Datasets:

MichaelR207
/

MultiSimV2

original stringlengths 29 316	simple sequencelengths 1 1
Celestus microblepharis is a species of lizard in the Anguidae family.	[ "Celestus microblepharis is a type of lizard in the Anguidae family." ]
However, admirals have always needed additional facilities; a meeting room large enough to hold all the captains of the fleet, and a place for the admiral's staff to make plans and draw up orders.	[ "Admirals always needed more space; a large meeting room to gather all the captains of the fleet, and a place for the admiral's staff to make plans and draw up orders." ]
When Bonham Carter was just five, her mother had a serious nervous breakdown, from which it took her three years to recover.	[ "Bonham Carters mother had a three year long nervous breakdown when she was five." ]
Such is in addition, in the coats of arms of some neighboring places.	[ "this is part of the coats of arms for neighboring places." ]
The new government in 1816 created the districts Steinfurt and Tecklenburg.	[ "The new government in 1816 created the areas Steinfurt and Tecklenburg." ]
While it is a self-contained story, the book continues and develops many of the themes touched on in the first book.	[ "While a self-contained story, the book develops many of the themes in the first book." ]
Palestinian prime minister Abbas resigns (CNN) Before being named prime minister, Abbas led the PLO's Negotiations Affairs Department.	[ "Abbas led the PLO's Negotiations Affairs Department before he became prime minister." ]
A pulpit (from Latin pulpitum "scaffold", "platform", "stage") is a small elevated platform from which a member of the clergy delivers a sermon in a house of worship.	[ "A pulpit is a small, raised platform from which a clergy member gives a sermon in a house of worship. The word comes from Latin pulpitum \"scaffold\", \"platform\", \"stage\"." ]
Athletic teams at the school are nicknamed the Eagles.	[ "The school sports teams are called the Eagles." ]
The West Coast blues is a type of blues music characterized by jazz and jump blues influences, strong piano-dominated sounds and jazzy guitar solos, which originated from Texas blues players relocated to California in the 1940s.	[ "The West Coast blues is a type of blues music with jazz and jump blues influences, strong piano-dominated sounds and jazzy guitar solos. It originated from Texas blues players who moved to California in the 1940s." ]
2002: shuttle bus service is replaced by the suspended monorail called the SkyTrain connects the terminal building with the InterCity train station.	[ "Shuttle bus services were replaced by a hanging monorail, SkyTrain, in 2002. It connects the terminal building to the IntereCity station" ]
It is one of the nine species of leaf-eating kangaroos identified in fossils found in the Naracoorte Caves National Park.	[ "It is one of the nine species of leaf-eating kangaroos. Their remains were found in the Naracoorte Caves National Park." ]
Such information is not accessible to people with color blindness, on black-and-white printouts, on older computer displays with fewer colors, on monochrome displays (PDAs, cell phones), and so on.	[ "This info is not on hand to those who are color blind, or on black-and-white printouts, older computers with less colors, on tablets/cell phones (monochrome displays) etc.." ]
The Royal Library of Turin is a World Heritage Site in Turin, Italy.	[ "The Turin Royal Library is a World Heritage Site in Italy." ]
This may be seen in the demand to remove the chief of staff of the Austrian Army, Alfred Jansa, from his position in January 1938.	[ "There was a demand to remove the Austrian Army chief of staff from office in 1938. His name was Alfred Jansa." ]
In modern days, joss sticks can be used for any purpose, such as to enhance the smell of a room, or to light fire crackers.	[ "Today, joss sticks can be used for any purpose, such as making a room smell nice or lighting fire crackers." ]
The drug also extends the time before a patient needs ventilation support.	[ "The drug also increases the time before a patient needs ventilation support." ]
It is the capital of Karbala Governorate.	[ "Karbala is the capital of Karbala Governorate." ]
Plutoids Ice dwarfs that have achieved hydrostatic equilibrium are plutoids.	[ "Ice dwarfs that have gained near-round shape are plutoids." ]
The season was officially canceled on February 16, 2005 due to an unresolved lockout that began on September 16, 2004.	[ "The season was canceled on February 16, 2005 because of a lockout." ]
Though his father wanted him to continue his training as a goldsmith, he showed such a precocious talent in drawing that he started as an apprentice to Michael Wolgemut at the age of fifteen in 1486.	[ "Although his father wanted him to keep training as a goldsmith, his advanced talent in drawing had him start as a trainee to Michael Wolgemut at 15 in 1486." ]
Paul Gray (# 2) Active: 1995 – present Instruments: bass, backing vocals Release contributions: all Slipknot releases Paul Gray was a member of the original band formed in 1995.	[ "Paul Gray (Original Member) Active: 1995 – present Bass, backing vocals Release contributions: all Slipknot releases." ]
76 This association has reinforced the fox's supernatural significance.	[ "This relation has made the fox's supernatural importance even stronger." ]
Chess boxing fights have been organized since early 2003.	[ "Chess boxing fights have existed since early 2003." ]
Jules captured footage of American Airlines Flight 11 hitting the North tower of the World Trade Center.	[ "Jules captured footage of American Airlines Flight 11, which hit the North Tower of the World Trade Center." ]
It is the capital of the Giza Governorate, and is located near the northeast border of this governorate in coordinates.	[ "It's the capital of Giza Governorate and is near the northeast border of this governorate." ]
In the historiography of Japan, the Edo period from 1590 to 1868 is also sometimes referred to as the early modern period.	[ "Japan's Edo period from 1590 to 1868 is also sometimes called the early modern period." ]
Kerberos protocol messages are protected against eavesdropping and replay attacks.	[ "Kerberos protocol messages are protected against listening and replay attacks." ]
He was inducted into the Blues Hall of Fame later the same year.	[ "He was put in the Blues Hall of Fame that same year." ]
Oxnard is the largest city in Ventura County, California in terms of population.	[ "Oxnard is the largest city in Ventura County, California by population." ]
However, the council was delayed until 1545, and convened right before Luther's death.	[ "The council was delayed until 1545. It convened just before Luther's death." ]
However, there are exceptions to this rule, such as defense rather than defence.	[ "There are exceptions to this rule, such as defense instead of defence." ]
Her due release date, with remissions, is currently 12 April 2024.	[ "Its due date of release, with remissions, is now 12 April 2024." ]
The last election was held on 18 September 2005, the 16th Bundestag convened on 18 October 2005.	[ "The last election was on 18 September 2005. The 16th Bundestag met on 18 October 2005." ]
He was also commissioned in 1944 by Yehudi Menuhin to write a Sonata for Solo Violin.	[ "He was tasked to write for Solo Violinin in 1944 by Yehudi Menuhin ." ]
From 1918 to 1920 the province was under the administration of the Democratic Republic of Armenia as the Vanand province (with the city of Kars as its capital).	[ "From 1918 to 1920, the province was run by the Democratic Republic of Armenia as the Vanand province. The city of Kars was its capital." ]
The bridge now traverses the Tarn valley above its lowest point, linking two limestone plateaux, the Causse du Larzac and the Causse Rouge, and is inside the perimeter of the Grands Causses regional natural park.	[ "The bridge goes over the Tarn valley, linking (2) raised limestone areas, the Causse du Larzac and the Causse Rouge, and is inside the area of the Grands Causses park." ]
The area was the home of the Soanian Culture, which is evidenced by the discovery of fossils, tools, coins, and remains of ancient archaeological sites.	[ "The Soanian Culture lived there. Fossils, tools, coins, and remains of old archaeological sites gave evidence." ]
She was also instructor in declamation there.	[ "She was also the speech teacher there." ]
The Official Municipality Key, formerly also known as the Official Municipality Characteristic Number or Municipality Code Number, is a number sequence for the identification of politically independent municipalities or unincorporated areas.	[ "The Official Municipality Key is a number sequence for identifying politically independent municipalities." ]
The Hainich has become the 13th national park of Germany in 1997.	[ "The Hainich is 13th national park in Germany since 1997." ]
A doll is an object that represents a baby or other human being.	[ "A doll represents a baby or other human being." ]
With an area of 11,980 km ² and 1.3 million inhabitants, Upper Austria is the fourth-largest Austrian state by land area and third-largest by population.	[ "Upper Austria is the fourth-largest Austrian state by land area. Its area is 11,980 km ². It has 1.3 million inhabitants. It is the third-largest by population." ]
The town is mostly constituted of mud houses and small canals that supply water.	[ "The village is often made up of mud houses and small canals that supply water." ]
Pantaléon Enrique Costanzo Granados y Campiña (27 July 1867 24 March 1916) was a Spanish Catalan pianist and composer of classical music.	[ "Pantaléon Enrique Costanzo Granados y Campiña was a pianist and composer of classical music. He was born on 27 July, 1867. He died on 24 March, 1916." ]
PackageKit was created by Richard Hughes.	[ "Richard Hughes created PackageKit." ]
Carpets, rugs, velvet, velour, and velveteen, are made by interlacing a secondary yarn through woven cloth, creating a nap or pile.	[ "Carpets, rugs, velvet, velour, and velveteen, are made by interlacing a secondary yarn through woven cloth." ]
Reznor later released The Slip in 2008 for free download.	[ "Reznor released The Slip in 2008 for free download." ]
Satan represents all of the so-called sins, as they all lead to physical, mental, or emotional gratification.	[ "Satan represents all of the so-called sins, because they lead to physical, mental, or emotional gratification." ]
2002: shuttle bus service is replaced by the suspended monorail called the SkyTrain connects the terminal building with the InterCity train station.	[ "In 2002 shuttle bus service was replaced by the SkyTrain. It connects the terminal building with the InterCity train station." ]
Power transmission is the movement of energy from its place of generation to a location where it is applied to performing useful work.	[ "Power transmission is the movement of energy from where it's created to where it's needed." ]
Ólafur's second marriage was to Israeli-born Dorrit Moussaieff, to whom he became engaged in May 2000.	[ "Ólafur's second marriage was to Israeli-born Dorrit Moussaieff. They were engaged in 2000." ]
The northern part, the Restkreis Sankt Wendel, was merged into the district Birkenfeld, the southern part stayed in the Saarland in its reduced size.	[ "The Restkreis Sankt Wendel is the northern part. It was merged into the district Birkenfeld. The southern part stayed in the Saarland in its reduced size." ]
Cognition is the scientific term for "the process of thought".	[ "Cognition is the scientific word for \"the process of thought\"." ]
The island has no indigenous population, but is assigned the ISO 3166 - 1 alpha-2 country code SJ (together with Svalbard), the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD).	[ "The island has no native people, but has the ISO 3166, the Internet country code top-level domain." ]
He traveled over 200,000 miles, an incredible achievement for pre-aviation times.	[ "He traveled over 200,000 miles. This was an incredible achievement in the times before aircraft." ]
A first language (also mother tongue, native language, arterial language, or L1) is the language a human being learns from birth.	[ "A first language which is also the mother tongue or native language is the language a person learns from birth." ]
September 13 - Astronomers from the European Southern Observatory (ESO) announce images that appear to show a planet orbiting a brown dwarf about 230 light years away.	[ "Astronomers from the European Southern Observatory (ESO) announced images that appeared to show a planet. It was orbiting a brown dwarf. It was about 230 light years away." ]
What the Spaniards then called "chocolatl" was said to be a beverage consisting of a chocolate base flavored with vanilla and other spices that was served cold.	[ "What the Spaniards called \"chocolatl\" was a cold drink made of a chocolate with vanilla and other spices." ]
She finally found him in a hospital bed in Reggio Emilia, ill with a fever and subsisting on a daily bowl of chicory coffee and bread crust.	[ "She finally found him in a hospital bed in Reggio Emilia. He was ill with a fever and surviving on one bowl of chicory coffee and bread crust per day." ]
Since then, 51 Phantom and Electric Blue Watermelon have received nominations in that same category.	[ "51 Phantom and Electric Blue Watermelon also got nominated in the same area." ]
Bonham Carter made her film debut in the K. M. Peyton film, A Pattern of Roses, before appearing in her first leading role in Lady Jane.	[ "Bonham Carter made her film debut in A Pattern of Roses. She had her first leading role in Lady Jane soon after." ]
In 326 BCE, most of the dozen-odd political units of the former Gandhara / Kamboja Mahajanapadas were conquered by the Macedonian conqueror.	[ "In 326 BCE, most of the political units of the former Gandhara / Kamboja Mahajanapadas were conquered by the Macedonians." ]
His detractors claim he suffered a nervous breakdown during the Rising.	[ "His critics said he suffered a nervous breakdown during the Rising." ]
Roman conquest Judea lost its independence to the Romans in the 1st century BCE, by becoming first a tributary kingdom, then a province, of the Roman Empire.	[ "Roman conquest Judea lost its independence to the Romans in the 1st century BCE. First it became a tributary kingdom, then a province, of the Roman Empire." ]
Most of the population were engaged in farming, dairy farming, or tanning.	[ "Most people did farming, dairy farming, or tanning." ]
She agreed, and light was restored to the earth.	[ "She agreed and light was given back to the earth." ]
Initially very disorganized, surface pressures gradually decreased across the region, with a weak low pressure area developing on September 19.	[ "Originally disorganized, surface pressures gradually lessen in the region. A weak low pressure area developed on September 19." ]
It was first published on 16 November 1998 in the United Kingdom, although the first United States edition did not follow until March 1999.	[ "It was first published in the United Kingdom on 16 November 1998, although the first edition of the United States was not published until March 1999." ]
Under President and CEO Reynolds, the park operated until April 13, 2003, when it closed after a prolonged tourism decline following the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks.	[ "The park operated until April 13, 2003 under President and CEO Reynolds. It closed when tourism declined after the September 11 terrorist attacks." ]
They are also scheduled to play Roskilde, Rock am Ring, Pinkpop, Give It A Name Festival and Download.	[ "They are planning to play at many events. These events include Roskilde, Rock am Ring, Pinkpop, Give It A Name Festival and Download." ]
Career He studied with the English-born composer Henry Hugo Pierson in Stuttgart, and with William Sterndale Bennett and the pianist Edward Dannreuther in London.	[ "He studied with the English-born composer Henry Hugo Pierson in Stuttgart, and with William Sterndale Bennett and the pianist Edward Dannreuther in London." ]
Justification is seen by Protestants as being the theological fault line that divided Roman Catholic from Protestant during the ReformationFor example, Kurt Aland, A History of Christianity, vol.	[ "Divided Roman Catholic from Protestant during the Reformation saw justification as being the theological fault line that divided them. For example, Kurt Aland, A History of Christianity, vol." ]
The city declined after the war and recovered its importance only in the nineteenth century, when it grew as an industrial center.	[ "The city declined after the war and became relevant because it became an industrial center in the nineteenth century." ]
January 30 Indian pacifist and leader Mahatma Gandhi is assassinated by Nathuram Godse.	[ "January 30: Indian pacifist and leader Mahatma Gandhi is killed by Nathuram Godse." ]
A considerable amount of research has been put into designs that avoid these delays as much as possible.	[ "A lot of research has gone into designs that would avoid these delays." ]
Oxnard is the largest city in Ventura County, California in terms of population.	[ "Oxnard is the most populated city in Ventura County, California." ]
Under the order, about 200 buses are available in San Antonio and Houston to help in evacuations.	[ "About 200 buses are available in San Antonio and Houston to help in evacuations." ]
Baduhennna is solely attested by Tacitus' Annals where Tacitus records that a grove in Frisia was dedicated to her, and that near this grove 900 Roman prisoners were killed in 28 CE.	[ "Tacitus' Annals are the only records of Baduhenna. Here, Tacitus claims that a grove in Frisia was dedicated to her. He claims that near this grove, 900 Roman prisoners were killed in 28 CE." ]
After receiving suspended sentences several times for anti-government activities, Yun retired from politics in 1980 and focused primarily on cultural activities until his death from diabetic conditions and high blood pressure in 1990.	[ "With suspended sentences many times from anti-government acts, Yun retired from politics in 1980 and worked on cultural activities until he died from diabetes and high blood pressure in 1990." ]
Among his published works were Peace, a Lyric Poem (1814); Resignation (1817); The Triumph of Christianity (1819); and The Soldier's Friend (1828).	[ "Among his published works including Peace, a Lyric Poem (1814); Resignation (1817); The Triumph of Christianity (1819); and The Soldier's Friend (1828)." ]
A report written by the district Nazi leader, Hermann Engst, shows that authorities were planning to punish Kellner at the conclusion of the war.	[ "Notes by Nazi leader Hermann Engst show that they were planning to punish Kellner at the end of the war." ]
The St Andrew, also called the badge-appendant, is worn suspended from the collar.	[ "The St Andrew was also called the badge-appendan. It is worn hanging from the collar." ]
Implementations SSL and TLS have been widely implemented in several open source software projects.	[ "SSL and TLS have been widely used in open source projects." ]
M is the thirteenth letter of the basic modern Latin alphabet.	[ "M is the thirteenth letter of the modern Latin alphabet." ]
Since then, documentation of saffron's use over the span of 4,000 years in the treatment of some 90 illnesses has been uncovered.	[ "Documented use of saffron for around 4,000 years to treat some 90 illnesses has been found." ]
While not lethal, consuming this mushroom leads to very severe cramps, vomiting, and diarrhea.	[ "While not deadly, eating this mushroom gives very severe cramps, vomiting, and diarrhea." ]
References External links Official site Ibanez guitars and bass museum - Ibanez instruments database, resources, user reviews, pictures History of Hoshino Gakki Co., Ltd.	[ "References is from the external links of the official site Ibanez guitars and bass museum, pictures from History of Hishino Gakki CO. Ltd." ]
The Tuvaluan language is spoken by virtually everyone, while a language very similar to Gilbertese is spoken on Nui.	[ "Almost everyone speaks Tuvaluan. On Nui, people speak a language similar to Gilbertese." ]
Tiko United FC is a Cameroonian football club based in Tiko.	[ "Tiko United FC is a Cameroonian football club based in Tiko." ]
Marant is a commune in the Pas-de-Calais department in the Nord-Pas-de-Calais region of France.	[ "Marant is a commune in France." ]
Microsoft Windows includes an implementation of SSL and TLS as part of its Secure Channel package.	[ "A version of SSL and TLS are included with Microsoft Windows to increase security." ]
Back up an entire system, including user data, to an installable Live CD / DVD.	[ "Back up an entire system, including user data. Put it on an installable Live CD / DVD." ]
From 1978 until 2000 it was an independent municipality.	[ "The municipality was independent from 1978 to 2000." ]
Lascaux is the setting of a complex of caves in southwestern France famous for its Paleolithic cave paintings.	[ "Lascaux is a network of caves in France, popular for its Paleolithic paintings." ]
The Convent has been the official residence of the Governor of Gibraltar since 1728.	[ "The Convent has been the official home of the Governor of Gibraltar since 1728." ]
Keymer was an ancient parish that like its near neighbour Clayton was merged into the modern day parish of Hassocks.	[ "Keymer was an old parish. Like the near parish Clayton, it was added to the modern day parish of Hassocks." ]
Hydra appears to be spectrally neutral like Charon and Nix, though Pluto is reddish.	[ "Hydra looks to be spectrally neutral like Charon and Nix. Pluto is red colored." ]
There are fewer Western expatriates than in the larger centers of Abu Dhabi and Dubai.	[ "There are fewer former Western citizens than in the larger centers Abu Dhabi and Dubai." ]
After the end of the fifth overtime period, managers Conn Smythe of the Maple Leafs and Art Ross of the Bruins asked league president Frank Calder to suspend the game, but Calder refused.	[ "Five overtime periods had passed. Managers Conn Smythe of the Maple Leafs and Art Ross of the Bruins asked league president Frank Calder to suspend the game. Calder refused." ]

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Dataset Card for MultiSim Benchmark

Dataset Summary

The MultiSim benchmark is a growing collection of text simplification datasets targeted at sentence simplification in several languages. Currently, the benchmark spans 12 languages.

Supported Tasks

Sentence Simplification

Usage

from datasets import load_dataset

dataset = load_dataset("MichaelR207/MultiSimV2")

Citation

If you use this benchmark, please cite our paper:

@inproceedings{ryan-etal-2023-revisiting,
    title = "Revisiting non-{E}nglish Text Simplification: A Unified Multilingual Benchmark",
    author = "Ryan, Michael  and
      Naous, Tarek  and
      Xu, Wei",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 61st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = jul,
    year = "2023",
    address = "Toronto, Canada",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://aclanthology.org/2023.acl-long.269",
    pages = "4898--4927",
    abstract = "Recent advancements in high-quality, large-scale English resources have pushed the frontier of English Automatic Text Simplification (ATS) research. However, less work has been done on multilingual text simplification due to the lack of a diverse evaluation benchmark that covers complex-simple sentence pairs in many languages. This paper introduces the MultiSim benchmark, a collection of 27 resources in 12 distinct languages containing over 1.7 million complex-simple sentence pairs. This benchmark will encourage research in developing more effective multilingual text simplification models and evaluation metrics. Our experiments using MultiSim with pre-trained multilingual language models reveal exciting performance improvements from multilingual training in non-English settings. We observe strong performance from Russian in zero-shot cross-lingual transfer to low-resource languages. We further show that few-shot prompting with BLOOM-176b achieves comparable quality to reference simplifications outperforming fine-tuned models in most languages. We validate these findings through human evaluation.",
}

Contact

Languages

English
French
Russian
Japanese
Italian
Danish (on request)
Spanish (on request)
German
Brazilian Portuguese
Slovene
Urdu (on request)
Basque (on request)

Dataset Structure

Data Instances

MultiSim is a collection of 27 existing datasets:

AdminIT
ASSET
CBST
CLEAR
DSim
Easy Japanese
Easy Japanese Extended
GEOLino
German News
Newsela EN/ES
PaCCSS-IT
PorSimples
RSSE
RuAdapt Encyclopedia
RuAdapt Fairytales
RuAdapt Literature
RuWikiLarge
SIMPITIKI
Simple German
Simplext
SimplifyUR
SloTS
Teacher
Terence
TextComplexityDE
WikiAuto
WikiLargeFR

Data Fields

In the train set, you will only find original and simple sentences. In the validation and test sets you may find simple1, simple2, ... simpleN because a given sentence can have multiple reference simplifications (useful in SARI and BLEU calculations)

Data Splits

The dataset is split into a train, validation, and test set.

Dataset Creation

Curation Rationale

I hope that collecting all of these independently useful resources for text simplification together into one benchmark will encourage multilingual work on text simplification!

Source Data

Initial Data Collection and Normalization

Data is compiled from the 27 existing datasets that comprise the MultiSim Benchmark. For details on each of the resources please see Appendix A in the paper.

Who are the source language producers?

Each dataset has different sources. At a high level the sources are: Automatically Collected (ex. Wikipedia, Web data), Manually Collected (ex. annotators asked to simplify sentences), Target Audience Resources (ex. Newsela News Articles), or Translated (ex. Machine translations of existing datasets). These sources can be seen in Table 1 pictured above (Section: Dataset Structure/Data Instances) and further discussed in section 3 of the paper. Appendix A of the paper has details on specific resources.

Annotations

Annotation process

Annotators writing simplifications (only for some datasets) typically follow an annotation guideline. Some example guidelines come from here, here, and here.

Who are the annotators?

See Table 1 (Section: Dataset Structure/Data Instances) for specific annotators per dataset. At a high level the annotators are: writers, translators, teachers, linguists, journalists, crowdworkers, experts, news agencies, medical students, students, writers, and researchers.

Personal and Sensitive Information

No dataset should contain personal or sensitive information. These were previously collected resources primarily collected from news sources, wikipedia, science communications, etc. and were not identified to have personally identifiable information.

Considerations for Using the Data

Social Impact of Dataset

We hope this dataset will make a greatly positive social impact as text simplification is a task that serves children, second language learners, and people with reading/cognitive disabilities. By publicly releasing a dataset in 12 languages we hope to serve these global communities. One negative and unintended use case for this data would be reversing the labels to make a "text complification" model. We beleive the benefits of releasing this data outweigh the harms and hope that people use the dataset as intended.

Discussion of Biases

There may be biases of the annotators involved in writing the simplifications towards how they believe a simpler sentence should be written. Additionally annotators and editors have the choice of what information does not make the cut in the simpler sentence introducing information importance bias.

Other Known Limitations

Some of the included resources were automatically collected or machine translated. As such not every sentence is perfectly aligned. Users are recommended to use such individual resources with caution.

Additional Information

Dataset Curators

Licensing Information

MIT License

Citation Information

Please cite the individual datasets that you use within the MultiSim benchmark as appropriate. Proper bibtex attributions for each of the datasets are included below.

AdminIT

@inproceedings{miliani-etal-2022-neural,
    title = "Neural Readability Pairwise Ranking for Sentences in {I}talian Administrative Language",
    author = "Miliani, Martina  and
      Auriemma, Serena  and
      Alva-Manchego, Fernando  and
      Lenci, Alessandro",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd Conference of the Asia-Pacific Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 12th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2022",
    address = "Online only",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://aclanthology.org/2022.aacl-main.63",
    pages = "849--866",
    abstract = "Automatic Readability Assessment aims at assigning a complexity level to a given text, which could help improve the accessibility to information in specific domains, such as the administrative one. In this paper, we investigate the behavior of a Neural Pairwise Ranking Model (NPRM) for sentence-level readability assessment of Italian administrative texts. To deal with data scarcity, we experiment with cross-lingual, cross- and in-domain approaches, and test our models on Admin-It, a new parallel corpus in the Italian administrative language, containing sentences simplified using three different rewriting strategies. We show that NPRMs are effective in zero-shot scenarios ({\textasciitilde}0.78 ranking accuracy), especially with ranking pairs containing simplifications produced by overall rewriting at the sentence-level, and that the best results are obtained by adding in-domain data (achieving perfect performance for such sentence pairs). Finally, we investigate where NPRMs failed, showing that the characteristics of the training data, rather than its size, have a bigger effect on a model{'}s performance.",
}

ASSET

@inproceedings{alva-manchego-etal-2020-asset,
    title = "{ASSET}: {A} Dataset for Tuning and Evaluation of Sentence Simplification Models with Multiple Rewriting Transformations",
    author = "Alva-Manchego, Fernando  and
      Martin, Louis  and
      Bordes, Antoine  and
      Scarton, Carolina  and
      Sagot, Beno{\^\i}t  and
      Specia, Lucia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 58th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2020",
    address = "Online",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.acl-main.424",
    pages = "4668--4679",
}

CBST

@article{10.1007/s10579-017-9407-6,
  title={{The corpus of Basque simplified texts (CBST)}},
  author={Gonzalez-Dios, Itziar and Aranzabe, Mar{\'\i}a Jes{\'u}s and D{\'\i}az de Ilarraza, Arantza},
  journal={Language Resources and Evaluation},
  volume={52},
  number={1},
  pages={217--247},
  year={2018},
  publisher={Springer}
}

CLEAR

@inproceedings{grabar-cardon-2018-clear,
    title = "{CLEAR} {--} Simple Corpus for Medical {F}rench",
    author = "Grabar, Natalia  and
      Cardon, R{\'e}mi",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on Automatic Text Adaptation ({ATA})",
    month = nov,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Tilburg, the Netherlands",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://aclanthology.org/W18-7002",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W18-7002",
    pages = "3--9",
}

DSim

@inproceedings{klerke-sogaard-2012-dsim,
    title = "{DS}im, a {D}anish Parallel Corpus for Text Simplification",
    author = "Klerke, Sigrid  and
      S{\o}gaard, Anders",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}'12)",
    month = may,
    year = "2012",
    address = "Istanbul, Turkey",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2012/pdf/270_Paper.pdf",
    pages = "4015--4018",
    abstract = "We present DSim, a new sentence aligned Danish monolingual parallel corpus extracted from 3701 pairs of news telegrams and corresponding professionally simplified short news articles. The corpus is intended for building automatic text simplification for adult readers. We compare DSim to different examples of monolingual parallel corpora, and we argue that this corpus is a promising basis for future development of automatic data-driven text simplification systems in Danish. The corpus contains both the collection of paired articles and a sentence aligned bitext, and we show that sentence alignment using simple tf*idf weighted cosine similarity scoring is on line with state―of―the―art when evaluated against a hand-aligned sample. The alignment results are compared to state of the art for English sentence alignment. We finally compare the source and simplified sides of the corpus in terms of lexical and syntactic characteristics and readability, and find that the one―to―many sentence aligned corpus is representative of the sentence simplifications observed in the unaligned collection of article pairs.",
}

Easy Japanese

@inproceedings{maruyama-yamamoto-2018-simplified,
    title = "Simplified Corpus with Core Vocabulary",
    author = "Maruyama, Takumi  and
      Yamamoto, Kazuhide",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://aclanthology.org/L18-1185",
}

Easy Japanese Extended

@inproceedings{katsuta-yamamoto-2018-crowdsourced,
    title = "Crowdsourced Corpus of Sentence Simplification with Core Vocabulary",
    author = "Katsuta, Akihiro  and
      Yamamoto, Kazuhide",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC} 2018)",
    month = may,
    year = "2018",
    address = "Miyazaki, Japan",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://aclanthology.org/L18-1072",
}

GEOLino

@inproceedings{mallinson2020,
  title={Zero-Shot Crosslingual Sentence Simplification},
  author={Mallinson, Jonathan and Sennrich, Rico and Lapata, Mirella},
  year={2020},
  booktitle={2020 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP 2020)}
}

German News

@inproceedings{sauberli-etal-2020-benchmarking,
    title = "Benchmarking Data-driven Automatic Text Simplification for {G}erman",
    author = {S{\"a}uberli, Andreas  and
      Ebling, Sarah  and
      Volk, Martin},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on Tools and Resources to Empower People with REAding DIfficulties (READI)",
    month = may,
    year = "2020",
    address = "Marseille, France",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association",
    url = "https://aclanthology.org/2020.readi-1.7",
    pages = "41--48",
    abstract = "Automatic text simplification is an active research area, and there are first systems for English, Spanish, Portuguese, and Italian. For German, no data-driven approach exists to this date, due to a lack of training data. In this paper, we present a parallel corpus of news items in German with corresponding simplifications on two complexity levels. The simplifications have been produced according to a well-documented set of guidelines. We then report on experiments in automatically simplifying the German news items using state-of-the-art neural machine translation techniques. We demonstrate that despite our small parallel corpus, our neural models were able to learn essential features of simplified language, such as lexical substitutions, deletion of less relevant words and phrases, and sentence shortening.",
    language = "English",
    ISBN = "979-10-95546-45-0",
}

Newsela EN/ES

@article{xu-etal-2015-problems,
    title = "Problems in Current Text Simplification Research: New Data Can Help",
    author = "Xu, Wei  and
      Callison-Burch, Chris  and
      Napoles, Courtney",
    journal = "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    volume = "3",
    year = "2015",
    address = "Cambridge, MA",
    publisher = "MIT Press",
    url = "https://aclanthology.org/Q15-1021",
    doi = "10.1162/tacl_a_00139",
    pages = "283--297",
    abstract = "Simple Wikipedia has dominated simplification research in the past 5 years. In this opinion paper, we argue that focusing on Wikipedia limits simplification research. We back up our arguments with corpus analysis and by highlighting statements that other researchers have made in the simplification literature. We introduce a new simplification dataset that is a significant improvement over Simple Wikipedia, and present a novel quantitative-comparative approach to study the quality of simplification data resources.",
}

PaCCSS-IT

@inproceedings{brunato-etal-2016-paccss,
    title = "{P}a{CCSS}-{IT}: A Parallel Corpus of Complex-Simple Sentences for Automatic Text Simplification",
    author = "Brunato, Dominique  and
      Cimino, Andrea  and
      Dell{'}Orletta, Felice  and
      Venturi, Giulia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = nov,
    year = "2016",
    address = "Austin, Texas",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://aclanthology.org/D16-1034",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D16-1034",
    pages = "351--361",
}

PorSimples

@inproceedings{aluisio-gasperin-2010-fostering,
    title = "Fostering Digital Inclusion and Accessibility: The {P}or{S}imples project for Simplification of {P}ortuguese Texts",
    author = "Alu{\'\i}sio, Sandra  and
      Gasperin, Caroline",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the {NAACL} {HLT} 2010 Young Investigators Workshop on Computational Approaches to Languages of the {A}mericas",
    month = jun,
    year = "2010",
    address = "Los Angeles, California",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://aclanthology.org/W10-1607",
    pages = "46--53",
}

@inproceedings{10.1007/978-3-642-16952-6_31,
  author="Scarton, Carolina and Gasperin, Caroline and Aluisio, Sandra",
  editor="Kuri-Morales, Angel and Simari, Guillermo R.",
  title="Revisiting the Readability Assessment of Texts in Portuguese",
  booktitle="Advances in Artificial Intelligence -- IBERAMIA 2010",
  year="2010",
  publisher="Springer Berlin Heidelberg",
  address="Berlin, Heidelberg",
  pages="306--315",
  isbn="978-3-642-16952-6"
}

RSSE

@inproceedings{sakhovskiy2021rusimplesenteval,
  title={{RuSimpleSentEval-2021 shared task:} evaluating sentence simplification for Russian},
  author={Sakhovskiy, Andrey and Izhevskaya, Alexandra and Pestova, Alena and Tutubalina, Elena and Malykh, Valentin and Smurov, Ivana and Artemova, Ekaterina},
  booktitle={Proceedings of the International Conference “Dialogue},
  pages={607--617},
  year={2021}
}

RuAdapt

@inproceedings{Dmitrieva2021Quantitative,
  title={A quantitative study of simplification strategies in adapted texts for L2 learners of Russian},
  author={Dmitrieva, Anna and Laposhina, Antonina and Lebedeva, Maria},
  booktitle={Proceedings of the International Conference “Dialogue},
  pages={191--203},
  year={2021}
}

@inproceedings{dmitrieva-tiedemann-2021-creating,
    title = "Creating an Aligned {R}ussian Text Simplification Dataset from Language Learner Data",
    author = {Dmitrieva, Anna  and
      Tiedemann, J{\"o}rg},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 8th Workshop on Balto-Slavic Natural Language Processing",
    month = apr,
    year = "2021",
    address = "Kiyv, Ukraine",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://aclanthology.org/2021.bsnlp-1.8",
    pages = "73--79",
    abstract = "Parallel language corpora where regular texts are aligned with their simplified versions can be used in both natural language processing and theoretical linguistic studies. They are essential for the task of automatic text simplification, but can also provide valuable insights into the characteristics that make texts more accessible and reveal strategies that human experts use to simplify texts. Today, there exist a few parallel datasets for English and Simple English, but many other languages lack such data. In this paper we describe our work on creating an aligned Russian-Simple Russian dataset composed of Russian literature texts adapted for learners of Russian as a foreign language. This will be the first parallel dataset in this domain, and one of the first Simple Russian datasets in general.",
}

RuWikiLarge

@inproceedings{sakhovskiy2021rusimplesenteval,
  title={{RuSimpleSentEval-2021 shared task:} evaluating sentence simplification for Russian},
  author={Sakhovskiy, Andrey and Izhevskaya, Alexandra and Pestova, Alena and Tutubalina, Elena and Malykh, Valentin and Smurov, Ivana and Artemova, Ekaterina},
  booktitle={Proceedings of the International Conference “Dialogue},
  pages={607--617},
  year={2021}
}

SIMPITIKI

@article{tonelli2016simpitiki,
  title={SIMPITIKI: a Simplification corpus for Italian},
  author={Tonelli, Sara and Aprosio, Alessio Palmero and Saltori, Francesca},
  journal={Proceedings of CLiC-it},
  year={2016}
}

Simple German

@inproceedings{battisti-etal-2020-corpus,
    title = "A Corpus for Automatic Readability Assessment and Text Simplification of {G}erman",
    author = {Battisti, Alessia  and
      Pf{\"u}tze, Dominik  and
      S{\"a}uberli, Andreas  and
      Kostrzewa, Marek  and
      Ebling, Sarah},
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Twelfth Language Resources and Evaluation Conference",
    month = may,
    year = "2020",
    address = "Marseille, France",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association",
    url = "https://aclanthology.org/2020.lrec-1.404",
    pages = "3302--3311",
    abstract = "In this paper, we present a corpus for use in automatic readability assessment and automatic text simplification for German, the first of its kind for this language. The corpus is compiled from web sources and consists of parallel as well as monolingual-only (simplified German) data amounting to approximately 6,200 documents (nearly 211,000 sentences). As a unique feature, the corpus contains information on text structure (e.g., paragraphs, lines), typography (e.g., font type, font style), and images (content, position, and dimensions). While the importance of considering such information in machine learning tasks involving simplified language, such as readability assessment, has repeatedly been stressed in the literature, we provide empirical evidence for its benefit. We also demonstrate the added value of leveraging monolingual-only data for automatic text simplification via machine translation through applying back-translation, a data augmentation technique.",
    language = "English",
    ISBN = "979-10-95546-34-4",
}

Simplext

@article{10.1145/2738046,
    author = {Saggion, Horacio and \v{S}tajner, Sanja and Bott, Stefan and Mille, Simon and Rello, Luz and Drndarevic, Biljana},
    title = {Making It Simplext: Implementation and Evaluation of a Text Simplification System for Spanish},
    year = {2015},
    issue_date = {June 2015}, publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
    address = {New York, NY, USA},
    volume = {6},
    number = {4},
    issn = {1936-7228},
    url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/2738046},
    doi = {10.1145/2738046},
    journal = {ACM Trans. Access. Comput.},
    month = {may},
    articleno = {14},
    numpages = {36},
    keywords = {Spanish, text simplification corpus, human evaluation, readability measures} 
}

SimplifyUR

@inproceedings{qasmi-etal-2020-simplifyur,
    title = "{S}implify{UR}: Unsupervised Lexical Text Simplification for {U}rdu",
    author = "Qasmi, Namoos Hayat  and
      Zia, Haris Bin  and
      Athar, Awais  and
      Raza, Agha Ali",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Twelfth Language Resources and Evaluation Conference",
    month = may,
    year = "2020",
    address = "Marseille, France",
    publisher = "European Language Resources Association",
    url = "https://aclanthology.org/2020.lrec-1.428",
    pages = "3484--3489",
    language = "English",
    ISBN = "979-10-95546-34-4",
}

SloTS

@misc{gorenc2022slovene,
     title = {Slovene text simplification dataset {SloTS}},
     author = {Gorenc, Sabina and Robnik-{\v S}ikonja, Marko},
     url = {http://hdl.handle.net/11356/1682},
     note = {Slovenian language resource repository {CLARIN}.{SI}},
     copyright = {Creative Commons - Attribution 4.0 International ({CC} {BY} 4.0)},
     issn = {2820-4042},
     year = {2022}
}

Terence and Teacher

@inproceedings{brunato-etal-2015-design,
    title = "Design and Annotation of the First {I}talian Corpus for Text Simplification",
    author = "Brunato, Dominique  and
      Dell{'}Orletta, Felice  and
      Venturi, Giulia  and
      Montemagni, Simonetta",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 9th Linguistic Annotation Workshop",
    month = jun,
    year = "2015",
    address = "Denver, Colorado, USA",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://aclanthology.org/W15-1604",
    doi = "10.3115/v1/W15-1604",
    pages = "31--41",
}

TextComplexityDE

@article{naderi2019subjective,
  title={Subjective Assessment of Text Complexity: A Dataset for German Language},
  author={Naderi, Babak and Mohtaj, Salar and Ensikat, Kaspar and M{\"o}ller, Sebastian},
  journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:1904.07733},
  year={2019}
}

WikiAuto

@inproceedings{acl/JiangMLZX20,
  author    = {Chao Jiang and
               Mounica Maddela and
               Wuwei Lan and
               Yang Zhong and
               Wei Xu},
  editor    = {Dan Jurafsky and
               Joyce Chai and
               Natalie Schluter and
               Joel R. Tetreault},
  title     = {Neural {CRF} Model for Sentence Alignment in Text Simplification},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 58th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational
               Linguistics, {ACL} 2020, Online, July 5-10, 2020},
  pages     = {7943--7960},
  publisher = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
  year      = {2020},
  url       = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.acl-main.709/}
}

WikiLargeFR

@inproceedings{cardon-grabar-2020-french,
    title = "{F}rench Biomedical Text Simplification: When Small and Precise Helps",
    author = "Cardon, R{\'e}mi  and
      Grabar, Natalia",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 28th International Conference on Computational Linguistics",
    month = dec,
    year = "2020",
    address = "Barcelona, Spain (Online)",
    publisher = "International Committee on Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://aclanthology.org/2020.coling-main.62",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/2020.coling-main.62",
    pages = "710--716",
    abstract = "We present experiments on biomedical text simplification in French. We use two kinds of corpora {--} parallel sentences extracted from existing health comparable corpora in French and WikiLarge corpus translated from English to French {--} and a lexicon that associates medical terms with paraphrases. Then, we train neural models on these parallel corpora using different ratios of general and specialized sentences. We evaluate the results with BLEU, SARI and Kandel scores. The results point out that little specialized data helps significantly the simplification.",
}

Data Availability

Public Datasets

Most of the public datasets are available as a part of this MultiSim Repo. A few are still pending availability. For all resources we provide alternative download links.

Dataset	Language	Availability in MultiSim Repo	Alternative Link
ASSET	English	Available	https://huggingface.co/datasets/asset
WikiAuto	English	Available	https://huggingface.co/datasets/wiki_auto
CLEAR	French	Available	http://natalia.grabar.free.fr/resources.php#remi
WikiLargeFR	French	Available	http://natalia.grabar.free.fr/resources.php#remi
GEOLino	German	Available	https://github.com/Jmallins/ZEST-data
TextComplexityDE	German	Available	https://github.com/babaknaderi/TextComplexityDE
AdminIT	Italian	Available	https://github.com/Unipisa/admin-It
Simpitiki	Italian	Available	https://github.com/dhfbk/simpitiki#
PaCCSS-IT	Italian	Available	http://www.italianlp.it/resources/paccss-it-parallel-corpus-of-complex-simple-sentences-for-italian/
Terence and Teacher	Italian	Available	http://www.italianlp.it/resources/terence-and-teacher/
Easy Japanese	Japanese	Available	https://www.jnlp.org/GengoHouse/snow/t15
Easy Japanese Extended	Japanese	Available	https://www.jnlp.org/GengoHouse/snow/t23
RuAdapt Encyclopedia	Russian	Available	https://github.com/Digital-Pushkin-Lab/RuAdapt
RuAdapt Fairytales	Russian	Available	https://github.com/Digital-Pushkin-Lab/RuAdapt
RuSimpleSentEval	Russian	Available	https://github.com/dialogue-evaluation/RuSimpleSentEval
RuWikiLarge	Russian	Available	https://github.com/dialogue-evaluation/RuSimpleSentEval
SloTS	Slovene	Available	https://github.com/sabina-skubic/text-simplification-slovene
SimplifyUR	Urdu	Pending	https://github.com/harisbinzia/SimplifyUR
PorSimples	Brazilian Portuguese	Available	sandra@icmc.usp.br

On Request Datasets

The authors of the original papers must be contacted for on request datasets. Contact information for the authors of each dataset is provided below.

Dataset	Language	Contact
CBST	Basque	http://www.ixa.eus/node/13007?language=en itziar.gonzalezd@ehu.eus
DSim	Danish	sk@eyejustread.com
Newsela EN	English	https://newsela.com/data/
Newsela ES	Spanish	https://newsela.com/data/
German News	German	ebling@cl.uzh.ch
Simple German	German	ebling@cl.uzh.ch
Simplext	Spanish	horacio.saggion@upf.edu
RuAdapt Literature	Russian	Partially Available: https://github.com/Digital-Pushkin-Lab/RuAdapt Full Dataset: anna.dmitrieva@helsinki.fi

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Point of Contact: michaeljryan@stanford.edu

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