canyon\" (1949) - Mitch Bennett\n", "BULLET::::- \"Apache Chief\" (1949) - Narrator (voice, uncredited)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Red Desert\" (1949) - Narrator (voice, uncredited)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Riders of the Range\" (1950) - Clint Burrows\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Baron of Arizona\" (1950) - Griff\n", "BULLET::::- \"Motor Patrol\" (1950) - Detective Robert Flynn\n", "BULLET::::- \"A Modern Marriage\" (1950) - Dr. Donald Andrews\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Return of Jesse James\" (1950) - Frank James\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Killer That Stalked New York\" (1950) - Narrator (uncredited)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Dallas\" (1950) - Wild Bill Hickok\n", "BULLET::::- \"Insurance Investigator\" (1950) - Chuck Malone\n", "BULLET::::- \"Little Big Horn\" (1951) - Sgt. Maj. Peter Grierson\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Wild Blue Yonder\" (1951) - Commanding Officer (uncredited)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Half-Breed\" (1952) - Frank Crawford\n", "BULLET::::- \"Son of Ali Baba\" (1952) - Minor Role (uncredited)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Kansas Pacific\" (1953) - Bill Quantrill\n", "BULLET::::- \"Woman They Almost Lynched\" (1953) - Bitterroot Bill Maris\n", "BULLET::::- \"Highway Dragnet\" (1954) - Det. Lt. Joe White Eagle\n", "BULLET::::- \"Big House, U.S.A.\" (1955) - Special FBI Agent James Madden\n", "BULLET::::- \"All in a Night's Work\" (1961) - General Pettiford (uncredited)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Gunfight at Comanche Creek\" (1963) - Narrator (uncredited)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Moro Witch Doctor\" (1964) - Robert Collins\n", "BULLET::::- \"Young Dillinger\" (1965) - Federal Agent Parker\n", "BULLET::::- \"The St. Valentine's Day Massacre\" (1967) - Hymie Weiss\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Fabulous Bastard from Chicago\" (1969) - Narrator (voice)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Brain of Blood\" (1971) - Amir (final film)\n", "Section::::Filmography.:Television.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Racket Squad\" (1951-1953) - Captain John Braddock\n", "BULLET::::- \"Public Defender\" (1954-1955) - Bart Matthews\n", "BULLET::::- \"Wagon Train\" (1958) - Mort Galvin\n", "BULLET::::- \"Bat Masterson\" (1958) - Raoul Cummings\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Red Skelton Hour\" (1958) - Prof. L. M. Treadway/District Attorney\n", "BULLET::::- \"Rawhide\" (1959) - Clement\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Restless Gun\" (1959) - Colonel Bromley/Mayor Love\n", "BULLET::::- \"Perry Mason\" (1964) as Medical Examiner\n", "BULLET::::- \"Hondo\" (1967) - Morgan Slade\n", "BULLET::::- \"Green Acres\" (1969) - Pilot\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "He also played the villain Matt Garson in Panhandle alongside Rod Cameron. This film was originally shot in sepia rather than black and white.\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- (as Reed Herring)\n", "BULLET::::- Video Detective filmography\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "actor", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q7306656", "wikidata_label": "Reed Hadley", "wikipedia_title": "Reed Hadley" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Sándor Szathmári\n", "Szathmári Sándor (; 19 June 1897 – 16 July 1974) was a Hungarian writer, mechanical engineer, Esperantist, and one of the leading figures in Esperanto literature.\n", "Section::::Biography.\n", "Section::::Biography.:Family background.\n", "Szathmári was born in Gyula. His father – also called Sándor – studied law, later became a state official, and, besides his work, wrote lawbooks, in his leisure played the violin and painted. His father, the first intellectual in the family, and his ancestors spelled the family name with a y (Szathmáry).\n", "Szathmári's grandfather was a woodworker, who in his time gave 100 forints for the founding of a local music school.\n", "Szathmári's mother (Losonczy-Szíjjártó Margit) came from a pharmacist family in the city of Szeghalom, where she was the sole daughter of the family and lived well. She bore 11 children, of whom only seven grew to adulthood.\n", "Section::::Biography.:Early life.\n", "Szathmári's father was an official of the Austro-Hungarian Empire and the family moved often, living in Gyula, Szombathely, Alsókubin, Sepsiszentgyörgy, and Lugos during Szathmári's early years.\n", "Section::::Biography.:Illnesses and bodily passivity.\n", "The young Szathmári was sickly with a weak body and a sensitive nervous system up through his fifteenth year. He did not like wrestling, wild games, and punching. The youth suffered almost continually from angina; he was also tormented by typhus, measles, chickenpox, whooping cough, diphtheria, and sinusitis.\n", "Section::::Biography.:Szathmari and his family.\n", "According to a fragment of an unpublished biography (manuscript: \"Hogy is volt hát?\" ~So how did it happen?): his grandfather wanted to train and educate him in patriotism and nationalism, but was unsuccessful. „..my grandfather told me the anecdote in which the gypsy asked to be shown the enemy before a battle, because he wanted to make peace with them. At that time I thought the anecdote true, and considered the gypsys more advanced, being they were only ones able to think right.”\n", "On the death of his two older brothers, he became the eldest child (the fourth sibling died later), who often had to take care of the younger ones. That task quite exhausted him, and when the five-month-old little brother John died of meningitis, he went into shock. \"The weeping suddenly weakened and finally stopped. After a few minutes pause I heard my father's voice: When will we bury this child?\" For a long time after that he was unable to sleep peacefully.\n", "Section::::Biography.:School, studies.\n", "Attending the first class in elementary school he did all the exercises in his mathematics text in one week, without knowing the formulas. He was very apt, once smarter than his teacher, which led to his teacher giving him a failing grade to make him repeat the school year. \n", "Happily, those in charge of the examinations to be repeated let him through. This conduct, which he never forgot for the rest of his life, greatly affected him. He called such people \n", "'muscle-fools'.\n", "He was also very capable in other natural sciences such as physics and chemistry. He had a good imagination, liked to experiment and wanted to become an engineer.\n", "He graduated in Lugos (now Lugoj, Romania) and in 1915 enrolled in the mechanical engineering program at the Technical University of Budapest (Hungary), but found that very boring and thought-limiting. During his studies – under wartime conditions – he never had enough money, and was continually hungry. He took a break from his studies during 1919-1921 and returned to Lugos. In the beginning he wanted to leave Budapest only provisionally because of the communist rule, but an opportunity to teach students at home developed.\n", "The Romanian government (Lugos belonged to Romania after the Treaty of Trianon) made life increasingly difficult for the Hungarians and Hungarian officials. In 1921, Szathmári's father has to choose whether to continue serving the Romanian government or to travel to Hungary. The father stayed with the six children and undertook a humiliating process: he became a Romanian official, which cost him the sympathy of his acquaintances, the local Hungarians. Although he aimed to save his family from misery, the Romanian government retired him and forgot to pay his pension.\n", "Because of his family's misery, his siblings did not get an opportunity to study at a college or university and even Szathmári himself had frequently to interrupt his studies to help his family. He began working in 1920 in the Ruskica marble mine as a technician. There he noticed that the mine was tricking the workers by paying a single banknote to three workers. The workers had to travel – out of their own money and time – to the bank to get change there. He protested, and received his salary precisely, but did not dare further to make waves.\n", "Although the Hungarian army six times found him unsuitable for recruitment, the Romanian army required him to enlist first time around. He decided to return to Hungary and finish his studies. In the spring of 1921 he returned and was approved for a tuition waver. He completed his studies after five years in 1926. During the period 1921-1922 he lived in misery, was continually hungry, and often homeless or living in unheated mass accommodations.\n", "In 1923 he worked in Gyula as an office worker and lived with relatives (earlier he took gravely ill and was hospitalized). In July 1923 his father died. He lived in actual student \n", "housing between 1924 and 1926. Later he studied next to his work in the Gschwindt plant, and afterwards in the Martin-and-Sigray plant. Starting in 1924 he worked at MÁVAG, railway machinery plant, and began his true professional life.\n", "Section::::Biography.:School, studies.:Politics while a student.\n", "During his studies, he participated in the association a href=\"Sz%C3%A9kely%20Egyetemi%20%C3%A9s%20Foiskolai%20Hallgat%C3%B3k%20%0AEgyes%C3%BClete\"Székely Egyetemi és Foiskolai Hallgatók \n", "Egyesülete (SZEFHE, Association of Students of the Sikuly University and Institutions of Higher Learning), where he became acquainted with the movements of the Habsburgellenes Liga (Anti-Habsburg League) and the Association of Bartha Miklós (BARTHA Miklós Társaság)\n", "When Charles IV wanted to retake the Hungarian throne in 1921, the young people took up arms at the call of the Association of Students of the Sikuly University and Institutions of Higher Learning and awaited battle at Kelenföld, but without adequate ammunition. Against the modern German machine gun Szathmari received not one cartridge.\n", "Section::::Professional life.\n", "From 1924 to 1957 he worked as an engineer at the Hungarian State Wagonworks (Hungarian acronym: MÁVAG) in the Hungarian ministry of heavy industry and in the project bureau.\n", "Section::::Spiritual development.\n", "Section::::Spiritual development.:Esperanto.\n", "In the empire the family most often worked among minorities (Slovaks in Alsókubin; Romanians and Germans in Lugos). So the young Szathmari was struck early with the problem of interethnic communication (some Slovaks, for example, laughed at him, when he didn't understand them at the border of a stream). He then felt himself already an Esperantist in spirit, since he began wishing for a language that would bind the ethnic groups together.\n", "In a bookshop in Lugos he espied an Esperanto grammar and bought it. In fact, learning it began only in 1919, when he returned to Lugos, where he organized the Széchenyi Circle (pron. Se’tsenyi), which was the basis of the Free Organization of Christian-socialist Students. With his friends in the circle he went about learning Zamenhof's language (Esperanto), but without a teacher that was not very successful. He became a speaker of the language starting in 1935, when he participated in the a workers' culture course in Budapest, taught by the famous Esperantist poet Emeriko Baranyai, who helped Szathmári find his way to SAT, of which he remained a member until died at Budapest in 1974.\n", "Section::::Spiritual development.:Other ideologies.\n", "Szathmári became acquainted with Christian-socialist ideas in 1918. He believed in Jesus, but did not attend churches, which was the result of the non-attentive behaviour of his father. When the family lived in Szombathely, his father wanted to enrol him in the Roman Catholic School, because it was the closest. But the school was one-denominational and did not want to admit the youth, since he was not Roman Catholic. „Well, how about if we baptise him Catholic? – asked my father.” The instructors were surprised, but were glad that a new lamb had come to the flock. Even the bishop nodded assent, but the baptism did not occur, still he was allowed to study in the elementary school. (Szathmari remained reformed for life, and when he was buried, the services were even led by a reformed pastor.)\n", "When the family moved to Alsókubin, the Lutheran pastor explained that up till then he had learned only error, and that fortunately he could become acquainted with the true religion Although he left the church, his faith in Jesus remained, whose teachings he valued highly.\n", "Section::::Spiritual development.:Politics after his studies.\n", "In the middle of the 1920s he discovered the ideas of Szabó Dezso (sAbo’ dejo’) and spent a bit of time on the ideological right. Because he was the chief secretary of the Anti-Habsburg League, his landlord evicted him. He was managing director during 1932-1933 of the BARTHA Miklós Association.\n", "Beginning in 1935 he worked in collaboration with the Hungarian Communist Party, but in 1948 he became disillusioned and left communism.\n", "Section::::Szathmari and literature.\n", "At an early age he very much liked Bible stories, but until 1917 did not take an interest in literature, although his literature teacher in high school was VAJTHÓ László, who got many students interested in literature. The young Szathmáry thought writing novels a bore, for him thinking up machines was more interesting.\n", "In 1917 he became acquainted with the works of Frigyes Karinthy (pron. kArinti frItyes), whom he later came to adore. Influenced by Karinthy, he began working in the period 1919-1921 on a mathematics textbook and put on paper his first small attempts at belles lettres (\"The Serious Person\" (A komoly ember ~a kOmoy Ember) evinces a satirical view of someone who speaks of pacifist convictions, but who in the end hits someone else).\n", "In the period 1930-1934 he worked on a trilogy of novels, but when that was ready, he no longer recognized his work, so it remained unpublished. During 1931-32 he wrote the past (\"Látván nem látnak\" ~ Seeing one sees not), in the summer and autumn of 1932 the future (\"Hiába\" ~In Vain), and in the spring of 1935 the present (\"Kazohinia\"). The first part of the trilogy was called „Látván nem látnak” ~Seeing one sees not, which was a pale attempt with excessive characterization. The second part of the trilogy (1932), called Hiába ~In Vain, takes place in the future socialist Hungary of 2080.\n", "In 1935 he began writing his magnum opus, \"Kazohinia\" (\"Gulliver utazása Kazohiniában\", Budapest 1941; \"Kazohinia\" Budapest 1957, 1972). The edition of (1946?) contains the parts left out earlier due to military censorship, and new details were added. He even modified the 1957 edition. This work he dedicated – as the travels of modern Gulliver – to Frigyes Karinthy. The interesting aspect of the genre is that it combines satire and utopia.\n", "Section::::Szathmari and literature.:Works in Esperanto.\n", "The international Esperanto movement became acquainted with his name only in 1958, after the appearance of his novel \"Kazohinia\" in Esperanto (\"Vojaĝo al Kazohinio\"). However, he himself said that his first article in Esperanto appeared in 1934 in \"Sennaciulo\" (The Nationless). \n", "Between the years 1937 kaj 1942, Szathmari was the managing president of the Hungarian Esperanto-Society.\n", "In addition to the novel \"Vojaĝo al Kazohinio\", which was originally written in 1935, and before the appearance of the Esperanto original, which was published three times in Hungarian translation, there also appeared in book form Szathmári's short story collection \"Maŝinmondo\" ~MachineWorld (J. Régulo, 1964), \"Tréfán kívül\", a translation into Hungarian of the Esperanto novel \"Kredu min, sinjorino!\" ~Believe me, Mamm by Cezaro Rossetti (1957) and the Esperanto translation of a Hungarian children's book \"Cxu ankau vi scias?\" ~Do you Know it Too?. \n", "Szathmári is represented in the short story anthology \"33 Rakontoj\" ~33 Stories (J. Régulo, 1964) with one short story.\n", "More short stories by Szathmári appeared in the reviews \"Norda Prismo, La Nica Literatura Revuo, Belarto, Monda Kulturo\" and \"Hungara Vivo\". He contributed with articles about the Esperanto movement and about literary themes to S\"ennacieca Revuo, La Praktiko, Sennaciulo, Hungara Vivo,\" and \"Monda Kulturo\", among others. Szathmari did not write abundantly, but he, despite his stylistic deficiencies (which some have emphasized), managed to push himself forward as one of the most serious contributors to Esperanto proze, perhaps the only prose writer in the International Language with a creative format worthy of attention outside the Esperanto movement. Regularly dealing with an imaginary not too distant future of humanity, Szathmári's works flail human society, without idiological reserve and without any perceptible specificity as to time and place.\n", "Section::::Szathmari and literature.:Matter of Tamkó Sirató Károly.\n", "In 1924, in his new lodgings he met a youth, with whom he became friends and later enemies. His roommate at school was Tamkó Sirató Károly, then still Tamkó Károly, who was studying law and who later became an emenence in Hungarian avant garde poetry. He started a lawsuit in 1958 against Szathmári, claiming that he too collaborated in the writing of \"Kazohinia\". Szathmári won the lawsuit. (Although \"Kazohinia\" appeared in 1941, 1946, Tamkó started the lawsuit only after the third edition (1957)). The novel \"Hiába\" (\"In Vain\") could be proven to be in the same style as that of the winner, but the presentation of the (anti-communist) novel in 1958 would have put him in danger of prison.\n", "Tamkó read Szathmári's trilogy only in 1936, when he returned from Paris.\n", "Section::::References.\n", "BULLET::::- Afterword by KERESZTÚRY Dezso to \"Kazohinia\" (1952, 1972) and to \"Gépvilág és más fantasztikus történetek\" (Masinmondo) (Budapest, 1972)\n", "BULLET::::- KERESZTÚRY Dezso: \"Gulliver magyar utóda\" (The Hungarian Successor to Gulliver) (appeared in the \"Élet és Irodalom\" (Life and Literature) #41, 1974)\n", "BULLET::::- TASI Jószef: \"Néhány szó Szathmáry Sándorról\" (Several words about Sándor SZATHMÁRY) (appeared in \"Életünk\" (Our life), 1976. #4.)\n", "Section::::Sources.\n", "Vikipedio article in Esperanto\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Thomas J. Arnold\n", "Thomas J. Arnold (18 July 1864 – 20 August 1906) was an English Protestant missionary to China in the late nineteenth century during the Qing Dynasty.\n", "Section::::Decision to go to China.\n", "As a young man in London he felt beckoned to missionary service after experiencing an enlightening sermon at the West London Tabernacle Church.\n", "Soon after discussing this call with his pastor he sailed for the China frontier with his colleague, William Remfry Hunt, in September 1889. The two young men had built up a close friendship when they studied diligently together at W. L. Moore Bible Institute.\n", "Section::::Preparation.\n", "Arnold recognized the first major task in sharing the Christian faith with the Chinese was scaling the language barrier. He began this critical task in the city of Nanjing. Here he immersed himself in the Chinese language and culture for two years. During this arduous education process there must have been times when he questioned leaving London and a hopeful career as a skilled architect. Yet, in the developing missionary colony his architectural skills were also put to work. He designed and supervised the construction of several missionary houses, schools where thousands of students were educated, and a hospital that saw tens of thousands of patients.\n", "Section::::Early work.\n", "Along with language study, Arnold also tried to blend in with the natives by using Chinese dress and wearing a queue hairpiece. He traveled thousands of miles on foot and by boat on itineraries where he would preach and sell Bibles and gospel tracts on the road. He also helped to train other missionaries in this method of itinerant evangelism. He worked at many of the large missionary stations and outstations in Nanjing, Lu Hoh, Wuhu, ChuCheu, Wu Wei Cheu, and Fung-yang-fu and occasionally encountered hostility and persecution. He also took itinerant trips to Nanjing and the surrounding areas with A. F. H. Saw, E. P. Hearnden, and E. T. Williams. During these trips, he would sell books and preach.\n", "Arnold married Elizabeth Ince (1863-1950), who was also a missionary. Her study, like that of all early missionaries was with a private language teacher, as there was no language school available. Further accentuating the difficulty of learning the language was the inability of most language teachers to speak English.\n", "During March 1892, Arnold worked in the village of Lieu Chang Hiew, which had not seen a foreign missionary in over ten years. He also worked with the town of Ta Tsung Chao. At first, the people in this village were suspicious of him, but soon became more open and friendly. Arnold had a gift for making people feel comfortable. During this year, he also filled in as a doctor. Although he never received any formal training in medicine, he often received hundreds of patients and did what he could to relieve their suffering. This commitment to helping people in a practical sense drew positive attention from some of the upper class Chinese as well. After filling in temporarily at the hospital, Arnold continued to preach in the villages of Luh Hoh, Sing Tszi, and Kei Keao Ying where he also opened the first boys' school. He often took these trips with his friend and colleague Dr. Butchart. Dr. Butchart was also the man who gave Mr. Arnold some of his instruction on medicine.\n", "Elizabeth's first station after their marriage was in Luh Hoh. Their first house opened right out into the main street and had a courtyard, several main rooms and guest rooms, and a chapel. In order to dispel mistrust and prejudice against foreigners from the locals, Elizabeth allowed the local women to examine the contents of all her belongings. Thomas and Elizabeth were the first missionaries to move into the village of Luh-Hoh. While Arnold had made several trips there before, Elizabeth was the first Caucasian woman they had seen. Elizabeth, like her husband wore a native garment to blend in. Occasionally the local Chinese referred to her as a \"foreign devil\"; however she found them to be generally friendly and built more friendships with them. The Arnolds also ministered in Wuhu and Thomas Arnold and worked diligently at attempting to open the village of Lu-chou-fu with his colleague Dr. Butchart. This meant that Elizabeth was alone with their small children; however she remarks that she did not fear because \"all the Chinese were her friends.\"\n", "Section::::Mission hospital.\n", "The mission hospital construction, which was under the supervision of Thomas J Arnold, was completed in 1893 in Nanjing. It saw over 9,000 patients in less than a year. It was also during this period that Mr. Arnold felt a strong calling towards the people in Wuhu. While in Luh Hoh she attended the Chinese wedding of their landlord and his second wife. This revealed to her a deeper understanding of the plight of the Chinese woman. In 1894, Arnold focused more of his efforts in Wuhu and began plans to open a new church there. The children's day school he ran had also begun to see some healthy growth.\n", "The First Sino-Japanese War occurred in 1895, which many of the missionaries thought would halt all their work. However, Arnold found it to have the opposite effect. He also had several exciting encounters during this period. While on a trip to Lu-chow-fu, he was almost executed as a Japanese spy. He was also given a personal escort from the magistrate to protect him from occasionally unruly crowds.\n", "During 1896 Arnold felt his work was somewhat scattered and he had to waste much of his time traveling on a houseboat. However, he still felt that there were some good results. Arnold and his fellow missionaries were also in the process of opening a chapel in Wu-wei-chow, which was about 200 \"li\", (about 100 km or 63 miles) from the nearest missionary station.\n", "Arnold performed several baptisms during this year, including one with a man who had operated a wine shop. He encouraged him to change his profession as an act of sincerity to his faith. He covered 3,200 li (1,600 km or 1,000 miles) during the 125 days of travel, 1,000 of which were done on foot, the rest by boat. He also worked with the native Muslim population. In the beginning of 1897, he was extremely busy, taking in hundreds of visitors. During this year, he was so busy that he occasionally was unable to eat. The Arnolds also had a scare when their son became very ill, but he recovered during a temporary relocation to Japan. By the middle of 1897, the Arnolds went on their first furlough, which lasted eighteen months through 1898. On their return at the end of December 1898, they resumed their work in Chu-chow.\n", "Section::::Boxer Rebellion.\n", "The Arnolds were initially in Kuling with their small children during the Boxer Uprising during 1900. After only being there a short while, they received a message that everyone had been ordered to Shanghai. They arrived with almost nothing and had much difficulty renting a room. The Arnolds finally acquired one, but it was completely without furniture. They tried to rent some beds, however they were infested with bugs. The Arnolds existed in this unsure state for eight months, after which they were able to return to their post.\n", "Section::::Wuhu.\n", "The Arnolds received a joyful welcome from the Chinese Christians upon their return. Mr. Arnold then spent several months overseeing the boys' school in Nanking, until he was able to return to a more permanent position at Wuhu in 1901. This was excellent for Arnold, who had always had his heart there. However, he remarks that there were new conditions there in the attitude of the people; especially the officials presented him with a peculiar amount of difficulty, but the situation also presented new opportunities. There was also a large increase in the number of natives interested in the church, however, some of these inquiries desired only to reap the benefits of being associated with the Christians. In order to counter this, Mr. Arnold found it necessary to publicly denounce several Chinese people. There was also an epidemic of cholera during 1902 in which not a single native Christian died. This opened many of the non-Christians to question their idol worship and come to find out more about Christianity.\n", "Section::::Death.\n", "In 1903, Wuhu acquired many new and competent teachers who greatly helped the education work there. Arnold's health began to deteriorate in 1904 but he continued to work into late 1905.\n", "Arnold eventually died of a disease known as sprue, which slowly crept upon him, and which Elizabeth believed was a result of living in unsanitary conditions during many of his long journeys. In all Arnold had worked a total of 16 years in the mission field. After the death of her husband, Elizabeth took the children back to England and Rugby for their initial education and then moved to Hiram, Ohio, where her children went to college. Their home was in the current Hiram Historical Society building.\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Hiram College Archive, Hiram, Ohio.\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q7791012", "wikidata_label": "Thomas J. Arnold", "wikipedia_title": "Thomas J. Arnold" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Wiljan Vloet\n", "Wiljan Vloet (born 10 September 1962 in Schijndel, North Brabant) is a Dutch football manager.\n", "Section::::Career.\n", "Vloet had a rather short playing career as amateur player, and started working as coach already in 1979, when he took charge of the youth team of amateurs VV Heerenveen while still playing. In 1984, he took his first head coaching job, at amateurs Heusden. In 1999, after six seasons in charge of Hoofdklasse club OJC Rosmalen, he was appointed by FC Den Bosch as youth coach; in 2001 he received head coaching duties at the same club, being however unable to save it from relegation to the Eerste Divisie. He successively moved to Roda JC, where he stayed in charge from 2002 to 2005. He then moved to Sparta Rotterdam and was replaced at the end of the 2006–2007 season by Gert Aandewiel, who came over from HFC Haarlem. Vloet then signed with ADO Den Haag, who he guided back to the Eredivisie in the spring of 2008. He then worked as youth coach of PSV Eindhoven till November 2009, when he was appointed head coach of Eredivisie club N.E.C.. After two seasons in charge of the Nijmegen club, he left in June 2011 to accept a move back at Sparta Rotterdam, this time as technical director for the club. On February 10, 2016, FC Den Bosch announced Vloet succeeds René van Eck as manager of the club, and so starts with his second term at the club.\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Profile\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Yonca Evcimik\n", "Yonca Evcimik (born 16 September 1963) is a Turkish pop singer and actress.\n", "Section::::Biography.\n", "Evcimik studied dance and ballet at the Academy of Music at Mimar Sinan University. In an interview, she revealed that she worked as a sales agent for a life insurance company before starting her career. After graduation, she worked at plays as an actress and dancer. She also acted in the films \"Hababam Sınıfı Güle Güle\" ve \"Kızlar Sınıfı\".\n", "Her debut album named \"\"Abone\"\" was released in 1991 and was a great success selling around two million copies. \"\"Kendine Gel\"\" was her second album and was released in 1993. Her third album \"\"Yonca Evcimik '94\"\" was released in 1994. In 1995, she released \"\"I'm Hot For You\"\" followed by her fifth album called \"\"Günaha Davet\"\" in 1998. In 2001, she released \"\"Herkes Baksın Dalgasına\"\" and in 2002 a remix album called \"\"The Best of Yoncimix Remixes\"\".\n", "Section::::Discography.\n", "BULLET::::- Abone \"Dansçı\" - \"Subscriber \"Dancer\"\" (1991-Ozer Plak)\n", "BULLET::::- Kendine Gel - \"Get a Hold of Yourself\" (1993-Ozer Plak)\n", "BULLET::::- 8:15 Vapuru - \"8:15 Ferry\" (Single, 1994-Ozer Plak, using the music cover of ルージュ (\"Rouge\") by Miyuki Nakajima)\n", "BULLET::::- Yonca Evcimik '94 - (1994-Ozer Plak)\n", "BULLET::::- I'm Hot For You (1995-Istanbul Plak)\n", "BULLET::::- Yaşasın Kötülük - \"Long Live Evilness\" (Single, 1997-Sahin Ozer)\n", "BULLET::::- Günaha Davet - \"Call for Sin\" (1998-Raks Muzik)\n", "BULLET::::- Herkes Baksın Dalgasına - \"Leave Well Alone\" (2001-Universal Muzik)\n", "BULLET::::- The Best of Yoncimix Remixes (2002-Sahin Ozer)\n", "BULLET::::- Aşka Hazır - \"Ready to Love\" (2004-DMC)\n", "BULLET::::- Oldu Gözlerim Doldu - \"I Don't Believe You\" (Single, 2005-Sony BMG)\n", "BULLET::::- Şöhret (İbret Öyküsü) - \"Fame (Parable)\" (2008)\n", "BULLET::::- Yallah Sevgili - \"Get Out Darling\" (Single, 2012)\n", "BULLET::::- 5'i 1 Yerde - \"5 in 1\" (Archive, 2012)\n", "BULLET::::- 15. - (2014-Irem Records)\n", "Section::::Filmography.\n", "BULLET::::- Golden Girls (TV series) 2009\n", "BULLET::::- You're Cool (TV series) 2010 / Baleci\n", "BULLET::::- Novice Witch (TV series) 2006 /Yonca\n", "BULLET::::- Selena (TV series) 2006\n", "BULLET::::- Çılgın Bediş (TV series) 1996 / Çılgın Bediş\n", "BULLET::::- Mr. E (movie) 1995 / Köylü\n", "BULLET::::- The Class of Girls (movie) 1984 / Nurgül\n", "BULLET::::- Hababam Sınıfı Bye Bye (movie) 1981 / Yonca\n", "Section::::References.\n", "BULLET::::- Notes\n", "BULLET::::- Sources\n", "BULLET::::- Biyografi.info - \"Biography of Yonca Evcimik\"\n", "BULLET::::- Powerclub.com.tr - \"Yonca Evcimik :\" \"Biography\" \"and\" \"Albums\"\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Mim Grey\n", "Miriam \"Mim\" Grey is an English singer-songwriter, composer and musician. Grey has worked with London-based DJs and producers such as Lee Cabrera (2005 single/EP, \"I Watch You\") and Kurtis Mantronik (2003 single/EP \"How Did You Know\"). Tom Jones described Grey as his \"favourite singer\".\n", "In May 2010, Grey released her first solo album, \"Grey Matters\". She has since performed with Paul McCartney and Tom Jones.\n", "Section::::Background.\n", "Grey was born in Barnet, north London, England and left school at age 15. With lots of promise, and the loving support of her family, she moved in with musicians John and Paul Williams, who encouraged her to follow a career in music. Grey released 'How Did You Know' with Kurtis Mantronix, and maintained her jazz group The Vodka Martinis. After Paul Williams died of pancreatic cancer, Grey formed a partnership with lyricist Cori Josias. A few years later, she met drummer, and now husband, Steve Vintner, who encouraged her to release her music, leading to the release of two albums, 'Grey Matters' and 'Chasing Tigers'.\n", "Section::::Musical style and influences.\n", "Brought up on all types of music from Neil Young and Joni Mitchell to James Taylor and Earth, Wind & Fire, Grey claims that those artists \"never fail to inspire\" her when it comes to writing her own material.\n", "Section::::Discography.\n", "Studio albums\n", "Singles\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Mim Grey Sunday Best - Official Video from YouTube\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "British singer", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q16732639", "wikidata_label": "Mim Grey", "wikipedia_title": "Mim Grey" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Heiko Westermann\n", "Heiko Westermann (born 14 August 1983) is a former German footballer who played as a central defender.\n", "Section::::Club career.\n", "Section::::Club career.:Greuther Fürth.\n", "Westermann began his professional career with 2. Bundesliga club Greuther Fürth. He joined the senior squad in July 2002 but did not make his first appearance until 26 January 2003 in a 1–0 win over MSV Duisburg. He played a total of 83 league games in his three seasons with the club, scoring two goals.\n", "Section::::Club career.:Arminia Bielefeld.\n", "Following the 2004–05 season, Westermann signed for recently promoted Bundesliga club Arminia Bielefeld. In his first season, he played in every single game for Bielefeld, including 34 league and five DFB-Pokal matches. The following season Westermann remained an integral part of the team, missing only one match.\n", "Section::::Club career.:Schalke 04.\n", "He was transferred to Schalke in 2007 for a fee of €2.8 million. He played his first game for Schalke on 24 July in a Ligapokal fixture against 1. FC Nürnberg. Schalke won 4–2 with Westermann contributing one goal. Missing Schalke's first two league games through injury, Westermann made his Bundesliga debut for the club on 26 August 2007. He was substituted on in the 79th minute for Rafinha in a third round match against VfL Wolfsburg. For the remainder of the season, Westermann started all 31 of Schalke's Bundesliga matches. He was also instrumental in Schalke's Champions League campaign, being the only outfield player for the club to play every single minute.\n", "With new coach Fred Rutten taking charge of Schalke for the 2008–09 season, combined with his keen eye for goal, Westermann has often been positioned in midfield. The current season has been Westermann's highest scoring yet. He scored both goals in a 2–0 DFB-Pokal win over Hannover 96. He also scored a goal in three consecutive Bundesliga matches including the equalizing goal in a 1–1 draw against Werder Bremen and a game-winning goal against VfL Bochum.\n", "Section::::Club career.:Hamburg.\n", "In July 2010, Westermann agreed to a transfer to Hamburger SV, reportedly in the region of €7.5 million. Despite being a new signing, he was named new captain by then \"HSV\" coach Armin Veh. On 9 April 2013, following a run of bad results, including a 9–2 drubbing by Bayern Munich, Rafael van der Vaart was announced as Westermann's successor as the club's captain, in a bid to relieve him of mounting pressure.\n", "On 25 June 2015, Hamburg confirmed Westermann's contract would not be renewed for the 2015–16 campaign.\n", "Section::::Club career.:Betis.\n", "On 6 August 2015 Westermann signed a two-year deal with Real Betis, newly promoted to La Liga. He received his first ever career red card on 28 November 2015 after his second bookable offence against Levante.\n", "Section::::Club career.:Ajax.\n", "On 14 July 2016, it was announced that Westermann had signed a two-year deal with Eredivisie side Ajax.\n", "Section::::Club career.:Austria Wien.\n", "Shortly after his contract with Ajax had been dissolved, Westermann signed a two-year deal with Austrian side Austria Wien.\n", "He announced his departure from the club along with the end of his active player career in April 2018.\n", "Section::::International career.\n", "On 31 January 2008, Westermann was first called up by Germany's manager Joachim Löw for the friendly on 6 February 2008 at Vienna's Ernst-Happel-Stadion against Austria. Germany won the match 3–0 and Westermann was in the starting eleven and played 90 minutes. Westermann was part of the German team that finished in second place at Euro 2008. On 2 June 2009, Westermann scored the first international goal in Germany's 7–2 rout against United Arab Emirates national football team. He was part of Germany's preliminary selection for the World Cup 2010, but had to pull out because of an injury suffered in a friendly against Hungary. He has been capped 27 times by Germany and has scored four goals for them since 2008.\n", "Section::::Career statistics.\n", "Section::::Career statistics.:Club.\n", "BULLET::::- 1.Includes DFB-Pokal, Copa del Rey, KNVB Cup, and Austrian Cup.\n", "BULLET::::- 2.Includes UEFA Champions League and UEFA Europa League.\n", "BULLET::::- 3.Includes DFL-Ligapokal and Relegation playoff.\n", "Section::::Honours.\n", "Section::::Honours.:International.\n", "BULLET::::- Germany\n", "BULLET::::- UEFA European Championship Runner-up: 2008\n", "Section::::Honours.:Club.\n", "BULLET::::- Ajax\n", "BULLET::::- UEFA Europa League Runner-up: 2017\n", "Section::::Personal.\n", "Westermann's wife is named Irina, they married in June 2007. In May 2008, the couple had their first daughter, Lana. In October 2010, Nikita, their second daughter was born.\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "German footballer", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q115341", "wikidata_label": "Heiko Westermann", "wikipedia_title": "Heiko Westermann" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Horst Ehmke\n", "Horst Paul August Ehmke (4 February 1927 – 12 March 2017) was a German lawyer, law professor and politician of the Social Democratic Party (SPD). He served as Federal Minister of Justice (1969), Chief of Staff at the German Chancellery and Federal Minister for Special Affairs (1969–1972) and Federal Minister for Research, Technology, and Post (1972–1974).\n", "Section::::Life.\n", "Ehmke was born in the Free City of Danzig, where he passed his Abitur. In 1944, at the age of 17, Ehmke was enrolled as a member of the Nazi Party, although when this became public knowledge in 2007 as part of a media investigation of Nazi archives, he stated that he had made no application and was previously unaware of the enrollment. Following the Expulsion of Germans after World War II he came as a refugee to western Germany. He studied Law and Economics in Göttingen and Political science and History at Princeton University (U.S.) from 1949 to 1950. In 1952, he promoted as Dr. iur., and in 1956, he passed his final examinations. In these years, he was the assistant of Adolf Arndt, member of the Bundestag (SPD).\n", "From 1956 to 1960, Ehmke became a member of the Ford Foundation in Cologne and Berkeley. After passing his Habilitation in 1960, he became Professor of public law at the University of Freiburg, where he became the Dean. From 1963 on, Ehmke was ordinary Professor and held the chair of Law at this university. Since 1974, he was accredited as a lawyer.\n", "Ehmke was married and had three children.\n", "Section::::Political career.\n", "Since 1947, Ehmke has been a member of the SPD, where he was a member of the executive board from 1973 to 1991. He was a member of the Bundestag from 1969 to 1994 for the state of North Rhine-Westphalia. Here, he was deputy whip of the SPD faction from 1977 to 1990.\n", "Ehmke was Federal Minister of Justice from to March to October 1969 before becoming Chief of Staff at the German Chancellery from 1969 to 1972 under Chancellor Willy Brandt, being simultaneously the Federal Minister for Special Affairs. After the 1972 West German federal election he moved to become Federal Minister for Research, Technology and Post, until he was replaced in May 1974 by Hans Matthöfer. Ehmke died on 12 March 2017 at the age of 90.\n", "Section::::Writings.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Grenzen der Verfassungsänderung\", 1953\n", "BULLET::::- \"Politik der praktischen Vernunft – Aufsätze und Referate\", 1969\n", "BULLET::::- \"Politik als Herausforderung. Reden – Vorträge – Aufsätze 1968–1974\", 1974\n", "BULLET::::- \"Politik als Herausforderung. Reden – Vorträge – Aufsätze 1975–1979\", 1979\n", "BULLET::::- \"Beiträge zur Verfassungstheorie und Verfassungspolitik\", 1981\n", "BULLET::::- \"Mittendrin – Von der Großen Koalition zur Deutschen Einheit\", 1994\n", "After retiring, Ehmke also wrote detective stories revolving around politics:\n", "BULLET::::- \"Global Players\", 1998\n", "BULLET::::- \"Der Euro-Coup\", 1999\n", "BULLET::::- \"Himmelsfackeln\", 2001\n", "BULLET::::- \"Privatsache\", 2003\n", "BULLET::::- \"Im Schatten der Gewalt\", 2006\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Interview about the play Democracy 2005, on Broadway about Willy Brandt\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Ray Caldwell\n", "Raymond Benjamin Caldwell, (April 26, 1888 – August 17, 1967), was an American major league pitcher from 1910 to 1921. He was known for throwing the spitball, and he was one of the 17 pitchers allowed to continue throwing the pitch after it was outlawed in 1920.\n", "Caldwell was notorious during his playing career for his addiction to alcohol and partying, he possessed a self-destructive streak that many of his contemporaries believed stopped him from reaching his potential. In 1924, Miller Huggins wrote: 'Caldwell was one of the best pitchers that ever lived, but he was one of those characters that keep a manager in a constant worry. If he had possessed a sense of responsibility and balance, Ray Caldwell would have gone down in history as one of the greatest of all pitchers.' Yet, despite his achievements on the field and his antics off it, Caldwell is perhaps best remembered for being struck by lightning whilst playing for the Cleveland Indians against the Philadelphia Athletics in 1919; remarkably, despite being knocked unconscious, he refused to leave the game, having pitched 8.2 innings, and went on to record the final out for the win.\n", "Section::::Early life.\n", "Caldwell was born in the (now mostly abandoned) town of Corydon, Pennsylvania, located just south of the New York state line near Cattaraugus County. He was the son of Anna (née Archer) and Walter Caldwell. The family later moved to Salamanca in the same county where Ray grew up and completed high school.\n", "Section::::Playing career.\n", "He began his professional career with the McKeesport Tubers of the Ohio–Pennsylvania League in 1910 and recorded 18 wins before being signed by the New York Highlanders in September of that year. In his rookie season he went 14–14 with an ERA of 3.35, he also recorded a batting average of .272 (during the course of the season he played 11 games in the outfield, and also made numerous appearances as a pinch hitter).\n", "Persistent problems with his throwing arm meant that Caldwell pitched 8–16, with an ERA of 4.47 in 1912. He regained his form the following year with a record of 9–8 and a 2.41 ERA for a newly renamed Yankees club that finished 37 games below .500. The 1914 season was the greatest of his career, going 17–9 with a 1.94 ERA for another Yankees team that finished well below .500. During the course of the season he had numerous run-ins with manager Frank Chance, resulting in him being fined on several occasions for drunkenness and general poor conduct. Towards the end of the season, Caldwell asked team owner Frank Farrell to rescind his fines – which by that point accounted for a substantial proportion of his annual wages. Farrell, fearing that Caldwell would follow former teammates Russ Ford and Hal Chase in accepting an offer to pitch for the Buffalo Buffeds of the Federal League, agreed to let Caldwell off. As a consequence of this, Frank Chance, feeling that his authority had been irrevocably undermined, handed in his resignation as manager of the Yankees.\n", "In 1915, Caldwell once again posted a winning record – 19–16, with an ERA of 2.89 – for a Yankees team that finished 14 games below .500. He also contributed four home runs during the course of the season, enough to finish ninth in the American League in that category, despite having more than 200 fewer at bats than anyone else inside the top 10.\n", "The Yankees were a winning team in 1916, but Caldwell had major struggles, both on and off the field. His difficulties on the mound were not helped by his continuing to pitch with a broken patella. By the end of July his record was 5–12, and he had recorded an ERA of 2.99. It was at this point that Caldwell, whose alcoholism had become increasingly pronounced during the course of the season, went AWOL. Bill Donovan, the Yankees manager—who prior to this had always turned a blind eye to Caldwell's personal problems—issued a fine and suspended him for two weeks. However, Caldwell failed to return to the club after this period had elapsed and he was suspended for the rest of the season.\n", "Caldwell did not return to the Yankees until the following March, more than a week into spring training. Caldwell's whereabouts during the intervening seven months, although much speculated on, were never revealed. Donovan and the Yankees owner, Til Huston, both of whom had strongly criticized Caldwell during his absence, decided to give him another chance, largely influenced by his apparent good condition. However, once again, his performances on the field were overshadowed somewhat by his actions off it. He finished the year 13–16 with a 2.86 ERA for yet another Yankees team that finished well short of .500. During the course of the season he again served a team-imposed suspension for getting drunk and failing to report for duty. He was charged with grand larceny half-way through the season for allegedly stealing a ring, and was also taken to court by his wife, who sued for alimony after he abandoned her and their son.\n", "In 1918, Caldwell once again failed to complete a season with the Yankees. Injuries hampered him on the mound, but he still managed to compile a batting average of .291 during 151 at-bats. Prior to leaving the club, Caldwell went 9–8 with an ERA of 3.06. Caldwell left the Yankees in mid-August to join a shipbuilding firm in order to avoid military service after being picked in the draft. Joining a shipbuilding company was attractive to Caldwell, as it was for others, because it offered him the chance of playing baseball for the company rather than actually working on the assembly line. Despite this, the Yankees had not given Caldwell permission to leave the club mid-season and it was decided that he should be traded. In the winter of that year Caldwell was traded to the Boston Red Sox in a deal that also saw Duffy Lewis and Ernie Shore go the other way.\n", "Caldwell was released by the Red Sox in July 1919 after a poor start to the season, in which he compiled an ERA of 3.94 (his record, however, was 7-4). Caldwell finished the season with the Indians, whose manager, Tris Speaker, managed to get the best out of him: in six starts Caldwell went 5–1 with a 1.71 ERA. His five wins including the aforementioned game in which he was struck by lightning, and a no-hitter against his former longtime teammates, the New York Yankees, on September 10.\n", "In his first full season with the Indians, in 1920, Caldwell went 20–10, with a 3.86 ERA. The Indians went on to win the World Series that year, although Caldwell's contribution to that success proved to be negligible. He started Game 3, but only recorded one out, having given up two hits, a walk, and an earned run, before being lifted by Tris Speaker (the Indians did not come back from this, and Caldwell was charged with the loss).\n", "Caldwell's final season in the majors was in 1921, during which he primarily worked from the bullpen. His record was 6–6, with an ERA of 4.90. After leaving the Indians, Caldwell went on to spend many years playing for various clubs in the minor leagues, including the Kansas City Blues, with some degree of success, yet his long-established reputation dissuaded any major league outfit from giving him another chance.\n", "Caldwell bought a farm in Frewsburg in 1940 and worked at the train station at Ashville as a telegrapher for the Buffalo, Rochester and Pittsburgh Railway. He later worked as a steward and bartender at the Lakewood Rod & Gun Club, where his fourth wife, Estelle, was a cook.\n", "Ray Caldwell died in Salamanca on August 17, 1967, and is buried in Randolph. He was inducted into the Chautauqua Sports Hall of Fame in 2010.\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- List of Major League Baseball no-hitters\n", "Section::::References.\n", "BULLET::::- Spatz, Lyle (2000). \"Yankees Coming, Yankees Going: New York Yankee Player Transactions, 1903 Through 1999\". Jefferson, North Carolina, McFarland, .\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Tobias Levels\n", "Tobias Levels (born 22 November 1986) is a German footballer of Dutch descent who plays as a defender for FC Ingolstadt.\n", "Section::::Club career.\n", "After his contract with Fortuna Düsseldorf had expired in summer 2014, Levels was a free agent for more than three months. In November he went to trial with 2. Bundesliga club FC Ingolstadt 04 and was subsequently signed for the remainder of the season. Ingolstadt reacted thereby to the injury of their regular right back Danny da Costa. On 31 May 2016, Levels extended his contract at FC Ingolstadt 04 until 2018.\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Tobias Levels at kicker.de\n", "BULLET::::- 2. Bundesliga: Tobias Levels at dfb.de\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Christofer Heimeroth\n", "Christofer Heimeroth (born 1 August 1981 in Unna, West Germany) is a German former professional footballer who played as a goalkeeper.\n", "Section::::Honours.\n", "Section::::Honours.:Club.\n", "Schalke 04\n", "BULLET::::- DFB-Pokal Runner-up: 2004–05\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Samuel Starkweather\n", "Samuel Starkweather (December 27, 1799 – July 5, 1876) was mayor of Cleveland from 1844 to 1845 and served a second term from 1857 to 1858.\n", "Starkweather was born in Pawtucket, Rhode Island to Oliver and Miriam (Clay) Starkweather. He graduated from Brown College in 1822, tutored there until 1824, and then left to study law in Windham, Connecticut. Starkweather was admitted to the bar in Columbus in 1826. Starkweather moved to Cleveland soon after and joined the Cleveland Grays in 1837, where he took a prominent position in Cleveland politics. Starkweather was elected mayor in 1844, won reelection in 1845, and again in 1857 for a 2-year term. He was the first judge of the Cuyahoga Court of Common Pleas elected under the new Constitution and served a 5-year term. Starkweather helped establish the first high school in Cleveland. He also promoted railroads in Cleveland and helped establish the Cleveland, Columbus and Cincinnati Railroad.\n", "He was collector of the ports of Cleveland, and built a lighthouse of which he was superintendent in 1831. The US Treasury paid him $4,997.00 on the lighthouse and $113.30 for expenditures for it. The land cost $1,000.00. He also built a lighthouse on Turtle Island, Lake Erie, Port Clinton OH in 1832 for which the US Government paid him $1,068.43. The US Government also paid him in 1831 for the support and maintenance of the lighthouses, floating lights, beacons, buoys, and stakeages. He also built or established a marine hospital on which the US Treasury paid him $147.17.\n", "Starkweather married Julia Judd on June 25, 1828. Their 4 children were Sarah, Samuel, William, and Julia. Starkweather is buried in Lake View Cemetery.\n", "Section::::References.\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Encyclopedia Of Cleveland History\" by Cleveland Bicentennial Commission (Cleveland, Ohio), David D. Van Tassel (Editor), and John J. Grabowski (Editor)\n", "BULLET::::- Starkweather, Carlton Lee, M.D. \"Robert Starkweather and his Descendants\", Knapp, Peck and Thomson, 1904.\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "American politician", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q7412690", "wikidata_label": "Samuel Starkweather", "wikipedia_title": "Samuel Starkweather" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Gwenno Saunders\n", "Gwenno Mererid Saunders (born 23 May 1981) is a Welsh musician, known by the stage name Gwenno. She performs as a solo artist, releasing her first album \"Y Dydd Olaf\" on Heavenly Recordings in 2015 followed by her first album in Cornish in 2018, entitled \"Le Kov\". Gwenno Saunders has also been a singer in the indie pop group the Pipettes.\n", "Section::::Biography.\n", "Saunders was born in Cardiff. She is the daughter of Cornish poet and linguist Tim Saunders and Lyn Mererid, who is an activist and member of the choir Côr Cochion Caerdydd and works as a translator. When she grew up, her father spoke Cornish; her mother spoke Welsh.\n", "From the age of five she attended the Seán Éireann-McMahon Academy of Irish Dance and was a cast member of Michael Flatley's productions of Lord Of The Dance and Feet of Flames by the age of 17, playing a lead role in a Las Vegas production of the former. In 2001 she had a role in the Welsh language soap opera \"Pobol y Cwm\" on S4C, for whom she would later host her own programme \"Ydy Gwenno'n Gallu...?\" She is fluent in Welsh and Cornish. On 18 April 2019 she presented \"Songs from the Edgelands\", a programme about songs in minority languages on BBC Radio 4.\n", "Section::::Music career.\n", "Section::::Music career.:Early career (2002–2004).\n", "In the years before she joined the Pipettes, she had been a solo electropop singer, mostly in the Welsh and Cornish languages, releasing two solo EPs, \"Môr Hud\" (2002) and \"Vodya\" (2004). Saunders represented Cornwall in the Liet International song contest, 2003, and won the People's Choice Award for her performance of \"Vodya\". In December 2004 Gwenno filmed the song \"Ysolt y'nn Gweinten\" by Celtic Legend for Classic FM TV. It is claimed to be the first video produced in the Cornish language, the text having been written by her father Tim Saunders with music by Cornish composer and ex Gary Numan keyboard player Chris John Payne.\n", "Section::::Music career.:The Pipettes (2005–2010).\n", "Gwenno joined the Pipettes in April 2005 after founding member Julia left. She is most notable for her lead vocals on the single \"Pull Shapes\" and the chorus of \"Your Kisses Are Wasted on Me\". She has more recently posted solo material to her Myspace page, and made a free download of a mini album titled \"U & I\" available in October 2007. In April 2008, Gwenno's younger sister Ani joined the Pipettes, after the departure of singers Rosay and RiotBecki. Ani now also releases music with the band The Lovely Wars and solo under the name Ani Glass.\n", "Section::::Music career.:After the Pipettes (2010–present).\n", "Gwenno has toured as a synth player with Pnau and Elton John in 2012.\n", "In June 2012, Saunders released a five-song Welsh language EP, \"Ymbelydredd\", available on hand-painted cassettes on Peski Records.\n", "Gwenno appears on The Boy Least Likely To's 2013 album \"The Great Perhaps\", contributing vocals to the track \"It Could Have Been Me\".\n", "She released her first solo full-length album, the Welsh-language \"Y Dydd Olaf\", in October 2014 on Peski Records. In May 2015 Gwenno was signed to Heavenly Recordings. The label re-released her debut album in July. The album won Best Welsh Album at the 2015 National Eisteddfod and in November 2015 won the 2014–2015 Welsh Music Prize.\n", "Gwenno also currently co-produces and co-hosts a Welsh radio show on Cardiff Radio titled \"Cam O'r Tywyllwch\" (\"A Step Away from the Darkness\") with her Peski Records colleagues. The team was also behind the CAM '15 music festival in Cardiff, which took place in April 2015 and featured the first live performance in over 20 years by Welsh music post-punk pioneers Datblygu.\n", "Section::::Cultural influence.\n", "In October 2018 the Cornish Language Board claimed that Saunders' album \"Le Kov\" had contributed to a 15% increase in the number of people taking Cornish language exams during 2018.\n", "Section::::Personal life.\n", "Saunders is married to the Welsh producer Rhys Edwards, and has one son.\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Gwenno on Heavenly Recordings\n", "BULLET::::- Cam O'r Tywyllwch radio show page\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "Gwenno Pipette" ] }, "description": "Welsh singer", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q3050580", "wikidata_label": "Gwenno Saunders", "wikipedia_title": "Gwenno Saunders" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Lucas Mareque\n", "Lucas Armando Mareque Buccolini (born 12 January 1983) is an Argentine football left back who plays for Deportivo Español in the Argentine Primera B.\n", "Section::::Career.\n", "Mareque started his career with River Plate in 2004. In 2007, he was transferred to Porto, where he made his league debut against União de Leiria on January 26. During his time at Porto, the club won the Primeira Liga.\n", "After playing for Porto, Mareque returned to Argentina to play for Independiente on loan during the 2007 Apertura tournament. In the beginnings of 2008, Mareque was bought by Independiente as a permanent player.\n", "In July 2011 he signed for the Ligue 1 club Lorient.\n", "Section::::Honours.\n", "Porto\n", "BULLET::::- Primeira Liga: 2007–08\n", "Independiente\n", "BULLET::::- Copa Sudamericana: 2010\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Argentine Primera statistics at Fútbol XXI\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "Lucas Armando Mareque" ] }, "description": "Argentine footballer", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q2573479", "wikidata_label": "Lucas Mareque", "wikipedia_title": "Lucas Mareque" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Brian Reffin Smith\n", "Brian Reffin Smith (born 1946) is an artist, writer, teacher and musician born in Sudbury, Suffolk, in the United Kingdom, who won the first-ever Prix Ars Electronica, the Golden Nica, in Linz, Austria, 1987. He lives in Berlin, Germany. Brought up in Sileby, Leicestershire, he attended what was then an early comprehensive school, Humphrey Perkins School, at Barrow-upon-Soar.\n", "He studied metallurgy and metal physics at Brunel University (his sculptural use of metals' internal crystal structures featured in the BBCTV's science and technology programme Tomorrow's World) and later in the multi-disciplinary DDR (Department of Design Research) at the Royal College of Art, where he also was appointed a Research Fellow in 1979 and was later appointed College Tutor in computer-based art and design at the RCA from 1980 to 1984. He taught in the UK and France including most London art schools and French \"Écoles nationales\", the Open University in the UK, and the Sorbonne and Arts et Métiers ParisTech in Paris. From 1986 to 2011 he was Professeur, art et informatique, at the École nationale supérieure d'art, Bourges, France.\n", "Working with computers since the late 1960s, he was a pioneer of computer-based conceptual art, with the aim of trying to resist technological determinism and \"state of the art\" technology which might merely produce \"state of the technology\" art. He was a council member of IRAT, the London-based Institute for Research in Art and Technology. After showing interactive artworks at the Musée d'art Moderne de la Ville de Paris in 1983 he was invited by the French Ministry of Culture to intervene in art education, and was later appointed to a teaching post in the École nationale supérieure d'art (National Art School) in Bourges. In the UK in 1979, Smith wrote 'Jackson', one of the first digital painting programs, for the Research Machines 380Z computer, software which was distributed by the Ministry of Education and used in schools and elsewhere. He was involved on-screen and as a programme adviser in BBCTV's The Computer Programme in 1982 and the BBC published his art software for the BBC Micro.\n", "In the notorious Portsmouth Sinfonia orchestra, composed of players who could barely play their instruments, Smith sometimes played sixth clarinet, for example on the orchestra's World Tour, which started and ended one night in Cardiff, Wales.\n", "He has been cited as among the most prolific letter-writers to the UK newspaper \"The Guardian\", along with the celebrated Keith Flett amongst others.\n", "Smith is a member of the OuPeinPo group of artists, Paris, France (OuPeinPo is to art what the OuLiPo is to literature); and Regent of the College of 'Pataphysics, Paris, France, holding the Chair of Catachemistry and Speculative (or sometimes 'Computational') Metallurgy. He regularly shows artworks and makes performances in the context of 'Pataphysics, often 'zombifying' the audience by wrapping their heads in lengths of bandage or toilet paper.\n", "Areas of work, research, teaching and performance include ideas of Zombie and 'Pataphysics in art and elsewhere, and the \"détournement\" or \"hijacking\" of systems, mechanisms, programs etc. from computing and other areas of science and technology, as well as cognitive psychology, to make conceptual art. Smith claims to have become a Philosophical Zombie, and hence to have a deeper insight into problems of existence, artificial intelligence and art, after a botched heart operation in a Paris hospital when, instead of the more usual latex balloon being used to inflate a blocked artery during angioplasty, the team had recourse to a puffer fish (or fugu) which swells rapidly when a harmless voltage is applied to its tail. Smith has insisted, contrary to David Chalmers who invoked the idea of a philosophical zombie as an attempted refutation of physicalism, that it's \"Zombies all the way down\" (at the 5th International Conference on the Histories of Media Art, Science and Technology, Riga, Latvia, 2013.)\n", "Exhibitions of conceptual art, installation art, performance art etc., often computer based, include \"Art for Society\", Whitechapel Gallery, London, 1979, \"Electra\", Musée d'Art Moderne de la Ville de Paris, 1983; Fondation Cartier, Paris, Pixim, 1988, La Villette, Paris, Siggraph, 1988, (USA various and Moscow), Galerie Zwinger, Berlin, and Krammig & Pepper Contemporary, Berlin, 1986-, gallery A3, Moscow 1990, Muses Maschine Art Laboratory Galerie, Berlin, 2014-2015, DAM (Digital Arts Museum) Gallery, Berlin, 2016.\n", "In addition to many books on computers for children and on computer-based arts for adults, Smith has broadcast and written widely on art and technology. He is a book and peer reviewer for Leonardo Journal. Smith contributed presentations to international conferences on Art, Design, Consciousness Studies, Media Histories and Digital Arts. In his writings on computers in the early 1980s (for example \"Computers\", Usborne Publishing Ltd, 1981) Smith appeared to predict in some detail smart devices such as the iPad and also the idea of using software held not in a computer but remotely, in the cloud, or elsewhere on the World Wide Web.\n", "In his chapter in \"White Heat Cold Logic: British Computer Art 1960-1980\", Smith wrote:\n", "\"There is a mine, a treasure trove, a hoard – I cannot emphasize this too strongly – of art ideas that emerged in the early decades of computer art that still have not remotely been explored. We know how this happens. The next big thing comes along and the Zeitgeist has its demands: things get left behind…\"\n", "This quotation inspired a symposium, \"Ideas before their time\", held at the British Computer Society in London in February 2010 at which Smith was the invited Keynote speaker.\n", "Smith's \"43 Dodgy Statements on Computer Art\", described by \"Wired\" as \"timeless\", included ‘The sadness of most art is that it does not know its future. The sadness of computer art is that it does not know its past’ and ‘What would be pretentious or nonsensical if one said it oneself does not become more worthy when spoken by a computer-generated avatar’.\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- http://www.zombiepataphysics.blogspot.com\n", "BULLET::::- http://www.drunkenboat.com/db8/oulipo/feature-oulipo/para/oupeinpo/foulc/oupeinpo_en.html\n", "BULLET::::- http://www.ensa-bourges.fr/index.php\n", "BULLET::::- https://web.archive.org/web/20070812014959/http://www.krammig-pepper.com/\n", "BULLET::::- http://renew.rixc.lv/sessions/paradigm-shift.php?s=brian-reffin-smith\n", "BULLET::::- . \"The Guardian\".\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Bruno Spengler\n", "Bruno Spengler (born August 23, 1983) is an Alsatian-born Canadian racing driver, currently racing for the BMW factory/works team. Nicknamed 'The Secret Canadian', he won the 2012 DTM Drivers' Championship.\n", "Section::::Career.\n", "Section::::Career.:Early career.\n", "Spengler was born near Strasbourg, France but moved with his parents to Saint-Hippolyte, Quebec, Canada, when he was 3. He went to school in Canada but continued to go back to France where he started competing in kart racing in 1995. Spengler continued karting in both France and Canada and then moved on to competing in the French Formula Renault. Eventually this led to him being signed by Mercedes-Benz motorsport and in 2003 he was racing for ASM in the Formula Three Euroseries.\n", "Section::::Career.:DTM.\n", "From 2005 until the end of 2011, Spengler drove a Mercedes in the Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters in Germany. In 2005 he ran with Persson Motorsport and he convinced AMG directors to have an official car in 2006. That year he finished the 2006 season second behind his teammate and five times champion Bernd Schneider. He completed the 2007 season campaign once again in second place, this time behind Audi driver Mattias Ekström, despite Audi's mass pull-out in Barcelona.\n", "In August 2007 he was mentioned in a possible move to the new Prodrive F1 team for 2008, and possibly for a drive with McLaren. Spengler was a leading candidate for an F1 driver's seat based on his performances and also it was thought to help drive up interest in North America for Formula 1. With Prodrive gone and Heikki Kovalainen signed for McLaren, this did not happen for 2008. While leading the DTM in points during the 2010 season, Spengler's name was again brought up as a possible candidate to drive in F1. Norbert Haug Mercedes motorsports director commented that if Spengler were to win the DTM championship he would earn a ride in F1. However, he lost the championship in the last few races to Paul di Resta who went on to drive for Force India in the next F1 season.\n", "For the 2012 season, Spengler left Mercedes and joined BMW Team Schnitzer for the latter's return to DTM. Spengler had a strong season, coming into the last race at the Hockenheimring three points behind leader and Mercedes driver Gary Paffett. He overtook Paffett at the start and held on to win the race. With this victory, his fourth of the season, Spengler took the Driver's Championship by four points and helped Team Schnitzer to the Teams' Championship and BMW to the Manufacturers' Championship.\n", "Section::::Career.:Formula E.\n", "Spengler became, alongside Beitske Visser, one of the test and reserve drivers for Andretti Autosport ahead of the 2018–19 Formula E season.\n", "Section::::Racing record.\n", "Section::::Racing record.:Complete Formula 3 Euro Series results.\n", " Driver did not finish the race, but was classified as he completed over 90% of the race distance.\n", "Section::::Racing record.:Complete Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters results.\n", " Driver did not finish, but completed 75% of the race distance.\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "Canadian racecar driver", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q742888", "wikidata_label": "Bruno Spengler", "wikipedia_title": "Bruno Spengler" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "John Dyfnallt Owen\n", "Rev. John Dyfnallt Owen (7 April 1873 – 28 December 1956), was a Welsh poet, and served as Archdruid of the National Eisteddfod of Wales from 1954 until his death. He was often known simply by his bardic name, \"Dyfnallt\".\n", "Owen was born in Llangiwg, Glamorgan, and was brought up by his grandparents because of the death of his mother when he was an infant. He worked for a short period as a coal miner, then obtained an education at Parcyfelfed Academy and Bala Bangor College. He married Annie Hopkin in 1904 and had two sons Meirion Dyfnallt Owen and Geraint Dyfnallt Owen. Having been ordained as a Congregational minister, he took over Sardis Chapel at Pontypridd in 1905. During World War I, he served as a chaplain in France. In 1927, he became editor of the Welsh-language journal \"Y Tyst\". In 1936 he became President of the Union of Welsh Independents (Chapels).\n", "Like all Archdruids, he was a winner of a major poetry prize at the National Eisteddfod, in his case the crown at the 1907 Eisteddfod in Swansea. He joined the Celtic Congress in 1908 and maintained a lifelong interest in Breton affairs, writing a book in 1934 and was part of the Welsh delegation investigating French abuses of the Breton movement after WWII. He hosted the Breton Literary figure Roparz Hemon at his own home when he fled France in 1946. He gained an hon. M.A. degree from the University of Wales in 1953. At the age of 80 he was elected Archdruid of Wales at Rhyl in 1954.\n", "Section::::Works.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Myfyrion a chaneuon maes y tân\" (1918), (poems and meditations on his experiences on the battlefield)\n", "BULLET::::- \"O ben tir Llydaw\" (1934)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Min yr hwyr\" (1934)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Y greal a cherddi eraill\" (1946)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Rhamant a Rhyddid\" (1952)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Ar y tŵr\" (1953)\n", "Section::::Sources.\n", "\"Dictionary of Welsh Biography\" https://biography.wales/article/s2-OWEN-DYF-1873\n", "Geraint Elfyn Jones, \"Bywyd a gwaith John Dyfnallt Owen\" (Swansea 1976)\n", "Emrys Jones in Derec Llwyd Morgan, \"Adnabod deg\". Portreadau o ddeg o arweinwyr cynnar y Blaid Genedlaethol (Denbigh 1977)\n", "\"Journal of the Welsh Bibliographical Society\", 11, 120–8, for his bibliography.]\n", "\"The Celtic Times\" 15 July 1947. http://bibliotheque.idbe-bzh.org/data/cle_160/An_Aimsear_Ceiltiac_1947_july__.pdf \n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "J. Dyfnallt Owen" ] }, "description": "British chaplain", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q3398467", "wikidata_label": "John Dyfnallt Owen", "wikipedia_title": "John Dyfnallt Owen" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Richard Sackville, 5th Earl of Dorset\n", "Richard Sackville, 5th Earl of Dorset (16 September 1622 – 27 August 1677) was an English peer and politician.\n", "Section::::Background.\n", "He was born at Dorset House, the second of three children of Edward Sackville, 4th Earl of Dorset and Mary Curzon, daughter and heiress of Sir George Curzon of Croxall Hall, Derbyshire. His elder sister Mary died in 1632; his younger brother Edward participated in the English Civil War, and was captured and killed by Parliamentary forces in 1646.\n", "Section::::Life.\n", "Sackville sat in the House of Commons, 1640–1643, as Lord Buckhurst, representing East Grinstead in Sussex; he was involved in the political events leading to the English Civil War, and was arrested by Parliament in 1642 and fined £1500 in 1644. After that point, however, he played no active role in the conflict. He resumed a political career in 1660; he sat in the new parliament or convention that managed the Restoration, and, among other posts, chaired the committee that was in charge of the reception of King Charles II. The new King appointed Sackville lord lieutenant of Middlesex in 1660. In the 1660s he was able to restore many of the possessions and privileges that his family had lost in the Interregnum.\n", "Sackville was an occasional poet; a poem in mourning of Ben Jonson was included in the memorial volume \"Jonsonus Virbius\" (1638), published in the year after the poet laureate's death. John Aubrey reproduced a report that Sackville translated Corneille's\" Le Cid\". Sackville was elected a fellow of the Royal Society in 1665.\n", "Section::::Family.\n", "For four decades he was married to Lady Frances Cranfield, daughter of Lionel Cranfield, 1st Earl of Middlesex; they had seven sons and six daughters. Their daughter Mary married Roger Boyle, 2nd Earl of Orrery, in 1665 and had issue. Another daughter Frances married George Lane, 1st Viscount Lanesborough and had issue. His eldest son, Charles Sackville, succeeded him as the 6th Earl of Dorset.\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Zoltán Stieber\n", "Zoltán Stieber (; born 16 October 1988) is a Hungarian professional footballer who plays for the Hungary national football team. Having spent time in a number of Hungarian youth sides Stieber spent four years with the academy of Premier League side Aston Villa before moving to Germany where he worked his way up the league system. He became a regular international player for Hungary including in their Euro 2016 finals squad.\n", "Section::::Club career.\n", "Stieber initially played for Budapest-based \"Goldball '94\" alongside younger brother András, before moving to Hungarian giants Újpest. After impressing for the capital side, he was offered trials with a selection of English clubs. He had an unsuccessful trials with Arsenal and Manchester United prior to signing a youth contract with Aston Villa where he played for four years.\n", "Section::::Club career.:Aston Villa.\n", "Stieber signed a two-year contract with Aston Villa in May 2005 and quickly impressed Tony McAndrew with his performances for the Academy. In total, he made 30 appearances for the Academy, scoring 4 goals in his debut season. He was part of the squad that got to the Play-offs Final of the FA Premier Academy League in May 2006, which Villa lost 3–2 against Southampton. He also made six substitute appearances for the Reserves in the 2005–06 season.\n", "Stieber appeared 13 times for Aston Villa Reserves in the 2006–07 season, scoring two goals, against Fulham and Chelsea. He was also involved in producing a memorable hat-trick of assists, to help gain victory over Reading in a 3–0 win. On 4 January 2007, Stieber signed a two–year contract with the club, keeping him until 2009.\n", "In late May 2007, Stieber guided Aston Villa to success in the 2007 HKFC Philips Lighting International Soccer Sevens, scoring a spectacular winner against City Academy Hong Kong to book a place in the knock-out stages. He then went on to lead the Midlands club to victory against Urawa Red Diamonds, PSV and finally Central Coast Mariners FC to secure the trophy, in a competition which has brought notable success to Aston Villa in the past. His efforts in the competition were also rewarded with the Player of the Tournament trophy – succeeding last years winner – Gabriel Agbonlahor. After this success, he was rewarded with a three-year contract at Aston Villa – the longest given to any of the seven contractee's – thus showing the promise and potential shown in the young Hungarian.\n", "In July 2007, Stieber was given his first taste of first-team action, when he was called up to the senior squad for the tour of the U.S. and Canada. He made his debut against Toronto and impressed against the Major League Soccer team, he also appeared in a further pre-season match against Walsall, in which he assisted the first goal of the game. Despite not making a competitive breakthrough to the senior team, he made a positive impression for Aston Villa Reserves that season, scoring against Fulham and Portsmouth and chalking up 6 assists in the opening 6 matches. This led the young midfielder to be awarded the first ever BBC Radio West Midlands Young Player of the Month, on 20 September 2007.\n", "Like the previous season, Stieber was again involved with the first-team prior to the beginning of the new campaign. In early July 2008, he was called up to a 21-man squad for the tour of Switzerland, but only played 20 minutes – all in the 6–0 victory over FC Wil 1900. Further appearances against Lincoln City, Walsall and Reading followed, the majority of which were played in an unaccustomed left-back role. He never saw competitive first-team action at Villa Park, so the club allowed him to participate in trials at other clubs.\n", "Section::::Club career.:Aston Villa.:Yeovil Town (loan).\n", "On 22 November 2007, Stieber joined League One side Yeovil Town on loan until 1 January 2008. Upon joining the club, Manager Russell Slade commented on Stieber, attributing his style on ‘dead-ball situations and a great crosser of the ball.’\n", "Stieber made his Yeovil Town debut two days later on 24 November 2007, in a 2–1 loss against Millwall and scored his first goal days before his loan spell ran out, in the 2–1 victory over Brighton & Hove Albion. He made an immediate impact for the \"Glovers\" and his loan deal was extended until the end of January.\n", "However, Stieber suffered a thigh injury in training and made his return to the first team on 29 March 2008, in a 0–0 draw against Bristol Rovers, which turns out to be his last appearance. After making 15 appearance, Stieber’s loan spell at Yeovil Town came to an end.\n", "Section::::Club career.:TuS Koblenz.\n", "Stieber trained with Blackpool for a short period and was also offered a trial by Norwich City. However, he decided to join TuS Koblenz on 29 January 2009 after a successful trial signing a 2.5-year contract until 30 June 2011.\n", "He made his 2. Bundesliga début on 30 January 2009, as a 64th-minute substitute for Frank Wiblishauser in a 0–0 draw with Rot-Weiß Oberhausen. His first start came on 6 February 2009, against FSV Frankfurt. A week later, he scored his first 2. Bundesliga goal and recorded his first assist in a match against SV Wehen Wiesbaden. Stieber later scored four more goals in seventeen appearance against Greuther Fürth, Osnabrück, Duisburg and Freiburg.\n", "The 2009–10 season started well for Stieber when he provided two assists, in the first round of DFB–Pokal, in a 4–0 win over Concordia and then scored his first goal of the season in the second round of DFB–Pokal, in a 4–2 win over Energie Cottbus. However, Stieber’s appearance in the 2009–10 season was restricted to 21 appearance, due to injuries.\n", "Section::::Club career.:Alemannia Aachen.\n", "With a one–year contract left remaining, it was announced on 26 May 2010, Stieber left TuS Koblenz and signed for Alemannia Aachen on two–year contract, keeping him until 2012.\n", "Stieber made his Alemannia Aachen debut, in the opening game of the season, where he set up one of the goals, in a 2–2 draw against Union Berlin on 20 August 2010. Stieber then scored his first Alemannia Aachen goal on 17 September 2010, in a 3–2 loss against Energie Cottbus. He went to score two more goals in three matches against FSV Frankfurt and Paderborn 07. By the end of 2010, Stieber scored one more goal, which came against Ingolstadt 04 on 17 October 2010.\n", "As the season progressed towards the end of the 2010–11 season, Stieber scored his first goal of 2011 and set up two of the four goals, in a 4–2 win over Karlsruher SC on 22 January 2011. In Stieber's first game following the announcement came on 3 April 2011, in a 2–1 win over 1860 Munich. Stieber later added five more goals, including a brace against Rot-Weiß Oberhausen and set up one of the goals, in a 4–0 win on 29 April 2011. Playing in a three-man attack under the management of Peter Hyballa, Stieber finished the 2010–11 season at Alemannia Aachen, where he played all 34 matches in the league and scoring ten times, making the club’s top–scorer. Additionally, Stieber’s average grade of 3.03 passes made him the best fielders in the league in the 2010–11 season.\n", "Section::::Club career.:1. FSV Mainz 05.\n", "On 22 March 2011, it was announced that Stieber was to sign for Bundesliga side 1. FSV Mainz 05 on a four-year contract at the end of the 2010–11 season.\n", "Stieber made his Mainz 05 debut, in the opening game of the season, where he made his start and played 71 minutes, in a 2–0 win over Bayer Leverkusen. Two weeks later, on 21 August 2011, Stieber provided an assist to set up one of the Mainz 05’s goals, in a 4–2 loss against Schalke 04. However, Stieber struggled in the first team at Mainz 05, having been spent most of the substitute bench and his own injury concerns. At one point, Stieber was expected to leave the club on loan in the January transfer window, but the club refused to leave him leave.\n", "After a poor season with Mainz 05, Stieber was expecting to leave the club despite having three years left to his contract.\n", "Section::::Club career.:Greuther Fürth.\n", "On 21 June 2012 it was announced that Stieber signed for Bundesliga side Greuther Fürth on a four-year contract. This came after they confirmed their interest signing Stieber.\n", "Stieber made his Greuther Fürth debut, in the opening game of the season, where he came on as a substitute for Sebastian Tyrała in the 69th minutes, in a 3–0 loss against Bayern Munich. After spending weeks on the sidelined with a gastrointestinal problems, Stieber scored his first Bundesliga goal against 1899 Hoffenheim, just two weeks after making his return to the first team and the score was a 3–3 draw. Stieber then scored two more goals against Eintracht Frankfurt and Borussia Dortmund. However, Stieber suffered a shoulder, which he sustained ahead of a match against Wolfsburg, and was sidelined for three months. After returning to training a month later, Stieber returned to the first team on the last game of the season, where he played 11 minutes, in a 3–1 loss against Augsburg. The 2012–13 season ultimately saw Greuther Fürth relegated from the German top flight. Despite this, Stieber made seventeen appearance and scoring three times in all competitions.\n", "At the start of the new season, Stieber performed strongly, as he had 3 goals and 6 assists in just 9 games, where he scored twice against Union Berlin and once against Dynamo Dresden, where he provided a hat–trick in an eventual 4–0 win. Between 2 November 2013 and 8 November 2013, Stieber scored three goals in two matches against Erzgebirge Aue and scoring twice against Paderborn. Stieber went on to score three goals later in the 2013–14 season against Sandhausen (which he also scored against them in another encounter on the last game of the season) and Fortuna Düsseldorf. In his final season for Fürth, in the 2. Bundesliga, he scored 9 goals and made 11 assists in total of thirty–six appearance.\n", "Section::::Club career.:Hamburger SV.\n", "Section::::Club career.:Hamburger SV.:2014–15 and 2015–16 seasons.\n", "On 26 May 2014, Stieber signed for Bundesliga club Hamburg. In an interview with Nemzeti Sport, he admitted that he had signed the most lucrative contract of his career. Stieber was spotted by the Hamburg managers during the relegation play-offs of the 2013–14 Bundesliga season against Fürth. The first tie ended with a goalless draw, while the second tie finished with 1–1 which resulted that Hamburg could remain in the top flight of the Bundeliga. Stieber gave the assist on the return match.\n", "Stieber made his Hamburger SV debut on 30 August 2014, where he played 45 minutes, in a 3–0 loss against Paderborn. In January 2015, Stieber played for the first time as a center in Hamburg against Eintracht Frankfurt in a friendly match. On 4 February, he scored his first goal in the 2014–15 Bundesliga season in a 3–0 victory over Paderborn in the 91st minute at the Benteler Arena, Paderborn, Germany. On 7 February 2015, he set the record of the highest distance in the 2014–15 Bundesliga by running 13.9 km against Hannover 96 at the Imtech-Arena, Hamburg.\n", "Later in the 2014–15 Bundesliga, Stieber scored his first goal against Borussia Mönchengladbach at the Imtech Arena, in Hamburg on 22 February 2015. For the first time, he was able to score a goal in a consecutive match against Eintracht Frankfurt at the Commerzbank-Arena in Frankfurt on 28 February 2015 in the 2014–15 Bundesliga. However, the match ended with a 2–1 defeat for his team. Stieber ended the 2014–15 season, making thirty–eight appearance and scoring three times in all competitions.\n", "In the 2015–16 season, however, saw Stieber’s first team opportunities increasingly limited despite being fired up ahead of a new season. Stieber made his first appearance of the 2015–16 season, where he came on as a substitute for Nicolai Müller in the 87th minutes, in a 1–0 win over 1899 Hoffenheim on 23 October 2015. In January transfer window, Stieber was expected to among players to leave the club.\n", "Section::::Club career.:Hamburger SV.:1. FC Nürnberg (loan).\n", "On 18 January 2016, Stieber moved on loan to 1. FC Nürnberg. Stieber explained his decision to leave Hamburg, citing first team football in hopes of making to the Hungary squad for the UEFA Euro 2016.\n", "Stieber made his 1. FC Nürnberg debut on 6 February 2016, where he made his first start for the club, in a 1–0 win over 1860 Munich. On 4 March 2016, he scored his first goal in the season at the Grundig-Stadion in Nürnberg against 1.FC Kaiserslautern in the 88th minute, but was sent–off in the last minute after a second bookable offence. Despite this, Stieber went on to make six appearance and scoring once for 1. FC Nürnberg later in the season.\n", "Section::::Club career.:Kaiserslautern.\n", "After returning from the national team, Stieber announced his desire to leave Hamburger SV in order to seek first team football. it was reported on 12 August 2016, Stieber signed a three-year contract with 1. FC Kaiserslautern.\n", "Two days later, on 14 August 2016, Stieber made his Kaiserslautern debut, in the opening game of the season, where he played 26 minutes, in a 1–1 draw against Würzburger Kickers. Six days later on 20 August 2016, Stieber scored his first Kaiserslautern goal in the first round of DFB Pokal, in a 4–3 loss against Hallescher FC after the game went extra time.\n", "Section::::Club career.:D.C. United.\n", "On 9 August 2017, Stieber signed with Major League Soccer side D.C. United. On 27 September 2017, Stieber scored his first goal for D.C. United away against the New York Red Bulls. Stieber scored a rebounded free kick that brought the game level. The game ultimately ended in a 3–3 tie. Zoltan is well-known for his great passing, free kicks, and his fast pace. \n", "Stieber finished the 2017 season, one of DC United's worst seasons with only one goal and one assist. After DC United was able to improve and get their new stadium, Audi Field in 2018, Zoltan managed to score 5 goals and 7 assists in the 2018 season.\n", "Around 2018, Stieber was slowly being pushed out of the first team, due to new arrivals like Paul Arriola and Yamil Asad. This would even continue in 2019 after Asad left, when Lucas Rodriguez joined DC United and replaced Asad.\n", "On 26 July 2019, D.C. United announced that they and Stieber had mutually parted ways. In total, Zoltan scored 6 goals and recorded 8 assists in his 44 appearances for DC United. \n", "Section::::International career.\n", "Having previously represented Hungary U19, Hungary U20 and Hungary U21, Stieber was called–up by the national team for the first time and made his international début for Hungary, on 2 September 2011, in a 2–1 victory over Sweden.\n", "On 5 June 2015, Stieber scored his first goal for Hungary in a 4–0 friendly win over Lithuania in Debrecen. He followed this up with the winning goal in a 1–0 defeat of Finland in qualification for UEFA Euro 2016 on 13 June.\n", "He was selected for Hungary's Euro 2016 squad.\n", "On 14 June 2016, Stieber played in the first group match in a 2–0 victory over Austria at the UEFA Euro 2016 Group F match at Nouveau Stade de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France. He scored the second goal on a 2–0 win over Austria, on the first game of his team for the UEFA Euro 2016. Three days later on 18 June 2016 he played in a 1–1 draw against Iceland at the Stade Vélodrome, Marseille. He also played in the last group match in a 3–3 draw against Portugal at the Parc Olympique Lyonnais, Lyon on 22 June 2016. Steiber later described the UEFA Euro 2016 was an experience that he would never forget.\n", "Section::::Personal life.\n", "Stieber is the older brother of András Stieber, who also began his career at Goldball '94 and later played for the Aston Villa Under-21s with Zoltán. He currently plays for Győri ETO FC in the Hungarian national league.\n", "In May 2011, Stieber and his father, Gyor, were involved in a car accident that left the driver in critical condition, while Stieber suffered an injured shin.\n", "Section::::Honours.\n", "Section::::Honours.:Individual.\n", "BULLET::::- Top assists in 2. Bundesliga: Winner 2010–11 (17 assists)\n", "BULLET::::- Best player in 2. Bundesliga: Runner-Up 2010–11 (with 27 points)\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Zoltán Stieber profile at magyarfutball.hu\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "Zoltan Stieber" ] }, "description": "Hungarian association football player", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q219026", "wikidata_label": "Zoltán Stieber", "wikipedia_title": "Zoltán Stieber" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Morgan Ågren\n", "Morgan Ågren (born 1967) is a Swedish drummer who plays with the progressive rock band Kaipa.\n", "A native of Umeå, Västerbotten, Sweden, Morgan Ågren was spotted as an outstanding talent at a young age as he began performing publicly at age seven, and eventually joined forces with Mats Öberg in 1981.\n", "They later formed \"Zappsteetoot\" together in 1984, a band internationally known for performing Frank Zappa's music.\n", "In 1988, at the age of 20, Morgan Ågren was, along with Mats Öberg, invited by Frank Zappa to do a guest performance at Zappa's Stockholm concert. Impressed by Ågren's skills, Zappa invited Ågren to the States to partake in several projects, including the 1994 Grammy Award-winning CD \"Zappa's Universe\" with Steve Vai, as well as a sold out New York performance of Zappa's classical program at Lincoln Center's Great Performers Series in Avery Fisher Hall. Ågren also shares the drummer's seat with Terry Bozzio on Dweezil and Ahmet Zappa's band AZ/DZ's album \"Shampoohorn\". In 1996, Ågren toured throughout Europe as a member of Glenn Hughes's band, and later to Japan in 1997. 1996 also saw the formation of Morgan Ågren's own record label, Ultimate Audio Entertainment, dedicated to the release of \"new\" music.\n", "Ågren has recorded several albums as a member of Fleshquartet (Swedish: Fläskkvartetten), among them \"What's Your Pleasure?\" and the Grammy Award-winning \"Goodbye Sweden\" in addition to his international performances with Zappa’s Universe and with Mats Öberg in Mats/Morgan Band.\n", "In May 1997, Ågren was featured in a unique project of the Swedish Film Institute, making his debut in movie theaters and at several international film festivals. Described as a sound experience, the 4-minute 35mm short-film \"Lullaby for Lost Souls\" showcases him in \"a free-form Stereo Dolby drum explosion\".\n", "Ågren is also highly recognized by fans of extreme and heavy music for his studio performance on Fredrik Thordendal's solo album, \"Sol Niger Within\", released in 1997.\n", "He is the subject of a 2013 two-hour documentary directed by Carl King a.k.a. Sir Millard Mulch, called \"Morgan Ågren's Conundrum: A Percussive Misadventure\". It also features Devin Townsend, Dweezil Zappa, and Brendon Small, creator of \"Metalocalypse\".\n", "Ågren was also featured on the eponymous album by Casualties of Cool.\n", "Section::::Discography (and others).\n", "Section::::Discography (and others).:Solo.\n", "BULLET::::- 2015 - \"Batterie Deluxe\"\n", "Section::::Discography (and others).:Mats/Morgan Band.\n", "BULLET::::- 1996 - \"Trends and Other Diseases\"\n", "BULLET::::- 1997 - \"The Music or the Money\"\n", "BULLET::::- 1998 - \"Radio DaDa\"\n", "BULLET::::- 1998 - \"The Teenage Tapes\"\n", "BULLET::::- 2001 - \"Live\"\n", "BULLET::::- 2002 - \"On Air With Guests\"\n", "BULLET::::- 2005 - \"Thanks for Flying With Us\"\n", "BULLET::::- 2008 - \"Heat Beats Live\" (+ Tourbook 1991-2007) (DVD+CD)\n", "BULLET::::- 2014 - \"Schack Tati\"\n", "Section::::Discography (and others).:With other artists.\n", "BULLET::::- 1987 - \"Chinese Garden\" — Cabazz\n", "BULLET::::- 1990 - \"Far Away\" — Cabazz\n", "BULLET::::- 1988 - \"What's Your Pleasure?\" - Fläskkvartetten\n", "BULLET::::- 1990 - \"Goodbye Sweden\" — Fläskkvartetten\n", "BULLET::::- 1993 - \"Open Your Eyes\" — Agamon\n", "BULLET::::- 1993 - \"Zappa's Universe\" — various artists\n", "BULLET::::- 1993 - \"Flow\" — Fläskkvartetten\n", "BULLET::::- 1994 - \"Shampoohorn\" — Dweezil & Ahmet Zappa\n", "BULLET::::- 1995 - \"The Zombie Hunter\" (APM) — Simon Steensland\n", "BULLET::::- 1996 - \"The Music of Captain Beefheart - Live\" — various artists\n", "BULLET::::- 1997 - \"Spare Parts\" — Denny Walley\n", "BULLET::::- 1997 - \"Sol Niger Within\" — Fredrik Thordendal's Special Defects\n", "BULLET::::- 1999 - \"Led Circus\" — Simon Steensland\n", "BULLET::::- 2000 - \"Automatic\" — Dweezil Zappa\n", "BULLET::::- 2001 - \"Glass Finger Ghost\" — Jimmy Ågren\n", "BULLET::::- 2003 - \"Close Enough for Jazz\" — Jimmy Ågren\n", "BULLET::::- 2011 - \"BLIXT\" — Morgan Ågren, Raoul Björkenheim and Bill Laswell\n", "BULLET::::- 2013 - \"\" – Mattias IA Eklundh\n", "BULLET::::- 2013 - \"Into the Void of Fear\" - Octopus\n", "BULLET::::- 2014 - \"Casualties of Cool\" - Devin Townsend\n", "BULLET::::- 2019 - \"Empath\" - Devin Townsend\n", "BULLET::::- 2019 - \"Zëss\" - Magma\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "Swedish musician", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q6254806", "wikidata_label": "Morgan Ågren", "wikipedia_title": "Morgan Ågren" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Charles Harvey Denby\n", "Colonel Charles Denby (June 16, 1830 – January 13, 1904) was a U.S. Union officer in the Civil War and diplomat. He was the father of Edwin C. Denby, a U.S. Representative from Michigan, and later Secretary of the Navy, and Charles Denby, Jr., a diplomat.\n", "Section::::Family and early life.\n", "Denby was born in Mount Joy in Botetourt County, Virginia to Nathaniel Denby and Sarah Jane Harvey. Denby's maternal grandfather, Mathew Harvey, was a soldier in Lee's Legion during the American Revolutionary War. Denby received his early education at the Tom Fox Academy, Hanover County, Virginia. \n", "During his early youth, Denby's father, a Virginia ship-owner and interested in European trade, was appointed to a post at Marseilles, France. His functions there were similar to those of a consul-general, but the post was then known as Naval Agent of the United States. On taking up his post, Nathaniel Denby took his son with him, where attended the College Royal at Marseilles and became fluent in the French language. Denby later attended Georgetown College, Washington, D.C., and the Virginia Military Institute, from which he graduated with high honors in 1850.\n", "After graduating, Denby went to Selma, Alabama, where he taught school for three years. In 1853, he removed to Evansville, Indiana, which remained his home until his death. Evansville was then a town of six thousand inhabitants, which, from its position on the Ohio River, at the terminus of the Wabash and Erie Canal, seemed destined to a great development. At Evansville, Denby devoted himself to the study of law and to newspaper work. He represented his county in the Indiana House of Representatives during the session of 1856-57. While in the legislature, Mr. Denby became acquainted with Martha Fitch, daughter of U.S. Senator Graham N. Fitch, of Indiana, and they were afterward married.\n", "Section::::Military service.\n", "With the attack on Fort Sumter marking the outbreak of the American Civil War, Denby raised a company of volunteer soldiers and guarded the powder magazine near Evansville, Indiana. On September 12, 1861, Denby was commissioned as the Lieutenant Colonel (second-in-command) of the 42nd Indiana Volunteer Infantry Regiment and mustered in at that rank on October 10, 1861. On October 1, 1862, Indiana Governor Oliver P. Morton commissioned Denby as Colonel of the newly formed 80th Indiana Volunteer Infantry Regiment. Denby was not mustered in at his new rank until October 21, 1862, so he was still serving with the 42nd Indiana when it took part in the Battle of Perryville Kentucky on October 8, 1862. It was there that Denby was twice wounded and had his horse killed under him. Colonel Denby officially took command of the 80th Indiana on or before November 22, 1862. In a letter to the army dated January 12, 1863, Colonel Denby resigned his commission, stating: \"I suffer habitually in riding with a very severe cramp in my left leg - walking affords no relief. The cramp is caused by an accident which happened many years ago and the side effects whereof were scarcely felt by me until after I entered the service. I have consulted various medical advisors who uniformly say there can be no remedy. I have therefore no recourse left but to return to a sedentary life\". His resignation was accepted effective January 17, 1863, and he left the army based on a surgeon's certificate of disability.\n", "Section::::Political career.\n", "After resignation, he resumed the practice of law in Evansville. Denby was active in the Democratic Party, and upon the election of Grover Cleveland as President, he was put forward for a post in the diplomatic service and on May 29, 1885, he was appointed Minister to China. Denby remained at the post through 1898—the United States' longest serving envoy to China to date—through the administrations of Cleveland's first term, Republican Benjamin Harrison, Cleveland's second term. He resigned a little more than a year into the administration of Republican William McKinley, and would be succeeded by Edwin H. Conger. \n", "Upon his return to the U.S. in September 1898, Denby was appointed a member of the commission to inquire into the conduct of the Spanish–American War. Even before the adjournment of that commission, he was made a member of the first commission to the Philippines (the Schurman Commission), together with Admiral George Dewey, General Elwell Stephen Otis, Jacob Gould Schurman, the President of Cornell University, and Professor Dean Conant Worcester, of the University of Michigan.\n", "Section::::Later life.\n", "After retirement from official life, Denby settled down at his old home at Evansville, Indiana, and devoted himself to literary labors, study, and the pleasures of home life. He died suddenly of heart failure, at the age of seventy-four years, at Jamestown, New York, to which city he had gone to deliver a lecture.\n", "Section::::References.\n", "BULLET::::- Denby, Charles, \"China and Her People, Vol. I\", Published 1906. pp. ix-xvi, \"Biographical Sketch of the Hon. Chas. Denby, LL.D.\"\n", "BULLET::::- Terrell, W. H. H., Report of the Adjutant General of the State of Indiana, Volumes II and VIII. Indianapolis, IN 1866.\n", "BULLET::::- Horrall, S. F., \"History of the Forty-Second Indiana Volunteer Infantry\", Published 1892. pp 11–12, Biography of Colonel Charles Denby\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- A compilation of historical sources about Denby\n", "BULLET::::- List of Ambassadors to China provided by the United States Department of State\n", "BULLET::::- The Denby Family Papers at The Library of Congress\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "Charles Denby" ] }, "description": "American diplomat", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q5078824", "wikidata_label": "Charles Harvey Denby", "wikipedia_title": "Charles Harvey Denby" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "James S. Lithgow\n", "James Smith Lithgow (November 29, 1812 — February 21, 1902) was an American politician, and the sixteenth Mayor of Louisville, Kentucky from January 2, 1866 to February 14, 1867. He was born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania and apprenticed as a coppersmith there.\n", "He moved to Louisville in 1832 and worked various jobs before starting \"Wallace & Lithgow\", a metals company on Market Street in 1836. The business was successful, and made Lithgow wealthy. After the death of Wallace in 1861, the company became \"J.S. Lithgow and Co.\" and built its headquarters at what became the Board of Trade Building, initially one of the largest and most expensive buildings in Downtown Louisville. This building was designed by Henry Whitestone, a prominent Louisville architect whose firm exists today as Luckett & Farley, who also still possess the original drawings. Lithgow lost both the building and his business in the Panic of 1873, but he regained his fortune with a new company, \"Lithgow Manufacturing Co.\".\n", "A Democrat, Lithgow was elected to the City Council in 1849, and was a member of the convention to draft a new city charter in 1866. After Philip Tomppert was impeached by the city council in 1866, that same body elected Lithgow mayor. He resigned when a state appeals court reinstated Tomppert on February 14, 1867.\n", "He had eight children with wife Hannah Cragg, and is buried in Cave Hill Cemetery.\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Terry de la Mesa Allen Jr.\n", "Terry de la Mesa Allen Jr. (1929–1967), son of retired U.S. Army Major General Terry de la Mesa Allen Sr., was a fourth-generation soldier. He achieved the rank of lieutenant colonel in the U.S. Army. He served with the 1st Infantry Division, which his father had commanded with distinction during World War II. Allen was killed in an ambush in South Vietnam on Tuesday 17 October 1967 while leading his battalion against the Viet Cong near Lai Khe, northwest of Saigon at the Battle of Ong Thanh.\n", "Section::::Military career.\n", "Under steady pressure from superiors to forcefully engage the enemy, Allen, in what has been called an \"ill-advised action\", took two rifle companies, \"A\" and \"D\" on an attempt to contact hostile Viet Cong forces.\n", "These two rifle companies ran into an ambush by two much larger Viet Cong battalions that lay in wait along the trail. The Viet Cong forces allowed the lead company, Bravo, to walk past the second of two enemy battalions lying alongside the road as close as 10 meters away. Bravo Company continued up the trail and walked along the 1st of the two battalions which opened fire on them, killing or wounding the entire force including LTC Allen and his CSM Francis Dowling, who was later found lying entirely over the top of his commander. After all but eliminating Alpha Company, the Viet Cong 2d battalion assaulted Delta Company, killing or wounding many of the remaining Americans. \n", "He posthumously received the Distinguished Service Cross for this action.\n", "Section::::Personal life.\n", "Allen was married to Jean Ponder of El Paso and had 3 children: Consuelo, Alice (\"Bebe\"), and Mary Frances.\n", "Section::::Legacy.\n", "An account of the Battle of Ong Thanh is detailed in the best-selling \"They Marched into Sunlight\", a book by David Maraniss. The book was turned into the PBS documentary \"Two Days in October\", which was broadcast by the BBC as \"How Vietnam Was Lost\".\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- Don Holleder\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- \"They Marched Into Sunlight\" IMDB entry\n", "BULLET::::- One Morning in October \n", "BULLET::::- A Brief History of The 28th Infantry Regiment\n", "BULLET::::- 1st Infantry Division after action report for the Battle of Ong Thanh\n", "BULLET::::- \"Two days in October\" (PBS documentary film)\n", "BULLET::::- They Marched into Sunlight, a book covering, among other things, Allen's background, and the Battle of Ong Thanh\n", "BULLET::::- Entry for Terry de la Mesa Allen on The Virtual Wall\n", "BULLET::::- The War at Home\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Roberto Iniesta\n", "Roberto Iniesta Ojea (; born May 16, 1962), also known as Robe; is a Spanish songwriter, singer and guitarist. He is the frontman of the rock band Extremoduro.\n", "Section::::Biography.\n", "Roberto Iniesta Ojea was born on 16 May 1962 in Plasencia. After having left school with a third class Baccalaureate, he worked with his father. At the age of twenty he began writing songs and he formed his first band, Dosis Letal.\n", "In 1987, he formed Extremoduro, the band that brought him fame. They didn't have enough money for recording a studio album so they sold tickets that would be exchanged for the album. When they sold 250 tickets they had earned enough money to afford the recording. In January 1989 they started the recording of their first demo tape.\n", "The distribution of the demo tape began to attract attention inside and outside their home region of Plasencia; it was so well received that the Catalan television program Plastic invited them for a live performance.\n", "In 1996 he shot to fame in a massive way in Spain due to the release of Agila. That same year he received the news of the death of his father. The entrance to the band of guitarist and producer Iñaki \"Uoho\" Antón, at that time belonging to rock and roll band Platero y Tú, was a turning point in the history of the band. They toured along with Platero y Tú that year.\n", "He also joined Fito Cabrales (from Platero y Tú), Iñaki Antón to form the supergroup Extrechinato y Tú. After five years of recording sessions, playing music inspired by lyrics written by urban poet Manolo Chinato, finally the album Poesía Básica was released in 2001.\n", "In 2006 he created the record label Muxik along with Iñaki Antón.\n", "He wrote his first novel, \"El viaje íntimo de la locura\", which was released on 28 September 2009. The novel sold 10000 copies in just over a week.\n", "Section::::Discography.\n", "Section::::Discography.:As a solo artist.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Lo que aletea en nuestras cabezas\" (2015)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Destrozares. Canciones para el final de los tiempos\" (2016)\n", "Section::::Discography.:Extremoduro.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Rock Transgresivo\" (1989)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Somos unos Animales\" (1991)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Deltoya\" (1992)\n", "BULLET::::- \"¿Dónde Están Mis Amigos?\" (1993)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Pedrá\" (1995)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Agila\" (1996)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Iros Todos a Tomar por Culo\" (1997)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Canciones Prohibidas\" (1998)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Yo, Minoría Absoluta\" (2002)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Grandes éxitos y fracasos (Episodio primero)\" (2004)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Grandes éxitos y fracasos (Episodio segundo)\" (2004)\n", "BULLET::::- \"La Ley Innata\" (2008)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Material Defectuoso\" (2011)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Para Todos los Públicos\" (2013)\n", "Section::::Discography.:Extrechinato y Tú.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Poesía básica\" (2001)\n", "Section::::Novels.\n", "BULLET::::- \"El víaje íntimo de la locura\" (2009)\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Laurent Thévenot\n", "Laurent Thévenot (born 1949) is a French sociologist.\n", "Section::::Career.\n", "Thévenot is a professor at the Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales (Paris) who co-initiated in France two trends which rejuvenated the critical social sciences, and reached a certain international audience. With Luc Boltanski, he co-authored \"On Justification\" 2006 [1991] which analyzes the most legitimate repertoires of evaluation governing political, economic and social relationships. It originated the French ‘Pragmatic sociology’ of critique. Thévenot is also one of the founders of the 'Convention School' which has developed analysis of economical, social and political conventions that regulate uncertain coordination.\n", "His research later extended with a book published on the architecture of forms of life, agencies and the ways of engaging with the world: \"L'action au pluriel. Sociologie des régimes d'engagement\" (2006). It widens critical approaches to power through the analysis of oppressions on valued ways people are empowered through by engaging with the environment and with others, from intimacy to the level of public conventions.\n", "This framework led to numerous articles and has also been developed and tested in collaborative and comparative research on the political and moral grammars used in differing and making things and issues common. Comparative projects included United States (\"Comparing Cultures and Polities: Repertoires of Evaluation in France and the United States\", ed. with Michèle Lamont, 2000) and Russia.\n", "Laurent Thévenot is co-editor of the journal \"Annales. Histoire, Sciences Sociales\".\n", "Section::::Selected publications in English.\n", "Section::::Selected publications in English.:Pragmatic Sociology and the Extension of Critique: Sociology of Engagements.\n", "BULLET::::- 2015, \"You Said 'Capital'? Extended Conceptions of Capital and the Analysis of Inequalities and Dominant Powers\", \"Annales Histoire Sciences Sociales\" 70(1) on line in English.\n", "BULLET::::- 2013, \"The Human Being Invested in Social Forms. Four Extensions of the Notion of Engagement\", in M. Archer and A. Maccarini (ed.), \"Engaging with the World. Agency, Institutions, Historical Formations\", Routledge.\n", "BULLET::::- 2012, \"Convening the Company of Historians to go into Conventions, Powers, Critiques and Engagements\", \"Historical Social Research\", 37(4).\n", "BULLET::::- 2011, \"Powers and Oppressions Viewed from the Sociology of Engagements: in Comparison with Bourdieu's and Dewey's Critical Approaches of Practical Activities\", \"Irish Journal of Sociology\", 19(1), special issue on \"Keys Issues in Contemporary Social Theory\".\n", "BULLET::::- 2007, \"The Plurality of Cognitive Formats and Engagements: Moving between the Familiar and the Public\", \"European Journal of Social Theory\", 10(3).\n", "BULLET::::- 2002, “Which Road to Follow? The Moral Complexity of an 'Equipped' Humanity”, in J. Law John, Annemarie Mol (eds), \"Complexities: Social Studies of Knowledge Practices\", Duke University Press.\n", "BULLET::::- 2001, \"Pragmatic Regimes Governing the Engagement with the World\", in K. Knorr-Cetina, T. Schatzki, E. v. Savigny (eds.), \"The Practice Turn in Contemporary Theory\", Routledge.\n", "Section::::Selected publications in English.:On Critique and Justification.\n", "BULLET::::- 2014, ”Enlarging Conceptions of Testing Moments and Critical Theory. Economies of Worth, On Critique and Sociology of Engagements, in S. Susen and B. Turner (eds.), \"The Spirit of Luc Boltanski. Essays on the ‘Pragmatic Sociology of Critique’\", Anthem Press.\n", "BULLET::::- 2006 [1991] (with L. Boltanski), \"On Justification. The Economies of Worth\", Princeton, Princeton University Press.\n", "BULLET::::- 2000 (with L. Boltanski), \"The Reality of Moral Expectations: a Sociology of Situated Judgment\", \"Philosophical Explorations\", 3(1).\n", "BULLET::::- 1999 (with L. Boltanski), \"The Sociology of Critical Capacity\", \"European Journal of Social Theory\", 2(3).\n", "BULLET::::- 1983 (with L. Boltanski), \"Finding One's Way in Social Space: A Study Based on Games\", \"Social Science Information\", 22(4-5).\n", "Section::::Selected publications in English.:Economic Sociology : Convention Theory, Coordination, Evaluation, Quantification.\n", "BULLET::::- 2016, \"From Codage social to Economie des conventions: A Thirty Years Perspective on the Analysis of Qualification and Quantification Investments\", \"Historical Social Research\", 41(2).\n", "BULLET::::- 2015, \"Certifying the world. Power Infrastructures and Practices in Economies of Conventional Forms\", in P. Aspers, and D. Dodd (eds.), \"Re-Imagining Economic Sociology\", Oxford University Press.\n", "BULLET::::- 2012, \"Law, Economies and Economics. New Critical Perspectives on Normative and Evaluative Devices in Action\", \"Economic Sociology\", 14(1).\n", "BULLET::::- 2011, \"Conventions for Measuring and Questioning Policies. The Case of 50 Years of Policies Evaluations through a Statistical Survey\", \"Historical Social Research\", 36(4).\n", "BULLET::::- 2005 (with F. Eymard-Duvernay, O. Favereau, A. Orléan and R. Salais), \"Values, Coordination and Rationality: The Economics of Conventions\", in A. Oleinik (ed.), \"The Institutional Economics of Russia’s Transformations\", Ashgate.\n", "BULLET::::- 2002, \"Conventions of Co-ordination and the Framing of Uncertainty\", in E. Fullbrook (ed.), \"Intersubjectivity in Economics: Agents and Structures\", Routledge.\n", "BULLET::::- 2001, \"Organized Complexity: Conventions of Coordination and the Composition of Economic Arrangements\", \"European Journal of Social Theory\", 4(4).\n", "BULLET::::- 1984, \"Rules and Implements: Investment in Forms\", \"Social Science Information\", 23(1).\n", "Section::::Selected publications in English.:Political and Cultural Sociology in a Transnational Perspective: Grammars of Commonality in the Plural.\n", "BULLET::::- 2015, \"Making Commonality in the Plural, on the Basis of Binding Engagements\", in P. Dumouchel and R. Gotoh (eds.), \"Social Bonds as Freedom: Revising the Dichotomy of the Universal and the Particular\", Berghahn.\n", "BULLET::::- 2014, \"Voicing Concern and Difference. From Public Spaces to Common-Places\", \"European Journal of Cultural and Political Sociology\", 1(1).\n", "BULLET::::- 2014, “Engaging in the Politics of Participative Art in Practice”, in T. Zembylas, (ed.), \"Artistic Practices\", Routledge.\n", "BULLET::::- 2012, “At Home and in a Common World, in a Literary and a Scientific Prose: Ginzburg’s Notes of a Blockade Person”, in E. Van Buskirk, and A. Zorin (eds.), \"Lydia Ginzburg’s Alternative Literary Identity\", Peter Lang.\n", "BULLET::::- 2009, \"Governing Life by Standards. A View from Engagements\", \"Social Studies of Science\", 39(5).\n", "BULLET::::- 2007, \"A Science of Life Together in the World\", \"European Journal of Social Theory\", 10, (2).\n", "BULLET::::- 2005, \"The Two Bodies of May '68: In Common, in Person\", in A. Sica and S. Turner (eds.), \"The Disobedient Generation: Social Theorists in the Sixties\", University of Chicago Press.\n", "BULLET::::- 2000 (with M. Lamont), \"Introduction: Toward A Renewed Comparative Cultural Sociology\", in M. Lamont and L. Thévenot (eds.), \"Rethinking Comparative Cultural Sociology: Repertoires of Evaluation in France and the United States\", Cambridge University Press.\n", "BULLET::::- 2000 (with M. Lamont), \"Exploring the French and American Polity\", in M. Lamont and L. Thévenot (eds.), \"Rethinking Comparative Cultural Sociology: Repertoires of Evaluation in France and the United States\", Cambridge University Press.\n", "BULLET::::- 2000 (with M. Moody), \"Comparing Models of Strategy, Interests, and the Public Good in French and American Environmental Disputes\", in M. Lamont and L. Thévenot (eds.), \"Rethinking Comparative Cultural Sociology: Repertoires of Evaluation in France and the United States\", Cambridge University Press.\n", "BULLET::::- 2000 (with M. Moody, C. Lafaye), \"Forms of Valuing Nature: Arguments and Modes of Justification in French and American Environmental Disputes\", in M. Lamont and L. Thévenot (eds.), \"Rethinking Comparative Cultural Sociology: Repertoires of Evaluation in France and the United States\", Cambridge University Press.\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Papers by Laurent Thévenot\n", "BULLET::::- Laurent Thévenot at the Centre Georg Simmel\n", "BULLET::::- \"An interview with Laurent Thévenot: On engagement, critique, commonality, and power\" – special issue of \"European Journal of Social Theory\" on the French Pragmatic Sociology with an interview by Paul Blokker and Andrea Brighenti\n", "BULLET::::- \"Critically Differing in a Common City\" – lecture at the Faculty of Social Sciences of the Charles University in Prague\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "Laurent Thevenot" ] }, "description": "French sociologist", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q541238", "wikidata_label": "Laurent Thévenot", "wikipedia_title": "Laurent Thévenot" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "John G. Baxter\n", "John George Baxter Jr. (December 12, 1826 – March 30, 1885) was the nineteenth (1870–1872) and twenty-first (1879– 1881) mayor of Louisville, Kentucky.\n", "Section::::Biography.\n", "Baxter was born December 12, 1826 to Scottish immigrants in Lexington, Kentucky. He came to Louisville in 1847 and eventually established a successful stove company.\n", "He served on the Board of Aldermen during the 1860s, and was elected president of the board from 1865 to 1867. He was elected mayor twice as a Democrat. His first administration saw the construction of the new city hall, as well as a new city hospital and an almshouse. He did not run again in 1872 after his first term because the new city charter restricted incumbents from running. He ran in 1875 and lost by a small margin to Charles Donald Jacob, but was reelected in 1879.\n", "Baxter died on March 30, 1885 in Louisville. He is buried at Cave Hill Cemetery on Baxter Avenue, which was renamed in his honor.\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- List of mayors of Louisville, Kentucky\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "American politician", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q6234444", "wikidata_label": "John G. Baxter", "wikipedia_title": "John G. Baxter" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "James S. Gorman\n", "James Sedgwick Gorman (December 28, 1850 – May 27, 1923) was a politician from the U.S. state of Michigan.\n", "Gorman was born in Lyndon Township, Michigan, near Chelsea. He attended the common schools and the Union School of Chelsea, and graduated from the law department of the University of Michigan at Ann Arbor in 1876. He was admitted to the bar and commenced practice in Jackson. He served as assistant prosecuting attorney of Jackson County for two years and moved to Dexter in 1879.\n", "Gorman was a member of the Michigan State House of Representatives from 1881 to 1882 and served in the Michigan Senate from 1887 to 1890. In 1890, he defeated incumbent Republican Edward P. Allen to be elected as a Democrat from Michigan's 2nd congressional district to the 52nd Congress He was re-elected to the 53rd, serving from March 4, 1891 to March 3, 1895. He was not a candidate for re-nomination in 1894.\n", "James S. Gorman engaged in farming near Chelsea, and resumed the practice of law. He died in Detroit and was interred in Mount Olivet Cemetery, Chelsea, Michigan.\n", "Section::::References.\n", "BULLET::::- The Political Graveyard\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "American politician", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q1681066", "wikidata_label": "James S. Gorman", "wikipedia_title": "James S. Gorman" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Michael Hoppé\n", "Michael Hoppé is a composer, record producer and recording artist from the United Kingdom who now lives in San Miguel de Allende, Mexico. In the early 1980‘s he was head of A&R for the PolyGram record label. He signed new-age acts such as Vangelis, Jean Michel Jarre and Kitaro to the label as well as resigning ABBA and The Who. In 1984, he quit the business of music to take up composing (published by his company Chordially Yours Music) and working as a music consultant (InterConnection Resources) in Los Angeles. His discography contains more than 30 albums in the 'new age' or 'classical' category. Hoppe says his music is best described as heart music and is often used for healing and meditation. His album, \"Solace\", was nominated for a New Age Grammy in 2003. His music has been featured in film and television such as The Sopranos, The Oprah Winfrey Show, \"Misunderstood\" starring Gene Hackman, Michael Moore's \"Sicko\", and the multi award-winning Short Film \"Nous Deux Encore\" featured on his Enhanced CD \"Tapestry\". Many of his albums feature the photography of his grandfather E.O. Hoppé (1878-1972). Hoppe's next release \"Grace\" (2013) featured work by his daughter, the photographer Rebecca Hoppe. She also designed the cover for the critically acclaimed \"Serenity\" (2014) a collection of improvisations for viola, performed by Harold Moses, and keyboards. Hoppe's next release was \"Nightingale\" (2015) featuring the Italian folk singer Giuditta Scorcelletti and her husband producer/guitarist Alessandro Boingi, with lyrics by David George. Hoppe's next release was AMISTAD (2018). Spanish for \"Friendship\", AMISTAD features wonderful performances by his musician friends he met mostly in his new home, San Miguel de Allende, Mexico. They are Pedro Cartas (violin), Joe Powers (harmonica), Dan Nicholas (guitar), Billy White (guitar)and David Mendoza-Diaz (guitar), and Alfredo Muro (guitar)\n", "In 2019 Triope, a classical trio in Korea released ”The Most Beloved Melodies of Michael Hoppe“ CD arranged by Sehwan Park, and performed by Jiyoung Yun (violin) and Youngmin Kim (cello) with Sehwan Park (piano)\n", "Section::::Discography.\n", "BULLET::::- 1984 - \"Misunderstood\" soundtrack\n", "BULLET::::- 1987 - \"Eyes Of The Wind\" CD Video\n", "BULLET::::- 1988 - \"\"\n", "BULLET::::- 1989 - \"Homeland\"\n", "BULLET::::- 1993 - \"The Yearning-Romances for Alto Flute\", with Tim Wheater (Editors Choice, Best Album-\"Stereo Review\")\n", "BULLET::::- 1994 - \"The Dreamer-Romances for Alto Flute Vol. 2\", with Tim Wheater\n", "BULLET::::- 1996 - \"Simple Pleasures\" Produced by George Daly\n", "BULLET::::- 1996 - \"Wind Songs\", with Tim Wheater\n", "BULLET::::- 1997 - \"The Poet: Romances for Cello\", with Martin Tillman (All Music Guide: Best Album)\n", "BULLET::::- 1998 - \"The Unforgetting Heart\", with Harold Moses and Tim Wheater\n", "BULLET::::- 1998 - \"Tea for Two\", with Tommy Eyre and Scarlet Rivera\n", "BULLET::::- 1998 - \"Lullabies & Childhood Dreams\"\n", "BULLET::::- 1999 - \"Afterglow\", Hearts of Space Records, AFIM Indie Award Winner, Crossroads Music Award, with Martin Tillman and Tim Wheater\n", "BULLET::::- 2000 - \"Oboe and Cor Anglais\"\n", "BULLET::::- 2000 - \"Beloved\", A Musical Tribute to the Queen Mother\n", "BULLET::::- 2001 - \"The Lover\", with Tim Wheater (Visionary Award)\n", "BULLET::::- 2002 - \"The HeartAid Project\", a 9/11 benefit piano collection\n", "BULLET::::- 2002 - \"Dreams That Cannot Die\", Longfellow's poems set to music narrated by Layne Longfellow\n", "BULLET::::- 2003 - \"Wind and Waves-The Journey\", with Tim Wheater, Chris Bleth and Stephan Liebold\n", "BULLET::::- 2003 - \"Solace\", Grammy nomination, Visionary Award, 30 Greatest New Age Albums of All Time\n", "BULLET::::- 2005 - \"How Do I Love Thee?\", Love poems with narration by Michael York\n", "BULLET::::- 2006 - \"Requiem\", Hearts of Space Records, with Heidi Fielding and Dwain Briggs\n", "BULLET::::- 2007 - \"Romances For Solo Piano\"\n", "BULLET::::- 2009 - \"Nostalgie\"-Romances for Harmonica\", with Joe Powers\n", "BULLET::::- 2010 - \"Tapestry\"\n", "BULLET::::- 2010 - \"Two Eagles Soaring\" Haiku with narration by poet Brett Brady\n", "BULLET::::- 2010 - \"Far Away...\" Romances for Koto with Mitsuki Dazai. Rereleased in 2016 with extra titles\n", "BULLET::::- 2010 - \"Prayers-A Personal Selection read by Michael York (Audie Award nomination)\n", "2010 Agnus Dei- Religious songs sung by Dwain Briggs\n", "BULLET::::- 2013 - \" Grace\" with Martin Tillmann (cello), AnDee Compton (contralto), Celeste Godin (soprano)\n", "Alyssa Park (violin), Michael Hoppe (keyboards and vocals). Artwork/photography by Rebecca Hoppe.\n", "BULLET::::- 2013 - \"Rarities Vol. 1\" (MP3 Downloads only) Artwork/photography by Rebecca Hoppé\n", "BULLET::::- 2014 - \"Serenity\", Viola and Keyboard Improvisations with Harold Moses. Artwork/photography by Rebecca Hoppé (Top Pick by reviewer Kathy Parsons)\n", "2014 Beautiful Dreams 2-CD set. Best of Michael Hoppé (Released in South Korea) Photography by Rebecca Hoppé\n", "BULLET::::- 2015 - \"Nightingale\" songs by Michael Hoppe sung by Giuditta with lyrics by David George. Artwork/photography by Rebecca Hoppé (Top Pick by reviewer Kathy Parsons)\n", "BULLET::::- 2016 - \"Sands of Time\" 2-CD set. Best of Michael Hoppé (Released in Taiwan) Photography by Rebecca Hoppé\n", "BULLET::::- 2017 - \"Solace\" 1st. time in Vinyl format, Limited Deluxe Box Set (Released in Taiwan) Photography by Rebecca Hoppé\n", "BULLET::::- 2017 - \"Romances For Solo Piano\" 1st. time in Vinyl format, Limited Deluxe Box Set (Released in Taiwan) Photography by Rebecca Hoppé\n", "BULLET::::- 2018 AMISTAD (\"Friendship\") by Michael Hoppe & Friends. Featuring Pedro Cartas, Joe Powers, Dan Nicholas, Billy White, Alfredo Muro, and David Mandoza-Diaz (Top Pick by reviewer Kathy Parsons)\n", "2020 “Safe To Port” Choral works including “Requiem for Peace & Reconciliation“\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- [ Allmusic.com]\n", "BULLET::::- Michael Hoppé website\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "Michael Hoppe" ] }, "description": "British composer", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q3856182", "wikidata_label": "Michael Hoppé", "wikipedia_title": "Michael Hoppé" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Grand Duchess Kira Kirillovna of Russia\n", "Grand Duchess Kira Kirillovna of Russia (9 May 1909 – 8 September 1967) was the second daughter of Grand Duke Kirill Vladimirovich of Russia and Princess Victoria Melita of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. She married the head of the German Imperial House, Prince Louis Ferdinand of Prussia.\n", "Section::::Early life.\n", "Grand Duchess Kira Kirilovna of Russia was born on 9 May 1909, at her parents' house on Avenue d' Henri Martin in Paris. Named after her father, she was the second child of Kirill Vladimirovich, Grand Duke of Russia, and his wife, Princess Victoria Melita of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. Her parents were then living in exile because their marriage had not been approved by Tsar Nicholas II due to the fact that they were first cousins. The Russian Orthodox religion forbids the marriage of two first cousins, so they had been forced to live abroad. In addition, her mother had divorced her former husband, Ernst Ludwig, Grand Duke of Hesse, the brother of the Empress Alexandra Feodorovna.\n", "Shortly after Kira's birth, her parents were restored to favor by Tsar Nicholas II and, in May 1910, the family returned to Russia. They settled at the Cavalier's house in Tsarskoye Selo as her father, a Captain in the Russian Navy, was attached to a nearby naval academy. Kira and her elder sister, Maria, had a privileged childhood. They had an English nanny and learned the languages spoken by the Romanovs: Russian, English, French, and German.\n", "Kira's early years were spent in luxury at her father's palace on Nikolskaya street in Saint Petersburg, where her parents entertained their guests lavishly. There were family outings with her grandmother at the opulent Vladimir Palace and in the summer at the Vladimir villa in Tsarskoye Selo.\n", "Section::::War and revolution.\n", "The family was spending the summer of 1914 on their yacht in the Gulf of Finland and were in Riga when the war broke out. During World War I, Kira's father served as the commander of a unit of the Naval Guards, while her mother oversaw a motorized ambulance. At the outbreak of the Russian revolution, Kira's father marched to the Tauride Palace at the head of the Naval Guards before the establishment of the Russian Provisional Government.\n", "Following the Russian Revolution of 1917, the family initially remained living at their palace amid the upheavals. In June, Kira's father obtained permission from the provisional government to move to Finland. Kira, eight at the time, recalled that they rode on a public train. \"For the first time there were no royal trappings ... i.e. red carpets, special comforts, etc.,\" she recalled. In Finland, the family lived at Haiko Manor, Borga. A month later, her 40-year-old mother gave birth to a son, Vladimir. The family waited in Finland, hoping that the White Russians would defeat the Bolsheviks and they could return to Russia. The family lived under harsh conditions, with food, fuel and money in short supply. Kira, then age nine, amused herself by taking long walks hunting for mushrooms, and as a treat went to the cinema every Friday. She later recalled feeling home sick and bored. Grand Duke Kirill's family stayed in Finland until May 1920.\n", "Section::::Later life.\n", " The family eventually left Finland and headed first to Coburg and then to Saint-Briac, France. Kira was born Princess Kira Kirillovna of Russia, but her father later gave her the title \"Grand Duchess\" when he declared himself Guardian of the Throne in 1924. Blonde-haired, blue-eyed Kira, high-spirited and straightforward, also had an even temper. She was intelligent, curious, and interested in the arts like her mother, with whom she worked in the art studio at Saint-Briac. Kira also frequently visited her cousins at various royal courts or attended house parties in the United Kingdom. \n", "Grand Duchess Kira had some difficulty finding a suitable husband. She was interested in the hemophiliac Alfonso of Spain, Prince of Asturias, son of Alfonso XIII of Spain, but was disappointed when the prince showed more interest in one of the daughters of Prince Nicholas of Greece. Later, she was fond of Prince Constantine \"Teddy\" Soutzo, a Romanian aristocrat. Her cousin Carol II of Romania refused to permit the match for political reasons. Finally, Kira married Louis Ferdinand of Prussia in 1938. Louis Ferdinand worked with the underground against the Nazis, and, in the later years of the war, the couple was arrested and imprisoned, and they were rescued by American troops in 1945. They raised a family of four sons and three daughters in a village near Bremen, Germany. Her children were:\n", "BULLET::::- Prince Friedrich Wilhelm of Prussia (9 February 1939-29 September 2015) he married Waltraud Freydag on 22 August 1967 and they were divorced in 1975. They have one son and six grandchildren. He remarried Ehrengard von Reden on 23 April 1976 and they were divorced in 2004. They have three children and one grandson. He remarried, again, Sibylle Kretschmer on 23 March 2004.\n", "BULLET::::- Prince Michael of Prussia (22 March 1940-3 April 2014) he married Jutta Jörn on 23 September 1966 and they were divorced in 1982. They have two daughters and two grandchildren. He remarried Birgitte Dallwitz-Wegner on 23 June 1982.\n", "BULLET::::- Princess Marie Cécile of Prussia (28 May 1942) she married Duke Friedrich August of Oldenburg on 3 December 1965 and they were divorced on 23 November 1989. They have three children and eight grandchildren.\n", "BULLET::::- Princess Kira of Prussia (27 June 1943-10 January 2004) she married Thomas Liepsner on 10 September 1973 and they were divorced in 1984. They have one daughter and two granddaughters:\n", "BULLET::::- Kira-Marina Liepsner (22 January 1977) she married Andrea von Bismarck on 7 May 2005. They have two daughters:\n", "BULLET::::- Luise Kira Pauline von Bismarck (17 February 2002)\n", "BULLET::::- Sophie von Bismarck (2007)\n", "BULLET::::- Prince Louis Ferdinand of Prussia (25 August 1944-11 July 1977) he married Donata Countess of Castell-Rüdenhausen on 23 May 1975. They have two children and four grandchildren.\n", "BULLET::::- Prince Christian-Sigismund of Prussia (b. 14 March 1946) he married Countess Nina of Reventlow on 29 September 1984. They have two children and also he has another daughter.\n", "BULLET::::- Princess Xenia of Prussia (9 December 1949-18 January 1992). she married Per-Edvard Lithander on 27 January 1973 and they were divorced in 1978. They have two sons and six grandchildren:\n", "BULLET::::- Patrick Edvard Christian Lithander (25 June 1973) he married Maja Flechtner on 16 October 2003. They have four children:\n", "BULLET::::- Pius Lithander (1 January 2005)\n", "BULLET::::- Hugo Lithander (2 August 2006)\n", "BULLET::::- Karl Lithander (26 March 2008)\n", "BULLET::::- Merle Lithander (25 February 2010)\n", "BULLET::::- Wilhelm Sebastian Lithander (21 November 1974) he married Tiana Bischoff on 29 May 2009. They have two children:\n", "BULLET::::- Steen Edvard Lithander (February 2010)\n", "BULLET::::- Ebba Viktoria Lithander (13 May 2012)\n", "In later years, Kira was disappointed when her eldest son, Friedrich Wilhelm, renounced his rights to the title and married a commoner. She also paid little heed to her health, putting on weight and suffering from high blood pressure in her fifties. She was in good spirits on a visit to her brother Grand Duke Vladimir of Russia at Saint-Briac in September 1967, where she ate well and dumped several spoonfuls of sugar into her coffee, commenting, \"God forbid I should eat anything healthy!\" That night, she suffered a heart attack and soon died.\n", "Section::::Titles and styles.\n", "BULLET::::- 9 May 1909 – 8 August 1922: \"Her Highness Princess\" Kira Kirillovna of Russia\n", "BULLET::::- 8 August 1922 – 21 October 1938: \"Her Imperial Highness\" Grand Duchess Kira Kirillovna of Russia\n", "BULLET::::- 21 October 1938 – 20 July 1951: \"Her Imperial and Royal Highness\" Princess Louis Ferdinand of Prussia\n", "BULLET::::- 20 July 1951 – 8 September 1967: \"Her Imperial and Royal Highness\" The Princess of Prussia\n", "Section::::Sources.\n", "BULLET::::- Peter Kurth, \"Anastasia: The Riddle of Anna Anderson,\" Back Bay Books, 1983,\n", "BULLET::::- Michael John Sullivan, \"A Fatal Passion: The Story of the Uncrowned Last Empress of Russia,\" Random House, 1997,\n", "BULLET::::- John Van der Kiste, \"Princess Victoria Melita,\" Sutton Publishing, 1991,\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "Kira Kirillovna Romanova" ] }, "description": "Daughter of Grand Duke Kirill of Russia and of Princess Victoria Melita of Great Britain and Saxe-Coburg-Gotha; wife of Prince Louis-Ferdinand of Prussia", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q237341", "wikidata_label": "Grand Duchess Kira Kirillovna of Russia", "wikipedia_title": "Grand Duchess Kira Kirillovna of Russia" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "John Monro (surgeon)\n", "John Monro of Bearcrofts (1670-1740) was a Scottish surgeon who was the progenitor of the Monro dynasty of anatomists in Edinburgh. He is credited with conceiving and playing a major role in founding the University of Edinburgh Medical School. He served as Deacon (President) of the Incorporation of Surgeons of Edinburgh. \n", "Section::::Medical education.\n", "John Monro was the third son of Sir Alexander Monro (1629–1704) of Bearcrofts,commissary of Stirling. He was initially apprenticed on 8 April 1687, to the Edinburgh surgeon William Borthwick of Pilmuir (1641–89) who was the first in the Edinburgh Incorporation of Surgeons to have an international perspective, having studied in Padua in Italy and Leiden in Holland. Borthwick's Leiden education and his appointment in 1679 as Chirurgeon Major to the Army in Scotland, both influenced his young apprentice. From 1689 Monro served as apprentice to Dr Christopher Irvine who had obtained a medical degree abroad. Monro matriculated at the University of Leiden in Holland on 11 October 1692. While studying there he attended the lectures of Archibald Pitcairne from Edinburgh who had been appointed Professor of Physic.\n", "Section::::Military career.\n", "In 1694 he returned home and married his cousin Jean Forbes, granddaughter of the first Duncan Forbes of Culloden. On 7 March 1695 he was commissioned Surgeon in General Sir Henry Belasyse's 22nd Regiment of Foot. During that spring the regiment served in the Netherlands and were in camp between Bruges and Ghent. Later in that year they took part in the Siege of Namur under the personal command of King William III of Great Britain. From 1696 to 1700 Monro was stationed in England and in Ireland but he appears to have been given lengthy periods of leave which enabled him to set up house with his wife in London and it was there that his son, Alexander Monro was born in 1697. In 1700 Monro left the army and settled in Edinburgh.\n", "Section::::Surgical career.\n", "As a necessry prerequisite to practising surgery he opened an apothecary's shop then became a burgess of the city on 19 August 1702. He was admitted to the Incorporation of Surgeons on 11 March 1703, having passed the necessary examinations. Monro was elected as Boxmaster (Treasurer) from 1708 to 1710 and was elected Deacon (President) in 1712. This gave him an \"ex officio\" seat on Edinburgh Town Council and later that year he was elected Deacon of the Edinburgh Convenery of Trades, a position which gave him considerable local political power and status. The following year he was re-elected to these offices, and in addition was appointed one of the City’s representatives on the Convention of the Royal Burghs of Scotland. In 1713 the Town Council appointed him surgeon to the poor of the city for an annual salary of '300 merks Scots', a position he held until 1720.\n", "Section::::Political allegiance.\n", "Monro was loyal to the British monarchy. He was present in his official robes as Deacon of Convenery along with other civic dignitaries at the proclamation of George I as King of Great Britain, France and Ireland at the Mercat Cross in Edinburgh on 5 August 1714. It seems likely that he attended the wounded at the Battle of Sherrifmuir in 1715 during the Jacobite rising.\n", "Section::::Role in establishing the Edinburgh Medical School.\n", "Having established himself in Edinburgh as a man of influence and authority in professional and civic affairs, John Monro set about the fulfilment of his ambition of founding in the City a \"Seminary of Medical Education\" modelled on the medical school of the University of Leiden, where he had studied. In 1720 he produced ‘a plan which he had long formed in my own mind, of having the different branches of Physic and Surgery regularly taught at Edinburgh, which was highly approved by them’. His plan was favourably received by the Town Council, the University of Edinburgh the Royal College of Physicians and the Incorporation of Surgeons. The key to its success was the appointment to the University Chair of Anatomy of John Monro’s son, Alexander, whose education and training had been planned with this specific objective. Indeed Alexander arguably had the best medical education available at the time, studying in Edinburgh, London, Paris and Leiden. To facilitate his son's appointment to this key chair, John Monro used his influence in 1720 to force the Incorporation's two Professors of anatomy, John McGill and Adam Drummond to resign in favour of his son. The reason for these resignations were because '...the state of their health and business were such that they could not duly attend the said professorships' and they unanimously recommended Alexander Monro to be Professor of Anbatomy to the city and the University. The following week, on 29 January 1720 Alexander was appointed by the town Council as Professor of Anatomy in the University. \n", "In the following months John Monro was involved in the arrangement that Charles Alston should become Professor of Materia Medica and that James Crawford should become Professor of Chemistry. These appointments and the lectures that resulted from them are regarded as the origin of the Edinburgh University medical school. The role played by powerful patrons such as Archibald Campbell, 1st Earl of Ilay (1682– 1761) and Lord Provost George Drummond (1688–1766) in these events, which remains the subject of controversy, has been explored at length by Emerson.\n", "Section::::Family, anatomy dynasty and death.\n", "John Monro married twice. In 1694 he married his first cousin Jean Forbes, granddaughter of the first Duncan Forbes of Culloden. They had one son Alexander Monro \"primus\" (1697–1767). In turn his son, who would become Prof Alexander Monro \"secundus\" (1733–1817) also held the chair of Anatomy at the University of Edinburgh as did his son who would become Prof Alexander Monro \"tertius\" (1773–1859) Between them these 3 men occupied the chair of Anatomy for a total of 126 years, from 1720-1846. They were distant relatives of the 'Bedlam Monros' another dynasty, known for their treatment of insanity in London. \n", "Jean Monro died c 1710. In August 1721 John Monro married Margaret Main (née Crichton) and she outlived him. In later years he lived at Carolside near Earlston in Berwickshire, where he died in 1740. \n", "Section::::Further reading.\n", "Morrell,J. \"The Edinburgh town council and its university, 1717–1766\" in Anderson R. Simpson A. (eds) \"The early years of the Edinburgh medical school\",Edinburgh, Royal Scottish Museum, 1976\n", "Alison M. Stevenson, ‘Monro, John (bap. 1670, d. 1740)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004 accessed 23 Sept 2017\n", "Wright-St Clair R.E. \"Doctors Monro\".London, Wellcome,1964.\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "Scottish anatomist", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q6249830", "wikidata_label": "John Munro", "wikipedia_title": "John Monro (surgeon)" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Jeff Siemon\n", "Jeffrey Glenn Siemon (born June 2, 1950) is a former professional American football player and an inductee in the College Football Hall of Fame.\n", "Jeff grew up in Bakersfield, CA and graduated from Bakersfield High School in 1968 where he played QB, LB, TE, and Center.\n", "Section::::Stanford University.\n", "Jeff Siemon graduated from Stanford University in 1972, where he starred as a linebacker, playing on two Rose Bowl winning teams. At Stanford, he earned the Silver anniversary Dick Butkus award his senior year as the nation's top linebacker, and the Pop Warner Award as the top senior player on the West Coast. He was inducted to the College Football Hall of Fame in 2006. He is a member of Delta Tau Delta International Fraternity.\n", "Section::::NFL.\n", "In 1972, Siemon was drafted in the first round by the Vikings, for whom he played until he retired after the 1982 season. During that time, he was the starting middle linebacker in 4 NFC championship games over the course of 5 years (1973 to 1977), winning 3: 1973-74 NFL playoffs, 1974-75 NFL playoffs, 1976-77 NFL playoffs, losing 1: 1977-78 NFL playoffs, and 3 Super Bowls (Super Bowl VIII, Super Bowl IX, Super Bowl XI), all losses. He was also a vital part of the Vikings' 1975 season of 12 wins and 2 losses, winning the NFC central division, third in the NFL in fewest points allowed (180 points, 12.9 points per game), but the team lost to the Dallas Cowboys in the first round of the 1975-76 NFL playoffs. During the prime years, he teamed up with excellent outside linebackers, such as Matt Blair, Roy Winston, and Wally Hilgenberg.\n", "For his speed, quickness, and savvy, he was chosen to play in 4 Pro Bowls.\n", "Section::::Post-NFL.\n", "After his NFL career, Jeff graduated from the Simon Greenleaf School of Law (M.A. in Christian Apologetics, 1984) Subsequently, Jeff began and continues his work today as the Minnesota Search Ministries Division Director.\n", "Jeff and his wife, Dawn, have four grown children and live in Edina, Minnesota. Their daughter Kelley was a four-year starter for the Notre Dame women's basketball team, concluding her career as part of the Fighting Irish's 2001 national championship squad.\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Shlomo Elyashiv\n", "Shlomo Elyashiv (Eliashov) (January 5, 1841 [12 Tevet 5602] - March 13, 1926 [27 Adar, 5676]) (), also known as the \"Leshem\" or \"Ba'al HaLeshem\", was a famous kabbalist, who was born in Šiauliai, Lithuania, and later moved to Palestine.\n", "Section::::Biography.\n", "His father was Rabbi Chayim Chaikl Eliashoff. \n", "Rabbi Elyashev, a brilliant talmudist, studied in the yeshivot of Minsk and Telz. In addition to his own works on Kabbalah (\"Leshem\"), he was instrumental in printing works of earlier kabbalists.\n", "Section::::Aliyah.\n", "Eliashiv taught Rabbi Abraham Isaac Kook Kabbalah when Rabbi Kook was the young rabbi of the town of Zoimel. Rabbi Kook was granted a month-long leave of absence to study with the famous kabbalist in Shavel.\n", "In 1922, when Rabbi Kook was serving as chief rabbi of Jerusalem, Rabbi Elyashiv asked him for assistance in settling in Eretz Yisrael. Due to Rav Kook’s intervention, the great kabbalist, his son-in-law, daughter, and his eleven-year-old grandson (who would grow up to be the great scholar Rabbi Yosef Shalom Elyashiv), were allowed to emigrate to the Land of Israel.\n", "\"One particularly poignant story tells of a visit the revered Leshem paid to the chief rabbi. It was a bitterly cold winter evening and Rav Kook noted that the Leshem had no coat. Rav Kook immediately took his own fur-lined coat from his closet and gave it to the elderly man as a gift. This coat remained in the Elyashiv family as an heirloom and was periodically worn by Rabbi Yosef Shalom Elyashiv on wintry days.\"\n", "Rabbi Elyashiv died in 1926, and is buried in Mount of Olives Jewish Cemetery in Jerusalem.\n", "Section::::Works.\n", "The primary work for which Elyashiv is known is \"Leshem Shevo V’Achlama\", which was written in four parts and released in the following order:\n", "BULLET::::- \"Drushei Olam HaTohu\" (\"Sefer HaDei'ah\") - Elyashiv details what happened, based upon the \"Zohar\", Arizal, and the Vilna Gaon, from the first moment of God’s emanation of light that we are allowed to study, until physical Creation itself.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Hakdamot u’She’arim\" (\"HaKadosh\") - An introduction to Elyashiv's system, based upon the idea of five major revelations that occur between the Divine and humanity; it also contains a discussion of the Sarugian Lurianic system, particularly of the idea of the \"malbush\"\n", "BULLET::::- \"Sha’arei Leshem Shevo V’Achlama\", \"Sefer HaBeiurim\"\n", "BULLET::::- \"Sha’arei Leshem Shevo V’Achlama\", \"Sefer HaKlallim\"\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Rabbi Eliyahu Yaakov, Complete Audio Series - LESHEM - Hakdamos U’She’arim - \"EliTheJew.com\"\n", "BULLET::::- \"Leshem Shevo V’achlamah\" in \"Aharon's Jewish Books and Judaica from the Mile Chai City\"\n", "BULLET::::- Audio Shiurim in English on Leshem Shevo V'Achlamah - Hakdamot U-Shearim\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "Lithuanian rabbi", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q2239932", "wikidata_label": "Shlomo Elyashiv", "wikipedia_title": "Shlomo Elyashiv" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "George Hoadley (Ohio politician)\n", "George Hoadley (December 15, 1781 – February 20, 1857) was the mayor of Cleveland in 1846.\n", "Hoadley was born in Connecticut to Timothy and Rebecca (Taintor) Hoadley. Hoadley graduated from Yale University in 1801, where he studied law. He served a term as mayor of New Haven, Connecticut before he moved to Cleveland in 1830 and established his own law practice. Hoadley served as Justice of the Peace from 1832 to 1846 and was elected mayor for a two-year term in 1846. The first high school for boys in Cleveland was opened in 1846 after Hoadley and his predecessor, Samuel Starkweather, worked to establish the first high school in Cleveland.\n", "Hoadley was married 8 November 1819 in New Haven, New Haven Co, Connecticut to Mary Ann Woolsey and had four children: Mary Ann, Elisabeth Dwight, George, who became governor of Ohio in 1883, and Laura. Hoadley died in Cleveland and is buried in the Erie Street Cemetery. His wife, and daughter Laura, are buried in Highland Park Cemetery, Highland Hills, Cuyahoga Co, Ohio. His wife died 2 May 1871 in Cleveland and Laura died 21 June 1853 at the age of 18.\n", "Section::::References.\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Encyclopedia Of Cleveland History\" by Cleveland Bicentennial Commission (Cleveland, Ohio), David D. Van Tassel (Editor), and John J. Grabowski (Editor)\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "American politician", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q5540639", "wikidata_label": "George Hoadley", "wikipedia_title": "George Hoadley (Ohio politician)" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Jim Brillheart\n", "James Benson Brillheart (September 28, 1903 – September 2, 1972) was a pitcher in Major League Baseball who played between 1922 and 1931 for the Washington Senators (1922–23), Chicago Cubs (1927) and Boston Red Sox (1931). He was also known as 'Buck', 'Lefty', or 'Benson'. Brillheart batted right-handed and threw left-handed.\n", "Brillheart is one of the few pitchers in baseball history to appear in over 1,000 games, compiling 956 in the minor leagues and 86 in major league, during a career which lasted from 1921 to 1951. He was 18 years old when he reached the majors in 1922, and was the youngest player in the major leagues that season, pitching in 31 games for the Senators. He played for three different teams in part of four seasons, in which he posted an 8–9 record with 98 strikeouts and a 4.19 ERA in 286 innings pitched. His minor league career continued through 1951, when he pitched in 3 games for Tacoma of the Western International League.\n", "Brillheart was the first Pulaski County, Virginia-born player to reach the major leagues. He was inducted into the Pulaski County Baseball Hall Of Fame in 2009. Brillheart married the former Gertie Lake Lester on November 3, 1923, and they had one son, James Benson Brilheart Jr. An extensive biography of Brillheart was written by John F. Green for the Society for American Baseball Research. Brillheart died in Radford, Virginia at the age of 68.\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Baseball Library\n", "BULLET::::- Retrosheet\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Hagen von Ortloff\n", "Hagen von Ortloff (born May 1949 in Zwickau) is a German TV presenter. \n", "Section::::Biography.\n", "Von Ortloff is most famous for \"Eisenbahn-Romantik\", a television programme about historical rail travel (specifically steam engines in Germany, Switzerland and Austria) produced by the television company SWR.\n", "After the death of his father in 1957 he spent his childhood with his grandmother in Dresden. In 1960 he moved to live with his mother in West Germany, near to Heilbronn. He attended the school Justinus-Kerner-Gymnasium in Weinsberg.\n", "From 1972 to 1975 von Ortloff studied at the \"Fachhochschule für Druck\" in Stuttgart as an industrial engineer. Following this, he studied Sociology, Political Science and Management Economics at the University of Stuttgart, which he completed in 1984. \n", "In 1977 he started working with the \"Süddeutschen Rundfunk\" broadcaster, and in 1991 the series \"Eisenbahn-Romantik\" first aired, which von Ortloff has presented since.\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- SWR Profile\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Co Stompé\n", "Jacobus Wilhelmus \"Co\" Stompé (born 10 September 1962) is a retired Dutch professional darts player. He was nicknamed The Matchstick because of his almost bald head and very thin appearance making him look like a matchstick. He was also one of very few professionals who play in long-sleeved shirts.\n", "Stompé was born in Amsterdam, where, before turning professional, he was among other things a tram driver on tram line 14.\n", "Section::::Darts career.\n", "Section::::Darts career.:BDO.\n", "For years Stompé was considered the second best Dutch darts player behind Raymond van Barneveld. After reaching the semi-finals of the 2000 World Championship, he dropped back behind a younger emerging Dutch group of players.\n", "Stompé came back to fame with the defeat of reigning BDO champion Jelle Klaasen in the first round of the 2007 World Championship.\n", "Towards the end of his BDO career, Stompé also acted as a darts commentator for Dutch commercial television station SBS6.\n", "Section::::Darts career.:PDC.\n", "On 11 June 2008 it was announced that Stompé had joined the Professional Darts Corporation circuit, and had to join the PDC rankings at 227. He made his PDC debut in the two PDPA Players Championship tournaments in Bristol. The first tournament started with a bye into the last 64, due to van Barneveld not taking part. He lost to Matt Clark. The next day saw him beat Tony Ayres and Peter Manley before losing in the last 32 stage to Kirk Shepherd.\n", "He then qualified for the 2008 Las Vegas Desert Classic but lost in the first round to Dennis Priestley.\n", "Stompé won the 2008 PDC German Darts Championship, beating Phil Taylor 4–2 in the final. Both players averaged well in excess of 100; Stompé averaged 107.28, while Taylor averaged 108.09. The win earned him a spot in the 2009 Grand Slam of Darts and also earned him a place in the 2009 World Championship qualifying through the Continental Europe Order of Merit. He originally qualified through Dutch broadcaster SBS6's wildcard place which then went to Remco van Eijden as a result. He defeated 2007 semi-finalist Andy Jenkins in the first round. He also defeated Alan Tabern, the ninth seed in the second round and his impressive form in the championship continued with a 4–0 win over eighth seed Wayne Mardle in the third round. The win set up a quarter final encounter with Taylor, losing 5–0.\n", "Stompé then qualified for the Desert Classic for the second successive year. He defeated Colin Osborne in the first round but lost in round two to Raymond van Barneveld. He then suffered first round losses in the World Matchplay to Adrian Lewis and in the European Championship to Gary Anderson and also went out at the group stage of the Grand Slam of Darts. His defence of the German Darts Championship ended in the last 32 with a loss to Ronnie Baxter.\n", "At the 2010 World Championship, Stompé defeated Steve Maish, Mervyn King and Mark Dudbridge to reach the quarter finals once more but was defeated by Mark Webster. He then reached the quarter finals of the 2010 World Matchplay, defeating Andy Hamilton and Mark Webster before losing to Raymond van Barneveld.\n", "On 18 October that year, Stompé broke into the PDC Top 16 for the first time, dropping out three weeks later. In December, he partnered van Barneveld in the Netherlands team which won the inaugural PDC World Cup of Darts. Later that month, Stompé was knocked out of the 2011 World Championship in the first round, losing 1–3 to Peter Wright.\n", "Stompé comfortably beat Michael Smith 3–0 in the first round of the 2012 World Championship. He was bitten by a dog over the Christmas period and couldn't replicate the form he showed days earlier as he lost 1–4 in the second round to Terry Jenkins, hitting just 28% of his doubles. 2012 proved to be a disappointing year for Stompé as he could not reach a single quarter-final out of the 25 tournaments he played, with his best finishes being last 16 defeats in Pro Tour events.\n", "Stompé dropped out of the top 32 during 2012, but qualified for the 2013 World Championship by finishing fifth on the European Order of Merit, taking the first of four spots for non-qualified players. He lost 0–3 to Paul Nicholson in the first round. After the tournament he was world ranked number 40. Stompé lost 5–4 to Michael Mansell in the second round of the UK Open. He only played in four more events during the rest of the year with his final PDC tournament coming in September.\n", "Section::::Darts career.:BDO return.\n", "Stompe returned to the BDO in 2014. He made his return to high-profile televised BDO tournaments at the Zuiderduin Masters.\n", "Section::::Darts career.:PDC return.\n", "In December 2017, RTL 7 announced that Stompé would take part in qualifying school in early 2018 in an attempt to regain his tour card.\n", "Section::::Outside darts.\n", "Co is married to his second wife Danielle. He proposed to her on stage after winning the WDF World Cup with the Netherlands. Stompé's son, also called Co (born 1991), plays on the PDC Youth Tour, and reached the final of an event in Crawley in May 2011. Stompe has \"adopted\" Portsmouth as his football team, due to the support he has received from fans.\n", "Stompé and his wife were found guilty of taxation fraud in 2017. They received work sentences of 150 and 190 hours of work for tax fraud respectively. The court in Almelo considered forgery of documents and the deliberate submission of incorrect declarations for turnover and income tax for the years 2009 through 2013 to have been proven. The couple also received a conditional prison sentence of three months.\n", "The fraud was estimated to be more than 100,000 euros.\n", "Section::::World Championship record.\n", "Section::::World Championship record.:BDO.\n", "BULLET::::- 1996: 1st round (lost to Steve Beaton 0–3)\n", "BULLET::::- 1998: 1st round (lost to Roland Scholten 2–3)\n", "BULLET::::- 1999: 2nd round (lost to Roland Scholten 2–3)\n", "BULLET::::- 2000: Semi-finalist (lost to Ronnie Baxter 2–5)\n", "BULLET::::- 2001: 2nd round (lost to Wayne Mardle 0–3)\n", "BULLET::::- 2002: 2nd round (lost to Bob Taylor 2–3)\n", "BULLET::::- 2003: 1st round (lost to Martin Adams 1–3)\n", "BULLET::::- 2004: 1st round (lost to Robert Wagner 2–3)\n", "BULLET::::- 2005: 1st round (lost to André Brantjes 2–3)\n", "BULLET::::- 2006: 1st round (lost to Paul Hanvidge 1–3)\n", "BULLET::::- 2007: 2nd round (lost to Martin Adams 1–4)\n", "BULLET::::- 2008: 2nd round (lost to Brian Woods 2–4)\n", "Section::::World Championship record.:PDC.\n", "BULLET::::- 2009: Quarter-finalist (lost to Phil Taylor 0–5)\n", "BULLET::::- 2010: Quarter-finalist (lost to Mark Webster 3–5)\n", "BULLET::::- 2011: 1st round (lost to Peter Wright 1–3)\n", "BULLET::::- 2012: 2nd round (lost to Terry Jenkins 1–4)\n", "BULLET::::- 2013: 1st round (lost to Paul Nicholson 0–3)\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Stompe career details dartsdatabase\n", "BULLET::::- Management Website\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "Co Stompe" ] }, "description": "Dutch darts player", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q1677773", "wikidata_label": "Co Stompé", "wikipedia_title": "Co Stompé" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "William David Kenny\n", "William David Kenny VC (1 February 1899 – 2 January 1920) was a British Indian Army officer and an Irish recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces.\n", "Section::::Early life.\n", "Kenny was born in Saintfield, County Down on 1 February 1899.\n", "Section::::Military career.\n", "Kenny was commissioned in to the Indian Army as a second lieutenant on 31 August 1918. He was promoted to lieutenant a year later.\n", "He was 20 years old, and a lieutenant in the 4/39th Garhwal Rifles during the Waziristan Campaign when the deed took place for which he was awarded the VC. The citation was published in a supplement to the \"London Gazette\" of 7 September 1920 (dated 9 September 1920):\n", "Section::::The medal.\n", "His Victoria Cross is displayed at the National Army Museum in Chelsea.\n", "Memorials: India Gate, Delhi, India, and Donaghadee, Co Down, Northern Ireland.\n", "Section::::References.\n", "Section::::References.:Bibliography.\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Register of the Victoria Cross\" (1981, 1988 and 1997)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Ireland's VCs\" (Dept of Economic Development, 1995)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Monuments to Courage\" (David Harvey, 1999)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Irish Winners of the Victoria Cross\" (Richard Doherty & David Truesdale, 2000)\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- VC medal auction details\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "Recipient of the Victoria Cross", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q8007612", "wikidata_label": "William David Kenny", "wikipedia_title": "William David Kenny" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Ishar Singh\n", "Sardar Bahadur Ishar Singh VC, OBI (30 December 1895 – 2 December 1963) was a soldier in the British Indian Army and a recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces. Born at Nenwan, he was the first Sikh to receive the Victoria Cross.\n", "Section::::Victoria Cross.\n", "Ishar Singh was 25 years old, and a sepoy in the 28th Punjabis, Indian Army during the Waziristan Campaign when, on 10 April 1921, near Haidari Kach he undertook the actions which led his senior officer, Captain Bernard Oddie, to recommend him for the award of a VC. The citation was published in a supplement to the \"London Gazette\" of 25 November 1921:\n", "He later achieved the rank of captain, and served in the Second World War. In addition to the Victoria Cross, he was awarded the prestigious Order of British India, First Class, which carried with it the title of \"Sardar Bahadur.\" \n", "His medal is held in the collection of Lord Ashcroft \n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Ishar Singh\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Piet Esser\n", "Vincent Pieter Semeyn Esser known as Piet Esser (9 March 1914, Baarn – 19 November 2004) was a Dutch sculptor.\n", "Section::::Biography.\n", "Esser was part of the Dutch \"Groep van de figuratieve abstractie\" (Figurative abstraction group). He won a silver medal at the Prix de Rome in 1938, and became a professor at the Rijksakademie, Amsterdam in 1947.\n", "Section::::Selected works.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Troelstramonument\" (monument to Pieter Jelles Troelstra) in The Hague (1953)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Watersnood 1953\" (North Sea flood of 1953) in sculpture garden of Museum Boijmans Van Beuningen, Rotterdam (1957)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Brederomonument \" (monument to Gerbrand Adriaensz Bredero) in Amsterdam (1968)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Icarus\" in The Hague (1974)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Barmhartige Samaritaan\" (Good Samaritan) in Utrecht (1976)\n", "BULLET::::- Statue of Cornelis Lely in Lelystad (1984, erected 2002 but removed at sculptor's request in 2003)\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- in Dutch Wikipedia\n", "BULLET::::- in Dutch Wikipedia\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "Vincent Pieter Semeyn Esser" ] }, "description": "Dutch sculptor", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q1975871", "wikidata_label": "Piet Esser", "wikipedia_title": "Piet Esser" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Kamran Shirdel\n", "Kamran Shirdel (; born 1939 in Tehran) is an Iranian documentarist.\n", "He studied architecture and urbanism at the University of Rome and film direction at the Centro Sperimentale di Cinematografia of Rome, graduating in 1964. He worked as an assistant director with John Huston on \"The Bible\" before making his diploma film, \"Gli Specchi\" (The Mirrors), in Rome. He returned to Iran and started his career in 1965.\n", "Shirdel is the founder and director of the Kish International Documentary Film Festival which is held yearly in the January in Kish Island in the Persian Gulf. He is also the managing director of \"Filmgrafic Co\". Kamran Shirdel was appointed as \"Il cavaliere Della Republica Italiana\" and received the Medals of \"La stella della solidarieta italiana\" in a ceremony held in Farmanieh Palace in Tehran on May 2010.\n", "Section::::Filmography.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Nedamatgah\" (aka \"Women's Prison\")1965 / 11 min. / Black & white / shot in 35 mm.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Qal'eh\" (aka \"Women's Quarter\", it depicts the life condition of prostitutes in Tehran's red-light district during the mid-sixties)1965 - 1980 / 18 min. / Black & White / Shot in 35 mm.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Tehran is the Capital of Iran\" 1966 - 1980 / 18 min. / Black & White / Shot in 35 mm.\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Night It Rained\" (aka \"Oun Shab Keh Baroun Oumad\", an Award-winning satirical documentary)1967 - 1974 / 35 min./Black & White / shot in 35 mm.\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Morning of the Fourth Day\" (Sobh-e Rooz-e Chaahaarom) (Feature film, fiction,1972)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Dubai\" (1974)1974-75 / 38 min. / color / shot in 35 mm.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Solitude Opus 1\" (2002)18 min. / color / shot in Betacam SP.\n", "Every year, the IDFA, International Documentary Festival in Amsterdam, gives an acclaimed filmmaker the chance to screen his or her personal Top 10 favorite films. In 2007, filmmaker Maziar Bahari selected Kamran Shirdel's \"The Night It Rained\" for his top ten classics from the history of documentary.\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Kamran Shirdel at UBUWEB\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "Iranian filmmaker", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q6359628", "wikidata_label": "Kamran Shirdel", "wikipedia_title": "Kamran Shirdel" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Qadura Fares\n", "Qadura Fares () was a Palestinian Authority minister without portfolio under Prime Minister Ahmed Qurei from 2003 to 2005, and a member of the Palestinian Legislative Council for Fatah from 1996 to 2006. He is a close friend, aide and adviser to senior Fatah leader Marwan Barghouti. Fares is regarded as one of the principal architects of Fatah's 'young guard' movement, who briefly formed the al-Mustaqbal or \"Future\" list (2005) before joining with Mahmoud Abbas to form a united Fatah list for the upcoming elections. \n", "Fares was not nominated in the united list for the 2006 elections, and ran unsuccessfully as an independent in the Ramallah district. Also, since at least 2011, Fares has been consistently referred to as the \"head\" of the Palestinian Prisoners Club, so it is unclear exactly what position Fares actually holds as he is not listed as either the President nor the Executive Director of the club, positions clearly identified with other individuals.\n", "Section::::References.\n", "BULLET::::- Interview with Fares\n", "BULLET::::- Fatah Splits, With Marwan Barghouti and Younger Leaders Forming New Party\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Qadura Fares stated he will respect Barghouti decision not to run for election\n", "BULLET::::- A washington post article that briefly quotes Qadura Fares\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Hayden Schlossberg\n", "Hayden Schlossberg is an American screenwriter/director/producer from Randolph, New Jersey known for his work on the feature films \"Harold & Kumar Go to White Castle\" and \"Harold & Kumar Escape from Guantanamo Bay\", both with Jon Hurwitz.\n", "Section::::Early life.\n", "Hayden Schlossberg is a 2000 honors graduate of the University of Chicago as well as a graduate of Randolph High School.\n", "Section::::Film.\n", "BULLET::::- 2002/3: \"Filthy\" (re-write)\n", "BULLET::::- 2003: \"Scary Movie 3\" (re-write)\n", "BULLET::::- 2004: \"Harold & Kumar Go to White Castle\" (writer/actor)\n", "BULLET::::- 2008: \"Harold & Kumar Escape from Guantanamo Bay\" (writer/producer/director)\n", "BULLET::::- 2008: \"Harold & Kumar Go to Amsterdam\" (short) (writer/director)\n", "BULLET::::- 2010: \"Stan\" (director)\n", "BULLET::::- 2011: \"A Very Harold & Kumar Christmas\" (writer)\n", "BULLET::::- 2012: \"American Reunion\" (writer/director)\n", "BULLET::::- 2018: \"Blockers\" (producer)\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- Jon Hurwitz\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Sherry Lansing\n", "Sherry Lansing (born July 31, 1944) is an American former actress and film studio executive. She is a former CEO of Paramount Pictures, and when she was the president of production at 20th Century Fox, she was the first woman to head a Hollywood movie studio. In 1996, she became the first woman to be named Pioneer of the Year by the Foundation of the Motion Picture Pioneers, and she was the first female movie studio head to receive a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. In 2005, she became the first female movie studio head to place hand and foot prints at the Grauman's Chinese Theater. In 2001, she was named one of the 30 most powerful women in America by \"Ladies' Home Journal\", and \"The Hollywood Reporter\" named her fourth on its Power 100 list in 2003.\n", "Section::::Personal life.\n", "Lansing was born Sherry Lee Duhl in Chicago, Illinois on July 31, 1944. Her mother, Margaret \"Margot\" Heimann, fled from Nazi Germany in 1937 at the age of 17. Her father, David Duhl, was a real-estate investor who died when she was nine. Her mother remarried and died in 1984 from ovarian cancer. She was raised in a Jewish household. Lansing attended the University of Chicago Laboratory Schools and graduated in 1962. In 1966, she earned a Bachelor of Science degree at Northwestern University, where she was a member of Sigma Delta Tau sorority.\n", "Lansing married Academy Award-winning director William Friedkin on July 6, 1991; he had previously been married to French film star Jeanne Moreau. By this marriage, Lansing has two stepsons, Jack and Cedric.\n", "Section::::Career.\n", " Lansing was a former mathematics teacher, model, and now pursued an acting career (appearing in two films made in 1970,\" Loving\" and \"Rio Lobo\", starring John Wayne) but, dissatisfied with her own acting skills, she decided to learn more about the film industry from the ground up. She took a job with MGM as head script reader and worked on two successful films, \"The China Syndrome\" and \"Kramer vs. Kramer\".\n", "Lansing's work at MGM eventually led, after a stint at Columbia Pictures, to an appointment in 1980, at age 35, as the first female president of 20th Century Fox. She was also a partner in Jaffe/Lansing Productions with Stanley R. Jaffe. The company released a consistent string of minor hits through Paramount before achieving success with the box-office smash \"Fatal Attraction\" in 1987, for which Jaffe and Lansing received Academy Award nominations for Best Picture the following year. In 1988, the duo produced Jodie Foster starrer \"The Accused\". It dealt with the horrors of rape and its impact on victim's life afterward. The film featured a graphic rape scene and was highly controversial when released. Made with a minor budget of $6 million, it grossed over $37 million worldwide, becoming a major box office hit as well as receiving critical praise with Foster scoring the Academy Award for Best Actress. In 1992, she was offered the chairmanship of Paramount Pictures' Motion Picture Group. During her tenure at Paramount, the studio enjoyed its longest and most successful string of releases since the '30s. Under Lansing, the studio produced such blockbuster hits as \"Forrest Gump\", \"Braveheart\", and what was, at the time, history's highest-grossing film – \"Titanic\" (the latter two with Fox). Six of the ten highest grossing Paramount films were released during her tenure which included three Academy Awards for Best Picture. Overall, 80% of the films released by Lansing were profitable, a track record unmatched by any other long term studio management leader.\n", "As studio chief, she focused on bottom-line cost rather than market share, preferring to take fewer risks and make lower-budget films than other studios. Viacom (which purchased Paramount in 1994) decided to split the company into two parts in 2004 and Lansing stepped down at the end of that year after an almost unprecedented twelve-year tenure atop Hollywood's legendary \"Best Show in Town.\"\n", "She is a Regent of the University of California. She sits on the boards of the American Red Cross, The Carter Center, DonorsChoose, Qualcomm, Teach for America, The American Association for Cancer Research, the Lasker Foundation and Friends of Cancer Research.\n", "In 2005, she created The Sherry Lansing Foundation which is dedicated to raising awareness and funds for cancer research. She is a recipient of UCLA Anderson School of Management's highest honor-the Exemplary Leadership in Management (ELM) Award.\n", "In 2007, she received the Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award for her work in cancer research at the 79th Academy Awards. The award was presented to her by Tom Cruise, her longtime friend and business partner.\n", "In 2011, Lansing pledged $5 million to University of Chicago Laboratory Schools to build a new arts wing, including a 250-seat performance venue.\n", ", Lansing was a member of the board of directors of the Dole Food Company. Beginning in 2012, she has also served as a member of the board of directors for the W. M. Keck Foundation.\n", "In May 2018, Lansing joined the board of directors at The Scripps Research Institute.\n", "Section::::Filmography.\n", "Section::::Filmography.:Producer.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Indecent Proposal\" (1993)\n", "BULLET::::- \"School Ties\" (1992)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Black Rain\" (1989)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Accused\" (1988)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Fatal Attraction\" (1987)\n", "BULLET::::- \"When the Time Comes\" (1987) (TV)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Firstborn\" (1984)\n", "Section::::Filmography.:Actress or herself.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Entertainment Tonight\" (2008)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Brothers Warner\" (2008)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Jewish Americans\" (2008) (TV)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The 79th Annual Academy Awards\" (2007) (TV)\n", "BULLET::::- \"... A Father... A Son... Once Upon a Time in Hollywood\" (2005) (TV)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Boffo! Tinseltown's Bombs and Blockbusters\" (2006)Herself\n", "BULLET::::- \"\" (2006)\n", "BULLET::::- \"\" (2006)\n", "BULLET::::- \"\" (2006)\n", "BULLET::::- \"\" (2006)\n", "BULLET::::- \"\" (2006)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Sunday Morning Shootout\" (2004) (TV)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Directors\" (1999) (TV)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Frasier\" (1996) (TV)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Hollywood Women\" (1993) (TV)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Ironside\" (1971) (TV)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Dan August\" (1971) (TV)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Rio Lobo\" (1970)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Loving\" (1970)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Good Guys\" (1968) (TV)\n", "Section::::Awards and recognition.\n", "BULLET::::- 2017: National Women's Hall of Fame Inductee\n", "BULLET::::- 2008: CSHL Double Helix Medal Honoree\n", "BULLET::::- 2007, Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award, presented by Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences\n", "BULLET::::- 2007, Honorary Doctorate in Humane Letters from Pennsylvania State University\n", "BULLET::::- 2006, American Association of Cancer Research Public Service Award\n", "BULLET::::- 2006, Business hero, The My Hero Project\n", "BULLET::::- 2005, Big Brothers Big Sisters (L.A.) Legacy Award\n", "BULLET::::- 2005, Exemplary Leadership in Management Award presented by UCLA Anderson School of Management\n", "BULLET::::- 2005, hand and foot prints at Grauman's Chinese Theater\n", "BULLET::::- 2004, Horatio Alger Humanitarian Award\n", "BULLET::::- 2003, Woodrow Wilson Award for Corporate Citizenship\n", "BULLET::::- 2003, Honorary Doctorate in Fine Arts from the American Film Institute\n", "BULLET::::- 2002, President's Award, presented by Academy of Science Fiction, Fantasy & Horror Films\n", "BULLET::::- 2000, Milestone Award presented by Producers Guild of America\n", "BULLET::::- 1996, Overcoming Obstacles Achievement Award for Business, presented by Chicago Women in Film\n", "BULLET::::- 1996, YWCA Silver Achievement Award\n", "BULLET::::- 1996, Pioneer of the Year by the Foundation of the Motion Picture Pioneers\n", "BULLET::::- 1996, Star on the walk of fame, presented by Hollywood Walk of Fame\n", "BULLET::::- 1994, Outstanding Alumna Award presented by Sigma Delta Tau (ΣΔΤ) Sorority\n", "BULLET::::- 1994, Razzie for \"Indecent Proposal, presented by Razzie Awards\n", "BULLET::::- 1992, Simon Wiesenthal Center Distinguished Service Award for the Performing Arts\n", "BULLET::::- 1989, Alfred P. Sloan, Jr. Memorial Award\n", "BULLET::::- 1988, Oscar nomination for \"Fatal Attraction\", presented by Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences\n", "BULLET::::- 1982, Distinguished Community Service Award from Brandeis University\n", "BULLET::::- 1981, Crystal Award, presented by Women in Film for outstanding women who, through their endurance and the excellence of their work, have helped to expand the role of women within the entertainment industry.\n", "BULLET::::- 1980, Economic Equity Award from the Women's Equity Action League\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Moviemaker Moves to Prime Time — of Life,\" Northwestern magazine\n", "BULLET::::- Distinguished American profile\n", "BULLET::::- Sherry Lansing Says Goodbye to Hollywood\n", "BULLET::::- UC Regent profile\n", "BULLET::::- The Sherry Lansing Foundation\n", "BULLET::::- Friends of Cancer Research\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "American actress and film studio executive", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q299704", "wikidata_label": "Sherry Lansing", "wikipedia_title": "Sherry Lansing" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Jon Hurwitz\n", "Jonathan Benjamin Hurwitz (born November 15, 1977) is an American screenwriter, director, and producer.\n", "Section::::Life and career.\n", "Hurwitz was born in New Jersey, and grew up mostly in Upper St. Clair, Pennsylvania and Randolph, New Jersey. He is an alumnus of Randolph High School and a graduate of the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania.\n", "Hurwitz, with Hayden Schlossberg, created the Harold & Kumar film franchise. They wrote \"Harold & Kumar Go to White Castle\", wrote/directed/co-produced \"Harold & Kumar Escape from Guantanamo Bay\", and wrote/co-produced \"A Very Harold & Kumar Christmas\".\n", "Hurwitz & Schlossberg first met and became friends at Randolph High School in Randolph, New Jersey, and sold their first script \"Filthy\" to MGM while seniors in college. Hurwitz was studying finance at the University of Pennsylvania's Wharton School, while Schlossberg was a history major at the University of Chicago with plans of attending law school. Upon selling \"Filthy\", they moved to Hollywood to begin their career in the entertainment industry.\n", "Hurwitz and Schlossberg handled the fourth theatrical entry in the \"American Pie\" franchise, writing and directing \"American Reunion\" (2012).\n", "Hurwitz and Schlossberg produced and co-wrote the Universal Pictures comedy \"Blockers\", starring John Cena, Leslie Mann, and Ike Barinholtz. They are currently working on \"Cobra Kai\", a continuation of \"The Karate Kid\" franchise for YouTube Premium. Hurwitz & Schlossberg created the show, along with their close friend Josh Heald. The trio serve as executive producers, show runners, writers, and directors on the series.\n", "Section::::Film credits.\n", "BULLET::::- 2004: \"Harold & Kumar Go to White Castle\" (writer)\n", "BULLET::::- 2008: \"Harold & Kumar Escape from Guantanamo Bay\" (writer/director/co-producer)\n", "BULLET::::- 2008: \"Harold & Kumar Go to Amsterdam\" (short) (writer/director)\n", "BULLET::::- 2011: \"A Very Harold & Kumar Christmas\" (writer/co-producer)\n", "BULLET::::- 2012: \"American Reunion\" (writer/director)\n", "BULLET::::- 2018: \"Blockers\" (producer)\n", "BULLET::::- 2018: \"Cobra Kai\" (creator/executive producer/writer/director)\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- Hayden Schlossberg\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Jon Hurwitz's Myspace Page\n", "BULLET::::- Jon Hurwitz's Twitter Page\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "American screenwriter", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q950283", "wikidata_label": "Jon Hurwitz", "wikipedia_title": "Jon Hurwitz" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Danny Leiner\n", "Daniel Leiner (May 13, 1961 – October 18, 2018) was an American film director. His credits include \"Dude, Where's My Car?\" and \"Harold & Kumar Go to White Castle\".\n", "He was born in Manhattan, New York in 1961. Leiner also directed a wide range of television including \"Arrested Development\", \"Everwood\", \"Gilmore Girls\", \"Freaks and Geeks\", \"Sports Night\", \"Felicity\", \"Action\", \"The Tick\", MTV's \"Austin Stories\" and HBO's \"The Mind of the Married Man\", \"The Sopranos\" and \"How to Make It in America\". He also directed an episode of \"The Office\" entitled \"WUPHF.com\".\n", "Leiner died from lung cancer on October 18, 2018, at the age of 57.\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "American film and television director", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q690750", "wikidata_label": "Danny Leiner", "wikipedia_title": "Danny Leiner" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Gustave Le Gray\n", "Jean-Baptiste Gustave Le Gray (; 30 August, 1820 – 30 July, 1884) has been called \"the most important French photographer of the nineteenth century\" because of his technical innovations, his instruction of other noted photographers, and \"the extraordinary imagination he brought to picture making.\" He was an important contributor to the development of the wax paper negative.\n", "Section::::Biography.\n", "Gustave Le Gray was born in 1820 in Villiers-le-Bel, Val-d'Oise. He was originally trained as a painter, studying under François-Édouard Picot and Paul Delaroche. He lived in Italy between 1843-1846 and painted portraits and scenes of the countryside. Le Gray exhibited his paintings at the salon in 1848 and 1853. He then crossed over to photography in the early years of its development.\n", "He made his first daguerreotypes by 1847. His early photographs included portraits; scenes of nature such as Fontainebleau Forest; and buildings such as châteaux of the Loire Valley.\n", "He taught photography to students such as Charles Nègre, Henri Le Secq, Nadar, Olympe Aguado, and Maxime Du Camp. In 1851, he became one of the first five photographers hired for the Missions Héliographiques to document French monuments and buildings. In that same year he helped found the Société Héliographique, the \"first photographic organization in the world.\" Le Gray published a treatise on photography, which went through four editions, in 1850, 1851, 1852, and 1854.\n", "In 1855, Le Gray opened a \"lavishly furnished\" studio. At that time, becoming progressively the official photographer of Napoleon III, he became a successful portraitist. His most famous work dates from this period, 1856 to 1858, especially his seascapes. The studio was a fancy place, but in spite of his artistic success, his business was a financial failure: the business was poorly managed and ran into debts. He therefore \"closed his studio, abandoned his wife and children, and fled the country to escape his creditors.\"\n", "He began to tour the Mediterranean in 1860 with the writer Alexandre Dumas, père. They encountered Giuseppe Garibaldi during the trip and Le Gray photographed Garibaldi and Palermo. His striking pictures of Giuseppe Garibaldi and Palermo under Sicilian bombardment became as instantly famous throughout Europe. Dumas abandoned Le Gray and the other travelers in Malta and joined the revolutionary forces as a result of a personal conflict. Le Gray went to Lebanon, then Syria where he covered the movements of the French army for a magazine in 1861. Injured, he remained there before heading to Egypt. In Alexandria he photographed Henri d'Artois and the future Edward VII of the United Kingdom, and wrote to Nadar while sending him pictures. \n", "He established himself in Cairo in 1864; earning a modest living as a professor of drawing, while retaining a small photography shop. He sent pictures to the universal exhibition in 1867 but they did not really catch anyone's attention. He received commissions from the vice-king Ismail Pasha. From this late period there remain 50 pictures. He died on July 30,1884, in Cairo.\n", "Section::::Technical innovations.\n", "His technical innovations included:\n", "BULLET::::- Improvements on paper negatives, specifically waxing them before exposure \"making the paper more receptive to fine detail\".\n", "BULLET::::- A collodion process published in 1850 but which was \"theoretical at best\". The invention of the wet collodion method to produce a negative on a glass plate is now credited to Frederick Scott Archer who published his process in 1851.\n", "BULLET::::- Combination printing, creating seascapes by using one negative for the water and one negative for the sky.\n", "Section::::Works.\n", "Le Gray documented French monuments on a mission for the French government with other French photographers.\n", "He was a successful portrait photographer, capturing figures such as Napoleon III and Edward VII. He also became famous for his seascapes, or marine. He spent 20 years in Cairo, Egypt, but there are few works from this period.\n", "Section::::Works.:World records for most expensive photograph sold at auction, 1999-2003.\n", "In October 1999, Sotheby's sold a Le Gray albumen print \"Beech Tree, Fontainebleau\" for £419,500, which was a world record for the most expensive single photograph ever sold at auction, to an anonymous buyer. At the same auction, an albumen print of \"The Great Wave, Sète\" by Le Gray was sold for a new world record price of £507,500 or $840,370 to \"the same anonymous buyer\" who was later revealed to be Sheik Saud Al-Thani of Qatar. The record stood until May 2003 when Al-Thani purchased a daguerreotype by Joseph-Philibert Girault de Prangey for £565,250 or $922,488.\n", "Section::::Works.:Books.\n", "BULLET::::- \"A practical treatise on photography, upon paper and glass\" by Gustave Le Gray, (translated by Thomas Cousins) London : T. & R. Willats, 1850.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Photographic manipulation: the waxed paper process of Gustave Le Gray\" by Gustave Le Gray. Translated from the French. London: George Knight and Sons, 1853.\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- History of photography\n", "BULLET::::- List of most expensive photographs\n", "BULLET::::- Société française de photographie\n", "Section::::Further reading.\n", "BULLET::::- Parry, Eugenia. \"The photography of Gustave Le Gray\". Chicago: Art Institute of Chicago and University of Chicago Press, 1987.\n", "BULLET::::- Aubenas, Sylvie. \"Gustave Le Gray, 1820-1884\". Los Angeles: J. Paul Getty Museum, 2002.\n", "BULLET::::- Aubenas, Sylvie. \"Gustave Le Gray\". London and New York: Phaidon, 2003.\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Gustave Le Gray Collection at Victoria and Albert Museum\n", "BULLET::::- Gustave Le Gray: Master Photographer of the 19th Century, I Photo Central\n", "BULLET::::- \"All the Mighty World: The Photographs of Roger Fenton, 1852-1860\", exhibition catalog fully online as PDF from The Metropolitan Museum of Art, which contains material on Gustave Le Gray (see index)\n", "BULLET::::- Krygier, Irit on artnet.com Sublime Le Gray\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "Jean-Baptiste-Gustave Le Gray", "Jean Baptiste Gustave Le Gray", "J. B. Gustave Le Gray", "Gustave Legray", "Jean Baptiste Gustave Legray", "Gustave le Gray" ] }, "description": "French photographer", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q982549", "wikidata_label": "Gustave Le Gray", "wikipedia_title": "Gustave Le Gray" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Gloria Reuben\n", "Gloria Elizabeth Reuben (born June 9, 1964) is a Canadian producer, singer and actress of film and television, known for her role as Jeanie Boulet on the medical drama \"ER\" and Marina Peralta on \"Falling Skies\". In film, she is known for portraying Elizabeth Keckley in \"Lincoln\" and as Sarah Fielding in 1994's \"Timecop\".\n", "She is currently recurring in the role of Dr. Krista Gordon on \"Mr. Robot\" and on the main cast of \"Saints & Sinners\" as Mayor Pamela Clayborne and \"Cloak & Dagger\" as Adina Johnson.\n", "Section::::Life and career.\n", "Reuben was born in Toronto, to Pearl Avis (Mills), a classical singer, and Cyril George Reuben, an engineer. Her parents were both Jamaican-born. Her father was mostly Jewish (with Ashkenazi and Sephardi roots), though also had some African ancestry; her mother was of mostly African descent. Her father died when she was young.\n", "Reuben is the half-sister of Denis Simpson, an actor and children's television host who died in 2010. She was the subject of a segment of Henry Louis Gates Jr.'s television genealogy series \"Finding Your Roots\". She began learning piano as a child and later studied music technique and theory, ballet and jazz at The Royal Conservatory of Music. Her career as an actress was triggered by a few jobs as a model and appearances in television advertisements.\n", "Reuben is known for her role on the American television series \"ER\" as Jeanie Boulet, an HIV-positive physician assistant on the hospital's staff. She was a guest star throughout Season 1 and was elevated to full-time cast member at the beginning of Season 2. She continued that role until early Season 6, when she left the show. In 2008, Reuben returned to \"ER\" for one episode during its 14th season. She has stated that this role led to her HIV/AIDS activism.\n", "Reuben again held a major role in a television series when she starred as FBI agent Brooke Haslett in \"1-800-Missing\" (2003–2004). She later starred as Rosalind Whitman in the TNT series \"Raising the Bar\". In 1996 she was chosen by \"People magazine\" as one of the 50 Most Beautiful People in the World. \n", "In 2000, she sang backup vocals for Tina Turner on her Twenty Four Seven Tour. \n", "Reuben guest-starred in the season two finale of \"Drop Dead Diva\" as Professor Kathy Miller. Reuben guest-starred in season 12 of NBC's \"\", reprising her role as U.S. Attorney Christine Danielson. In 2012, she appeared in the CBS TV movie \"\".\n", "In 2012, Reuben played Elizabeth Keckley in Steven Spielberg's historical drama film \"Lincoln\" and her portrayal of the character received critical praise. In 2013, she guest starred on the sci-fi drama series \"Falling Skies\".\n", "In 2017, Reuben was cast as Adina Johnson, mother of Tyrone Johnson, in the series \"Cloak & Dagger\".\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- \"BroadwayWorld.com\" interview with Gloria Reuben, June 15, 2007\n", "BULLET::::- Gloria Reuben Official Website\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Samuel Henry Kress\n", "Samuel Henry Kress (July 23, 1863 – September 22, 1955) was a businessman and philanthropist, founder of the S. H. Kress & Co. five and ten cent store chain. With his fortune, Kress amassed one of the most significant collections of Italian Renaissance and European artwork assembled in the 20th century. In the 1950s and 1960s, a foundation established by Kress would donate 776 works of art from the Kress collection to 18 regional art museums in the United States.\n", "Section::::Biography.\n", "Kress was born in the village of Cherryville, near Allentown, Pennsylvania, the second of seven children born to John Franklin Kress and Margaret Dodson (née Conner) Kress. His father was a retail merchant. His siblings were Mary Conner Kress, Jennie Weston Kress, Palmer John Kress, Claude Washington Kress, and Rush Harrison Kress. Another sibling, Elmer Kress, died ten days after birth. Kress never married or had children. He was a Mason.\n", "Young Kress worked in the stone quarries. Intelligent, energetic and precocious, he earned his teaching credentials by the age of 17 and began work as a schoolteacher. His first position was instructor for a class of 80 students, and he was paid $25 per month. He walked 3 miles each way to the schoolhouse.\n", "In 1887, Kress opened a stationery and notions store in Nanticoke, Pennsylvania. As the business prospered he used his profits to open additional stores, naming his chain \"S. H. Kress & Co.\" These eventually would become popularly known as the \"Kress Five and Dime\" stores. Unlike many businessmen of his day who only opened their stores in large urban areas, Kress wisely located his stores in smaller cities in 29 states he felt had growth potential. These stores became the jewel of many of these cities, which only had a dry goods or general store until then. By the mid-1920s, he was living in a penthouse at 1020 Fifth Avenue in New York City, across the street from the Metropolitan Museum of Art, which he visited and contributed to regularly.\n", "He was a major art collector, and created a foundation to hold and dispose of his vast art collection.\n", "Kress died in 1955 and is interred in the Woodlawn Cemetery in The Bronx, New York City.\n", "Section::::S. H. Kress & Co..\n", "S. H. Kress & Co., a chain of \"five and dime\" retail department stores, was started in Nanticoke, Pennsylvania, by Samuel H. Kress in 1896. Eventually expanding to over 200 locations nationwide, Kress stores were long a familiar sight in many cities and towns of the United States. The Kress chain was known for the fine architecture of the stores, with a number of locations being hailed by architects for their design. A number of former Kress stores, now put to other uses, are ranked as landmarks. Some of the most well-known Kress locations included New York City's Fifth Avenue; Canal Street, New Orleans; and Hollywood's Hollywood Boulevard. In 1964 ownership of Kress was acquired by Genesco, Inc. The company abandoned its center-city stores and moved to the shopping malls. Genesco began liquidating Kress and closing down the Kress stores in 1980.\n", "Section::::Samuel H. Kress Foundation.\n", "Kress was founder and president of the eponymous Samuel H. Kress Foundation. An avid art lover, he acquired, through art dealer Joseph Duveen, a collection of paintings and sculpture, primarily of the Italian Baroque school. Luckily for Kress, these paintings were thought to be \"out of date\" and \"old fashioned\" during the Victorian and Edwardian age, so he was able to purchase them at relatively low prices. In 1929 he gave the Italian government a large sum for the restoration of a number of architectural treasures in Italy. Beginning in the 1930s Kress decided to give much of his art collection to museums across the country while he was still alive. Many paintings were donated to the same smaller cities that had brought him his fortune with their stores. In several cases, his gifts became the founding basis for museums in those areas which otherwise could never have afforded artworks of such importance and quality.\n", "On March 17, 1941, Kress and Paul Mellon gave a large gift of art to the people of the United States, thereby establishing the National Gallery of Art in Washington, D.C. Franklin D. Roosevelt accepted the gift personally.\n", "Today, the masterpieces Kress donated are considered priceless and the Kress Foundation has dispensed millions of dollars to worthy organizations and institutions in the years since.\n", "Section::::Samuel H. Kress Foundation.:Museums with significant donations from the Kress Foundation.\n", "BULLET::::- Allentown Art Museum, Allentown, Pennsylvania (Paintings 50, Sculptures 3)\n", "BULLET::::- Birmingham Museum of Art, Birmingham, Alabama (Paintings 34, Sculpture 2, Furniture 13, Decorative Arts 4)\n", "BULLET::::- Columbia Museum of Art, Columbia, South Carolina (Paintings 46, Sculptures 2, Bronzes 11, Furniture 9, Tapestries 10)\n", "BULLET::::- Denver Art Museum, Denver, Colorado (Paintings 46, Sculptures 4)\n", "BULLET::::- El Paso Museum of Art, El Paso, Texas (Paintings 56, Sculpture 2)\n", "BULLET::::- Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco, San Francisco, California (Paintings 37, Sculpture 1)\n", "BULLET::::- High Museum of Art, Atlanta, Georgia (Paintings 29, Sculptures 3, Furniture 13)\n", "BULLET::::- Honolulu Museum of Art, Honolulu, Hawaii (Paintings 14)\n", "BULLET::::- Lowe Art Museum, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida (Paintings 44, Sculptures 3)\n", "BULLET::::- Memphis Brooks Museum of Art, Memphis, Tennessee (Paintings 27, Sculptures 2)\n", "BULLET::::- Museum of Fine Arts, Houston, Houston, Texas (Paintings 30)\n", "BULLET::::- National Building Museum, Washington, D.C.\n", "BULLET::::- National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C. (Paintings 376, Sculptures 94, Bronzes 1307, Drawings 38)\n", "BULLET::::- Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art, Kansas City, Missouri (Paintings 14, Sculptures 2)\n", "BULLET::::- New Orleans Museum of Art, New Orleans, Louisiana (Paintings 29)\n", "BULLET::::- North Carolina Museum of Art, Raleigh, North Carolina (Paintings 73, Sculptures 2)\n", "BULLET::::- Philbrook Museum of Art, Tulsa, Oklahoma (Paintings 30, Sculpture 6)\n", "BULLET::::- Ponce Museum of Art, Ponce, Puerto Rico (Paintings 15)\n", "BULLET::::- Portland Art Museum, Portland, Oregon (Paintings 30, Sculptures 2)\n", "BULLET::::- Seattle Art Museum, Seattle, Washington (Paintings 33, Sculptures 2)\n", "BULLET::::- Smart Museum of Art, The University of Chicago, Illinois (Paintings 16, Sculptures 3, Decorative Arts 3)\n", "BULLET::::- University of Arizona Museum of Art, Tucson, Arizona (Paintings 60, Sculptures 3)\n", "BULLET::::- Vanderbilt University Fine Arts Gallery, Nashville, Tennessee (Paintings 12)\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Samuel H. Kress Foundation\n", "BULLET::::- Samuel Henry Kress on National Gallery of Art Site.\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Björn Ranelid\n", "Per Björn Sigvardson Ranelid (born 21 May 1949) is a Swedish author from Malmö. Since the beginning of his career in 1983, Ranelid has published twenty novels and written about five hundred articles in different magazines and newspapers. The author has also made numerous speeches throughout the years since his debut. Ranelid is currently (2012) very active, with eleven novels published since 2000. He has been living in Stockholm since 1989.\n", "His works have been translated into French, English, German, Norwegian and Finnish.\n", "Section::::Biography.\n", "Section::::Biography.:Football career.\n", "Ranelid played professional football for Malmö FF and Helsingborgs IF however only with limited appearances in each club's first team. He started as a youth player in Håkanstorps BK before moving to Malmö FF in his teenage years, Ranelid transferred to Helsingborgs IF in 1970.\n", "Section::::Biography.:Musical career.\n", "Ranelid took part in Melodifestivalen 2012 with \"Mirakel\". The lyrics are by Björn Ranelid himself and music by Fredrik Andersson. The song features Sara Li in vocals. The song reached the Final 10.\n", "Section::::Bibliography.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Den överlevande trädgårdsmästaren\" (1983)\n", "BULLET::::- \"I glastiden\" (1985)\n", "BULLET::::- \"David Hills obotliga minne\" (1987)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Mellan mörker och ljus. Erik Höglunds 80-tal\" (1988)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Påfågelns längtan\" (1989)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Mördarens öga\" (1990)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Mästaren\" (1992)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Mitt namn skall vara Stig Dagerman\" (1993)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Synden\" (1994)\n", "BULLET::::- \"I Bögens namn\" (1994)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Kärlekens innersta rum\" (1996)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Till alla människor på jorden och i himlen\" (1997)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Tusen kvinnor och en sorg\" (1998)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Min son fäktas mot världen\" (2000)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Krigaren\" (2001)\n", "BULLET::::- \"David Puma och drottning Silvia\" (2002)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Kvinnan är första könet\" (2003)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Ord\" (2003)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Bär ditt barn som den sista droppen vatten\" (2004)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Lustmördarna\" (2005)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Hjärtat som vapen\" (2006)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Öppet brev till George W Bush: paradisets nycklar hänger i helvetet – en sann berättelse\" (2007)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Ansikte av eld\" (2008)\n", "BULLET::::- \"I Gift You My Finest Words: Aphorisms and Metaphors in Swedish, French, English and German\" (2009)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Kniven i hjärtat\" (2010)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Tyst i klassen!\" (2012)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Förbjuden frukt från ett fruset träd\" (2013)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Kärleken och de sista människorna på jorden\" (2014)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Överbefälhavarens hemlighet\" (2016)\n", "Section::::Discography.\n", "BULLET::::- 2012: \"Mirakel\" (feat. Sara Li) (Melodifestivalen 2012)\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Bernard Marcus\n", "Bernard Marcus (born May 12, 1929, often referred to as Bernie Marcus) is an American billionaire businessman. He co-founded Home Depot and was the company's first CEO; he served as Chairman of the Board until retiring in 2002.\n", "Section::::Early life and education.\n", "Bernard Marcus was born to Russian Jewish immigrant parents in Newark, New Jersey. He grew up in a tenement and graduated from South Side High School in 1947. Marcus wanted to become a doctor but could not afford the tuition, so he worked for his father as a cabinet maker. He studied at Rutgers University for a pharmacy degree. While there he joined the Alpha Epsilon Pi fraternity.\n", "Section::::Career.\n", "Marcus worked at a drugstore as a pharmacist but became more interested in the retailing side of the business. He worked at a cosmetics company and various other retail jobs, eventually reaching a position as CEO of Handy Dan Improvement Centers, a Los Angeles-based chain of home improvement stores. In 1978 both he and future Home Depot co-founder Arthur Blank were fired during a corporate power struggle at Handy Dan. In 1979 they co-founded the home-improvement retailer The Home Depot, with the help of merchandising expert Pat Farrah and New York investment banker Ken Langone who assembled a group of investors.\n", "The store revolutionized the home improvement business with its warehouse concept. Blank, Marcus, and Langone became billionaires. Marcus served as the company's first CEO for 19 years and also served as chairman of the board until his retirement in 2002. Marcus was inducted into the Junior Achievement U.S. Business Hall of Fame in 2006.\n", "Marcus has opposed the Employee Free Choice Act (EFCA). He has also suggested that clients send donations to groups and Senate Republicans also against the EFCA. He views the legislation as hindrance to American capitalism, calling it \"the demise of a civilization\" and suggesting that any retailer who does not fight it \"should be shot; should be thrown out of their goddamn jobs.\" Marcus has also been an opponent of the Occupy Wall Street movement. In 2015, Marcus donated $1.5 million to Super PACs supporting Jeb Bush and Scott Walker. On June 1, 2016, Bernard Marcus wrote: \"I now stand in support of Donald Trump because the fate of this nation depends upon sending him, and not Hillary Clinton, to the White House.\"\n", "In January 2014, Marcus founded the Job Creators Network, a conservative advocacy group, with $500,000 in seed funding. The Network is known for recruiting small-business entrepreneurs and executives as spokespeople for free markets and connecting them to publicity opportunities, notably in advertisements, op-eds, and television appearances. In February 2019, the Job Creators Network criticized the cancellation of Amazon's headquarters bid in New York City through a billboard advertisement in Times Square.\n", "When Bernie Marcus announced in 2019 that he would financially support the Donald Trump 2020 presidential campaign, it triggered calls for a boycott of Home Depot, even though Marcus was no longer with the company. As of March 2019, it appears Marcus did not own significant amounts (more than 5%) of Home Depot stock, if any.\n", "Section::::Philanthropy.\n", "Marcus co-founded the Israel Democracy Institute in 1991, contributing $5 million for the construction of the institute's building in Jerusalem's Talbiya neighborhood and investing hundreds of millions of shekels in its ongoing operation over the years. He heavily contributed to the launch of the Georgia Aquarium, which opened in downtown Atlanta, Georgia, in 2005. Based mostly on the US$250M million donation for the Aquarium, Marcus and his wife, Billi, were listed among the top charitable donors in the country by \"The Chronicle of Philanthropy\" in 2005. Marcus also funded and founded The Marcus Institute, a center for the provision of services for children and adolescents with developmental disabilities. In May 2005, Marcus was awarded the Others Award by the Salvation Army, its highest honor. Marcus donated $25 million to Autism Speaks to spearhead its efforts to raise money for research on the causes and cure for autism. He is an active member of the board of directors. Bernie and Billi Marcus are signatories of The Giving Pledge, a commitment to give away the majority of their wealth to philanthropic causes.\n", "Marcus is chairman of the Marcus Foundation, whose focuses include children, medical research, free enterprise, military veterans, Israeli causes and the community. Marcus is on the Board of Directors and an active volunteer for the Shepherd Center. His main focus is in providing care for war veterans with traumatic brain injuries. He was named a Georgia Trustee in 2009. The award is given by the Georgia Historical Society, in conjunction with the Governor of Georgia, to individuals whose accomplishments and community service reflect the ideals of the founding body of Trustees, which governed the Georgia colony from 1732 to 1752. In 2012, Marcus was awarded the William E. Simon Prize for Philanthropic Leadership.\n", "In 2016, Marcus and his wife Billi donated $25 million (U.S.) to the construction of the $133 million MDA Marcus National Blood Services Centre in Israel.\n", "Section::::Personal life.\n", "Marcus has been married twice. He has two children with his first wife, Ruth: Frederick Marcus and Susanne Marcus Collins. With his second wife, Billi, he has a stepson, Michael Morris.\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "American businessman", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q2898293", "wikidata_label": "Bernard Marcus", "wikipedia_title": "Bernard Marcus" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Prince Adalbert of Prussia (1811–1873)\n", "Prince Adalbert of Prussia (\"Heinrich Wilhelm Adalbert\") (29 October 1811 – 6 June 1873) was a son of Prince Wilhelm of Prussia and Landgravine Marie Anna of Hesse-Homburg. He was a naval theorist and admiral. He was instrumental during the Revolutions of 1848 in founding the first unified German fleet, the Reichsflotte. During the 1850s he helped to establish the Prussian Navy.\n", "Adalbert was born in Berlin, the son of Prince William, the youngest brother of King Frederick William III.\n", "As a young man, Adalbert entered the Prussian army and served in the artillery. Several journeys led him between 1826 and 1842 to the Netherlands, Britain, Russia, Turkey, Greece and Brazil. He recognized during his many sea voyages the importance that sea power had for a modern commercial and industrial nation. He studied carefully the theory of naval warfare and in 1835-36 wrote a first plan for the construction of a Prussian fleet. Prussia at that time was a land power focused on Continental Europe, possessing practically no navy of its own; rather, it relied on the allied powers of Britain, the Netherlands, and Denmark. During the First Schleswig War of 1848-51, however, the failure of this strategy became apparent: Britain and the Netherlands remained neutral and Denmark became the enemy. Within a few days the Danish navy had destroyed German maritime commerce in the North Sea and the Baltic.\n", "During the Revolutions of 1848, the German National Assembly which met at St. Paul’s Church in Frankfurt resolved with \"a majority clearly bordering on unanimity\" to establish a German Imperial fleet and named Prince Adalbert to lead the \"Maritime Technical Commission\". He presented his recommendations in a \"Memorandum on the Construction of a German Fleet\" (\"Denkschrift über die Bildung einer deutschen Flotte\") (Potsdam, 1848). In this memorandum, still regarded highly for its insights on naval strategy, Adalbert distinguished between three fleet models:\n", "BULLET::::- A naval force intended solely for defensive actions in relation to coastal defense;\n", "BULLET::::- An offensive naval force intended for national defense, and for the most necessary protection of commerce; or\n", "BULLET::::- An independent naval power.\n", "Adalbert favored the middle solution, because it would not provoke the great sea powers (such as Britain), but would provide the German navy with significant value as an ally.\n", "In 1849 his cousin, King Frederick William IV, ordered Adalbert to resign his office in the fledgling Imperial Navy. The reactionary king mistrusted the National Assembly because of its revolutionary nature, and had already turned down its offer to assume the German Imperial crown. Despite the setback, Adalbert continued to give active support to the construction of a fleet.\n", "In 1852 Adalbert argued that Prussia needed to build a naval base on the North Sea. He arranged the Jade Treaty of 20 July 1853, in which Prussia and the Grand Duchy of Oldenburg jointly withdrew from a region on the west bank of the Jade bay, where from 1854 onward Prussia established the fortress, naval base and city of Wilhelmshaven.\n", "On 30 March 1854, Adalbert was named Admiral of the Prussian Coast and Commander-in-Chief of the Navy. In the summer of 1856, while on a training cruise of Prussian warships, he was shot at by pirates within sight of Morocco’s Rif coast and was wounded. During the Second Schleswig War of 1864 (also known as the \"Danish-Prussian War\") he commanded the Baltic Squadron, without being able to take an active role in the war.\n", "After the Franco-Prussian War of 1870-1871, which led to the creation of the German Empire, Adalbert laid down his title of \"Prince-Admiral\" and retired from the now-renamed Imperial Navy. He died two years later of liver disease, aged 62, in Karlsbad.\n", "Adalbert was married to the dancer Therese Elssler (Frau von Barnim); their only son, Adalbert v. Barnim (born 1841), died in 1860 during an expedition on the Nile.\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Bill Alley\n", "William \"Bill\" Edward Alley (3 February 1919  – 26 November 2004) was a cricketer who played 400 first-class matches for New South Wales, Somerset and a Commonwealth XI.\n", "Whilst in Australia, Alley was also a middleweight boxer, and was undefeated in 28 contests when he was forced to give it up after being hit on the head in the nets at cricket practice. His cricket career was interrupted and delayed both by his boxing career, and by World War Two, which saw first class cricket matches cancelled for 6 years.\n", "He was tipped to play Tests by Don Bradman, the Australian cricket captain, but missed out after fracturing a jaw. This prompted him to leave New South Wales and come to Lancashire, England, playing league cricket there for Colne Cricket Club for five years from 1948, becoming the only player to score 1000 runs in each of five consecutive seasons in the league's history.\n", "This 5-year spell at Colne fulfilled the requirement at that time that any foreign player coming to England had to reside in England for 5 years before he could play first-class cricket in England. From Colne he moved to play for Blackpool CC in the newly established Northern League where he scored 19 centuries.\n", "As the professional for Blackpool, he was able to earn more money than any first class cricketer anywhere in the world. Each League side in Lancashire was permitted to pay only one professional. During the 1950s and early 1960s, in the summer at any one time there were more than 150,000 holidaymakers in Blackpool, and there were very large crowds indeed paying at the turnstiles of Blackpool Cricket Club. Every season, moreover, the Blackpool pro was given a benefit match. Illustrating the value of the Blackpool job, Alley was succeeded as Blackpool's pro by many of the all-time greats of the game. These included Sir Conrad Hunte, Garfield Sobers, Pankaj Roy, Hanif Mohammad and Rohan Kanhai. Playing only 2 days a week would also have given the pro the opportunity to take a second job if he had so wanted, including playing for a Minor County or a first class County Second Eleven.\n", "Alley was eventually tempted into joining Somerset CCC in 1957, when he was 38, since they offered a 3-year contract, while Blackpool could not commit to one of such length. Alley played 350 first-class games for Somerset, the last one being when he was 49.\n", "After stopping playing, he umpired first-class games for 16 years and also stood in 10 Test matches and 9 One Day Internationals as umpire. He so loved the West Country area of England that he chose to remain there after retirement rather than move back to his native Australia.\n", "Alley was married to Betty, whom he met when playing cricket in the north of England, and they had two sons. His first wife died in childbirth; they had a son, who died in an Army accident.\n", "Section::::Record in first-class cricket.\n", "Alley was an all-rounder. He scored 19,612 runs at an average of 31.88 batting left-handed. He took 768 wickets at 22.68 runs per wicket, with a best of 8 for 65, bowling right arm medium fast. He also took 267 catches in the field. His best season was his testimonial season in 1961 when, at the age of forty-two, he scored over 3,000 runs for Somerset and in one match achieved his highest score of 221 not out, out of Somerset's total of 311 all out. During the same season he hit in excess of 300 runs in a match against the visiting Australians (184 not out in the first innings and 134 not out in the second innings).\n", "His was the last instance of a batsman scoring 3000 in an English season. Only eight batsmen in history have achieved the feat of 3000 runs in an English season. At the end of that season, he topped the first-class averages, ahead of all the England and Australian Test cricketers, who in those days all played among the Counties six days a week throughout the season except when they were playing Test cricket.\n", "Alley's 10 centuries for Somerset in 1961 remained a county record for thirty years. In 1962 he received the honour of being one of \"Wisden's\" five cricketers of the year, based on his performances in 1961 and during his career. In the 1962 season, he made over 1,900 runs and took 112 wickets. It was in 1962 that he got his best bowling return of 8 for 65 against a strong Surrey side, that included Ken Barrington, Peter May and Bernie Constable.\n", "Many people expressed doubts about his exact age, and on being presented by Denis Compton with the Cricketer of the Year Award for 1962, Compton said \"it is stated that you are only 43 years old. Well if you are only 43, then I am still a baby in a nappy.\" Compton had retired 5 years earlier, in 1957, the same year Alley had started his English first-class career.\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Jim Ward (body piercer)\n", "James Mark Ward (born June 28, 1941) is an American body piercer. In a 2004 documentary, entitled \"The Social History of Piercing\", MTV called him \"the granddaddy of the modern body piercing movement.\"\n", "Section::::Early years.\n", "Ward was born in 1941 in Western Oklahoma and moved to Colorado when he was eleven.\n", "In 1967, in New York he joined the New York Motorbike Club, a gay S&M group, and experimented with nipple piercing. During this time he also studied jewelry making. Ward then moved to Colorado, where he joined the gay Rocky Mountaineer Motorcycle Club and further experimented with piercing, genital in particular. In 1973, Ward moved to West Hollywood (a gay village of Los Angeles) where he met Doug Malloy. Together they developed the basic techniques and equipment that have become piercing industry standard.\n", "Section::::Innovations.\n", "Ward pioneered many jewelry designs including the fixed bead ring and internally threaded barbells. He was introduced to barbell style jewelry by Horst Streckenbach (\"Tattoo Samy\"), a tattooist and piercer from Frankfurt, Germany, and his student Manfred \"Tattoo\" Kohrs from Hanover, Germany.\n", "\"The first barbells I recall came from Germany. Doug had made contact with Tattoo Samy, a tattooist and piercer from Frankfurt. Over the years Samy came to the States a number of times and frequently showed up in LA to visit Doug. On one of his first visits he showed us the barbell studs that he used in some piercings. They were internally threaded, a feature that made so much sense that I immediately set out to recreate them for my own customers.\"\n", "With funding from Malloy (derived from his work with the Muzak corporation), Ward began using his home as a private piercing studio in 1975. Dubbing his studio the Gauntlet, he drew an initial clientele from a mailing list provided by Doug and by running classified ads in local gay and fetish publications. After three years of continued refinement with techniques and equipment, Ward opened the Gauntlet as a commercial storefront operation in West Hollywood on 17 November 1978. The establishment of this business — considered the first of its type in the United States — was the beginning of the body piercing industry.\n", "In 1977, with the assistance of Malloy and Fakir Musafar, Ward started the piercing magazine \"Piercing Fans International Quarterly\" (\"PFIQ\").\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Jim Ward at the BME Encyclopedia\n", "BULLET::::- Running the Gauntlet Jim Ward's column at BME\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Terence Higgins, Baron Higgins\n", "Terence Langley Higgins, Baron Higgins, KBE, DL, PC (born 18 January 1928) is a British Conservative politician and Commonwealth Games silver medalist winner for England. He also competed in the men's 400 metres at the 1952 Summer Olympics.\n", "Section::::Biography.\n", "Higgins was the Member of Parliament for Worthing from 1964 to 1997, and Financial Secretary to the Treasury between 1972 and 1974.\n", "He served in the RAF from 1946 to 1948, and was a member of British Olympic Team in 1948 and 1952. He was created a life peer as Baron Higgins, of Worthing in the County of West Sussex on 28 October 1997. While in opposition, he served as the Conservative shadow minister for work and pensions in the House of Lords. He was appointed a Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire in the 1993 New Years Honours List. His wife, Dame Rosalyn Higgins, with whom he has 2 children, was the President of the International Court of Justice. Higgins retired from the House of Lords on 1 January 2019.\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Teresa de la Parra\n", "Teresa de la Parra (October 5, 1889 – April 23, 1936) was a Venezuelan novelist.\n", "Section::::Life.\n", "She was born \"Ana Teresa Parra Sanojo\" in Paris, the daughter of Rafael Parra Hernáiz, Venezuelan Ambassador in Berlin, and Isabel Sanojo de Parra.\n", "As a member of a wealthy family, Ana Teresa spent part of her childhood at her father's hacienda \"Tazón\". After the death of her father, Ana Teresa and her sisters were taken by their mother to study at the Sacred Heart School, in Godella, Spain. Under fervent religious precepts, they received a solid education, suitable for upper-class young ladies. Ana Teresa returned to Caracas at the age of 19.\n", "After she settled in Paris, de la Parra travelled and had an intense social life. She began to research a biography of Simón Bolívar, perhaps inspired by the centenary of his death. However, her idea was interrupted when she was diagnosed with tuberculosis. Teresa de la Parra wandered in several European sanatoriums, mainly in Switzerland and Spain, but did not find a cure. It was then that she met Cuban poet and anthropologist Lydia Cabrera who would play an important role in de la Parra's life during her last years. She reflected about her philosophical and literary ideas, and studied her own work and life evolution through the years. The longest and most beautiful letters ever written to her family and friends, and her intimate diaries, come from this time and must be considered as part of her literature.\n", "Teresa de la Parra died in Madrid. Her remains were exhumed and brought to Caracas in 1947. In 1989, the 100th anniversary of her birth, she was reburied with honors at the National Pantheon in Caracas.\n", "Section::::Works.\n", "She rebelled against the limited expectations for women of her class by long hours of reading and writing. Her fantastic stories were published in the newspaper \"El Universal\", and her \"Diary of a Caraqueña in the Far East\" was published in the magazine \"Actualidades\". De la Parra's story \"Mama X\" earned first prize in a contest held in a provincial Venezuelan city. This story, as well as her \"Diary of a young lady who writes because she is bored\" (which was published in the magazine \"La Lectura Semanal\") was the beginning of her first major work.\n", "Section::::Works.:\"Iphigenia\".\n", "De la Parra's novel \"Iphigenia: Diary of a young lady who wrote because she was bored\", published in 1924, marked a change in Venezuelan literature. Teresa de la Parra wrote most of the novel in 1921 and 1922 during the dictatorship of Juan Vicente Gómez. Some of the characters in the novel were maliciously close to caricatures of people who were then well known in Caracas society. The characters Abuelita, Tía Clara and César Leal represent strict adherence to morality. Ambitious and politically corrupt characters like Gabriel Olmedo and Tío Pancho also reflect moral freedom given to men, in contrast against the passive role assigned to women.\n", "The protagonist of \"Iphigenia\", María Eugenia Alonso, a well-educated and intelligent young woman, is partly a self-portrait of the author. María Eugenia struggles against being confined in a marriage that threatens to stifle her intellectual development. She strives to determine whether it is possible for an intelligent and educated woman to evade marriage without losing her respectability in a society where women are expected to become wives and mothers.\n", "The tone, thematic nature and social-historic context of \"Iphigenia\" made it controversial among some social and literary circles in Venezuela and Colombia. Juan Vicente Gómez's government would not give Venezuelan publishers money to publish \"Iphigenia\". Teresa de la Parra travelled to Paris, where she had friends such as Simón Barceló, Alberto Zérega Fombona, Ventura García Calderón and Gonzalo Zaldumbide.\n", "Winner of the annual award given by Casa Editora Franco-Ibero-Americana in Paris in 1924, Teresa de la Parra finally had her work published and received a prize of 10,000 French francs. \"Iphigenia\" became a categorical success among Parisian intellectuals and readers. It was soon translated into French. Two years after multiple trips and works — which included lectures in Nations Society and exquisite answers to critics — the writer began her second major work.\n", "Section::::Works.:\"Mama Blanca's Memoirs\".\n", "\"Memorias de Mamá Blanca\" (\"Mama Blanca's Memoirs\"), published in 1929, was a nostalgia-filled fictionalized memoir of De la Parra's childhood. The spirit of the four sisters living on the hacienda \"Tazón\" is reflected in the six sisters living on the hacienda \"Piedra Azul\". The moral \"correctness\" of \"Souvenirs of Mama Blanca\" received favorable attention from those who had criticized \"Iphigenia\". In her letters, de la Parra wrote that there was no \"Iphigenia\" scent in \"Souvenirs of Mama Blanca\", which had no protest speech, revolutionary ideas or social criticism.\n", "De la Parra became a sought-after lecturer. Her more important speeches took place in Havana and Bogotá; this last one was very meaningful about her personal ideas of women's roles in Latin American society from colonial times to the 20th century.\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Tim Razzall, Baron Razzall\n", "Edward Timothy Razzall, Baron Razzall (born 12 June 1943), is a British Liberal Democrat politician and parliamentarian.\n", "Section::::Early life.\n", "He was the son of Humphrey Razzall, a Liberal Party member who stood as Liberal Parliamentary Candidate for Scarborough and Whitby in the 1945 General Election.\n", "Razzall attended St Paul's School, London before going to Worcester College, Oxford, representing the university at cricket in 1964.\n", "Section::::Career.\n", "Razzall qualified as a solicitor in 1969 and worked for Frere Cholmeley (later Frere Cholmeley Bischoff), becoming a partner in 1973, and chief executive in 1990 before leaving in 1995 to set up his own corporate finance business (Argonaut Associates). Frere Cholmeley Bischoff encountered financial difficulties and dissolved shortly after his departure, for which some blame was attributed to Razzall.\n", "In 1974 he was elected a Councillor for Mortlake Ward in the London Borough of Richmond upon Thames which he represented for 24 years. During that time he served as chair of Richmond Council's Policy and Resources Committee for 13 years and as deputy leader 1983–96. He was succeeded in both roles by Serge Lourie.\n", "In 1986 he became joint-treasurer of the Liberal Party and then treasurer of the newly merged Liberal Democrats in 1988. He was appointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the 1993 New Year Honours and created a Life Peer on 22 October 1997 as Baron Razzall, \"of Mortlake in the London Borough of Richmond\". In July 2002, he was the best man at the marriage of Charles Kennedy (the then Liberal Democrat Leader) to Sarah Gurling.\n", "From 2000 to 2006, he was chair of the Liberal Democrats' Campaigns and Communications Committee. Along with Lord Rennard, he was responsible for running the Liberal Democrats' election campaigns. He stepped down from this post in May 2006 saying he wanted a change and to give his successor a chance to settle into the role before the 2010 general election.\n", "A former House of Lords Liberal Democrat Spokesman on Trade and Industry and Treasurer of the All Party Parliamentary Intellectual Property Group in Parliament, he now serves on various parliamentary committees.\n", "Section::::Personal life.\n", "Razzall married first in 1965 (divorced 1974) Elizabeth Christina née Wilkinson, and they had a daughter, Katie Razzall, the BBC Newsnight reporter, and a son James Razzall. Through his second marriage in 1982 (dissolved 2003) to Deirdre Martineau née Taylor-Smith, he became step-father to her two sons and two daughters. In 2008 he was reported to be the partner of Baroness Jane Bonham-Carter. Bonham-Carter has declared the relationship in the House of Lords Register of Interests.\n", "Section::::Memoirs.\n", "His memoirs, \"Chance Encounters,\" were published in October 2014.\n", "Section::::Controversy.\n", "Lord Razzall attracted criticism in 2008 when it was revealed that he and his partner, The Baroness Bonham-Carter of Yarnbury, a fellow life peer, had both claimed House of Lords expenses for a flat that they shared, although it was not claimed that a breach of the rules had occurred. The House of Lords expenses system was later changed to give peers a flat rate irrespective of their residence.\n", "Section::::Honours.\n", "BULLET::::- Life Peer (1997)\n", "BULLET::::- CBE (1993)\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Lord Razzall profile at the site of Liberal Democrats\n", "BULLET::::- Tim Razzall's cricketing record for Oxford\n", "BULLET::::- \"Debrett's People of Today/a\"\n", "BULLET::::- RAZZALL, Baron , \"Who's Who 2013\" (A & C Black, 2013; online edn, Oxford University Press, Dec 2012)\n" ] }

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304, 84, 107, 159, 367, 31, 64, 105, 117, 168, 276, 300, 102, 179, 245, 258, 413, 187, 18, 13, 242, 278, 75, 103, 176, 308, 371, 30, 99, 117, 176, 450, 89, 149, 175, 218, 263, 103, 164, 54, 72, 99, 56, 79, 109, 136, 192, 150, 232, 57, 102, 354, 378, 477, 12 ], "text": [ "New York City", "La Cosa Nostra", "Colombo crime family", "Five Families", "Villabate", "Province of Palermo", "Sicily", "Detroit Partnership", "William Tocco", "Joseph Zerilli", "consigliere", "Joseph Magliocco", "Salvatore Bonanno", "Bonanno crime family", "Joseph Bonanno", "Profaci crime family", "Cadillac", "Broadway", "Chicago", "Cleveland, Ohio", "Salvatore D'Aquila", "Tampa, Florida", "loansharking", "Castellammarese War", "Salvatore Maranzano", "Charles \"Lucky\" Luciano", "underboss", "consigliere", "National Crime Syndicate", "Mafia Commission", "Stefano Magaddino", "Buffalo crime family", "protection racket", "extortion", "tax evasion", "World War II", "Bensonhurst, Brooklyn", "Miami Beach, Florida", "Hightstown", "New Jersey", "Theodore Roosevelt", "St. Peter's Basilica", "Rome", "Knights of Columbus", "Mass", "Regina Pacis", "Votive", "rosary", "Vatican", "Internal Revenue Service", "US Department of Justice", "Court of Appeals", "deportation", "Antonio Cottone", "mafioso", "US Customs", "heroin", "heroin", "Apalachin Conference", "Joseph Barbara", "Apalachin, New York", "New York State Troopers", "Court of Appeals", "Joe Gallo", "Gambino crime family", "Carlo Gambino", "Mafia Commission", "Frank Abbatemarco", "Carmine Persico", "Joseph Colombo", "Carlo Gambino", "Lucchese crime family", "Tommy Lucchese", "Bay Shore, New York", "liver cancer", "Saint John Cemetery", "Middle Village", "mausoleum", "Joseph Colombo", "Colombo crime family", "The Godfather", "Vito Corleone", "The Godfather Part III", "Michael Corleone", "St. Patrick's Old Cathedral", "Seize the Night: Joseph Profaci" ], "wikipedia_id": [ "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", "", 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{ "paragraph": [ "Joe Profaci\n", "Giuseppe \"Joe\" Profaci (; October 2, 1897 – June 6, 1962) was an Italian-born New York City La Cosa Nostra boss who was the founder of what is today known as the Colombo crime family. Established in 1928, this was the last of the Five Families to be organized. He was the family's boss for over three decades.\n", "Section::::Biography.\n", "Section::::Biography.:Early life.\n", "Giuseppe Profaci was born in Villabate, in the Province of Palermo, Sicily, on October 2, 1897. In 1920, Profaci spent one year in prison in Palermo on theft charges.\n", "Section::::Biography.:Family ties.\n", "Profaci's sons were Frank Profaci and John Profaci Sr. Frank eventually joined the Profaci crime family while John Sr. followed legitimate pursuits. Two of Profaci's daughters married the sons of Detroit Partnership mobsters William Tocco and Joseph Zerilli.\n", "Profaci's brother was Salvatore Profaci, who served as his consigliere for years, and is known to have been heavily into dealing of pornographic materials. One of Profaci's brothers-in-law was Joseph Magliocco, who would eventually become Profaci's underboss. Profaci's niece Rosalie Profaci was married to Salvatore Bonanno, the son of Bonanno crime family boss Joseph Bonanno. Profaci was the uncle of Salvatore Profaci Jr., also a member of the Profaci crime family.\n", "Rosalie Profaci offered the following description of her uncle:\n", "He was a flamboyant man who smoked big cigars, drove big black Cadillacs, and did things like buy tickets to a Broadway play for us cousins. But he didn't buy two or three or even four seats, he bought a whole row. \n", "Released from prison in 1921, Profaci emigrated to the United States, arriving in New York City on September 4. Profaci settled in Chicago, where he opened a grocery store and bakery. However, the business was unsuccessful and in 1925 Profaci relocated to New York, where he entered the olive oil import business. On September 27, 1927, Profaci became a United States citizen. At some point after his move to Brooklyn, Profaci became involved with local gangs.\n", "Section::::Biography.:Rise to family boss.\n", "On December 5, 1928, Profaci attended a mob meeting in Cleveland, Ohio that would make him an organized crime boss in Brooklyn. In October 1928, Brooklyn boss Salvatore D'Aquila was murdered. An important part of the Cleveland meeting, attended by mobsters from Tampa, Florida, Chicago, and Brooklyn, was to appoint Profaci as Aquila's replacement so as to maintain calm among the Brooklyn gangs. Magliocco was named as Profaci's second-in-command.\n", "Given Profaci's lack of experience in organized crime, it is unclear why the New York gangs gave him power in Brooklyn. Some speculated that Profaci received this position due to his family's status in Sicily, where they may have belonged to the Villabate Mafia. Profaci may have also benefited from contacts made through his olive oil business. Cleveland police eventually raided the meeting and expelled the mobsters from Cleveland, but Profaci's business was accomplished.\n", "By 1930, Profaci was controlling numbers, prostitution, loansharking, and narcotics trafficking in Brooklyn. In 1930, the Castellammarese War broke out in New York City. Some sources say that Profaci remained neutral, while others say that Profaci was firmly aligned with Castellammaresee boss Salvatore Maranzano. When the war finally ended in 1931, top mobster Charles \"Lucky\" Luciano reorganized the New York gangs into five organized crime families. At this point, Profaci was recognized as boss of what was now the Profaci crime family, with Magliocco as underboss and Salvatore Profaci as consigliere.\n", "When Luciano created the National Crime Syndicate, also known as the Mafia Commission, he gave Profaci a seat on the governing board. Profaci's closest ally on the board was Bonanno, who would cooperate with Profaci over the next 30 years. Profaci was also allied with Stefano Magaddino, the boss of the Buffalo crime family.\n", "Section::::Biography.:Business and faith.\n", "Profaci obtained most of his wealth through traditional illegal enterprises such as protection rackets and extortion. However, to protect himself from federal tax evasion charges, Profaci still maintained his original olive oil business, known as Mamma Mia Importing Company, leading to his nickname as \"Olive Oil King\". As the demand for olive oil skyrocketed after World War II, his business thrived. Profaci owned 20 other businesses that employed hundreds of workers in New York.\n", "Profaci owned a large house in Bensonhurst, Brooklyn, a home in Miami Beach, Florida, and an estate near Hightstown, New Jersey, which previously belonged to President Theodore Roosevelt. Profaci's estate had its own airstrip and a chapel with an altar that replicated one in St. Peter's Basilica in Rome.\n", "Profaci was a devout Catholic who made generous cash donations to Catholic charities. A member of the Knights of Columbus, Profaci would invite priests to his estate to celebrate Mass. In May 1952, a thief stole valuable jeweled crowns from the Regina Pacis Votive shrine in Brooklyn. Profaci sent his men to recover the crowns and reportedly kill the thief. However, accounts of the thief being strangled with a rosary are unfounded.\n", "In 1949, the Vatican received a petition from a group of New York Catholics to confer a knighthood on Profaci. However, when the Brooklyn District Attorney complained about the move, the Vatican denied the petition.\n", "Section::::Biography.:Legal problems.\n", "In 1953, the U.S. Internal Revenue Service sued Profaci for over $1.5 million in unpaid income taxes. The taxes were still unpaid when Profaci died nine years later.\n", "In 1954, the US Department of Justice moved to revoke Profaci's citizenship. The government claimed that when Profaci entered the United States in 1921, he lied to immigration officials about having no arrest record in Italy. In 1960, a U.S. Court of Appeals reversed Profaci's deportation order, ending the legal action.\n", "In 1956, law enforcement recorded a phone conversation between Profaci and Antonio Cottone, a Sicilian mafioso, about exporting Sicilian oranges to the United States. In 1959, US Customs agents intercepted one of those orange crates in New York. The crate contained 90 wax oranges containing a total of pure heroin. Smugglers in Sicily had filled the hollow oranges with heroin until they weighed as much as real oranges, then packed them in the crate. Profaci was never prosecuted for this crime.\n", "In 1957, Profaci attended the Apalachin Conference, a national mob meeting, at the farm of mobster Joseph Barbara in Apalachin, New York. While the conference was in progress, New York State Troopers surrounded the farm and raided it. Profaci was one of 61 mobsters arrested that day. On January 13, 1960, Profaci and 21 others were convicted of conspiracy and he was sentenced to five years in prison. However, on November 28, 1960, a United States Court of Appeals overturned the verdicts.\n", "Section::::Biography.:First Colombo war.\n", "In contrast to Profaci's generosity to his relatives and the church, many of his \"soldati\" considered him miserly and mean with money. One reason for their rancor was that Profaci required each family member to pay him a $25 a month tithe, an old Sicilian gang custom. The money, which amounted to approximately $50,000 a month, was meant to support the families of mobsters in prison. However, most of this money stayed with Profaci. In addition, Profaci did not tolerate any dissent from his policies. People who expressed discontent were murdered.\n", "At the end of the 1950s, Profaci received the first challenge to his authority from capo Joe Gallo and his brothers, perhaps with encouragement from Gambino crime family boss Carlo Gambino, Profaci's main rival on the Mafia Commission. In 1959, Profaci bookmaker Frank Abbatemarco stopped paying tribute to Profaci and owed him $50,000. Profaci allegedly promised Joseph Gallo, who worked with Abbatemarco, his lucrative rackets if Gallo killed him. After the murder Profaci split the bookmaking business, but left nothing for Gallo and his crew.\n", "Infuriated by Profaci's duplicity, the Gallos struck back. In February 1961, the Gallos and their ally Carmine Persico kidnapped Magliocco, Frank Persico, and capo Joseph Colombo. Profaci himself barely escaped capture, being forced to flee his New York mansion in his pajamas. Profaci then flew to Florida and took refuge in a hospital there. For the next few weeks, the two sides negotiated a hostage release. In return for financial concessions from Profaci, the Gallos finally released the four hostages. However, while negotiating with the Gallos, Profaci made a secret deal with Persico to switch sides. In August 1961, Persico lured Larry Gallo to a bar in Brooklyn, where he and his men attempted to strangle him to death. However, Gallo avoided death when a passing policeman interrupted the assassination. The war with the Gallo brothers would continue.\n", "Section::::Biography.:Mob standoff.\n", "By 1962, Profaci's health was failing. In early 1962, Carlo Gambino and Lucchese crime family boss Tommy Lucchese tried to convince Profaci to resign to end the gang war. However, Profaci strongly suspected that the two bosses were secretly supporting the Gallo brothers and wanted to take control of his family. Profaci vehemently refused to resign; furthermore, he warned that any attempt to remove him would spark a wider gang war. Gambino and Lucchese did not pursue their efforts.\n", "Section::::Biography.:Death.\n", "On June 6, 1962, Profaci died in South Side Hospital in Bay Shore, New York of liver cancer. He is buried at Saint John Cemetery in the Middle Village section of Queens, in one of the largest mausoleums in the cemetery.\n", "After Profaci's death, Magliocco succeeded him as head of the family. In late 1963, the Mafia Commission forced Magliocco out of office and installed Joseph Colombo as family boss. At this point, the Profaci crime family became the Colombo crime family.\n", "Profaci's legacy is reflected in the novel and the film, The Godfather, in which the title character, Vito Corleone, owns an olive oil importing business to conceal his criminal activities from the public and law enforcement. In the film’s fictional universe, Vito Corleone is the largest olive oil importer in the United States. In the opening scene of The Godfather Part III, Michael Corleone, son of Vito, is named a Commander of the Order of St. Sebastian at a ceremony in St. Patrick's Old Cathedral.\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Seize the Night: Joseph Profaci\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "Joseph \"Joe\" Profaci", "Giuseppe \"Joe\" Profaci" ] }, "description": "Italian mobster", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q1240227", "wikidata_label": "Joe Profaci", "wikipedia_title": "Joe Profaci" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "John Bouvier\n", "John Bouvier (1787–November 18, 1851), was an American jurist and legal lexicographer, is known for his legal writings, particularly his \"Law Dictionary Adapted to the Constitution and Laws of the United States of America and of the Several States of the American Union\" (1839). It is believed to be the first legal dictionary to be based on American law, and is still in publication. It has been frequently revised and republished, and was retitled \"Bouvier's Law Dictionary\" in 1897. Bouvier also published \"The Institutes of American Law\" (1851) and an edition of Matthew Bacon's \"Abridgment of the Law\".\n", "Section::::Life.\n", "John Bouvier was born in 1787 in Codognan, France, in the department du Gard, to Jean Bouvier (1760-1803) and Marie Benezet (1760-1823). They were members of the Quakers. John Bouvier was educated in Nimes.\n", "In 1802, Jean and Marie Bouvier, John Bouvier, and his brother Daniel emigrated to America and settled in Philadelphia. Bouvier's father died within a year of yellow fever, and his mother later returned to France. John Bouvier was apprenticed to age 21 to a Philadelphia Quaker, Benjamin Johnson, a printer and bookseller who had known the family while traveling in France.\n", "In 1808, John Bouvier began a printing business on Cypress Alley in west Philadelphia. \n", "In 1810, he married Elizabeth Widdifield (1789-1870), by whom he had one daughter, astronomical writer and cookbook author Hannah Mary Bouvier Peterson (1811-1870).\n", "Bouvier became a citizen of the United States in 1812.\n", "By 1814, Bouvier was living in Brownsville, Pennsylvania, where on Wednesday, November 9, 1814, he published the first issue of \"The American Telegraph\". In the weekly newspaper, he resolved to \"discountenance factions and factious men\" while following an editor's duty of \"exposure and support of the truth\". In 1818, Bouvier moved to Uniontown, Pennsylvania where he joined with another periodical to publish \"The Genius of Liberty and American Telegraph\". He continued to be involved in its publication until July 18, 1820.\n", "Section::::Legal career.\n", "While active as a printer and publisher, Bouvier began to study law, under the tutelage of Andrew Stewart.\n", "He was admitted to the bar in Fayette County, Pennsylvania in 1818. In 1822, he was admitted to serve as an attorney in the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania. In 1823, he moved back to Philadelphia. Bouvier was appointed Recorder of the City of Philadelphia in 1836, by Governor Joseph Ritner, and became an associate justice of the court of criminal sessions of Philadelphia in 1838.\n", "He was best known, however, for his legal writings. Having himself experienced the difficulty of studying treatises based on British laws that no longer applied to the United States, Bouvier wrote his own American law dictionary, \"Law Dictionary Adapted to the Constitution and Laws of the United States of America and of the Several States of the American Union\" (1839). He hoped that being \"written entirely anew, and calculated to remedy those defects, [it] would be useful to the profession\". It is believed to be the first legal dictionary to be based on American law. It was well received by bibliographer Samuel Austin Allibone and by other jurists including Chancellor James Kent of the New York Supreme Court and Justice Joseph Story of the United States Supreme Court. Bouvier himself revised and published new editions in 1843 and 1848. After his death, it continued to be updated and published, and was retitled \"Bouvier's Law Dictionary\" by Francis Rawle in 1897. Bouvier also published an edition of Matthew Bacon's \"Abridgment of the Law\" (10 vols, 1842-1846), and a compendium of American law entitled \"The Institutes of American Law\" (4 vols, 1851) that outlined legal principles such as bailment, contracts, and property.\n", "Bouvier died on November 18, 1851, a week after being \"stricken with apoplexy\" while working at his office. He is buried at Laurel Hill Cemetery in Philadelphia.\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Frederic Dan Huntington\n", "Frederic (or Frederick) Dan Huntington (May 28, 1819, Hadley, Massachusetts – July 11, 1904, Hadley, Massachusetts) was an American clergyman and the first Protestant Episcopal bishop of the Episcopal Diocese of Central New York.\n", "Section::::Early life, education and career.\n", "Frederic Dan, the youngest of the eleven children born to Dan and Elizabeth Huntington, was born in Hadley, Massachusetts on May 28, 1819. He grew up on the family farm \"Forty Acres,\" the home of both his mother and his grandmother, Elizabeth Porter Phelps.\n", "He graduated at Amherst College in 1839 and at the Harvard Divinity School in 1842. In 1843 he married Hannah Sargent, the sister of Epes Sargent. From 1842 to 1855 he was pastor of the South Congregational Church of Boston, and in 1855-1860 as preacher to the university and Plummer professor of Christian Morals at Harvard; he then left the Unitarian Church, with which his father had been connected as a clergyman at Hadley, resigned his professorship and became pastor of the newly established Emmanuel Church of Boston.\n", "Section::::Early life, education and career.:Syracuse, New York.\n", "Rev. Huntington founded the St. John's School, a military school, in 1869 in Manlius, New York, and was its president until his death in 1904. In the 1920s, St. John's became known as the renowned military school, The Manlius School, today integrated into the Manlius Pebble Hill School.\n", "He had refused the bishopric of the Episcopal Diocese of Maine when, in 1868, he was elected to the Diocese of Central New York. He was consecrated on April 9, 1869, and thereafter lived in Syracuse, New York.\n", "Section::::Early life, education and career.:Consecrators.\n", "BULLET::::- The Most Reverend Benjamin B. Smith\n", "BULLET::::- The Right Reverend Manton Eastburn\n", "BULLET::::- The Right Reverend Horatio Potter\n", "N.B.: 93rd bishop consecrated in the Episcopal Church.\n", "Section::::End of life.\n", "Huntington remained throughout his life attached to the family's ancestral farm in Hadley, Massachusetts, in the 1860s purchasing his siblings' shares so that he could inherit the house. He continued to manage it as a working farm, and spent summers there throughout his life. Huntington died in Hadley on July 11, 1904, aged 85.\n", "Section::::Publications.\n", "His more important publications included:\n", "BULLET::::- \"Lectures on Human Society\" (1860)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Memorials of a Quiet Life\" (1874)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Golden Rule applied to Business and Social Conditions\" (1892)\n", "From 1845 to 1858 he was the editor of \"The Monthly Religious Magazine,\" a Unitarian review.\n", "Section::::Legacy.\n", "Huntington's ancestral family home, the Porter-Phelps-Huntington House in Hadley, became a historic house museumin the 1940s, and is open seasonally.\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- List of Bishop Succession in the Episcopal Church\n", "Section::::References.\n", "Section::::References.:Further reading.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Christian Believing and Living: Sermons by Frederic Dan Huntington\" (Harvard, 1860), Original from Harvard, digitized by google books on Oct. 19, 2006.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Elim: or, Hymns of Holy Refreshment\", ed. Rev. F.D. Huntington. Boston: Dutton, 1865.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Memoir and Letters of Frederic Dan Huntington\" (Boston, 1906), by Arria S. Huntington, his daughter.\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Episcopal Church Annual\". Morehouse Publishing: New York, NY (2005).\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- The sermons and addresses by Frederic Dan Huntington are at the Andover-Harvard Theological Library at Harvard Divinity School in Cambridge, Massachusetts.\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "F. D. Huntington", "Frederick Dan Huntington" ] }, "description": "American bishop", "enwikiquote_title": "Frederic Dan Huntington", "wikidata_id": "Q5497015", "wikidata_label": "Frederic Dan Huntington", "wikipedia_title": "Frederic Dan Huntington" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Charles Baudin\n", "Charles Baudin (21 July 1784 in Sedan, France – 7 June 1854 at Ischia, Italy), was a French admiral, whose naval service extended from the First Empire through the early days of the Second Empire.\n", "From 1800, Baudin served as a midshipman on \"Géographe\" and took part in her expedition to Australia.\n", "Baudin lost an arm in 1808 while serving in the Indian Ocean on \"Sémillante\", during her battle against HMS \"Terpsichore\". In 1812, as Lieutenant and Commander of the brig \"Renard\" off Genoa, he received the order to convey 14 munitions-laden cargo vessels to Toulon. Although he was pursued by English cruisers, he was able to take his squadron safely to St. Tropez, notably engaging HMS \"Swallow\" on 11 June. In Toulon he was promoted to Captain. After the battle of Waterloo he was prepared to lead his defeated Emperor Napoleon I through the midst of the English cruisers; Napoleon, however, could not make up his mind in time.\n", "After the Restoration, Baudin was forced into retirement, and in 1816 joined the merchant marine. Under the July Monarchy, however, he returned to military service. In 1838, he became a Rear Admiral and became Commander-in-Chief of the squadron sent to Mexico during the so-called \"Pastry War.\" In this conflict he commanded the French forces at the Battle of Veracruz on 27 November 1838, against the fort of Vera Cruz, San Juan de Ulúa. The fort gave itself up the next day.\n", "In January 1839, Baudin was named a Vice Admiral and in the following year he was entrusted with a military and diplomatic mission to Buenos Aires. He also received command over the fleet in South American waters. In 1841, he took over the Ministry of Marine, but quickly resigned and became maritime prefect in Toulon.\n", "In 1848, after the February Revolution, he became commander-in-chief of France's Mediterranean Fleet. In this position, he took part in the Battle of Lazzaroni and of troops against Naples, and then moved toward Sicily, where he was defeated by the forces of Carlo Filangieri.\n", "In 1849, Baudin returned with his family to Ischia, where he died on 7 June 1854. Not long beforehand, he had been named a full Admiral.\n", "Section::::Notes, citations, and references.\n", "BULLET::::- Notes\n", "BULLET::::- Citations\n", "BULLET::::- References\n", "BULLET::::- (available from page 535 on this PDF file)\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Carmine Galante\n", "Carmine Galante (; February 21, 1910 – July 12, 1979) was an American mobster and boss of the Bonanno crime family. Galante was rarely seen without a cigar, leading to the nickname \"The Cigar\" and \"Lilo\" (a Sicilian term for cigar).\n", "Section::::Biography.\n", "Section::::Biography.:Background.\n", "Camillo Carmine Galante was born on February 21, 1910, in a tenement building in the East Harlem section of Manhattan. His parents, Vincenzo \"James\" Galante and Vincenza Russo, had emigrated to New York City in 1906 from Castellammare del Golfo, Sicily, where Vincenzo was a fisherman.\n", "Carmine Galante had two brothers, Samuel and Peter Galante, and two sisters, Josephine and Angelina Galante. Carmine Galante married Helen Marulli, by whom he had three children; James Galante, Camille Galante, and Angela Galante. For the last 20 years of his life, Carmine Galante actually lived with Ann Acquavella; the couple had two children together. He was the uncle to Bonanno crime family capo James Carmine Galante.\n", "Galante stood around 5 feet 6 inches and weighed approximately 160 pounds. While in prison in 1931, doctors diagnosed Galante as having a psychopathic personality.\n", "Galante owned the Rosina Costume Company in Brooklyn, New York and was associated with the Abco Vending Company of West New York, New Jersey.\n", "Section::::Biography.:Early years.\n", "At the age of 10, Galante was sent to reform school due to his criminal activities. He soon formed a juvenile street gang on New York's Lower East Side. By the age of 15, Galante had dropped out of seventh grade. As a teenager, Galante became a Mafia associate during the Prohibition era, becoming a leading enforcer by the end of the decade. During this period, Galante also worked as a fish sorter and at an artificial flower shop. On December 12, 1925, the 15-year-old Galante pleaded guilty to assault charges. On December 22, 1926, Galante was sentenced to at least two-and-a-half years in state prison.\n", "In August 1930, Galante was arrested for the murder of police officer Walter DeCastilla during a payroll robbery. However, Galante was never indicted. Also in 1930, New York Police Department (NYPD) officer Joseph Meenahan caught Galante and other gang members attempting to hijack a truck in Williamsburg, Brooklyn. In the ensuing gun battle, Galante wounded Meenahan and a six-year-old bystander, both survived. On February 8, 1931, after pleading guilty to attempted robbery Galante was sentenced to 12 and a half years in state prison. On May 1, 1939, Galante was released from prison on parole.\n", "By 1940, Galante was carrying out \"hits\" for Vito Genovese, the official underboss of the Luciano crime family. Galante had an underworld reputation for viciousness and was suspected by the New York Police Department (NYPD) of involvement in over eighty murders. Galante reportedly had a cold, dead-eyed stare with eyes that betrayed an utter indifference to human life, scaring both law enforcement as well as other Mafia members. Ralph Salerno, a former New York Police Department detective, once said, \"Of all the gangsters that I've met personally, and I've met dozens of them in all of my years, there were only two who, when I looked them straight in the eye, I decided I wouldn't want them to be really personally mad at me. Aniello Dellacroce was one and Carmine Galante was the other. They had bad eyes, I mean, they had the eyes of killers. You could see how frightening they were, the frigid glare of a killer.\"\n", "In 1943, Galante allegedly murdered Carlo Tresca, the publisher of an anti-fascist newspaper in New York. Genovese, living in exile in Italy, offered to kill Tresca as a favor to Italian President Benito Mussolini. Genovese allegedly gave the murder contract to Galante. On January 11, 1943, Galante allegedly shot and killed Tresca as he stepped outside his newspaper office in Manhattan, and then got in a car and drove away. Although Galante was arrested as a suspect, no one was ever charged in the murder. After the Tresca murder, Galante was sent back to prison on a parole violation. On December 21, 1944, Galante was released from prison.\n", "On February 10, 1945, Galante married Helena Marulli in New York.\n", "Section::::Underboss.\n", "Galante went from being chauffeur of Bonanno family boss, Joseph Bonanno, to caporegime and then underboss. He was said to have been loyal to Bonanno and often spoke of him with great admiration. They also shared a common enemy, Carlo Gambino of the then-Mangano crime family (prior to the organization carrying the Gambino name from 1957 onwards).\n", "In 1953, Bonanno sent Galante to Montreal, Quebec to supervise the family drug business there where he worked with Vincenzo Cotroni in the French Connection. The Bonannos were importing huge amounts of heroin by ship into Montreal and then sending it into the United States. In 1957, due to Galante's strong-arm extortion tactics, the Canadian Government deported him back to the United States.\n", "In October 1957, Bonanno and Galante held a hotel meeting in Palermo, Sicily on plans to import heroin into the United States. Attendees included exiled boss Lucky Luciano and other American mobsters, with a Sicilian Mafia delegation led by mobster Giuseppe Genco Russo. As part of the agreement, Sicilian mobsters would come to the U.S. to distribute the narcotics. Galante brought many young men, known as Zips, from his family home of Castellammare del Golfo, Trapani, to work as bodyguards, contract killers and drug traffickers. These Sicilian criminals had Galante's total trust and confidence.\n", "In 1958, after being indicted on drug conspiracy charges, Galante went into hiding. On June 3, 1959, New Jersey State Police officers arrested Galante after stopping his car on the Garden State Parkway close to New York City. Federal agents had recently discovered that Galante was hiding in a house on Pelican Island off the South Jersey shore. After posting $100,000 bail, he was released. On May 18, 1960, Galante was indicted on a second set of narcotics charges; he surrendered voluntarily.\n", "Galante's first narcotics trial started on November 21, 1960 and one of his co-defendants was the infamous William Bentvena (\"Billy Batts\" murdered by Tommy DeSimone). From the beginning, the first trial was characterized by jurors and alternates dropping out and coercive courtroom displays by the defendants. On May 15, 1961, the judge declared a mistrial. The jury foreman had \"fallen\" down some stairs at an abandoned building in the middle of the night and was unable to continue the trial due to injury. Galante was sentenced to 20 days in jail due to contempt of court. On July 10, 1962, after being convicted in his second narcotics trial, Galante was sentenced to 20 years in federal prison.\n", "Section::::Underboss.:Power grab.\n", "In 1964, Joseph Bonanno and his ally, Profaci crime family boss Joseph Magliocco, unsuccessfully plotted to murder three rival members of the Mafia Commission. When the plot was discovered, the Commission ordered Bonanno to retire. Over the succeeding 10 years, Bonanno tried to install his son Salvatore Bonanno as boss while the Commission tried to run the family with a series of ineffectual bosses.\n", "In January 1974, Galante was released from prison on parole. A few days after his release from prison, Galante allegedly ordered the bombing of the doors to the mausoleum of his enemy Frank Costello, who had died in 1973.\n", "In November 1974, the Commission designated Philip \"Rusty\" Rastelli as the official boss of the Bonanno family. However, Rastelli was soon sent to prison and Galante seized effective control of the family. As a former underboss, Galante considered himself the rightful successor to Joseph Bonanno, a man to whom he had always remained loyal.\n", "During the late 1970s, Galante allegedly organized the murders of at least eight members of the Gambino family, with whom he had an intense rivalry, in order to take over a massive drug-trafficking operation.\n", "On March 3, 1978, Galante's parole was revoked by the United States Parole Commission and he was sent back to prison. Galante had allegedly violated parole by associating with other Bonanno mobsters. However, on February 27, 1979, a judge ruled that the government had illegally revoked Galante's parole and ordered his immediate release from prison. By this stage, Galante was bald, bespectacled and had a stooped walk.\n", "Section::::Underboss.:Death.\n", "The New York crime families were alarmed at Galante's brazen attempt at taking over the narcotics market. Galante also refused to share any drug profits with the other families. Although Galante was aware that he had many enemies, he said, \"No one will ever kill me; they wouldn't dare.\" Genovese crime family boss Frank Tieri began contacting Cosa Nostra leaders to build a consensus for Galante's murder, even obtaining approval from the exiled Joseph Bonanno. They received a boost when Rastelli, the official boss, sought Commission approval to kill Galante as an illegitimate usurper. In 1979, the Mafia Commission ordered Galante's execution.\n", "On July 12, 1979, Galante was killed just as he finished eating lunch on an open patio at Joe and Mary's Italian-American Restaurant at 205 Knickerbocker Avenue in Bushwick, Brooklyn. Galante was dining with Leonard Coppola, a Bonanno capo, and restaurant owner/cousin Giuseppe Turano, a Bonanno soldier. Also sitting at the table were Galante's Sicilian bodyguards, Baldassare Amato and Cesare Bonventre. At 2:45 pm, three ski-masked men entered the restaurant, walked into the patio, and opened fire with shotguns and handguns. Galante, Turano, and Coppola were killed instantly. A picture of the murdered Galante showed a cigar still in his mouth. Amato and Bonventre, who did nothing to protect Galante, were left unharmed. The gunmen then ran out of the restaurant.\n", "Those involved in the murder were later identified as Anthony \"Bruno\" Indelicato, Dominick Trinchera, Dominick Napolitano and Louis Giongetti. These men were hired by Alphonse Indelicato.\n", "Section::::Underboss.:Aftermath.\n", "The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of New York refused to allow a funeral mass for Galante due to his notoriety. Galante was buried at Saint John's Cemetery in Middle Village, Queens.\n", "In 1984, Bonventre was found murdered in a New Jersey warehouse, allegedly to guarantee his silence in the Galante murder. On January 13, 1987, Anthony Indelicato was sentenced to 40 years in prison, as a defendant in the Commission trial, for the Galante, Coppola, and Turano murders.\n", "Section::::Popular culture.\n", "In 2005, contract killer Richard Kuklinski (who died in 2006 in Trenton State Prison, New Jersey) claimed that he was one of the hitmen who killed Galante.\n", "Although never mentioned by name, Galante is referred to twice in the movie \"Donnie Brasco\". Galante first appears as a cigar-smoking character known as \"The boss\". Later in the film, Galante's murder is reported on the front page of a newspaper. Mobster Lefty Ruggiero points to the story and says, \"Can you believe it? The fuckin' boss gets whacked!\"\n", "The HBO show \"The Sopranos\" refers to Galante's assassination in the episode \"A Hit Is a Hit\". Tony Soprano is playing golf with his neighbor, Dr. Bruce Cusamano. After someone asks Cusamano if he ever saw the picture of the dead Galante with a cigar hanging from his mouth, Cusamano describes the murder as a \"fuckin' beautiful hit\".\n", "Galante is depicted in the first episode of the UK history TV channel Yesterday's documentary series \"Mafia's Greatest Hits\".\n", "Section::::References.\n", "BULLET::::- Pistone, Joseph D.; & Woodley, Richard (1999) \"\", Hodder & Stoughton. .\n", "BULLET::::- Pistone, Joseph D.; & Brandt, Charles (2007). \"Donnie Brasco: Unfinished Business\", Running Press. .\n", "BULLET::::- DeStefano, Anthony. \"The Last Godfather: Joey Massino & the Fall of the Bonanno Crime Family\". California: Citadel, 2006.\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- \"FBI Files Carmine Galante 1 through 12\"\n", "BULLET::::- Seize the Night: Carmine Galante\n", "BULLET::::- Carmine \"Lilo\" Galante at Find A Grave\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "Lilo Galante" ] }, "description": "American Mafia boss", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q1043820", "wikidata_label": "Carmine Galante", "wikipedia_title": "Carmine Galante" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Charles de Téligny\n", "Charles de Téligny (c. 1535 – 24 August 1572) was a French soldier and diplomat.\n", "Section::::Biography.\n", "De Téligny belonged to a respected Huguenot family of Rouerque, and received an excellent training in letters and arms at the house of Gaspard de Coligny.\n", "He was employed on several peace missions; he represented the Protestants before the king, and was entrusted by Condé with the presentation of his terms to the queen-mother Catherine in 1567, and in the following year he assisted at the conference at Châlons and signed the Peace of Longjumeau, which was destined to be of short duration.\n", "On the outbreak of war, he took part in the siege of Poitiers, directed an unsuccessful attack on Nantes, fought bravely under Coligny at Moncontour, and participated in the negotiations ending in the Peace of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (8 August 1570).\n", "In 1571 he retired to La Rochelle and married Louise de Coligny, but was speedily recalled to Paris to serve on the bi-partisan commission of adjustment. Although he won the special favour of Charles IX, he became one of the first victims in the massacre of St Bartholomew's Day. He was murdered in the halls of the Louvre after refusing to recant his Protestant beliefs. His remains were taken to the Castle of Téligny in 1617, but eight years later were thrown into the river by the Bishop of Castres.\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "Charles de Teligny", "Charles-Louis de Téligny", "Charles-Louis de Teligny" ] }, "description": "French diplomat", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q1868249", "wikidata_label": "Charles de Téligny", "wikipedia_title": "Charles de Téligny" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Nicodemo Scarfo\n", "Nicodemo Domenic \"Little Nicky\" Scarfo (March 8, 1929 – January 13, 2017) was a member of the American Mafia who eventually became the boss of the Philadelphia crime family after the death of Angelo Bruno and Phil Testa. During his criminal career, Scarfo was described by some as psychotic, cruel and vicious. From many accounts of his former criminal associates who testified against him, he would want to murder someone if he was shown the slightest bit of disrespect or even if he was stared at.\n", "Scarfo orchestrated a particularly ruthless regime and ordered over a dozen murders during his time as boss. He was often described by informants as cold-hearted and narcissistic. He enjoyed the celebrity gangster lifestyle and was an admirer of Chicago Outfit boss Al Capone. Scarfo would scan newspapers for his name and made sure his soldiers carried out murders in public to create a constant atmosphere of fear. Scarfo engaged in organized crime activities such as drug trafficking to generate millions, while many other bosses avoided such activities known to attract law enforcement scrutiny. It was these methods that ultimately led to Scarfo's downfall. Though Scarfo's reign may have made him rich, in the long term, it almost destroyed the crime family that he dominated for a decade. He was convicted of multiple RICO charges in 1988 including drug trafficking, loansharking, extortion, attempted murder, and first degree murder, and with damaging testimonies of several informants, who had carried out his murders, and his top lieutenants including his second in command and nephew, Philip \"Crazy Phil\" Leonetti. Scarfo died in prison on January 13, 2017, while serving his prison sentence.\n", "He is also the father of Nicky Scarfo Jr., a Lucchese family soldier, who most recently was sentenced to 30 years in prison for security fraud, racketeering, and illegal gambling. \n", "Section::::Early life.\n", "Scarfo was born in Brooklyn, New York, to Philip and Catherine Scarfo, both Catholics. At the age of 12, Scarfo and his family moved to South Philadelphia, where he worked as a young laborer and later graduated at Benjamin Franklin High School in 1947. He became an amateur boxer, fighting in small clubs throughout Philadelphia, earning himself a reputation for his aggressive temper in the ring.\n", "Section::::Early criminal years.\n", "After failing to become a success in the boxing world, Scarfo joined his uncle Nicky Buck, a Philly Mob soldier, in illegal activities in Philadelphia. He worked as a bartender at a club owned by his uncle and was apprenticed by him and his two brothers. He also committed his first murder with feared hitman Felix \"Skinny Razor\" Di Tullio, who taught him how to kill.\n", "Section::::Later criminal years.\n", "In 1954, Scarfo was proposed for membership into the Philadelphia crime family. He was inducted by then boss Joseph Ida at a ceremony held in New Jersey, alongside two of his uncles who were also inducted as full-fledged soldiers. Scarfo was reportedly arrogant and stubborn, having declined to marry the daughter of Consigliere Joe Rugnetta, leaving him embarrassed and disrespected, briefly causing friction within the family. In 1963, Scarfo pleaded guilty to manslaughter for fatally stabbing an Irish longshoreman with a knife over an argument at a Philadelphia restaurant, while he was with Chuckie Merlino. He spent around 10 months in prison. After his release, he was sent to Atlantic City by Angelo Bruno to oversee the operations there. Scarfo served almost two years in prison from 1971 to 1973 for refusing to testify for the New Jersey State Commission of Investigation. He served his time with boss Angelo Bruno and Genovese crime family members Gerardo Catena and Louis Manna, the latter of whom he formed a close relationship with.\n", "In 1976, Atlantic City legalized gambling, and Scarfo prioritized gambling as his main source of income. His cement contracting company, which was shared with his nephew, \"Scarf, Inc\", received good business as developers built new casinos in Atlantic City; Scarfo would intimidate businesses into buying from his company, including Donald Trump. Criminal associate and contractor Vincent Falcone was shot twice and killed by Phil Leonetti on orders of Scarfo after making negative remarks about the company and Scarfo. In 1978, Scarfo and his associate, Nicholas \"Nick the Blade\" Virgilio, shot and murdered judge Edwin J. Helfant for refusing to cooperate with them and to help Virgilio receive a lighter sentence as he was facing murder charges, in exchange for $12,500. Scarfo acted as the getaway driver. Meanwhile, Virgilio fired numerous rounds into the judge as he dined with his wife in a restaurant. He made it a public execution and made him an example to anyone that wasn't willing to give him what he wanted.\n", "Section::::Power struggle.\n", "Longtime Boss Angelo Bruno was murdered in 1980. His murder was orchestrated by his Consigliere, Antonio Caponigro. Weeks later, Caponigro faced the consequence of killing a Boss without the approval of the American Mafia Commission. He was found shot dozens of times in a car trunk and $300 in bills were jammed in his mouth and anus as a sign of his own greed. Phil Testa became the new Boss of the Philadelphia crime family, appointing Scarfo as his Consigliere. However, his tenure as Boss would be a short one. Testa was killed by a nail bomb under his porch in 1981, on orders of his Underboss and drug trafficker Peter Casella and Capo Frank Narducci Sr., which later resulted in Narducci being gunned down and Casella being banished from the Mob and fleeing to Florida. \n", "Testa's murder sparked a war within the family. Scarfo seized the top position for himself, promoting his nephew as his Underboss and Frank Monte as his Consigliere. Scarfo would go on to lead the family for a decade with a bloody rampage, fueled by paranoia and aggression. Between August 1982 and January 1984, Scarfo was imprisoned in a Texas penitentiary for gun possession. During that time, aging Capo Harry Riccobene began to form another faction that opposed Scarfo. The war would cost him his little brother's life, his brother Mario to become a government informant and Riccobene himself to be given a life sentence for first degree murder. \n", "In 1984, Scarfo ordered the death of Salvatore Testa, one of his Capos and top hitmen, as Testa's ambition and growing popularity made Scarfo feel threatened. Testa was the son of former Boss Phil Testa, who had been Scarfo's close friend and mentor. As a result of Salvatore Testa's murder, Scarfo gained a reputation for disloyalty, and several criminal organizations across the USA began to distrust him.\n", "Section::::Downfall of Scarfo and the family.\n", "In 1985, Scarfo plotted to extort $1 million from major commercial developer Willard Rouse, sending his soldier Nicholas Caramandi and another associate to do it. Rouse refused and immediately contacted the FBI. The FBI began a case to tackle Scarfo, sending an undercover agent to pose as a representative of Rouse. This led Caramandi, a notable and feared hitman, to cooperate and testify against the organization. In 1986, Caramandi was indicted for his role in the extortion case and decided to cooperate in fear of Scarfo ordering a hit on his life. A year later, Caramandi testified against him in court. Scarfo received 14 years for the extortion as a result of Caramandi's testimony. With the help of several informants, including his nephew, Phil Leonetti, Scarfo was convicted of nine murders and of the numerous failed attempts on Harry Riccobene in 1989 and other RICO charges; he was handed a life sentence.\n", "Section::::Death.\n", "Scarfo began his sentence at the Atlanta Federal Penitentiary. He was later transferred to the Federal Medical Center in Butner, North Carolina, where he died of natural causes on January 13, 2017. His register number was 09813-050.\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "American mob boss", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q3876103", "wikidata_label": "Nicodemo Scarfo", "wikipedia_title": "Nicodemo Scarfo" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Edward Shortt\n", "Edward Shortt, KC (10 March 1862 – 10 November 1935) was a British lawyer and Liberal Party politician. He served as a member of David Lloyd George's cabinet, most significantly as Home Secretary from 1919 to 1922.\n", "Section::::Background and education.\n", "The son of a Newcastle upon Tyne Church of England vicar, Shortt was educated at Durham School, followed by the University of Durham, where he read Classics.\n", "Section::::Legal career.\n", "He was called to the Bar at the Middle Temple in 1890 and practiced on the North Eastern Circuit. He served as Recorder (part-time judge) of Sunderland from 1907 to 1918, and was made a King's Counsel in 1910. He was never a particularly successful barrister, but was popular, clear and lucid.\n", "Section::::Political career.\n", "Shortt became active in politics for the Liberal Party. In 1908, Shortt was an unsuccessful candidate for Newcastle upon Tyne in a by-election, losing a seat previously held by the party when the Social Democratic Federation put up a candidate against him. However, in the January 1910 election he was elected, and remained an MP until 1922, transferring in 1918 to the new Newcastle upon Tyne West constituency. Within the Liberal Party, Shortt allied with David Lloyd George in the party split which occurred between him and H. H. Asquith. When Lloyd George came to power in 1916, Shortt was soon appointed to the government.\n", "Shortt was not a very active MP, but his appointment to chair a Select Committee to review the operation of the Military Service Acts in 1917 brought him to the attention of Lloyd George. In May 1918, Lloyd George appointed him as Chief Secretary for Ireland, at a pivotal point in the First World War and when Irish Republicanism was on the increase. The government had decided to introduce conscription in Ireland to provide more soldiers for the Western Front, linked to support for Irish home rule, but still found that opposition to the British increased. Shortt gave his support to an unusual plan to encourage Irish soldiers to join the French army, while persuading the Roman Catholic hierarchy in Ireland to support conscription. However, both parts of the plan collapsed due to infighting within the government and the military establishment. Conscription was never implemented in Ireland.\n", "Once the war was over, Shortt was promoted to Home Secretary in January 1919, during the middle of a police strike. To the stakeholder's satisfaction, he helped to solve the strike and earned the support of the police. He had to deal with rising crime caused by large numbers of unemployed soldiers, some who struggled with mental illness. He introduced a bill to license firearms, of which there were many which had been smuggled back as war trophies. Shortt also reprieved Ronald True, who had been condemned to death for murder, after finding the issue of his sanity in doubt. Shortt was not well respected in Parliament due to the appointing of fellow barristers from the North East to important posts although he was admired in quarters for his liberal thinking and it was well known that Edward Shortt was capable of a great deal of compassion as illustrated in the many death penalties he commuted and repealed.\n", "When Lloyd George's coalition government fell in October 1922, Shortt retired from politics and stood down from Parliament.\n", "Section::::Career after Parliament.\n", "In November 1929, Shortt was appointed as second President of the British Board of Film Censors succeeding T.P. O'Connor. This was an odd appointment as Shortt had no real interest and actively disliked sound films. The Board had been set up by the film industry and had no statutory role (local councils being technically responsible for judging who could see a film) but in practice its rulings were always obeyed.\n", "Shortt followed previous policy of a highly restrictive licensing. In the Board's report for 1931, he outlined his concern about the increasing number of films dealing with sexual topics, and promised further restrictions. He banned 120 films in five years and in 1932 ordered cuts to 382, a record number; one of the films banned was \"Red-Headed Woman\", starring Jean Harlow.\n", "In the last year of his life he founded the security firm \"Nightwatch Services\", later Securicor.\n", "Section::::Family.\n", "Shortt married Isabella Stewart Scott, who had been born in Chile to British parents. They had one son, who was killed in action in 1917, and three daughters, including Doreen Ingrams. He died on 10 November 1935, at the age of 73.\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "British politician", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q5345322", "wikidata_label": "Edward Shortt", "wikipedia_title": "Edward Shortt" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Wilhelm Abraham Teller\n", "Wilhelm Abraham Teller (9 January 1734 – 9 December 1804) was a German Protestant theologian who championed a rational approach to Christianity.\n", "Section::::Life and career.\n", "Teller was born in Leipzig. His father, Romanus Teller (1703–1750), was a pastor at Leipzig, and afterwards became professor of theology in the University of Leipzig. He edited the earlier volumes of a \"Bibelwerk\" (\"Bible Book\", 19 volumes, 1749–1770) which was designed as an adaptation for German readers of the exegetical works of Andrew Willet, Henry Ainsworth, Simon Patrick, Matthew Poole, Matthew Henry and others. Wilhelm Abraham studied philosophy and theology in the university of his native town. Amongst the men whose influence mainly determined his theological position and line of work was Johann August Ernesti.\n", "Teller's writings present rationalism in its course of development from biblical supernaturalism to the borders of deistical naturalism. His first learned production was a Latin translation of Benjamin Kennicott's \"Dissertation on the State of the Printed Hebrew Text of the Old Testament\" (1756), which was followed the next year by an essay in which he expounded his own critical principles.\n", "In 1761 he was appointed pastor, professor of theology and general superintendent in the University of Helmstedt. Here he pursued his exegetical, theological and historical researches, the results of which appeared in his \"Lehrbuch des christlichen Glaubens\" (\"Textbook of Christian Faith\", 1764). This work caused some commotion, as much by the novelty of its method as by the heterodoxy of its matter, and more by its omissions than by its positive teaching, though everywhere the author seeks to put theological doctrines in a decidedly modern form.\n", "In 1767 Teller, whose attitude had made his position at Helmstedt intolerable, was glad to accept an invitation from the Prussian minister for ecclesiastical affairs to the post of provost of Cologne, with a seat in the Lutheran Supreme Consistory of Berlin. Here he found himself in the company of the rationalistic theologians of Prussia: Friedrich Samuel Gottfried Sack (1738–1817), Johann Joachim Spalding (1714–1804) and others and became one of the leaders of the rationalistic party, and one of the chief contributors to CF Nicolai's \"Allgemeine Deutsche Bibliothek\". Teller was not long in making use of his freer position in Berlin.\n", "In 1772 appeared the most popular of his books, \"Wörterbuch des Neuen Testamentes zur Erklärung der christlichen Lehre\" (\"Dictionary of the New Testament for the Explanation of Christian Doctrine\", 6th ed., 1805). The object of this work was to recast the language and ideas of the New Testament and give them the form of 18th-century illuminism. The author maintains that the Graeco-Hebraic expressions must not be interpreted literally, but explained in terms intelligible to the modern mind. By this lexicon Teller had put himself amongst the most advanced rationalists, and his opponents charged him with the design of overthrowing positive Christianity altogether. In 1786 the author became a member of the Berlin Academy of Sciences.\n", "The Wollner Edict of 9 July 1788, for the enforcement of Lutheran orthodoxy, and Tellers manly action, as member of the consistorial council, in defiance of it (cf. his \"Wohlgemeinte Erinnerungen\", \"Well-Meaning Reminders\", 1788), led the Prussian government to pass upon him the sentence of suspension for three months, with forfeiture of his stipend. He was not, however, to be moved by such means, and (1792) issued his work \"Die Religion der Vollkommeneren\" (\"The Religion of the More Perfect\"), an exposition of his theological position, in which he advocated at length the idea, subsequently often urged, of the perfectibility of Christianity, that is, of the ultimate transformation of Christianity into a scheme of simple morality, with a complete rejection of all specifically Christian ideas and methods. This book represents the culminating point of German illuminism, and is separated by a long process of development from the author's \"Lehrbuch\". In the same year he published his \"Anleitung zur Religion überhaupt und zum Allgemeinen des Christenthums besonders; für die Jugend höherer und gebildeter Stünde aller Religions parteien\" (\"Manual of All Religion and the Generalities of Christianity Especially; for the Youth of Upper and Educated Classes of all Religious Denominations\").\n", "Besides his contributions to the \"Allgemeine Deutsche Bibliothek\", he edited a popular and practically useful \"Magazin für Prediger\" (\"Magazine for Preachers\", 1792–1801).\n", "He died in Berlin.\n", "Section::::References.\n", "BULLET::::- This work in turn cites:\n", "BULLET::::- Wilhelm Gass, \"Geschichte der protestantischen Dogmatik\" (A history of Protestant dogma), iv. pp. 206–222.\n", "BULLET::::- P. Wolff, article in Herzog-Hauck, \"Realencyklopädie\" (ed. 1907)\n", "BULLET::::- Heinrich Döring, \"Deutsche Kanzelredner des 18ten und 19ten Jahrh.\" (German preachers of the 18th and 19th century), p. 506 seq.\n", "BULLET::::- Edward Pusey, \"Causes of the Late Rationalistic Character of German Theology\" (1828), p. 150\n", "BULLET::::- cf\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Christoph Friedrich Nicolai\n", "Christoph Friedrich Nicolai (18 March 1733 – 11 January 1811) was a German writer and bookseller.\n", "Section::::Life.\n", "Nicolai was born in Berlin, where his father, Christoph Gottlieb Nicolai (d. 1752), was the founder of the bookseller \"Nicolaische Buchhandlung\". He received a good education, and in 1749 went to Frankfurt (Oder) to learn his father's business, finding time also to become acquainted with English literature.\n", "In 1752 Nicolai returned to Berlin, and began to take part in literary controversy by defending John Milton against the attacks of JC Gottsched. His \"Briefe über den jetzigen Zustand der schönen Wissenschaften in Deutschland\", published anonymously in 1755 and reprinted by G Ellinger in 1894, were directed against both Gottsched and Gottsched's Swiss opponents, Johann Jakob Bodmer and Johann Jakob Breitinger; his enthusiasm for English literature won for him the friendship of Gotthold Ephraim Lessing and Moses Mendelssohn. In association with Mendelssohn he established in 1757 the \"Bibliothek der schönen Wissenschaften\", a periodical which he conducted until 1760. Together with Lessing and Mendelssohn, Nicolai edited the famous book review journal \"Briefe, die neueste Literatur betreffend\" between 1759 and 1765; and from 1765 to 1792 he edited another book review journal \"Allgemeine deutsche Bibliothek\". This latter periodical served as the organ of the so-called popular philosophers, who warred against authority in religion and against what they conceived to be extravagance in literature.\n", "His romances are largely forgotten, although \"Das Leben und die Meinungen des Herrn Magister Sebaldus Nothanker\" (1773–1776), and his satire on Goethe's \"Werther\", \"Freuden des jungen Werthers\" (1775), had a certain reputation in their day. Between 1788 and 1796, Nicolai published in twelve volumes a \"Beschreibung einer Reise durch Deutschland und die Schweiz\", which bears witness to the conservatism of his views in later life.\n", "Nicolai also offered an early account of visual hallucinosis with preservation of insight and unrelated to madness: “suddenly I observed, at the distance of ten paces, the figure of a deceased person. I asked my wife whether she saw it. She saw nothing but being much alarmed … sent for the physician.” The visions were beyond his control and could not be elicited at will. \n", "Nicolai died in 1811 in Berlin.\n", "Nicolai's \"Bildniss und Selbsbiographie\" was published by Moses Samuel Löwe in the \"Bildnisse jetzt lebender Berliner Gelehrter\", in 1806.\n", "Section::::Further reading.\n", "BULLET::::- Leopold Friedrich Günther von Goeckingk, \"Friedrich Nicolais Leben und literarischer Nachlass\" (1820)\n", "BULLET::::- Jakob Minor, \"Lessings Jugendfreunde\", in Joseph Kürschner's \"Deutsche Nationalliteratur\", vol. lxxii. (1883)\n", "BULLET::::- Otto Hoffmann, \"Herders Briefwechsel mit Nicolai\" (1887)\n", "BULLET::::- Ernst Friedel, \"Zur Geschichte der Nicolaischen Buchhandlung und des Hauses Brüderstraße 13 in Berlin\" (1891)\n", "BULLET::::- Ernst Altenkrüger, \"Friedrich Nicolais Jugendschriften\" (1894)\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Thomas Tresham (died 1605)\n", "Sir Thomas Tresham (1543 – 11 September 1605) was a prominent recusant Catholic landowner in Elizabethan Northamptonshire. He died two years after the accession of James VI and I.\n", "Section::::Life.\n", "Tresham was brought up in the Throckmorton household. He inherited large estates at the age of 15, from his grandfather and namesake Thomas Tresham I, establishing him as a member of the Catholic elite. He was widely regarded as clever and well-educated, a correspondent of William Cecil, the Secretary of State to Queen Elizabeth, and Sir Christopher Hatton, the Lord Chancellor.\n", "Well-read, Tresham dedicated much of his life to collecting books. He was much disliked, however, for an enclosure policy towards common land. Following a riot which destroyed some of his hedges, he had 50 people executed.\n", "Tresham was picked as sheriff for Northamptonshire in 1573 and was knighted at the Queen's Royal Progress at Kenilworth in 1575. He frequently entertained large numbers of friends and acquaintances and pursued an aggressively reforming estate policy. His recusancy, Jesuit connections and arguments for the state's lack of jurisdiction in matters of conscience made him the subject of official attention, and he was imprisoned several times and fined heavily. At a time when Queen Elizabeth was anxious about the Catholic threat posed by Spain and by her cousin Mary, Queen of Scots, Catholics were made targets for persecution by their spiritual loyalty to another temporal power (the Pope, and by extension, the Catholic King of Spain). Between 1581 and 1605, Tresham paid penalties totalling just under £8,000. (equivalent to £ in ). These heavy financial demands were, in reality, overshadowed by the expense of his building projects and his insistence on making advantageous marriages for his six daughters, bringing with them sizeable dowries (£12,200). His credit was thus impaired, and the ill-advised involvement of his son, Francis, in the Earl of Essex's rebellion, cost him over £3,000. As a Catholic who had Jesuit links, and who argued for an individual's right to act according to his conscience unmolested, he was tarred with the brush of disloyalty, a mark he fiercely rejected. Ultimately, his son Lewis successfully ate through what little family money was left.\n", "He left three notable buildings in Northamptonshire, the extraordinary Rushton Triangular Lodge and the unfinished Lyveden New Bield, both of which embody the strength of his faith. The Triangular Lodge bears witness to Tresham's fidelity to the doctrine of the Trinity. There was also a more personal connection: above the door we find the inscription 'Tres testimonium dant' ('the three bear witness', or, perhaps, 'Tres bears witness'). 'Tres' may be a moment of self-reference; it was his wife's pet name for him. Tresham himself was the architect of these designs, and the extant family papers in the British Library reveal some of his plans. His sense of civic responsibility in local society, occasioned by his gentility and the expectations of his rank and family practice, led him to begin building the Market House at Rothwell in 1577, thought to be a sessions house and decorated with the arms of other local families. Sir Thomas was a considerable landowner at his death in 1605, but his estate had £11,000 of debt (equivalent to £ in ).\n", "Section::::Marriage and children.\n", "In 1566, he married Muriel, a daughter of Sir Robert Throckmorton and Elizabeth Hussey. The Throckmorton family was a wealthy Catholic family from Coughton Court in Warwickshire and Tresham had been Sir Robert's ward.\n", "Thomas and Muriel had eleven children, including;\n", "BULLET::::- Francis (d. December 1605)\n", "BULLET::::- Mary (d. 13 October 1664); married Thomas Brudenell, 1st Earl of Cardigan\n", "BULLET::::- Elizabeth; married William Parker, 4th Baron Monteagle\n", "BULLET::::- Frances; married Edward Stourton, 10th Baron Stourton\n", "BULLET::::- Catherine; married Sir John Webbe, 2nd Baron of Odstock\n", "His elder son, Francis, inherited the titles, estate, and debt, and became embroiled in the Gunpowder Plot later that year along with his cousins Robert Catesby and Thomas Wintour. Imprisoned for his actions, Francis met an early death in\n", "December 1605, avoiding certain execution. Nevertheless, he was decapitated after his death and his head displayed as that of a notorious traitor. His role in the Plot has been the subject of debate by historians and it has been largely accepted that he was the author of the famous 'Mounteagle Letter'. However widely agreed his authorship of the letter to his relative, it remains conjectural.\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Matthew Poole\n", "Matthew Poole (1624–1679) was an English Nonconformist theologian and biblical commentator.\n", "Section::::Life to 1662.\n", "He was born at York, the son of Francis Pole, but he spelled his name Poole, and in Latin Polus; his mother was a daughter of Alderman Toppins there. He was educated at Emmanuel College, Cambridge, from 1645, under John Worthington. Having graduated B.A. at the beginning of 1649, he succeeded Anthony Tuckney, in the sequestered rectory of St Michael le Querne, then in the fifth classis of the London province, under the parliamentary system of presbyterianism. This was his only preferment. He proceeded M.A. in 1652. On 14 July 1657 he was one of eleven Cambridge graduates incorporated M.A. at Oxford on occasion of the visit of Richard Cromwell as chancellor.\n", "Poole was a \"jure divino\" presbyterian, and an authorised defender of the views on ordination of the London provincial assembly, as formulated by William Blackmore. After the Restoration of the English monarchy, in a sermon of 26 August 1660 before the lord mayor Sir Thomas Aleyn at St Paul's Cathedral, he made a case for simplicity in public worship. On the passing of the Uniformity Act 1662 he resigned his living, and was succeeded by R. Booker on 29 August 1662.\n", "Section::::Later life.\n", "Though he occasionally preached and printed some tracts, Poole made no attempt to gather a congregation. He had a patrimony of £100 a year, on which he lived.\n", "He was one of those who presented to the king ‘a cautious and moderate thanksgiving’ for the indulgence of 15 March 1672, and were offered royal bounty. Gilbert Burnet reports, on Edward Stillingfleet's authority, that Poole received for two years a pension of £50. Early in 1675 he entered with Richard Baxter into a negotiation for comprehension, promoted by John Tillotson, which came to nothing. According to Henry Sampson, Poole made provision for a nonconformist ministry and day-school at Tunbridge Wells, Kent.\n", "In his depositions relative to the alleged Popish plot (September 1678), Titus Oates had represented Poole as marked for assassination, because of his tract (1666) on the \"Nullity of the Romish Faith\". Poole gave some credit to this, reportedly after a scare on returning home one evening near Clerkenwell with Josiah Chorley. Poole left England, and settled at Amsterdam. Here he died on 12 October 1679 (N.S.), and was buried in a vault of the English Reformed Church, Amsterdam. His wife was buried on 11 August 1668 at St Andrew Holborn, Stillingfleet preaching the funeral sermon. He left a son, who died in 1697.\n", "Section::::Works.\n", "In 1654 Poole published a tract against John Biddle. In 1658 he put forward a scheme for a scholarship for university courses, for those intending to enter the ministry. The plan was approved by Worthington and Tuckney, and had the support also of John Arrowsmith, Ralph Cudworth, William Dillingham, and Benjamin Whichcote. Money was raised, and supported William Sherlock at Peterhouse. His \"Vox Clamantis\" gives his view of the ecclesiastical situation after 1662.\n", "The work with which his name is principally associated is the \"Synopsis criticorum biblicorum\" (5 vols fol., 1669-1676), in which he summarizes the views of one hundred and fifty biblical critics. On the suggestion of William Lloyd, Poole undertook the \"Synopsis\" as a digest of biblical commentators, from 1666. It took ten years, with relaxation often at Henry Ashurst's house. The prospectus of Poole's work mustered of eight bishops and five continental scholars. A patent for the work was obtained on 14 October 1667, and the first volume was ready for the press, when difficulties were raised by Cornelius Bee, publisher of the \"Critici Sacri\" (1660); the matter was decided in Poole's favour. Rabbinical sources and Roman Catholic commentators are included; little is taken from John Calvin, nothing from Martin Luther. The book was written in Latin and is currently being translated into English by the Matthew Poole Project.\n", "Poole also wrote \"English Annotations on the Holy Bible\", completing the chapters as far as Isaiah 58 before his death in 1679. The rest of the Annotations were completed by friends and colleagues among his Nonconformist brethren. The first printing of the completed edition was in 1685 [1683?], 2 volumes folio, followed by editions in 1688, 1696 (with valuable chapter outlines added by the editors, Samuel Clark and Edward Veale), and the 4th and definitive edition in 1700, the basis of all others. The other authors, by Biblical book, were:\n", "BULLET::::- Isaiah 59-60 – John Jackson\n", "BULLET::::- Isaiah 61-66, Jeremiah, Lamentations, Gospels, 1 and 2 Corinthians, Galatians, 1 and 2 Timothy, Titus, Philemon, Revelation – Dr. John Collinges\n", "BULLET::::- Ezekiel, Minor Prophets – Henry Hurst\n", "BULLET::::- Daniel – William Cooper\n", "BULLET::::- Acts – Peter Vinke\n", "BULLET::::- Romans – Richard Mayo\n", "BULLET::::- Ephesians, James, 1 and 2 Peter – Edward Veale\n", "BULLET::::- 1 and 2 Thessalonians – Matthew Barker\n", "BULLET::::- Philippians, Colossians – Richard Adams\n", "BULLET::::- Hebrews – Obadiah Hughes\n", "BULLET::::- 1, 2 and 3 John – John Howe\n", "Section::::Works.:Selected works.\n", "BULLET::::- Poole, Matthew [originally 1673]; Harley, Thomas, [editor, 2009] \"A Seasonable Apology for the Christian Religion\". Bloomington: iUniverse.\n", "Section::::Further reading.\n", "BULLET::::- Thomas Harley, \"Matthew Poole: His Life, His Times, His Contributions Along with His Argument Against The Infallibility of the Roman Catholic Church\", 2009.\n", "Section::::Notes.\n", "BULLET::::- Attribution\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [] }, "description": "English minister", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q6791090", "wikidata_label": "Matthew Poole", "wikipedia_title": "Matthew Poole" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Marietta Alboni\n", "Marietta Alboni (6 March 1826 – 23 June 1894) was a renowned Italian contralto opera singer. She is considered as 'one of the greatest contraltos in operatic history'.\n", "Section::::Biography.\n", "Alboni was born at Città di Castello, in Umbria. She became a pupil of of Cesena, Emilia–Romagna, and later of the composer Gioachino Rossini, when he was 'perpetual honorary adviser' in (and then the principal of) the Liceo Musicale, now Conservatorio Giovanni Battista Martini, in Bologna. Rossini tested the humble thirteen-year-old girl himself, had her admitted to the school with special treatment, and even procured her an early engagement to tour his \"Stabat Mater\" around Northern Italy, so that she could pay for her studies. After she achieved her diploma and made a modest debut in Bologna, in 1842, as \"Climene\" in Pacini's \"Saffo\", she obtained a triennial engagement thanks to Rossini's influence on the impresario Bartolomeo Merelli, Intendant at both Milan's Teatro alla Scala and Vienna's Imperial Kärntnertortheater. The favourable contract was signed by Rossini himself, \"on behalf of Eustachio Alboni\", father of Marietta, who was still a minor. The singer remained, throughout her life, deeply grateful to her ancient \"maestro\", nearly a second father to her.\n", "Her debut at Teatro alla Scala took place in December 1842 as \"Neocle\" in the Italian version of \"Le siège de Corinthe\", which was followed by roles in operas by Marliani, Donizetti (as \"Maffio Orsini\" and \"Leonora\" in the Scala premiere of an Italian version of \"La favorite\"), Salvi and Pacini. In the season 1844–1845 she was engaged in the Saint Petersburg Imperial Bolshoi Kamenny Theatre; later, in 1846–47, she toured the principal cities of Central Europe, finally reaching London and Paris, where she settled permanently. In London, \"she appeared in leading roles by Rossini and Donizetti (where she outshone Giulia Grisi and Jenny Lind) and also sang Cherubino (performing with Henriette Sontag)\". For the 1848 London run of \"Les Huguenots\", Meyerbeer transposed the role of the page \"Urbain\" 'from soprano to contralto and composed the aria \"Non! – non, non, non, non, non! Vous n'avez jamais, je gage\" in Act 2' for her. On 28 August 1848, she sang at a concert in Manchester's Concert Hall, sharing the stage with Lorenzo Salvi and Frédéric Chopin. She toured the United States in 1852–53, appearing there with Camilla Urso.\n", "In 1853 she wed a nobleman, Count Carlo Pepoli, of the Papal States, but she kept her maiden name for the stage. In 1863 she had to retire the first time on account of her husband's serious mental illness. He died in 1867. A year later, in 1868, Alboni would take part in the funeral of her beloved master and friend, Rossini, in the Église de la Sainte-Trinité. There she sang, alongside Adelina Patti, the leading soprano of the time, a stanza of \"Dies irae\", \"Liber scriptum\", adjusted to the music of the duet \"Quis est Homo\" from Rossini's own \"Stabat Mater\". Out of deference to her master, she also accepted to resume her singing career mainly in order to tour the orchestral version of the \"Petite messe solennelle\" around Europe. Rossini had once expressed his hope that she would take upon herself to perform it when he was dead. He had said that he had composed it, and especially the new section \"O salutaris\", just having her voice in mind.\n", "In 1872 she permanently retired from the stage with four performances of \"Fidalma\" in Cimarosa's \"Il matrimonio segreto\", at the Paris Théâtre des Italiens but, in fact, she never gave up singing in private and in benefit concerts. When in 1887 the French and Italian Governments agreed upon moving the mortal remains of Rossini into the Basilica di Santa Croce in Florence, Alboni, then a sixty-one-year-old lady living in seclusion, wrote to the Italian Foreign Minister, Di Robilant, proposing that the \"Petite Messe Solennelle\", \"the last musical composition by Rossini\", be performed in Santa Croce the day of the funeral, and \"demanding the honour, as an Italian and a pupil of the immortal Maestro,\" of singing it herself in her \"dear and beloved homeland\". Her wish, however, never came true and she was just given the chance of being present at the exhumation ceremony in Paris. The Paris correspondent of the Rome newspaper \"Il Fanfulla\" wrote on the occasion: \"photographers snapped in the same shot the greatest performer of \"Cenerentola\" and \"Semiramide\", and what is left of the man who wrote these masterpieces\".\n", "In 1877 she had remarried—to a French military officer named Charles Zieger. She died at Ville-d'Avray, near Paris, in her \"Villa La Cenerentola\", and was buried at Père Lachaise Cemetery. Always engaged in charity (often in memory of Maestro Rossini), she left nearly all her estate to the poor of Paris. In her will she wrote that by singing she had earned all her fortune, and on singing she would pass away, with the sweet thought that she had employed it to encourage and to console.\n", "Section::::Artistic features.\n", "Alboni's voice, an exceptionally fine contralto with a seamless compass of two and one-half octaves, extending as high as the soprano range was said to possess at once power, sweetness, fullness, and extraordinary flexibility. She had no peers in passages requiring a sensitive delivery and semi-religious calmness, owing to the moving quality of her velvety tone. She possessed vivacity, grace, and charm as an actress of the \"comédienne\" type; but she was not a natural \"tragédienne\", and her attempt at the strongly dramatic part of Norma was sometimes reported to have turned out a failure. Nevertheless, she scored a real triumph in 1850, when she made her operatic debut at the Paris Opéra performing the tragic role of \"Fidès\" in Meyerbeer's \"Le prophète\", which had been created the year before by no less than Pauline Viardot. Furthermore, she was able to cope with such dramatic roles as \"Azucena\" and \"Ulrica\" in Verdi's \"Il trovatore\" and \"Un ballo in maschera\", and even with the baritone role of \"Don Carlo\" in \"Ernani\" (London, 1847).\n", "Section::::Repertoire.\n", "The following list of the roles performed by Marietta Alboni was drawn up by Arthur Pougin and published in his biography of the singer. It is reported here with the addition of further works and characters according to the sources stated in footnotes. \n", "BULLET::::- \"Anna Bolena\", by Donizetti – Anna and Smeton\n", "BULLET::::- \"L'assedio di Corinto\", by Rossini – Neocle\n", "BULLET::::- \"Un ballo in maschera\", by Verdi – Ulrica\n", "BULLET::::- \"Il barbiere di Siviglia\", by Rossini – Rosina\n", "BULLET::::- \"La Cenerentola\", by Rossini – Cenerentola\n", "BULLET::::- \"Charles VI\", by Halévy – Odette\n", "BULLET::::- \"Consuelo\", by Giovanni Battista Gordigiani – Anzoletto\n", "BULLET::::- \"Così fan tutte\", by Mozart – Dorabella\n", "BULLET::::- \"Il crociato\", by Meyerbeer – Felicia\n", "BULLET::::- \"Un curioso accidente\", \"pastiche\" with music by Rossini\n", "BULLET::::- \"David\", oratorio, by Muhlig\n", "BULLET::::- \"Don Giovanni\", by Mozart – Zerlina\n", "BULLET::::- \"Don Pasquale\", by Donizetti – Norina\n", "BULLET::::- \"La donna del lago\", by Rossini – Malcolm and Elena\n", "BULLET::::- \"L'ebrea\", by Pacini – Berenice\n", "BULLET::::- \"Ernani\", by Verdi – Don Carlo, Giovanna\n", "BULLET::::- \"La favorite\", by Donizetti – Léonor\n", "BULLET::::- \"La fille du régiment\", by Donizetti – Marie\n", "BULLET::::- \"La gazza ladra\", by Rossini – Pippo and Ninetta\n", "BULLET::::- \"\", cantata, by Rossini\n", "BULLET::::- \"Giulietta e Romeo\", by Vaccai – Romeo\n", "BULLET::::- \"Il giuramento\", by Mercadante – Bianca\n", "BULLET::::- \"Ildegonda\", by Marco Aurelio Marliani – Rizzardo\n", "BULLET::::- \"L'italiana in Algeri\", by Rossini – Isabella\n", "BULLET::::- \"Lara\", by Salvi – Mirza\n", "BULLET::::- \"Linda di Chamounix\", by Donizetti – Pierotto\n", "BULLET::::- \"Lucrezia Borgia\", by Donizetti – Maffio Orsini\n", "BULLET::::- \"Luisa Miller\", by Verdi – Federica\n", "BULLET::::- \"Maria di Rohan\", by Donizetti – Gondi\n", "BULLET::::- \"Martha\", by Flotow – Nancy\n", "BULLET::::- \"Il matrimonio segreto\", by Cimarosa – Fidalma\n", "BULLET::::- \"Messiah\", oratorio by Händel\n", "BULLET::::- \"La pazza per amore\", by Coppola – Nina\n", "BULLET::::- \"Norma\", by Bellini – Norma\n", "BULLET::::- \"Le nozze di Figaro\", by Mozart – The page (Cherubino)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Oberon\", by Weber – Fatima\n", "BULLET::::- Petite messe solennelle, mass by Rossini\n", "BULLET::::- \"Le prophète\", by Meyerbeer – Fidès\n", "BULLET::::- \"La reine de Chypre\", by Halévy – Catarina\n", "BULLET::::- \"Rigoletto\", by Verdi – Maddalena\n", "BULLET::::- \"Saffo\", by Pacini – Climene\n", "BULLET::::- Semiramide, by Rossini – Arsace\n", "BULLET::::- \"La sibilla\", by Pietro Torrigiani – Ismailia\n", "BULLET::::- \"La sonnambula\", by Bellini – Amina\n", "BULLET::::- \"Stabat mater\", Marian hymn, by Rossini\n", "BULLET::::- \"Tancredi\", by Rossini – Tancredi\n", "BULLET::::- \"Il trovatore\", by Verdi – Azucena\n", "BULLET::::- \"Zerline\", by Auber – Zerline\n", "BULLET::::- \"La zingara\", by Balfe – Queen of the Gypsies\n", "BULLET::::- \"Les Huguenots\", by Meyerbeer – The page (Urbain)\n", "Section::::References.\n", "Notes\n", "Sources\n", "BULLET::::- Rodolfo Celletti, \"La grana della voce. Opere, direttori e cantanti\", 2nd edition (Milano, 2000).\n", "BULLET::::- Henry Fothergill Chorley (1862), \"Thirty Years' Musical Recollections\". Hurst & Blackett, London, Volume II, The Year 1847, 8–13.\n", "BULLET::::- Galliano Ciliberti, \"Alboni, Marietta\", in S. Sadie, cited, I, p. 59\n", "BULLET::::- F. M. Colby and T. Williams (Eds.) (1917–1926), \"New International Encyclopedia\" (2nd Edition). Dodd, Mead & Co., The University Press, Cambridge Massachusetts.\n", "BULLET::::- G. T. Ferris, \"Great Singers\" (New York, 1893)\n", "BULLET::::- Arthur Pougin, \"Marietta Alboni\" (Paris, 1912; accessible for free online at gallica.bnf.fr Gallica – Bibliothèque nationale de France)\n", "BULLET::::- Arthur Pougin, \"Marietta Alboni\" (Cesena, 2001) (translated into Italian by Michele Massarelli with additions to the original text by Lelio Burgini).\n", "BULLET::::- Sadie, Stanley (ed.), \"The New Grove Dictionary of Opera\", Grove (Oxford University Press), New York, 1997.\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- www.coroalboni.it\n", "BULLET::::- www.coralealboni.com\n", "BULLET::::- Coro Lirico Città di Cesena (Italian)\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Mississippi John Hurt\n", "John Smith Hurt (March 3, 1892 – November 2, 1966), better known as Mississippi John Hurt, was an American country blues singer and guitarist.\n", "Raised in Avalon, Mississippi, Hurt taught himself to play the guitar around the age of nine. He worked as a sharecropper and began playing at dances and parties, singing to a melodious fingerpicked accompaniment. His first recordings, made for Okeh Records in 1928, were commercial failures, and he continued to work as a farmer.\n", "Dick Spottswood and Tom Hoskins, a blues enthusiast, located Hurt in 1963 and persuaded him to move to Washington, D.C. He was recorded by the Library of Congress in 1964. This helped further the American folk music revival, which led to the rediscovery of many other bluesmen of Hurt's era. Hurt performed on the university and coffeehouse concert circuit with other Delta blues musicians who were brought out of retirement. He also recorded several albums for Vanguard Records.\n", "Hurt returned to Mississippi, where he died, in Grenada, a year later.\n", "Material recorded by him has been re-released by many record labels. His songs have been recorded by Bob Dylan, Dave Van Ronk, Jerry Garcia, Beck, Doc Watson, John McCutcheon, Taj Mahal, Bruce Cockburn, David Johansen, Bill Morrissey, Gillian Welch, Josh Ritter, Chris Smither, Guthrie Thomas, Parsonsfield, and Rory Block.\n", "Section::::Biography.\n", "Section::::Biography.:Early years.\n", "Hurt was born in Teoc, Carroll County, Mississippi, and raised in Avalon, Mississippi. He taught himself to play guitar at the age of nine, stealthily playing the guitar of a friend of his mother's, who often stayed at the Hurt home while courting a woman who lived nearby. As a youth he played old-time music for friends and at dances. He worked as a farmhand and sharecropper into the 1920s.\n", "His fast, highly syncopated style of playing was meant for dancing. On occasion, a medicine show would come through the area. Hurt recalled that one wanted to hire him: \"One of them wanted me, but I said no because I just never wanted to get away from home.\" In 1923, he played with the fiddle player Willie Narmour as a substitute for Narmour's regular partner, Shell Smith.\n", "Section::::Biography.:First recordings.\n", "When Narmour got a chance to record for Okeh Records as a prize for winning first place in a 1928 fiddle contest, he recommended Hurt to Okeh producer Tommy Rockwell. After auditioning \"Monday Morning Blues\" at his home, Hurt took part in two recording sessions, in Memphis and New York City (see Discography below). While in Memphis, he recalled seeing \"many, many blues singers ... Lonnie Johnson, Blind Lemon Jefferson, Bessie Smith, and lots, lots more.\" Hurt described his first recording session as follows:\n", "Hurt attempted further negotiations with Okeh to record again, but his records were commercial failures. Okeh went out of business during the Great Depression, and Hurt returned to Avalon and obscurity, working as a sharecropper and playing at local parties and dances.\n", "Section::::Biography.:Rediscovery and death.\n", "Hurt's renditions of \"Frankie\" and \"Spike Driver Blues\" were included in \"The Anthology of American Folk Music\" in 1952 which generated considerable interest in locating him. When a copy of \"Avalon Blues\" was discovered in 1963, it led musicologist Dick Spottswood to locate Avalon in an atlas, and ask Tom Hoskins, who was traveling that way, to enquire after Hurt. When Hoskins arrived in Avalon the first person he asked directed him to Hurt's cabin.\n", "Hoskins persuaded an apprehensive Hurt to perform several songs for him, to ensure that he was genuine. Hoskins was convinced and, seeing that Hurt's guitar playing skills were still intact, encouraged him to move to Washington, D.C., and perform for a broader audience. His performance at the 1963 Newport Folk Festival caused his star to rise in the folk revival occurring at that time. He performed extensively at colleges, concert halls, and coffeehouses and appeared on \"The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson\". He also recorded three albums for Vanguard Records. Much of his repertoire was also recorded for the Library of Congress. His fans particularly liked the ragtime songs \"Salty Dog\" and \"Candy Man\" and the blues ballads \"Spike Driver Blues\" (a variant of \"John Henry\") and \"Frankie\".\n", "Hurt's influence spanned several music genres, including blues, spirituals, country, bluegrass, folk, and contemporary rock and roll. A soft-spoken man, his nature was reflected in the work, which consisted of a mellow mix of country, blues, and old-time music.\n", "Hurt died on November 2, 1966, of a heart attack, in hospital at Grenada, Mississippi. His last recordings had been done at a hotel in New York City in February and July of that year, and were not released until 1972 on the Vanguard LP \"Last Sessions\".\n", "Section::::Style.\n", "Hurt used a fast, syncopated fingerpicking style of guitar playing that he taught himself. He was influenced by few other musicians, among whom was an elderly, unrecorded blues singer from the area where he lived, Rufus Hanks, who played twelve-string guitar and harmonica. He also recalled listening to the country singer Jimmie Rodgers. On occasion, Hurt would use an open tuning and a slide, as he did in his arrangement of \"The Ballad of Casey Jones\". According to the music critic Robert Christgau, \"the school of John Fahey proceeded from his finger-picking, and while he's not the only quietly conversational singer in the modern folk tradition, no one else has talked the blues with such delicacy or restraint.\"\n", "Section::::Tributes.\n", "There is a memorial to Hurt in Avalon, Mississippi. It is parallel to RR2, the rural road on which he grew up.\n", "The American singer-songwriter Tom Paxton, who met Hurt and played on the same bill with him at the Gaslight in Greenwich Village around 1963, wrote and recorded a song about him in 1977, \"Did You Hear John Hurt?\", which he still frequently plays in live performances.\n", "The first track of John Fahey's 1968 solo acoustic guitar album \"Requia\" is \"Requiem for John Hurt\". Fahey's posthumous live album, \"The Great Santa Barbara Oil Slick\", also features a version of the piece, entitled \"Requiem for Mississippi John Hurt\".\n", "The British folk and blues artist Wizz Jones recorded a tribute song, \"Mississippi John\", for his 1977 album \"Magical Flight\".\n", "The Delta blues artist Rory Block recorded the album \"Avalon: A Tribute to Mississippi John Hurt\", released in 2013 as part of her \"Mentor Series\".\n", "The New England singer-songwriter Bill Morrissey released the Grammy-nominated album \"Songs of Mississippi John Hurt\" in 1999.\n", "In 2017, John Hurt's life story was told in the award-winning documentary series \"American Epic\". The film featured unseen film footage of Hurt performing and being interviewed, and radically improved restorations of his 1920s recordings. Director Bernard MacMahon stated that Hurt \"was the inspiration for \"American Epic\"\". Hurt's life was profiled in the accompanying book, \"\".\n", "Section::::Discography.\n", "Sources for this section are as follows:.\n", "Section::::Discography.:78-rpm releases.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Frankie\" / \"Nobody's Dirty Business\" 1928\n", "BULLET::::- \"Stack O' Lee\" / \"Candy Man Blues\" 1928\n", "BULLET::::- \"Blessed Be the Name\" / \"Praying on the Old Camp Ground\" 1928\n", "BULLET::::- \"Blue Harvest Blues\" / \"Spike Driver Blues\" 1928\n", "BULLET::::- \"Louis Collins\" / \"Got the Blues (Can't Be Satisfied)\" 1928\n", "BULLET::::- \"Ain't No Tellin'\" / \"Avalon Blues\" 1928\n", "Section::::Discography.:Albums.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Folk Songs and Blues\", live recordings 1963\n", "BULLET::::- \"Worried Blues\" 1964\n", "BULLET::::- \"Today!\" 1966\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Immortal Mississippi John Hurt\" 1967\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Best of Mississippi John Hurt\", live recordings 1970\n", "BULLET::::- \"Last Sessions\" 1972\n", "BULLET::::- \"Volume One of a Legacy\", live recordings 1975\n", "BULLET::::- \"Monday Morning Blues: The Library of Congress Recordings\", vol. 1 1980\n", "BULLET::::- \"Avalon Blues: The Library of Congress Recordings\", vol. 2 1982\n", "BULLET::::- \"Satisfied\", live recordings 1982\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Candy Man\", live recordings 1982\n", "BULLET::::- \"Sacred and Secular: The Library of Congress Recordings\", vol. 3 1988\n", "BULLET::::- \"Avalon Blues\" 1989\n", "BULLET::::- \"Memorial Anthology\", live recordings 1993\n", "Section::::Discography.:Selected compilation albums.\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Original 1928 Recordings\" 1971\n", "BULLET::::- \"1928: Stack O' Lee Blues – His First Recordings\" 1972\n", "BULLET::::- \"1928 Sessions\" 1979\n", "BULLET::::- \"Satisfying Blues\" 1995\n", "BULLET::::- \"Avalon Blues: The Complete 1928 Okeh Recordings\" 1996\n", "BULLET::::- \"Rediscovered\" 1998\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Complete Recordings\" 1998\n", "BULLET::::- \"Candy Man Blues: The Complete 1928 Sessions\" 2004\n", "BULLET::::- \"\" (), 2017\n", "Section::::Further reading.\n", "BULLET::::- Ratcliffe, Philip R. (2011). \"Mississippi John Hurt: His Life, His Times, His Blues\". Jackson: University Press of Mississippi.\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Mississippi John Hurt Foundation, official website, includes information about the annual Mississippi John Hurt Music Festival in Avalon, Mississippi.\n", "BULLET::::- Mississippi John Hurt Museum, official website.\n", "BULLET::::- Mississippi John Hurt News. Website run by Hurt's grandnephew Fred Bolden, with forums and discussions open to the public.\n", "BULLET::::- Illustrated Mississippi John Hurt discography\n", "BULLET::::- [ Allmusic]\n", "BULLET::::- Mississippi John Hurt's \"Stackolee\", Recording, sheet music, and guitar tab.\n", "BULLET::::- Mississippi John Hurt, FindaGrave.com\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "John Smith Hurt", "\"Mississippi\" John Smith Hurt" ] }, "description": "American country blues singer and guitarist", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q382962", "wikidata_label": "Mississippi John Hurt", "wikipedia_title": "Mississippi John Hurt" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Meir Kahane\n", "Meir David HaKohen Kahane (; ; August 1, 1932 – November 5, 1990) was an Israeli-American ordained Orthodox rabbi, writer, and ultra-nationalist politician who served one term in Israel's Knesset. His work influenced most modern Jewish militant and far-right political groups.\n", "Kahane spent years reaching out to Jews through published works, weekly articles, speeches, debates on college campuses and in synagogues throughout the United States, and appearances on various televised programs and radio shows. He was an intense advocate for Jewish causes, such as organizing defense squads and patrols in Jewish neighborhoods and demanding for the Soviet Union to \"release its oppressed Jews\". He supported violence against those he regarded as enemies of the Jewish people, called for immediate Jewish mass migration to Israel to avoid a potential \"Holocaust\" in the United States, supported the restriction of Israel's democracy to its Jewish citizens, hoped that Israel would eventually adopt Jewish religious law, and endorsed the annexation of the West Bank and Gaza Strip.\n", "Kahane proposed enforcing Jewish law, as codified by Maimonides. Non-Jews wishing to dwell in Israel would have three options: remain as \"resident strangers\" with limited rights, leave Israel and receive compensation for their property, or be forcibly removed without compensation. While he was serving in the Knesset in the mid-1980s Kahane proposed numerous laws, none of which passed, to emphasize Judaism in public schools, reduce Israel's bureaucracy, forbid sexual relations between non-Jews and Jews, and end cultural meetings between Jewish and Arab students.\n", "In 1968, Kahane was one of the co-founders of the Jewish Defense League (JDL) in the United States. In 1971, he co-founded Kach (\"Thus\"), a new political party in Israel. The same year, he was convicted in New York for conspiracy to manufacture explosives and received a suspended sentence of five years. In 1984, he became a member of the Knesset, when Kach gained its only-ever seat in parliamentary elections. In 1988, after polls showed Kach gaining popularity, the Israeli government banned Kach for being \"racist\" and \"anti-democratic\" under the terms of a law that it had just passed.\n", "Kahane was assassinated in a Manhattan hotel by an Arab gunman in November 1990.\n", "Section::::Early life.\n", "Martin David Kahane was born in Brooklyn, New York, in 1932 to an Orthodox Jewish family. His father, Yechezkel (Charles) Kahane, the author of the \"Torah Yesharah\", studied at Polish and Czech yeshivas, was involved in the Revisionist Zionist movement, and was a close friend of Ze'ev Jabotinsky.\n", "As a teenager, Kahane became an ardent admirer of Jabotinsky and Peter Bergson, who were frequent guests in his parents' home. He joined the Betar (Brit Trumpeldor) youth wing of Revisionist Zionism. He was active in protests against Ernest Bevin, the British Foreign Secretary who maintained restrictions on the immigration of Jews, even Nazi death camp survivors, to Palestine after the end of the Second World War. In 1947, Kahane was arrested for throwing eggs and tomatoes at Bevin, who was disembarking at Pier 84 on a visit to New York. A photo of the arrest appeared in the \"New York Daily News\". In 1954, he became the mazkir (director) of Greater New York City's 16 Bnei Akiva chapters.\n", "Kahane's formal education included elementary school at the Yeshiva of Flatbush, and he attended high school at both Abraham Lincoln High School and the Brooklyn Talmudical Academy. Kahane received his rabbinical ordination from the Mir Yeshiva, in Brooklyn, where he was especially admired by the head Rabbi Abraham Kalmanowitz, and he began going by his Hebrew name, Meir. He was fully conversant in the Tanakh (Jewish Bible), the Talmud, the Midrash and Jewish law. Subsequently, Kahane earned a B.A. in Political Science from Brooklyn College, a Bachelor of Law - LL.B. from New York Law School, and an M.A. in International Relations from New York University.\n", "Section::::Early career.\n", "Section::::Early career.:Pulpit rabbi.\n", "In 1956, Kahane married Libby Blum, with whom he had four children: Tzipporah, Tova, Baruch, and Binyamin. In 1958, he became the rabbi of the Howard Beach Jewish Center in Queens, New York City. Although the synagogue was originally Conservative, rather than strictly Orthodox, the board of directors agreed to Kahane's conditions, which included resigning from the Conservative movement's United Synagogue of America, installing a partition separating men and women during prayer, instituting traditional prayers, and maintaining a kosher kitchen. At the Jewish Center, Kahane influenced many of the synagogue's youngsters to adopt a more observant lifestyle, which often troubled parents. He trained Arlo Guthrie for his bar mitzvah. When his contract was not renewed, he soon published an article entitled \"End of the Miracle of Howard Beach\". That was Kahane's first article in \"The Jewish Press\", an American Orthodox Jewish weekly for which he would continue to write for the rest of his life. Kahane also used the pen name David Sinai, and the pseudonyms Michael King, David Borac, and Martin Keene.\n", "Section::::Early career.:Infiltrating the John Birch Society.\n", "In the late 1950s and the early 1960s, Kahane's life of secrecy and his strong anticommunism landed him a position as a consultant with the FBI. According to his wife, Libby, his assignment was to infiltrate the anticommunist John Birch Society and report his findings to the FBI. Later, Michael T. Kaufman published an article claiming that Kahane then confided in him that he had been in a relationship with Gloria Jean D'Argenio. According to these allegations, Kahane allegedly sent a letter to D'Argenio in which he unilaterally ended their relationship. In response, D'Argenio jumped off the Queensboro Bridge and died of her injuries the next day.\n", "Section::::Early career.:Collaboration with Joseph Churba.\n", "At some time in the late 1950s, Kahane assumed the persona of a Gentile, along with the pseudonym Michael King. Kahane began openly expressing his anticommunism. He and Joseph Churba created the July Fourth Movement, which was formed to counteract widespread opposition towards U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War. Subsequently, they coauthored the book \"The Jewish Stake in Vietnam\", an attempt to convince American Jews of the \"evil of Communism\". The introduction states that, \"All Americans have a stake in this grim war against Communism... It is vital that Jews realize the threat to their very survival [should Communism succeed].\" Churba had a major falling out with Kahane over the use of paramilitary activities, and they parted ways permanently. Churba went on to pursue his own career, joining the U.S. Air Force, writing many books on the Middle East, and eventually becoming one of Ronald Reagan's consultants. Kahane chose to fight for Jewish rights, and was willing to use extreme measures. He even attempted to acquire and grow biological weapons to use on a Soviet military installation. He began using the phrase \"Never Again\" and conceived the Jewish Star and fist insignia, a symbol resembling that of the Black Panther Party. However, Kahane himself opposed the Black Panthers because they had supported anti-Jewish riots in Massachusetts and had left-wing views.\n", "Section::::Jewish Defense League.\n", "The Jewish Defense League (JDL) was founded by Kahane in New York City in 1968. Its self-described purpose was to protect Jews from local manifestations of anti-Semitism. The JDL said it was committed to five fundamental principles:\n", "BULLET::::- Love of Jewry: One Jewish people, indivisible and united, from which flows the love for, and the feeling of pain of, all Jews.\n", "BULLET::::- Dignity and Pride: Pride in and knowledge of Jewish tradition, faith, culture, land, history, strength, pain, and peoplehood.\n", "BULLET::::- Iron: The need to both move to help Jews everywhere and to change the Jewish image through sacrifice and all necessary means—even strength, force, and violence.\n", "BULLET::::- Discipline and Unity: The knowledge that he (or she) can and will do whatever must be done, and the unity and strength of willpower to bring this into reality.\n", "BULLET::::- Faith in the Indestructibility of the Jewish People: Faith in the greatness and indestructibility of the Jewish people, our religion, and our Land of Israel.\n", "The JDL favored civil rights for blacks, but opposed black anti-Semites and racism of any form. In 1971, the JDL formed an alliance with a black rights group in what Kahane termed \"a turning point in Black-Jewish relations\". The Anti-Defamation League claimed that Kahane \"preached a radical form of Jewish nationalism which reflected racism, violence and political extremism\" that was replicated by Irv Rubin, the JDL's successor to Kahane.\n", "Section::::Terrorism and convictions.\n", "A number of the JDL's members and leaders, including Kahane, were convicted of acts related to domestic terrorism. In 1971, Kahane was sentenced to a suspended five-year prison sentence for conspiring to manufacture explosives. In 1975, Kahane was arrested for leading the attack on the Soviet United Nations mission and injuring two officers, but he was released after being given summonses for disorderly conduct. Later the same year, Kahane was accused of conspiring to kidnap a Soviet diplomat, bomb the Iraqi embassy in Washington, and ship arms abroad from Israel. He was convicted of violating his probation for the 1971 bombing conviction and was sentenced to one year in prison. However, he served most of it in a hotel, with frequent unsupervised absences, because of a concession over the provision of kosher food.\n", "In a 1984 interview with \"Washington Post\" correspondent Carla Hall, Kahane admitted that the JDL \"bombed the Russian [Soviet] mission in New York, the Russian cultural mission here [Washington] in 1971, the Soviet trade offices\".\n", "Section::::Immigration to Israel.\n", "In 1971, Kahane moved to Israel. At the time, he declared that he would focus on Jewish education. He later began gathering lists of Arab citizens of the State of Israel who were willing to emigrate for compensation, and eventually, he initiated protests that advocated the expulsion of Arabs from that country, and Israeli-occupied territories. In 1972, Jewish Defense League leaflets were distributed in Hebron, calling for the mayor to stand trial for the 1929 Hebron massacre. Kahane was arrested dozens of times. In 1971, he founded Kach, a political party that ran for the Knesset, the Israeli Parliament, during the 1973 general elections under the name \"The League List\". It won 12,811 votes (0.82%), just 2,857 (0.18%) short of the electoral threshold at the time (1%) for winning a Knesset seat. The party was even less successful in the 1977 elections, winning only 4,836 votes.\n", "In 1980, Kahane was arrested for the 62nd time since his emigration, and he was jailed for six months after a detention order that was based on allegations of him planning armed attacks against Palestinians in response to the killings of Jewish settlers. Kahane was held in prison in Ramla, where he wrote the book \"They Must Go\". Kahane was banned from entering the United Kingdom in 1981.\n", "In 1981, Kahane's party again ran for the Knesset during the 1981 elections, but it did not win a seat and received only 5,128 votes. In 1984, the Israeli Central Elections Committee banned him from being a candidate on the grounds that Kach was a racist party, but the Supreme Court of Israel overturned the ban on the grounds that the committee was not authorized to ban Kahane's candidacy. The Supreme Court suggested for the Knesset to pass a law that would authorize the exclusion of racist parties from future elections, and the Anti-Racist Law of 1988 was passed.\n", "Section::::Immigration to Israel.:Election to Knesset.\n", "In the 1984 legislative elections, Kahane's Kach party received 25,907 votes, enough to give the party one seat in the Knesset, which was taken by Kahane. He refused to take the standard oath of office and insisted on adding a Biblical verse from Psalms to indicate that national laws were overruled by the Torah if they conflict. Kahane's legislative proposals focused on Jewish education, an open economy, transferring the Arab population out of the Land of Israel, revoking Israeli citizenship from non-Jews, and banning Jewish-Gentile marriages and sexual relations. It was based on the Code of Jewish Law compiled by Maimonides in the Mishneh Torah.\n", "As his political career progressed and his popularity in the streets began growing, Kahane became increasingly isolated in the Knesset. His speeches, boycotted by nearly all Knesset members, were often made to an assembly that was empty except for the duty chairman and the transcriptionist. Kahane's legislative proposals and motions of no-confidence against the government were ignored or rejected by fellow Knesset members. Kahane often pejoratively called other Knesset members \"Hellenists, a reference to Jews who assimilated into Greek culture after Judea's occupation by Alexander the Great. In 1987, Kahane opened a yeshiva (\"HaRaayon HaYehudi\") with funding from US supporters to teach \"the Authentic Jewish Idea\". Despite the boycott, his popularity grew among the Israeli public, especially for working-class Sephardi Jews. Polls showed that Kach would have likely received anywhere from four to twelve seats in the coming November 1988 elections.\n", "In 1985, the Knesset passed an amendment to the Basic Law of Israel, barring \"racist\" candidates from election. The Central Elections Committee banned Kahane a second time, and he appealed to the Israeli Supreme Court. However, the Supreme Court this time ruled in favor of the committee, disqualifying Kach from running in the 1988 legislative elections. Kahane was thus the first candidate in Israel to be barred from election for racism. The move was criticized as being anti-democratic by Alan M. Dershowitz.\n", "Also in 1985, the Knesset passed a law declaring that a Knesset member could only be an Israeli citizen. As a result of this legislation, Kahane renounced his United States citizenship. Following his banning from the Knesset, he tried to get his U.S. citizenship reinstated on the basis of the fact that he was compelled to relinquish it by the Knesset. It was not reinstated, but he was permitted to continue traveling to the U.S. until his asassination there.\n", "Section::::Assassination.\n", "In November 1990, Kahane gave a speech to an audience of mostly Orthodox Jews from Brooklyn, where he warned American Jews to immigrate to Israel before it was \"too late\". As a crowd gathered around Kahane in the second-floor lecture hall in Midtown Manhattan's New York Marriott East Side, Kahane was assassinated by El Sayyid Nosair, an Egyptian-born U.S. citizen who had trained in Pakistan. He was initially charged and acquitted of the murder. Nosair was later convicted of the murder in U.S. District Court for his involvement in the 1993 World Trade Center bombing. Prosecutors were able to try Nosair again for the murder because the federal indictment included the killing as part of the alleged terrorist conspiracy. He was sentenced to life imprisonment and later made a confession to federal agents.\n", "Some researchers, such as Peter Lance, consider Kahane one of the first, if not the first, American victims of the new group Al Qaeda, since his killer is believed to have links to Osama bin Laden's network. The cell that Kahane's assassin belonged to had been training in the New York Metro system since mid-1989.\n", "Kahane was buried on Har HaMenuchot, in Jerusalem. His funeral was one of the largest in Israel's history, and approximately 150,000 participated. He was eulogized by a number of prominent supporters in both the U.S. and in Israel, including Rabbi Moshe Tendler and the Sephardic Chief Rabbi of Israel, Mordechai Eliyahu, who spoke of how little the people understood of Kahane's \"true value\".\n", "Section::::Ideology.\n", "Kahane argued that there was a glory in Jewish destiny, which came through the observance of the Torah. He also noted, \"Democracy and Judaism are not the same thing.\" Kahane also stressed the view that a Jewish state and a Western democracy were incompatible, since Western democracy is religion-blind, and a Jewish state is religion-oriented by its very name. He also warned of the danger of non-Jewish citizens becoming a majority and voting against the Jewish character of the state: \"The question is as follows: if the Arabs settle among us and make enough children to become a majority, will Israel continue to be a Jewish state? Do we have to accept that the Arab majority will decide?\" \"Western democracy has to be ruled out. For me, that's cut and dried: There's no question of setting up democracy in Israel, because democracy means equal rights for all, irrespective of racial or religious origins.\"\n", "Kahane proposed an \"exchange of populations\" that would continue the Jewish exodus from Arab lands: \"A total of some 750,000 Jews fled Arab lands since 1948. Surely it is time for Jews, worried over the huge growth of Arabs in Israel, to consider finishing the exchange of populations that began 35 years ago.\" Kahane proposed a $40,000 compensation plan for Arabs who would leave voluntarily, and forcible expulsion for those who \"don't want to leave\". He encouraged retaliatory violence against Arabs who attacked Jews: \"I approve of anybody who commits such acts of violence. Really, I don't think that we can sit back and watch Arabs throwing rocks at buses whenever they feel like it. They must understand that a bomb thrown at a Jewish bus is going to mean a bomb thrown at an Arab bus.\"\n", "In some of his writings, Kahane argued that Israel should never start a war for territory but that if a war were launched against Israel, Biblical territory should be annexed. However, in an interview, he defined Israel's \"minimal borders\" as follows: \"The southern boundary goes up to El Arish, which takes in all of northern Sinai, including Yamit. To the east, the frontier runs along the western part of the East Bank of the Jordan River, hence part of what is now Jordan. Eretz Yisrael also includes part of Lebanon and certain parts of Syria, and part of Iraq, all the way to the Euphrates River.\" When critics suggested that following Kahane's plans would mean a perpetual war between Jews and Arabs, Kahane responded, \"There will be a perpetual war. With or without Kahane.\"\n", "Section::::Support.\n", "BULLET::::- Irving M. Bunim, who was the major lay leader of Orthodox Jewry and the trusted assistant of Rabbi Aharon Kotler, was a strong supporter and admirer of Kahane.\n", "BULLET::::- Shlomo Carlebach was known for declaring that the Jewish people owed a great debt to Kahane. Together, Carlebach and Kahane organized one of the first Noahide conferences in the 1980s.\n", "BULLET::::- Bob Dylan made positive comments about Kahane. In a 1971 interview for \"Time\" magazine, Dylan said, \"He's a really sincere guy. He's really put it all together.\" According to Kahane, Dylan attended several meetings of the Jewish Defense League in order to find out \"what we're all about\", and he started to have talks with the rabbi. Subsequently, Dylan downplayed the extent of his contact with Kahane.\n", "BULLET::::- The former Sephardic Chief Rabbi of Israel (1983–1993), Mordechai Eliyahu, was Kahane's personal mentor, and one of Kahane's staunchest supporters. Eliyahu wrote an approbation to Kahane's Tanakh commentary, \"Perush Hamacabee\", where he refers to Kahane as \"HaRav HaGaon\" (\"the rabbinic genius\"), a praiseworthy title attributed to the very saintly. Eliyahu wrote, \"Only the Torah way interested Kahane, which he constantly toiled over and which served as his strength... When one considers the depth and clarity of [Kahane's] works, one is astonished at how he had the time to compile such. The answer is that... all his time and thoughts were invested in Torah while other matters were secondary. Fortunate is the family that publishes his works for others to learn from.\" At Kahane's funeral, Eliyahu stated that Kahane was a reincarnation of a fearless biblical character.\n", "BULLET::::- Kahane was endorsed in his bid for a Knesset seat by Zvi Yehuda Kook, the son of the first Chief Rabbi of Israel and the spiritual leader of the Gush Emunim movement. Kook had been a staunch supporter of the National Religious Party, but he broke with them in 1974 when they entered the Rabin government despite his opposition. In his letter of support for Kahane, Kook stated: \"The presence of Rabbi Meir Kahane and his uncompromising words from the Knesset platform will undoubtedly add strength and value to the obligatory struggle on behalf of the entire Land of Israel.\" The announcement of Kook's support of Kahane and his letter were made available to the Jewish Telegraphic Agency.\n", "BULLET::::- Yosef Mendelevitch stated, \"Kahane was a representative for us. His activities made us feel good. His actions showed that Jews cared. His actions may have been controversial, but his role was very important. He was a symbol for Russian Jews.\"\n", "BULLET::::- Moshe Tendler, son-in-law of Moshe Feinstein, praised Kahane, and stated: \"His whole goal was always, 'How do you make each Jew stand tall?'\"\n", "BULLET::::- Yaakov Yosef, the son of Ovadia Yosef who headed the Hazon Ya'akov Yeshiva and served as rabbi of the Givat Moshe neighborhood in Jerusalem, described Kahane as one who \"fulfilled his role faithfully\" and declared, \"We must learn from [Kahane's] great actions in order that we learn the way of the Torah.\" While serving in the Knesset as part of the Shas party, Yosef was one of the few who remained to listen to Kahane's addresses.\n", "BULLET::::- After the Kach party was outlawed, a member of the Sicarii terrorist group pledged allegiance to Kahane and his political party during a phone call.\n", "Section::::Legacy.\n", "Following Kahane's death, no leader emerged to replace him in the movement although the idea of transferring populations, which was attributed mainly to Kahane, was subsequently incorporated into the political platform of various political parties in Israel, such as Moledet (applying to Arab non-citizen residents of the West Bank) and Yisrael Beiteinu (in the form of population exchange). Two small Kahanist factions later emerged; one under the name \"Kach\", and the other under the name \"Kahane chai\" (Hebrew: כהנא חי, literally \"Kahane lives [on]\"), the second one being led by his younger son, Binyamin Ze'ev Kahane. Neither one was permitted to participate in the Knesset elections by the Central Elections Committee.\n", "In 1994, following the Cave of the Patriarchs massacre of Palestinian Muslim worshippers in Hebron by Kach supporter Baruch Goldstein, in which 29 Muslim worshipers were killed, the Israeli government declared both parties to be terrorist organizations. The US State Department also added Kach and Kahane Chai to its list of Foreign Terrorist Organizations.\n", "In the 2003 Knesset elections, Herut, which had split off from the National Union list, ran with Michael Kleiner and former Kach activist Baruch Marzel taking the top two spots on the list. The joint effort narrowly missed the 1.5% barrier. In the following 2006 elections, the Jewish National Front, led by Baruch Marzel, fared better, but it also failed to pass the minimum threshold. A follower of Kahane who was involved with Kach for many years, Michael Ben-Ari, was elected to the Knesset in the 2009 elections on renewed National Union list. He stood again in the 2013 elections as the second candidate on the list of Otzma LeYisrael, but the party failed to pass the minimum threshold.\n", "In 2007, the FBI released over a thousand documents relating to its daily surveillance of Kahane since the early 1960s.\n", "In 2015, Kahane's grandson, Meir Ettinger, was detained by Israeli law enforcement. He was the alleged leader of the radical Jewish group \"The Revolt\". In an online \"manifesto\" echoing some of his grandfather's teachings, Ettinger promotes the \"dispossession of gentiles\" who live in Israel and the establishment of a new \"kingdom of Israel\", a theocracy ruled by Halacha. Ettinger's writings condemned Israel's government, mainstream rabbis, and the IDF, and also have denounced Christian churches as \"idolatry\".\n", "In 2016, Kahane's widow claimed that modern Jewish extremists in Israel are not following the ideology of her late husband, Rabbi Meir Kahane. She justified that claim by arguing that unlike modern Jewish extremists, Rabbi Kahane had a more mature approach that did not encourage illegal activities.\n", "In 2017, \"The Forward\" reported that some of Kahane's followers were aligning themselves with white nationalists and the alt-right. Other Kahanists declared that such moves did not reflect Kahane's teachings, and they supported that declaration by arguing that Kahane worked together with African Americans.\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- Politics of Israel\n", "BULLET::::- Zionist political violence\n", "BULLET::::- Jewish fundamentalism\n", "Section::::Publications.\n", "BULLET::::- (Partially under pseudonym Michael King; with Joseph Churba) \"The Jewish Stake in Vietnam\", Crossroads, 1967\n", "BULLET::::- \"Never Again! A Program for Survival\", Pyramid Books, 1972\n", "BULLET::::- \"Time to Go Home\", Nash, 1972.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Letters from Prison\", Jewish Identity Center, 1974\n", "BULLET::::- \"Our Challenge: The Chosen Land\", Chilton, 1974\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Story of the Jewish Defense League\", Chilton, 1975, 2nd edition, Institute for Publication of the Writings of Rabbi Meir Kahane, (Brooklyn, NY), 2000\n", "BULLET::::- \"Why Be Jewish? Intermarriage, Assimilation, and Alienation\", Stein & Day, 1977\n", "BULLET::::- \"Listen, Vanessa, I Am a Zionist\", Institute of the Authentic Jewish Idea, 1978\n", "BULLET::::- \"They Must Go\", Grosset & Dunlop, 1981\n", "BULLET::::- \"Forty Years\", Institute of the Jewish Idea, 2nd edition, 1983\n", "BULLET::::- \"Uncomfortable Questions for Comfortable Jews\", Lyle Stuart, 1987\n", "BULLET::::- \"Israel: Revolution or Referendum\", Barricade Books (Secaucus, NJ), 1990\n", "BULLET::::- \"Or ha-ra'yon\", English title: \"The Jewish Idea\", n.p. (Jerusalem), 1992, translated from the Hebrew by Raphael Blumberg, Institute for Publication of the Writings of Rabbi Meir Kahane (Jerusalem), 1996\n", "BULLET::::- \"On Jews and Judaism: Selected Articles 1961–1990\", Institute for Publication of the Writings of Rabbi Meir Kahane (Jerusalem), 1993\n", "BULLET::::- \"Perush ha-Makabi: al Sefer Devarim\", Institute for Publication of the Writings of Rabbi Meir Kahane (Jerusalem), 1993, 1995\n", "BULLET::::- \"Pirush HaMaccabee: al Sefer Shemu'el u-Nevi'im rishonim\", Institute for Publication of the Writings of Rabbi Meir Kahane (Jerusalem), 1994\n", "BULLET::::- \"Listen World, Listen Jew\", 3rd edition, Institute for the Publication of the Writings of Rabbi Meir Kahane (Jerusalem), 1995\n", "BULLET::::- \"Beyond Words\", 1st edition, Institute for the Publication of the Writings of Rabbi Meir Kahane (Jerusalem), 2010.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Kohen ve-navi: osef ma'amarim\", ha-Makhon le-hotsa'at kitve ha-Rav Kahana (Jerusalem), 2000\n", "BULLET::::- \"Cuckooland\", illustrated by Shulamith bar Itzhak (yet unpublished)..\n", "Section::::Publications.:For supplementary information and insights.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Miracle Man\", Yeshivat \"HaRaayon HaYehudi\" (Jerusalem), 2010\n", "BULLET::::- .\n", "BULLET::::- .\n", "BULLET::::- .\n", "BULLET::::- .\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Words online educational resource\n", "BULLET::::- FBI file on Meir Kahane\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "Meïr Kahane", "Benyac, David Sinai, Michael King, David Borac, Martin Keene" ] }, "description": "American/Israeli political activist and rabbi", "enwikiquote_title": "Meir Kahane", "wikidata_id": "Q247538", "wikidata_label": "Meir Kahane", "wikipedia_title": "Meir Kahane" }

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Garr", "Madeline Kahn", "Cloris Leachman", "Kenneth Mars", "Gene Hackman", "John Morris", "Universal monsters", "Kenneth Strickfaden", "Academy Award for Writing Adapted Screenplay", "Academy Award for Best Sound", "Pauline Kael", "When Things Were Rotten", "Robin Hood", "Silent Movie", "Ron Clark", "Sid Caesar", "Bernadette Peters", "Paul Newman", "Burt Reynolds", "James Caan", "Liza Minnelli", "Anne Bancroft", "non-speaking", "Marcel Marceau", "Alfred Hitchcock", "High Anxiety", "Rudy De Luca", "Barry Levinson", "Cloris Leachman", "Ron Carey", "Howard Morris", "Dick Van Patten", "Vertigo", "Spellbound", "Psycho", "The Birds", "North by Northwest", "Dial M for Murder", "Suspicion", "Nobel Prize", "high anxiety", "Siskel and Ebert", "Woody Allen", "The Elephant Man", "David Lynch", "Brooksfilms", "Frances", "The Fly", "84 Charing Cross Road", "Anthony Hopkins", "Richard Benjamin", "My Favorite Year", "Fatso", "History of the World Part I", "Dawn of Man", "French Revolution", "Orson Welles", "Buñuel", "Ernst Lubitsch", "To Be or Not to Be", "1983 version", "Alan Johnson", "Charles Durning", "Tim Matheson", "Jose Ferrer", "Christopher Lloyd", "To Be or Not to Be (The Hitler Rap)", "Spaceballs", "science fiction", "Star Wars", "Bill Pullman", "John Candy", "Rick Moranis", "Daphne Zuniga", "Joan Rivers", "Alan Spencer", "The Nutt House", "Life Stinks", "\"People\"", "Robin Hood", "animated series", "sequel", "G4 TV", "Robots", "Mr. Peabody & Sherman", "Albert Einstein", "Hotel Transylvania 2", "musical adaptation", "The Producers", "Broadway", "Hello, Dolly!", "big-screen version", "Matthew Broderick", "Nathan Lane", "Gary Beach", "Roger Bart", "Uma Thurman", "Will Ferrell", "composing", "musical adaptation of \"Young Frankenstein\"", "Lyric Theater", "few people", "Oscar", "Emmy", "Tony", "Grammy", "Carl Reiner", "The Producers", "Sid Caesar", "Mad About You", "Hugo Award", "Nebula Award", "American Film Institute", "AFI's 100 Years...100 Laughs", "Blazing Saddles", 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{ "paragraph": [ "Mel Brooks\n", "Mel Brooks (born Melvin Kaminsky, ; June 28, 1926) is an American filmmaker, actor, comedian, and composer. He is known as a creator of broad film farces and comedic parodies. Brooks began his career as a comic and a writer for the early TV variety show \"Your Show of Shows\". Together with Carl Reiner, he created the comic character The 2000 Year Old Man. He wrote, with Buck Henry, the hit television comedy series \"Get Smart\", which ran from 1965 to 1970.\n", "In middle age, Brooks became one of the most successful film directors of the 1970s, with many of his films being among the top 10 moneymakers of the year they were released. His best-known films include \"The Producers\" (1967), \"The Twelve Chairs\" (1970), \"Blazing Saddles\" (1974), \"Young Frankenstein\" (also 1974), \"Silent Movie\" (1976), \"High Anxiety\" (1977), \"History of the World, Part I\" (1981), \"Spaceballs\" (1987), and \"\" (1993). A musical adaptation of his first film, \"The Producers\", ran on Broadway from 2001 to 2007.\n", "In 2001, having previously won an Emmy, a Grammy and an Oscar, he joined a small list of EGOT winners with his Tony Award for \"The Producers\". He received a Kennedy Center Honor in 2009, a Hollywood Walk of Fame star in 2010, the 41st AFI Life Achievement Award in June 2013, a British Film Institute Fellowship in March 2015, a National Medal of Arts in September 2016, and a BAFTA Fellowship in February 2017. Three of his films ranked in the American Film Institute's list of the top 100 comedy films of the past 100 years (1900–2000), all of which ranked in the top 15 of the list: \"Blazing Saddles\" at number 6, \"The Producers\" at number 11, and \"Young Frankenstein\" at number 13.\n", "Brooks was married to the actress Anne Bancroft from 1964 until her death in 2005. Their son Max Brooks is an actor and author, known for his novel \"\" (2006).\n", "Section::::Early life and education.\n", "Brooks was born Melvin Kaminsky on June 28, 1926, in Brooklyn, New York, to Max (1895-1929) and Kate (née Brookman) Kaminsky (1896-1989), and grew up in Williamsburg. His father's family were German Jews from Danzig (present-day Gdańsk, Poland); his mother's family were Jews from Kiev, in the Pale of Settlement of the Russian Empire (present-day Ukraine). He had three older brothers: Irving, Lenny, and Bernie. Brooks' father died of kidney disease at 34 when Brooks was 2 years old. He has said of his father's death, \"There's an outrage there. I may be angry at God, or at the world, for that. And I'm sure a lot of my comedy is based on anger and hostility. Growing up in Williamsburg, I learned to clothe it in comedy to spare myself problems—like a punch in the face.\"\n", "Brooks was a small, sickly boy who often was bullied and teased by his classmates because of his size. He grew up in tenement housing. At age 9, Brooks went to a Broadway show with his uncle Joe—a taxi driver who would drive the Broadway doormen back to Brooklyn for free and was given the tickets in gratitude—and saw \"Anything Goes\" with William Gaxton, Ethel Merman and Victor Moore at the Alvin Theater. After the show, he told his uncle that he was not going to work in the garment district like everyone else but was absolutely going into show business.\n", "When Brooks was 14 he gained employment as a pool tummler. Brooks kept his guests amused with his crazy antics. In a \"Playboy\" interview Brooks explained that one day he stood at the edge of a diving board wearing a large overcoat and 2 suitcases full of rocks who then announced: \"Business is terrible! I can't go on!\" before jumping, fully clothed into the pool. He was taught by Buddy Rich (who had also grown up in Williamsburg) how to play the drums and started to earn money as a musician when he was 14. During Brooks' time as a drummer he was given his first opportunity as a comedian at the age of 16 following an ill emcee. During his teens, Melvin Kaminsky officially changed his name to Mel Brooks. (from his mother's maiden name Brookman) after being confused with the trumpeter Max Kaminsky. \n", "After attending Abraham Lincoln High School for a year, Brooks graduated from Eastern District High School with the intention of studying at Brooklyn College as a psychology major. \n", "Section::::WWII service.\n", "Brooks was drafted into the United States Army in 1944. After scoring highly on the Army General Classification Test (a Stanford-Binet-type IQ test), he was sent to the elite Army Specialized Training Program (ASTP) at the Virginia Military Institute to be taught skills such as military engineering, foreign languages or medicine. Manpower shortages led the Army to disband the ASTP so Brooks returned to basic training at Fort Sill, Oklahoma in May 1944. \n", "Brooks served as a corporal in the 1104 Engineer Combat Battalion, 78th Infantry Division, defusing land mines as the allies advanced into Nazi Germany. With the end of the war in Europe, Brooks took part in organizing shows for captured Germans and American forces.\n", "Section::::Career.\n", "Section::::Career.:Early career.\n", "After the war, Brooks started working in various Borscht Belt resorts and nightclubs in the Catskill Mountains as a drummer and pianist. After a regular comic at one of the nightclubs was too sick to perform one night, Brooks started working as a stand-up comic, telling jokes and doing movie-star impressions. He also began acting in summer stock in Red Bank, New Jersey, and did some radio work. He eventually worked his way up to the comically aggressive job of tummler (master entertainer) at Grossinger's, one of the Borscht Belt's most famous resorts. Brooks found more rewarding work behind the scenes, becoming a comedy writer for television. In 1949 his friend Sid Caesar hired Brooks to write jokes for the NBC series \"The Admiral Broadway Revue\", paying him $50 a week.\n", "Section::::Career.:\"Your Show of Shows\".\n", "In 1950 Caesar created the revolutionary variety comedy series \"Your Show of Shows\" and hired Brooks as a writer along with Carl Reiner, Neil Simon, Danny Simon, and head writer Mel Tolkin. The show was an immediate hit and has been influential to all variety and sketch-comedy TV shows since. Reiner, as creator of \"The Dick Van Dyke Show\", based Morey Amsterdam's character Buddy Sorell on Brooks. Likewise, the film \"My Favorite Year\" (1982) is loosely based on Brooks' experiences as a writer on the show including an encounter with the actor Errol Flynn. Neil Simon's play \"Laughter on the 23rd Floor\" (1993) is also loosely based on the production of the show, and the character Ira Stone is based on Brooks.\"Your Show of Shows\" ended in 1954 when performer Imogene Coca left to host her own show. Caesar then created \"Caesar's Hour\" with most of the same cast and writers (including Brooks and adding Woody Allen and Larry Gelbart). \"Caesar's Hour\" ran from 1954 until 1957.\n", "Section::::Career.:The 2000 Year-Old-Man and \"Get Smart\".\n", "Brooks and co-writer Reiner had become close friends and began to casually improvise comedy routines when they were not working. Reiner would play the straight man interviewer who would set Brooks up as anything from a Tibetan monk to an astronaut. As Reiner explained: \"In the evening, we'd go to a party and I'd pick a character for him to play. I never told him what it was going to be.\" On one of these occasions, Reiner's suggestion concerned a 2000 year-old-man who had witnessed the crucifixion of Jesus Christ (who \"came in the store but never bought anything\"), had been married several hundred times, and had \"over forty-two thousand children, and not one comes to visit me.\" At first Brooks and Reiner would only perform the routine for friends, but by the late 1950s, it had gained a reputation in New York City. Kenneth Tynan saw the comedy duo perform at a party in 1959 and wrote that Brooks \"was the most original comic improvisor I had ever seen.\"\n", "In 1960, Brooks moved from New York to Hollywood. He and Reiner began performing the \"2000 Year Old Man\" act on \"The Steve Allen Show\". Their performances led to the release of the comedy album \"2000 Years with Carl Reiner and Mel Brooks\" that sold over a million copies in 1961. They eventually expanded their routine with two more albums in 1961 and 1962, a revival in 1973, a 1975 animated TV special, and a reunion album in 1998. At one point, when Brooks had financial and career struggles, the record sales from the 2000 Year Old Man were his chief source of income.\n", "Brooks adapted the 2000 Year Old Man character to create the 2500 Year Old Brewmaster for Ballantine Beer in the 1960s. Interviewed by Dick Cavett in a series of ads, the Brewmaster (in a German accent, as opposed to the 2000 Year Old Man's Yiddish accent) said he was inside the original Trojan horse and \"could've used a six-pack of fresh air.\"\n", "Brooks was involved in the creation of the Broadway musical \"All American\" which debuted on Broadway in 1962. Brooks wrote the play with lyrics by Lee Adams, and music by Charles Strouse. The show starred Ray Bolger as a southern science professor at a large university who uses the principles of engineering on the college's football team and the team begins to win games. The show was directed by Joshua Logan, whose script doctored the second act and added a gay subtext to the plot. The show ran for 80 performances and received two Tony Award nominations.\n", "The animated short film \"The Critic\" (1963), a satire of arty, esoteric cinema, was conceived by Brooks and directed by Ernest Pintoff. Brooks supplied running commentary as the baffled moviegoer trying to make sense of the obscure visuals. The short film won the Academy Award for Animated Short Film.\n", "With comedy writer Buck Henry, Brooks created a comedic TV show titled \"Get Smart\" about a bumbling James Bond-inspired spy. Brooks explains: \"I was sick of looking at all those nice sensible situation comedies. They were such distortions of life... I wanted to do a crazy, unreal comic-strip kind of thing about something besides a family. No one had ever done a show about an idiot before. I decided to be the first.\" The show stars Don Adams as Maxwell Smart, Agent 86. The series ran from 1965 until 1970, although Brooks had little involvement after the first season. \"Get Smart\" was highly rated for most of its production and won seven Emmy Awards, including Outstanding Comedy Series in 1968 and 1969.\n", "Section::::Career.:Early career as a film director.\n", "For several years, Brooks had been toying with a bizarre and unconventional idea about a musical comedy of Adolf Hitler. Brooks explored the idea as a novel and a play before finally writing a script. Eventually, he was able to find two producers to fund the show, Joseph E. Levine and Sidney Glazier, and made his first feature film, \"The Producers\" (1967).\n", "\"The Producers\" was so brazen in its satire that major studios would not touch it, nor would many exhibitors. Brooks finally found an independent distributor who released it as an art film, a specialized attraction. In 1968, Brooks received an Oscar for Best Original Screenplay for the film instead of such writers as Stanley Kubrick and John Cassavetes. \"The Producers\" became a smash underground hit, first on the nationwide college circuit, then in revivals and on home video. Brooks later turned it into a musical, which became hugely successful on Broadway, receiving an unprecedented twelve Tony awards.\n", "With the moderate financial success of the film \"The Producers\", Glazier financed Brooks' next film, \"The Twelve Chairs\" (1970). Loosely based on Ilf and Petrov's 1928 Russian novel of the same name about greedy materialism in post-revolutionary Russia, the film stars Ron Moody, Frank Langella, and Dom DeLuise as three men individually searching for a fortune in diamonds hidden in a set of 12 antique chairs. Brooks makes a cameo appearance as an alcoholic ex-serf who \"yearns for the regular beatings of yesteryear.\" The film was shot in Yugoslavia with a budget of $1.5 million. The film received poor reviews and was not financially successful.\n", "Section::::Career.:Success as a Hollywood director.\n", "Brooks then wrote an adaptation of Oliver Goldsmith's \"She Stoops to Conquer\", but was unable to sell the idea to any studio and believed that his career was over. In 1972, Brooks met agent David Begelman, who helped him set up a deal with Warner Brothers to hire Brooks (as well as Richard Pryor, Andrew Bergman, Norman Steinberg, and Al Uger) as a script doctor for an unproduced script called \"Tex-X\". Eventually, Brooks was hired as director for what would become \"Blazing Saddles\" (1974), his third film.\n", "\"Blazing Saddles\" starred Cleavon Little, Gene Wilder, Harvey Korman, Slim Pickens, Madeline Kahn, Alex Karras, and Brooks himself, with cameos by Dom DeLuise and Count Basie. The film had music by Brooks and John Morris, and had a modest budget of $2.6 million. This film is a satire on the Western film genre and references older films such as \"Destry Rides Again\" (1939), \"High Noon\" (1952), \"Once Upon a Time in the West\" (1968), and \"The Treasure of the Sierra Madre\" (1948), as well as a surreal scene towards the end of the film referencing the extravagant musicals of Busby Berkeley.\n", "Upon its release, \"Blazing Saddles\" was the second-highest US grossing film of 1974, earning $119.5 million worldwide. Despite mixed reviews, the film was a success with younger audiences. It was nominated for three Academy Awards: Best Actress in a Supporting Role for Madeline Kahn, Best Film Editing, and Best Music, Original Song. The film won the Writers Guild of America Award for \"Best Comedy Written Directly for the Screen\" and in 2006 it was deemed \"culturally, historically or aesthetically significant\" by the Library of Congress and was selected for preservation in the National Film Registry. Brooks has said that the film \"has to do with love more than anything else. I mean when that black guy rides into that Old Western town and even a little old lady says 'Up yours, nigger!', you know that his heart is broken. So it's really the story of that heart being mended.\"\n", "When Gene Wilder replaced Gig Young as the Waco Kid, he did so only if Brooks agreed that his next film would be an idea that Wilder had been working on; a spoof of the Universal series of \"Frankenstein\" films from several decades earlier. After the filming of \"Blazing Saddles\" was completed, Wilder and Brooks began writing the script for \"Young Frankenstein\" and shot the film in the spring of 1974. It starred Wilder, Marty Feldman, Peter Boyle, Teri Garr, Madeline Kahn, Cloris Leachman and Kenneth Mars, with Gene Hackman in a cameo role. Brooks' voice can be heard three times, first as the wolf howl when the characters are on their way to the castle, second as the voice of Victor Frankenstein when the characters discover the laboratory, and third as the cat sound when Gene Wilder accidentally throws a dart out of the window in a scene with Kenneth Mars. Composer John Morris again provided the music score and Universal monsters film special effects veteran Kenneth Strickfaden worked on the film.\n", "\"Young Frankenstein\" was the third-highest-grossing film domestically of 1974, just behind \"Blazing Saddles\". It earned $86 million worldwide and received two Academy Award nominations: Academy Award for Writing Adapted Screenplay and Academy Award for Best Sound. It received some of the best reviews of Brooks' career and even critic Pauline Kael liked the film, saying: \"Brooks makes a leap up as a director because, although the comedy doesn't build, he carries the story through...Brooks even has a satisfying windup, which makes this just about the only comedy of recent years that doesn't collapse.\"\n", "In 1975, at the height of his movie career, Brooks tried TV again with \"When Things Were Rotten\", a Robin Hood parody that lasted only 13 episodes. Nearly 20 years later, in response to the 1991 hit film \"\", Brooks mounted another Robin Hood parody with \"\" (1993). Brooks' film resurrected several pieces of dialogue from his TV series, as well as from earlier Brooks films.\n", "Brooks followed up his two hit films with an audacious idea: the first feature-length silent comedy in four decades. \"Silent Movie\" (1976) was written by Brooks and Ron Clark, starring Brooks in his first leading role, Dom DeLuise, Marty Feldman, Sid Caesar, Bernadette Peters, and in cameo roles playing themselves: Paul Newman, Burt Reynolds, James Caan, Liza Minnelli, Anne Bancroft, and the non-speaking Marcel Marceau who ironically uttered the film's only word of audible dialogue: \"Non!\" Although not as successful as his previous two films, \"Silent Movie\" was a hit and grossed $36 million. Later that year, Brooks was named number 5 on a list of the Top Ten Box Office Stars.\n", "Brooks' parody of the films of Alfred Hitchcock in \"High Anxiety\" (1977) was written by Brooks, Ron Clark, Rudy De Luca, and Barry Levinson. It was the first movie produced by Brooks himself. It starred Brooks, Madeline Kahn, Cloris Leachman, Harvey Korman, Ron Carey, Howard Morris, and Dick Van Patten. The film satirizes such Hitchcock films as \"Vertigo\", \"Spellbound\", \"Psycho\", \"The Birds\", \"North by Northwest\", \"Dial M for Murder\", and \"Suspicion\". Brooks stars as Professor Richard H. (for Harpo) Thorndyke, a Nobel Prize-winning psychologist who also happens to suffer from \"high anxiety\".\n", "Section::::Career.:Later film career.\n", "By 1980 \"Siskel and Ebert\" called Mel Brooks and Woody Allen \"the two most successful comedy directors in the world today ... America's two funniest filmmakers.\" Released that year was the dramatic film \"The Elephant Man\" directed by David Lynch and produced by Brooks. Knowing that anyone seeing a poster reading \"Mel Brooks presents \"The Elephant Man\"\" would expect a comedy, he set up the company Brooksfilms. Brooksfilms has since produced a number of non-comedy films, including \"Frances\" (1982), \"The Fly\" (1986), and \"84 Charing Cross Road\" (1987), starring Anthony Hopkins and Anne Bancroft, along with comedies, including Richard Benjamin's \"My Favorite Year\" (1982), which was partially based on Mel Brooks' real life. Brooks sought to purchase the rights to \"84 Charing Cross Road\" for his wife, Anne Bancroft, for many years. He also produced the comedy \"Fatso\" (1980) that Bancroft directed.\n", "In 1981, Brooks joked that the only genres that he had not spoofed were historical epics and Biblical spectacles. \"History of the World Part I\" was a tongue-in-cheek look at human culture from the Dawn of Man to the French Revolution. The film was written, produced, and directed by Brooks with narration by Orson Welles. This film was another modest financial hit, earning $31 million. It received mixed critical reviews. Critic Pauline Kael, who for years had been critical of Brooks, said: \"Either you get stuck thinking about the bad taste or you let yourself laugh at the obscenity in the humor as you do Buñuel's perverse dirty jokes.\"\n", "Brooks produced and starred in (but did not write or direct) a remake of Ernst Lubitsch's 1942 film \"To Be or Not to Be\". Brooks' 1983 version was directed by Alan Johnson and starred Brooks, Anne Bancroft, Charles Durning, Tim Matheson, Jose Ferrer, and Christopher Lloyd. The film garnered international publicity by featuring a controversial song on its soundtrack – \"To Be or Not to Be (The Hitler Rap) – satirizing German society in the 1940s with Brooks playing Hitler.\n", "The second movie Brooks directed in the 1980s came in the form of \"Spaceballs\" (1987), a parody of science fiction, mainly \"Star Wars\". The film starred Bill Pullman, John Candy, Rick Moranis, Daphne Zuniga, Dick Van Patten, Joan Rivers, Dom DeLuise, and Brooks. In 1989, Brooks (with co-executive producer Alan Spencer) made another attempt at television success with the sitcom \"The Nutt House\", which featured Brooks regulars Harvey Korman and Cloris Leachman and was originally broadcast on NBC, but the network only aired five of the eleven episodes produced before canceling the series. During the next decade, Brooks directed \"Life Stinks\" (1991), \"\" (1993), and \"\" (1995). \"People\" magazine suggested, \"anyone in a mood for a hearty laugh couldn't do better than \"Robin Hood: Men in Tights\", which gave fans a parody of Robin Hood, especially \"\".\"\n", "Like Brooks' other films, it is filled with one-liners, and even the occasional breaking of the fourth wall. \"Robin Hood: Men in Tights\" was Brooks' second time exploring the life of Robin Hood, the first, as mentioned above, having been with his 1975 TV show, \"When Things Were Rotten\". \"Life Stinks\" was a financial and critical failure, but is notable as being the only film that Brooks directed that is neither a parody nor a film about other films or theater. (\"The Twelve Chairs\" was actually a parody of the original novel.) In the 2000s, Brooks worked on an animated series sequel to \"Spaceballs\" called \"\", which premiered on September 21, 2008, on G4 TV. Brooks has also supplied vocal roles for animation. He voiced Bigweld, the master inventor, in the animated film \"Robots\" (2005), and in the later animated film \"Mr. Peabody & Sherman\" (2014) he had a cameo appearance as Albert Einstein. He returned, to voice Dracula's father, Vlad, in \"Hotel Transylvania 2\" (2015) and \"\" (2018).\n", "Section::::Career.:Musicals.\n", "The musical adaptation of his film \"The Producers\" to the Broadway stage broke the Tony record with 12 wins, a record that had previously been held for 37 years by \"Hello, Dolly!\" at 10 wins. This success led to a big-screen version of the Broadway adaptation/remake with actors Matthew Broderick, Nathan Lane, Gary Beach, and Roger Bart reprising their stage roles, in addition to new cast members Uma Thurman and Will Ferrell in 2005. In early April 2006, Brooks began composing the score to a Broadway musical adaptation of \"Young Frankenstein\", which he says is \"perhaps the best movie [he] ever made.\" The world premiere was performed at Seattle's Paramount Theater, between August 7, 2007, and September 1, 2007, after which it opened on Broadway at the former Lyric Theater (then the Hilton Theatre), New York, on October 11, 2007. It earned mixed reviews from the critics.\n", "Brooks joked about the concept of a musical adaptation of \"Blazing Saddles\" in the final number in \"Young Frankenstein\", in which the full company sings, \"next year, \"Blazing Saddles\"!\" In 2010, Mel Brooks confirmed this, saying that the musical could be finished within a year. No creative team or plan has been announced.\n", "Section::::Legacy.\n", "Brooks is one of the few people who have received an Oscar, an Emmy, a Tony, and a Grammy. He was awarded his first Grammy for Best Spoken Comedy Album in 1999 for his recording of \"The 2000 Year Old Man in the Year 2000\" with Carl Reiner. His two other Grammys came in 2002 for Best Musical Show Album for the cast album of \"The Producers\" and for Best Long Form Music Video for the DVD \"Recording the Producers – A Musical Romp with Mel Brooks\". He won his first of four Emmy awards in 1967 for Outstanding Writing Achievement in Variety for a Sid Caesar special and went on to win three consecutive Emmys in 1997, 1998, and 1999 for Outstanding Guest Actor in a Comedy Series for his role of Uncle Phil on \"Mad About You\". Brooks won his Academy Award for Original Screenplay (Oscar) in 1968 for \"The Producers\". He won his three Tony awards in 2001 for his work on the musical, \"The Producers\" for Best Musical, Best Original Musical Score, and Best Book of a Musical.\n", "Brooks won a Hugo Award and a Nebula Award for \"Young Frankenstein\". In a 2005 poll to find \"The Comedian's Comedian\", he was voted No. 50 of the top 50 comedy acts ever by fellow comedians and comedy insiders.\n", "The American Film Institute (AFI) list three of Brooks' films on their AFI's 100 Years...100 Laughs list: \"Blazing Saddles\" (#6), \"The Producers\" (#11), and \"Young Frankenstein\" (#13).\n", "On December 5, 2009, Brooks was one of five recipients of the 2009 Kennedy Center Honors at the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts in Washington, DC. He was inducted into the Hollywood Walk of Fame on April 23, 2010 with a motion pictures star located at 6712 Hollywood Boulevard. American Masters produced a biography on Brooks which premiered May 20, 2013, on PBS. The AFI presented Brooks with its highest tribute, the AFI Life Achievement Award, in June 2013. In 2014 Brooks was honored in a handprint and footprint ceremony at TCL Chinese Theatre. His concrete handprints include a six-fingered left hand as he wore a prosthetic finger when making his prints. On March 20, 2015, Brooks was awarded a British Film Institute Fellowship from the British Film Institute.\n", "Section::::Personal life.\n", "Brooks was married to Florence Baum (1926-2008) from 1953-1962, their marriage ending in divorce. They had three children: Stephanie, Nicky, and Eddie. Brooks married stage, film and television actress Anne Bancroft in 1964, and they remained together until her death in 2005. They had met at a rehearsal for the \"Perry Como Variety Show\" in 1961, and were married three years later on August 5, 1964, at the Manhattan Marriage Bureau. Their son, Max Brooks, was born in 1972, and their grandson, Henry Michael Brooks, was born in 2005.\n", "In 2010, Brooks credited Bancroft with having been \"the guiding force\" behind his involvement in developing \"The Producers\" and \"Young Frankenstein\" for the musical theater, saying of an early meeting with her: \"From that day, until her death…we were glued together.\"\n", "Regarding religion, Brooks stated, \"I'm rather secular. I'm basically Jewish. But I think I'm Jewish not because of the Jewish religion at all. I think it's the relationship with the people and the pride I have. The tribe surviving so many misfortunes, and being so brave and contributing so much knowledge to the world and showing courage.\"\n", "Brooks' great-nephew from his brother Lenny, Todd Kaminsky, is a New York state senator for state senate district 9 on Long Island and formerly represented Long Island's state assembly district 20 in the New York State Assembly.\n", "Section::::Further reading.\n", "BULLET::::- Adler, Bill, and Jeffrey Feinman. \"Mel Brooks: The Irreverent Funnyman\". Chicago: Playboy Press, 1976. .\n", "BULLET::::- Crick, Robert A. \"The Big Screen Comedies of Mel Brooks\". Jefferson, N.C: McFarland, 2002. . .\n", "BULLET::::- Holtzman, William. \"Seesaw, a Dual Biography of Anne Bancroft and Mel Brooks\". Garden City, N.Y: Doubleday, 1979. . .\n", "BULLET::::- McGillian, Patrick. \"Funny Man: Mel Brooks\". Harper, 2019,\n", "BULLET::::- Parish, James Robert. \"It's Good to Be the King: The Seriously Funny Life of Mel Brooks\". Hoboken, N.J: Wiley, 2007. . .\n", "BULLET::::- Symons, Alex. \"Mel Brooks in the Cultural Industries: Survival and Prolonged Adaptation\". Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2012. . .\n", "BULLET::::- Yacowar, Maurice. \"Method in Madness: The Comic Art of Mel Brooks\". New York: St. Martin's Press, 1981. . .\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Mel Brooks – Box Office Data Movie Director at The Numbers\n", "BULLET::::- Mel Brooks – Box Office Data Movie Star at The Numbers\n", "BULLET::::- , video compilation of film clips, 5 minutes\n", "BULLET::::- Interview with Brooks on NPR's \"Fresh Air\" (March 16, 2005)\n", "BULLET::::- TonyAwards.com Interview with Mel Brooks at Tony Awards site\n", "BULLET::::- Interview with Mel Brooks biographer James Robert Parish\n", "BULLET::::- Photographs and literature\n", "BULLET::::- Mel Brooks at Emmys.com\n", "BULLET::::- Mel Brooks interview on BBC Radio 4 \"Desert Island Discs\", July 4, 1978\n" ] }

{ "aliases": { "alias": [ "Melvin Brooks", "Melvin Kaminsky" ] }, "description": "American director, writer, actor, and producer", "enwikiquote_title": "Mel Brooks", "wikidata_id": "Q104266", "wikidata_label": "Mel Brooks", "wikipedia_title": "Mel Brooks" }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Murray Rothbard\n", "Murray Newton Rothbard (; March 2, 1926 – January 7, 1995) was an American heterodox economist of the Austrian School, historian, and a political theorist whose writings and personal influence played a seminal role in the development of modern right-libertarianism. Rothbard was the founder and leading theoretician of anarcho-capitalism, a staunch advocate of historical revisionism and a central figure in the 20th-century American libertarian movement. He wrote over twenty books on political theory, revisionist history, economics and other subjects.\n", "Rothbard asserted that all services provided by the \"monopoly system of the corporate state\" could be provided more efficiently by the private sector and wrote that the state is \"the organization of robbery systematized and writ large\". He called fractional-reserve banking a form of fraud and opposed central banking. He categorically opposed all military, political and economic interventionism in the affairs of other nations. According to his protégé Hans-Hermann Hoppe, \"[t]here would be no anarcho-capitalist movement to speak of without Rothbard\".\n", "Economist Jeffrey Herbener, who calls Rothbard his friend and \"intellectual mentor\", wrote that Rothbard received \"only ostracism\" from mainstream academia. Rothbard rejected mainstream economic methodologies and instead embraced the praxeology of his most important intellectual precursor, Ludwig von Mises. To promote his economic and political ideas, Rothbard joined Llewellyn H. \"Lew\" Rockwell, Jr. and Burton Blumert in 1982 to establish the Ludwig von Mises Institute in Alabama.\n", "Section::::Life and work.\n", "Section::::Life and work.:Education.\n", "Rothbard's parents were David and Rae Rothbard, Jewish immigrants to the United States from Poland and Russia, respectively. David Rothbard was a chemist. Murray attended Birch Wathen, a private school in New York City. Rothbard later stated that he much preferred Birch Wathen to the \"debasing and egalitarian public school system\" he had previously attended in the Bronx.\n", "Rothbard wrote of having grown up as a \"right-winger\" (adherent of the \"Old Right\") among friends and neighbors who were \"communists or fellow-travelers\". Rothbard characterized his immigrant father as an individualist who embraced the American values of minimal government, free enterprise, private property and \"a determination to rise by one's own merits ... \"[A]ll socialism seemed to me monstrously coercive and abhorrent\".\n", "He attended Columbia University, where he received a Bachelor of Arts degree in mathematics in 1945 and eleven years later his PhD in economics in 1956. The delay in receiving his PhD was due in part to conflict with his advisor Joseph Dorfman and in part to Arthur Burns rejecting his doctoral dissertation. Burns was a longtime friend of the Rothbard family and their neighbor at their Manhattan apartment building. It was only after Burns went on leave from the Columbia faculty to head President Eisenhower's Council of Economic Advisors that Rothbard's thesis was accepted and he received his doctorate. Rothbard later stated that all of his fellow students there were extreme leftists and that he was one of only two Republicans on the Columbia campus at the time.\n", "During the 1940s, Rothbard became acquainted with Frank Chodorov and read widely in libertarian-oriented works by Albert Jay Nock, Garet Garrett, Isabel Paterson, H. L. Mencken and others as well as Austrian economist Ludwig von Mises. In the early 1950s, when Mises was teaching at the Wall Street division of New York University Business School, Rothbard attended Mises' unofficial seminar. Rothbard was greatly influenced by Mises' book, \"Human Action\". Rothbard attracted the attention of the William Volker Fund, a group that provided financial backing to promote various right-wing ideologies in the 1950s and early 1960s. The Volker Fund paid Rothbard to write a textbook to explain \"Human Action\" in a form which could be used to introduce college undergraduates to Mises' views; a sample chapter he wrote on money and credit won Mises's approval. For ten years, Rothbard was paid a retainer by the Volker Fund, which designated him a \"senior analyst\". As Rothbard continued his work, he enlarged the project. The result was Rothbard's book \"Man, Economy, and State\", published in 1962. Upon its publication, Mises praised Rothbard's work effusively.\n", "Section::::Life and work.:Marriage, employment and activism.\n", "In 1953, he married JoAnn Schumacher (1928–1999), whom he called Joey, in New York City. JoAnn was his editor and a close adviser as well as hostess of his Rothbard Salon. They enjoyed a loving marriage and Rothbard often called her \"the indispensable framework\" behind his life and achievements. According to Joey, patronage from the Volker Fund allowed Rothbard to work from home as a freelance theorist and pundit for the first fifteen years of their marriage. The Volker Fund collapsed in 1962, leading Rothbard to seek employment from various New York academic institutions. He was offered a part-time position teaching economics to the engineering students of Brooklyn Polytechnic Institute in 1966 at age 40. This institution had no economics department or economics majors and Rothbard derided its social science department as \"Marxist\". However, Justin Raimondo writes that Rothbard liked his role with Brooklyn Polytechnic because working only two days a week gave him freedom to contribute to developments in libertarian politics.\n", "Rothbard continued in this role for twenty years until 1986. Then 60 years old, Rothbard left Brooklyn Polytechnic Institute for the Lee Business School at the University of Nevada, Las Vegas (UNLV), where he held the title of S.J. Hall Distinguished Professor of Economics, an endowed chair paid for by a libertarian businessman. According to Rothbard's friend, colleague and fellow Misesian economist Hans-Hermann Hoppe, Rothbard led a \"fringe existence\" in academia, but he was able to attract a large number of \"students and disciples\" through his writings, thereby becoming \"the creator and one of the principal agents of the contemporary libertarian movement\". Rothbard maintained his position at UNLV from 1986 until his death. Rothbard founded the Center for Libertarian Studies in 1976 and the \"Journal of Libertarian Studies\" in 1977. In 1982, he co-founded the Ludwig von Mises Institute in Auburn, Alabama and was vice president of academic affairs until 1995. The Institute's \"Review of Austrian Economics\", a heterodox economics journal later renamed the \"Quarterly Journal of Austrian Economics\", was also founded by Rothbard in 1987.\n", "After Rothbard's death, Joey reflected on Rothbard's happiness and bright spirit, saying that \"he managed to make a living for 40 years without having to get up before noon. This was important to him\". She recalled how Rothbard would begin every day with a phone conversation with his colleague Lew Rockwell: \"Gales of laughter would shake the house or apartment, as they checked in with each other. Murray thought it was the best possible way to start a day\". Rothbard was irreligious and agnostic toward the existence of God, describing himself as a \"mixture of an agnostic and a Reform Jew\". Despite identifying as an agnostic and an atheist, Rothbard was critical of the \"left-libertarian hostility to religion\". In Rothbard's later years, many of his friends anticipated that he would convert to Catholicism, but he never did. \"The New York Times\" obituary called Rothbard \"an economist and social philosopher who fiercely defended individual freedom against government intervention\".\n", "Section::::Life and work.:Conflict with Ayn Rand.\n", "In 1954, Rothbard, along with several other attendees of Mises' seminar, joined the circle of novelist Ayn Rand, the founder of Objectivism. He soon parted from her, writing among other things that her ideas were not as original as she proclaimed, but similar to those of Aristotle, Thomas Aquinas and Herbert Spencer. In 1958, after the publication of Rand's novel \"Atlas Shrugged\", Rothbard wrote a \"fan letter\" to her, calling the book \"an infinite treasure house\" and \"not merely the greatest novel ever written, [but] one of the very greatest books ever written, fiction or nonfiction\". He also wrote: \"[Y]ou introduced me to the whole field of natural rights and natural law philosophy\", prompting him to learn \"the glorious natural rights tradition\". Rothbard rejoined Rand's circle for a few months, but he soon broke with Rand once more over various differences, including his defense of anarchism.\n", "Later, Rothbard satirized Rand's acolytes in his unpublished one-act play \"Mozart Was a Red\" written as a farce and the essay \"The Sociology of the Ayn Rand Cult\". Rothbard characterized Rand's circle as a \"dogmatic, personality cult\". His play parodies Rand (through the character Carson Sand) and her friends and is set during a visit from Keith Hackley, a fan of Sand's novel \"The Brow of Zeus\" (a play on Rand's most famous novel, \"Atlas Shrugged\").\n", "Section::::Life and work.:Death.\n", "Rothbard died of a heart attack on January 7, 1995 at the age of 68. He was buried in Oakwood Cemetery, Unionville, Virginia.\n", "Section::::Ethical and philosophical views.\n", "Section::::Ethical and philosophical views.:Austrian economics.\n", "Rothbard was an advocate and practitioner of the Austrian School tradition of his teacher Ludwig von Mises. Like Mises, Rothbard rejected the application of the scientific method to economics and dismissed econometrics, empirical and statistical analysis and other tools of mainstream social science as useless for the study of economics. He instead embraced praxeology, the strictly \"a priori\" methodology of Mises. Praxeology conceives of economic laws as akin to geometric or mathematical axioms: fixed, unchanging, objective and discernible through logical reasoning without the use of any evidence. On the account of Misesian economist Hans-Hermann Hoppe, eschewing the scientific method and empirical evidence distinguishes the Misesian approach \"from all other current economic schools\". Mark Skousen of Grantham University and the Foundation for Economic Education, a critic of mainstream economics, praises Rothbard as brilliant, his writing style persuasive, his economic arguments nuanced and logically rigorous and his Misesian methodology sound. However, citing Rothbard's absence of academic publications, Skousen concedes that Rothbard was effectively \"outside the discipline\" of mainstream economics and that his work \"fell on deaf ears\" outside his ideological circles. Paralleling Skousen's remarks, Hoppe laments the fact that all non-Misesian economists dismiss as \"dogmatic and unscientific\" the Misesian approach, which both he and Rothbard embraced.\n", "Rothbard wrote extensively on Austrian business cycle theory and as part of this approach strongly opposed central banking, fiat money and fractional-reserve banking and advocated a gold standard and a 100% reserve requirement for banks.\n", "Section::::Ethical and philosophical views.:Austrian economics.:Polemics against mainstream economics.\n", "Rothbard authored a series of scathing polemics against modern mainstream economics. He was critical of Adam Smith, calling him a \"shameless plagiarist\" who set economics off-track, ultimately leading to the rise of Marxism. Instead, Rothbard praised Smith's contemporaries' works, including Richard Cantillon, Anne Robert Jacques Turgot and Étienne Bonnot de Condillac for developing the subjective theory of value. In response to Rothbard's charge that Smith's \"The Wealth of Nations\" was largely plagiarized, David D. Friedman castigated Rothbard's scholarship and character, saying that he \"was [either] deliberately dishonest or never really read the book he was criticizing\". Tony Endres called Rothbard's treatment of Adam Smith a \"travesty\".\n", "Rothbard was equally scathing in his criticism of John Maynard Keynes, labeling Keynes weak on economic theory and a shallow political opportunist. Rothbard also wrote more generally that Keynesian-style governmental regulation of money and credit created a \"dismal monetary and banking situation\". He demeaned John Stuart Mill as a \"wooly man of mush\" and speculated that Mill's \"soft\" personality led his economic thought astray.\n", "Rothbard was critical of monetarist economist Milton Friedman. In a polemic entitled \"Milton Friedman Unraveled\", he maligned Friedman as a \"statist\", a \"favorite of the establishment\", a friend of and \"apologist\" for Richard Nixon and a \"pernicious influence\" on public policy. Rothbard said that libertarians should scorn rather than celebrate Friedman's academic prestige and political influence. Noting that Rothbard has \"been nasty to me and my work\", Friedman responded to Rothbard's criticism by calling him a \"cult builder and a dogmatist\".\n", "In a memorial volume published by the Mises Institute, Rothbard's protégé and libertarian theorist Hans-Hermann Hoppe wrote that the work \"Man, Economy, and State\" \"presented a blistering refutation of all variants of mathematical economics\" and included it among Rothbard's \"almost mind-boggling achievements\". Hoppe lamented that like his own mentor Ludwig von Mises, Rothbard died without winning the Nobel Prize that Hoppe says Rothbard deserved \"twice over\". Although Hoppe acknowledged that Rothbard and his work were largely ignored by academia, he called Rothbard an \"intellectual giant\" comparable to Aristotle, John Locke and Immanuel Kant.\n", "Section::::Ethical and philosophical views.:Austrian economics.:Reception of Rothbard's work.\n", "Although he self-identified as an Austrian economist, Rothbard's methodology was at odds with many other Austrians. In 1956, Rothbard deprecated the views of Austrian economist Fritz Machlup, stating that Machlup was no praxeologist and calling him instead a \"positivist\" who failed to represent the views of Ludwig von Mises. Rothbard stated that in fact Machlup shared the opposing positivist view associated with economist Milton Friedman. Mises and Machlup had been colleagues in 1920s Vienna before each relocated to the United States and Mises later urged his American protege Israel Kirzner to pursue his PhD studies with Machlup at Johns Hopkins University.\n", "According to libertarian economists Tyler Cowen and Richard Fink, Rothbard wrote that the term evenly rotating economy (ERE) can be used to analyze complexity in a world of change. The words ERE had been introduced by Mises as an alternative nomenclature for the mainstream economic method of static equilibrium and general equilibrium analysis. Cowen and Fink found \"serious inconsistencies in both the nature of the ERE and its suggested uses\". With the sole exception of Rothbard, no other economist adopted Mises' term and the concept continued to be called \"equilibrium analysis\".\n", "In a 2011 article critical of Rothbard's \"reflexive opposition\" to inflation, \"The Economist\" noted that his views are increasingly gaining influence among politicians and laypeople on the right. The article contrasted Rothbard's categorical rejection of inflationary policies with the monetary views of \"sophisticated Austrian-school monetary economists such as George Selgin and Larry White, [who] follow Hayek in treating stability of nominal spending as a monetary ideal—a position not all that different from Mr Sumner's\".\n", "According to economist Peter Boettke, Rothbard is better described as a property rights economist than as an Austrian economist. In 1988, Boettke noted that Rothbard \"vehemently attacked all of the books of the younger Austrians\".\n", "Section::::Ethical and philosophical views.:Ethics.\n", "Although Rothbard adopted Ludwig von Mises' deductive methodology for his social theory and economics, he parted with Mises on the question of ethics. Specifically, he rejected Mises conviction that ethical values remain subjective and opposed utilitarianism in favor of principle-based, natural law reasoning. In defense of his free market views, Mises employed utilitarian economic arguments aimed at demonstrating that interventionist policies made all of society worse off. On the other hand, Rothbard concluded that interventionist policies do in fact benefit some people, including certain government employees and beneficiaries of social programs. Therefore, unlike Mises, Rothbard attempted to assert an objective, natural law basis for the free market. He called this principle \"self-ownership\", loosely basing the idea on the writings of John Locke and also borrowing concepts from classical liberalism and the anti-imperialism of the Old Right.\n", "Rothbard accepted the labor theory of property, but rejected the Lockean proviso, arguing that if an individual mixes his labor with unowned land then he becomes the proper owner eternally and that after that time it is private property which may change hands only by trade or gift.\n", "Rothbard was a strong critic of egalitarianism. The title essay of Rothbard's 1974 book \"Egalitarianism as a Revolt Against Nature and Other Essays\" held: \"Equality is not in the natural order of things, and the crusade to make everyone equal in every respect (except before the law) is certain to have disastrous consequences\". In it, Rothbard wrote: \"At the heart of the egalitarian left is the pathological belief that there is no structure of reality; that all the world is a tabula rasa that can be changed at any moment in any desired direction by the mere exercise of human will\".\n", "Section::::Ethical and philosophical views.:Anarcho-capitalism.\n", "Various theorists have espoused legal philosophies similar to anarcho-capitalism. However, Rothbard was the first person to use the term as in the mid-20th century he synthesized elements from the Austrian School of economics, classical liberalism and 19th-century American individualist anarchists. According to Lew Rockwell, Rothbard was the \"conscience\" of all the various strains of libertarian anarchism, whose contemporary advocates are former \"colleagues\" of Rothbard personally inspired by his example.\n", "During his years at graduate school in the late 1940s, Rothbard considered whether a strict \"laissez-faire\" policy would require that private police agencies replace government protective services. He visited Baldy Harper, a founder of the Foundation for Economic Education, who doubted the need for any government whatsoever. During this period, Rothbard was influenced by 19th-century American individualist anarchists like Lysander Spooner and Benjamin Tucker and the Belgian economist Gustave de Molinari who wrote about how such a system could work. Thus, he \"combined the \"laissez-faire\" economics of Mises with the absolutist views of human rights and rejection of the state\" from individualist anarchists. In an unpublished memo written around 1949, Rothbard concluded that in order to believe in \"laissez-faire\" one must also embrace anarchism.\n", "Rothbard began to consider himself a private property anarchist in 1950 and later began to use \"anarcho-capitalist\" to describe his political ideology. In his anarcho-capitalist model, a system of protection agencies compete in a free market and are voluntarily supported by consumers who choose to use their protective and judicial services. Anarcho-capitalism would mean the end of the state monopoly on force.\n", "In \"Man, Economy, and State\", Rothbard divides the various kinds of state intervention in three categories: \"autistic intervention\", which is interference with private non-economic activities; \"binary intervention\", which is forced exchange between individuals and the state; and \"triangular intervention\", which is state-mandated exchange between individuals. According to Sanford Ikeda, Rothbard's typology \"eliminates the gaps and inconsistencies that appear in Mises's original formulation\". Rothbard writes in \"Power and Market\" that the role of the economist in a free market is limited, but it is much larger in a government that solicits economic policy recommendations. Rothbard argues that self-interest therefore prejudices the views of many economists in favor of increased government intervention.\n", "Section::::Ethical and philosophical views.:Race, gender and civil rights.\n", "Michael O'Malley, Associate Professor of History at George Mason University, characterizes Rothbard's \"overall tone regard[ing]\" the civil rights movement and the women's suffrage movement to be \"contemptuous and hostile\". Rothbard vilified women's rights activists, attributing the growth of the welfare state to politically active spinsters \"whose busybody inclinations were not fettered by the responsibilities of health and heart\". Rothbard had pointed out in his \"Origins of the Welfare State\" that progressives had evolved from elitist Gilded Age pietist Protestants that wanted to bring a secularized version of millennialism under a welfare state, which was spearheaded by a coalition of Yankee Protestant and Jewish women and \"lesbian spinsters\".\n", "Rothbard called for the elimination of \"the entire 'civil rights' structure\" stating that it \"tramples on the property rights of every American\". He consistently favored repeal of the 1964 Civil Rights Act, including Title VII regarded employment discrimination and called for overturning the \"Brown v. Board of Education\" decision on the grounds that forced integration of schools was aggressive. In an essay called \"Right-wing Populism\", Rothbard proposed a set of measures to \"reach out\" to the \"middle and working classes\", which included urging the police to crack down on \"street criminals\", writing that \"cops must be unleashed\" and \"allowed to administer instant punishment, subject of course to liability when they are in error\". He also advocated that the police \"clear the streets of bums and vagrants. Where will they go? Who cares? Hopefully, they will disappear, that is, move from the ranks of the petted and cosseted bum class to the ranks of the productive members of society.\"\n", "Rothbard held strong opinions about many leaders of the civil rights movement. He considered black separatist Malcolm X to be a \"great black leader\" and integrationist Martin Luther King Jr. to be favored by whites because he \"was the major restraining force on the developing Negro revolution\". Rothbard rejected the idea of \"compulsory integration\" and felt that \"self-help, pride, thrift, Negro businesses, etc... cannot hope to flourish within the context of the black reality in America: permanent oppression by the white 'power structure.' None of these good and libertarian things can be achieved without first and foremost, getting the white-run U. S. and local and state governments off the backs of the Negro people.\" In 1993 he rejected the vision of a \"separate black nation\", asking \"does anyone really believe that ... New Africa would be content to strike out on its own, with no massive \"foreign aid\" from the U.S.A.?\". Rothbard also suggested that opposition to King, whom he demeaned as a \"coercive integrationist\", should be a litmus test for members of his \"paleolibertarian\" political movement.\n", "Political scientist Jean Hardisty commented on Rothbard's \"praise\" of the argument, made in Richard Herrnstein and Charles Murray's book \"The Bell Curve\", that blacks tend to score on average lower than whites on IQ tests. Hardisty noted that Rothbard's remark on intellectual and \"temperamental\" differences between races are \"self-evident\".\n", "Section::::Ethical and philosophical views.:Opposition to war.\n", "Like Randolph Bourne, Rothbard believed that \"war is the health of the state\". According to David Gordon, this was the reason for Rothbard's opposition to aggressive foreign policy. Rothbard believed that stopping new wars was necessary and that knowledge of how government had led citizens into earlier wars was important. Two essays expanded on these views \"War, Peace, and the State\" and \"The Anatomy of the State\". Rothbard used insights of Vilfredo Pareto, Gaetano Mosca and Robert Michels to build a model of state personnel, goals and ideology. In an obituary for his friend historical revisionist Harry Elmer Barnes, Rothbard wrote:\n", "Rothbard's colleague Joseph Stromberg notes that Rothbard made two exceptions to his general condemnation of war: \"the American Revolution and the War for Southern Independence, as viewed from the Confederate side\". Rothbard condemned the \"Northern war against slavery\", saying it was inspired by \"fanatical\" religious faith and characterized by \"a cheerful willingness to uproot institutions, to commit mayhem and mass murder, to plunder and loot and destroy, all in the name of high moral principle\". He celebrated Jefferson Davis, Robert E. Lee and other prominent Confederates as heroes while denouncing Abraham Lincoln, Ulysses S. Grant and other Union leaders for \"open[ing] the Pandora's Box of genocide and the extermination of civilians\" in their war against the South.\n", "Section::::Ethical and philosophical views.:Middle East conflict.\n", "Rothbard's \"The Libertarian Forum\" blamed the Middle East conflict on Israeli aggression \"fueled by American arms and money\". Rothbard warned that the Middle East conflict would draw the United States into a world war. He was anti-Zionist and opposed United States involvement in the Middle East. Rothbard criticized the Camp David Accords for having betrayed Palestinian aspirations and opposed Israel's 1982 invasion of Lebanon. In his essay, \"War Guilt in the Middle East\", Rothbard states that Israel refused \"to let these refugees return and reclaim the property taken from them\". He took negative views of the two state solution for the Israeli–Palestinian conflict, saying: On the one hand there are the Palestinian Arabs, who have tilled the soil or otherwise used the land of Palestine for centuries; and on the other, there are a group of external fanatics, who come from all over the world, and who claim the entire land area as \"given\" to them as a collective religion or tribe at some remote or legendary time in the past. There is no way the two claims can be resolved to the satisfaction of both parties. There can be no genuine settlement, no \"peace\" in the face of this irrepressible conflict; there can only be either a war to the death, or an uneasy practical compromise which can satisfy no one. That is the harsh reality of the Middle East.\n", "Section::::Ethical and philosophical views.:Historical revisionism.\n", "Rothbard embraced \"historical revisionism\" as an antidote to what he perceived to be the dominant influence exerted by corrupt \"court intellectuals\" over mainstream historical narratives. Rothbard wrote that these mainstream intellectuals distorted the historical record in favor of \"the state\" in exchange for \"wealth, power, and prestige\" from the state. Rothbard characterized the revisionist task as \"penetrating the fog of lies and deception of the State and its Court Intellectuals, and to present to the public the true history\". He was influenced by and called a champion of the historian Harry Elmer Barnes, a Holocaust denier. Rothbard endorsed Barnes's revisionism on World War II, favorably citing his view that \"the murder of Germans and Japanese was the overriding aim of World War II\". In addition to broadly supporting his historical views, Rothbard promoted Barnes as an influence for future revisionists.\n", "Rothbard's endorsing of World War II revisionism and his association with Barnes and other Holocaust deniers have drawn criticism from within the political right. Kevin D. Williamson wrote an opinion piece published by \"National Review\" which condemned Rothbard for \"making common cause with the 'revisionist' historians of the Third Reich\", a term he used to describe American Holocaust deniers associated with Rothbard, such as James J. Martin of the Institute for Historical Review. The piece also characterized \"Rothbard and his faction\" as being \"culpably indulgent\" of Holocaust denial, the view which \"specifically denies that the Holocaust actually happened or holds that it was in some way exaggerated\".\n", "In an article for Rothbard's 50th birthday, Rothbard's friend and Buffalo State College historian Ralph Raico stated that Rothbard \"is the main reason that revisionism has become a crucial part of the whole libertarian position\".\n", "Section::::Ethical and philosophical views.:Children's rights and parental obligations.\n", "In the \"Ethics of Liberty\", Rothbard explores issues regarding children's rights in terms of self-ownership and contract. These include support for a woman's right to abortion, condemnation of parents showing aggression towards children and opposition to the state forcing parents to care for children. He also holds children have the right to run away from parents and seek new guardians as soon as they are able to choose to do so. He asserted that parents have the right to put a child out for adoption or sell the rights to the child in a voluntary contract in what Rothbard suggests will be a \"flourishing free market in children\". He believes that selling children as consumer goods in accord with market forces—while \"superficially monstrous\"—will benefit \"everyone\" involved in the market: \"the natural parents, the children, and the foster parents purchasing\".\n", "In Rothbard's view of parenthood, \"the parent should not have a legal obligation to feed, clothe, or educate his children, since such obligations would entail positive acts coerced upon the parent and depriving the parent of his rights\". Thus, Rothbard stated that parents should have the legal right to let any infant die by starvation and should be free to engage in other forms of child neglect. However, according to Rothbard, \"the purely free society will have a flourishing free market in children\". In a fully libertarian society, he wrote, \"the existence of a free baby market will bring such 'neglect' down to a minimum\".\n", "Economist Gene Callahan of Cardiff University, formerly a scholar at the Rothbard-affiliated Mises Institute, observes that Rothbard allows \"the logical elegance of his legal theory\" to \"trump any arguments based on the moral reprehensibility of a parent idly watching her six-month-old child slowly starve to death in its crib\".\n", "Section::::Ethical and philosophical views.:Civil liberties.\n", "Rothbard consistently advocated for abolition of the subpoena power, court attendance, contempt of court powers, coerced testimony of witnesses, compulsory jury duty and the bail system, arguing that all these functions of the judiciary were violations of natural rights and American common law. He instead advocated that until a defendant is convicted, he or she should not be held in prison or jails, writing that \"except in those cases where the criminal has been caught red-handed and where a certain presumption of guilt therefore exists, it is impossible to justify any imprisonment before conviction, let alone before trial. And even when someone is caught red-handed, there is an important reform that needs to be instituted to keep the system honest: subjecting the police and the other authorities to the same law as everyone else. If everyone is supposed to be subject to the same criminal law, then exempting the authorities from that law gives them a legal license to commit continual aggression. The policeman who apprehends a criminal and arrests him, and the judicial and penal authorities who incarcerate him before trial and conviction—all should be subject to the universal law\". Rothbard argued that police who make wrongful arrests or indictments should be charged with kidnapping.\n", "Section::::Ethical and philosophical views.:Retributive theory of criminal justice.\n", "In \"The Ethics of Liberty\", Rothbard advocates for a \"frankly retributive theory of punishment\" or a system of \"a tooth (or two teeth) for a tooth\". Rothbard emphasizes that all punishment must be proportional, stating that \"the criminal, or invader, loses his rights to the extent that he deprived another man of his\". Applying his retributive theory, Rothbard states that a thief \"must pay double the extent of theft\". Rothbard gives the example of a thief who stole $15,000 and says he not only would have to return the stolen money, but also provide the victim an additional $15,000, money to which the thief has forfeited his right. The thief would be \"put in a [temporary] state of enslavement to his victim\" if he is unable to pay him immediately. Rothbard also applies his theory to justify beating and torturing violent criminals, although the beatings are required to be proportional to the crimes for which they are being punished.\n", "Section::::Ethical and philosophical views.:Retributive theory of criminal justice.:Torture of criminal suspects.\n", "In chapter twelve of \"Ethics\", Rothbard turns his attention to suspects arrested by the police. He argues that police should be able to torture certain types of criminal suspects, including accused murderers, for information related to their alleged crime. Writes Rothbard: \"Suppose ... police beat and torture a suspected murderer to find information (not to wring a confession, since obviously a coerced confession could never be considered valid). If the suspect turns out to be guilty, then the police should be exonerated, for then they have only ladled out to the murderer a parcel of what he deserves in return; his rights had already been forfeited by more than that extent. But if the suspect is not convicted, then that means that the police have beaten and tortured an innocent man, and that they in turn must be put into the dock for criminal assault\". Gene Callahan examines this position and concludes that Rothbard rejects the widely held belief that torture is inherently wrong, no matter who the victim. Callahan goes on to state that Rothbard's scheme gives the police a strong motive to frame the suspect after having tortured him or her.\n", "Section::::Ethical and philosophical views.:Science and scientism.\n", "In an essay condemning \"scientism in the study of man\", Rothbard rejected the application of causal determinism to human beings, arguing that the actions of human beings—as opposed to those of everything else in nature—are not determined by prior causes, but by \"free will\". He argued that \"determinism as applied to man, is a self-contradictory thesis, since the man who employs it relies implicitly on the existence of free will\". Rothbard opposed what he considered the overspecialization of the academy and sought to fuse the disciplines of economics, history, ethics and political science to create a \"science of liberty\". Rothbard described the moral basis for his anarcho-capitalist position in two of his books: \"For a New Liberty\", published in 1973; and \"The Ethics of Liberty\", published in 1982. In his \"Power and Market\" (1970), Rothbard describes how a stateless economy might function.\n", "Section::::Political activism.\n", "As a young man, Rothbard considered himself part of the Old Right, an anti-statist and anti-interventionist branch of the Republican Party. In the 1948 presidential election, Rothbard, \"as a Jewish student at Columbia, horrified his peers by organizing a Students for Strom Thurmond chapter, so staunchly did he believe in states' rights\".\n", "By the late 1960s, Rothbard's \"long and winding yet somehow consistent road had taken him from anti-New Deal and anti-interventionist Robert Taft supporter into friendship with the quasi-pacifist Nebraska Republican Congressman Howard Buffett (father of Warren Buffett) then over to the League of (Adlai) Stevensonian Democrats and, by 1968, into tentative comradeship with the anarchist factions of the New Left\". Rothbard advocated an alliance with the New Left anti-war movement on the grounds that the conservative movement had been completely subsumed by the statist establishment. However, Rothbard later criticized the New Left for supporting a \"People's Republic\" style draft. It was during this phase that he associated with Karl Hess and founded \"\" with Leonard Liggio and George Resch, which existed from 1965 to 1968.\n", "From 1969 to 1984, he edited \"The Libertarian Forum\", also initially with Hess (although Hess's involvement ended in 1971). The \"Libertarian Forum\" provided a platform for Rothbard's writing. Despite its small readership, it engaged conservatives associated with the \"National Review\" in nationwide debate. Rothbard rejected the view that Ronald Reagan's 1980 election as President was a victory for libertarian principles and he attacked Reagan's economic program in a series of \"Libertarian Forum\" articles. In 1982, Rothbard called Reagan's claims of spending cuts a \"fraud\" and a \"hoax\" and accused Reaganites of doctoring the economic statistics in order to give the false impression that their policies were successfully reducing inflation and unemployment. He further criticized the \"myths of Reaganomics\" in 1987.\n", "Rothbard criticized the \"frenzied nihilism\" of left-wing libertarians, but also criticized right-wing libertarians who were content to rely only on education to bring down the state; he believed that libertarians should adopt any moral tactic available to them in order to bring about liberty.\n", "Imbibing Randolph Bourne's idea that \"war is the health of the state\", Rothbard opposed all wars in his lifetime and engaged in anti-war activism. During the 1970s and 1980s, Rothbard was active in the Libertarian Party. He was frequently involved in the party's internal politics. He was one of the founders of the Cato Institute and \"came up with the idea of naming this libertarian think tank after \"Cato's Letters\", a powerful series of British newspaper essays by John Trenchard and Thomas Gordon which played a decisive influence upon America's Founding Fathers in fomenting the Revolution\". From 1978 to 1983, he was associated with the Libertarian Party Radical Caucus, allying himself with Justin Raimondo, Eric Garris and Williamson Evers. He opposed the \"low-tax liberalism\" espoused by 1980 Libertarian Party presidential candidate Ed Clark and Cato Institute president Edward H Crane III. According to Charles Burris, \"Rothbard and Crane became bitter rivals after disputes emerging from the 1980 LP presidential campaign of Ed Clark carried over to strategic direction and management of Cato\".\n", "Rothbard split with the Radical Caucus at the 1983 national convention over cultural issues and aligned himself with what he called the \"right-wing populist\" wing of the party, notably Lew Rockwell and Ron Paul, who ran for President on the Libertarian Party ticket in 1988. Rothbard \"worked closely with Lew Rockwell (joined later by his long-time friend Burton Blumert) in nurturing the Ludwig von Mises Institute, and the publication, \"The Rothbard-Rockwell Report\"; which after Rothbard's 1995 death evolved into the website, \"LewRockwell.com\"\".\n", "Section::::Political activism.:Paleolibertarianism.\n", "In 1989, Rothbard left the Libertarian Party and began building bridges to the post-Cold War anti-interventionist right, calling himself a paleolibertarian, a conservative reaction against the cultural liberalism of mainstream libertarianism. Paleolibertarianism sought to appeal to disaffected working class whites through a synthesis of cultural conservatism and libertarian economics. According to \"Reason\", Rothbard advocated right-wing populism in part because he was frustrated that mainstream thinkers were not adopting the libertarian view and suggested that former KKK Grand Wizard David Duke and Wisconsin Senator Joseph McCarthy were models for an \"Outreach to the Rednecks\" effort that could be used by a broad libertarian/paleoconservative coalition. Working together, the coalition would expose the \"unholy alliance of 'corporate liberal' Big Business and media elites, who, through big government, have privileged and caused to rise up a parasitic Underclass\". Rothbard blamed this \"Underclass\" for \"looting and oppressing the bulk of the middle and working classes in America\". Rothbard noted that Duke's substantive political program in a Louisiana governor's race had \"nothing\" in it that \"could not also be embraced by paleoconservatives or paleo-libertarians; lower taxes, dismantling the bureaucracy, slashing the welfare system, attacking affirmative action and racial set-asides, calling for equal rights for all Americans, including whites\".\n", "Rothbard supported the presidential campaign of Pat Buchanan in 1992 and wrote that \"with Pat Buchanan as our leader, we shall break the clock of social democracy\". When Buchanan dropped out of the Republican primary race, Rothbard then shifted his interest and support to Ross Perot, who Rothbard wrote had \"brought an excitement, a verve, a sense of dynamics and of open possibilities to what had threatened to be a dreary race\". Rothbard ultimately supported George H. W. Bush over Bill Clinton in the 1992 election.\n", "Like Buchanan, Rothbard opposed the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). However, he had become disillusioned with Buchanan by 1995, believing that the latter's \"commitment to protectionism was mutating into an all-round faith in economic planning and the nation state\".\n", "After Rothbard's death in 1995, Lew Rockwell, president of the Mises Institute, told \"The New York Times\" that Rothbard was \"the founder of right-wing anarchism\". William F. Buckley Jr. wrote a critical obituary in the \"National Review\", criticizing Rothbard's \"defective judgment\" and views on the Cold War. The Mises Institute published \"Murray N. Rothbard, In Memoriam\" which included memorials from 31 individuals, including libertarians and academics. Journalist Brian Doherty has summarized Buckley's obituary as follows: \"[W]hen Rothbard died in 1995, his old pal William Buckley took pen in hand to piss on his grave\". Hoppe, Rockwell and Rothbard's colleagues at the Mises Institute took a different view, arguing that he was one of the most important philosophers in history.\n", "Section::::Works.\n", "Articles\n", "BULLET::::- “His Only Crime Was Against the Old Guard: Milken: In the best tradition of free enterprise, he made money by serving the public.”. \"Los Angeles Times\", March 3, 1992.\n", "Books\n", "BULLET::::- \"Man, Economy, and State\", D. Van Nostrand Co., 1962; full text reprint of second edition (Scholar's Edition), Ludwig von Mises Institute, 2004, .\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Panic of 1819: Reactions and Policies\", Columbia University Press, 1962; full text reprint, Ludwig von Mises Institute, 2004, .\n", "BULLET::::- \"America's Great Depression\", D. Van Nostrand Co., 1973; full text reprint, fifth edition, Ludwig von Mises Institute, 2005, .\n", "BULLET::::- \"\", Sheed Andrews and McMeel, 1970; full text reprint, reattached to \"Man, Economy, and State\", Ludwig von Mises Institute, 2004, .\n", "BULLET::::- \"\", Collier Books, 1973, 1978; full text reprint/Audio book, Ludwig von Mises Institute, ).\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Essential von Mises\", \"Bramble Minibook\", 1973; full text reprint, Ludwig von Mises Institute, 1988.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Egalitarianism as a Revolt Against Nature and Other Essays\", Libertarian Review Press, 1974; full text reprint, Second edition, Ludwig von Mises Institute, 2000, .\n", "BULLET::::- \"Conceived in Liberty\", (4 vol.), Arlington House Publishers 1975–1979; full text collected in single volume, Ludwig von Mises Institute, 2012, .\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Logic of Action\" (2 vol.), Edward Elgar Publications, 1997, and ; full text reprint as \"Economic Controversies\", Ludwig von Mises Institute, 2011.\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Ethics of Liberty\", Humanities Press, 1982; New York University Press, 1998; full text reprint/Audio Book, Ludwig von Mises Institute, .\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Mystery of Banking\", Richardson and Snyder, Dutton, 1983; full text reprint, Ludwig von Mises Institute, 2007, .\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Case Against the Fed\", Ludwig von Mises Institute, 1994; full text reprint, Ludwig von Mises Institute, 2007, .\n", "BULLET::::- \"An Austrian Perspective on the History of Economic Thought\", (2 vol.), Edward Elgar Publishers, 1995, ; full text reprints Vol. 1: \"Economic Thought Before Adam Smith\" and Vol. 2: \"Classical Economics\", Ludwig von Mises Institute, 2009.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Making Economic Sense\", Ludwig von Mises Institute, 2007, ; full text reprint updated 7/15/2011 version.\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Betrayal of the American Right\", Ludwig von Mises Institute publication of 1970s unpublished work, 2007, ; full text reprint.\n", "Monographs\n", "BULLET::::- \"Wall Street, Banks, and American Foreign Policy\". World Market Perspective, 1984.\n", "BULLET::::- Center for Libertarian Studies, 1995.\n", "BULLET::::- Ludwig von Mises Institute, 2005; 2nd 2011.\n", "BULLET::::- Full text and a Spanish translation are available.\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- American philosophy\n", "BULLET::::- Anarcho-capitalism\n", "BULLET::::- Criticism of the Federal Reserve\n", "BULLET::::- Libertarianism in the United States\n", "BULLET::::- List of American philosophers\n", "Section::::Further reading.\n", "BULLET::::- Doherty, Brian (2007). \"Radicals for Capitalism: A Freewheeling History of the Modern American Libertarian Movement\". PublicAffairs.\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Murray Rothbard full bibliography at Mises.org\n", "BULLET::::- Rothbard videos at YouTube channel of the Ludwig von Mises Institute\n", "BULLET::::- Murray N. Rothbard Library and Resources from LewRockwell.com\n", "BULLET::::- Murray Rothbard Institute, Belgium\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Martin Fowler (software engineer)\n", "Martin Fowler (born 1963) is a British software developer, author and international public speaker on software development, specialising in object-oriented analysis and design, UML, patterns, and agile software development methodologies, including extreme programming.\n", "His 1999 book \"Refactoring\" popularised the practice of code refactoring. In 2004 he introduced Presentation Model (PM), an architectural pattern.\n", "Section::::Biography.\n", "Fowler was born and grew up in Walsall, England, where he went to Queen Mary's Grammar School for his secondary education. He graduated at University College London in 1986. In 1994 he moved to the United States, where he lives near Boston, Massachusetts in the suburb of Melrose.\n", "Fowler started working with software in the early 1980s. Out of university in 1986 he started working in software development for Coopers & Lybrand until 1991. In 2000 he joined ThoughtWorks, a systems integration and consulting company, where he serves as Chief Scientist.\n", "Fowler has written nine books on the topic of software development (see \"Publications\"). He is a member of the \"Agile Alliance\" and helped create the Manifesto for Agile Software Development in 2001, along with 16 fellow signatories. He maintains a \"bliki\", a mix of blog and wiki. He popularised the term Dependency Injection as a form of Inversion of Control.\n", "Section::::Publications.\n", "BULLET::::- 1996. \"Analysis Patterns: Reusable Object Models\". Addison-Wesley. .\n", "BULLET::::- 1997. \"UML Distilled: A Brief Guide to the Standard Object Modeling Language\". Addison-Wesley. .\n", "BULLET::::- 1999. \"Refactoring: Improving the Design of Existing Code\", With Kent Beck, John Brant, William Opdyke, and Don Roberts (June 1999). Addison-Wesley. .\n", "BULLET::::- 2000. \"Planning Extreme Programming\". With Kent Beck. Addison-Wesley. .\n", "BULLET::::- 2002. \"Patterns of Enterprise Application Architecture\". With David Rice, Matthew Foemmel, Edward Hieatt, Robert Mee, and Randy Stafford. Addison-Wesley. .\n", "BULLET::::- 2010. \"Domain-Specific Languages\". With Rebecca Parsons. Addison-Wesley. .\n", "BULLET::::- 2012. \"NoSQL Distilled: A Brief Guide to the Emerging World of Polyglot Persistence\". With Pramod Sadalage. Addison-Wesley. .\n", "BULLET::::- 2013. \"Refactoring: Ruby Edition\". With Kent Beck, Shane Harvie, and Jay Fields. Addison-Wesley. .\n", "BULLET::::- 2018. \"Refactoring: Improving the Design of Existing Code, Second Edition\". Kent Beck, and Martin Fowler. Addison-Wesley. .\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- A Conversation with Martin Fowler\n" ] }

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{ "paragraph": [ "Malachi\n", "Malachi, Malachias, Malache or Mal'achi (; ) was the writer of the Book of Malachi, the last book of the Neviim (prophets) section in the Hebrew Bible. No allusion is made to him by Ezra, however, and he does not directly mention the restoration of the temple. The editors of the 1906 Jewish Encyclopedia implied that he prophesied after Haggai and Zechariah (; , ) and speculated that he delivered his prophecies about 420 BCE, after the second return of Nehemiah from Persia (Book of Nehemiah ), or possibly before his return, comparing with ( with ).\n", "In the Septuagent or Greek Old Testament, the Prophetic Books are placed last, making Book of Malachi the last protocanonical book before the Deuterocanonical books or The New Testament. According to the 1897 Easton's Bible Dictionary, it is possible that Malachi is not a proper name, but simply means \"messenger of YHWH\". The Greek Old Testament superscription is ἐν χειρὶ ἀγγέλου αὐτοῦ, (by the hand of his messenger).\n", "Section::::Name.\n", "Because Malachi's name does not occur elsewhere in the Bible, some scholars doubt whether \"Malachi\" is intended to be the personal name of the prophet. None of the other prophetic books of the Hebrew Bible or the Greek Old Testament are anonymous. The form \"mal'akhi\", signifies \"my messenger\"; it occurs in Malachi 3:1 (compare to Malachi 2:7). But this form of itself would hardly be appropriate as a proper name without some additional syllable such as Yah, whence \"mal'akhiah\", i.e. \"messenger of Elohim.\" Haggai, in fact, is expressly designated \"messenger of Elohim\" (Haggai 1:13). Besides, the superscriptions prefixed to the book, in both the Septuagint and the Vulgate, warrant the supposition that Malachi's full name ended with the syllable -yah. At the same time the Greek Old Testament translates the last clause of Malachi 1:1, \"by the hand of his messenger,\" and the Targum reads, \"by the hand of my angel, whose name is called Ezra the scribe.\" \n", "Section::::Works.\n", "The Jews of his day ascribed the Book of Malachi, the last book of prophecy, to Ezra but if Ezra's name was originally associated with the book, it would hardly have been dropped by the collectors of the prophetic canon who lived only a century or two subsequent to Ezra's time. Certain traditions ascribe the book to Zerubbabel and Nehemiah; others, still, to Malachi, whom they designate as a Levite and a member of the \"Great Synagogue.\" Certain modern scholars, however, on the basis of the similarity of the title (compare Malachi 1:1 to Zechariah 9:1 and Zechariah 12:1), declare it to be anonymous. Professor G.G. Cameron, suggests that the termination of the word \"Malachi\" is adjectival, and equivalent to the Latin angelicus, signifying \"one charged with a message or mission\" (a missionary). The term would thus be an official title; and the thought would not be unsuitable to one whose message closed the prophetical canon of the Old Testament.\n", "Section::::Period.\n", "Opinions vary as to the prophet's exact date, but nearly all scholars agree that Malachi prophesied during the Persian period, and after the reconstruction and dedication of the second temple in 516 BCE (compare Malachi 1:10 ; Malachi 3:1, Malachi 3:10). The prophet speaks of the \"people's governor\" (Hebrew \"pechah\", Malachi 1:8), as do Haggai and Nehemiah (Haggai 1:1 ; Nehemiah 5:14 ; Nehemiah 12:26). The social conditions portrayed appear to be those of the period of the Restoration. More specifically, Malachi probably lived and labored during the times of Ezra and Nehemiah. The abuses which Malachi mentions in his writings correspond so exactly with those which Nehemiah found on his 2nd visit to Jerusalem in 432 BCE (Nehemiah 13:7) that it seems reasonably certain that he prophesied concurrently with Nehemiah or shortly after.\n", "According to Rabbi W. Gunther Plaut, \"Malachi describes a priesthood that is forgetful of its duties, a Temple that is underfunded because the people have lost interest in it, and a society in which Jewish men divorce their Jewish wives to marry out of the faith.\" \n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- Tomb of the Prophets Haggai, Zechariah and Malachi\n", "Section::::References.\n", "BULLET::::- L. Vianès: Malachie. \"La Bible d'Alexandrie\", vol. xxiii/12, Éditions du Cerf, Paris, 2011.\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Prophet Malachi Orthodox icon and synaxarion\n" ] }

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