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[ [ "How Could Someone Make an Army Which is Immune or Resistant to Magic Attacks?\nMy DnD character is a sorta artificer/warlock mix who has technical prowess and has a patron that can give him glimpses into technology from alternate universes (basically advanced knowledge on technology) and their ultimate goal is to make it possible for the average person to have the power to counter magic, without having to have magic powers themselves.\nThey also have the goal of starting a company to exploit this technological advantage to raise a professional army to counter other armies who use wizards and other magic users in combat. The problem I run into is the sheer strength that magic can bring to an army. Everything from being able to call down meteors to even just the ability to put people to sleep would make an army not using magic practically useless. So I am trying to find ways to counter magic on a military scale.", "46" ], [ "I am not completely adverse to using a little bit of magic to reach this goal, but I would like to keep to the original premise that the army is made up mostly of non-magic soldiers.\nFor some context the setting of the game is based off of a Europa Universalis mod called Anbennar, so when I say technologically advanced I mean so in a late medieval/early renaissance sense with a fantasy twist (think breech loading guns that use crossbow arms instead of springs, gatling gun type weapons, fantasy “tanks” which are either pulled internally by horses or use large cranks to rotate the wheels, pedal powered planes, stuff <PERSON> would come up with). I hope to have at least basic steam engines decently soon, and to begin building factories for mass production. I think the current technology level would be around the 1870’s or so in terms of weapons available, though none are as refined as they had in our real world by then.\nI do have access to a specific metal called “Damstere” which is made of crystalized magic and in essence acts as a spell slot. It can be burned to power magic that is connected to it in some way (be it scroll of some other form of magical infusion) which I considered as an option when combined with scrolls of antimagic to make a sort of “anti-magic shield grenade” but the sheer time cost to make a single anti magic scroll is very high, and getting access to enough 15th level wizards to make the scrolls would be nearly impossible for large scale production.\nAnother option later on is a material known as “Dark Damstere” which has inherent anti magic properties, but just getting access to that material will take quite a bit of time (nearly a century), way too long for it to be a viable solution in the short term.\nSo, with the information provided I ask, how could I go about having armies which can have at least some resilience against magic?", "523" ] ]

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[ [ "How high altitude/low pressure could you could hear a gong right next to you?\n\"There is no sound in space\". But how thin can air be and musical instruments still be heard?\nThe absolute pressure limit of sound (of a given wavelength) occurs when the wavelength is less than the mean free path of the molecules. Setting the frequency to 20 Hz (human \"lower limit\") gives us about 160 km. However, this question is about the limits of musical instruments vs human ears: the actual altitude could be much lower than 160 km. It is a \"practical physics\" question along the lines of power-line sensations and of course must be answered approximately.\nSuppose you are standing 1 meter away from a gong when it is hit with full force. You are on a separate platform than the gong; the only vibration/sound is perceived through the air. You cannot see the gong being struck (to avoid the placebo effect). You are a facultative anaerobe but otherwise are an unmodified human.\nConsiderations\nA gong is about 90 dB when played vigorously at sea level.", "275" ], [ "A single strong hit may reach 105 dB or so from a 1 meter distance.\nHuman hearing sensitivity varies with frequency. The \"threshold\" of zero dB (at our most sensitive frequency) is slightly generous, 5-10 dB is more typical for healthy ears. Here we define \"threshold\" as hearing it even if you don't expect it, assuming you are not deeply lost in thought. This is a bit higher than two alternative forced choice and may add another 5-10 dB. Any instrument has multiple frequencies and loudness presumably is a weighted sum of how much energy and how sensitive our ears are at each frequency.\nThere are three effects that hamper hearing at extreme altitudes:\nThe direct effect: As the air thins, the gong will transmit less energy into the air.\nImpedance mismatch: The thinner air means that there is less mass pushing on the eardrum. Compared to Mars-density air, an eardrum is almost a solid wall. Most incoming sound energy would be reflected and not get to the inner ear.\nDamping: More and more sound is attenuated (damped out, as energy gets converted to heat) as we get higher and the mean free path increases. The gong may sound muffled if high frequencies are cut off, although it's a low frequency instrument so should be less affected. Over a 1 meter distance, I am not sure if attenuation will be relevant to the perception limits or if the other two effects will kick in first.\nGiven these considerations, what is the approximate altitude limit for hearing a gong?", "108" ] ]

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[ [ "I know you said \"But mars is out\" But it really isn't.\nMars is out, too, because we already established colonies of domes there and no one wants these destroyed / or unusable for a time either.\nYou probably didn't establish colonies of domes. If you had the materials to withstand micrometeorites and the radiation issues from being on the surface of mars, then you've basically either already solved the terraforming issue on mars, or you've got the technology to terraform most arbitrary bodies in our solar system.\nJust building domes in an un-terraformed mars is far more likely to result in habitats becoming \"destroyed or unusable for a time\" because of collisions with micrometeorites not burnt up in a thick-ish atmosphere and radiation frying hardware, people, and the structures themselves.\nYou know what stops these two issues? Lots and lots of rocks. What you would have probably built were underground structures, full stop. No radiation issues, no meteorite issues, and you don't even have to terraform. This also presents even less issue to worry about terraforming making the colony structures unusable.\nAs for the terraforming issues of mars, people often cite solar wind as a huge hurdle for terraforming mars due to its thin atmosphere. Solar wind has the effect of exciting air molecules enough to escape the gravity of a planet, and presents a radiation risk, but it appears that there are reasonable solutions to this problem ie not outside of current tech.\nDuring the Planetary Science Vision 2050 Workshop[23] in late February 2017, NASA scientist <PERSON> proposed a concept of placing a magnetic dipole field between the planet and the Sun to protect it from high-energy solar particles. It would be located at the L1 orbit at about 320 R♂. The field would need to be \"Earth comparable\" and sustain 50000 nT as measured at 1 Earth-radius. The paper abstract cites that this could be achieved by a magnet with a strength of 1–2 teslas (10,000–20,000 gauss).[65] If constructed, the shield may allow the planet to restore its atmosphere. Simulations indicate that within years, the planet would be able to achieve half the atmospheric pressure of Earth.\nThe \"half of earths pressure\" idea may or may not be realistic, but there are other ways to deal with this that I'll get to.\nThen with that comes the issue of the fact that mars's gravity is simply much weaker than earths, and particles can escape the atmosphere on their own.", "778" ], [ "Combine that with the fact that mars is much colder on average compared to earth, it appears that this will be accelerated when trying to heat up the planet with the terraforming process.\nSource\nI asked a question about this a while back on space exploration, and the conclusion I got was interesting:\nit appears that water loss reasoning is in contention, and that the primary method of loss may have been through the weaker gravity, and not solar wind at all.\nThe loss of these particles regardless happened over hundreds of millions to billions of years.\nAt the same time that same magnetic energy release powered a much stronger Solar Wind. The protons and other ions of the Solar Wind cause all the non-Jeans Escape processes listed in the Table above. Collectively several metres of water and perhaps 80 millibars of Carbon Dioxide would be lost over 4.2 billion years – at current rates of loss. As the bare minimum for terraforming is about ~300 millibars of carbon dioxide (equivalent to about 250 millibars of Oxygen) this doesn’t seem like a show stopper for terraforming. If we can supply modern day Mars with ~300 millibars in a few hundred years, then replacing 80 millibars in 4 billion doesn’t seem excessive.\nIf we were to provide mars with atmosphere, it might go away in 500 million years, but is that really that big of a deal on a human timescale?\nSo solar wind is not a problem on mars. Neither is losing atmosphere we get on mars. So what are the issues left?\n* Atmospheric pressure\n* Inert gas composition\n* Sunlight\n* Temperature\n* Plantlife\nAtmospheric pressure\nWith out proper atmospheric pressure, water, and you, will boil when exposed to the martian atmosphere directly. Liquid water will just boil off which is a non starter. If the lagrange point solar wind protector doesn't actually build up the atmosphere to half of earths, then here are your other options:\n* you'll need to manually use mars's own materials to do so ie through some industrial extraction. This is probably possible in human timescales but there still may not be enough atmosphere.\n* you'll need to crash meteorites into mars to release enough gasses.", "778" ] ]

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[ [ "Brooklyn's Finest\n“I don’t want God’s forgiveness. I want his fucking help”\nThis works as a follow-up to Training Day with <PERSON> character having moved to Brooklyn, struggling to provide for his family and going from being a righteous rookie cop to a crooked one.\nBROOKLYN’S FINEST is a pretty formulaic cop film, it’s raw, dark and gritty. There’s multiple plots involving an undercover cop, a retiring cop, a cop who takes money from criminals and the stories all intersect at the end.\nGreat performances from the cast - except what was <PERSON> doing in this, he really doesn’t belong in a cop flick.\nThis isn’t <PERSON> finest, it’s full of cliches and there’s nothing that you haven’t seen in other crime/police films.", "952" ] ]

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[ [ "In my world one of the branches of magic is Sight; foresight, farsight and hindsight.\nThe challenges of hindsight should not any different than of foresight. While the timeline is fixed, there is significantly more information to parse, and requires intensive focus and energy to filter out the important from the mundane. Hindsight would not be like watching a movie or a video, but comes in patches (fragments of compressed and extended time) and requires the intelligence of the seer to identify what they are seeing. Imagine that time is like glass that is more substantial the closer it is to the present, but disintegrates as time goes by, with spikes surrounding strong emotional/spiritual periods (such as a murder, but not a theft by someone in control of their emotions).\nAlso figure out the magic ability that would block sight. While Lords are hiring Seers, criminals are hiring the \"smokers\" to obscure things from the magic sight (even to the point of kidnapping and human trafficking). There might be a separate magic type to obscure distance (\"farsmoker\") and require a \"timesmoker\" to obscure hindsight and/or foresight. Naturally the practice of \"smoking\" would be outlawed. (Personally there should be just as many smokers as there are seers to balance the magic...", "917" ], [ "children of seers could be smokers or vice versa).\nOne possibility is that a Foreseer committing a crime could probably obscure their actions from a Hindseer (countering the future actions). On the other hand, it would be possible for a Hindseer to influence the timeline so that it is also obscured to other Hindseers by the very act of viewing the past. So in a way, the Foresight and Hindsight Seers are their own \"time smokers\" because a scene can usually only read a few times before static and other corruptive influences start to degrade the vision (fragments shatter). Basically all that is required to corrupt the scene is a Foreseer (before the crime) or <PERSON> (after the crime) to read the scene one or more times. Obviously, the strength and power of the seer can affect the outcome with a weaker seer corrupting the scene and a strong user still able to pluck what they need. But it would be obvious to any <PERSON> that the timeline was corrupted. (NOTE: it would be the time+space with a limited sphere of influence that would be corrupted/static, and no obliteration of everything that happened in the past in that space.)\nBTW, it might be also interesting to have the polar of farsight... tinysight/microsight, which may also have a different method of solving crimes.\nWhile your original question was how to make the Hindsight less powerful so that crime was not wiped out, the premise of a crime novel based on this magic would be very interesting.", "45" ] ]

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[ [ "I have two versions for you.\n1 The answer you don't like\nAs <PERSON> suggests, your anemone tree could resemble actual anemones on land. Instead of making the whole treetop one giant set of tentacles with the mouth in the middle, the tree could consist of traditional twigs and branches sporting small tentacle mouths. Each mouth would secrete a sweet smell , be brightly coloured to mimick flowers, or have other means of (passively) attracting prey. This would provide several benefits to the creature/plant:\n1.1 Lower Energy consumption\nHaving the tree move around to catch prey is going to cost energy. A lot of it. Being able to move aroudn superficially while also being rooted underground makes no sense from an evolutionary standpoint, because the increase in range at a rather slow speed does not compensate for the loss of energy. An rooted organism capable of any noticeable controlled movement would either loose this capability, for example if the ground supplied enough nutrients, or loose the roots, in case the movement made up the central aspect of the organism's energy acquisition cycle.\n1.2 More Consistent food supply\nThis is in response to some of the other answers submitted, where the tree preys on larger animals.\nPredators that prey on large animals invest a lot of energy in hope of a lot of food (hyenas, wolves, lions), and will spend most of their time conserving energy if there is no food source in sight. Predators that hunt smaller animals (frogs, otters, smaller birds of prey) spend most of their time hunting, since each food ration they acquire will not last as long, but also is not as hard to get.\nSince the anemone tree is most likely stationary, it can't search for food; it has to wait for it. As large animals tend to be rarer, I deem it unlikely that such a tree's prey spectrum would consist of anything larger than insects, rodents, birds, small monkeys and the likes. This brings us to the third point:\n1.3 Higher likelihood of actually catching anything\nAs we've ruled out large (and therefore slow) animals, we have to acknowledge that out prey will be fast, faster than out tree can afford to move.", "445" ], [ "Nature shows us that carnivores don't neccessarily have to be fast; there are a number of flesh-eating plants which rely on stickyness, stunning or sedation of the prey upon first contact to keep it in a place where the plant can easily digest it.\n2 The answer you might like a little better\nSo, as the question explicitly asks for moving branches, we have to incorporate them somehow, despite their high energy consumption and low evolutionary likelihood. What benefits could the anemone tree gain from being able to move its branches, when it is a \"passive predator\"?\n2.1 Fishing\nWhile eerily waving vines might deter prey on land, it can be quite the attraction under water. Imagine a tree literally applying a longlining technique with its vines.\n2.2 Photosynthesis\nThere might be not enough prey around, and in case the anemone tree is an actual plant, it could use it's movement capabilities to gain the most sunlight for photosynthesis, the same way people earlier thought sunflowers would do it.\n2.3 Very slow prey\nIts prey consists solely of slow and/or relatively blind animals like snails, worms, or turtles, so that the tree could graze a larger area for potential food. It's debateable whether a strand of sticky vines could retract with enough force to lift something as large as a turtle. If not, the question arises how the tree could access the food source after killing or immobilizing it with toxins; dragging it into the ground is hardly possible with anything but very soft soil, and would leave visible marks that would warn other prey. Leaving the carcass on the ground would mean leaving it to scavengers, and loosing a big part of its nutrients.\n2.4 Symbiotic host\nIt has a symbiotic relationship with a species that can somehow supply massive amounts of energy for the tree. An example would be ants or bugs decomposing fallen prey. How the tree would benefit from the bugs taking the food is unclear though, as I highly doubt the feasibility of feeding nodules.\n2.5 Free movement\nIts actually not stationary. The anemone tree is by no means a plant and can easily pull its \"roots\" from the ground and move freely. Maybe the environment has a high risk of storms or floods partially, so that there would be a reason for the \"tree\" to lock itself in a stable position.", "445" ] ]

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[ [ "Indefinitely.\nIt is possible to create new animals by cloning. This technology has never been developed in humans because of severe ethical issues, but faced with extinction, it'd likely be up and running within a decade. The core principles are all understood.\nHowever, this assumes the mechanism of infertility allows implantation of embryos. Even if not it is possible humanised animals could be used for incubation.\nTo address some objections raised in the comments:\nCloning technology is imperfect: this is certainly true, however it is already the case that cloning is commercially viable. There is a biotechnology company in China that is producing 500 cloned pigs a year, while the cloning process itself involves a high degree of technical sophistication, none of the steps are prohibatively expensive or difficult in themselves. Faced with global infertility, vast sums of money will be made available for research, and enormous pressure placed on elected officials to remove legislative barriers. Under these circumstances we should expect viable cloning techniques to become routinely available in the developed world within a decade, probably faster. Cloning should be inherently about as expensive as IVF but with the extraordinary levels of demand we should expect economies of scale to drop prices fast.", "335" ], [ "I would expect reproductive cloning to be available at around $1000 dollars pretty soon. Too expensive to be routinely available in the developing world, but no problem for developed countries with universal healthcare.\nCloning suffers from the same problems as IVF: IVF is only performed on clients who have exhibited problems conceiving the old fashioned way and are typically older. Accordingly success rates are far lower than we should expect from people who do not have these problems and thus success rates should be closer to the far higher rates observed with egg donation.\nTelomere shortening: while this was a concern, it turns out not to be a problem. Even if it was a problem, it should be possible to develop a solution by temporary activation of the telomarases that naturally restore telomeres during normal reproduction.\nAccumulation of mutations: cloning will inevitably accumulate mutations. This could be mitigated by long term storage of DNA from the original source but even this would be imperfect since the DNA is likely to slowly degrade even under ideal storage conditions. However, the accumulation of mutations is unlikely to render the process non-viable for a great many generations (plants and animals that self are known to survive for 100s of generations without apparent loss of viability, although cloning methods may induce higher mutation rates so an exact comparison is not possible), and there are a range of existing techniques that could developed to repair (e.g. CRISPR) or screen embyros (e.g. shotgun sequencing) and prevent transmission of harmful mutations. Moreover, in the hundreds of years available to humanity, the development of in vitro techniques to restore crossing-over and mixture of genes as per natural sexual reproduction seems much more likely than not.", "1008" ] ]

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[ [ "Oak Leaf Barrette From Scrap Leather and Copper Wire\nIntroduction: Oak Leaf Barrette From Scrap Leather and Copper Wire\nI have a big box of leather scrap. There are always loads of odds and ends from various projects.\nI'm going to use a scrap of leather left over from my Alien Hand Vanity Tray.\nI'm also going to use a length of copper wire that is left from an overly ambitious attempt at making DIY Easy Wire Pendants - I should have started with the easiest one!\nThis instructable is to make an oak leaf hair barrette which could also be used as a shawl pin.\nStep 1: What You Will Need\nThis is my big box of leather scrap. There are always loads of odds and ends from various projects.\nThe piece of leather I'm going to use is an offcut from my Alien Hand Leather Coin / Vanity Tray\nSupplies:\nLeather Scrap (13cm x 6.5cm)\nCopper Wire Scrap - about 22cm long\nSaddle Tan leather dye (Fiebings)\nSaddle Tan Antique Gel (Eco-Flo)\nCopper Leather paint (Angelus)\nLeather Edge Finish\nAcrylic Leather Finish (Resolene)\nTools:\nLeather Scissors\nClicker Knife\nSwivel Knife\nLeather Bevel tool and Backgrounder tools\nLeather Edge Slicker\nFine Paint Brush\nRound nose pliers\nNylon jaw pliers\nHole Punch\nHammer and Mini Anvil\nStep 2: Make a Pattern\nLet's start by making an oak leaf pattern.\nSketch out an oak leaf shape making it about 12cm long. Add the vein detail.\nStep 3: Transfer Pattern to Leather and Cut Out\nLay your pattern onto the piece of scrap leather to decide how it fits best.\nTurn your pattern over and trace onto the back of the leather, then cut out using a combination of scissors and clicker knife.\nStep 4: Carve Veins\nWet the top surface of the leather with water.", "421" ], [ "Wait a couple of minutes for it to soak in.\nPlace your pattern over the wet leather and trace the veins using a stylus.\nCarve the veins using a swivel knife.\nStep 5: Bevel Along the Veins\nUsing a patterned beveller stamp tool work along the edges of the veins so they stand out.\nStep 6: Add Background\nUsing small and large background stamp tools add some background texture.\nStep 7: Mould to Shape\nWet he leather leaf completely, then shape over a rounded surface (I'm using a yoghurt pot)\nForm the edges of the leaf up so it has a slightly curled look.\nLeave to dry.\nStep 8: Dye the Leather\nOnce the leather is dry it can be dyed.\nI'm using a Saddle Tan oil dye.\nMake sure you protect your work area with a piece of old cardboard.\nApply the dye using a wool dauber or lint free cloth. Apply in a circular motion and do the front, back and sides.\nLeave to dry.\nStep 9: Apply Antique Gel\nUsing a soft cloth apply antique gel. Remove any excess with a paper towel.\nThe antique gel goes into the tooled crevices and gives your leather leaf a genuine look.\nLeave to dry.\nStep 10: Apply Edge Finish\nApply edge finish to the leather edges. Use a wooden slicker tool to slick and give the edges a polished looking finish.\nStep 11: Paint the Leaf Veins\nPaint the leaf veins with copper paint using a fine brush.\nOptionally take a blob and paint and water it down 4 to 1 and then use the watery paint as a wash for the rest of the leaf.\nLeave to dry.\nStep 12: Apply Acrylic Finish\nGet a little acrylic finish (Resolene) in a container and water down 50/50.\nApply to the back and front of the leather leaf.\nLeave to dry.\nStep 13: Punch Holes\nUsing a hole punch, punch two holes for the copper hair stick.\nStep 14: Form the Barrette Pin\nTake your copper wire and form a loop at the end using round nose pliers.\nGrip the loop with your nylon jawed pliers and coil the wire until you have a spiral.\nBend into a crook.\nFlatten the spiral slightly using a hammer and anvil. Also flatten slightly along the length and particularly at the end.\nFile the end into a rounded point.\nStep 15: Ready to Go\nThread the copper stick through the holes in your leather oak leaf, and you are all ready to go.\nUse in your hair or as a shawl pin.", "421" ] ]

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[ [ "What an interesting question. I've often thought about what it would be like to be transported to a different time. I think it would be much like moving to a new country and having to learn the language and adapt to strange customs. I know from personal experience that it is not an easy process to go through, although there are many rewards. The answer to how long it takes to adapt is that like all learning experiences, adaptation to a new culture is a long and complex process, and it is different for everyone. People have very different levels of resourcefulness, and different attitudes toward change. I would think that examining <PERSON>'s assets and deficits in this regard would make an interesting story.\nA Couple of Ways to Think About It:\nYou might want to research the \"stages of culture shock\", which is a construct developed by anthropologist <PERSON> for understanding the process <PERSON> would likely be faced with in adapting to a new culture and language. Wikipedia has an in-depth definition & description of the problem. According to Wikipedia, there are four stages one would go through to adapt to a new culture:\nHoneymoon\nNegotiation\nAdjustment\nAdaptation\nYou might also want to look at stages of grief.", "140" ], [ "In a sense, <PERSON> has lost all his family, friends and everything he knows, BY ACCIDENT. It is reasonable to assume that he would experience grief as it becomes clear to him that he can never return. <PERSON>, a psychiatrist and author of the book “On Death and Dying,” identified five stages of grief, leading to acceptance of loss.\nDenial\nAnger\nBargaining\nDepression\nAcceptance\n<PERSON> will be undergoing both of these processes, while having much to learn simultaneously.\nUsing familiar constructs that describe these processes will help you outline a logical trajectory for <PERSON>'s behavior & reactions to things. While he will have many wonders to explore, he will also experience disorientation, along with feelings of isolation and loss. He will need to be resourceful, and have a capacity for forming new & trusting relationships or he may suffer from depression that undermines his ability to adapt.\nOne of his strengths may be that he has a good education, since he is from a rich family, and may already have some experience learning another language. Maybe he studied Latin. And maybe he has some practice using his noggin.\nBut also, coming from a privileged background, he may be hampered by a sense of entitlement that would make arriving with only the clothes on his back, and no modern work skills quite a hardship. What other character traits does he possess that would either help or hinder him in adjusting to his new life?\nI look forward to hearing more about <PERSON>. He certainly has an adventure before him.", "861" ] ]

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[ [ "My anwer is mostly based on the speculation that <PERSON> intended to make the Elder Wand into a trap for <PERSON>\nThe complete thread is here http://scifi.stackexchange.com/questions/73717/why-didnt-severus-disapparate-in-the-shrieking-shack\nfrom deathly Hollows chapter: King's Cross\n“But you expected him to go after the wand?”\n“I have been sure that he would try, ever since your wand beat <PERSON>’s in the graveyard of Little Hangleton. At first, he was afraid that you had conquered him by superior skill. Once he had kidnapped <PERSON>, however, he discovered the existence of the twin cores.\n...naturally set out to find the one wand that, they said, would beat any other.\n...He believes that the Elder Wand removes his last weakness and makes him truly invincible. Poor <PERSON> . . .”\nNow that <PERSON> is sure that <PERSON> was after his wand. <PERSON> forms his plan. <PERSON> intends to turn the Elder wand (Unbeatable wand) into a trap for <PERSON>\nThe first step is to have <PERSON> kill him, in such a way that wand ownership does not transfer to <PERSON> (<PERSON> intends to die unvanquished)\nSecond Step is <PERSON> forms his plan with these scenarios in mind\nScenario 1\n<PERSON> steals the wand from <PERSON>'s grave (thinking and \"believing\" that stealing the wand will be enough to make him the wand's master).\n* end results:\n* <PERSON> would \"not\" have to die (preferable outcome - in <PERSON>'s mind).\n* <PERSON> won't order anybody else to kill <PERSON>. <PERSON> \"believes\" that he owns the Unbeatable Wand and <PERSON> himself will want to kill <PERSON> (which is the essential part of <PERSON>'s plan).\nDeathly Hollows chapter the prince's tale\n“So the boy .", "773" ], [ ". . the boy must die?” asked <PERSON> quite calmly.\n“And <PERSON> himself must do it, <PERSON>. That is essential.”\nScenario 2\n<PERSON> steals the wand \"but\" eventually deduces that he needs to kill <PERSON> (<PERSON>'s killer) to gain the Unbeatable Wand's loyalty.\n* end results:\n* <PERSON> has to die (regrettable to <PERSON>'s mind of course, but necessary)\n* <PERSON> won't order anybody else to kill <PERSON>. <PERSON> \"believes\" that he owns the Unbeatable Wand and <PERSON> himself will want to kill <PERSON> (which is the essential part of <PERSON>'s plan)\nTo resolve the discrepancy of wand ownership:\nDeathly Hallows chapter the Flaw in the plan\n“He killed —”\n“Aren’t you listening? <PERSON> never beat <PERSON>! <PERSON>’s death was planned between them! <PERSON> intended to die undefeated, the wand’s last true master! If all had gone as planned, the wand’s power would have died with him, because it had never been won from him!”\n.\nDeathly Hallows chapter King's Cross\nHe believes that the Elder Wand removes his last weakness and makes him truly invincible. Poor <PERSON> . . .”\n“If you planned your death with <PERSON>, you meant him to end up with the Elder Wand, didn’t you?”\n“I admit that was my intention,” said <PERSON>, “but it did not work as I intended, did it?”\n“No,” said <PERSON>. “That bit didn’t work out.”\nFirst quote takes precedence since it is more specific.\nThe conversation between <PERSON> and <PERSON> should actually be read as\n“If you planned your death with <PERSON>, you meant him (<PERSON>) to end up with the Elder Wand, didn’t you?”\nMy speculation is that it was only in King's Cross chapter that <PERSON> realized that <PERSON> was supposed to end up with the wand. <PERSON> also needed to confirm this with <PERSON> since only <PERSON> has the complete specifics of his own plan.", "773" ] ]

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[ [ "Halloween Pot Pie\nIntroduction: Halloween Pot Pie\nSavory Halloween pot pie from scratch. Jack-o'-lantern face will make it fun decoration on your holiday table!\nI will show you how to make an easy pie crust from scratch with only 3 ingredients.\nAnd also a delicious chicken and vegetable filling for the pot pie to die for! Delicious dinner idea for your family, a classic turned into Halloween chicken pot pie.\nThis Spooky Jack-O’-Lantern Chicken Pot Pie was first published on our blog. Check it to find more tips and tricks on how to make a pie crust.\nFollow this easy step-by-step recipe:\nSupplies\nFor the filling:\n1/3 cup unsalted butter\n1/3 cup chopped onion and garlic\n1/3 cup flour\n1/2 tsp salt\n1/4 tsp pepper\n1 3/4 cup chicken broth, low sodium\n1/2 cup milk\n1 1/2 cup cooked chicken\n2,5 cups vegetable mix (chopped potatoes, carrot and peas)\nFor the pie crust:\n2 1/2 cups flour\n1/3 cup salted butter\n5 tbsp water\nYou will also need a rolling pin and 11 inch pie pan\nStep 1: Cook the Filling\nStart with the filling, because it needs time to cool. You can make the filling ahead of time and store in the fridge up to 2-3 days.\nAdd butter to the hot pan.", "851" ], [ "Add chopped onion and garlic and cook, stirring, for a few minutes.\nAdd flour, salt and pepper and cook stirring 30 seconds.\nAdd chicken broth and milk.\nAdd mixed vegetables and cooked shredded chicken.\nCook the filling until it thickens, about 5 minutes.\nLet it cool completely before adding to the pie crust!\nStep 2: Make the Dough for the Pie Crusts\nYou can skip this step, if you have store-bought pie crust. But this is such an easy pie crust recipe!\nFirst, prepare all ingredients. Put flour in a large bowl, add cold butter, cut into cubes. Press with your fingers until you have a crumbly mixture.\nGradually add cold butter and knead until it comes together.\nDivide the dough into 2 discs (one larger than another), wrap each in plastic and leave in the fridge for 10 minutes.\nStep 3: Roll the Pie Crust\nUnwrap the larger disc and place it on the floured surface.\nDust the rolling pin with flour and roll the round bottom crust.\nCarefully roll the dough on the rolling pin to transfer to the 11 inch pie pan.\nPoke the holes in the bottom of the crust and put it in the fridge for 30 minutes. This will prevent the crust from shrinking.\nStep 4: Make the Pie\nAdd the filling to the pie pan with pie crust.\nRoll the second disc and add it on top of the pie.\nPress the edges with your fingers and cut excess edges.\nUsing a sharp knife, cut the face of Jack-o-Lantern.\nBrush the top of the pie with beaten egg.\nStep 5: Bake the Pie and Serve\nBake 30-40 minutes in the oven, preheated to 425 F /220 C.\nLet it cool 10 minutes before serving and enjoy!\nYou can store it in the fridge for 3-4 days.", "702" ] ]

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[ [ "Rag Doll Decoration\nIntroduction: Rag Doll Decoration\nI was bored one day, and I just wanted to do a simple quick project. Even though it is spring time, I was thinking it would be cute to make some simple autumn decoration. This project was really fun since it was so simple, and I allowed myself to be sloppy and messy with the sewing because I felt like it added to the aesthetic.\nSupplies\n* Fabric\n* thread\n* rice or stuffing\n* buttons\n* low weight interfacing (optional)\nStep 1: Sketch Patterns\nFirst I sketched some simple patterns, you can make you're own or you can download the image above\nStep 2: Cut\nMy fabric was a bit thin and slippery, so I decided to iron on some low weight interfacing.Then I traced the pattern onto the interface, and cut out the pieces, I didn't add seam allowance to the pattern, so be aware of that while cutting.\nStep 3: Sew the Limbs\nPin and sew together the limb pieces, if you are using a sewing machine, make sure to go carefully and slowly around the curved parts. Then once it is sewed, turn the pieces inside out, it may be a little tricky, but I was eventually able to do it. Also, if needed, you can iron the limbs flat\nYou can also sew the head during this step and put it aside for later.\nStep 4: Stuff\nyou can use anything you'd like to fill your doll, but I used rice instead of stuffing to give my dolls a little bit more weight and make them more rag-ish. I kept the limbs a little bit under stuffed, and had some loose space so that I could sew the limbs close without braking my machine. Then I closed the limbs by doing a simple straight stitch over the opening.\nStep 5: Basting\nUsing a straight stitch, simply baste the limbs onto one of the body pieces, make sure while doing this to have the limb going over the body piece.\nStep 6: Sew the Body\nOnce all of the limbs are basted onto the body pieces, you're ready to sew the body pieces together.", "316" ], [ "It's a bit hard to explain what I did, but to sew them together I basically folded one limb over and pinned the body piece over it, then I sewed over the limb and stopped to re-adjusted the pinning and fold the other limbs in. When you get the last arm, it may be a bit tricky, but take the first arm and place it in the neck hole, and take the last arm, and fold it in. Remember to leave an opening at the top for the head.\nStep 7: Flip Inside Out\nAfter sewing the body, it should look almost like a pocket with one of the arms at the top. Pull the arm at the neck hole, and continue to turn it inside out. Once you're done, you can then fill the body with rice.\nStep 8: Sew the Head\nNext, if you haven't already, you can sew the head together. Then fill the head up with rice, I filled the entire head up with rice, then stitched the bottom up with a simple wip stitch.\nStep 9: Attach the Head\ntake the head and attach it to the body using a wip stitch\nStep 10: Add the Eyes\nI was running out of time so I hot glued button eyes on, but it would probably be better to sew them on. I finished the doll here, but you can add any details you want.\nStep 11: Finished\nNow you are done! This little rag doll looks perfect for simple decoration or just to have around!", "879" ] ]

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[ [ "Let's consider what issues we'll need to overcome if we want the singularity to happen.\n1. We need to develop a general-purpose AI.\nExisting AIs are trained to solve specific problems, and would be entirely useless outside of those domains. Most current AI research isn't even trying to do this. Rather, we develop models that can effectively make predictions/decisions for the task at hand, and train it with data specific to the task.\nDeveloping models makes heavy use of domain-knowledge; even if you have a fixed task and a fixed set of features, the quality of a model can be massively affected by changing the representation of those features. The structure of the model itself will also depend on what sort of relation we want to model: e.g. does the prediction depend on only the most recently observed features, or does it care about which ones were observed previously? Are there cases where the prediction should depend on global tendencies in the input? Cases where the input has an implicit internal structure that must be modeled? Cases where some features in the sequence matter more than others? In my own area of research (natural language processing), the answer to all of those is yes, and failing to take those into account will make for a worse model.\nYou could train the best model in the world for a given task, change the input representation slightly, and the model would be completely worthless. It would eventually become useful again if you continued training on the new format, but it would basically be retraining from scratch (and from a poor starting position, too; it would need to unlearn what it had learned before it could make any real progress). If you tried to take a model from one domain and use it in another domain entirely, e.g. taking a machine translation system and trying to use it to control a self-driving car, you would definitely need to retrain from scratch to get any results, and the structure of the model would be all wrong, so you'd probably get terrible results even then.\n2. It needs to be able to design other AIs\nThis may seem like it follows from the first part, but it doesn't. Even if it possesses generalizable problem solving abilities, that doesn't mean that it can do everything. Case in point, humans are general-purpose intelligences, and most of them don't know how to design AIs.\nBeing self-improving isn't enough. All AIs are self improving; that's what training is all about.", "64" ], [ "If you give any model new training data, and let it train for longer (and avoid overfitting and various other issues that I'm glossing over for the sake of brevity), any AI will improve. Eventually.\nBut for every model, there's a theoretical limit to how well it can model the process we're interested in. If we want the kind of unbounded exponential growth that the singularity people talk about, our AI needs to be able to design new models, not just tune the existing ones. Which means it needs domain expertise on designing AIs. The good news is, the people designing the AIs possess that knowledge pretty much by definition. The bad news is, that doesn't mean we can explain it well enough to program that knowledge into an AI: there are a lot of things where we just develop an intuition for what sort of things work, through experience. There are plenty of things we do understand well enough to explain, but the frontiers of research are always something of a black art.\nMost of these issues are practical, rather than theoretical, and given enough time, data, and hardware, you could probably have a general-purpose AI figure out the domain knowledge on its own.\n3. The improvement must be unbounded by physical limitations (for awhile, at least)\nMaking an AI that's twice as powerful as the previous one doesn't help if it uses so many resources that it's running at half the speed. AIs are resource-intensive; even the single-domain ones we have now can make full use of just about any hardware we throw at them, up to and including supercomputers. You can certainly make a lot of progress by designing better, more efficient models that run on the current hardware, but eventually you'll need to stop and wait for better machines to be designed and built. And even then, we eventually run up against physical limits: information is limited by light speed delay, and component density is limited by the Schwarzschild radius of the processor, if nothing else (presumably other hard limits would kick in earlier; consult your local physicist for details). Maybe the AIs get good enough before we run into any fundamental limits, maybe not. But the fact that we need to stop and build physical machines at any step of the process means we don't get to stay on the exponential improvement curve; the best case scenario is that the time to develop a new AI goes to 0 and the construction time becomes the dominant factor.", "64" ] ]

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[ [ "You've already stated that there is no stealth in space. Good. Anyone who wants to counter that can find an answer on this question explaining that no <PERSON>, there is no stealth in space.\nSo rather than to answer your question of how to detect another ship in an empty system, lets ask how you remain hidden in such a scenario. We've already determined that it's not possible, so lets ask that question anyway.\nAnswer: don't point your drive at the person you're hiding from, or if you do, make sure there's something else between you and them.\n<PERSON>. Now you know how to detect another ship: its drive is pointed at you (or at least, in your vague general direction) and there isn't anything between you and them. How visible is it? Well, there's a nice link from the above question that states that \"a single attitude control thruster of the Space Shuttle can be detected at 15 million km range and using main engines it can be detected from Uranus. With current technology.\"\nMind, current technology scans the sky very slowly, but pointed in the right direction it'd know. Oh it would know you were there.", "199" ], [ "And how fast you were going, in what direction, and how much acceleration you had (and in what direction), and could predict your course through the solar system (to within some degree of accuracy, not due to the ship or even to the light-time delay, but rather due to the N-Body Problem). Beef up the detection tech in your story so it's got the same resolution as current tech, only it scans faster, and ta da.\nThe TV show The Expanse has done an amazing job of being Hard Sciency about space travel and communication and detection thereof. The only unreal thing about it is the engines, capable of providing upwards of 10G worth of thrust on virtually no fuel (which, if we're being frank, is the major limiting factor to our civilization's colonization of the other planets). Oh, and there's the...\n! aliens and the alien tech that does apparent magic.\nBut it's not terribly relevant to this answer.\nEvery instance of stealth in the show has been done under a hard-science approach: decoys (\"this isn't the ship you're looking for, sorry!\"), flak clouds (\"sure, you see us, but can you pick out which 'us' is the right one amidst this cloud of radar jamming junk?\"), or pure gravitational assisted flight (if no one knows to look for you and you don't fire up the GIANT GLOWING TORCH BEACON OF LOOK AT ME I'M MISTER MEESEEKS then you can drift around the system at your leisure and be impossible to spot). The gravitational stealth approach in the show had a 45 second slice that broke my suspension of disbelief, as <PERSON> came around the curve of a moon, spotted a Martian vessel and was able to reverse course without being spotted. He was still using the attitude control thrusters, but they appear in the show as gas-vent propulsion, not torches, but the part that broke it for me was that he was able to abort his trajectory enough to slip back around the horizon. Honestly they should have omitted that scene. The quip about \"oh yeah, the moons hide them from us too\" is clever, but that's the only purposed it served.", "947" ] ]

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[ [ "Adding rows with changing variable values in R\nI have the following extract of my dataset about the occupancy of a football match:\nexample <- data.frame(Date <- c(\"2019-03-21\", \"2019-03-30\", \"2019-04-07\", \"2019-03-21\", \"2019-03-30\", \"2019-04-07\", \"2019-03-21\", \"2019-04-07\", \"2019-03-21\", \"2019-03-30\", \"2019-04-07\", \"2019-03-21\", \"2019-03-30\", \"2019-04-07\", \"2019-03-21\", \"2019-03-30\", \"2019-04-07\", \"2019-03-21\", \"2019-03-30\", \"2019-04-07\", \"2019-03-21\", \"2019-03-30\", \"2019-04-07\", \"2019-03-21\", \"2019-03-30\", \"2019-03-21\", \"2019-03-30\", \"2019-03-21\", \"2019-03-30\", \"2019-03-21\"), Block <- c(\"43L\",\"43L\", \"43L\", \"15B\", \"15B\", \"15B\", \"43L\", \"43L\", \"15B\", \"15B\", \"15B\", \"15B\", \"15B\", \"15B\", \"15B\", \"15B\", \"15B\", \"15B\", \"15B\", \"15B\", \"15B\", \"15B\", \"15B\", \"15B\", \"15B\", \"15B\", \"15B\", \"15B\", \"15B\", \"15B\"), Preis <- c(\"24\", \"35\", \"30\", \"35\", \"45\", \"40\", \"26\", \"30\", \"35\", \"45\", \"40\", \"34\", \"43\", \"42\", \"35\", \"42\", \"45\", \"36\", \"45\", \"43\", \"36\", \"43\", \"40\", \"35\", \"41\", \"32\", \"42\", \"30\", \"42\", \"35\"), Max <- c(\"3\", \"3\", \"3\", \"10\", \"10\",\"10\",\"3\", \"3\", \"10\", \"10\",\"10\", \"10\", \"10\",\"10\", \"10\", \"10\",\"10\", \"10\", \"10\",\"10\", \"10\", \"10\",\"10\", \"10\", \"10\", \"10\", \"10\", \"10\", \"10\", \"10\"), Actual <- c(\"2\", \"1\", \"2\", \"10\", \"9\", \"6\",\"2\", \"2\", \"10\", \"9\", \"6\", \"10\", \"9\", \"6\", \"10\", \"9\", \"6\", \"10\", \"9\", \"6\", \"10\", \"9\", \"6\", \"10\", \"9\", \"10\", \"9\", \"10\", \"9\", \"10\"), Temperatur <- c(\"15\", \"20\", \"18\",\"15\", \"20\", \"18\", \"15\", \"18\", \"15\", \"20\", \"18\", \"15\", \"20\", \"18\", \"15\", \"20\", \"18\", \"15\", \"20\", \"18\", \"15\", \"20\", \"18\", \"15\", \"20\", \"15\", \"20\", \"15\", \"20\", \"15\"), <PERSON> <- c(\"1\", \"1\", \"1\", \"1\", \"1\",\"1\", \"1\", \"1\", \"1\", \"1\", \"1\", \"1\", \"1\", \"1\", \"1\", \"1\", \"1\", \"1\", \"1\", \"1\", \"1\", \"1\", \"1\", \"1\", \"1\", \"1\", \"1\", \"1\", \"1\", \"1\") ) colnames(example) <- c(\"Date\", \"Block\", \"Price\", \"Max\", \"Actual\", \"Temperature\", \"Placesold\")\nIn reality, the dataset contains over 100 blocks and 46 different dates. If you take a closer look at the data, you can see that different numbers of seats are sold out in block 15B and 43L on different days.", "60" ], [ "``` table(example$Date, example$Block) table(example$Placesold)\n15B 43L\n2019-03-21 10 2 2019-03-30 9 1 2019-4-07 6 2\ntable(example$Placesold)\n1 30 ```\nMy goal is to add the seats that were not sold to the data set. The variable Placesold should be 0 instead of 1. In addition, the average price of the sold tickets should be used instead of the price (without 0).", "946" ] ]

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[ [ "As your city is so vast it is like an empire within an empire. I think you look at how ancient empires maintained control. Intelligence and soft power would be used a lot. They often controlled the courier or primitive 'postal' network which doubled as spies. This city would obviously need some courier network. You have already mentioned that the army is essentially royal or imperial, and that is under the direct command of the ruler.\nYou would want to keep the army happy like dictators do, but also diffuse their power a bit so you would want to keep different generals in competition with each other over various sectors of the city.\nStrong centralized empires and rulers who want to maintain tight control directly appoint officials. This bypasses nobility and insures you have direct line of authority. So you would want your ruler to directly appoint your own governors or various district leaders.\nSince this is a city, then you would maintain centralized control, especially of critical infrastructure. This is typically expressed in different settings by the central government having tight control over food, water, electricity, and basic resources. This is also how dictators maintain control. Your ruler would have absolute control of the critical infrastructure of the city and could cut power as well as other needs.", "222" ], [ "You may also have tight control of surveillance if that technology exists, but if not then you would use couriers as well as spies among the population. Agents who are handlers can handle multiple informants, and a whole network of informants can be created.\nYour king should control trade and commerce. Minting coins and currency would be under the control of your king. That way the coinage would reach all sectors of the city. All other currency would be suppressed.\nGateways between districts of the city and control of passage would also be important. Your king's government would control trade, taxation, and passage between sectors of the city.\nYour king and his spymaster among others would be skilled in learning the informal networks of power in the city. That is who are the more prominent citizens, merchants, neighborhood leaders, elders, and others in each neighborhood of the city. You would make sure that your government and governors kept close track of these informal leaders. You could even institute a type of millet system for various ethnic groups if there are particular areas of the city where they reside and if they demand to be governed by their law.\nSci-fi often depicts governance over small cramped domains in space. The series Battlestar Galactica shows what control and rebellion in a small tight space look like as early on the government is primarily governing a few cramped ships. Babylon 5 also depicts a government over a confined space. Control of critical infrastructure is often a theme.", "159" ] ]

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[ [ "Death on the Nile\nWithout reading the original <PERSON> books, or seeing previous film iterations of the story, I found Death on the Nile to be, for the most part, a fun and entertaining murder mystery.\nDespite there being a full hour before the murder, a couple of underwritten characters and some incredibly questionable CGI, there was plenty to love.\n<PERSON> is quite enjoyable as <PERSON>, and the moustache origin story was an unexpected addition. The film is truly beautiful, the set design is dazzling and the cinematography has a mesmerising quality that adds to the mysterious nature of the plot.\nOverall it was an enjoyable murder mystery that held attention and was gorgeous on the eye.\n#25 Disney+ binge list", "241" ] ]

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[ [ "The explanation of all logged values can be found on the documentation page of the Logger class:\neval/\nAll eval/ values are computed by the EvalCallback.\n* mean_ep_length: Mean episode length\n* mean_reward: Mean episodic reward (during evaluation)\n* success_rate: Mean success rate during evaluation (1.0 means 100% success), the environment info dict must contain an is_success key to compute that value\nrollout/\n* ep_len_mean: Mean episode length (averaged over 100 episodes)\n* ep_rew_mean: Mean episodic training reward (averaged over 100 episodes), a Monitor wrapper is required to compute that value (automatically added by make_vec_env).\n* exploration_rate: Current value of the exploration rate when using DQN, it corresponds to the fraction of actions taken randomly (epsilon of the \"epsilon-greedy\" exploration)\n* success_rate: Mean success rate during training (averaged over 100 episodes), you must pass an extra argument to the Monitor wrapper to log that value (info_keywords=(\"is_success\",)) and provide info[\"is_success\"]=True/False on the final step of the episode\ntime/\n* episodes: Total number of episodes\n* fps: Number of frames per seconds (includes time taken by gradient update)\n* iterations: Number of iterations (data collection + policy update for A2C/PPO)\n* time_elapsed: Time in seconds since the beginning of training\n* total_timesteps: Total number of timesteps (steps in the environments)\ntrain/\n* actor_loss: Current value for the actor loss for off-policy algorithms\n* approx_kl: approximate mean KL divergence between old and new policy (for PPO), it is an estimation of how much changes happened in the update\n* clip_fraction: mean fraction of surrogate loss that was clipped (above clip_range threshold) for PPO.\n* clip_range: Current value of the clipping factor for the surrogate loss of PPO\n* critic_loss: Current value for the critic function loss for off-policy algorithms, usually error between value function output and TD(0), temporal difference estimate\n* ent_coef: Current value of the entropy coefficient (when using SAC)\n* ent_coef_loss: Current value of the entropy coefficient loss (when using SAC)\n* entropy_loss: Mean value of the entropy loss (negative of the average policy entropy)\n* explained_variance: Fraction of the return variance explained by the value function, see https://scikit-learn.org/stable/modules/model_evaluation.html#explained-variance-score (ev=0 => might as well have predicted zero, ev=1 => perfect prediction, ev<0 => worse than just predicting zero)\n* learning_rate: Current learning rate value\n* loss: Current total loss value\n* n_updates: Number of gradient updates applied so far\n* policy_gradient_loss: Current value of the policy gradient loss (its value does not have much meaning)\n* value_loss: Current value for the value function loss for on-policy algorithms, usually error between value function output and Monte-Carle estimate (or TD(lambda) estimate)\n* std: Current standard deviation of the noise when using generalized State-Dependent Exploration (gSDE)", "242" ] ]

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[ [ "‘Buy a New SIM Card’ and Await Further Interrogation: Russia’s Security Services Detain and Question a Reporter · Global Voices\n<PERSON>, a member of the independent Journalists’ and Media Workers’ Union, pickets the headquarters of Russia's domestic security agency FSB, to protest against a colleague's detention. Photo by <PERSON>, used with permission.\nWhen state security officers arrived at his home early in the morning of January 31, Russian journalist <PERSON> learned firsthand that punishment is not always timely.\n<PERSON>, a co-chair of the Journalists and Media Workers Union in Russia, was visited by members of the FSB, one of Russia’s security services, who searched his apartment and seized several of <PERSON>'s possessions including laptops, documents and copies of his independent magazine, Moloko Plus.\nPosting on his channel on Telegram, a widely-used messenger service in Russia, <PERSON> told his subscribers that the search was related to Article 205.3 of Russia's criminal code, a statute that deals with “undergoing training for the purpose of committing terrorist activity.” This was confirmed by a lawyer from Open Russia, an organization dedicated to the promotion of democracy and human rights in the Russian Federation.\n<PERSON> also took to Twitter to tell everyone the reason for the visit:\nУ меня обыск. Доброе утро. В рамках текста в The new times. Телефон отбирают.\n— паша никулин (@mrzff) 31 января 2018 г.\nThey’re searching my apartment.", "880" ], [ "Good morning. For my article in The New Times. They’re taking away the phone.\nThe article in question, “From Kaluga With Jihad”, drew on an interview <PERSON> had conducted with a Russian national from the Kaluga region, who went to Syria to fight for the Al-Nusra Front, a splinter faction of al-Qaeda. When it was published in March of 2017 in The New Times, the interview immediately drew the attention of the Russian authorities.\nRoskomnadzor, Russia's media regulator, issued a warning to The New Times for “signs of justifying terrorism” in the interview. The piece was later removed from The New Times’ website.\nAs The New Times’ chief editor later wrote on Facebook:\nПутин публично говорит о том, что тысячи россиян воюют за ИГ, а писать о мотивах, почему русский парень из Калуги принимает ислам и уезжает воевать в Сирию — это „признаки оправдания терроризма“! По мне так это классическая цензура, которая запрещена Конституцией.\n<PERSON> publicly says that thousands of Russians are fighting for the Islamic State, but writing about motives, why a Russian guy from Kaluga accepts Islam and goes off to fight in Syria is “signs of justifying terrorism”! I feel this classic censorship, which is banned by the Constitution.", "880" ] ]

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[ [ "I think I have solved the problem after thinking about it.\nBasically, I forgot the mathematical formalism for a moment and thought about it physically. We want to know the general velocity and position of a body that is moving at constant acceleration. Therefore, all we need is one moment in time for which we know the position and velocity, then we can use the constant acceleration to get other times. In other words, we know $v(t_0)$, so we just do $v(t_0)+at$ for times more than $t_0$, and $v(t_0)-at$ for times less than $t_0$. This is without using any \"mathematics\", since we know that each second, the velocity increases by $a$ since it is constant acceleration.\nNow let's see how this compares with the integral formalism. As it turns out, $t_0$ is not an initial time at all, it is only an arbitrary time, as it clear from the intuitive physical explanation above. It is only when we come to the mathematics that it all of a sudden becomes an \"initial\" time. Do you know why? Because in the mathematical formalism, when we work out the area under the a-t graph, we have to choose an \"initial\" time on the graph from which we work out the area.", "499" ], [ "It couldn't be otherwise, since area is 2-D and we have to start somewhere, ie $\\int_{t_0}^t$. If there was some magical mathematical way we could avoid starting somewhere, and invent a notation where we don't appear to \"start\" at $t_0$, say $\\zeta(t_0)$ (this isn't like $\\int_{t_0}^t$ which has the illusion of \"starting\" at $t_0$ and moving to $t$), then it would be as clear as the physical explanation above. (However, I guess we can rest contented with the fact that $\\int_{t_0}^t = -\\int _t^{t_0}$, so that it does have symmetry after all, and does not have to have an illusion of starting at $t_0$). Unfortunately, this is not the case. So the mathematical formalism makes it look like $t_0$ is an \"initial\" time. It is not: it is simply an arbitrary time for which we know v and x.\nSo it isn't as simple as I thought at first. The fact that authors call it \"initial\" and \"starting\" time is due to the mathematics, in particular, how it appears on the graph. It has nothing to do with the physics.", "499" ] ]

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[ [ "As Global Voices celebrates its quinceañera, 15 ‘coming-of-age’ posts from the Caribbean · Global Voices\nDecember — the happy month in which Global Voices was created back in 2004. Fifteen years have gone by quickly, but it's also given us the opportunity to publish close to 100,000 posts that encourage discourse and translate most of them into other languages.\nIn honour of this milestone, here's a five-part retrospective, each highlighting three of our Caribbean team's most significant or inspiring 2019 stories, which — on one level or another — represented a “coming-of-age”.\nA legal (and moral) victory for Haitian farmers\nSeven members of the Kolektif Peyizan <PERSON> and their advisor celebrate after signing the agreement with the IDB. Photo courtesy Accountability Counsel, used with permission.\nHaiti's devastating 2010 earthquake still resonates within the region. Every time some fresh disaster strikes, there are echoes of the 7.0 Mw monster that flattened parts of Port-au-Prince, killed hundreds of thousands of people and left the ones who survived in increasingly vulnerable positions.\nIt was with great joy, therefore, that we learned about Kolektif Peyizan Viktim Tè Chabè — a Haitian farmers’ collective which, in January 2019, signed a historic agreement offering redress to nearly 4,000 people who were displaced to accommodate the construction of the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB) and USAID-financed Caracol Industrial Park — a project that was pegged by the Haitian government to be part of the post-earthquake reconstruction effort, but which instead trampled on their land rights and livelihoods.\nThe group's tenacity, patience and ability to work together for the greater good of their community showed great courage and a willingness to advocate for themselves. Their case, in fact, marked the first time in Haiti that victims of a land grab had been able to make their voices heard in a formal dispute resolution process, and their success serves as a strong precedent should any government be tempted to take similar decisions in the future.\nThe Venezuela/Trinidad & Tobago refugee crisis\nA Venezuelan protest, January 2019. Photo by <PERSON>, CC BY 2.0.\nAs Venezuela's political impasse rapidly degenerated into a humanitarian crisis, Venezuelan nationals began to flee the country, with many displaced people choosing nearby Trinidad and Tobago as their place of refuge.\nThough Trinidad and Tobago has had a national policy on refugee and asylum matters in place since 2014, it was not being implemented, which has had an adverse effect on proper protection for refugees and asylum seekers, who often end up being treated as undocumented migrants.", "779" ], [ "This creates a ripple effect of refugees being economically exploited or, as a January 2019 Refugees International (RI) report put it, “forced into illegality”.\nBy June 2019, however, the government of Trinidad and Tobago had conducted a registration process, through which tens of thousands of asylum-seekers were able to be legally recognised, minimising the likelihood of them being taken advantage of — a decision that resonates with us as being on the right side of history, no matter what the political outcome in Venezuela.\nHaiti's recurring protests\nThe Haitian flag. Photo by <PERSON>, CC BY 2.0.\nOn February 7, 2019, Haiti's violent street protests, which had started in response to increased food prices, came to a temporary halt. Social unrest, however, was destined to continue, since much of the country's socio-economic crisis was being fuelled by systemic corruption.\nA large part of that corruption was intertwined with PetroCaribe — a Venezuela-led regional energy programme designed to offer petroleum and its by-products at preferential rates, but gross mismanagement resulted instead in a loss of currency value, a rise in inflation, and a US $3 billion corruption scandal involving high-level government officials, including Haitian President <PERSON>.\nAs part of the government's efforts to discourage further unrest, then-Prime Minister <PERSON> promised to curb the skyrocketing prices of basic food products, reduce government expenditure, raise the minimum wage and fight corruption by supporting the PetroCaribe lawsuit process, but against the backdrop of decades of political instability, people were reaching a breaking point. There were widespread calls for <PERSON> to resign.\nBy March 2019, Haiti's parliament had handed down a vote of no-confidence in <PERSON> and the United States seemed to be playing a part in helping the country address the crisis. By April 9, <PERSON> had appointed <PERSON> as Haiti's new prime minister, even as gang violence plagued hotspots in and around the capital.\nBut <PERSON> simply would not go away. On May 31, Haiti's High Court of Auditors released a 600 plus-page report on the mismanagement of the PetroCaribe funds.", "892" ] ]

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[ [ "Raspberry Pi Pico LED Badge\nIntroduction: Raspberry Pi Pico LED Badge\nThis project involves soldering. If you have little or no experience with soldering, make sure you have someone you trust walking you through the project. Always be in a properly ventilated environment when soldering, as it may release toxic fumes into the air.\nSupplies\nWhat you'll need:\n- Raspberry Pi Pico\n- About 30 LEDs, any color\n- A piece of cardboard, it doesn't have to be pretty as we are just using it as a template\n- Power source, you can also just use the Micro USB cable and a battery pack\nTools you'll need:\n- Soldering Iron + Solder\n- Pencil\n- Micro USB cable\n- A computer for programming the Pico\n- (Prefered) A helping hands device for holding LEDs to solder\nStep 1: Trace the Rough Outline of the Pico\nPlace the Pico in the middle of the cardboard and trace.\nStep 2: Mark LED Positions\nMeasure out from the outline 1cm and make a mark, then extend the mark out all the way across the cardboard. Repeat that for all 4 sides. Then, on those lines you just made, starting from the corner where the lines intersect, make a mark every 1cm.\nStep 3: Poke Out Each of the Holes\nOn each of the intersects, use a pencil to poke a hole through the cardboard.\nStep 4: Place the LEDs\nThere are 2 legs on each LED, one of which is longer than the other. The long leg is + power, and the shorter one is - power. For our case, we want the long leg facing towards the center Pico outline. Put the Pico in the middle of the original outline (I used some double-sided tape to help keep it in place) and start placing the LEDs. Bend the long legs into the gold pins, in the position shown in the last photo.", "854" ], [ "Some of the LED legs may need to be lengthened to fit into place, see the next step for that. As you go, make sure none of the legs are touching each other, and have at least a moderate gap.\nStep 5: Lengthening LED Legs\nSome of the legs of the LEDs may need to be longer in order to make the gap. In this case, I used some leads from some old resistors and held the LED and extra lead length in a helping hands device, and soldered the gap between them. It may take a couple of tries to get this right.\nStep 6: Soldering It All Together\nOnce you have everything in place in your template, you can start soldering. I recommend soldering all of the ground leads together first, then soldering the positive leads (and main ground lead) to the board.\nStep 7: Programming the Board\nNow that you have the hardware mostly completed, we can move on to creating the software. The Pico has a variety of different ways to program it, but for this, we will be using MicroPython. To set that up, follow the guide from Raspberry Pi: https://projects.raspberrypi.org/en/projects/getti...\nFor our base code, we will be defining the pins we are using as well as a setLED() function.\nfrom machine import Pin, PWM\nfrom time import sleep\n# Pins that the LEDs are connected to, starting from top left and moving clockwise.\npins = [28, 1, 0, 3, 4, 5, 7, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 22, 26, 27]\npinsObjects = []\nfor pin in pins:\npinsObjects.append(PWM(Pin(pin, Pin.OUT)))\nfor pin in pinsObjects:\npin.freq(1000)\ndef setLED(pos, brightness):\nbrightness %= 1\nbrightness = minZero(round(brightness * 65025))\npinsObjects[pos].duty_u16(brightness)\ndef minZero(num):\nif (num < 0):\nnum = 0\nreturn num\nStep 8: Making Patterns\nNow that we have our base code defined, we can make some different patterns for our badge. A simple one we can make is just a chase sequence. This is not even close to the limit on what you can make with this, and I challenge you to go beyond and make your own patterns and experiment.\ndef flipFlop(on, every):\nfor pin in range(len(pinsObjects)):\nif (pin % every == on):\n# Set LED to 5% brightness\nsetLED(pin, 0.", "991" ] ]

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[ [ "Like the US, Trinidad & Tobago Won’t Be at the 2018 World Cup, But They’re the Only Ones Smiling About It · Global Voices\nThe World Cup 2010 <PERSON>. Photo by <PERSON>, CC BY-SA 2.0.\nOn the night of October 10, 2017, a sprinkling of football enthusiasts went to the Ato Boldon Stadium in central Trinidad to see a World Cup qualifier match between Trinidad and Tobago and the USA. The small Caribbean nation had absolutely no chance of going to Russia in 2018, but the United States did — if they managed a draw with Trinidad and Tobago's team.\nOne of the reasons football is the world's favourite sport is that, at its best, it's an unpredictable game. With just one goal, things can turn on a dime. So while the result of this particular match might have been dismissed as a foregone conclusion, what happened on the field was anything but. The match resulted in Trinidad and Tobago walking away with a 2-1 victory and the USA being driven off their #RoadToRussia.\nThanks to an unfortunate own goal by US defender <PERSON>, coupled with a brilliant strike from Trinidad and Tobago's <PERSON>, the twin island republic secured all three points in the round, leaving the USA team — and fans — shell-shocked.\nPopular sports website Wired868 described it this way:\nWhat came next was a right-footed screamer that arrowed into the far corner. It seemed to belong in an entirely different match and it certainly illuminated a contest that had, up to that point, been low-tempo and scrappy.\n<PERSON>’s eyes opened as wide as saucers, the Trinidad and Tobago bench was in uproar and, all over CONCACAF, word of <PERSON> (<PERSON>) spread like wildfire; the United States were in trouble at 0-2 down.\nA November to remember\nWith the USA down, the spirits of Trinbagonian supporters were up, mostly because of a date that will be forever burned into their memory: November 19, 1989. This is when Trinidad and Tobago's national team, then affectionately known as The Strike Squad, had the World Cup within their sights for the first time ever. Had they simply drawn with the US in that all-important match, the team would have been the first from an English-speaking Caribbean nation to qualify. Trinidad and Tobago lost that match 1-0 and the nation was devastated.", "910" ], [ "Curiously, the 30,000+ spectators were later given the FIFA Fair Play Award for their good behaviour when faced with such disappointment and overcrowding, which was little consolation.\nNine years later, in France, Jamaica's Reggae Boyz would become the first to represent the English-speaking Caribbean on the World Cup stage. Even though Trinidad and Tobago's World Cup dreams eventually came true when the twin island nation qualified for Germany 2006, the memory of that 1989 qualifier against the USA is still a sore point.\nIn that context, it is understandable how October 10, 2017 might be interpreted as a comeuppance. Like Trinidad and Tobago back in 1989, the US only needed a draw to be assured a spot. Twenty-eight years later, it was their turn to feel the sting of defeat. It is the first time since 1986 that the US will not be participating in the World Cup.\nBring on the schadenfreude\nThe site TTWhistleBlower could not resist gloating, despite the Soca Warriors’ (as the national team is now called) underwhelming performance throughout the qualifying matches. It also noted the poetic justice of the goal that assured Trinidad and Tobago's victory:\nFor Trinidad and Tobago, it was a happy ending to an otherwise disappointing tournament where they ended last on the six-team table. The Warriors won just two matches out of 10. […]\nIt was 2-1 in the 36th minute when <PERSON> smashed a swerving shot from the right flank past <PERSON>. <PERSON>’s father <PERSON> was a member of the national team which failed to qualify in 1989.\nDisgraced former FIFA vice president, <PERSON>, who hails from Trinidad and Tobago, was also quite happy to rub salt in the wound.\nWhile some social media users were critical of all the rejoicing, <PERSON> tried to explain the enjoyment surrounding Trinidad and Tobago's victory:\n[The] argument is that we didn't qualify so what's the big deal. […] Of course that's the larger context, and we're in far worse a state than the US team. I don't think amusement at us eliminating the US (and the reactions to it) and recognising the depressing state of our local football (and much else on the home front) are mutually exclusive.", "910" ] ]

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[ [ "Short answer: Bad writing or plothole\nWhatever you want to call it, the whole scene is basically patched together without accounting for all the facts.\nThe Driver\nThe driver should have been aware of the situation long before <PERSON> ripped out his controls. He might have noticed two people crashing into the train, he probably would have noticed them fighting on top or inside the train, but he did not.\nIf he had noticed, he probably would have stopped the train.\nThe Passengers\nThe passengers most definitely did notice the fight, but still did not pull the emergency brakes. One reason for that might be that passengers in New York were advised not to pull the emergency brakes in case of an emergency. Here is an article from the NY Times:\nEvery subway car in the city is equipped with a placard titled “Emergency Instructions.” The first instruction: “Do not pull the emergency cord.”\nSo what emergency, exactly, does this emergency brake refer to? The explanation, transit officials say, is simple.", "723" ], [ "If someone gets caught between the train’s closing doors, or between subway cars, and is about to be dragged to an unenviable fate, pull the cord. The train will stop, possibly saving a life.\nBut in case of fire, crime or a sick passenger — in fact, any other situation that could fairly be described as an emergency — the cord should be left alone. Stopping the train between stations will make it harder for help to arrive.\nHowever, in case of two people fighting on top of the train, I would have pulled the emergency brake.\nThe Train\nLastly, the whole scenario is very much impossible, as some nice people over at Engineering SE confirmed:\nAs <PERSON> put it:\nRail brakes are designed to be fail-safe. That is, when a failure occurs, the safe operation happens.\nAnd <PERSON> writes:\nI suspect that ripping out the speed control lever would have immediately applied the emergency brake.\nSo the train would have probably started to brake as soon as <PERSON> demolished the speed control, and even if not, the brakes are designed fail-save, so the passengers would still have been able to pull the emergency brake and stop the train.\nIn short: The authors probably ignored all the above or did not think about it for the sake of a (imho) very cool fight scene.", "45" ] ]

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[ [ "I do not have the data to back this, I present this more as possible contributing points that you may be able to verify with data. DavePhD presents an excellent and backed answer for local sea effects. For non-local contribution, I would start with the point that warm air has the ability more total water than cold, and that if the air holds the same amount of water, but you raise its temperature, by definition, relative humidity drops. Also, if you lower the temp, relative humidity rises, and the tendency to precipitate out that water increases. Those are well know, just restating as a base.\nAs a coastal location, NJ will tend to have its temperature somewhat moderated by the ocean, that is be a bit warmer in winter than it otherwise would be, and cooler in summer. Not a lot, but a few degrees makes a difference in relative humidity. Winter weather patterns will have a high percentage of the air mass heading at NJ coming across the continent, and a good share of the systems being arctic.", "108" ], [ "We thing of these as being wet systems, but really, they are cold systems and result in snow because they cannot hold as much moisture. When they get to the coast, the temperature may be low as compared to summer conditions, but it may also be a bit warmer than the conditions to the West. That rise of a couple degrees equals a drop in relative humidity for that air mass much like heating that air in your house creates very dry conditions in the winter.\nIn the summer though, as temps go up, there will also be changes in weather patterns, with a higher portion of you air masses coming from the gulf or even straight up the coast. These will be wetter air masses. In addition, now you are getting a cooling effect from the ocean. Yes, temps are higher, but still a few degrees lower than they likely would have been without the ocean effect, and cooler than what they likely are to your West. Drop the temp of the air mass a couple degrees and the relative humidity rises.\nOne more factor in that line, when the air mass is coming more directly from the West, or from the NW, it crosses a line of mountains before it gets to NJ, which will tend to cause more of the moisture to precipitate out. With the summer pattern, with a bit more of the air being gulf and coastal, this misses some of the effect of NJ being on the lee side of a range.\nNot saying these are the cause, but logically, they likely seem to contribute to a correlation between seemingly higher humidity as temps increase.", "591" ] ]

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[ [ "Trinidad & Tobago ranks second on a COVID-19 ‘lockdown rollback checklist,’ but caution remains · Global Voices\nA screenshot of the title page of the study by the Oxford COVID-19 Government Response Tracker (OxCGRT), which assessed the readiness of various countries to relax COVID-19 physical distancing measures.\nIn a press conference on April 29, 2020, <PERSON>, Trinidad and Tobago's minister of health, highlighted a study conducted by the Oxford COVID-19 Government Response Tracker (OxCGRT), which provided “a cross-national overview of which countries meet four of the World Health Organisation’s (WHO) six recommendations for relaxing physical distancing measures”. On the list, Trinidad and Tobago ranked second, just after Vietnam. The only other Caribbean nation in the top 10 is Barbados.\nWhile this may be welcome news in terms of how effectively the government has been coping with the pandemic (as of April 30, the country recorded 116 COVID-19 cases, with 72 patients discharged and eight deaths), the minister has said that the study's findings should not lure citizens into a false sense of security.\nThe study itself also laid out the challenges the researchers encountered in collating the available data:\nWhile the OxCGRT data cannot fully say how ready countries are to leave lockdown, it does provide for a rough comparison across nations. Even this ‘high level’ view reveals that few countries are close to meeting the WHO criteria for rolling back lockdown measures.\nAt the time of writing [April 23, 2020], only a handful of countries are doing well at the four ‘checklist’ criteria OxCGRT is able to track.\nA screenshot of the table from the study by the Oxford COVID-19 Government Response Tracker (OxCGRT), which shows Trinidad and Tobago in second place re: preparedness to roll back some of its imposed COVID-19 stay-at-home restrictions.\nNaturally, one of the variables to be considered is that the study was unable to secure data for two categories that help the WHO determine whether or not a country is ready to roll back lockdown measures: vulnerable settings and preventative measures in workplaces. The other four criteria — controlled cases, success with testing, tracing and isolating, the management of imported cases and community understanding — were ranked on a grid ranging from “less” to “more ready to exit lockdown”. Of these, Trinidad and Tobago's performance was slightly lower when it came to testing and community understanding.\nSocial media users were quick to weigh in. On Facebook, <PERSON> warned:\nIt does *not* at all mean that it is time to end the restrictions. That will be decided by the CMO, the panel of experts in charge and all our boxes in this table need to be solid blue.", "1019" ], [ "No country is truly ready to lift restrictions but it *does* mean that in terms of ability to *begin* getting life forward to the new normal, we are in one of the best positions in the world to **consider** easing the lockdown come May 15th. That's something to feel encouraged by. Keep up the good work!\nMay God bless our nation! ?????\nDr. <PERSON>, Trinidad and Tobago's chief medical officer, has already advised of a “new normal”, even as restrictions may be lifted bit by bit. The country's current restrictions stay in place until May 10, 2020.\nAttorney <PERSON>, however, was a bit more sceptical of Minister <PERSON>'s assessment:\nWhen Minister <PERSON> said — in the context of clearing up misinformation no less — that Trinidad & Tobago ‘ranked second’ by ‘the University of Oxford’, here is what he neglected to mention:\n1) The ‘ranking’ is based on a research note prepared by the Blavatnik School of Government. It is not peer-reviewed. It is not a ‘report';\n2) ‘Because the data only measure four of six recommended actions, we should be cautious about inferring what countries are ready to rollback lockdown from this measure.’ (from the research note itself) […]\nFounded in 2010, the Blavatnik School of Government is a school of public policy that forms part of the University of Oxford's Social Sciences Division.\nIn examining the list, blogger and Global Voices’ Jamaica-based contributor <PERSON> noted:\nTrinidad and Tobago is ranked second […] as ready to lift its lockdown. Another CARICOM country, Belize, is not far behind in fifth place […] Barbados is in tenth place. Aruba, Guyana, Bermuda, Dominican Republic and Cuba (in that order) are in varying states of readiness.", "1019" ] ]

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[ [ "Anatomy of a Trinidad earthquake · Global Voices\nScreenshot from the USGS's interactive map of the August 21 earthquake.\nI remember Haiti's 2010 earthquake clearly. I wasn't there physically, but the rest of me certainly was, in mind and heart. The Global Voices Caribbean team published close to 50 posts about the rescue, relief, and recovery efforts in the two months that followed January 12, and we had a contingent on the ground for a short period in the early stages of recovery, to support Haitian netizens, who had limited access to electricity and internet, in sharing their own perspectives on the disaster.\nHaiti's earthquake, a startling 7.0 in magnitude, produced calamitous results: in the 30-40 seconds it lasted, it was as if a child had had a tantrum and trashed his Lego city. Both the death toll and the economic toll—burdens the struggling island nation was ill-equipped to bear—were staggering. Even from a distance, that earthquake changed me: it solidified the power of citizen media platforms to speak for people in disaster (and war) zones when traditional media could not even find safe passage. It was a phenomenon that would repeat itself, from the start of the Arab Spring later that year to the ongoing crisis in Syria. But the event also solidified in my mind that we are our brother's keeper. A global community. There, but for the grace of God, go I.\nOn August 21, 2018, along with the rest of Trinidad and Tobago, there I went. The quake, 7.3 in magnitude at its epicentre in northern Venezuela, was 6.9 by the time its ripple effects reached us in Trinidad. At 5:31 pm local time, I was working at my computer, expecting my husband to arrive home from work at any moment. He was supposed to pick up our son, who was at a friend's house. When the rumbling started, I wasn't overly concerned. Our island lies along a fault line, so we're used to tremors from time to time, and they're usually moderate and short-lived. So I did what I usually do: nothing.", "1019" ], [ "“Oh,” I thought to myself, “it's an earthquake. Let's see what happens.”\nWithin seconds, the rumbling got louder: I was suddenly face to face with an angry lion roaring over turf, walls trembling with its echo. I got up from my chair, looked out the window: my entire neighbourhood was off-kilter, so violent was the rocking. This was no run of the mill earthquake. I did what I never do: I got out of the house. By the time I reached the living room, I felt as if I were in the middle of a band on Carnival Tuesday, the music so loud it was bursting through the speakers and rattling everything around it: boom, boom, boom! The floor was moving to beat, dancing to a wicked, malicious rhythm—as one friend put it, a “dutty wine” that just would not stop.\nThe quake lasted a terrifying total of 90 seconds, and came in waves, each one more forceful than the next, so that by the time I had made it into my backyard and looked down the slope to the most heavily wooded area, dense with fruit trees and tall, swaying bamboo, the ground might as well have been a bedspread that I was shaking out: up and down it went in a painfully slow motion. I was silenced, diminished and at the same time in total awe. This was nature and I understood myself to be at the very heart of it.\nThe reason I ran outside was a strategic one: if anything started to crumble, I didn't want to be trapped. In the open air, I could at least see what might be in threat of toppling, and…well…avoid it. But in my backyard, surrounded by cocoa and poui trees and a majestic immortelle, I felt strangely calm in the midst of the turmoil, and more present than I have been in ages. This is not to say that I did not call on God to make it stop. (In fact, those might have been my exact words.) But if anything was true in that moment, it was that we are all connected. Dualities faded away: from the birds in the trees to the bandits on the streets, we were all levelled. The things we allow to separate us seemed insignificant compared to the separation of tectonic plates.\nMy husband called at 5:33 pm, just as the shaking was settling down. I had left my phone inside. It had never occurred to me to take it with me, far less film the event like so many social media users had, but the minute he told me he was still at the office I was out the door and in my car to go to collect my son.", "323" ] ]

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[ [ "This is going to break down to two different aspects of the question:\nWhy different shapes?\nUnlike the real world, technological limitations in Star Wars don't dictate almost all aspects of design. Real planes are designed to work based on the ability to generate sufficient lift and thrust to get airborne, which is further complicated by the capabilities of the materials available, the weight the plane will have to lift, and the performance requirements of the aircraft once aloft.\nStar Wars technology has moved beyond such things. The Millennium Falcon is capable of atmospheric flight and demonstrates the ability to perform aerobatic manoeuvres that would rival the most agile of model aircraft.\nhttps://youtu.be/8sarFZJl3h0?t=172\nTherefore we can determine that Star Wars starfighters aren't constrained by the need to balance weight to lift/thrust, or worry about aeronautical control surfaces, or anything else that real world designers would be required to focus on.\nAs such, each manufacturer is free to design their vessels on different criteria. Design philosophies are one factor, each manufacturer tends to have a distinctive style for their respective lines of starfighters (and star ships). There's also the required function of that vessel; A-Wings for instance have comparatively large engines, as befits their status as fast interceptors, while X-wings have comparatively massive guns.\nBeyond the different manufacturers you have the fact that different species entirely are involved in the designs here.", "308" ], [ "The rounded cockpit of the B-wing seems to favour the design aesthetic Mon Cal prefer (both Legends and Disney Canon share that the B-wing's designer was a Mon Calamari), but the X-wing and Y-wing are both distinctly angular. Whereas all real life planes are designed by humans (or at least, computers designed by humans), and humans are all more alike than we are different - especially as aircraft designers borrow ideas from each other.\nThis leads us to conclude that real world homogeny is neither necessary or even present in the in-universe design of starfighters in Star Wars.\nThe second aspect of the question I want to address is:\nhow that makes that particular ship better than other on its tactical function?\nThe answer here is... it doesn't follow from what we see on screen that it does.\nThe Rebellion is generally depicted as scrounging for whatever they can get. Whereas the Empire, with all its resources make ships and starfighters that follow similar lines in vast numbers, the Rebels are shown using whatever they can get. Yes, they may have a few truly exceptional custom works of art amongst their fleet (the Millennium Falcon and the Ghost as examples), but it's shown that they begged, borrowed, and stole most of their starfighters and small star ships.\nIt's only the B-wings that were designed and built entirely by the Rebellion during the course of the civil war, and these are never shown in number.", "963" ] ]

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[ [ "Doctor Who: The Power of the Doctor\nmessy but quite enjoyable!! i am in the minority of people who didn’t totally hate <PERSON> era (flux may have flopped but it’s not flux’s fault) but i definitely agree with the people saying that this was the best episode of the era, which is a shame. I hope this era isn’t retconned out of existence in the coming years, but I also think people will eventually begin to remember it a little more fondly. the tennant surprise at the end was very cool and I hope we get <PERSON> back for at least a minute. she doesn’t even have to interact with the doctor! maybe they could get the actor who plays <PERSON> to come back and do a scene.", "282" ] ]

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[ [ "If your characters are interchangeable, forgettable and one dimensional you will have trouble getting readers to read much of your book.\nReaders meet a character and watch, waiting for something to happen. If we don’t care enough about the character because they are just a placeholder, we put the book down.\nPlots happen to someone and if that someone is an undeveloped element and not a character, we don’t care.\nI was reading a book set during the French Revolution - it had a strong plot and a few interesting characters, but others were rather flat. I read on because one character was a young nobleman with republican views who joined the revolution. The author killed off a lot of interesting characters, but I kept reading because this guy had a problem and I wanted to see how it was resolved. I cared about him. She killed him off too and I put the book down - no one left I cared to follow.\nMemorable characters are either hard work to create or they come as inspiration.", "999" ], [ "They fuel even the most plot driven story - they are the reason the reader turns the page.\nMy piece is a character driven thriller and before I started writing it, I spent weeks thinking about two characters (one is minor, yet pivotal). I had a clear plot and my characters and I started writing. My characters reached a point where they diverged from the plot, essentially telling me they had a better idea. They did and the book went in a direction I had not foreseen.\nMy point is, had I held to my original plot, forced it to play out as I had planned, I would have 80k words of a generic novel that I would probably not want to read - at least, not twice. Following my characters, I have a much longer work that I am proud of, enjoy reading, and is fun to write.\nI have no idea how it will end, suspect I will slip the original plot in sometime in the future and trust my characters to tell the tale. It is their story, I am just writing it.", "846" ] ]

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[ [ "Cement Towel Plantpot\nIntroduction: Cement Towel Plantpot\nHello everybody, in this instructable, I will teach you how you can make a beautiful and original cement towel plantpot. This is a short project, it takes about 20-40 minutes of work (in addition to waiting for it to dry), It’s a fun project to do as a family and you can use it as an awesome decoration in your garden.\nLet's move on to the Instructable!\nHope you enjoy!\nSupplies\nYou'll need simple materials that everyone has at home:\n- Cement (you will not need much for this project ~ 2 cup) (depending on the size of the towel).\n- A small old towel.\n- You need an old plastic bucket (to make the cement mix).\n- Water.\n- You will also need some disposable gloves (to avoid getting dirty), as well as a stick, to stir the mixture.\n- An old plastic pot, the size you want your plantpot to be.\nOptional items that might help:\n- A big bottle of water (to let the towel dry, without touching the ground).\nStep 1: Preparing the Cement Mixture\nPut on gloves.", "389" ], [ "Take ~ 2 cups of your cement and start crushing it with the stick to get rid of lumps and chunks, we need it to be as fine as possible, for the result to be strong.\nAdd the water according to the amount of your cement, I suggest a ratio of 4 cups of water for every 2 cups of cement, this is so that the mixture is very diluted and it is easy for the towel to absorb it.\nThe resulting mixture should have a wet appearance and be easy to mix. Otherwise, you can add a little water if it is less, and a little powdered cement if it is too much.\nStep 2: Soak the Cement Towel\nThis step is very fun, what you have to do is insert the dry towel into the cement and stir it well, so that it absorbs all the cement inside.\nIt is very important that no area of the towel remains uncovered, everything must be well soaked in cement (except you) :)\nStep 3: Place the Towel to Dry\nNow it´s time to place the towel on top of the pot, so that it takes the shape of it.\nAs a suggestion, you can take a big water bottle, and place the pot on top, so that when you put the towel, keep the rounded shape at the end of the edge.\nWhen placing it, you can make the folds you prefer in the towel to give it a personalized design, considering that the towel completely covers the pot, without leaving any gaps.\nThey should let the towel dry in this position, until it is very firm and looks dry. It all depends on the type of cement you use, in my case, I waited 24 hours for it to dry.\nStep 4: It´s Complete!\nAfter being thoroughly dry, all they have to do is carefully remove the plantpot from the big water bottle, to avoid significant pieces falling off.\nThen you can make a hole in the bottom of the pot (with a drill), so that the water can be drained there.\nAfter this, you can paint and decorate it to your liking, or if you prefer to leave it in this color.\nAs a last step, you can add some fertile dirt and place some decorative plants in it, and enjoy your new plantpot!\nFeel free to ask me your questions if you have any! :)", "556" ] ]

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[ [ "1. From properties of destruction operator\nSo, first you have to accept that $a|n\\rangle = \\sqrt{n}|n-1\\rangle$. This is relatively easy to see because the matrix element for absorption of a photon by a two-level system (atom which goes from ground to excited state) is proportional to $\\langle n-1|a|n\\rangle$ and this must be proportional to the square root of the number of photons in the light mode because the probability for absorption must be proportional to the light intensity. So you need something like $a|n\\rangle = \\sqrt{n}|n-1\\rangle$ (ignoring a possible phase factor).\nThen, when you expand the coherent state in number states, $|\\alpha\\rangle = \\sum_n c_n |n\\rangle$ and put this into $a|n\\rangle = \\alpha|n\\rangle$, you see that you need $c_n\\sqrt{n}=\\alpha c_{n-1}$. The result when lowering $c_n|n\\rangle$ with $a$ must be the same as a multiplication of $|n-1\\rangle$ with $\\alpha$. As a consequence, $c_n =(\\alpha/\\sqrt{n})c_{n-1}$ and you are finished. Iterating this $n$ times yields $c_n = (\\alpha^n/\\sqrt{n!})c_0$. Normalization gives the value of $c_0$ and then you have $\\langle n|\\alpha\\rangle=c_n$. Now you square the whole stuff and get the Poisson distribution.\nSo the point is that for large $n$, $\\alpha/\\sqrt{n}$ will always be smaller than 1. This is why the Poisson distribution decreases in this case. For small $n$, the opposite holds and the Poisson distribution increases.\n2. Coherent state in phase space\nThere's an alternative picture.", "976" ], [ "You know that a single-mode field is like a harmonic oscillator where the mode's quadrature operators play the role of position and momentum of the HO. Now, a coherent state is a wave packet that oscillates in the parabolic potential without changing its shape. There is no dispersion for this wave packet, it coheres (this is where the name coherent state comes from). The energy eigenstates of the HO (which correspond to the number states of the field mode) are static, they don't move. So, to construct a coherent state, you need to use a superposition of number states. And the weighting of number states in the superposition is the square of the probabilities of the Poisson distribution.\nThis is also not an intuitive physical explanation but it shines a little bit more light on the problem.\n3. Coherent state and independent emission events\nAnother possiblity to get a physical understanding is the independence of the \"emission\" events. From this, the Poisson distribution is easily understood. What I don't see is the connection between the coherent state $|\\alpha\\rangle$ and the concept of statistically independent emissions. I think it's even counterintuitive. In the laser, the induced emission events (together with the resonator) create the coherent state. The statistically independent spontaneous emission events disturb the coherent state (phase fluctuations in the laser).\nWho can help?", "795" ] ]

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[ [ "My advice for creating a system of myths would look something like this:\n1. What religions, beliefs, etc. have you already laid out? This might determine the theme of the myths. For an abstract example, in a religion with good and evil, moralistic fables might be common, or mythical creatures might be fearful demons or, conversely, benefactors.\n2. What is familiar to people, and assumed to be a given? The people might assume the characters in their myths are like them, or they may be set apart by the fact they don't do something.\n3. What is scary/mysterious/unknown/unlucky in this culture? Some myths might stem from that. Also, many, many myths serve to explain what science can't. If the people don't know about something, they'll assume whatever fits for them.\n4. Think of cultural traditions and manners. Might myths factor in to this? In Ancient Greece, the gods could disguise themselves as humans, so people were hospitable to strangers because you could never tell if they were a deity in disguise.\n5.", "805" ], [ "What creatures are there in your world? Are they a danger? Do they provide people with something they need? What do they mean to the people? Predators are often seen as fierce, and can be either wicked or noble. Animals the people need to survive often represent fertility. How your world views animals can affect legends and myths.\n6. What are the morals of these people? Ultimately, this decides how the stories are told. What qualities are praised? What is taboo? How rigid is the society's power structure? The last one is important in that a rigid society might have stories with the connotation of \"know your place,\" while a society with more opportunities might have a few \"rags to riches\" myths.\n7. What aesthetic do you want your myths to have? Myths can be biased. They can praise, instruct, or simply entertain. Myths can be full of imagery and detail, or stripped down to the bare bones of its intention. What time period was this myth made? How did it come to be? How did it evolve over time? Was the meaning changed to suit society? Where parts taken out because of taboo, or something else? Another part of this is figuring out how symbolic you want the myths to be. They can be legends of everyday heroes, or they can be seeped in the culture, assumptions, and associations of the people so much that a foreigner would scratch their head at the meaning.\nHope this helps!", "547" ] ]

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[ [ "Brass Cufflinks\nIntroduction: Brass Cufflinks\nFirst of all: sorry for my english, I'm not a native speaker.\nI made these cufflinks for my brothers 18th birthday this summer. Brass is probably not the best material due to the fact that it oxidates fast and turns dark. However, it was the only material available to me at that time. The Inlays are white soapstone though other material can be used (as with the brass ;))\nSupplies\ntools:\n* lathe\n* small Files (flat and roud, I used watchmaker tools)\n* sandpaper\n* saw\n* M3 tap and thread cutter\n* drill bits(Ø2,4mm, Ø1,2mm, Ø1,3mm)\n* glue (I used two part epoxy)\nsupplies:\n* brass rods (Ø16mm, Ø6mm, Ø1,2mm)\n* two small pieces of brass, each about 5mm x 18mm x 3mm\n* two small pieces of white soapstone (or something else) for the inlays\nStep 1: Turning the Heads\nI started with turning the heads of the cufflinks. It is basicaly a small disc with a threaded hole in the middle and a rim for the inlay. You can take the measurements (in mm) from the scetch above.\nStep 2: Turning the Stem\nFor the stem I first turned the final diameter and the part for the thread. After finishing this I turned the piece arround, cutted the stem to its final length and rounded the end of. Then I drilled a hole (Ø1,2mm) at the marked position (see the drawing above), sawed the slit and filed it according to the measurements.\nStep 3: Connecting Stem and Head\nThis step is fairly easy. I just screwed the head on the stem.", "582" ], [ "After that I put both back into the lathe and planed the base of the head, where the inlay sits. You can also solder the two parts together but if you have a tight fit on the tread you can leave it as it is.\nStep 4: The Cross Bit\nThe last major part of the cufflink is the cross bit (I have no clue what the actual name of this piece is). I did mine from a small brass strip, rounded the edges of and added a 1,3mm hole in the center.\nStep 5: Assembling the Metal Parts\nNow that all the brass parts are completed you can assemble them. For this I cutted two small pieces from a 1,2mm brass rod and riveted the cross bit to the stem. The cross part should still be able to move relatively free. File the ends of the pins even with the stem and finish the cufflinks with fine sandpaper. You can also polish them, but i liked how the surface looked after this step.\nStep 6: The Inlay\nYou can use basically anything for the inlay, as long as you are able to work with it. It is a 1,25mm high disc with a diameter of 12mm. Depending on how exact you worked on the head, you might have to adjust these measurements to achieve a perfect fit. Glue them in place with two part epoxy glue and you are done!\nCongrats on your new cufflinks!", "276" ] ]

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[ [ "<PERSON>, welcome to Data Science Exchange.\nFirst, let's start with the following question: Based on what target distribution are you saying that your accuracy is low? Every problem in modelling, Regression, Binary Classification, Multiclass Classification has a baseline so we can say that our model has an acceptable performance. Sometimes, even humans can be our baseline. Also, what is your dataset size?\nSecond, do you have a balanced dataset? What I mean is, after you calculate your baseline, you might have a class, let's say no malware code that dominates your dataset. You should assign this by using method for imbalanced datasets such as Oversampling and Undersampling. You can read more about here.\nLastly, let's ignore everything I wrote and focus on the problem. Yes, you are correct, Bag of Words will ignore order in your data since it will just count the appearance of each word. I will list a few things you can try:\n* You are using SVC class from sklearn. From docs I see the default kernel is rbf, have you tried using linear? Also, you can use LinearSVC.\n* Try out RandomForest models, they perform really good even in text datasets.\n* From CountVectorizer class, you could vary ngram_range parameters.", "57" ], [ "Basically, it will create features based on grams, so let's say you use a 3-gram approach, then you will have for your first row: push_r12_push_rbp counting as one feature.\n* Also, you could try Tf-Idf Vectorizer. TF-IDF Vectorizer is based on an algorithm where not only the count of words is taken into account but also the appearance in each document. Putting in simple terms, if a specific word appears too much in your dataset it will have a high inverse value and decrease its feature value, since this word will not be useful to differentiate your class. You can read more about it here: https://www.quora.com/How-does-TF-IDF-work\n* Lastly, but not less important, you could try using a more advanced technique, WordEmbeddings, for example. It is an algorithm that will create real vectors from your text taking in consideration the enclosing words for each command. It is a little more complicate than that, again, you can learn more here. Note that for word embeddings to work properly, you should not have a small dataset. As a code example you can use this notebook of mine as a guidance.\nI hope this help.", "964" ] ]

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[ [ "Aside from everything that was said by the others I would like to lay down the theoretical framework for a generalized solution (any speed, any mass, any charge, any distance, as long as the \"balls\" don't fall into a singularity).\nThere are 2 ways of looking at this problem.\nThe easiest one is to choose special relativity if the masses of the charges are relatively small, in which case we can neglect the gravitational effects. In such a situation we can use\n$$ \\frac{d(m_{0}U^\\mu)}{d\\tau} = - e (F'')^\\mu_\\nu U^\\nu $$\nwith $$ (F'')^\\mu_\\nu = \\Lambda^\\mu_\\alpha(-v_{rcv}) \\Lambda_\\nu^\\beta(-v_{rcv}) (F')^\\alpha_\\beta $$ and $$ (F')^\\mu_\\nu = \\Lambda^\\mu_\\alpha(v_{src}) \\Lambda_\\nu^\\beta(v_{src}) F^\\alpha_\\beta $$ (for the rest of equations, what is which, how to combine them, see here)\nWe use this eq for each of foam-balls, and then we solve (using retarded positions) \"orbits\" at speeds close to the speed of light.\nWe vary $q_1$, $q_2$,draw graphs, deduce what happens.\nOf course we need to define some border (surface) conditions, that are very important because they define what happens when the 2 balls collide.\nWill they scatter ? Will they combine ? Will charge density combine to form peculiar new (kind of) matter ? Will they annihilate to create lots of EM waves or other kind of radiation ?\nThat is why it is very important to have the proper definition of what is under the exterior surface of the ball.\nSimply assuming that is just a singularity under the exterior surface may disagree when it will came to compare with real life experiments.\nThe other way is to use general relativity.\nThere are two paths we could take here.\nThe simpler one is to assume that one of the ball has the charge and mass far far smaller than the other one : $m_1 >> m_2$ and $q_1 >> q_2$.\nFor such a case @Void provided here an answer in the framework of Reissner-Nordström metric, but I will try to answer from a bit different perspective the one of the theory of the bridges.\n<PERSON> derived the metric in case of spherical symmetry for combined electrity and gravity a little bit different; he choose the sign of the energy tensor in such a way that by solving the field equations we obtain the metric $g_{\\mu\\nu}$ :\n$$ ds^2 = (1 - \\frac{2m}{r} - \\frac{q^2}{2r^2}) dt^2 - \\frac{1}{1 - \\frac{2m}{r} - \\frac{q^2}{2r^2}}dr^2 - r^2(d\\theta^2 + \\sin^2{\\theta} d\\phi^2) $$\nSo for such a metric the event horizon will be defined at $$\\left(1 - \\frac{2m}{r} - \\frac{q^2}{2r^2} \\right) = 0$$ This means that even without the help of mass we can get an event horizon.\nSince we used the square of charge implies that it does not matter which sign has the charge.\nFor this using traditional black hole analysis we will came to the conclusion that anything that passes the event horizon will have no way to get out, no matter how close to the speed of light we go.\nOn the other hand <PERSON> suggested a change of variable that would help us get rid of the singularity of the event horizon.", "298" ] ]

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[ [ "You've answered your own question by posting an image of the Periodic Table - clearly there are no gaps between 1 and 118.\nHowever, since this is WB and not Physics, let's speculate. The nucleus is usually depicted as a bunch of grapes, forming a spherical structure, since that is the lowest energy state. But is it...\nNuclei are bound together by the Strong Force. This is very short range - essentially binding nucleons to their nearest neighbours. Fighting against the Strong Force is the electrostatic repulsion of the protons, which is long range. Any one proton feels repelled by all the others in the nucleus. As the nucleus grows, the repulsive force becomes greater while the Strong Force doesn't really change. Adding neutral neutrons helps because this pushes the protons further apart, thus weakening the electrostatic force.", "969" ], [ "This is why the proton-neutron mix starts off about equal and becomes increasingly neutron-rich as we go up. By the time we get to a few hundred nucleons, it is getting difficult to keep the thing together and we get radioactive isotopes that keep falling apart.\nHowever, what if there is a region of stability in the very large atomic number range? Maybe when we get to, say, 1000 nuclei, structures can form that lead to it being stable. For example, you could have an outer shell of alternating protons and neutrons (like the pattern on a football) with a central core of neutrons. That would keep the protons well apart but allow you to have a massive nucleus.\nIts chemical properties would be weird - a giant nucleus would play havoc with the electron orbital radii. It would be very dense - maybe two or three orders of magnitude denser than existing elements. If you perturbed the proton-neutron lattice, it would decay into a spray of lighter elements and release rather a lot of energy, I would imagine.\nSuch a thing would be unlikely to form naturally since nuclei are usually made by squishing together lighter nuclei. However, you might be able to engineer such a nucleus: make a 2D $p-n$ lattice, then wrap it round a blob of neutronium. Simples!", "969" ] ]

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[ [ "Newtonian Physics certainly precludes the existence of any 'truly' perpetual motion. Under certain conditions, we can achieve near perpetual motion by judicious application of principles and then form questions like \"Although no work can be removed from the system, is the lifetime of the magnetic force in a magnet sufficient that running for several years is an acceptable answer?\"\nRegarding the device device shown in the question, which is a modification of <PERSON> device similar to this one, the problems inherent in <PERSON>'s machine are compounded with the design shown here. Gravity is the overwhelming force to overcome in this experiment, friction plays only a small part, but we also can't overlook the current induced in the movement of the ball, which does eventually become the principle force degrading the perpetuation of motion. Here however, if the magnet was strong enough to overcome the inertia and the gravitational force of the weight on an incline, it would have sufficient energy to attach to the magnet at the top. Even without friction, and let's say that we started the ball at the top to give it an initial kinetic force, when it reached the 2nd hole, the magnet would not only have to overcome gravity, but the overall motion away from the magnet at the top, as it passed through the 2nd hole it would behave more like a skier doing a ski jump and fly away from the machine. So the magnet would also have to over come this motion, and reverse the balls direction as it is now also moving away with a velocity equal to the kinetic energy from dropping the ball minus friction.\n<PERSON> overcomes this with an additional ramp at the bottom, which by converting the linear motion into angular motion which reverses the direction of the ball and conserves that kinetic motion to move the ball partway up the ramp. Even so, this is not enough to overcome gravity, and friction, and the counter force of an induced current to enable it to pull the ball all the way up, while being weak enough to allow the ball to drop through the hole.", "621" ], [ "I believe, but have not tested or proven, that perhaps a reduction of gravity would make this machine feasible, like on the moon. It appears also, that because the ball is made of metal that is attracted to the magnet, the forces in the ball can set up a induced current counter field, due to the material the ball is made of and its in the field. A reverse lenz effect is present that would also contribute a force the magnet would have to overcome. This would require a superfine balance between a completely attractive force, and the opposing forces. The machine looks very promising; but, on a very subtle level has counter forces from gravity, friction, and a reverse lenz effect which counter the kinetic energy built up in the balls motion which pretty much stop the action from perpetuating fairly quickly.\nIn the video I link, the original author of the video overcomes this effect through the pulsing of the strength of an electromagnet hidden in the base holding the permanent magnet. By turning the electromagnet off at the right moment either manually or by inductive sensing, the ball drops. So, I agree, it is very close to possible; but, it just isn't possible. I have a sense that being able to tweak gravity might be enough to make the device function under the right gravitational force, but have a real concern that eddy currents in the metal ball would provide the eventual force that would counter any possibility of it working.\nAs a magnetic field problem, due to <PERSON>'s laws and <PERSON>' law, the problem is a lot more complex mathematically than it looks, we tend to overlook the ball's effect on the magnetic field as it would be moving and shifting the flux density which would induce a current which would affect the movement and flux density in opposition to the movement.", "621" ] ]

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[ [ "First, let's do greed. Greed is an appetite uncontrolled. Consider, for example, a dog. If he sees food he simply moves directly towards the food and tries to eat it without any other concern or hesitation. He does not consider his co-dogs in the pack. Or his offspring. Nor even whether he is in fact hungry. He just tries to eat the food. This is greed.\nGreed may be a survival trait in some circumstances. For example, in the wild in situations where food is scarce, uneaten food is wasted food.\nGreed is usually counter productive for intelligent species, since it is deeply sub-optimal when you have the ability to produce enough of what you need. If you simply eat everything in your fridge you won't be healthy.", "376" ], [ "So greed might be a problem for intelligent critters that had it as a survival trait in the past, and now have to deal with things like diets. We resemble that. They might take steps to suppress it, remove it, overcome it, etc.\nSelfishness means doing what is good for \"self.\" However, in evolutionary terms, the thing that evolves is the gene. If an action tends to help spread one's genes around, but is bad for the individual, it may still get fixed in through evolution. A mother cat fighting to protect her kittens may get mauled by a dog but leave an extra batch of kittens. Her personal selfishness, running from the dog, and her gene's selfishness may conflict.\nSomewhere though, the gene's selfishness must have at least a modicum of success, or the creature cannot procreate long enough to evolve.\nFor example, an intelligent creature that was evolved from a social insect might be ideally communal, except possibly for the \"royal\" breeder class. The workers and drones might be prepared to nearly-mindlessly sacrifice themselves for the good of the colony.\nAt some point in there, there has to be something that produces conditions that tend to advance its own interest. This is \"selfish gene\" theory, along the lines of the book The Selfish Gene by <PERSON>. This is a metaphor indicating the genes act as though they were selfish. Because if they don't they get out competed by genes that do.\nSo individuals may have their selfishness suppressed. But some part of the creature must act selfishly in some sense for the species to continue to exist.", "376" ] ]

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[ [ "Micro:bit OLED Game\nIntroduction: Micro:bit OLED Game\nThere was a time when every kid wanted a Nintendo Game & Watch handheld electronic game. This combined a very simple LCD screen with a very simple game mechanic. An early example was the Fire game, where you moved the firemen’s safety net left or right to bounce residents from a burning building on the left into a waiting ambulance on the right.\nLet's add an OLED screen to the BBC Micro:bit to create an homage to these games. We'll need to use a breakout board and a breadboard to connect the Micro:bit to a 128x64 OLED display, and we'll need to write the game in Python. We’ll call the game Post, and bounce letters from left to right using a paddle.\nSupplies\nBecause we're using an OLED screen, we'll need to create the real thing rather than use Tinkercad. We'll need at least the following:\n* A Micro:bit (ideally version 2, to include sound with our game without requiring additional components);\n* A Micro:bit breakout board which exposes its Inter-Integrated Circuit (I²C) ports 19 and 20, such as the Keyestudio Prototype Breakout Board;\n* A simple breadboard with power rails, such as the Kitronik Small Prototype Breadboard;\n* A 1.3\" 128x64 OLED display, supporting I²C, such as the Keyestudio OLED Display;\n* Two buttons suitable for a printed circuit board (PCB), such as the Kitronik push switches; and\n* Male-to-male breadboard jumper wires, such the Kitronik pack.\nIf you'd like to go beyond a breadboard prototype, and make a real handheld game, you'll also need the following:\n* A simpler Micro:bit breakout board which exposes I²C ports 19 and 20, such as the Keyestudio Breakout Board Adapter;\n* A printed circuit board (PCB) breadboard with power rails, such as the Adafruit Perma-Proto Breadboard;\n* Optionally, a 3V button battery and holder, such as the Wurth battery holder; and\n* Craft materials, such as cardboard, with which to create a case.\nStep 1: Getting Started With the Mu Editor\nThe Mu editor is the go-to editor for the Micro:bit when you’re ready to use Python (it’s actually MicroPython on the Micro:bit). After installing Mu, open the editor, and then connect a Micro:bit to your computer. At the bottom-left of the Mu editor’s window, in its status bar, you should see confirmation that it “detected new BBC micro:bit device”.\nNext we want to ensure that our Python code can be flashed onto the Micro:bit.", "1003" ], [ "In the Mu editor, click the New button to create a new Python file, and type the following simple code:\nfrom microbit import *\ndisplay.scroll(\"Hello, World!\")\nClick on the Flash button in the Mu editor. The yellow LED on the Micro:bit should start flashing to indicate that a file operation is occurring. When it finishes, your Micro:bit should scroll “Hello, World!” on its 5x5 LED display.\nStep 2: Installing the OLED Python Libraries\nTo have the Micro:bit send instructions to the OLED display, we need to install some Python libraries on our Micro:bit. The Mu editor makes this really easy.\nFirst, find your home directory for Mu.\nSecond, copy all the Python files (all files with the .py extension) from fizban’s Github repository, and place the copies in your Mu home directory.\nIn the Mu editor, click on the Files button. This will open two panes at the bottom of the editor. On the left are the files on the Micro:bit—you might have one or more, depending on what you’ve done previously with your Micro:bit. On the right are the .py files in your home directory. You should see the ssd1306 files which you’ve copied from fizban’s repository.\nNext, simply drag and drop the following three files from the right pane (your home directory) to the left pane (the Micro:bit), which installs these libraries on the Micro:bit.\n* ssd1306.py\n* ssd1306_px.py\n* ssd1306_text.py\nFor this project, we only need those three files. Yet keep them all available in your home directory, as you can use them for other projects using the OLED display.\nClick the Files button again to remove the bottom panes, and to make the Flash button available again.", "991" ] ]

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[ [ "Photo credit: <PERSON>\nDeep Sea Adventure\nA game 2-6 players designed by <PERSON>.\n\"Think I had a wet dream\nCruisin' through the Gulf Stream\nOooh-ooh-ooh-ooh\nWet dream...\"\n― chorus of <PERSON> pun filled song Wet Dream\nIntroduction\nIf you've frequented the BGG store, you'll have seen that they offer games by publisher Oink Games. Small Japanese company offering small box games, about the size of a cigarette pack (back when everyone knew what that meant).\nI first gave the game a spin at BGG Con 2015, and really liked it, but balked at the price tag. Then I saw it on Amazon.ca for $29.01, meaning free shipping and no concerns about the exchange rate, so I said what the heck.\nDeep Sea Adventure is a small game, but as they say, good things come in small packages.\nComponents\nThe game comes in a tiny box, and inside there are 32 treasure tiles, 16 X marks the spot tiles, 2 six dice that are have 1-3 twice (i.e. a pair of d3), a sub tile, six diver meeples, and a marker for the air. Oh, and rules.\nAll in a small box.\nRules and Gameplay\nSo what kind of game do you get in this magnificent little box?\nA relatively simple one. The layout is simple. The tiles have a number of dots (bubbles) on them, and you lay them out any way you please in a long chain with the one dots nearest the sub, and the four dots at the end.\nPhoto credit: <PERSON>\nGoing down is easy\nDecide who's going first (I've been using free app Chwasi of late) and then roll the pair of d3 and head down. Once you get to your destination, you can choose to pick up the treasure there, drop a treasure you're carrying, or simply enjoy the space. If you take the treasure there, replace it with an X tile and stand on it. No peeking at the treasure tile until you're back aboard. If you happen to pass a space someone's already in, pretend it isn't there, don't count it, and wave as you pass. As the game progresses, at some point you're going to decide you want to go back up.\nComing up for air\nOnce you've decided you have all the treasure you can carry, you're going to want to head up. You can only change direction once, so you're committed. If you forget to declare you're heading back, you continue heading down. Now, treasure is nice, but it's heavy. So for every piece of treasure you're carrying, you subtract one from the die roll. The 2d3.", "470" ], [ "The 2-6 result with an expected roll of 3.5. If you're lucky, you'll make it back aboard before the sub runs out of air. If you're not, you'll have two pieces of treasure and roll a 2, going... nowhere.\nBreathe\nAir is the catch in this game. If you're empty handed, you're not using any air. But the air on the sub is shared by all players, and if you're carrying treasure, every piece carried uses up one unit of air. You're not allowed back onto the sub without treasure. And if the air runs out before you get back aboard, the treasure you were carrying sinks to the bottom of the ocean.\nAnd you? You drown.\nFor those who made it back to the sub, you keep the treasure tokens and get to look at how many points you've earned. The treasures that sink to the bottom end up in piles of three. Ah, but... those stacks only count as one treasure for air and movement purposes. There's some incentive to try and get them.\nThe X markers are removed, the game is reset, and you do this for a total of three rounds. High score wins.\nConclusions\nThis game is built for people who love push your luck games with a soupçon of strategy, a hint of strategy, and the hilarity of watching first time players take one roll too many and drown.\nThis game is fun and decently strategic with two. It's a complete riot with five. With six it's every diver for themselves. Everyone is watching everyone else, waiting for the first treasure laden diver to reverse course and the mad scramble to return to the sub before the air runs out begins.\nThe game has some built in limitations. The probability of rolling any given value is easy to calculate. If you've got six players and everyone has a treasure, you know there aren't many rounds to go before the air runs out.", "629" ] ]

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[ [ "I will try to clarify. To simplify the formulae, I will put the speed of light equal to unity, $c=1$, so that if time is seconds, distance is in light seconds and something traveling at half the speed of light has $v=1/2$. Energy-momentum can be written as a 4-vector $(E, \\mathbf p)$. The magnitude of energy-momentum is mass, $m$, and obeys the relationship $$m^2=E^2 - |\\mathbf p|^2 $$ or $$E^2=m^2 + |\\mathbf p|^2 .$$\nThis is exactly the same equation as used in other answers, but with $c=1$, which makes it look simpler. Mass, $m$, in this relationship is a relativistic invariant quantity, the same in all reference frames. It is also called rest mass. In old treatments, energy, $E$, is sometimes called relativistic mass. That terminology is now generally deprecated, as it causes confusion and there is already a perfectly good word, energy.\nEnergy-momentum is a conserved quantity. If you add together the energy-momenta for all the particles in a system, then it will always come to the same result so long as nothing leaves or enters the system.\nThe simplest example I can think of to show the conversion between mass and energy has two identical bodies with equal opposite momenta $( E, \\pm \\mathbf p )$ flying together and coalescing into a single body.", "343" ], [ "Then energy momentum conservation tells us that the energy-momentum of the final body is given by $$(E, \\mathbf p) + (E, -\\mathbf p) = (2E, \\mathbf 0). $$ Applying the formula above, we can calculate the mass of the final body, $$2E = 2\\sqrt{m^2 + |\\mathbf p|^2}, $$ which is greater than the combined masses of the original two bodies.\nExactly the same thing happens in all interactions involving energy. Whenever you have a composite body, the total mass of the body consists of the sum of the energy of all of those particles which make up the body. This is the energy of the body in the rest frame.\nThe same is true of the flywheel, viewed from an inertial frame in which the flywheel is rotating but its centre of mass is not moving (rotating frames are difficult to think about correctly in special relativity). The momenta of all the particles of matter comprising the flywheel sum to zero, meaning there is an increase in mass.\nIt applies also to any kind of stored energy, such as the energy stored in chemical bonds in an electrical battery.\nIn other words, it is an absolute law that the energy stored in a battery, of any sort, is equal to the mass reduction when that energy is released.\nThe only difference with an antimatter battery is that all the mass of the antimatter, together with an exactly equal mass of matter, will be converted to energy. That does place an absolute limit on the amount of energy which can be derived from a given mass, but it does not take into account all the mass of the battery.\nFor questions of efficiency there are other things to consider. The energy released from a matter-antimatter reaction is difficult to use efficiently (particularly if you were seeking to drive a space-ship).\nAnd if one is thinking of the mass of the battery, at the moment we can only stored tiny amounts of antimatter (a few atoms of anti-hydrogen) for a matter of minutes, and storing it needs extraordinarily sophisticated (and massive) equipment. The problem is that any antimatter touching the storage container will immediately be destroyed, along with the destruction of an equal amount of the container. I honestly doubt whether it would ever be possible to store antimatter for use in a battery.", "343" ] ]

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[ [ "In a species of simultaneous hermaphrodites, would there be any meaningful difference between siblings of the same parents in opposite roles?\nInspired by this question: https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/questions/44879/sexual-reproduction-without-biological-sex\nAnd, to a lesser extent, this question: https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/questions/65500/would-a-society-of-simultaneous-hermaphrodites-have-gender-roles\nI'm not particularly well-versed in biology at all, let alone the wide variance of sexual characteristics that exists in the world, so I apologize if I've misunderstood/misused any terminology here. (Or if my questions are somehow just beyond stupid in a way that I failed to realize.)\nFor my purposes, I'm imagining a (preferably as close to human as possible) species that has exactly one biological sex. Every individual of this biological sex has all the necessary anatomical requirements to be the father or mother in a reproductive exchange. In case it's somehow relevant, their anatomy is also arranged in such a way that one couple can be simultaneously participating in two exchanges. This means that both members of one couple could be simultaneously pregnant with a child fathered by the other member of the couple.\nSo the main question here: If you have two children of the same two parents, but with swapped parental roles in their conception (the father of one is the mother of the other and vice versa), is there any inherently meaningful difference between the two siblings beyond two siblings who have the same parents as each other, both of whom are in the same parental roles?\nI realize that a society comprised entirely of such a species could easily create social constructs such as children taking the surname of their biological mother or labeling such cross-siblings as something indicative of a relationship closer than a half-sibling but further than \"actual\" siblings.", "759" ], [ "I'm less concerned with purely social constructs that might arise than I am with actual, meaningful differences that would affect them in the future more than \"actual siblings\" would be expected to experience.\nIf a social construct were to arise from such differences (as I expect they would), then I'm definitely interested in those sorts of downstream effects. In fact, the main reason I'm asking the question is so that I can eventually come up with exactly those kinds of downstream effects. But I'd like to set the foundation of my social constructs on something more solid than just other social constructs.\nFor instance, as <PERSON> brought up in comments, the intra-uterine environment can be very important because of genomic imprinting and/or metabolic imprinting. Aside from potential disorders that might happen at the statistical fringe, what noticeably-common differences might we see between cross-siblings? Since both parents could nurse the child, would some differences be mitigated by having a child's father nurse them instead of the mother? Would differences in mitochondrial DNA cause significant differences? Are any noticeably-visible or significant characteristics only heritable from one parent? These are all sub-questions of which I'm unsure of their relevance to the larger discussion.\nI wish I could be more specific in what I'm looking for, but I'm struggling to find the words to describe it at the moment. Hopefully, I can think of a better way to word all of this fairly soon and edit my question accordingly.", "882" ] ]

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[ [ "The Gold Rush for Himalayan Viagra Begins in Nepal · Global Voices\nPhoksundo Lake, the deepest lake in Nepal located in Lower Dolpa region with length of 4.8km and depth of around 600m. Phoksundo is considered an earthly paradise by locals and travellers alike. Image by <PERSON>. Copyright Demotix (05/10/2010)\nAfter the April 25 earthquake, hundreds went missing in high altitude settlements in Nepal. Though many were rescued and some returned home from the Lamabagar area in Dolakha district over the course of a precarious hunt, the villages and schools in Mugu and Dolpa districts in the Karnali region of Nepal wear a deserted look. This is not due to the earthquake and subsequent aftershocks, however, but because of strong demand for the much hyped ‘Himalayan Viagra’ — yarsagumba.\nSince each piece of this natural treasure fetches hundreds of rupees — a gram of yarsagumba is worth almost triple a gram of gold — young and old have all left their homes in the search for the aphrodisiac.\nYarsagumba (often referred to as #Himalayan Viagra) Caravan north of #Maikot. The Guerrilla Trek, #Rukum, #Nepal. pic.twitter.com/JSkldc2iR7\n— Yuuki Treks (@yuukitreknepal) April 19, 2013\nSchools will remain closed for next 20 days or so — not a new phenomenon for this region. During the month long sojourn, everybody will be gleaning the gold from vast open spaces. Children, having better eyesight than the grown-ups, are better at finding yarsagumba, a caterpillar with a fungus on its body that is difficult to locate among the grass in the meadows.\nAlthough the district development committee does not allow children below 14 years of age to work, some as young as seven risk their lives in search of the sought-after caterpillars.\nSo What is Yarsagumba?\nYarsagumba is a unique insect-plant combo with medicinal properties including a libido-boosting trait.", "447" ], [ "In Tibetan it means summer plant and winter insect.\nFound in meadows above 3,500 metres, “it appears as parasitic mushroom spores (Ophiocordyceps sinensis) infect, kill and mummify the ghost moth larva living inside the soil. A fungus sprouting out from the dead caterpillar’s head shoots above the soil.”\nThe fungal hybrid is thought to have medicinal properties that cure asthma, cancer and impotence. Due to its energy, vitality enhancing properties and aphrodisiac effects, it has earned the name “Himalayan Viagra”.\nThis is what we are looking for #yarsagumba found at 4500 mt elevation. pic.twitter.com/MlPQs2Sszk\n— salokya (@salokya) June 5, 2013\nThe lure of the harvest leads people higher and higher — often as high as 4,500 metres. The gatherers forget about everything, especially their own safety, to reach the region's main cash cow. Competition between villagers for a greater yarsagumba yield leads to disputes, fights and even deaths.\nNepal's growing crop: “The Himalayan Viagra” #itsallaboutthesize #yarsagumba http://t.co/dBbEhCpWr8 pic.twitter.com/iBCnLr60oB\n— <PERSON> (@apeabe) June 25, 2014\nBesides the freezing temperatures, avalanche risk, altitude sickness and vertigo can all derail a gathering mission, but most of the population in the economically depressed districts put short-term profit first.\npic.twitter.com/f6NVXcEKtL Tents of Yarsagumba farmers. Prices can go as high as $80,000 per kg. #yarsagumba #nepal @nepalitimes\n— <PERSON> (@yurop) May 27, 2014\nThe main export market for yarsagumba is China, where it fetches $100 per gram. The global market for yarsagumba is estimated to be worth between $5 and $11 billion.\nThe lucrative search is the engine of the mountainous region's economy. Moreover, while there is evidence Nepal's great earthquake has impacted supply, as gatherers from the quake-affected districts weigh the value of the trip against the risk of potential aftershocks, there is still no dearth of individuals and families prepared to profit from their absence.", "447" ] ]

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[ [ "Pokémon 3: The Movie\nNovember Animation (Horror) Hunt #53\nDay 10: Movie that scared you as a kid\nHoly fuck I don't blame my kid self for being scared of this, this film has a super dark plot like it might as well be a psychological horror. Pretty sure this film gave me an extetensial crisis. Still I love Pokemon and the art is quite beautiful.", "700" ], [ "I am very nostalgic for this film. Plus you gotta give them cred for releasing such a dark Pokemon film. I wanted to watch all the Pokemon films at one point but got too scared when I remembered I would have to watch this one. <PERSON> is pretty Based tho.", "577" ] ]

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[ [ "Image Courtesy of myadestesThis review continues my series of detailed reviews that attempt to be part review, part resource for anyone not totally familiar with the game. For this reason I expect readers to skip to the sections that are of most interest.\nSummary\nGame Type - Tile Laying Game\nPlay Time: 80-90 minutes\nNumber of Players: 2-6\nMechanics – Set Collection, Tile Laying, Resource Management\nDifficulty – Pick-up & Play (Can be learnt in under 15 minutes)\nComponents - Excellent\nRelease - 2006\nDesigner - <PERSON> -(All things Alhambra, Colonia, Eketorp, Granada, High Tide, Immortals, Metro, Neptun, New York, The Rose King, Shogun, Show Manager, Speculation, Wallenstein)\nThis is the fourth in a series of reviews that will analyse each of the 5 Alhambra expansions. I will outline each expansion on its own merits and then comment on how well it interacts with other expansions in the Alhambra Family.\nAs each Boxed Expansion for Alhambra includes 4 mini-expansions, I will refer to a box as an Expansion Set and each of the 4 additions within each box as Mini-Expansions. This will hopefully avoid confusion as I discuss each in turn.\nAt the end of this review is a series of links to help find my other Alhambra Reviews.\n#13 – The Treasure Chamber\nComponents - As the namesake of this Expansion Set, The Treasure Chamber offers 3 separate high quality components. First is the Treasure Chamber mini-board. It is slightly shorter and narrower than the Reserve Boards from the base game, and the artwork depicts a set of stairs that lead to 3 separate Treasure Chambers. Each Chamber contains the number 8 and in the bottom left hand corner is a small score chart. I will explain the score chart and 8 values later.\nNext are the treasure chests. There are 42 chests in all (7 of each colour used in Alhambra) and these are made from wood and are a good size.\nFinally this expansion provides a cloth bag in which treasure chests can be drawn from.\nAll 42 Treasure Chests are placed in the tile bag at the start of play and 4 Chests are drawn at random and placed in each of the 3 Treasure Chambers.\nImpact –\nImage Courtesy of <PERSON> Treasure Chamber offers the players a new option each turn – the acquisition of Treasure Chests. To purchase Chests, at least 8 money must be paid, hence the 8 value in each Chamber on the board.", "581" ], [ "This cost can be paid with any combination of money cards and more than 8 can be paid too, however no change is given. Master Builders from Mini-Expansion #2 in this Set can also be used to pay.\nThe goal in acquiring Treasure Chests is to have more than anyone else in order to score points during scoring rounds. The scoring track outlines points for all 3 rounds and like the scoring for buildings, only the player with the most Chests will score points in Round 1, whereas the top 3 Chest owners will score points in Round 3. Round 1 offers 7 points to the leader, whilst the same lofty position will earn 22 points in Round 3. That’s some decent scoring eh?\nThe colour of the Treasure Chests has no bearing on scoring, instead they influence selection and placement. Once a player pays the required amount, they can take any 4 Treasure Chests from a single Chamber. However each Chest must be placed on a tile of a matching colour within a player’s Alhambra. If a player cannot place one or more of the Chests in their Alhambra, they are passed to the next player and added to tiles in their Alhambra if they are able. The Chests pass to all players in this fashion and if no player can find a place for a Chest, it is returned to the cloth bag.\nOnce the placement of Treasure Chests is complete, 4 new Chests must be drawn at random to refill the empty Chamber.\nIf there are not enough Chests in the cloth bag to refill a Chamber to 4, the Chamber remains empty and no Chests are drawn.\nPaying exactly 8 to acquire a set of Chests does not earn a player an extra action.\nIf a tile containing a Chest is removed (redesigned) the Chest is returned to the cloth bag.\nChests cannot be placed on Worker’s Huts from Expansion Set #1.\nChests cannot be placed on tiles on a player’s Reserve Board. They can be added to newly placed tile into a player’s Alhambra on the current turn.\nAllocating points in the case of a tie is the same for Treasure Chests as it is for scoring building tiles.", "84" ] ]

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[ [ "The statement of this questions mixes a number of issues, so there is, in my opinion, no definite answer to this question.\nFirst of all, one must take care that activation energies will have an influence on the kinetics (rate constant) of the reaction that is catalyzed. In a very general point of view, the overall energetic requirement for a chemical reaction does not directly depend on the activation energy (for instance the equilibrium constant is not changed).\nThus if two separate processes are considered, a different activation energy will mostly mean a reaction rate that will be slower, so overall a process that might take longer but not necessarily need a higher energy input.\nNow if one would add to this problem a constraint that would be that the reaction rates of bith processes should be similar, the main method to achieve such a result would be to change the temperature at which the process takes place. This is related to the activation energy through the <PERSON> equation:\n$$k = A e^{-\\frac{E_{a}}{RT}}$$\nIf one assumes that the pre-exponential factor is the same for both processes (in effect meaning that the transition states in the catalyzed reaction have similar constraints) then one can reach some conclusions on both processes.\nFor instance, the reaction rates at constant temperature can be calculated.", "273" ], [ "At 298 K, 3 kcal/mol difference would mean a ratio $k_{1}/k_{2}$ of about 150, so the process with lower activation energy would proceed 150 times faster than the other one. An other option would then be to increase the temperature of the slower process. In such a case, the temperature would depend on the ratio of the activation energies (and not the difference) as :\n$$T_{2} = \\frac{E_{a2}}{E_{a1}} T_{1}$$\nIf one takes the values of the qustion and considers a process that would take place at 298 K, one would need to heat at 373 K to reach the same rate constant. From this, one could consider the additional energy input required to heat the reaction medium up to this temperature.", "108" ] ]

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[ [ "Energy density in electrostatics - definition\nBackground:\nIt can be shown that the potential energy of charge distribution can be calculated by\n$U = \\frac{1}{2}\\int_V \\rho(r')\\Phi(r') d^3r' $\nby means of integration by parts and the poisson equation $\\Delta\\Phi(r) = 4\\pi \\rho(r)$ the integral can be rewritten\n$U = \\frac{1}{2}\\int_V \\rho(r')\\Phi(r') d^3r' = \\frac{1}{8\\pi}\\int_V (\\nabla \\Phi(r')) (\\nabla \\Phi(r') )d^3r' = \\int_V \\frac{|E(r')|^2}{8\\pi}d^3r'$\nThe integrand of the integral can be interpreted as the energy density $u$:\n$u(r) = \\frac{|E(r)|}{8\\pi}$\nConsidering an example of a homogeneously charged solid sphere with radius $R$:\n$\\rho(r) = \\rho_0 \\Theta(r-R)$\nwhere $\\Theta(r)$ is the heavyside-function.\nWith $Q=\\frac{4}{3}\\pi \\rho_0 R^3$, this results in the following potential:\n$\\Phi(r) = \\frac{Q}{R} \\left(\\frac{3}{2}-\\frac{r^2}{2R^2} \\right)$ for $r<R$\n$\\Phi(r) = \\frac{Q}{r}$ for $r>R$\nThe radial electric field is:\n$E(r) = \\frac{Qr}{R^3}$ for $r<R$\n$E(r) = \\frac{Q}{r^2}$ for $r>R$\nWith this in mind we can calculate the energy density:\n$u(r) = \\frac{Q^2r^2}{8\\pi R^6}$ for $r<R$\n$u(r) = \\frac{Q^2}{8 \\pi r^4}$ for $r>R$\nIntegrating this will result in the total potential energy:\n$U = \\int_0^{\\infty} 4\\pi r^2 u(r) dr = \\frac{3Q^2}{5R}$\nNow to my question:\nStarting from the first integral, why can't the energy density be defined as followed:\n$u(r) = \\frac{1}{2} \\rho(r')\\Phi(r')$\nWhen considering the example above this would equate to:\n$u(r) = \\rho_0 \\frac{Q}{R} \\left(\\frac{3}{2}-\\frac{r^2}{2R^2} \\right) = \\frac{3Q^2}{4\\pi R^4} \\left(\\frac{3}{2}-\\frac{r^2}{2R^2} \\right)$ for $r<R$\n$u(r) = 0$ for $r>R$\nIntegrating over this we get the same energy (as expected)!\n$U = \\int_0^{\\infty} 4\\pi r^2 u(r) dr = \\frac{3Q^2}{5R}$\nHow can there be two different ways of defining a energy density $u(r)$. Where have I made a mistake?\nHelp will be apprechiated!", "649" ] ]

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[ [ "Mr Burns Sculpture\nIntroduction: Mr Burns Sculpture\nFor this sculpture I am attempting to create a human version of Mr. <PERSON>, the <PERSON> character. I am going be sculpting lots of details and wrinkles into his face, whilst still keeping the distinctive Mr. <PERSON> features so that he is recognizable. I will share with you my process and the materials I chose to use, but I will also give cheaper alternatives to some of the materials. I hope you enjoy this tutorial, if you do make your own I would love to see it in the comments below! :)\nSupplies\nFor this sculpture you will need:\n-A wooden armature\n-Newspaper\n-Tape\n-Air dry clay\n-Glass eyes / marbles\n-Plastic / acrylic teeth\n-Water\n-Sculpting tools\nStep 1: Armature & Reference\nBefore starting a sculpture, I always print off plenty of reference images relating to the piece I am going to be creating. In this case I have collected images of Mr. <PERSON> and also images of old skin & wrinkles, these will be extremely useful once I start making my character, to refer back to.\nThe reason reference images are so vital when sculpting is because our brains on their own won't store all of the details needed to create or recreate a piece of art. When we attempt to remember things we have seen in the past, we are extracting the inaccurate, patchy perception we have of them. This is because our brains simply filter out any irrelevant information to keep space for new information, therefore, generally the small details will go a miss!\nOnce all of you reference images are printed and pinned up in sight of where you will be working, you need to make an armature.", "348" ], [ "An armature is essentially the skeleton of your sculpture. Depending on what you are making, these can vary quite a lot in shape and size. For this Sculpture I will be using a wooden base with a longer, thin piece of wood nailed to the center, as you can see from the images depicted I have wrapped newspaper around the top of the wooden spike & secured this with tape (any tape will do) this will keep your sculpture light and save you pennies on extra, unnecessary clay!\nStep 2: Roughing Out\nThe very first stage of adding clay to your armature is to rough out the basic shapes. The clay I am using here is an air dry clay or pottery clay, this clay is great to work with when making larger sculptures because its quick and does not need heating like oil based clay does. The cons of air dry clay is that it dries out and sometimes cracks when left out uncovered, so if you're planning on leaving your sculpture to sit for a few weeks, this isn't the clay for you.\nI start by applying large rolled out pieces of clay to the newspaper to create a rough head shape, once I am happy with the size and shape, I press my fingers into the middle of the face to create eye sockets, these will hold my characters eyes. For this sculpture I have purchased glass eyes to add to the realism of the piece, but a cheaper alternative for eyes is to use marbles, these are also great to use as they extremely smooth & have a slight sheen to them, which if/when moulding the piece will translate really nicely to the mould. With the eyes in place you can easily work around them to build up areas of the face, such as the brow bone and nose.\nStep 3: Adding Features\nThis step of the process is where your character can really start coming to life, I tend to spend a bit of time building up and changing things on the face to get it as accurate as possible. A good tip when creating a sculpture is to introduce a pair of fresh eyes when you are a little stuck to bring in a fresh perspective, sometimes other people can pick out things that you ay have missed.\nI started by building up the brow bone & adding in some deep lines, I wanted to create some deep wrinkles to show his age (he is 104 after all!). I also brought some more clay to the eye area, this gives the appearance of tired puffy eyes & also really accentuates the hollow lines beneath.\nfor the ears I rolled out two identical balls of clay & flattened them down to a kidney shape, I blended these into the sculpture with my fingers on one side so that they were flush with the clay, the other side I left extruded\nStep 4: Textures\nThis is the final stage of the process, adding texture to your sculpture is the difference between a flat, lifeless character and a realistic life like piece of art. Texture adds depth an dimension to a sculpture & in my opinion is the most important stage of the process!\nBefore I started on the texturing, I added in the teeth.", "987" ] ]

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[ [ "<PERSON>\nas a person of having read the book experience…\nfeels hard to fully imagine how this plays without all the nuance and emotional shading that the knowledge of JCO’s - admittedly still v messy - novel (a text (and author) i still truly have maaany qualms and moments of pause with, as i do…this…adaptation lol) affords you in filling in the gaps of <PERSON> as a character and her interiority that are left by AD’s pretty slapdash adaptation work…\nlike it’s partially the inherent trade off that often comes with the transition of mediums, duh, but god is this still missing so much of how <PERSON> writes norma - obv with the direct 1st person passages, interweaving of her poetry & artistry etc, but even the passages in the novel that aren’t directly from <PERSON>’s pov are constructed by <PERSON> in such a dissociative way that it just strengthens the character psychology she’s running with (whether that’s accurate or misguided itself is its own can of worms lol) and i do think, even tho AD’s approach is so mood-piecey, that a huge chunk of that work and nuance and context is soooo lost in the adaptational structuring and direction of this (though i don’t think any of that is on <PERSON>, who i think is giiiiiiving it and bringing as much of that text through as she can in spite of AD, and much of what does remain feels indebted to her & the source text - she has lots of great moments but the scene where she’s advised to break it off with the gemini and the scene when she initially turns down GPB are such good smaller bits of performance that rly stuck w me tbh imo)\nwas thinking a lot during watching about how in the novel i feel like <PERSON> oft focuses so much on the inherent perversity of (and potential for dehumanisation held by) the camera & cinema, especially in its complicity in forming the collective memory - the mythic moulding of a person into persona - and <PERSON> has seemingly run with that as his main pathway into taking this mammoth of a text into a visual medium, in a way that i don’t think is always ~entirely~ unsuccessful or worthless (and is occasionally pretty staggering in the sheer grandiosity of the image-making and creativity of craft) but — coupled with his utter refusal to engage with or comprehensively depict <PERSON>'s master of her artistry and innate genius — ultimately lacks the (somewhat present in the novel, albeit thru the context of literature/fairytales/journalism etc) degree of self-reflection and self-interrogation that transmuting this specific text/story into this specific medium requires, if one is to do it all…\nand defffffff also doesn’t help that i think it’s sooo clear - espesh as recently extra-textually evidenced by his cavalcade of awful deranged pull quotes in promotion of this lol - he severeeeeely lacks the level & amount of sincere respect, empathy & admiration <PERSON> (while still making choices i balked at while reading, and many a pause-worthy press comment of her own in interviews about the book) v clearly has for <PERSON> as a subject, artist and person", "80" ] ]

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[ [ "A war game for board gamers. Undaunted series (Normandy, Africa and Reinforcements) is certainly an extraordinary achievement - essentially a 2 player deck builder (expandable to 4 players via the expansion), this game does not ask you to chew through pages and pages of boring textual rules, nor does it require you to decipher all the abstract chits and tokens. Nope. This is a WW2 game made for everyone - not just the fans of war gaming.\nFrom the solo perspective (you know me by now ), a recently released Reinforcements expansion added just that - a well designed solo variant to all the scenarios, including the new ones. As a solo player, you will not lose anything from the game. All the scenarios work the same as in the competitive mode except the enemy is controlled by a set of ai cards, each one setting up a list of actions and priorities and each one different for every unit. But wait - many scenarios use a tailor-made ai cards which tweak the behavior and objectives for ai, thus making each solo game fresh and interesting. What do I mean by tailor-made ai cards? Simple example - in scenario one, enemy riflemen will chase mission objectives first, in scenario 2, enemy riflemen will chase your units as their main goal.\nI have to admit, first few rounds were a bit ..ehm..", "993" ], [ "daunting... and learning and understanding all the terminology on ai cards required a bit of youtubing and bgg'ing. But after a dozen or so rounds, every option on every ai card just clicked and started making sense. I just stopped having trouble finding out where to send the enemy troops. And just like that, the game just became my new addiction.\nThere is something truly fascinating about using just a bunch of cards to execute some pretty awesome strategic moves in this game. You never feel like the luck is defining your next play - instead, each hand gives you many opportunities on how to potentially outmaneuver your opponent. And thanks to a cleverly designed ai, every scenario will play out differently each time you try it.\nUndaunted series is simply an outstanding achievement. Tactical war game for board gamers, with 30+ scenarios across several different environments and a huge variety of units to control, this one is a must for anyone who wants to try something else other than euros or ameritrash. And for a solo player, Undaunted is yet another proof that solo gaming is on a steep rise like never before...", "528" ] ]

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[ [ "Spider-Man: Across the Spider-Verse\noh my GOD. ARE YOU FUCKING KIDDING ME.\nThis was just breathtaking. It’s so incredibly beautiful and wonderful and audacious and i can only stare in awe at the visuals and the mere fact that this movie exists.", "462" ], [ "with the sheer vision of this film it would’ve been so easy to get lost in the spidersauce, but it’s very clear <PERSON> and <PERSON> care deeply about these characters. I think they’re being very cautious, but respectful with where they’re taking these characters and so far it’s been incredibly heartfelt.\nI most definitely am not a fan of the live action inserts into this film whatsoever but i’ll give it a pass for now bc what they have teed up could be a total cultural reset. regardless of where the next one goes, this one was just brilliant.", "19" ] ]

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[ [ "As a preamble, I would not expect that splitting $E$ into real/imaginary parts is very profitable. Normally, block 2x2 systems are motivated because one block of unknowns is \"easier\" to solve than the other in some sense (better conditioned? smaller in cardinality? etc). This is not the case for time-harmonic <PERSON>, I think you'd be better off remaining in the complex field. If you can't do that (maybe these frameworks don't support complex variables?), the next best thing would be to probably \"interleave\" the real and imaginary parts and use point-like preconditioners with two degrees of freedom (1 real, 1 imag) per point. I'd expect this to have the same effect as working in the complex field to begin with.\nAll that said, a lot of classical preconditioners that you might try at this point (smoothing, incomplete factorizations, multigrid) are not very effective on time-harmonic Maxwell, because it has basically the same spectral properties as the (bad) <PERSON> equation: unbounded spectrum, indefinite, oscillatory in nature. An excellent survey of these troubles can be found here, you can basically apply the same arguments to time-harmonic <PERSON>.\nIn fact, <PERSON> is even a little more difficult in two ways. The minor way is because it's vector-valued and thus has more unknowns than a <PERSON> problem of equal size and wavenumber. The major way is that <PERSON>'s $\\nabla \\times \\nabla \\times$ operator is more complicated than <PERSON>'s $\\nabla \\bullet \\nabla $ operator, because of the presence of an infinite dimensional nullspace.", "976" ], [ "<PERSON>'s gradient operator has a one dimensional nullspace (spanned by the constant function $1$), but <PERSON>'s curl operator has an infinite dimensional nullspace (spanned by the gradients of scalar functions $\\nabla f$). Many preconditioning schemes rely upon \"coarsening\" the problem down (in a multigrid sense), and the <PERSON> equation enjoys that its nullspace (the constant function) can be approximated with no error on any grid that is arbitrarily coarse. In contrast, when you discretize the <PERSON> equation on a fine grid, the nullspace of the discrete operator will not be exactly representable on a coarser grid, and thus your exchange operations (restriction/prolongation) must be more carefully constructed (otherwise you are likely to take exactly-zero eigencomponents on one grid and map them to close-but-not-quite-zero eigencomponents on another, which wrecks convergence .. see here for some discussion).\nOn a less pessimistic note, a reliable FE solver for low/medium-wavenumber time-harmonic <PERSON> is an excellent tool to have in your pocket, because it can be readily hybridized with high-wavenumber methods (modal expansions, integral equations, asymptotics, etc) but complements their deficiencies (unlike FE, these methods typically only work for homogeneous media). Along those lines, the two approaches I've used most successfully for solving <PERSON>'s equations iteratively are (i) p-multiplicative-schwarz (pMUS) and (ii) domain decomposition (DDM).\nThe former (pMUS) is basically multigrid, but applied in polynomial order (p) instead of mesh size (h). The basic idea is to use a low order p=0 solution to precondition a high order p=(0+1+...) solution. It's easy to implement, but requires some formulation-level effort to tabulate your (Nedelec) basis functions in such a way that they separate the nullspace/range of the curl operator as described earlier (see this paper for a good representative in this class of methods).\nThe latter (DDM) is basically a deflation-like scheme, wherein you partition space into non-overlapping domains, eliminate/substructure away the interior unknowns, then solve the resulting interface-only problem to re-establish the correct field continuity / global solution. Much thought has been put into the right kinds of \"transmission conditions\" that should be used to terminate the subdomains and match them back together, much of the work on <PERSON> has been adapted from similar work on the Helmholtz equation. See here for pioneering work on Helmholtz, and here for its evolution into <PERSON>.", "768" ] ]

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[ [ "Wallace the Animatronic Alien Creature\nIntroduction: Wallace the Animatronic Alien Creature\nWelcome!\nToday I will be showing you how to build <PERSON>, an animatronic alien creature.\nTo get started, you will need:\nx 1 Fur Real Friends dog (like this: https://www.ebay.com/p/1903566719)\nx 5 MG996R Servos\nx 1 Pololu Maestro 6-Channel Servo Controller\nx 1 20mm Half round realistic eye\nx 2 Big Boxes (the total height, length, & width of the 2 combined boxes should be greater than 12\"/1 ft.\nx 1 Small Box for the creature to sit on and store the electrical components in.\nA Hot Glue Gun\nA Strong Cardboard Corner/Cardboard Edge Protector\nA 6V Power Supply (preferably high in amperage, at least 20A)\nSome Springs(I used 2 long springs from an assorted pack which I acquired from Princess Auto)\nSome Air Craft/Steel Cable (You could use fishing line or thin rope, but I prefer Steel Cable as it is stronger and more reliable).\nSome Aluminium Swag Sleeves for the Steel Cable.\nSome 3D Printed Parts from my Thingiverse Page\nSome Bolts and Screws\nStep 1: Getting Started\nFirst you will need the fur from the toy dog. Carefully remove the fur from the animal, starting from the underside/belly. You should notice Velcro holding it together. Open the Velcro and fell for little plastic hooks that hold the fur to the body. Carefully remove the plastic hooks off (these hooks are located all over the body but mostly in the joints. Be sure not to rip the fur). and then remove the fur from the body (The fur is securly attached to the eyes, so you may have to rip that part off and you will be left with 2 eye holes in the fur (Don't worry as you can glue the holes/gaps shut, stick the ears inside them, or cover them with the ears).\nOnce you have successfully extract the fur from the toy dog, you can either keep its body or throw it out.\nNow take the 3D printed eyeball and cut a portion of it off such that the 20mm half round eye can fit inside it.", "997" ], [ "Then glue the 20mm eye to the 3D printed eyeball, and insert the eye into the mouth of the creature's fur. Once you have the eye at the position you desire glue the fur to the 3D printed portion of the eye, leaving the 20mm eye exposed (Refer to the image above).\nStep 2: Creating the Joints/Arms\nTake your 3D printed parts (these 3D printed parts were form a movable hand, but the finger parts worked really well as joints for this animatronic) and search for the long Finger set piece and the Knuckle (I refer to it as an L-bracket).\nNow, take the 2 pieces and add a 12-24 bolt through them and weld them together.\n(Refer to the images above)\nStep 3: Creating the Joints/Arms Part 2\nNow, attach another L-bracket on top of the current mechanism to act as a guide for the cable.\nOnce you have done that, I highly recommend you add a spring across the mechanism so it can easily return to its home position, and help you avoid further complications. I used 2 servo screws to hold my spring in place.\nNow, take a long cable (It's better to have it too long than too short. We can always cut off the extra length afterwards, but it's a lot harder to add extra length afterwards) and feed it through the joint mechanism, add your stopper to the end of the cable, and crimp it. If you look closely at the images you should be able to see my aluminium swag sleeve (my cable stopper) crimped, and hiding inside the long 3D printed finger part. You should also notice that my servo screw is also holding it in place.\n(Refer to the images above)\nStep 4: Creating the Joints/Arms Part 3\nAttach another L-bracket to the L-bracket on the joint mechanism, to allow for a bigger surface area to bolt the servo horn to.\nRepeat the previous steps to create the other arm. But this time, attach you servo horn vertically (facing up) so the joint can move left and right, not up and down like the previous servo. You will have to add another L-bracket to the mechanism so you can bolt the servo horn to the joint.", "259" ] ]

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[ [ "How a Crash-Landed Turkish Airlines Plane Cut Nepal’s Ties to the Skies for Days · Global Voices\nAn Indian Airforce Aircraft brought the aircraft removal kit on Thursday to remove the Turkish Airlines Airbus A330 from the airport runway. Image by <PERSON>. Copyright Demotix (5/3/2015)\nA Turkish Airlines Airbus 330 that skidded off the runway on the morning of March 4 at Tribhuvan International Airport (TIA) in Kathmandu, created waves of confusion at Nepal’s only international air hub, effectively limiting citizens of the landlocked country to overland travel before a ban on flights was lifted today.\nThe TK 726 flight that took off from Istanbul was due to land at the TIA at 6:55 AM local time. However, the pilot failed to land the plane in spite of trying twice and at the third attempt the craft missed the runway and skidded across a grassy patch.\nBy sheer luck, none of the 224 passengers died in the botched landing attempt.\nJournalist <PERSON> tweeted:\n@TurkishAirlines 726 suffered nose-wheel collapse.", "182" ], [ "Tail is up in the air. @flightradar24 @mikaness Kathmandu now open only for helicopters.\n— <PERSON> (@kundadixit) March 4, 2015\nयसरि सुतेको छ टर्किस एअरलाइन्स TIA रनवेमा l pic.twitter.com/zF83Lu60Ai\n— <PERSON> (@NplJoker) March 4, 2015\nThis is how the Turkish Airlines is sleeping on the TIA runway.\n<PERSON>, another journalist, tweeted:\nPassengers evacuated through emergency doors of @TurkishAirlines aircraft that overshot runway at TIA @annapurnapost pic.twitter.com/lKvzjrSJMP\n— Kosh R Koirala (@KoshRKoirala) March 4, 2015\nAs quoted by popular Nepali news portal Onlinekhabar, a passenger on board, <PERSON>, blamed the landing gears not working as the main cause of the accident.\nA fellow passenger <PERSON> deemed poor visibility the main evil.\n<PERSON>, a blogger and activist, tweeted:\nटर्कीस एअरलाइन्स दुर्घटना किन? पाङ्ग्रा नखुलेर? भिजिबिलिटि नभयर? पाइलटले आफै रनवेबाहिर हालेको कि चिप्लेको कि? कुनै समाचारमा स्पष्ट छैन ।\n— <PERSON> (@bigsharma) March 4, 2015\nWhy Turkish Airlines met with an accident? Due to landing gears not working? Due to poor visibility? Did the pilot land away from the runway or did it skid? No news is clear.\nAs the plane could not be lifted off from the runway on time, the authorities closed the airport and no international flights took off or landed at the TIA for over three days. Thousands of passengers were left sulking at the airport.\nJournalist <PERSON> tweeted:\nAll flights cancelled from #TIA after the #TK726 crash. Airport is a sea of confused and angry passengers.\n— <PERSON> (@mikaness) March 4, 2015\nThe government sought the help of Indian Air Force’s Hercules aircraft to remove the plane from the crash-landed site.", "182" ] ]

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[ [ "Seeking Advice on ACL Surgery for My Maine Coon Cat\nI'm seeking some advice about my Maine Coon cat who recently had an ACL tear diagnosed by a surgeon. The backstory is a bit lengthy, but here goes:\nOver the past two years, my cat has been limping on and off. Each time this happened, we took him to the vet who would typically prescribe pain medication. This approach seemed to alleviate the limp each time, leading our vet to suggest that he may be faking it for attention or his weight could be the culprit.\nFor reference, he is a larger cat, weighing in at 19lbs currently. To address potential weight issues, we put him on a diet which helped him reduce from 23lbs to 19lbs. However, the limping persisted.\nRecently, after moving homes, we noticed his limp worsening significantly. We decided to take a step further and consulted a surgeon, and X-rays confirmed the ACL tear.", "961" ], [ "The surgeon has recommended immediate intervention and corrective surgery, warning that heavier cats are at higher risk of tearing their other leg's ACL if left untreated due to shifted body weight.\nI've done some online research, finding conflicting reports. Some suggest this surgery can improve a cat's quality of life, while others warn it could worsen their condition. We are not concerned about the cost; our top priority is our cat's health and happiness.\nSince the limping started, we've noticed a significant decrease in his activity level. He doesn't play as much as he used to, doesn't fetch anymore, and spends most of his time lying around the house. This isn't like him; as a loving and friendly Maine Coon, he was more active in the past. He's nearly 7 years old now.\nWe're hoping someone here has had a similar experience or can provide advice on what we should do next. Should we go ahead with the surgery, or are there alternative treatments we should explore?\nThank you in advance for any help you can provide!", "961" ] ]

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