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en_HRS_11_22_24.v1

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[ [ "<PERSON>\nAs someone who was disappointed by <PERSON> projects this year, <PERSON> and <PERSON>; 'Dunki' is the best I could have expected from <PERSON> this year. <PERSON> is the biggest reason for me to watch this movie, the legend behind my all time favorite movies, PK and 3 Idiots. His new movie, 'Dunki,' is a very enjoyable film that I found myself appreciating. <PERSON> has done his best, as he always does. You feel the story deeply in your heart with powerful storytelling. Jokes, emotional moments, romance, everything landed perfectly for me. And the beautiful songs make the movie even more wonderful.", "577" ], [ "Tbh I expected more from this movie when I went to the theater. I mean, it's a <PERSON> movie. But I am not sure if it paid off as much as I anticipated. Imo I don't think 'Dunki' is anywhere close to PK and 3 Idiots, and it's not better than Sanju either. It probably falls within the same tier as Sanju. Nevertheless, 'Dunki' is still a damn good movie. I highly recommend everyone to watch it. You'll certainly have a good time.", "577" ] ]

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[ [ "Although it's hard for me to actually recommend the movie American History X to someone, I do it anyway because I got some lessons out of it and have looked back on that movie many times over the years. It gave me a new understanding of the \"gang\" type mentality and how serious it is and how real it is when you grow up with it.", "426" ], [ "The move stars <PERSON>, who I love! He receives a prison sentence for killing 2 black men and the movie is about how his views change once he's summoned to work with a black man while in prison. The movie follows their friendship, his release from prison and his effort to save his younger brother from going down the same road he is. It's hard to watch but worth your time!", "325" ] ]

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[ [ "Well, Yoda is (of course) a figment of the imagination. This is the first time he appears in this collection of stories and I believe that this was not some \"act\" on this characters part to dupe or test Luke. This is the way that Yoda was meant to be portrayed and was only later refined into some great leader of the Jedi to fill his role in earlier episodes. It is a major flaw that we Star Wars fans strive to correct by inventing these multiple theories. These theories that we concoct are wonderfully creative and I will gladly read and ponder them but, let us be earnest here. The character of Yoda, if a REAL living being, would be considered to be at best severely bipolar, and most likely he would be psychotic/and or in the grip of a multiple personality disorder. Please be kind to me in your replies. I LOVE SW...even the last 3 films and the cartoon(s). My wife makes fun of me and my buddies when we nerd out on SW. I do truly believe that when created Yoda was to be a much more hermit like individual with NO social graces. I don't think Lucas foresaw him EVER being a leading member of the Jedi High Council or schmoozing with dignitaries as he negotiated policy for millions upon millions of sentient beings. This high council Yoda would NEVER rifle through someones belongings and consume their food/steal trinkets and then have fisticuffs with a droid over it. NOT logical for someone that is SO in tune with the force. So, with that(and many other unlisted points) in mind I stand with my aforementioned premise that it is simply poor character development or character planning. Maybe he should have had Yoda suffer some type of brain damage that was not properly diagnosed or treated.....this I could believe would cause him to act in the manner he does when he meets Luke in the swamp. Damn, that is a pretty good idea! Just thought of that as I typed. Maybe some type of viral infection/mechanical injury that damaged his brain or neural chemistry could be worked into story. Sounds like a great fan fiction short story. If you want to collaborate on said premise with me(or if you just run with it on your own) contact me at <EMAIL_ADDRESS><PERSON> is (of course) a figment of the imagination.", "999" ], [ "This is the first time he appears in this collection of stories and I believe that this was not some \"act\" on this characters part to dupe or test <PERSON>. This is the way that <PERSON> was meant to be portrayed and was only later refined into some great leader of the Jedi to fill his role in earlier episodes. It is a major flaw that we Star Wars fans strive to correct by inventing these multiple theories. These theories that we concoct are wonderfully creative and I will gladly read and ponder them but, let us be earnest here. The character of <PERSON>, if a REAL living being, would be considered to be at best severely bipolar, and most likely he would be psychotic/and or in the grip of a multiple personality disorder. Please be kind to me in your replies. I LOVE SW...even the last 3 films and the cartoon(s). My wife makes fun of me and my buddies when we nerd out on SW. I do truly believe that when created <PERSON> was to be a much more hermit like individual with NO social graces. I don't think <PERSON> foresaw him EVER being a leading member of the Jedi High Council or schmoozing with dignitaries as he negotiated policy for millions upon millions of sentient beings. This high council <PERSON> would NEVER rifle through someones belongings and consume their food/steal trinkets and then have fisticuffs with a droid over it. NOT logical for someone that is SO in tune with the force. So, with that(and many other unlisted points) in mind I stand with my aforementioned premise that it is simply poor character development or character planning. Maybe he should have had <PERSON> suffer some type of brain damage that was not properly diagnosed or treated.....this I could believe would cause him to act in the manner he does when he meets <PERSON> in the swamp. Damn, that is a pretty good idea! Just thought of that as I typed. Maybe some type of viral infection/mechanical injury that damaged his brain or neural chemistry could be worked into story. Sounds like a great fan fiction short story. If you want to collaborate on said premise with me(or if you just run with it on your own) contact me at wrgower2508@gmail.com. This is most likely a ZOMBIE post...I am tired and did not look at the date of the last post to this thread. Thanks for a great question and all the ppl that took time to post on this.", "663" ] ]

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[ [ "CNNs: understanding feature visualization Channel Objectives (SOLVED)\nI'm trying to follow a paper on deep NN feature visualization using beautiful examples from the GoogLeNet/Inception CNN. see: https://distill.pub/2017/feature-visualization/\nThe authors use backpropagation to optimize an input image to maximizes the activation of a particular (Inception) neuron/feature, or entire channel.\nFor example, Inception Layer 4a, Unit 11 is feature 12 of 192 from the 1x1 convolution path of Inception Layer 4a before filter concatenation (see: https://distill.pub/2017/feature-visualization/appendix/googlenet/4a.html#4a-11).\nFor Layer 4a 1x1 convolution the shapes are: ```\nLayer 4a\ninput: [14,14,480] output: [14,14,512]\n1x1 convolution\nkernel: [1,1,480] # total 192 kernels output: [14,14,192] # channels [0..192] of Layer4a output Layer4a slice: tf.slice( layer4a_output, (0,0,0), (14,14,192) )\nLayer4a Unit 11\nlayer4a_unit_11 = tf.slice(layer4a_output, (11,0,0), (1,1,1)) # numpy [11,1,1] ```\nIn a related article, the authors state (see: https://distill.pub/2018/building-blocks/) ,\n\"We can think of each layer’s learned representation as a three-dimensional cube. Each cell in the cube is an activation, or the amount a neuron fires. The x- and y-axes correspond to positions in the image, and the z-axis is the channel (or detector) being run.\"\nFurthermore, they offer a diagram which super-imposes the cube of Layer4a over the input image with the (x,y) axis overlaying the image itself.\nI understand that the Neuron Objective is the input image that produces the highest activation for Layer 4a, Unit 11 which can be found at index=[11,0,0] of Layer 4a output=[14,14,512]. In this case, (x,y)=[11,0]. Each [1,1,480] kernel generates a feature map of shape=[14,14,1] with a total of 196 activations.\nkernel => channel or feature map and activation => neuron or feature.\nQuestion\nBut what is the intuitive concept of the (Positive) Channel Objective? In this example, Unit 11 sits in the same channel as 14x14=196 other neurons, but the channel objectives for all these neurons are different.", "740" ], [ "If the optimized image for the Channel Objective maximizes the sum of neuron activations for channel 0, (e.g. slice=[14,14,0] of 192 1x1 convolutions or 512 total layer 4a channels) wouldn't it be the same for all 192 neurons in the same channel? Obviously, by the examples we see this is not true.\nHow does the Channel Objective relate to the Neuron Objective for Unit 11?\nANSWER\nI understand that the Neuron Objective is the input image that produces the highest activation for Layer 4a, Unit 11 which can be found at index=[11,0,0] of Layer 4a output=[14,14,512].\nThis is where my understanding went off the rails. Layer 4a Unit 11 is actually channel/feature 12 of 192 for the 1x1 convolution. It is NOT the 12 of 196 neuron of channel 1. My fault for confusing 192 channels with 196 neurons/channel.\nInstead, as mentioned the in answer, Unit 11 is a single neuron in channel 11, usually located near the center, e.g. Neuron Objective is (x,y,z)=(7,7,11) and Channel Objective is (x,y,z)=(:,:,11)", "740" ] ]

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[ [ "<PERSON> model subject to reversing constant strain rate\nI've been reading about viscoelastic models and using Excel to plot some of their characteristics. I'm particularly interested in their response to a constant strain rate which reverses periodically and goes into tension as well as compression.\nI've read a number of texts that discuss the <PERSON> integral and a couple that also include the solution to the integral. Initially, I calculated the integral piece-wise in Excel and integrated it numerically. This seemed to produce a sensible force time history but, of course, is dependent on the time resolution and so looks a bit course at the strain rate turn-around.\nI then used the given solution between two time limits to give me the force time history directly. A simple switching function reverses the strain rate every half a cycle and resets the start of the strain time. The problem I now have is that the function 'starts again' from zero every half cycle; it doesn't 'remember' the force at the end of the previous half.", "474" ], [ "It's as if I am missing a constant of integration. Unfortunately I don't have the mathematical skills to progress any further so I wonder whether someone out there can guide me to an appropriate solution or a text that discusses this specific case?\nThe equation for the integral I first used is:\n$$F(t)=\\int_{-\\infty}^tke^{-k(t-t_0)/\\eta}\\frac{d\\varepsilon(t)}{dt}dt$$\nWhere the derivative is the strain rate (actually the displacement rate in my case), k is the Maxwell model spring rate, $\\eta$ is its damping coefficient, and $t_0$ is the time the strain started, which I set to one quarter of a cycle in the past and which then starts from 0 every half cycle. As I say, numerically integrating this works fine.\nThe solution to the integral that I've obtained from another text is:\n$$F(t)=\\frac{d\\varepsilon(t)}{dt}\\frac{\\eta}{k}G_0\\Bigl(1-e^{-k(t-t_0)/\\eta}\\Bigr)$$\nWhere $G_0$ is also k and so cancels the adjacent denominator k out. It has been tricky dealing with the changes in algebraic definition and double meaning of some letters, such as $\\tau$. However, as I say, the force time histories from the two methods are the same for the first quarter of a cycle, except that the first method starts from F=0 at t=0 and the second method give F=0 at t=-1/4 cycle, but that's fine and expected. The problem arises at the end of the first quarter cycle when the second method gives F=0 at t=1/4 cycle, instead of reducing from the existing force level at t=1/4 cycle, as shown in the following image.\nClearly, I could just fudge it and add the offset, but I'd rather see a proper mathematical treatment of it if possible. I'd be grateful for any clues as to how I can solve the issue.\nMany thanks,\n<PERSON>.", "394" ] ]

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[ [ "DIY Wooden Sign W/ Woodburning\nIntroduction: DIY Wooden Sign W/ Woodburning\nWelcome to my Instructable Tutorial!\nI created a Wooden sign and created a special logo on it using wood-burning. I will be showing how to create a sign and the process of wood-burning and shading, Keep in mind that this is more challenging than it seems as a lot of effort has to be put in, in order to create a nice appearance. There is a short video that can be used for visual learning and to see exactly the process of the wooden sign.\nI will provide all the necessary steps and tips required to help you create the same high-quality product to use as a decorative piece or give as a gift!\nSupplies\nThe Materials and Machine work required for this are =\n* Scroll Saw\n* Replacements=\n* Coping Saw\n* Band Saw\n* Jig Saw\n* Saw Knife\n* Sanding Block\n* Sanding Paper\n* P60\n* P150\n* P320\n* Wood-burning/Pyrography Toolset\n* https://www.asigo.eu/en/pyrography-tool-kit.html\n* Wood Varnishing\n* https://www.rustins.ltd/rustins/our-products/indoor/danish-oil\n* Basic Tools =\n* Pencils, To create an outline\n* Eraser, Remove any mistakes\n* Plywood\n* 0.5cm in Width\nStep 1: Outline the Shape of the Sign\nThe first step is to create an outline of the sign shape you want. I would recommend choosing the top of the sign to start with the design. Also to first create the outline barrier of the plywood which allows you to make the lines inside of the barrier keeping it neat and having guiding lines for the next step: The scrolling saw\nFor the wooden sign I decided to make the edges curved and the top curves larger to provide better structure, as the bottom of the sign has a straight and non-bumpy texture which will help it stay up better.\nStep 2: Cut Out the Outline Using the Scroll Saw\nThe Second Step is to start cutting out the outline using the scroll saw. In order to be able to cut the plywood, you have to push the wood into the blade to be able to cut it.", "401" ], [ "Firstly you should cut out the barrier outline, so the big pieces are out of the way and you can cut out the intricate lines easily and quickly. A small tip is to let the scroll saw guide it, and if you make a mistake in a line you can get the blade out of the line by carefully pulling the wood out of the blade.\nPrecautions =\n* Press onto the board, Because when cutting it with the blade the board will start vibrating which can break the board.\n* Do not bring the fingers/ Hand too close to the blade, The blade is quick, sharp, and can lead to an injury. If your hand is coming closer to the blade reposition it somewhere else and maintain the control\n* Wear Safety Goggles to avoid Saw Dust and Splinters getting in your eyes\n* Work in a focused environment, and stay focused on the scroll saw\nStep 3: Sand the Edges\nThe Third Step is to sand the edges, and sanding paper is fine but if you want to be more precise firstly sand the edges using the sanding paper P60, It will leave the edges rough but will sand out any mistakes and create straighter lines, the second sandpaper that should be used is P150 which will begin to smoothen the edges and create a nicer curve on the edges finally the Sanding Paper P320 which will smoothen the edges and make it easier to cut.\nWhen sanding the edges go in a back and forth motion and do it quickly, The edges won't be smooth enough if you sand in a slow-motion and in an irregular motion and the splinters at the edges will become more relevant.\nStep 4: Creating the Pyrography/Wood-burning Design\nThe fourth step is to create the logo, which is up to you. But in order to create a neat and presentable logo, I recommend having Guidelines for the text to keep a common size and a balanced text. Make the outline light so it's easily erasable and won't smudge. Additionally adding slight shading in a few parts of the object can be a guide for wood-burning. This step is up to you.\nI decided to make the text bigger to make it easier to play around with the wood-burning additionally to fill up the sign more and avoid empty spaces.\nStep 5: Woodburning/Pyrography\nThe Fifth Step =\nSetting up =\nEvery kit should have at least wood-burning tips, a pyrography pen, and a Pyrography stand.", "599" ] ]

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[ [ "You might find this link useful. In AIT, when you try to \"estimate\" (we are talking about non computable values here, in the general case ) the complexity of a finite string, those constants (related to the programming language) matter. Only in the asymptotic limit the original theory makes sense. The second point is that you are talking about a scientific theory (physics), so the guiding principles ( for example the mathematical framework , Lagrangian, Hamiltonian formalism, min action principle , etc) are part of the \"programming language\", you need more than just the computation of a <PERSON> machine (in the definitions, though Turing machines might be enough to define some principles). That one line of compact mathematical notation representing the standard model is based on such principles, and some of them are metatheoretical. Anyway, if you study <PERSON>' s work in greater depth, you might find some answers.\nA more interesting problem to think about (I think ) is this. Maybe the Lagrangian/Hamiltonian/min action mathematical framework represents just one \"programming language\".", "915" ], [ "Maybe there are others, even more powerful out there. This problem allows a multitude of perspectives, this is just one of them.\nYou can also consider a more simplistic approach, discarding any metatheoretical arguments and complex analogies. <PERSON>'s sixth problem (1900) deals with the axiomatization of physics. Depending on the nature of the axioms, you could have in principle a Turing machine encoding these axioms (if ever found). Then you could define the complexity of the scientific domain under consideration (in this case physics) as the length of a binary string encoding the inner workings of this Turing machine. A similar approach has been considered for mathematics (automatization of the process of mathematical discovery), but <PERSON> incompleteness results showed the serious limitations of this process (well, there's a lot to be said here, and there might be ways to deal with these limitations, but there is no room here for that discussion). A similar phenomenon might appear as related to physics, and there are scientists who consider a full axiomatization of physics impossible.\nAs for the standard model, I would dare to guess that a few million bits of information should be sufficient, as an upper bound. I might be exceeding a true, tighter upper bound by two orders of magnitude.", "484" ] ]

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[ [ "One Day\nBy the time it reached the final episode it became clear to me that this was a tv show (book) which had been written backwards. <PERSON> wanting to explore the relationship between memory and grief primarily, but unfortunately also wanting to use the death as a somewhat hacky twist bait and switch, which feels like manipulation designed to heighten emotion in an unearned way.\nAs a tv show I often found it very frustrating. The characters are not written beyond the confines of the episodes and often the places in which we find them each year seem very contrived. In converting everything to this episodic structure it is a lot easier to see these faults, whereas perhaps on the page or in a film there is more flow between the years, a chapter or a scene does not need to standalone as a piece of art, in the same way an episode of television does.\n<PERSON> is really fantastic throughout the series. From scene to scene she is finding interesting line readings and subtle gestures.", "80" ], [ "Elevating the material. She is always working to find the character despite the writing's occasional jumps leaving gaps in her development.\n<PERSON> has moments of brilliance. The final episode will probably make him a star. I found when he was without his co-star there was a lack of focus to his characterisation. He is a new star for a rogues gallery of sad boy actors, but unfortunately his sad character has fairly boring reasons for being sad for most of the series. It is really lazily written, and unfortunately I always felt like Woodall could not hold the weight of the bad writing in the same way <PERSON> could.", "132" ] ]

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[ [ "A rubber ball gets thrown horizontally from $H$ height find the horizontal distance of the ball till it hits the ground\nThere's a rubber ball that has mass $m$, it gets thrown horizontally (from $H>0$ height) with initial velocity of $\\vec V(0) = V_0 \\hat X$ ($\\hat X$ is the axis, meaning horizontal) in addition to the gravity, there's wind resistance given by $\\vec f(\\vec V)=-b \\cdot \\vec V$ 1) find the horizontal and vertical velocity equations 2) find the horizontal distance of the ball till it hits the ground ( first time it hits the ground)\nMy try: for the horizontal axis $(\\hat X)$ according to <PERSON>'s second law of motion $\\sum F_x = m \\cdot a_x$ $\\to$ $-b \\cdot V_x=m \\cdot a_x$ $\\to$ $a_x= \\dot V_x= \\frac{-b \\cdot V_x}{m}$\nAnd for the vertical axis $(\\hat Y)$ $\\sum F_y = m \\cdot a_y$ $\\to$ $-b \\cdot V_y -m \\cdot g =m \\cdot a_y$ $\\to$ $a_y = \\dot V_y= \\frac{-b \\cdot V_y}{m} - g$\nthis is for the first part.\nMy try for the second part:\nSolve the $ODE$ for both horizontal and vertical in order to find the $V_y(t)$ and $V_x(t)$ $$\\dot V_y(t) = \\frac{-b \\cdot V_y}{m} - g $$ $\\to$ $$V_y(t) = A \\cdot e^{\\frac{-b}{m} \\cdot t}-\\frac{m \\cdot g}{b}$$\nthen we substitute $V_y(0)=A \\cdot 1 - \\frac{m \\cdot g} {b} = 0$ $\\to$ $A= \\frac {m\\cdot g} {b}$\nthen we substitute the $A$ we found $$V_y(t) = \\frac {m\\cdot g} {b} \\cdot e^{\\frac{-b}{m} \\cdot t}-\\frac{m \\cdot g}{b}$$\nnow we solve the $ODE$ for the horizontal axis $\\dot V_x= \\frac{-b \\cdot V_x}{m}$ $\\to$ $V_x(t) = A \\cdot e^{\\frac{-b}{m} \\cdot t}$ then we substitute $V_x(0)= V_{0_x}=A$ $\\to$ $V_x(t) = V_{0_x} \\cdot e^{\\frac{-b}{m} \\cdot t}$\nafter we found $V_x(t)$ and $V_y(t)$ what i tried to do is find the $y(t) = 0$ by doing an integral on $V_y(t)=V_y(0) + \\int_0^t V_y(t) dt$ (and the answer is $y(t)=H - \\frac {g \\cdot m} {b} \\cdot (\\frac {m}{b} \\cdot e^{\\frac {-b}{m} \\cdot t } +t)$ in order to find the time it did hit the ground and then use that time in the horizontal distance equation to find that distance when it first hit the ground\nbut I got stuck and I do not know if this way is even correct as I could not continue from here\nSorry if there are some translation mistakes to English hopefully it is still understandable", "512" ] ]

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[ [ "Guatemala: A Violin in Silence After Murder of Youth · Global Voices\nThe latest victims to violence in a situation that Amnesty International describes as “Millions of Guatemalans are now living under the threat of violence and poverty,” are a young violinist, <PERSON> and his two companions <PERSON> and <PERSON>. The murders took place in the outskirts of Guatemala City and their bodies were found in an area called La Quebradita of the village of Valle de la Cruz [es].\nPhoto by Midiman and used under a Creative Commons license\nBloggers are mourning the loss of <PERSON>, who was a member of the Symphonic Orchestra Conservatory, had been playing the violin for the 11 of his 18 years. The news hit <PERSON> of Una Hoja de Papel [es] especially close to home because <PERSON> was his sister's best friend as he writes in his post “The Orchestra Mourns a Violin, My Sister Mourns a Friend”:\nLa casa de estudios musicales de <PERSON> se llenó de familiares, conocidos, amigos y compañeros de Orquesta tras el funeral. Interprentando una melancólica pieza, prorrumpieron en llanto aquellos que con un rostro cansado de tan gran sollozo, frotaron sus arcos y soplaron con el alma una hermosa melodía proveniente más que de sus instrumentos, del corazón, dedicada a quien en vida fue un joven ejemplar.\nThe Music School which <PERSON> used to attend was crowded with family members, friends and their orchestra mates following the funeral.", "186" ], [ "They played a melancholic piece, and people started to weep with their faces reflecting their tearful suffering, they placed their fingers on the strings and played a beautiful melody, which did not come from the musical instruments, but from their hearts dedicated to an exemplary young man.\n<PERSON> [es] confesed that it was difficult to write about the topic, but it was also an obligation to say something for the memory of <PERSON> in the post “A Murdered Violin”:\nEscribo éstas lineas, que seguramente no leerán sus familiares, para expresar y lamentar que lo que ha sucedido. ¿qué esperanza podemos tener en un pais en donde se asesina a jovenes artistas? ¿que podemos hacer para consolar a la patria, a nuestra sociedad, a la orquesta del conservatorio? ¿acaso hay algo que podamos decir a su padre el Maestro <PERSON>, a su madre, a sus amigos y familia? Es vergonzoso, un joven que se dedica a tratar de ser diferente -todo artista lo es- ve truncada su vida por un asesino, mientras la mayoria lee la noticia y lamentablemente como es normal y usual, es simplemente una nota roja mas; y no es que la vida del joven <PERSON> sea mas valiosa que la de otro joven, ni mucho menos; pero sin duda su muerte debe ser el ejemplo mas claro de la estupidez humana en éste país en los últimos tiempos. El violín asesinado debe estar interpretando una sonata de dolor y de decepción, esa que todos escuchamos todos los días en este ingrato pais.\nI am writing this lines, which probably none of his family members will ever read, but I want to express and regret the situation. Is there still any hope for a country where young artists are murdered? What can we do to express our condolences to a nation, our society, to our National Orchestra? Is there any possible word to say to his father, to his mother, to friends and family? It is a real shame, a teenager that tries to be special – all artists are special – and their life is shattered by a murder, while the people read the news, and regrettably, it is the normal attitude of people, for them is just another violent piece of news. I am not saying that <PERSON>'s life is more valuable than the life of other young people, but I have no doubt that his murder is the clearest example of human stupidity of our country in our times.", "186" ] ]

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[ [ "Am I too late to vaccinate the cat?\nI found a kitten in trash dumpster 5 months ago, and I gave him some food and he started to follow me. He was very small and I didn’t want to leave him near that trash dumspter so I took him with me. He was covered with fleas and ticks so for next few days, I cleaned him and bathe him (thanks to youtube on how to bathe cats). But I was in no financial condition to provide him any vaccination. Infact, I have been hiding him from landlord becauce I can’t pay extra rent. I posted a post on facebook groups of my locality hoping someone could adopt him but I had no luck on that.", "176" ], [ "I have been skipping my lunch every other day so I can get cat food and litter sand. He has been strictly indoor for 5 months, with only one instance when he got out for few hours and then came back home.\nNow that I have been learning more about cats, I learned cats can have so many diseases and rabies was fatal. I have been bit by him many times and I dont know if he has rabies or not. Is it too late for him to get vaccination for rabies? And where can i find cheap vaccinations. I have saved $130 but last time I called a clinic, they said it would be $320 after everything. I am confused at this point. I dont want him or me to die of rabies but I also dont know how to get vaccinations.\nThanks for reading so long post.", "176" ] ]

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[ [ "As encouraged in the comments, I'm giving a more general answer regarding constraint violation or constraint propagation in search in the context of CSP solvers. In a sense, the theory of search in CSP/SAT majorizes other approaches. My answer deals with complete search methods, although hybrids exist (combine local search with inference).\nA constraint satisfaction problem (CSP) as a triple $\\langle X,D,C \\rangle$, where $X$ is a set of variable, $D$ a set of domains (one for each variable), and $C$ is a set of constraints that limit or specify allowable combinations of values. Solving CSP problems is obviously hard (SAT is a special case). Also, the obvious way of solving a problem is search. Search can be replaced or at least combined with a specific kind of inference called constraint propagation. For example, consider modeling a Sudoku puzzle as a CSP. After a variable has been assigned to some value (a number placed into a cell), we an call an algorithm, that propagates the consequences of that variable assignment. If we notice this leads to a non-solution, we undo that variable assignment, and try another one. Many different algorithms for propagation exist, such as Mackworth's AC-3. As is with the type of inference used, the variable and value selection heuristics all play a major role in the efficiency of the solver.\nA key aspect that was noticed early on was that effective heuristics were \"fail-first heuristics\". Whatever we choose (what variable to assign next, what value to assign to it), it should be most likely to fail soon, thereby pruning the search tree.\nA popular heuristic for choosing a variable is the minimum-remaining values (MRV) heuristic: pick the variable with the fewest legal values. This is a \"fail-first heuristic\" that was already proposed in 1965 by <PERSON> and <PERSON>. Much effort has since gone into understanding and enhancing this already powerful heuristic. It was noted that MRV only exploits information about the current state of the problem.", "399" ], [ "The heuristic can be made adaptive by exploiting the information about the previous states as well. The so called dom/wdeg heuristic proposed in 2004 is still widely considered to be the most effective general approach known. The idea is as follows:\n1. Associate each constraint with a weight, initially set to 1\n2. Everytime a constraint is responsible for a dead-end, its weight is incremented\n3. When choosing a variable, first choose the one with fewest legal values\n4. In case there are multiple choices, broke ties by dividing with the weighted degree, which is the sum of weights of the constraints involving the variable in question, and at least one other unassigned variable\nWhat good does this do? Well, the weight on the hard constraints increases as the search progresses. In other words, the search is being guided towards hard parts of the problem. Once again, obviously one is more likely to fail when faced with a hard problem, and here we again see the \"fail-first principle\" in work.\nBy the way, the dom/wdeg heuristic has been observed to have a nice synergy with specific random restart strategies in 2008 by <PERSON> [1]. <PERSON> observed the so-called geometric strategy was the most suited one, making the dom/wdeg even more powerful.\n[1] <PERSON>, <PERSON> (2008). A study of adaptive restarting strategies for solving constraint satisfaction problems. In Proc. 19th Irish Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Cognitive Science-AICS (Vol. 8, pp. 33-42).", "915" ] ]

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[ [ "Beau Is Afraid\nLoved the chaos and anxiousness of the first hour. The comedy that came with his living situation, the medication, and figuring out his trip to see his mother had me from the get-go. Moving into the strange suburban setting eventually introducing the forest play and its unique prop-set piece story telling was thrilling.", "700" ], [ "Loved the sense of development and exploration of themes it got into. The absurdity brought plenty of sprinkled mystery like plot points which kept me piecing things together and trying to figure out where <PERSON> was going. The final hour unfortunately had me feeling the runtime and things felt like they went from absurd and in control, to completely go off the rails.", "577" ] ]

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[ [ "<PERSON>\nMy thoughts primarily align with my original review, so I'll direct you there rather than scrape after a novel rephrasing, as it's one I find worth a smidge've pride. There is, however, one point of mine I wanna relitigate here, the statement running, \"We're off to the races, and won't make contact with more sensible reality for a good hour,\" with regards to <PERSON> devil popping from behind a parish in the second movement.\nWhile it's true the opening chapter's play at pure filmed lecture stylings with the direct source citations and the pointer tapping over medieval woodcarvings remains by the wayside in favor of vignettes depicting all-consuming witch hunts, midnight rides with the horned one, and hysterical outbreaks in secluded convents, I don't think my claim fair in view of the trials and persecutions which span chapters three through five. These are the meat of proof <PERSON> does not shift from academia to spookhouse tactics as simple means of shocking the audience or indulging a belief in witchcraft as undoubtedly real. Anything fantastical presented before the inquisitors is explicitly coerced under torture of physical and psychological natures alike, or else the spiteful curses of a long-wronged woman dragging those who denigrated her with false accusations down to this level.", "417" ], [ "The shots of witches smearing mixtures of piss and mud upon a victim's door, or dancing naked as they smooch Satan's ass in the pale moonlight, they're filmed with as much grungy veracity as their counterparts in chapter two, but the context of edited storytelling matters a great deal, and <PERSON> clearly means these delves into fantastical as tragic moments when the victimized break beneath the lash and rack, giving their tormentors precisely the proof they need to exercise injustices they meant to perpetrate no matter what. A full-throated confession from out the thumbscrews will prove the existence of witchcraft in this body just so well as demanding tears on command and declaring dry eyes a smoking gun, after all.\n'Tis a sobering demonstration of his thesis, that idea of superstition as the readiest expression and excuse for prejudice. Flying so far off the handle in visual depiction of the ghastliest practices, only to cast these shadows as concrete-solid for the power and justification they inspire in the minds of those entrenched and enabled by status to cast their own subtler, crueler spells. We've our feet firmly upon the ground during these wildest of fancies, for one cannot escape the roots nor reasons behind such beliefs in devilry and the inherent purity of the accuser's heart. Those weirdest and wooliest of conjurations exist near-always in service of minds which wish pain and suffering for the most mundane reasons; to fail at recognizing the relation is to fail at steeling ourselves against whatever weaknesses in our own belief systems might make us susceptible to such insidious, prosaic bewitching.", "285" ] ]

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[ [ "Energy absorbed by a system in isothermic process in which the phase changes from liquid to gas\nA system contains $x$ mole of material, with surface area $S$ is pressed by a mass $M_1$ (no fraction and no any other outer forces involves). Let $\\Delta H_{l\\rightarrow g}$ be the transition enthalpy from liquid to gas. The system is position in $(T,P_1)$ such that the material phase is liquid for those temperature and pressure values ($T$ and $P_1$). Now instantaneously the mass $M_1$ is decreased to to an unknown value which we denote $M_2$ so the pressure decreases.", "749" ], [ "In case that the temperature stays constant until the inner pressure is equal to the outer pressure $(T,P_2:=\\frac{M_2g}{S})$ system gets to back to equilibrium, and the material phase in $(T,P_2)$ is gas, I wish to calculate how much energy was absorbed by the system till it gets to pressure equilibrium $(T,P_2)$.\nIn the question is says that the volume of the liquid can be neglected when compared to gas' volume. And that the volume of the water is independent of the pressure.\nWhat I did so far:\nThe chemical equilibrium pressure (i.e the pressure in the phase transition point) can be calculated because the exercise gives the triple point $(T_\\triangle , P_\\triangle)$ so using the transition enthalpy constant and the constant $T$ of the process, one can calculate $(P_{l\\rightarrow g eq},T)$ (using Clausius–Clapeyron relation). And by $PV=nRT$ one may calculate $V_{eq} = \\frac{nRT}{P}$ the volume in the chemical equilibrium point. By the unstruction $V_{eq}$ is the total volume of the material (we neglect the liquid volume)\nWe know the starting inner pressure which is $\\frac{M1g}{S} [Pa] $ and by the given instruction the the pressure doesn't change the liquid volume we learn that until the phase transition point, the volume of of the system stays constant $V_{eq}$ which we calculated above.\nWhen the system gets to pressure equilibrium point $(T,P_2=\\frac{M_2g}{S})$ we don't know the volume or $P_2$ because $P_2$ is unknown how every we not that its larger then $V_{eq}$.\nI'm pretty much stuck here, I don't see how to translate this information to evaluate the amount of energy absorbed. It seems to me that maybe one more piece of information is needed, but the exercise doesn't give one.", "749" ] ]

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[ [ "La Jetée\nFilm is a beautiful coming together of literature, art, theater, and music. And La Jetee is a film that strips itself as a medium down to the bare bones. A series of still images, assisted only by narration and music, clocking in at only 28 minutes long, La Jetee is still somehow more beautiful, heartfelt, and just straight up better at storytelling than 90% of movies coming out today. The images that are locked in place melt away as our imaginations are asked to fill in the gaps.", "583" ], [ "The limitations bestowed on this film forces <PERSON> as a filmmaker to find new clever ways of storytelling, and in the process makes the message and impact astronomically stronger. That's what good filmmaking is.\nIt says that they time travel in this film, but it never ever feels that way. The melancholic music transports and dissolves us back in time into this dreamlike moment, but it never gives up its sense of it being a memory that we can never fully grasp. La Jetee feels like a dream we never want to wake up from, and when we do, we'll go right back to sleep hoping to go right back. If and whenever somebody invents time travel, i bet that they did it not to kill <PERSON>, or to stop the cause of deadly pandemic, but because they yearned for their own distant past memory.", "529" ] ]

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[ [ "The little-known beauty of rice sheaf artistry from India and Nepal · Global Voices\nA ‘jhutti’ made from rice sheaves. Photo by CK <PERSON>. Used with permission.\nRice has been a diet staple in Asian communities for centuries, so it is no surprise that this important food source has been a feature of artwork in the region. While some artists have sketched and painted this grain, other communities have continued the little-known, age-old practice of weaving rice sheaves into beautiful forms to decorate their homes.\nKathirkula\nIn the southern Indian state of Kerala, kathirkula – rice sheaves woven together into a bunch – is hung in houses and temples. It is believed to bring good health, wealth and prosperity to the home.\nView this post on Instagram\nŃĔĹĶÁŤĤĨŔ is the dried rice seed. Kathirkula (Bunch of Paddy) an ethnic image used for prosperity in homes. Kathirkula is a plaited bunch of paddy earheads shaped like a bouquet and is usually hung in the houses of Kerala. #kerala #my #home #traditon #nelkathir #kathirkula #paddy #rice #bunch #hanging #home #decor #gods_own_country #village #nikon #nikond90 #d90 #nikonphotography #insta #just_for_fun\nA post shared by <PERSON> (@jithinjacob2700) on Jul 29, 2016 at 9:01am PDT\nFacebook page, <PERSON> also writes about hanging sheaves of rice in Kerala, India:\n“Nelkathir” is a bunch of artistically plaited bouquet of rice seeds, usually hung in front of the entrances to old ancestral homes (Tharavadu) in Kerala.\nThis symbolizes prosperity in homes. It is linked to a traditional custom called “Illam Nira”-(House filling with Paddy). This ritual heralds the farming and harvesting in Kerala. […] This can also be seen in front of all temples in Kerala as a symbol of opulence.\nDeepthi Menon (RCP)\nA nostalgic symbol of a bygone era #Kathirkula .", "765" ], [ "pic.twitter.com/AMX6Gysqwp\n— <PERSON> (@DhanyaMN) November 14, 2013\nJhoti\nIn the eastern Indian state of Odisha, jhoti or chita – a traditional Odia art made from rice paste – is drawn on walls and floors during festive occasions. During Deepawali, the festival of lights, motifs of paddy stacks or rice sheaves are drawn. The Odia Language and Culture Department states:\nDuring this auspicious occasion, the mud walls and floors are decorated with murals in white rice paste or pithau. They are called jhoti or chita and are drawn not merely with the intention of decorating the house, but to establish a relationship between the mystical and the material, thus being highly symbolical and meaningful. […] For each occasion a specific motif is drawn on the floor or on the wall. For instance, in Lakshmipuja a stack of paddy or rice sheaves is drawn on the walls structured like a pyramid. […]\nJhutti\nWhile jhoti are drawn on walls in India, a jhutti is made of rice sheaves in southern plains of Nepal just like Kerala’s kathirkula, but shaped into more intricate forms. After harvesting rice, select rice sheaves are woven into jhuttis and hung high on the meh (the bamboo pole to which the oxen are tethered while threshing rice). The Tharu people are especially known for preparing jhuttis for each variety of rice they harvest.\nFrom left to right: kakahi – the comb, maur – the groom’s headdress, kauwa tholi – the crow’s beak and Patiya – the mat. Photo by <PERSON>. Used with permission.\nJhuttis are of different shapes and sizes. They are inspired by the nature and the things around like, kauwa tholi – the crow’s beak, patiya – the mat, kakahi – the comb, jhunjhuna – the baby’s toy, bena – the fan, bakhari – the granary, maur – the headdress of a groom, among others.\nThe belief is that, after the rice is harvested, there remains nothing for the birds to peck at.", "765" ] ]

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[ [ "Easter in Trinidad & Tobago looks (and tastes) like this · Global Voices\nView this post on Instagram\nA post shared by <PERSON> (@barefoot.wanderer868) on Apr 11, 2019 at 4:00am PDT\nThe Easter holidays fall smack dab in the middle of Trinidad and Tobago's dry season — which means that “staycationers” choose a lot of outdoor activities to pass the time. Here's a glimpse at some of them, as well as a few other celebrated traditions that define Easter in the twin-island nation.\nAdmiring the Poui trees\nThis is the time of year that the Tabebuia (or Poui, as it is locally known) goes into full bloom, dotting the hillsides and roadsides with blazing yellow flowers. One strain of Poui produces delicate pink flowers, reminiscent of Japan's cherry blossoms. No matter the colour, the sight of a Poui tree in full bloom is nothing short of breathtaking, and each year, social media users share their snaps on Facebook and Instagram.", "482" ], [ "It just wouldn't feel like Easter without that Poui perfection!\nView this post on Instagram\nA post shared by Trinidad & Tobago (IZATRINI) (@izatrini_com) on Mar 22, 2019 at 7:22am PDT\nView this post on Instagram\nA post shared by <PERSON> (@riaz_mohammed_) on Mar 23, 2019 at 6:21pm PDT\nEnjoying a snow cone\nIt's a delicious treat any time of year, but this brightly coloured combination of crushed ice, syrups of varying flavours and (quite often) condensed milk, seems extra refreshing around Easter time. Vendors frequent popular beaches and the Queen's Park Savannah (the capital's main green space) to attract potential customers.\nView this post on Instagram\nA post shared by InSeason Tours Ltd. (@inseason.tours) on Dec 20, 2018 at 8:51am PST\nView this post on Instagram\nA post shared by Natalake ???? (@iamnatalake) on Feb 15, 2019 at 9:33am PST\nFlying high\nAnother popular Easter tradition is kite-flying, with a contest held each year on Easter Sunday at the Queen's Park Savannah.\nView this post on Instagram\nA post shared by <PERSON> (@petal1hunned) on Feb 4, 2019 at 6:34pm PST\nEaster Sunday kite-flying contestants, Queen's Park Savannah, Trinidad. Photo by <PERSON>, CC BY-NC-SA 2.0.\nPlaying some cricket\nIt's also a common sight at this time of year to see cricket teams decked out in their “whites”, playing friendly matches in community sports grounds (and yes, at the Savannah).\nView this post on Instagram\nA post shared by <PERSON> (@leuenbergerchris) on Feb 14, 2019 at 5:06am PST\nMunching hot cross buns\nEaster wouldn't quite be Easter without the special treat of hot cross buns. As far as religious denominations go, Trinidad and Tobago's population is predominantly Christian, and the buns are traditionally eaten on Good Friday.\nView this post on Instagram\nA post shared by <PERSON> (@pechepatisserie) on Apr 11, 2019 at 8:27am PDT", "482" ] ]

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[ [ "It doesn't orbit us - it orbits the Sun, just like we do.\nHowever:\nbizarrely and amazingly, it \"stays with us\" ...\nit keeps position outside us - it takes JWT 365 days to go around, just as it takes us 365 days to go around.\nHow is this achieved?\nWe have an incredibly long piece of string attached to it.\nWe (the Earth) spin around just like on a playground ride. We hold on to the string, and the JWT goes around \"outside\" us, and stays in place.\nNah, no string but bizarrely gravity works exactly, precisely, like a string would - if you are at exactly the right distance.\nVarious interesting spacecraft hang out at this \"L2\" region. I have included an accurate drawing of our astounding GAIA spacecraft in the diagram.\nThe JWT is kind of the \"strongman\" of our space telescopes. The <PERSON> -quarterback type in high school. You know ... tallest, strongest, goes on to marry <PERSON>, etc. GAIA is kind of the \"class smartass and superbrain\" type. (Beyond all belief, GAIA is ...", "419" ], [ "mapping the milky way. No, really.)\nAll of this was invented by the French (this guy called Lagrange - the \"L\" in \"L2\"), so today naturally the French just assume that JWT, etc, are all, basically, French things - after all, they thought of it, someone else just did some welding.\nThe actual \"detailed\" manner in which GAIA for example flies is a Lissajous orbit. (Yup - another French guy!) Coincidentally Lissajous sounds a bit like \"lasso\", and on nice diagrams such as here you can see it looks like a lasso. Giddyup, space telescopes!\nNASA, err, France's blokes who worked this out:\nBonus factoid - you might be wondering why the effort to put it in this particular place. This was explained very nicely by @A.Leistra in a comment.\nHave a careful look at the diagram and put yourself in the place of the yellow JWT... Try it at different points around the diagram.\nNow - from any where on the circle, look towards the Earth and the Sun.\nNotice that ......... they are in the same place from your point of view.\nThe Sun & Earth are total troublemakers to space telescopes. Because they are always in exactly the same direction, the JWT can keep its back to them at all times, always. The JWT has one big shield, which will always shield both the Sun & Earth.\nHow clever are the French?", "758" ] ]

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[ [ "Split Operator 2D-->3D\nI am trying to modify my simulations on population dynamics using the split-operator method from 2D two-level real Hamiltonain $$H_{2D} =T(x,y)\\otimes1_2 +\\begin{pmatrix} -z & y\\ y & z\\ \\end{pmatrix},$$ to a complex 3D two level Hamiltonian $$H_{3D} =T(x,y,z)\\otimes1_2 + \\begin{pmatrix} -z & x+iy\\ x-iy & z\\ \\end{pmatrix}.$$ To simplify things for myself, I've thrown away the potential contributions and I am just focusing on the kinetic terms ensuring that norm/energy conservation is good. Loosely speaking, the split operator method follows as $$e^{-iH\\Delta t} \\approx e^{-iT\\Delta t}e^{-iV\\Delta t} +\\mathcal{O}(\\Delta t)^2$$ and for our case $e^{-iH\\Delta t} \\approx e^{-iT\\Delta t}$, with no error as it can be shown that $\\text{Error } =[T,V] = 0$. In the 2D case: ``` import numpy as np import scipy as sp import matplotlib.pyplot as plt import scipy.special as scl import numpy.matlib as mat import scipy.fftpack as fft from mpl_toolkits.mplot3d import Axes3D from matplotlib import cm from matplotlib.widgets import Slider, Button\nSplit-Operator\nConstants\nω = np.array([1,1]) #Frequency for each coordinate\ngs = np.array([0,0]) #Inital Wavepacket shifts\ng = 0.0825 # g-vector:(g_j-g_i)/2\nh = 0.0430\ns_y = 0# s_y vector (g_jy+g_iy)/2\ns_z = 0.125 # s_y vector (g_jz+g_iz)/2\nLocation of conical intersection: (0,0,0)--> you can translate to coordinates in article if desired\nIf you want to switch what surface WP is propagating on, change here\niS = 0 # Intial starting state\ny0c = gs[1]\nz0c = gs[0]\nintial Momenta\nkIz = 0\nkIy = 0\nSet up a grid #Lets see how this goes\nMy = 128*2\nMz = 128*2\nNumber of states\nN = 1\nNumber of time steps\nTsteps = 600\ndt = 0.005\nGrid Lengths\nLy = 10\nLz = 10\nLyT = Ly*2\nLzT = Lz*2\nGrid of M points\ny0 = np.linspace(-Ly,Ly,My)\nz0 = np.linspace(-Lz,Lz, Mz)\nParameters\nk0[1xM] = Grid of M momenta points from 0->L\nk0y = np.linspace(-Mynp.pi/LyT,Mynp.pi/LyT-2*np.pi/LyT,My)\nk0z = np.linspace(-Mznp.pi/LzT,Mznp.pi/LzT-2*np.pi/LzT,Mz)\nProperties\nPostion and momenta grids\ny0op = (np.tile(y0,(Mz,1))).T\nz0op = np.tile(z0,(My,1))\nk0yop = (np.tile(k0y,(My,1))).T\nk0zop = (np.tile(k0z,(Mz,1)))\nInital wavefunction: 2D gaussian\nψ_0 = np.zeros((N,MyMy),dtype = 'complex') σ_x = np.sqrt(2/ω[0]) σ_y = np.sqrt(2/ω[1]) σ_z = np.sqrt(2/ω[1]) temp = np.tile(np.exp(-((z0-z0c)/(σ_z))2)np.exp(1.jkIzz0),(My,1))\ntemp_y = np.tile(np.", "402" ] ]

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[ [ "Taiwanese Writer Finds Poetry in Laid-off Workers’ Railway Protest · Global Voices\nLaid-off factory workers facing a lawsuit from the Taiwanese government over “unpaid debt” protested February 5, 2013 [zh] by lying across the tracks at a Taipei train station, bring traffic to a standstill.\nThe group of workers, who lost their jobs 16 years ago when many factories fled Taiwan for China and other countries to cut labor costs, received money at the time from the government body in charge of protecting labour rights meant to help them get back on their feet. But last year, that government body, called the Council of Labour Affairs, decided to sue the victims, demanding that they return the so-called “loan”.\nImage from <PERSON>.\nNot so many people are sympathetic to the plight of these desperate workers. So, inspired by the latest protest, Taiwanese writer-animator ‘BoTh Ali Alone’ [zh] created an illustration to show his support for these victims of de-industrialization.\n<PERSON> illustration is accompanied by a poem titled “Lying on the Railway”, which he wrote to describe a demoralized world in which people view other people's misery without any sympathy:\n《臥軌》\nLying on the Railway\n有一座小島，人從出生就住在電車裡。\n居民的人生目標就是沿著軌道向前衝\n手持車票的居民\n從未見過外面的世界，\n因為車窗上都是螢幕\n播着美麗的風景\nThere is an island, where people live in the train since they were born.\nThe goal of their life is moving ahead along the railway.\nThey have the tickets for the train,\nbut they have never seen the world outside.\nAll the windows are covered by the monitors\nthat show all the beautiful scenery.\n別下車\n下車你就回不去了\n你會發現\n政府不停地建設鐵路\n電車能去任何地方\n卻讓整座島變得沒有任何值得去的地方\n除了一望無際的鐵路之外一片荒蕪\nDo not get off the train.\nIf you get off the train, there is no way to go back.\nYou will find that\nthe government keeps building railways,\nso the train can go everywhere,\nbut there is no place on the island worth going anymore,\nbecause there is nothing other than the railways.\n而買不起車票的人，\n住在鐵軌的夾縫中間求生存。\n被碾過的時候，\n車裡的人還會抱怨路途顛簸。\n— with 需要被支持的人.\nFor those who cannot afford the ticket,\nthey try to survive between the railways.\nWhen they are crushed by the train,\nthose on the train only complain about the jolt.\n–with those who need to be supported.", "368" ] ]

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[ [ "<PERSON>'s Revenge\nEarlier this afternoon a friend put me onto <PERSON> electronic poem Project for Tachistoscope [Bottomless Pit], which I found remarkably striking, putting esoteric evil geology and natural disaster in conversation with the language of advertising and the optical mechanics of projection (even though it’s a work built in Flash) in pretty intriguing ways that had me thinking about <PERSON>’s deeply menacing masterclass in hostile typography and its relationship to the home office, international terrorism and celluloid film mechanics. Revisited this film to find it even scarier than I remembered! My eyes hurt!", "475" ] ]

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[ [ "The STRI3 element is a shell element has 3 integration points according to the ABAQUS manual.\nForget 3D coordinates (global X,Y,Z) for the moment. Just think of the shell's local 2D coordinate system in x,y. Take the isoparametric representation of any triangle as having coordinates (0,0), (1,0) and (0,1) as shown below:\nThe integration points in ($\\xi$, $\\eta$) coordinates for this element are: $$A = (\\frac{1}{6}, \\frac{1}{6})$$ $$B = (\\frac{2}{3}, \\frac{1}{6})$$ $$C = (\\frac{1}{6}, \\frac{2}{3})$$\nIn your I-beam example you have provided it is probably fairly simple as they all look like right-triangles and match the same shape as isoparametric representation of the triangle. The integration points are 1/6 or 2/3 along the base/height depending on which integration point you're looking at.", "7" ], [ "So you probably wouldn't need to worry about shape functions.\nIf your triangles were not simple right-triangles and lied anywhere in space then you would need to do the following...\nWe can relate the ($\\xi$, $\\eta$) coordinate system to the ($x$, $y$) coordinate system with these shape functions: $$N_1 = 1 - \\xi -\\eta$$ $$N_2 = \\xi$$ $$N_3 = \\eta$$\nAt integration point A we have $\\xi = 1/6$ and $\\eta = 1/6$. Therefore: $$N_1 = 2/3$$ $$N_2 = 1/6$$ $$N_3 = 1/6$$\nSo if our triangle had ($x$, $y$) vertices of $(0,0)$, $(3,2)$ and $(1,3)$ then the coordinates of A are: $$ x_A = \\sum N_ix_i = N_1x_1 + N_2x_2 + N_3x_3 = \\frac{2}{3}(0) + \\frac{1}{6}(3) + \\frac{1}{6}(1) = \\frac{2}{3}$$ $$ y_A = \\sum N_iy_i = N_1y_1 + N_2y_2 + N_3y_3 = \\frac{2}{3}(0) + \\frac{1}{6}(2) + \\frac{1}{6}(3) = \\frac{5}{6}$$\nI have very cruedly drawn this example above and you can see that the point coordinates $(2/3,5/6)$ match the position for A in the diagram quite well.\nYou can repeat this for B and C. Then you would have the coordinates of A, B and C, which are the integration points in the shell's local coordinate system. Then you would have to use a transformation matrix based on the shell's vertices to convert those local x,y coordinates to the global 3D coordinate system in X,Y,Z.", "490" ] ]

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[ [ "What will be the consequences of opening secret-research facilities to public (e.g. Area 51)?\nIn this Earth-like world, governments of several countries have decided to allow tourists to visit most of their secret research facilities in a similar way to what happened in Jurassic Park.\nThis time the visitors will not have the chance to be eaten by researched subjects. They will have guided tours through the laboratories (no touch and no interference policy strictly enforced by transparisteel) and they will be able to watch live demonstrations of the technologies being developed.\nA few main reasons for the governments' decision were:\n1. direct funding from tourism;\n2.", "385" ], [ "increase awareness of technological advancements with the ultimate goal of allowing joint researches with public institutes;\n3. increase researchers and possible test subjects recruitment;\n4. allow the general public and military to (re)gain confidence in the governments that manage these research facilities.\nA few options have already been considered for the opening process:\n* send a few familiar/knowledgeable persons first and get their feedback (a.k.a. Jurassic Park style);\n* open them only to graduated scientific researchers;\n* entrance will only be given to those who scored over 70% on a specific psychological test.\nEven with precautions like these, how could the related governments manage most of the direct and indirect consequences of opening these facilities to public?\nTL;DR\nWhat would be the most effective approach of launching these research facilities as tourists attractions and their consequences?\nUpdate (2016-09-09)\nI am revamping the question due to some points that may not have been sufficiently cleared out:\n* I used the sci-fi word transparisteel since I am not familiar of one-sided transparent metals capable of blocking explosions and various kinds of waves and radiation (as a sci-fi space-ship supposedly does).\n* Any visitor would need to sign an agreement which discloses that the tour guide management or the facility itself will not be held liable in case of death or injury inside the facility (if anyone manages to blow up something, it's not the management's fault).\n* Most researchers will not be aware of visitors passing by through the tunnels.\n* The tunnels will only pass through non-critical research operations rooms.\n* The way the research is shown to the visitor does not provide a chance of the research itself to be copied or reverse-engineered or to identify the researchers working on them (e.g. this transparisteel manages to blur out anything that may identify someone, similarly to Google Maps face blur).\n* Visitors will not be able to leave the tour tunnels (there is literally no access to the facility rooms, even to tour guides).\n* Different tours will require different sets of access permissions from the visitor which may depend on, for example, psychological test results, education level or simple monetary contributions (expensive tickets).\n* The rooms will present things that have never been seen before by the public (if you are having a hard time figuring out what is going to be shown, you can think of a live presentation of <PERSON> unknown technology).\n* Some of the rooms may display actors testing and presenting a relatively safe technology (or open rooms outside the facility may be created in order to perform shows where safe, known but rare technology is demonstrated to an audience).", "89" ] ]

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[ [ "I tried to get a estimate for an upper-bound with currently deployed instruments. Assuming that, resolution-wise, the James Webb Space Telescope is the best telescope we have today, I looked into its FAQ at https://jwst.nasa.gov/content/about/faqs/faq.html#sharp to find its angular resolution:\nWhat is Webb's angular resolution, and how will its images compare to Hubble's? Will they be as beautiful?\nWebb's angular resolution, or sharpness of vision, will be the same as Hubble's, but in the near infrared. This means that Webb images will appear just as sharp as Hubble's do.\nWebb will have an angular resolution of somewhat better than 0.1 arc-seconds at a wavelength of 2 micrometers (one degree = 60 arc-minutes = 3600 arc-seconds). Seeing at a resolution of 0.1 arc-second means that Webb could see details the size of a US penny at a distance of about 24 miles (40 km), or a regulation soccer ball at a distance of 340 miles (550 km).\nNow imagine we can distribute stars at will around the celestial sphere.", "758" ], [ "The best distribution I can imagine, to fit the maximum number of stars while still keeping angular resolution, is to put them evenly spaced at the celestial equator, at 0.1 arc-second intervals. And then do the same for every parallel circle above and bellow, separated by 0.1 arc-seconds of celestial \"latitude\" (as the parallel circles shrink by cos(latitude angle), its necessary to adjust the number of stars accordingly). The following Pharo 10 code calculates approximately how many stars we could fit this way:\n| resolution starsAtEquator starsInHemisphere |\nTranscript clear.\nresolution := 0.1. \"Resolution in arc-seconds\"\nstarsAtEquator := 360 * 60 * 60 / resolution.\nstarsInHemisphere := ((0 to: starsAtEquator // 4) collect: [ :each |\n(each * Float pi / (starsAtEquator // 2)) cos\n* starsAtEquator round: 0 ]) sum.\nTranscript\nshow: 'Stars in whole celestial sphere: ';\nshow: 2 * starsInHemisphere\nThe result is about 5.35e13, or about 50 trillion objects individually resolvable, at <PERSON> resolution.\nCorrection: In the first version of this answer, I said that If it took only one second to reposition the telescope to look at a different point, it would take more than one and a half million years to cover the entire sky, assuming it would have to reposition at every point. But as pointed by @planetmaker, the field of view of the James Webb telescope is 3' x 3', so the time to cover the entire sky would be much lower.", "371" ] ]

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[ [ "How to indicate the topic has been changed without using words?\nI am writing an an article to share knowledge, not novel. Usually, when you change the current topic, at the beginning of the new paragraph you would like to use some transition words such as Addition, Next, etc. However, if you don't want to use those words, you need a stronger indicator to tell the readers that the topic has been changed. I think drop caps are the best for this, but I'm using a platform which only support trivial characters. You can say that I must stick to Notepad. Is there any efficient ways to not using transition words?\nRespond to <PERSON>: Thank you for taking time answering my question. To clarify, I'm not rebelling anything. I acknowledge that those rules will help me structuring the article a lot. I just want to be a little different to give the readers a new taste.\nI'm not prefer the horizontal rule, since it's like splitting my article into sections, which I don't intend it to be.", "213" ], [ "Saying the topic will be changed completely after I start a new paragraph is not exactly right. It's like listing the ideas with bullets, but instead one sentence per bullet, you have one paragraph per bullet. Each paragraph starts with a topic sentence.\nI do aware that I should use white space, I just don't know how to use it properly. When I write a story, I usually use lines with one dot only to sign the readers to take a breath, like this:\n.\nOr this, if I want to give them more room to breath:\n.\n.\n.\nBut I'm not writing a story, I'm writing an academic article.\nRespond to what: thank you for taking time answering me. Of courses the sections are related to each other. Let's take my SOP as an example. The purpose of SOP is to tell the professors that you have quality to their research (it's like the cover letters when you apply to a job). Here are three points I want to convey in my SOP:\n* I believe that I was born for scientific research.\n* I think I have been familiar to the scientific activities.\n* I want to shift the discipline to biology after spending 4 years in physics.\nThen I develop each point to a paragraph. Therefore, my whole SOP has this structure:\nI believe that I was born for scientific research...\nI think I have been familiar to the scientific activities...\nI want to shift the discipline to biology after spending 4 years in physics...\nI don't want to use the structure below, since it will fail to put the topic sentence to the beginning of the SOP, which I intend it to be:\nI believe that I was born for scientific research...\nSecondly, I think I have been familiar to the scientific activities...\nThirdly, I want to shift the discipline to biology after spending 4 years in physics...\nWithout a strong indicator, I think that this structure can confuse the readers a little bit since it change the point so quick. I understand that transition words are very strong, but I would like to find another method.", "487" ] ]

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[ [ "Sesame-Miso \"Nice Cream\" on Dacquoise\nIntroduction: Sesame-Miso \"Nice Cream\" on Dacquoise\nI don't know how to make ice cream, but I do know how to make \"nice cream\": It's frozen banana blended up. But I wanted something interesting, so I decided to make sesame miso nice cream. To top it off, I decided to put it between two sesame dacquoise cookies, and roll it in sesame seeds. Sesame makes everything good.\nSupplies\nIngredients you will need:\nNice cream\n* 1 banana (overripe)\n* 1 tablespoon tahini\n* 1 tablespoon milk\n* 1/2 teaspoon miso\nDacquoise\n* 1 1/2 tablespoon tahini\n* 1 egg white\n* 1/8 teaspoon cream of tartar\nFinish\n* 5 grams of sesame seeds\nTools you will need:\n* Mixing bowl\n* Hand mixer (or whisk)\n* Freezer container\n* Blender\n* Oven\n* Measuring spoon\n* Cooling rack\n* Baking sheet\n* Parchment paper\n* Spatula\n* Spoon\nStep 1: Nice Cream: Freeze Banana\nPeel an overripe banana and freeze it. Chopping it up before freezing may make the next step easier. I left it overnight in the freezer.\nStep 2: Nice Cream: Blend and Freeze\nBlend your frozen banana with the milk until slightly chunky, scraping down the sides once in a while. Then, add the miso and the tahini and blend until well incorporated and smooth. Then, put it inside a container and put it into the freezer.\nStep 3: Dacquoise: Whip Egg Whites\nIt's time to make the dacquoise.\nFirst, preheat the oven to 350 F. Then, separate the egg yolk from the egg white and put the white in the bowl. You can make something else with the yolk since we are not going to use it in this recipe. Add the cream of tartar and whisk until stiff peaks.", "567" ], [ "You can test if it's stiff by flipping it over your head.\nStep 4: Dacquoise: Fold in Tahini\nNow, normally people would fold in sifted almond flour, but I already had tahini so I decided to use this instead, and it seems to work.\nSo, gently fold in a third of the tahini into a small corner of the egg whites, then fold it with the rest. After that, you can add the rest of the tahini and fold until it is evenly distributed. Don't worry too much about it being deflated, it turned out well for me even if mine deflated.\nStep 5: Dacquoise: Place and Bake\nPut a piece of parchment on your baking sheet and spread the dacquoise mixture into a circle with a spoon. I made three since I wanted to use the third one for something else, but I think making two big ones will fit this size of ice cream sandwich as I had some leftovers.\nAnyways, bake it in the oven (which was preheated to 350 F) for 5-7 minutes or until browned. Once out of the oven, place it on a cooling rack to cool.\nStep 6: Sandwichify\n\"Sandwichify\" is probably not an actual word. But anyway, it is time to assemble our nice cream sandwich.\nPour out the sesame seeds. I used 10g, but I didn't end up using all of it. Take your completely cooled dacquoise and slather some of your (completely frozen) nice cream from the freezer, then roll the ice cream part in the sesame seeds. You might need to sprinkle the sesame seeds. It has to be frozen or else the filling will just melt (which is what happened to me). So, if you want, freeze it and then apply the sesame seeds. If it's not sticking, you can moisten the sides with a bit of water and they should stick better.\nQuickly put it in the freezer for a couple of hours until it is completely frozen again, and enjoy!", "567" ] ]

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[ [ "Leaked Documents Show That Ethiopia’s Ruling Elites Are Hiring Social Media Trolls (And Watching Porn) · Global Voices\nEPRDF rally in Addis Ababa in 2010. Photo by <PERSON>/BBC World Service via Flickr (CC BY-NC 2.0)\nOver the past two months, a series of leaked documents from Ethiopia’s powerful political elites have been circulating online.\nAmong other revelations, the leaks show that the Ethiopian government has been paying online commenters to influence social media conversations in the ruling party's favor. The documents include hundreds of pages of chat logs and email correspondence of Ethiopia’s top government officials, multiple government planning documents and top-secret meeting records.\nThe leaks have come at what may be a turning point in Ethiopia's recent political crisis. Since mid-2015, thousands across Ethiopia rose up, demanding more political freedoms and social equality and a stop to government land grabs in the Oromia region, which represents Ethiopia's largest ethnic group. The government response was brutal: Hundreds have been killed, thousands have been arrested, and critical voices — both on and offline — have been systematically silenced.\nAmong the recent leaks, which began to circulate on Facebook in November 2017, one of the most revealing documents is a list of individuals who appear to have been paid to promote the ruling coalition on social media. The list shows the names of the so-called “social media commentators” along with their job titles and a precise amount of money that they apparently received for their online postings. Most of the people listed are government employees.\nThe list corroborates previous evidence that the Ethiopian government has been hiring online commenters to promote its agenda and harass its opponents.\nOnline communities in Ethiopia have been calling these paid commenters “cocas”, a colloquialism in Amharic (the most widely spoken language in the country) that can be translated as “contemptible cadres.” In Amharic, this term typically refers to people who sell themselves for easy money. But in this case, most of the commenters listed in the leaked directory are already on the government payroll.\nWho is responsible for the leaks?\nThe origin of the leaks has been rumored and contested at several levels. The documents were originally sent to diaspora activists from the at least two Facebook accounts, both of which belong to government employees, in November 2017.\nThe first known leak, of the “coca” list, came from the Facebook account of <PERSON>, an employee of the communications affairs office of the Tigray state.", "960" ], [ "<PERSON> first denied sending the documents, claiming his account was hacked. But he then backtracked on this claim. It is now rumored that he has been dismissed from his job.\nSoon after the initial leak, more documents began arriving in the inboxes of diaspora activists, this time coming from the Facebook account of the Director of the Federal Communications Affairs office, <PERSON>. Shortly thereafter, <PERSON> began to publicly shame those government officials who are implicated in the leaks. On January 18, he denigrated Deputy PM <PERSON> in a public Facebook post.\nIt is unclear whether <PERSON> sent the documents himself have been hacked.\nSocial media ‘cocas’ push pro-government discourse\nThe revelations of political and state officials paying “cocas” to promote the ruling party agenda online correspond with a recent rise in polarization and hate speech on social media, alongside increased online persecution of independent journalists.\nThe leaked “coca” list reveals that at least thirteen commentators were each paid at least USD $300 (a large sum in Ethiopia, where average GDP per capita was USD $660 in 2016) for blog posts or Facebook messages that they wrote at the behest of the ruling coalition.\nList of paid internet commentators. Image widely circulating on Facebook\nAmong individuals named on the list are <PERSON> and <PERSON>, publishers of two Ethiopian internet news site HornAffairs and Awaramba Times respectively. The two journalists have long been accused of cheer-leading a pro-government information campaign especially during a heightened political tension.\nIn recent years, independent Ethiopian journalists reporting on government affairs, corruption and human rights have been arrested or exiled en masse. The resulting gap in news coverage has thus been filled by opposition activists and protesters who often work with diaspora-based media outlets to draw global attention to the brutal military crackdown on protesters that has killed more than 1200 people and has led to several mass arrests since mid-2015.\nOn the heels of the list came a separate leak of what appears to be a proposal to counter opposition groups using social media platforms. The Amharic-language document from the office of Ethiopia’s longtime governing coalition, the Ethiopian People’s Revolutionary Democratic Front’s (EPRDF), enumerates solutions and strategies to curtail the influence of online diaspora-based activists.", "960" ] ]

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[ [ "Master Sword Trinket Dish (Polymer Clay)\nIntroduction: Master Sword Trinket Dish (Polymer Clay)\nI've been seeing a lot of polymer clay trinket dishes lately on my Instagram feed and wanted to make my own. I happened to get a Hylian shield ring in a random cheap jewelry grab bag, and it was the main inspiration for this project. I also happened to be consuming a lot of miniature diorama content lately and wanted to make my own twist on it by turning miniatures into functional home-good items (a bit like a closet-cosplay to their hundreds-of-hours-thousands-of-dollars works of art).\nSupplies\nMaterials:\n* Polymer Clay (here I use Super Sculpey and Papas Clay in a blue and purple mix)\n* Bake and Bond (liquid polymer clay adhesive)\n* Acrylic Paint (in black, white, teal, metallic gold and silver, and various shades of gray and green)\n* Matte and Gloss varnishes (I used varathane water-based polyurethane, but you can check out The Blue Bottle Tree's guide for options if that is not accessible)\nOptional (if you want to add flowers)\n* White, Green, Yellow, and Teal Polymer Clay\n* Thin jewelry wire orflorist wire\n* Wire cutters/Pliers\n* Liquid polymer clay\n* Glow powder\n* Aqua/Teal pigment powder, iridescent shimmer pigment powder\n* (the liquid clay, glow powder, and pigment powders can be substituted with acrylic paint, which is probably more accessible)\nTools:\n* Needle Tool\n* Silicone shaping tool\n* Craft Knife\n* Paintbrush\n* Sponge\n* Cardstock and Paper to make templates\n* Oven\n* Electric sanding tool (such as a nail art file)\n* Modeling Clay (Optional.", "95" ], [ "This is used to make a mockup)\nStep 1: Before You Begin\n* Prepare your clay by conditioning it (knead it until it is soft and workable)\n* Create a mock-up to check that the sword is small enough to fit rings over.\nHere I use Sculpture Pro wax-based clay (similar to Monster Clay) for the mock-up because it is malleable yet stays firm and holds its shape so it can be picked up to test adding rings through it. From this, I would know what size to make a paper template for the Master Sword. Mine ended up being 2 cm across at the largest part of the hilt, and a bit over 0.5 cm for the majority of the rest of the sword).\nYou can also make your mock-up from cardstock to test if rings are able to fit past the sword guards.\nStep 2: Create Templates\n* For the trinket dish, cut out an equilateral triangle the size of how large you want the trinket dish to be from cardstock.\n* Create a template for a smaller equilateral triangle as the pedestal to hold the sword.\n* Trace an image of the Master Sword onto paper. I made mine by zooming in on an image of the sword to match the size of my mock-up on a tablet, then used the tablet as a light table to copy it onto paper.\nStep 3: Master Sword: Shaping\n* Roll out a thick sheet of blue-purple clay\n* Use the sword template to cut out the shape of the Master Sword\n* Thin out the edges of the blade by flattening them, trimming the excess clay back to the template's size\n* Round out the sides of the grip\nStep 4: Master Sword: Carving Details\n* Following a reference image, use the needle tool to indent the details of the sword.\n* Use the silicone sculpting tool to shape and deepen the details on the hilt\n* If there isn't enough clay to sculpt in some areas, add and blend small amounts of clay shaped similarly to the detail they are filling in (I did this by adding thin snakes of clay to the top parts of the wings on the guards, the details in the pommel, and the diamond shape on the hilt)\nOnce you are satisfied with this half of the sword, bake the clay following the directions of your clay packaging.", "987" ] ]

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[ [ "How to structure a device driver software?\nI'm asking here for both the scientific, programmatic, and structural format of a device driver. What does that mean? Basically, I'm not asking how to write a driver in general ... I'm asking how to structure one to behave as a software that can act as the \"middleware\" between higher-level code and the hardware itself. I've decided to embark on a journey of low-level computer programming (e.g. systems programming) to develop reusable software that can \"expose\" accessibility of hardware memory access by driver calls.\nI basically run a freelance group of a small programming team/company, and I've decided to take on development across various retro-gaming platforms from the ground up(those of which have decent documentation, or reverse engineering will endue). What I'm asking here is how would one envision the development or structure of a software that can act as a middleground between the applicable software program and the hardware itself; developmentally, structurally, and programmatically.", "373" ], [ "My choice of console was originally the Nintendo 64's GPU (which I have documentation for). The issue isn't with writing the code to access the GPU, it's with developing a reusable driver/graphics engine(I'm new to it).\nI would have asked this at Programmers.SE, but they reject these kind of questions since they're not about specific programming issues, but about careful design methodologies, modularity, and structuring.\nSo I'll ask again with hope to receive a somewhat explanatory answer on this process ... how do I go about the design methodology, structural format, or developmental logic to create a software that can be accessed by other software to enable device access modularly? In other words, how do I structure and design a driver (i.e. what procedure should I take in creating such software)?\nAgain, to clarify, I am not asking how to write a driver, but how to go about structuring the system, methodology, and behavior of a driver. Are there any specific ways of going about this that prove successful (e.g. certain data types to define behavior for accessibility, methods used in accessing parts of a driver independently, etc.)?", "373" ] ]

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[ [ "How to Make Regina King's Emmys Dress for Under $20\nIntroduction: How to Make Regina King's Emmys Dress for Under $20\nI've been wanting to recreate a red carpet look for a while now, and I had a blast tackling Regina King's gorgeous Emmys dress in this budget-friendly DIY project! Here's how I made Regina King's 2020 Emmys dress for less than $20 (and right in time for Halloween season). This is definitely a costume that will turn heads. Enjoy!\nFull video:\nSupplies\n* Graduation gown ($12.99 at my local Goodwill thrift store)\n* Craft rhinestones (from the 99cents Only Store)\n* Sewing machine\n* Fabric scissors\n* Sewing clips\n* Hot glue gun\n*Miaira is a participant in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program, an affiliate advertising program designed to provide a means for sites to earn advertising fees by advertising and linking to Amazon.com.\nStep 1: Cut Dress Pieces\nFirst, cut the sleeves and top from the graduation gown to create a strapless dress base. Then cut the bottom of the dress to create a high-low effect.\nNext, cut two long strips about 2 inches wide each from the excess fabric, but be sure to leave the sleeves in tact for the poof later. The strips will be attached to the sides of the dress to create a belt effect that will tie in the back and cinch the waist of the dress.\nStep 2: Assemble & Sew\nOnce your pieces are cut, assemble them into the dress form. I don't have a dress form so I did this while wearing the pieces. Then sew the pieces together.\nStep 3: Create the Poof\nOne of the most notable features of Regina's dress is the large fabric poof that seemingly floats near her shoulder. To create this, I sewed both sleeves together to create a large tube shape, then I stuffed it with plastic bags.", "316" ], [ "After that, I bent a wire hanger into a curved shape and inserted into the sleeves tube to help keep the curved form in place.\nIn hindsight, I probably would have used a piece of cardboard or poster board instead of the wire hanger to keep the poof in shape and upright.\nStep 4: Add Embellishments to Poof\nOnce the poof shape is created, hot glue the 99cents store rhinestones onto the fabric. For variety, I used different shapes to create the look of flowers with some of the jewels.\nStep 5: Attach Poof to Dress\nYou can either sew the poof onto the dress or hot glue it on (I used hot glue). As mentioned, I don't currently have a dress form so this part was easiest to do while wearing the dress to make sure everything was being attached in the right places.\nStep 6: Create Pillow Dress Effect\nTo create the puffy pillow effect of Regina's dress, I glued more plastic bags to the hemline of the dress in the front, tucking the fabric underneath the bags to make sure everything stayed in place.\nStep 7: Embellish the Dress\nLastly, glue the rhinestones onto the dress in a similar pattern as the poof for consistency. The bling really makes a huge difference!\nStep 8: All Done!\nThat's it! For under $20, I now have a beautiful replica of Regina King's stunning red carpet look for a teeny fraction of the cost. Upcycling doesn't get much more fun than this! Thank you so much for checking out this project. :)\nFollow me on Instagram for more DIY and design inspo! https://www.instagram.com/miairajennings/\nYouTube: https://www.youtube.com/miairajenningstv\nWebsite: http://miairajennings.com\nPinterest: https://www.pinterest.com/miairajennings/\nBusiness Inquiries: <EMAIL_ADDRESS><PERSON> Emmys Dress for Under $20\nIntroduction: How to Make <PERSON> Emmys Dress for Under $20\nI've been wanting to recreate a red carpet look for a while now, and I had a blast tackling <PERSON> gorgeous Emmys dress in this budget-friendly DIY project! Here's how I made <PERSON> 2020 Emmys dress for less than $20 (and right in time for Halloween season). This is definitely a costume that will turn heads. Enjoy!\nFull video:\nSupplies\n* Graduation gown ($12.", "748" ] ]

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[ [ "Please check out my other reviews at:\nhttp://www.boardgamegeek.com/geeklist/145695/item/3052753#it...\nConclusion:\nI am not a huge fan of Star Trek. I've never seen the show and I've only seen the new movies. Yet, the universe is very popular and it seems to be a very good show. I do like games with a known universe/property as it gives an easy reference point. This nails it with the theme. The game has so much theme and it comes shining through.\nThe ships look fantastic and really draw you into the game. It is fun to have all the ships from the shows bouncing around. In this game, it is the Federation, peace keepers, against the Klingons, warmongers. Both sides play differently and if you want to win you have to play to your strengths.\nDespite the cover of the box, this is not a combat heavy game. Instead, this is a game about exploration. The Klingons will want to fight much more than the Federation. Through out the game, you have missions you are trying to accomplish so it is not a last man standing sort of combat game.\nI like how the game plays differently for both sides. I like that it is not just about combat and rolling dice for results. The game has a lot of variety as the board is modular and different every time you set it up. The ships are different each game and there is a lot of different combinations. In addition, there are a ton of cards in the box and only a fraction are used in any single game.\nI can't explain how much I like this game. It doesn't fall into the same traps that a lot of two player games fall into (tug of war, etc). Instead, it provides a unique and fun atmosphere/game where you really feel like you are exploring the Star Trek Universe.\nKeeper.\nComponents:\nThe components are a mixed bag. There has been a lot of discussion about the components, but this is going to be just my opinion.\nI find some of the components to be very, very good. Others are dreadful.\nThe tiles that make up the modular board are paper thin. Possibly, the thinnest I've ever seen.", "304" ], [ "Paper thin. The art work on the tiles, the organization, the font are all great.\nThe cards, and there are a lot, are fine. I like the art work which is stills from the different shows.\nThe ships. The ships are the star of this show. There are so many ships from the shows. You get to mix and match which ones you use and it is so much fun. The \"hero clix\" ships are fantastic and I've had zero issues with them.\nThis is possibly the most polarizing components I've seen in any game. Some are top notch, others are bad for a print and play. I still recommend the game as you can work with what is in the box.\nRule Book:\nThe rule book is good, not great. You need to digest it before you get to the table. I wish the game had a player aid to use when playing and this is a huge miss.\nThe rules are longer than they need to be. This book needed an \"overview\" section of the rules and then a section that goes into more detail. This was missing and it was felt.\nOther than these few complaints, the rules are very good and you can be up and running after a single run through. There are some rules, like cloaking, that need a little more attention.\nFlow of the Game:\nI will not explain the rules of the game, instead I will attempt to explain the flow of the game.\nOn your turn, you will move around the galaxy. Each ship has a movement score. It is one movement point to move to an adjacent tile and all the tiles have a size on them (which represents how many movement points it requires to move through it).\nAdditionally, you can play command cards with can add crew to your ships or \"break the rules\" in general. This is not a new mechanic. If you use a card, you draw a card.\nYou can also take three actions. Actions can include: fighting enemy ships, scan nearby locations (peaking under a tile to see what is there), cloak your ships (two chits enter the board, one is a decoy), repair your ship, influence locations (build colonies, etc), complete missions.\nThese missions are the main way you score VP (10 VP wins the game). Some of these missions are secret and the majority are known by you and your opponent. As you accomplish these missions, you use an action to play the card or do a system check.\nAs a snapshot, you move around the board finding locations while accomplishing missions.", "629" ] ]

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[ [ "MQTT Swimming Pool Temperature Monitor\nIntroduction: MQTT Swimming Pool Temperature Monitor\nThis project is a companion to my other Home Automation projects Smart Data- Logging Geyser Controller and Multi-purpose-Room-Lighting and Appliance Controller .\nIt is a pool side mounted monitor that measures the pool water temperature, ambient air temperature and barometric pressure. It then displays the pool water temperature on a local LED bargraph and transmits via WiFi/MQTT to a home system - in my case a software upgraded MQTT compatible version of the Lighting Controller. although it is easy to integrate it into any MQTT compatible Home system.\nThis Instructable focusses on the Pool Monitor design and construction, the upgrade of the Controller (new firmware and addition of an OLED display) will be included in the original controller shortly.\nKey features include:\n* The absence of poolside mains electricity determines a 18650 battery power supply with an integrated 1W solar polar panel to maintain the battery charge, battery life is further optimised by the use of the ESP8266 \"Deep Sleep\" mode. In my system, the unit was able to run over our \"active swimming pool season\" (November through to April) without manual intervention of manual top up charge.\n* An optional local built in 8 LED bargraph displaying the pool temperature in 1 degree intervals.\n* MQTT data transmission via local WiFi connection to any compatible host system.\n* All programming is achieved over WiFi using the Monitor as an Access Point and internal Web Server configuration pages with all programmable parameters being stored in internal EEPROM.\n+ Time intervals between wake up and transmissions. 1 to 60 minute intervals.\n+ Configurable MQTT topic/message formats\no Individual message topics (E.g PoolTemp, AirTemp, BaroPress)\no Single compact topic (E.g. Pool Temp + Air Temp + Barometric pressure)\no Compatible with OLED display mounted on Multi-purpose-Room-Lighting and Appliance Controller (see title figure for example)\n* WiFi network SSID and password\n* Access Point SSID and password\n* LED bargraph control\n* Programable minimum temperature range (15 to 25'C)\n* Programmable permanently ON, permanently OFF, Only on during daylight hours\nAlthough I 3D printed my own enclosure / mounting arrangement and used a PCB board from a previous project, you can literally use what suits your personal preferences as nothing is critical or \"cast in stone\". The last section of this Instructable contains Gerber and STL Files for the PCB boards and ABS housing that I designed specifically for this project\nStep 1: Block Diagram and Discussion About the Choice of Components\nThe block diagram above highlights the main hardware modules of the Pool Monitor.\nProcessor\nThe ESP8266 used can be any of the ESP03/07/12 basic modules through to the more perfboard friendly NodeMCU and WEMOS modules.\nI used the ESP-12, If your pool is some distance from your WiFi router you may prefer the ESP-07 with an external antenna.", "382" ], [ "The NodeMCU/Wemos modules are very board friendly but will result in a slight increased power consumption due to their extra onboard voltage regulator and LEDS - this will affect the ability of the solar panel to daily keep the battery in charge and you may require a periodic manual charge using the USB port on the charger module.\nTemperature sensors - Fig. 2\nI have used the easily available and low cost metal tube + cable versions of the DS18B20 temperature sensors that come with around 1 metre of connecting cable as they are already robust and weatherproof. One using the full length of the cable for the pool water measurement and another with a shortened cable for the ambient air temperature.\nAir ambient sensor\nI have selected the excellent BME280 module to measure the ambient air humidity and barometric pressure. You may be wondering why I did not used the air temperature measurement function of this module.\nThe reason is simple - if, as I did in the original prototype use this function, you end up measuring the static air temperature INSIDE the housing which tends to read high due to internal self heating of the enclosure air space by the outside sun (it reads perfectly at night!). It was quickly realised that the air temperature sensor needed to be mounted outside of the enclosure but in the shade away from the direct sun light so I switched to a second DS18B20 and provided a small mounting point underneath the enclosure. The BME280 temp sensor although is still used as a diagnostic measurement for the in-enclosure temperature and can be monitored on the configuration server main page.\nLED bargraph - Fig. 1\nThe eight local high intensity LED outputs are driven by a PCF8574 IO expander chip which in turns drives each LED by a PNP 2N3906 transistor.", "832" ] ]

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[ [ "How to simulate a Discrete Event Simulation model with a real-time server?\nMy Problem is having to work with real-time server in a DES model. I have the following situation:\nI want to build a discrete event simulation model (Using event scheduling world view). However, this model needs to be connected to another real-time program.\nWithin this model, the event routines create next events based on the answer, that the model gets from a 3rd Party software. In better words, the model needs to make a TCP/IP connection to a server at the beginning and generate next events based on the answers which it receives from the other program.\nAs an example: The model executes event A and within its event routine code, there will be a TCP/IP call to a server which asks \"Should I generate the event B or C?\". Assume the answer from the server is B, an event of type B will be generated, and so on. Based on my knowledge, the simulation model has a virtual time, which it shifts to the next event time in the event list, upon executing the current event.\nNow imagine the following scenario:\nEvent A (event time: 11:00:00) & B (event time: 11:00:01) are on the event list. Event A gets to be executed first, virtual simulation time is now 11:00:00.", "478" ], [ "It makes a call to the server to find out which event to generate next. The Server takes 2 seconds to answer.\nHow should the virtual time of model be shifted?\n* If I consider that 2s delay and shift the virtual time to 11:00:02, the event B will be overpassed (See Edit). But the clock will be the same as it would be in a real-world system.\n* If I ignore this 2s response time, the model will shift the clock to 11:00:01 and execute event B, although the time in the real-world scenario is now 11:00:02. This means, the model does not behave similarly to the real-world.\nI was wondering if someone can guide me to the right direction? How should I deal with the real-time scheduling issue of the DES model? I tried searching online and in literature, but I found nothing which seems to be the solution to my problem. I would appreciate it if anyone can tell me where I can find some useful material on this matter.\nRegards\nEdit: By \"overpassed\" I meant the event will be skipped by the simulation model and not get executed because the simulation time will be set to 11:00:02 which is later than 11:00:01 (execution time of event B). In real world, System does event A and sends a request to server at 11:00:01 and while waiting for the server response for event A, goes on and executes event B on the next second. Later when the response for A is there, it will then decide which event to put on event list. Can't figure out how this \"waiting for response from server while executing the next event\" could be modelled.", "478" ] ]

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[ [ "<PERSON> and the Prisoner of Azkaban\nThis was my favorite <PERSON> film when I was younger and I don't think the others will beat it. I love the story. I love how this film is dark and spooky. Werewolves? Sign me up. There are a lot of creepy imagery.", "475" ], [ "<PERSON> does a solid job behind the camera. The cinematography is fantastic. <PERSON> score is phenomenal per usual. I'm a fan of <PERSON> and he's great in this film. <PERSON> is also a standout. I was excited to watch this again after so many years and it holds up beautifully.", "594" ] ]

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[ [ "To answer your question, I think it is important to understand what the foundation of your new world is. What <PERSON> said about rocks is fun and all, but this can only be believable in a world entirely different than our own. As an example, you could change the fundamental laws of the universe (electromagnetism, strong and weak nuclear forces, and gravity). Perhaps that would be too complex, but there needs to be a reasonable way that consumption of rocks could provide an adequate amount of energy, especially considering the fact that rocks don't contain a lot of readily accessible energy for other organic forms of life. Any way of harvesting that energy would likely release too much energy as a result.\nIs it important to you that the dragon eats something small? Is it important to you that you completely remove the normal circle of life that we are accustomed to? Can we not have a larger planet? This would make it easier to stay consistent with the rest of your world because you could take what we already know and just make the potential for everything to grow bigger because there are more resources. That may also necessitate that your characters (if any) would also be bigger, and be in a world with everything relatively bigger but not bigger relative to themselves. That may take away the appeal of larger creatures because their power is no longer relevant in a world of relatively more powerful creatures (everything is relative).", "693" ], [ "Maybe in order to maintain the majesty of large dragons you make it a world that visitors travel to, perhaps on accident. Then you could have this world of large creatures that remains impressive (this is sounding a little like <PERSON>, which may be a good thing?).\nNo matter what you choose, there needs to be consistency. If what the dragons consume is important, maybe build a new world around that. If something else is more important, build your world around that. State the assumptions of your world, and then we can productively and effectively design a solution that works in your world. If there is no consistency, nor struggle in the world or in its design, then it becomes boring. Ultimate power is not exciting (just ask <PERSON>, who seemed to intentionally develop an allergy to a shiny green rock).", "194" ] ]

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[ [ "Stain Your Wood Purple Using Red Cabbage\nIntroduction: Stain Your Wood Purple Using Red Cabbage\nDIY-ing and crafting is a great hobby and stress reliever for me, but I'm not set on one particular medium and tend to jump from woodworking to 3D printing to sewing an so on... It's all fun until you sit down and calculate how much money you actually spend on supplies that only get used once or twice. I have cans and jars filled with specialised varnishes, paints, waxes that are slowly drying out because I only needed a little bit for my project , but had to buy a quarter gallon. I like to experiment with home made concoctions whenever possible to cut the costs and possibly come up with new uses for certain products.\nMy newest project focused on home made wood stain, specifically purple dye I needed to stain a wooden chest. Before I used cabbage, I tried staining my wood with diluted food dye and acrylic paint, but final effect wasn't too impressive. Food dye was the worst, no matter what brand I used, I ended up with indigo instead of purple. Out of desperation, I decided to use red cabbage which, if you remember from chemistry lessons, has the ability to change colour. That turned out to be an additional bonus, because I was able to play with it and create different colours I might use in the future.\nSupplies\nYou will need:\n* Red cabbage\n* Juicer or food processor with a grating plate\n* Strainer / sieve\n* Cheese cloth\n* Disposable gloves\nCabbage is not a particularly juicy vegetable, but even without a juicer you will be able to squeeze 1/4 cup of raw juice from a small cabbage. 1/4 cup allowed me to cover about 6 sq. ft of wood (only one layer), so if you have a bigger project in mind, you will need a bigger cabbage.\nUse disposable gloves or even rubber kitchen gloves while working with cabbage. It will stain your hands.", "74" ], [ "It's relatively easy to clean the skin with a bit of soap and a brush, but that juice stains cuticles and gets under the nails, and is very difficult to wash off. I tried everything to clean my fingernails and nothing worked, so for two days my fingers looked like I just escaped the morgue.\nStep 1: Extract the Juice\n* Grate the cabbage in a food processor and transfer (few tablespoons at the time!) to a fine sieve.\n* Push the cabbage with the back of your spoon until there is no more juice left to extract and repeat that process with remaining cabbage.\n* You will be left with a foamy liquid and possibly few stray bits of cabbage. Run that liquid through a cheese cloth or a disposable kitchen towel to purify it.\n* Your cabbage juice is now pure and foam-free. Transfer into a jar and keep in the fridge until needed.\n* You can keep it in a fridge for a few days, but after that it will succumb to mould, so finish your project as soon as possible.\nRed cabbage is used to dye fabric and there are a lot of Instructables and YouTube videos that show you how to do it. Most of them recommend chopping the cabbage and boiling it until all colour leaches into the water. I don't recommend this method, unless you want your house to smell for days. Grating the cabbage and extracting raw juice is quicker, relatively smell-free and final product is more concentrated.\nStep 2: Painting\nUse a regular paintbrush to apply the liquid all over unvarnished wood or plywood. Leave it to dry naturally, don't wipe the excess off. It will be wet and nicely saturated at first, but as it dries, the colour will become more subdued. Second layer of juice, once dry, will give the wood more vibrant colour.\nIf you are not sure about the final result, test it on an offcut to determine how many layers will be needed and how saturated the colour will be once dry. Different woods produce different results and need different number of layers.\nYou can apply clear varnish once everything is dry completely (2-4hours).\nStep 3: Wood Filler?\nFor anyone interested in using the juice over wood filler- this is what happens. White filler turned grey and no matter how many layers of juice I painted over it, it wouldn't blend in.\nStep 4: Experimenting With PH and Different Colours\nYou can experiment with your cabbage juice by adding different quantities of acid (lemon juice/vinegar), which turns the cabbage juice pink-ish, or adding alkali (bicarb of soda/soap/bleach) which turns it blue-green.\nStep 5: Wet V Dry - Different Results\nYou can see from the pictures that wet and dry stripes look completely different.", "994" ] ]

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[ [ "Quick preface here: I love cyberpunk as a genre; furthermore, I love Android (as crazily crowded as it is with mechanics); for those of you familiar with the <PERSON> sketch (the only thing a guy wants more than sex is to be a part of a heist), the objective of the game was awesome; lastly, I think Dominion is a more than an alright game. That said, I was naturally stoked when I saw this pop on the radar. I was so excited, in fact, that I left work a little early, popped over to Compleat Strategist (my \"LGS,\" whatever the lingo is for your local gaming store), barely made it in the door, paid SRP with a smile, and dashed home to read the rules before my ladyfriend came home.\nUpon opening the box, I was more than happy with the slick-as-can-be production value FFG consistently delivers. The components looked fantastic; it was also nice for a change to open an FFG product not overly rife with components. It was easily discernible that this was going to be a quick game, which I was glad to add to my collection. Good short games are in... well, short supply, as far I am concerned. I sat down and read through the rules, no Herculean feat as they are a mere 12 pages (if you count the cover and back flap, which contains more credits than rules). A testimony to the game's negligible learning curve, as well as nicely written rules (in lieu of many a tragedy in this capacity), the accompanying booklet didn't have so much as a glossary--nor does it need one. So, at a glance, my thumbs were shooting straight up, opinion-wise. Then I played the game...\nPlease know that I did manage to get 5 games of Infiltration in this weekend (the most players being 4, to be objective). The first game, I was beyond excited. The rules were very easy to teach, and, the players present all were drumming their fingers on the table, ready for the heist to begin. We clambered through the facility, one of us pressing deep into the facility, ignoring the allure of data ripe for the picking; another player decided to butterfly net the goodies said player was leaving in his wake; I, on the other hand, did a little of both, managing to do some interfacing and tech lock picking.\nWe were lucky in that we rolled very low during the Security step, and, we never triggered a single alarm. I was holding 'Call for Backup,' so my plan was, hang back, and let the fellow who was darting into the guts of the facility get caught. The other player was dropping various obstacles for us.", "304" ], [ "He opted to collect the data on the first floor, as much as he could, and then he just left--which I found quite odd. I pressed a tad deeper, busting up more locks, offing some lab workers, with a decent pull of data; my plan was okay. Then I got wounded, after <PERSON> found not only the <PERSON> file (an alternate way out of the facility) BUT also a way out from the top floor. In the end, we all escaped, but the risky moves of the player who journeyed forth paid off nearly double.\nSo, sure, this sounds like a hoot. It was a first game, we all got a decent pull of items, we managed to try different strategies; on the whole, not a bad experience. No NPCs were or alarms were triggered. We all felt a bit unrequited, unsure if there was more to be offered. We shuffled up and played a second game, this time with a 4th player in the mix.\nThe second game wasn't much different. We triggered an alarm from the onset, but this really didn't change much. This time we all were rushing forward into the fray, some better than others. 2 of us had pretty lackluster cards, while the other 2 were gassed with jump packs, sledgehammers, and ways to chain a couple of cards for better efficiency. The game felt a little lopsided. We hit an NPC, but he didn't do much more than snatch up a leftover data file and haul tail out of the facility.\nThe scoring was much closer this game, but, still, not much excitement here. The variation in items and room effects was not enough to make the game feel different, or, for that matter, \"exciting.\"\nThe next two games were a bit more like the second game, also with 4 players. We managed to screw each other a few times, but, on the whole: shrug. Each and every single player had basically the same the thing to say: I wanna like this, but there's just not much to it.", "528" ] ]

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[ [ "....and her mouse never broke again.\nWe had a contract to supply 3 techs plus a supervisor onsite at the HQ of a large international corporation. I was one of the techs. It wasn't a bad gig, except for that one attorney who insisted we fix an HP LaserJet (this was before personal laser printers; pretty sure it was an LJ III) that had been dropped and had a bent everything. I turned him over to the supervisor, and that's pretty much that story, except for the part that no, we didn't fix that printer.\nI should also mention this supervisor was hired for this position, and as part of the deal to hire him he was being given formal CNE training. Ain't gonna lie: This rubbed us three techs, who were doing the training on our own, pretty bad, but he really wasn't a bad guy. It did take us a bit to warm up to him, and the story I'm about to tell helped.\nThis story involves a user who needed a new mouse about every five or six weeks. It would just stop working and of course she had no idea what was happening to it.", "107" ], [ "This was back in the mid-nineties, folks, and mice (mice with a ball and other moving parts and stuff) weren't as cheap as they are now.\nOne day I was helping a user near her, and every so often I'd hear a bang or thud or smash coming from Mouse Lady's desk. This was an open-floor plan department and I saw what was happening: Every so often she'd pick up the mouse and pound it on her pad. The look on my face must have said something because the person I was helping said, \"She does that all day.\"\nI went back to our little corner of HQ and was telling the guys about it, when the supervisor told us to let us know the next time she needs a new mouse--he'll take care of it.\nAnd he did. He took her a new mouse one day and returned with a disassembled mouse, saying something like we shouldn't be hearing from her in awhile. Of course, we asked what he did and he showed us.\nHe pointed at the logic board for the mouse and pointed at some random component, grinning. \"See the value on that impact capacitor?\" he told us. \"You only see something that high on something that had a couple of bricks dropped on it.\"\nI've been dying to try that on someone since, but alas. No one else is in the habit of slamming their mouse on their desk anymore.\n​", "107" ] ]

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[ [ "Understanding how quicksort operates\nI am having a hard time understanding the quick sort partition operation. I understand what partition is supposed to do, I just don't understand how partition does it. Specifically, I don't understand how the two subarrays (q-1, q+1) are constructed. I have looked at various other SE articles, such as:\n* https://cs.stackexchange.com/questions/81045/how-does-hoares-quicksort-work-even-if-the-final-position-of-the-pivot-after-p\n* https://cs.stackexchange.com/questions/1334/randomized-selection\nI understand the notion of:\n1. Select a pivot (typically the last item in the array, at least in simplified methods)\n2.", "318" ], [ "Create one subarray to the left of items smaller than the pivot\n3. Create one subarray to the right of items larger than the pivot\n4. Recursively call partition on each of the subarrays\nHowever, in the following example, is where I get lost\n8 1 9 3 5 7 6\nHere, 6 is my pivot\n7 is larger than 6, so my array now looks like:\n8 1 9 3 5 6 7\nHere is where I get lost. Does the rest of my sequencing look like:\n8 1 3 5 6 9 7\n1 3 5 6 8 9 7\nWhere:\n1 3 5 is my smaller array and\n8 9 7 is my larger array (where each then get partition recursively called?)\nI am most confused by the proper construction of the larger and smaller arrays and in which order to put the numbers in. Any help is appreciated. I am happy to edit my post for clarity if I am unclear.\nEDIT:\nI tried using some base code from this address, and edited it slightly to create more print statements, but still don't understand why it would sort to:\n1 3 5 6 9 7 8 and not 1 3 5 6 8 9 7 initially\nHere is the code:\nclass QuickSort\n{\n/* This function takes last element as pivot,\nplaces the pivot element at its correct\nposition in sorted array, and places all\nsmaller (smaller than pivot) to left of\npivot and all greater elements to right\nof pivot */\nint partition(int arr[], int low, int high)\n{\nint pivot = arr[high];\nint i = (low-1); // index of smaller element\nfor (int j=low; j<high; j++)\n{\n// If current element is smaller than or\n// equal to pivot\nif (arr[j] <= pivot)\n{\ni++;\n// swap arr[i] and arr[j]\nint temp = arr[i];\narr[i] = arr[j];\narr[j] = temp;\n}\n}\n// swap arr[i+1] and arr[high] (or pivot)\nint temp = arr[i+1];\narr[i+1] = arr[high];\narr[high] = temp;\nreturn i+1;\n}\n/* The main function that implements QuickSort()\narr[] --> Array to be sorted,\nlow --> Starting index,\nhigh --> Ending index */\nvoid sort(int arr[], int low, int high)\n{\nprintArray(arr);\nif (low < high)\n{\n/* pi is partitioning index, arr[pi] is\nnow at right place */\nint pi = partition(arr, low, high);\n// Recursively sort elements before\n// partition and after partition\nsort(arr, low, pi-1);\nsort(arr, pi+1, high);\n}\n}\n/* A utility function to print array of size n */\nstatic void printArray(int arr[])\n{\nint n = arr.length;\nfor (int i=0; i<n; ++i)\nSystem.out.print(arr[i]+\" \");\nSystem.out.println();\n}\n// Driver program\npublic static void main(String args[])\n{\nint arr[] = {8, 1, 9, 3, 5, 7, 6};\nint n = arr.length;\nQuickSort ob = new QuickSort();\nob.sort(arr, 0, n-1);\nSystem.out.println(\"sorted array\");\nprintArray(arr);\n}\n}\n/*This code is contributed by <PERSON> */", "318" ] ]

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[ [ "Django Unchained\n<PERSON> really doesn’t miss. Not only is he an exceptional director, but one of the greatest ever writers in cinema too.", "594" ], [ "I also love how he cameos small roles in a few of his films.\nDjango Unchained is a brilliant revenge story and presented to us in such captivating fashion, full of <PERSON> flair and easily up there with his best work. <PERSON> and <PERSON> were superb, but <PERSON> gave us some flawless acting, both this and Inglorious Basterds I’ve absolutely loved him in. The final act for me was just incredible - action packed, outrageous kills and seriously gory which is a given in any <PERSON> flick.", "549" ] ]

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[ [ "Ginkgopolis is <PERSON> fifth (I believe) game, following Royal Palace(2008), Carson City(2009), Troyes(2010), and Tournay(2011), along with a smattering of expansions for some of the above. This is the first of <PERSON>’s game I have played, and is currently ranked 325 in BGG (April 8th, 2013). Both Troyes and Carson city rank higher (39th and 167th respectively).\nI admit that I have not played Ginkgopolis exhaustively – as I only have 3 plays under my belt at the time of writing (one each at 5 players, 3 players, and 2 players). Despite this, I found myself enamored with the game, both its flaws and its successes, and spent considerable time thinking about it.\nReactions to Ginkgopolis seem a bit of a mixed bag. The primary criticisms of the game being lack of theme integration with the mechanics and the high level of apparent randomness and uncertainty in the game. I decided to write this review to explore these two criticisms and examine the overall gameplay dynamics at work. I will conclude with my thoughts on how Ginkgopolis “fits” into the overall gaming scene and why I think it will be a compelling but underappreciated game.\nRule Time!\nI am not one for doing exhaustive mechanics/rules overview, but for those not familiar with the game, here are the key bullet points on the rules and gameplay:\n(1) Players are (abstractly) building “up” and building “out” the city of Ginkgopolis to earn VPs (called “Success Points”, but I’ll call them VP’s in this article).\n(2) The gameplay revolves around card drafting (e.g. 7-Wonders style) from a hand of cards; to do one of 3 actions each round: (1) placing tiles to build out (urbanizing), (2) placing tiles to build up (construction) or (3) activating tiles/cards directly (exploiting).", "92" ], [ "The cards you select determines the location or existing tile where your new one will go, in the case of urbanizing or constructing respectively, or determines what existing tile is activated (exploiting).\n(3) “Building up” feeds the tableau building aspect of the game. When you build on a tile, you get to place that tiles card in front of you to derive a game-long benefit or end-game bonus scoring.\n(4) Tile placement and tableau building drives an engine-building system, netting players VP’s, resources, and tiles during the game for performing certain types actions.\n(5) Placing new tiles also drives a shared deck-building mechanic, where new cards are added (and subsequently removed) from the deck of cards as tiles are added to the city (and subsequently built on).\n(6) In addition to endgame bonuses from your tableau, VP’s are also earned based on players’ relative control over the city’s districts (i.e. area control).\n(7) The game ends when a player has placed all their resources or the stack of tiles is exhausted for the second time (the first time it is exhausted, players can turn tiles back into the stack for VP’s).\nClear as mud?\nThe promise...\nI will say this about the game’s mechanics; they are intricate. Yet when you boil it down, Ginkgopolis is not a complex game (there really aren’t many rules) – but the major mechanical elements (drafting, tile placement, deck building) all interconnect in such a way that it can be hard to describe and teach the game in a linear manner. The learning is certainty front loaded, and it often takes a few rounds for new players to get a sense of how all the pieces fit together. Once you “grok” the game, it comes together in a very elegant and fluid way.\nHowever, Ginkgopolis has the paradox of being both elegant and fiddly at the same time. The interaction between the mechanical elements of the game is very tight and is where the originality (and innovation) of the game resides. It IS elegant how you build cards to your tableau, covering the associated building tile, and then add a new card to deck based on the new tile you placed. It’s quite cool to see these different systems so well intertwined.\nYet the actual play experience is considerably more fiddly.", "349" ] ]

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[ [ "The Counselor\nNobody ever really talks about <PERSON> acting in this movie, probably because there isn't much to talk about. Where <PERSON>, <PERSON> and <PERSON> are all at minimum vivid–the beneficiaries of very careful styling and costume design—<PERSON> is vague, blurry, and out of focus even within the pitiless digital clarity of <PERSON> cinematography. He's playing a cipher so empty he doesn't even have a first name, much less the kind of inner life that would make his final recognition of his transgressions—and their tragic, lethal consequences—register on an emotional level.", "295" ], [ "But then for this cold stainless-steel bolito of a movie to work, at least in the way its supporters claim, the Counselor's ultimate despondency has to be more bleakly funny than anything else—the cartel-thriller equivalent of \"fuck around and find out.\" Sadly <PERSON>, for all his talents, is not the guy you go to for a precisely managed satirical tone, which is why, for all the compelling, heartfelt claims that this is some kind of stealth comic masterpiece, it's really only fitfully outrageous and entertaining, and otherwise dully beguiled by its own pretentiousness— the antipode of No Country For Old Men, which is so perfectly controlled it skirts (and of course transcends) monotony en route to feeling actually profound. I'm also not sure <PERSON>'s the guy you go to for world-weary cynicism about the inevitability of the profit motive, as he's such an unrepentant mercenary, and he's no better (or more thoughtful) than his spiritual inheritor <PERSON> when it comes to aestheticizing Mexico as a jaundiced abbatoir or lazily implicating the US of A in cycles of suffering. Throw another one on the pile (literally) the movie snickers, effectively emblematizing its own po-faced, disposable sadism.", "698" ] ]

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[ [ "Spider-Man 2\nYou can't outlive pioneer status\nWhy would <PERSON> be Spider-Man when being Spider-Man is destroying his life.\nHe wouldn't, and never wanted it\nWhy would anyone do anything that only brings them pain\n<PERSON>'s turmoil is so abundant that his dead Uncle's last meaningful words to him aren't enough.\nIt completely ruins him to do the only thing that will bring any form of hapiness into his heartbreakingly depressing and emotionaly complex life.\nHe loses all will\nThe hospital scene is more terrifying the longer I think about it.\nI will always stare in amazement watching <PERSON> give absolutely everything in the confession, and stopping the train.\nI will never not take it personal.\nI can never hold back tears.\nGot to make you mad not to know who you are.\nYour soul disappears.\nMaybe you're not supposed to be <PERSON> climbing those walls. That's why you keep falling.\n<PERSON>, all the times we've talked of honesty, fairness, justice, out of those times I counted on you to have the courage to take those dreams out into the world.\nI can't live your dreams anymore. I want a life of my own.\nIt is a movie so heavy.\nIt is the best Superhero movie.\nIt is so fucking dense.", "387" ] ]

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[ [ "Gauging fixing in the classical $U(1)$ gauge theory\nMy question concerns the gauge fixing in classical v.s. quantum $U(1)$ gauge theory. I will ask about the gauging fixing in quantum $U(1)$ gauge theory in a separated Phys-SE post.\nFor the classical $U(1)$ gauge theory,\nwe have the electric $\\vec E$ and magnetic $\\vec B$ written as the scalar $\\phi $ and vector $\\vec A$ potentials: $$ \\vec E = - \\vec \\nabla \\phi -\\frac{\\partial}{\\partial t} \\vec A. $$ $$ \\vec B = \\vec \\nabla \\times \\vec A. $$\nMy understanding about the gauge fixing for this gauge theory is that we can chose for example, $(\\phi, \\vec A)$ to give a set of $\\vec E$ and $\\vec B$ fields.\n1. But we can also shift to $$(\\phi, \\vec A) \\mapsto (\\phi + C_0, \\vec A + \\vec C)$$ where arbitrary choices of $(C_0, \\vec C)$ still give the same solutions of $\\vec E$ and $\\vec B$. So a certain but arbitrary choice of $(C_0, \\vec C)$ can be regarded as a way of gauge fixing? correct?\n2. Furthermore, we can also shift to $$(\\phi, \\vec A) \\mapsto (\\phi + \\phi_0, \\vec A + \\vec A')$$ such that the followings are satisfied: $$\n3.", "298" ], [ "\\vec \\nabla \\phi_0 -\\frac{\\partial}{\\partial t} \\vec A'=0 $$ $$ \\vec \\nabla \\times \\vec A'=0 $$ Then we have a choice of $(\\phi, \\vec A) \\mapsto (\\phi + \\phi_0, \\vec A + \\vec A')$ such that any choice is a way of gauge fixing? correct?\n4. In a classical differential equation, we have $$\n5. d * F = J $$ $$ dF=0 $$ so $F=dA$ with $ d * dA = J$ is a solution. Say $F=dA'$ with $ d * dA' = J$ is also a solution. And the gauge fixing implies a different solutions of $F=dA$ and $F=dA'$ where $A$ and $A'$ are both valid solutions. What are the differential equation constraints then? Is my understanding complete to include ONLY: $$\n6. d * d (A-A')=0 $$ or do we need more constraints to do gauge fixing?\nAm I correct to say that $A$ and $A'$ are in the same gauge profile thus should be regarded as the same gauge equivalent classes. Choose $A$ or choose $A'$ is simply a choice of gauge fixing?", "418" ] ]

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[ [ "How to Personalize a Utility Knife With Acid Etching\nIntroduction: How to Personalize a Utility Knife With Acid Etching\nI've been wanting to try this for quite awhile. I thought it would be a cool way to personalize a utility knife by etching it with nose cone art from a World War II era P40 airplane.\nSupplies\nUtility Knife\nBelt Sander\nSand Paper Various Grits\nSpray Paint\nFerric Chloride\nWater\nPlastic Container\nStyrofoam\nElectrical tape\nIce Pick or equivalent\nDrill Press or Drill\nCountersink Bit\n3/16\" drill bit\nStep 1:\nI bought a two pack of the classic Stanley 99 utility knife and disassembled one of the knives. One screw and it comes apart.\nStep 2:\nNext I sanded off the Stanley logo because it would have gotten in the way of the etching. I used a belt sander for this be careful don't sand too much because the aluminum is not very thick so you can burn right through it.\nStep 3:\nNext paint both the inside and outside of the shells with black spray paint. Make sure you get good coverage because this will act as the resist to the acid bath so any exposed material will get etched by the acid.\nStep 4:\nNext I used an ice pick to scribe the image on to the front of the two shells. I drew guide lines on to the rest of the piece using a white map pencil because I want to add dots to simulate the rivets on a plan. But in reality I could have waited to draw on the guide lines as I ended up having to redraw them anyways. If you make a mistake with the drawing you can use an acrylic paint pen to touch up any areas. Just go over the area with the pen let the paint dry and correct your mistake.\nStep 5:\nOnce I was happy with the design I used some electrical tape to attach the shells to some Styrofoam make sure to leave the design clear of any tape. The Styrofoam allows you to suspend the piece upside down in the acid bath which results in a better etch. I use Ferric Chloride mixed with water in a 1:1 ratio to make my etching solution.", "74" ], [ "I keep the etching solution stored in a plastic Tupperware tub.\n*The acid will not eat through the plastic or the Styrofoam.\nStep 6:\nI left them in the acid etch for 30 minutes which was probably too long, 15 minutes would have been plenty of time. Later you can see one of the shells where the acid ate right through the aluminum. I think this was also partly due to sanding off too much material. If I do this again I will definitely try to be more careful and leave it in the etch for a shorter time.\nWhen you remove the pieces from the etching solution make sure to rinse them off thoroughly in a bucket of water. I used a 5 gallon bucket of water mixed with baking soda to neutralize the acid. Then I dried off the pieces with paper towels.\nStep 7:\nAs I mentioned earlier I wanted to simulate the look of rivets so I used a countersink bit and my drill press to make a bunch of tiny indentations. I used the guide lines as reference lines for the \"rivets\". Once I was happy with the look I used some Acetone to remove all the spray paint from the outside.\nStep 8:\nAfter removing the paint I cleaned up the finish using some 400 grit sandpaper. I was going for more of a brushed aluminum look. I also spray painted one of the razor blades red just to mimic the look of the red nose cones on P40s. There were a couple of spots near the top where the metal had thinned out so I decided to drill three 3/16\" holes to help hide the damage which I feel added to the finished knife.\nOverall I am really happy with how this turned out. The etch is pretty deep and turned out pretty good despite my poor artistic skills.\nThis was a fun and easy project and I could see how this could be personalized in tons of different ways especially for the artistically inclined.\nThanks for reading and I hope you enjoyed this Instructable.", "626" ] ]

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[ [ "Keras Error: An operation has `None` for gradient\nLets assume, that you want to build a GAN in keras. The generator transforms an image from domain A to domain B. Normally the image B is now passed into a discriminator, to get a feedback for the generator for example like : (yeah your generated image B (lets call it B`) is nearly as good as the real B).\nLets assume that we want to distinguish spartial information because domain A and B are just too different there, and the discriminator can easy find patterns in this spartial domain.", "338" ], [ "So he should just use Histogramm data (HSV, or texture information like LBP) to differ between B and B´.\nThe problem now is, that you have to use custom-keras-layers to transform the B´ images from RGB to HSV, and extract texture like LBP, before passing the images into the discriminator. This custom layer has no weigths obviously because its basicly only counting and reshaping (besides the HSV-transformation).\nBut Keras has its problems with layers without weigths, after using the generator. Somehow the graph cannot be build correctly, and some gradients cant be found. Any ideas why, and how i could fix this error ?\nCustom layer\nfrom keras import backend as K\nfrom keras.layers import Layer\nclass Identity_Loss(Layer):\ndef call(self, x):\nassert isinstance(x, list)\ninput_1,input_2=x\n# Transform BGR to RGB and than to HSV\nchannels = tf.unstack (input_1, axis=-1)\nRGB = tf.stack ([channels[2], channels[1], channels[0]], axis=-1)\nRGB=tf.cast(tf.multiply(tf.truediv(tf.add(RGB,1.0),2.0),255.0),dtype=tf.int32)\nRGB=tf.cast(RGB,dtype=tf.float32)\nHSV=tf.image.rgb_to_hsv(RGB,name=None)\n############################################################\nSV=HSV[:,:,:,1:]\n############################################################\n# make mask binary and multiply with image\ny=tf.math.greater(input_2, 0)\ny=tf.cast(y, tf.float32, name=None)\nHSV_mask = tf.math.multiply(HSV, y)\n######## Count color occurences ###########################\nshape=tf.shape(HSV_mask)\nlength=shape[1]*shape[2]\n# transform\nHue=HSV_mask[:,:,:,:1]\nHue=tf.cast(tf.multiply(Hue,255.0),dtype=tf.int32)\nHue2 = tf.reshape(Hue, [length])\n# prevent that the shape changes\nfiller=tf.range(0,length, 1,dtype=tf.int32)\nfiller = tf.reshape(filler, [length])\nHue3 = tf.stack([Hue2,filler],axis=-1)\nHue3 = tf.reshape(Hue3, [2*length])\n## Count Hue\ny1, idx1, count1 = tf.unique_with_counts(Hue3)\nmaximum=tf.cast(tf.math.reduce_max(count1[1:257]),dtype=tf.int32)\ndiff=tf.reshape(count1[1:257],(16,16))\ndiff=tf.expand_dims(diff, axis=-1)\ndiff=tf.expand_dims(diff, axis=0)\ndiff=tf.truediv(diff,maximum)\ndiff=tf.cast(diff,dtype=tf.", "338" ] ]

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[ [ "Gibbs sampling in R\nI have the following model:\n$y_{it}=\\alpha + x'{it}\\beta{i} + \\epsilon_{it}, \\text{ } i=1,2,...,N, \\text{ } t=1,2,...,T$ (1)\n$\\beta_{i}= z'{i}\\gamma+\\eta{i}$ (2)\nwith $\\epsilon_{it} \\sim N(0,\\sigma_{\\epsilon_{i}}^{2})$ and $\\eta_{i} \\sim N(0,\\sigma_{\\eta}^{2})$\nAlso i consider the following prior specifications:\n$p(\\beta,\\gamma) \\propto 1 \\ p(\\sigma_{\\epsilon_{i}}^{2}) \\propto \\sigma_{\\epsilon_{i}}^{-2} \\ p(\\sigma_{eta}^{2}) \\propto \\sigma_{\\eta}^{-2}$\nwhich has the following likelihood function:\n$p(Y|\\theta)=\\prod_{i=1}^{N}\\int_{\\beta_{i}} \\left( \\prod_{t=1}^{T}\\frac{1}{\\sigma_{\\epsilon_{i}}\\sqrt{2\\pi}}exp \\left( -\\frac{1}{2\\sigma_{\\epsilon_{i}}^{2}}(y_{it}-\\alpha-x'{it}\\beta{i})^{2}\\right) \\right) \\times \\frac{1}{\\sigma_{\\eta}\\sqrt{2\\pi}}exp \\left( -\\frac{1}{2{\\sigma_{\\eta}^{2}}}(\\beta_{i}-z'{i}\\gamma)^{2} \\right) d\\beta{i}$\nI would like to estimate the parameters $\\theta=(\\alpha,\\gamma,\\sigma_{\\epsilon_{i}}^{2},\\sigma_{\\eta}^{2})$. So $\\theta$ is the parameter vector. Only $\\beta_{i}$ is random. So I consider $\\beta_{i}$ as the latent variables.\nI would like to estimate these by using the following Gibbs sampling schema:\nsample $\\alpha$ given ${\\beta_{i}}{i=1}^{N},\\gamma,\\sigma{\\epsilon}^{2},\\sigma_{\\eta}^{2},Y$\nsample $\\gamma$ given ${\\beta_{i}}{i=1}^{N},\\alpha,\\sigma{\\epsilon}^{2},\\sigma_{\\eta}^{2},Y$\nsample $\\sigma_{\\epsilon}^{2}$ given ${\\beta_{i}}{i=1}^{N},\\gamma,\\alpha,\\sigma{\\eta}^{2},Y$\nsample $\\sigma_{\\eta}^{2}$ given ${\\beta_{i}}{i=1}^{N},\\gamma,\\alpha,\\sigma{\\epsilon}^{2},Y$\nsample ${\\beta_{i}}{i=1}^{N}$ given $\\gamma,\\alpha,\\sigma{\\epsilon}^{2},\\sigma_{\\eta}^{2},Y$\nI know that:\nTo sample $\\alpha$ I re-write (1) as $y_{it} - x'{it}\\beta{i}=\\alpha + \\epsilon_{it}$, so the full conditional distribution of $\\alpha$ is normal with mean $\\hat{\\alpha}=\\frac{1}{T\\times N} \\sum_{i=1}^{N}\\sum_{t=1}^{T} (y_{it} - x'{it}\\beta{i})$ and variance $\\frac{\\sigma_{\\epsilon}^{2}}{T \\times N}$.\nTo sample $\\sigma_{\\epsilon}^{2}$ I consider the regression model in (1) , hence it can be sampled from an inverted Gamma-2 distribution with parameter $ \\sum_{i=1}^{N}\\sum_{t=1}^{T} (y_{it} - \\alpha - x'{it}\\beta{i})^{2}$ with $N \\times T$ degrees of freedom.", "402" ] ]

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[ [ "Leaning and turning are independent in the case of an uncoordinated turn, but this only occurs during transitions in lean angle or perhaps a pothole dodge maneuver (described below). Uncoordinated turns are only temporary, eventually a bike will fall inwards or outwards in an uncoordinated turn.\nThe key point I'm making in my answer is that the linear component of this is the same regardless if the bike is falling or not. Centripetal acceleration is equal to the centripetal force exerted by the pavement on to the contact patches of the tires divided by the mass of bike and rider (force = mass x acceleration, so acceleration = force / mass), regardless if the bike is leaned properly or not (falling inwards or outwards).\nThe purpose of leaning properly is to keep the bike from falling inwards or outwards during a turn.\nIn a coordinated turn, the bike needs to lean inwards enough so that the outwards torque related to inwards centripetal force at the tire contact patches and the outwards reaction force at the center of mass is exactly countered by the inwards torque related to gravity pulling down at the center of mass and the pavement pushing up at the contact patches.\nIn an uncoordinated turn, such as dodging around a pot hole, a bike can be quickly turned to get the tires out from under the bike to go around the pothole, but the bike ends up leaning the \"wrong\" way, and this lean has to be corrected for after passing by the pothole.\nMore common cases of uncoordinated turns occur during transitions in lean angle during corner entry or corner exit.\nIn case the OP is asking how lean angle effects steering inputs, I'm adding this geometrical explanation in this part of my answer.\nIn a steady turn, the path of a bike is a circle, and the radius is from the path of bike to the center of the circle.", "544" ], [ "Ignoring factors such as tire deformation or slippage, the radius is a function of steering angle and lean angle.\nIn the imaginary case where a bike was vertical and not leaned, the center of the circle would be where the imaginary extension of the front and rear axles intercept. In the case where a bike is leaned over, the intercept point is below the pavement, and the center of the circle would be a point on the pavement directly above the intercept point below the pavement, and the circle and radius would be smaller. I'm thinking that the effect of lean angle probably multiplies what would be the \"vertical\" radius by the cosine of the lean angle. So if leaned at 45 degrees, the radius is cos(45) ~= 70.7% of the \"vertical\" lean angle radius.\nNote that this doesn't have anything to do with balancing of the bike, it's just the geometrical combined effect of steer and lean angles.", "544" ] ]

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[ [ "Make Your Own Square Kumihimo Disk From Foam Packaging\nIntroduction: Make Your Own Square Kumihimo Disk From Foam Packaging\nKumihimo is a Japanese art of braiding. You can buy foam disks round and square and learn to braid using them. Rather than buy a square disk used for flat braids you can easily make one from foam packaging. It may be slightly less sturdy than a bought one but is good enough to learn some basic braids.\nFor this instructable I'm using imperial measurements - inches (\"). Please scale and convert if you want to use metric (cm).\nSupplies\nFoam packaging (at least 6 inches x 6 inches), 1/2 inch thick\nRuler\nScissors\nCraft Knife\nPen\nPermanent marker pen\nStep 1: Cut Out Your Square\nMeasure out a 6 inch square on your foam packaging.\nCut our using a craft knife or scissors.\nStep 2: Mark the Edges\nMeasure in 1/4\" from the side of your square. Now measure in a further 1/2\" and make a mark.", "294" ], [ "Keep making marks every 1/2\"until you have 10 marks.\nRepeat this for all 4 sides of the square.\nStep 3: Lengthen Your Marks\nNow go round your square with a ruler and make each mark 1/2\" long\nStep 4: Cut Along Your Marks\nNow using scissors snip along each mark.\nStep 5: Label Your Square Kumihimo Disk\nNow using a permanent marker pen label your kumihimo square.\n1 to 10 along the top, 11 to 20 along the bottom.\nA to J down the left hand side, a to j down the right hand side.\nStep 6: Measure and Draw in the Centre Slot\nPlace your ruler along across the disk from E to e. Draw a line from 2 1/4\" to 3 3/4\"\nNow place your ruler across the disk from F to f. Draw a line from 2 1/4\" to 3 3/4\"\nPlace your ruler from top to bottom at 4 to 14. Draw a line to form the side of the rectangle.\nPlace your ruler from top to bottom 7 to 17. Draw a line to complete your rectangle.\nStep 7: Cut Out the Centre Slot\nNow using your craft knife, scissors and ruler, cut out the centre slot.\nStep 8: Ready to Use\nNow your square kumihimo disk is ready to use. Try it out with some ratttail satin.", "6" ] ]

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[ [ "Why closed bottle change its weight when I put effervescence tablet?\nI use several shape, several type of material (glass, metal, plastic), I use two different balances with 0.01g of accuracy. I put oil on gasket, and put upside down (like that I can see if water escape). But always it's the same result, when I put one, two or more effervescence tablets, the weight decrease:\none tablet => -0.03g\ntwo tablets => -0.06g\nthree tablets => -0.09g\nSure the difference is not big. But if I put an object without effervescence tablet, the weight is always the same (move sometimes +0.01 or -0.01g but never more). The time for decreasing is about 2 minutes so it's not enough for change something from temperature I think especially with glass container.\nSo, maybe someone has done this experimentation before and know where is my error ? Or maybe someone can test and try this experimentation ?\n<PERSON>: \"Recall that the air density is about 1.3 grams per cubic centimeters\", you're sure ? it's not 0.0013 ? Yes, I have the same values for glass (2 mm of thickness and one of 3 mm of glass) with a metal cover of 0.8 mm of metal. I done about more than 100 measures.", "1018" ], [ "After 2 minutes, the tablet is full dissolved in water and weight move very few after (-0.01g next 2 minutes) but never more.\nMaybe I found: when bubbles move up in water, they have gas in it (CO2), this gas move up with a speed, so there is a quantity of movement, the weight losses is the sum of mass of bubbles multiply by speed. Like quantity of movement is conserved, the weight don't change.\nIt's possible to use the formula of <PERSON>: force=2mv if top speed is 0.25 m/s the weight losses is 20.3/10000.25/10 = 0.015 g with 0.3 g of CO2, image show speed that I found on Internet. If it's that, the weight must change with a ball full of air (ping-pong ball) in water. But the CO2 in a tablet is very powerfull, 0.3g give 0.187 liter of CO2, even the ball move faster the volume is not great in a bottle. The ball must be down before close the container. And the gas must relax when the ball reached surface.\nIs it possible it is the rotation of Earth that change the pressure in water due to the centripetal forces ? This give -0.03N for each kg of water.\nGood day", "439" ] ]

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[ [ "This makes some sense. It would definitely kill people. However, the hurricane-force winds part is probably not realistic. A meteor impact that melts half the Earth won't just make air get flung into space: the air will become no longer exist as it dissociates into its constituent atoms, which probably means no vacuum. You can't just \"fling\" air. The rain part doesn't make sense to me, as it's likely that the ratio of water/air is the same (remember, the water vapor on the impact side was dissociated into O2 and H2). Additionally, an impact large enough to turn half the planet to lava would almost surely destroy the whole Earth.", "513" ], [ "The meteor would likely have mostly kinetic energy, and for enough kinetic energy to turn into thermal energy to actually melt half the Earth, the meteor would have to disobey the laws of physics (as a meteor with enough KE to do that would just shatter the Earth and fling the pieces a couple billion miles through the galaxy, instantly destroying the whole thing, and in that case likely won't melt half the Earth, since the Earth won't be able to stop it and turn enough of its KE into heat [Kinetic energy - heat occurs when something bumps into something else and slows down/stops via friction of the normal forces; such a massive/fast meteor wouldn't stop]). If half the Earth actually DID turn into lava, and half the atmosphere id disappear, the planet would become uninhabitable as not enough atmosphere and oxygen would remain to support life (the atmosphere shields us from the hazards of space). In addition, the Earth would probably collapse if half of it turned into a liquid (and likely settled into the core), as a hemisphere is not a viable planet shape. Finally, your \"impending doom\" is going to happen another way: even if the meteor wasn't big/fast enough to melt half the Earth, the shockwave from the impact would race around the Earth, killing everyone it hits as dust from the blast is flung into the air, obscuring the sun. This even happens FAAAAR before half the Earth melts from an impact (which would shatter the Earth anyway). I'd say that people would have time to leave Earth before the shockwave flattens them. A meteor that would do this would probably be about small continent size (Europe).\n(also pretty sure Richter 15 means the Earth explodes)\nP.S. if only a little bit of the Earth around the impact melts, lava falling from the sky seems possible and would be cool.", "208" ] ]

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[ [ "Holy Spider\nLike other taut psychological thrillers about serial killers, HOLY SPIDER (<PERSON>, 2022) delivers a gut-wrenching twist – that works NOT on plot level, not for what the killer did, but what he incited on people. Too bad it indulges too long on the killer's mind.", "269" ], [ "The problem with films that depict serial killers (especially inspired by true events) is that the story tends to humanize them, finding (or sometimes providing) motivation. HOLY SPIDER does exactly this; there's where it suddenly falls into an exploitative & misogynistic shaft.\nThe fact that it also follows a feminist protagonist gives a hint on what the film tries to actually do; but, in the end, her existence feels like a mere resonance of how the titular killer bizarrely polarized public opinions. (2/4)", "387" ] ]

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[ [ "Customers can’t find open register with the light on\nI’m helping my manager do things around the store, mainly packaways on register 2. I turn on the light for register 1 and leave our bell out. Then I put the “register closed” sign up on register 2 and start scanning the items.\nI suddenly hear a thunk. I look up to find a woman unloading her cart at register 2. I tell her, “Ma’am this register is closed.” And gesture to the closed sign. She asked, “Well which one is open then?” I pointed to register 1 and tell her I can check her out over there.\nI finish some of the packaways and decide while waiting on my manager to bring more I will do some go-backs. I come back up to the front to grab another basket of go-backs to see a man standing at register 3. He says he’s ready to check out.", "866" ], [ "I tell him that register is closed. Again, he asks which one does he need to go to. I tell him register 1. Before I go over there, I double checked that both registers 2 and 3 have their respective “register closed” sign. They do.\nYet again I step away from the registers and come back to find two women at register 3. I have to repeat myself and tell them register 3 is closed. They both start looking around like lost children and ask, “Well, then which one do we go to? Which one is open?” I tell them I can check them both out on register 1. Ya know, the one with the light on.\nWhat was it with these customers? Had they never been in a store with lights above the register? Can they not read a very clear sign that says “register closed”? Don’t they know the light being on means the register is open and if it’s off the register is closed?\nIt’s not that hard to look up!!", "866" ] ]

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[ [ "This will become a little off-topic, but the topic itself is, too.\nThe camera's focal length is 24mm, which I understand to be relatively similar to the human eye\nFocal length is only one of two parameters determining the field of view. In fact, for an object at given distance, it determines the size of its projection on a screen. For a simple, thin lens, sizes and distances (from the lens axis / lens) are given by\n$$\\frac{\\text{object size}}{\\text{object distance}}=\\tan\\alpha=\\frac{\\text{projection size}}{\\text{projection distance}}$$\nFor objects far, far away, one can approximate $\\text{projection distance}\\approx\\text{focal length}$.\nSo, the projection of the moon by a 24mm lens is just 0.22mm in diameter!\nThe second important parameter is the size of the image generating area. An expensive DSLR camera has an image sensor of 36x24mm, the cheaper ones (APS-C size sensor) 22x15mm, a mobile phone may be 5x4mm or smaller. Only on the phone sensor, the moon starts to become more than a small dot compared to the entire image, and due to all that megapixels, the image also has some details when zooming in.\nAlso the human eye has a high resolution, so you can see the details, but the brain also plays some tricks to let the moon appear larger than it is.\nOne can assume that the virtual image sensor of a 3D software also is in the order of 36mm, see next paragraph.", "586" ], [ "But the moon is not only tiny on the image, since a FullHD image has just 2 megapixels, there aren't even any details visible when zooming in.\nA 24mm lens on a 36x22mm sensor gives a horizontal field of view of 73°, which is about the value of the human eye, as stated in the comments. But this value does not only determine the field of view, it also determines how \"3D\" the image is. A photo taken from larger distance with high focal length appears flat compared to low distance and low focal length. And images taken at very low focal distance feel like taken by a mouse. Now, those guys using 55\" TVs as monitor on their desk would like to reduce the focal distance, because, well, they are like mice in front of that screen. So, this is the reason why many games allow to adjust this parameter.", "896" ] ]

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[ [ "<PERSON>, the creator of Batman, found inspiration in several sources, and it seems that he did not specifically set out to create a human, crime-fighting analogue to <PERSON>. However, one of his influences was <PERSON>.\n<PERSON>’s initial idea was a superhero with bird wings. From Batman: The Complete History by <PERSON>, page 18:\nWhen <PERSON> sat down at his drawing board in the Bronx, he immediately sketched in a figure similar to <PERSON>’s... Then he ... began experimenting with variations in the costume. He tried a pair of bird wings, perhaps inspired by an alien race in one of his favorite strips, <PERSON> <PERSON>.\nHawkmen from <PERSON>\n<PERSON>\nFrom Batman: The Complete History, page 144 (emphasis mine):\nThere has always been a subliminal association between vampires and <PERSON>; this was a hero who was designed to frighten his foes, and <PERSON> admitted that one of his inspirations was <PERSON> performance in the 1931 movie Dracula.\nThe Bat\nAlso, as <PERSON> points out in his answer, another inspiration for <PERSON> was the 1930 film The Bat Whispers.", "167" ], [ "That film is about a criminal called The Bat, who turns out to be an ordinary man, but the other characters in the story suspect at times that the <PERSON> is supernatural.\nI wasn’t able to find a copy of The Bat Whispers online, but it was based on a 1920 play, The Bat, which was novelized in 1926. The novelization makes no mention of vampires or <PERSON>, but the characters do suggest that the <PERSON> is supernatural. A batlike, supernatural enemy lurking in the dark is reminiscent of vampires in much the same way that <PERSON> is, but this isn’t a direct reference to vampires. It does fit in nicely with <PERSON>’s stated desire to terrify superstitious criminals, however.\n<PERSON> ornithopter\nAs mentioned in <PERSON> answer, another of <PERSON>’s inspirations was an ornithopter designed by <PERSON>. Someone flying this machine would be a sort of mechanical bat-man, with no particular association with vampires.\nFrom Batman: The Complete History, pages 18 and 20:\nFrom his boyhood reading, he [<PERSON>] recalled the ornithopter, a flying machine designed by <PERSON>. This device was essentially a glider, with wings built like those of a bat.\nPicture from Wikipedia\nOther influences\n<PERSON> answer and Batman: The Complete History mention other inspirations including Zorro, but the influences above were the closest batlike or vampiric influences I could find for Batman.", "167" ] ]

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[ [ "In general, time could be multidimensional. The reason we work with time being a positive real number (1D) is that we can easily observe (measure) changes of the \"magnitude of time\" (elapsed time). However, there are a many nuances to be considered:\n1. By itself in isolation, time is just a characteristic of events, e.g., order of occurrence, duration, etc. The concept of \"time\" can certainly be defined, tracked and interpreted in many different (mathematical, philosophical) ways. For instance, \"time\" can be mathematically defined in multiple dimensions, formulated as spanning the smallest complete field containing the real line where all polynomial equations of order \"n\" have precisely \"n\" solutions, i.e., the complex plane (complex time is referred to as \"kime\"). This is all mathematically well-posed, however, it may draw some criticism from experimental physics, as physical “reality” demands concrete “observable” evidence in support of the (higher dimensional time) math model.\n2. The utility, value, and universal relevance of time come from its tight integration with the spatial dimensions into \"<PERSON> spacetime\", a continuous universal model coupling 3D space and 1D time dimensions. The longitudinal order of events in the flat (Euclidean) 4D <PERSON> spacetime universe is represented by a continuous positive real number, we refer to as \"time\".\n3. One can of course, entangle the first two scenarios and consider the universe as a higher-dimensional (5D+) space with multi-dimensional time. The easiest approach for that is to introduce complex time (kime) that effectively and completely unifies the spatial and temporal dimensions, i.e., traversal, measurements, trajectory paths, etc. in space are naturally extended in their space-kime counterparts. Below are 3 examples that illustrate specific higher dimensional universal models that agree with the 4D <PERSON> spacetime observable universe. There are interesting ramifications of such dimensionality lifts of the classical 4D spacetime to higher-dimensional manifolds using multi-dimensional time.\n4. Spacekime theory proposed by University of Michigan researchers defined Spacekime as a 5D universe with 3 spatial and 2 complex-time (kime) dimensions. In this framework, longitudinal measurements (e.g., time-series) are represented as kime-surfaces where time is encoded as the magnitude of the radial displacement, and the second degree of freedom, kime-phase, represents the orientation of the event (cf.", "298" ], [ "mathematical parameterization of the complex time plane via polar coordinates).\n5. <PERSON> at the University of Southern California proposed a 2T theory, which utilizes an additional time dimension.\n6. Another Multi-institutional consortium proposed the 5D space-time-matter (5DSTM) theory to model the universe.\nLifting the dimensions of time results in some profound and about the universe and our interpretation of reality, truth, observations, space travel, and event causality. For instance:\n1. Ordered events like classical time-series curves morph into complex kimeseries surfaces where order is relative to parametric descriptions of simple paths/curves, see this animation. There are interesting applications of this generalization to scientific inference or process prediction, and longitudinal data analytics.\n2. Increasing the dimensional of time resolves many of the problems of time, like the “arrows of time paradoxes”. Time is actually not just uniformly and automatically marching forward. Our human frame of reference is inertially moving through the 5D+ universe. Time passage is observed as an incremental (time-dimensional) change in this motion. Time traversal is identical to spatial traversal from one location to another (on specific curves/paths). While it's practically impossible, having infinite energy and infinite information allows the theoretical reversal of this spacetime motion (e.g., travel exactly back in time) by applying the inertial motion/transformation in reverse.\n3. In higher time-dimensions, and under certain conditions, <PERSON> uncertainty principle does not apply. In other words, in 5D spacekime, one may observe simultaneously and with perfect accuracy both the position and momentum of a particle. The manifestation of the uncertainty principle in 4D spacetime is just due to the presence of a 1 degree of freedom when we project 5D spacekime down to the 4D <PERSON> spacetime. In other words, the observer reflection of uncertainty arises by the natural projection of 5D onto the 4D spacetime and is due to the unobserved complex-time (kime) phase direction.\n4. Theoretically, complex-time (kime) permits the existence of simple closed 2D kime curves (CKC).", "562" ] ]

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[ [ "I think the difference between the representation of the spin operator in the <PERSON> vs. the <PERSON> models is due to the fact that in the <PERSON> model, one tries to describe the situation of spin-1/2 fermions sitting in a lattice, whereas, in the <PERSON> model, the spins are distinguishable and hence have neither fermionic nor bosonic symmetry.", "469" ], [ "In general, the second-quantized representation of one-body operators follows the same structure for either fermions or bosons, e.g.,\n$O_1 = \\sum_{pq} \\langle p | o_1 | q \\rangle a_p^+ a_q,$\nwhere $|p\\rangle$ and $|q\\rangle$ represent the single-particle states with which we are describing the problem and $a_p^+ (a_p)$ is the creation (annihilation) operator that obeys either the fermionic or bosonic (anti)commutation relations.\nFor both the <PERSON> and <PERSON> models, the single-particle states are the spin-1/2 states, $|\\alpha\\rangle \\equiv |1/2,1/2\\rangle$ and $|\\beta\\rangle \\equiv |1/2,-1/2\\rangle$. If we follow the above recipe for calculating a one-body operator, we can evaluate the form of each component of $\\vec{S}$ using the usual raising and lowering operators $S_+$ and $S_-$.\n$S_{x} = \\langle \\alpha | s_x |\\alpha\\rangle a_\\alpha^+ a_\\alpha + \\langle \\alpha | s_x |\\beta\\rangle a_\\alpha^+ a_\\beta + \\langle \\beta | s_x |\\alpha\\rangle a_\\beta^+ a_\\alpha + \\langle \\beta | s_x |\\beta\\rangle a_\\beta^+ a_\\beta = \\frac{\\hbar}{2} a_\\alpha^+ a_\\beta + \\frac{\\hbar}{2} a_\\beta^+ a_\\alpha$\n$S_{y} = \\langle \\alpha | s_y |\\alpha\\rangle a_\\alpha^+ a_\\alpha + \\langle \\alpha | s_y |\\beta\\rangle a_\\alpha^+ a_\\beta + \\langle \\beta | s_y |\\alpha\\rangle a_\\beta^+ a_\\alpha + \\langle \\beta | s_y |\\beta\\rangle a_\\beta^+ a_\\beta = -i\\frac{\\hbar}{2} a_\\alpha^+ a_\\beta + i\\frac{\\hbar}{2} a_\\beta^+ a_\\alpha$\n$S_{z} = \\langle \\alpha | s_z |\\alpha\\rangle a_\\alpha^+ a_\\alpha + \\langle \\alpha | s_z |\\beta\\rangle a_\\alpha^+ a_\\beta + \\langle \\beta | s_z |\\alpha\\rangle a_\\beta^+ a_\\alpha + \\langle \\beta | s_z |\\beta\\rangle a_\\beta^+ a_\\beta = \\frac{\\hbar}{2} a_\\alpha^+ a_\\alpha - \\frac{\\hbar}{2} a_\\beta^+ a_\\beta$\nThe above expressions coincide with how it is usually written in terms of the Pauli spin matrices, namely, $\\vec{S} = \\frac{\\hbar}{2} a^+ \\vec{\\sigma} a$. In fact, in the <PERSON> model (and other fermionic/bosonic models), we likely would have other quantum numbers related to the particle's spatial wave function (such as momentum $\\vec{k}$ of a plane wave or an orbital label $p$), thus the more complete form of the spin operator for these situations would be $\\vec{S} = \\sum_{pq} \\delta_{pq} \\frac{\\hbar}{2} a_p^+ \\vec{\\sigma} a_q$, where the $\\delta_{pq}$ is explicitly included to show that the spin is diagonal in the spatial degrees of freedom.", "66" ] ]

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[ [ "Can black holes with the same mass evaporate with different speeds?\nI am curious about the following observations:\n(1) For a normal Schwarzschild black hole, it evaporates according to $dm/dt=-1/m^2$;\n(2) We have eternal black holes which do not evaporate (though only a thought extreme case);\n(3) Their difference is the microscopic state of the black hole(an eternal black hole is maximally entangled with another black hole in the sense that the density matrix of the black hole is I with a dimension of $2^{m^2}$).\nSo we have two extreme cases, either 'definitely evaporate following the fixed $m^3$ rule' or 'never evaporate' following '0 speed rule'.\nThen due to continuity, the real world should allow the intermediate case, that is, black holes that evaporates with a speed between $m^3$ rule and 0 speed, depending on how a black hole is entangled with another black hole. For example, may it be possible to add some mass to eternal black holes to trigger it's evaporation?\nIt seems that this goes to the ER=EPR idea.", "187" ], [ "According to <PERSON>, a single black hole has a 'bridge to nowhere' and it evaporates; for eternal black holes the double sided ER bridge between the maximally entangled black hole pairs has a maximal radius and they do not evaporate. Then how about the case where there is only a narrow ER bridge between two partially entangled black holes? Will they have different evaporation speeds depending on the ER bridge sizes?\nNote: A simple idea on why normal black hole evaporates is that, if the evolution of the black hole is unitary, then the entanglement between subparts of a black hole will increase with time till saturate, so the 'bridge to nowhere' attached to a normal black hole is not dense enough at the beginning period of the black hole formation procedure, like a leaky basket, this allows the possibility of black hole evaporation. But for the eternal black holes, the entanglement always saturates, so the bridge is always dense and the spacetime basket holds water, then the eternal black holes can not evaporate.\nBut if the black hole pairs are not initiated from 'maximally entangled' states but from a 'partially entangled' state, then the 'basket bottom' will be denser than normal black hole but sparser than the eternal black hole case, then will it evaporate with a different speed?", "43" ] ]

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[ [ "So how much has the exposure to light darkened the photographic plate? As much as expected for 301 ns or 33 ns ?\nFor 33 ns. That is the time that the clock inside the ship-muon indicates. We measure 301 ns of exposure, but a much shorter time was experienced by the moving photographic plate. This question is tricky also because the light will be red-shifted by <PERSON> effect, but lets forget about this detail.\nThese questions about \"what the other observer would observe that I observe\" are complicated. I suggest to follow the approach of the invariants: there are quantities that, measured by any observer, give the same result. One of them is the proper-distance between events. An event is any time and position (in this example, height) coordinate. There are only two important events in this problem: the muon enters the atmosphere at 15 km above the ground (lets called it $E_1$), and the muon reaching the ground ($E_2$). The specific coordinates given to the events depend on the observer. For example, for the muon, assuming that it sets its clock to zero when it enters the atmosphere:\n$E_1: (t,z)_M=(0 s,z_0)$\nIs $z_0=0$ for the muon? well, it could be $z_0=15$ km, or $z_0=100$ km, it really does not matter. What it matters is that for the event 2, for the muon:\n$E_2: (t,z)_M=(t_M,z_0)$,\nthat is, both events, for the muon, happen at its same spatial position. What about us from the ground? well, lets assume we set our clock to zero when the muon reach the top of the atmosphere (but it does not matter really):\n$E_1: (\\tau,\\zeta){\\rm Earth}=(0,15~{\\rm km}),\\quad E_2: (\\tau,\\zeta){\\rm Earth}=(\\tau_M,0~{\\rm km})$.\nI am using Greek letters for my coordinates.", "272" ], [ "Now, special relativity tells us that the proper distance between these events is the same as measured by any observer. The proper distance is the squared difference of the time (times $c^2$) minus the spatial distance squared. That is: $$c^2(t_M-0)^2-(z_0-z_0)^2=c^2(0-\\tau_M)^2-(15~{\\rm km}-0)^2\\tag{1}$$ And that's it. Forget about that one will be contracted measured by the other, and one time is dilated, etc...Lets divide Eq. (1) by $c^2\\tau_M^2$: $$ \\left(\\frac{t_M}{\\tau_M}\\right)^2=1-\\left(\\frac{15~{\\rm km}}{c\\tau_M}\\right)^2$$ but we know that $(15~{\\rm km}/\\tau_M)=0.994 c$, and therefore you have it, the time dilation. Since $\\tau'_M=301~{\\rm ns}$, therefore $t'_M=301~{\\rm ns}\\,\\sqrt{1-0.994^2}=33~{\\rm ns}$. I use a $'$ to denote the fact that we are not talking of the first event at 15 km from the ground, but from a much closer distance. The time dilation factor is the same.\nOk, lets solve the original problem that has three events:\n1. Muon enters the atmosphere at 15 km of height.\n2. The ray of light that the muon emitted toward the ground reaches the ground.\n3. The muon reaches the ground.\nAgain, latin letters for the muon coordinates and greek for the ground observer. For the first event: \\begin{align} E_1: &(0,0) \\quad\\text{ for the muon.}\\ &(0,15~{\\rm km}) \\quad\\text{ for the ground observer.} \\end{align}\nFor the second event: \\begin{align} E_1: &(t_2,z_2) \\quad\\text{ for the muon.}\\ &(15{\\rm km}/c,0) \\quad\\text{ for the ground observer.", "272" ] ]

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[ [ "That's a tricky one. <PERSON> was fanatical when it came to his hatred of dark wizards, but he does also strike me as someone who would try to make his students aware of the stakes, and make sure that they were prepared.\nI don't know about using the curses on students, but I could see him showing them the curses. That seems completely feasible. You have to remember, <PERSON> was supposed to be as convincing as possible, so it seems likely that even if the real <PERSON> wouldn't do that, his reputation and/or his personality made people who knew him believe he was capable of it. In fact, if <PERSON> had thought it would arouse suspicion by using the curses, he would never have used them.\nI could also see him comforting <PERSON>, and probably being even more of a mentor to him than the fake was. As an auror and a member of the Order of the Phoenix, <PERSON> would have felt a sense of camaraderie with the <PERSON> family (he even talks about them when showing <PERSON> the picture of the original Order). He might have even felt he owed them to teach <PERSON> to defend himself and that <PERSON> had a right to be able to take revenge. With his background, <PERSON> might have been one of the only people <PERSON> felt he could trust.\nHe might even have seen <PERSON> as someone who would hate dark wizards as much as <PERSON> himself, if not more, and could want to train him to be a sort of successor.\nTo be entirely fair, we like to make antagonists completely evil.", "773" ], [ "<PERSON> might have had a little good left in him when he took <PERSON> under his wing. <PERSON> hated death eaters who were never punished, and his father for not protecting him, but he had no real problem with <PERSON>. He might even have felt a little guilty about what he did to the <PERSON>, even if giving <PERSON> that book was intended to give <PERSON> a clue.\nHis devotion to <PERSON> may have been because of his long imprisonment in Azkaban, then at his father's hands. <PERSON> freed him from prison, but when he was sent to trial, he didn't show any of his later fanatic devotion, even denying that he had anything to do with the Death Eaters. It may simply have been loyalty. As for the <PERSON>, I always got the impression that it was a random senseless act of violence brought on by poor decisions by <PERSON> than a planned move directed by <PERSON>.\n<PERSON> praises <PERSON> several times, and he might actually have liked him as a person, as he never personally seemed to hold a grudge. He only wanted to kill <PERSON> out of his devotion to <PERSON>. It might be possible he genuinely enjoyed teaching and actually cared a little for his students, so long as they were not obstacles to his master.", "86" ] ]

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[ [ "Do some physicists believe that the universe is a three-dimensional space wrapped on a four-dimension doughnut?\nThe astrophysicists believe if this is true, the universe would be finite. The entire cosmos may be only three or four times larger than the limits of the observable universe, which is about 45 billion light-years away. If true, a doughnut-shaped universe also has the possibility of allowing a spaceship that goes in one direction to eventually return to where it started without turning around.\nThe shape of the universe is something that astronomers have been debating for decades. Some believe the universe is flat where parallel lines stay parallel forever. Others believe the universe is closed, being the parallel lines eventually intersect. Astronomers say the geometry of the universe dictates its fate.\nWhile open universes continue to expand forever, a closed universe eventually collapses in on itself. Observations focusing on cosmic microwave background, which is the flash of light released when the universe is only 380,000 years old, have established that our universe is flat and parallel lines will stay parallel forever with an ever-evolving universe.", "764" ], [ "However, there’s more to shape than geometry, and topology has to be considered. Topology allows shapes to change while maintaining the same geometric rules.\nAn example is a sheet of flat paper that has parallel lines that stay parallel. If you roll the paper into a cylinder, the parallel lines are still parallel. If you take that sheet of paper and connect the opposite ends while it’s rolled like a cylinder, you get the shape of a doughnut, which is still geometrically flat. The team believes the warping occurs beyond observational limits and will be very difficult to detect. The team was looking at perturbations, which describe bumps and wiggles in the cosmic microwave background radiation temperature. They believe there could be a maximum size to the perturbations that could reveal the universe’s topology. <PERSON> and his team emphasize their results are preliminary and note that instrument effects could explain some of their results.\nhttps://www.slashgear.com/astrophysicists-believe-the-universe-may-be-shaped-like-a-giant-3d-doughnut-20683133/\nDo some physicists believe that the universe is a three-dimensional space wrapped on a four-dimension doughnut? I was reading this article and was confused about the geometry being discussed, they say the universe is flat, not in the sense that it's two-dimensional, but in the sense that parallel lines remain parallel indefinitely, then they mention that it's wrapped on a doughnut, which is impossible unless they mean a four-dimensional doughnut which would allow parallel lines to join, is this what is being said here? A topological three-dimensional plane wrapped on a fourth-dimensional doughnut would retain its geometrical feature like a two-dimensional plane wrapped on a three-dimensional doughnut would.", "484" ] ]

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[ [ "Estrous Cycle\nIn the animal kingdom we have the \"estrous cycle\" (when females can get pregnant) and the \"rutting period\" (male mating season). So here's my thinking:\nElves are almost like 4 separate species, represented by 4 different estrous cycles. The \"species\" is revealed by the hair color. This fertility trait is a very dominant trait carried from the mother and coupled tightly with hair color. So blond elven women are only fertile during a time of the year that means they will always bear their children in summer, and their children will be blond and (if female) have the same estrous cycle as the mother.\nI kinda like this idea because I could see it developing as a form of population control. Elves are long lived, so birthing rates are a big deal and overpopulation could be a serious problem so nature's solution (perhaps aided by the elves themselves via some careful breeding over thousands of years) resulted in this pattern where only one-quarter of the female population is ever fertile all at once, and even then only during limited parts of the year. (e.g., assuming an earth-like cycle, summer babies are born in July, with a 9 month gestation period, meaning the blond women are only fertile in November.", "429" ], [ "That's it. Just November.)\nBeing fertile year round lead to overpopulation. Being fertile only part of the year makes things too brittle -- \"oh population is good now, no need for mating season this year. ... Oh no a disaster happened, we need to re-engage population growth but we have to wait a full year now\". Having 4 mating seasons with 25% of the women being fertile per season let the elves have good population control but also better flexibility than once a year.\nOr if you want it based off the men then do the same thing but, er, \"rutting period\", with the dominant gene coming from the men. But I think it makes way more sense to do an \"estrous cycle\" because while one man can make many females pregnant, this estrous cycles is a hard limit on population growth rates, so you have something that is (I think) genetically feasible and also has a bit of world building sense.", "429" ] ]

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[ [ "Sculpting a Tree Stump\nIntroduction: Sculpting a Tree Stump\nHey guys!\nIn this instructable, I will show you how to sculpt a tree stump with white cement.\nNOTE:- I have explained my Instructables with step by step images. if you are not understand my writing.\nI have also uploaded video of every steps.\nIf you liked this videos, please Like, Share, & Subscribe!\nSupplies\nStep 1: Items Need\nFor this project you will need:\n1. Cake base or circular wooden disk\n2. Thermocol Disposable Glass\n3. Large and Small Scissors\n4. Fevi Quick / Glue Gun\n5. Packing Box Piece\n6. Marker\n7. White Cement\nhttps://www.amazon.com/12-lbs-White-Portland-Cement/dp/B06X6DY3K7/ref=sr_1_3?keywords=white+cement&qid=1561487865&s=gateway&sr=8-3\n8. Plastic Vessel\n9. Craft Knife\nhttps://www.amazon.com/X-ACTO-2-Knife-Safety-Cap/dp/B000V1QV7O/ref=sr_1_6?keywords=craft+knife&qid=1554542049&s=gateway&sr=8-6\n10. Bradawl\nhttps://www.amazon.com/Square-Birdcage-Woodworking-Scratch-874710/dp/B00IXVQMPU/ref=sr_1_3?crid=1ZVQ1GVZFGX4G&keywords=bradawl&qid=1561487615&s=gateway&sprefix=bradwal%2Caps%2C407&sr=8-3\n11. Hand drill machine\nhttps://www.amazon.com/SPTA-AC110-230V-Electric-Engraving-Polishing/dp/B074SH6CQD/ref=sr_1_1_sspa?crid=R83PWRVROCLE&keywords=hand+drill+machine&qid=1561486751&s=gateway&sprefix=hand+drill+machine%2Caps%2C404&sr=8-1-spons&psc=1\n12. File\nhttps://www.amazon.com/Nicholson-06706N-Axe-File-8-Inch/dp/B006DWT7HG/ref=sr_1_3?keywords=file&qid=1561487499&s=gateway&sr=8-3\n13. Oil Color\n14. Paint Brush\n15.", "401" ], [ "Transparent Resin\nhttps://www.amazon.com/Epoxy-Resin-32-Tabletops-Coating/dp/B00U5BPTPU/ref=sr_1_50?crid=23Y6Z3QSNJB6Q&keywords=resin+kit&qid=1561488216&s=gateway&sprefix=resin+%2Caps%2C543&sr=8-50\nStep 1: Planning, Sketching and Drawing :-\n1.1. Open Google Image :- I have search images of tree stump from google image.\n1.2. Searching Tree Stump :-\n1.3. Open Image on Tabs :-\n1.4. Open New Folder :-\n1.5. Downloading Images :-\n1.6. Checking Images :-\n1.7. Sketching and Drawing (Image 01) :- I have sketching and drawing tree stump on paper.\n1.8. Sketching and Drawing (Image 02) :-\n1.9. Drawing completed :-\nStep 2: Starting the Project :-\n**First take cake base or circular wooden disk. Take two thermocol\nglasses. One glass is cut into center using small scissors and fit in another glass. Using fevi quick fixed it.\n** Take a piece of packing box, cut packing box piece into 12 cm X 6 cm. Remove upper layer of packing box piece and we get line pattern on cupboard piece (packing box). Join two side of cupboard piece[Note line pattern side of cupboard piece remain inside] and steler the joint.Now we get cylinder and fixed it into cake base using fevi Quick and Glue Gun.\n**Take joint glass piece and make cave shape hole using marker. Cave shape hole also holed by using nail or scissor to remove easily.\n2.1.", "981" ] ]

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[ [ "Here is a way to measure it using the person's moment of inertia. Also, compared to many of the other answers to this question, this method is not only feasible, but actually reasonably safe for the subject.\n1. Measure the mass $m$ of the person; the length $l_b$ and average cross-sectional width (from the front) $w_b$ of the person's body (excluding the head); and the length $l_h$ and average cross-sectional width $w_h$ of the head of the person whose head we wish to know the mass of.\n2. Obtain a rigid stretcher that includes restraint straps, like this one:\n3.", "675" ], [ "Securely mount the person whose head is to be measured onto the stretcher, using the included restraint straps, so that the 'front' of the person is facing upward.\n4. Measure the moment of inertia $I_{gross}$ of the person in the stretcher about an axis extending upward through their neckn.\n5. Measure the moment of inertia $I_{tare}$ of the stretcher (without the person in it) about the same axis.\nNow compute the net moment of inertia: $$I = I_{net} = I_{gross} - I_{tare}$$\nFor simplicity, I will model the head and body of the subject as if they were thin rectangular plates rotated about the axis at one end.\nLet $m_h$ be the mass of the head of the person, and $m_b$ be the mass of their body. We know, then that $m_h + m_b = m$, or in other words, that the masses of their head and body together add up to the mass of the entire person.\n$$I = \\frac{m_bh_b^2}{3} + \\frac{m_bw_b^2}{12} + \\frac{m_hl_h^2}{3} + \\frac{m_hw_h^2}{12}$$\nSolving this equation yields:\n$$m_h = \\frac{4 l_h^2 m+w_h^2 m+12 I}{4 h_b^2+w_b^2+4 l_h^2+w_h^2}$$\nGoing further:\nIf you wished, you could use a more accurate model of the person, resulting in a more complicated equation for their moment of inertia. Also, if one wished to obtain a more accurate measure, one could measure the person's moment of inertia about several different axes, in order to compensate for nonuniformities in the density of the body as a whole, rather than just differences in the density of the head and the rest of the body.", "15" ] ]

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[ [ "Need to finance a vet bill?\nHi everyone! I just wanted to pass this along. If you need to finance a vet procedure, please check out Scratchpay. I had to use this to finance a an emergency with one of my doggos.", "589" ], [ "The service directly pays your vet, and you make payments. It's very easy to apply and you get an answer quickly. I was very, very happy with the kind customer service, even though things went south for my pooch. :( I'll admit it was difficult to make the payments after his passing, but I was glad they were there.\n​", "961" ] ]

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[ [ "Turn Old Pocket TV Into Inspection Camera\nIntroduction: Turn Old Pocket TV Into Inspection Camera\nThis is an old pocket tv from the '90s. It's basically useless in its current state since it functions off analog signals that no longer exist. You can pick these up at yard sales or on eBay for almost nothing these days.\nSure you can buy an inspection camera, or you can build your own one of a kind version with a retro vibe.\nStep 1: Choose Your Tv\nHit up yard sales, eBay, or marketplace and pick up whatever suits your fancy. You will find they are plentiful and cheap on eBay.\nStep 2: Pick Up a Tiny Pinhole Camera\nYou will need a camera, a very tiny camera, I chose this pinhole camera because just like this tv, it is analog and can be had for just a few bucks.\nhttps://amzn.to/3kGW2e4\nHowever, this camera with IR built in is probably a better option.\nhttps://amzn.to/3kEK5G4\nStep 3: Make Your Cable\nThe problem we are going to face is this old Casio pocket tv used a proprietary plug for video input, you may be able to purchase a video plug like this somewhere, but in this tutorial we are going to make our own. We can accomplish this by using an old RCA video cable, and the jack off a pair of cheap earbuds.\nCut off the connector on one end of your RCA cable, and cut off the jack from the earbuds (leave an inch or two to work with). Inside the RCA cable you will find two wires, one yellow wire and one bare copper wire. Inside the earbud cable, you will find 3 wires, red, white, and a bare copper wire.", "30" ], [ "Solder your connections as seen above.\nStep 4: Power Your Camera\nOnce you’ve made your connections, use heat shrink or electrical tape to cover each connection and ensure there is no contact between them. These tiny cameras operate at 12v and they almost never come with the power supply. I used this universal power supply for this project.\nhttps://amzn.to/2DRLMPn\nI plan to use this inspection camera for engines, so it is important for this to be mobile. If I want to take this out into the middle of a field I need to be able to do that. So, I will get my power from this portable power bank, it has a standard 115v house plug and it’s capable of jump-starting a dead battery.\nhttps://amzn.to/2XUNvdW\nAlternatively, you could cut off the power connector to the camera and wire it to a small 12v battery like this.\nhttps://amzn.to/3kE3K8Z\nStep 5: Mount Your Camera\nThe final step to making this a cool retro style inspection camera is attaching the camera to the antenna. These pocket tv antennas are perfect for this project since the antenna extends roughly 2 feet. It also has a full range of motion so it allows for perfect 90-degree operation. You can attach the camera various ways to suit your particular needs, just make sure you put a layer of electrical tape on the end so no metal is contacting the PCB board of the tiny camera.\nNow throw it in your toolbox or bag, or keep it handy in your workshop! I hope you enjoyed this project as much as I did.\nVideo Tutorial:\nBlog write-up:\nhttps://technichenews.com/2020/08/12/make-an-inspe...", "713" ] ]

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[ [ "Bulgaria: CME Buys Bulgaria’s Most Watched TV Channel · Global Voices\nOn Feb. 18, 2010, bTV, one of the most popular TV channels in Bulgaria, got a new owner – Central European Media Enterprises. bTV is the first private national TV station in Bulgaria. bTV’s program was broadcast for the first time on June 1, 2000, thus breaking the monopoly of the public national TV station and changing entirely the media environment in Bulgaria.\nFor eight years, bTV firmly established itself as the most watched TV channel in Bulgaria, with nearly 37% share of all viewers and with leading positions on the advertising market. bTV has a 24-hour programming. It targets the family audience, offering a quality selection of movies, reality formats, talk shows and comedy programs.", "363" ], [ "The news and feature programs of bTV established themselves as the information leader with the highest rating of viewers’ trust.\nCentral European Media Enterprises, which has acquired bTV, is the leading television broadcaster in Central and Eastern Europe. The company was founded by <PERSON> in 1994 and together with its local partners it operates TV Nova, Nova Sport, Nova Cinema and MTV in the Czech Republic, PRO TV, PRO TV International, ACASA, PRO CINEMA, Sport.ro and MTV Romania in Romania, TV Markíza, Nova Sport, Television Doma and MTV in Slovakia, POP TV, Kanal A and TV Pika in Slovenia, and Studio 1+1, 1+1 International and Kino in Ukraine.\nOn my blog [BUL], I publish information about this deal:\n[…] Under the terms of the deal, CME will acquire 100% of bTV […]. CME will pay $400 million for 100% of bTV and parts of bTV Comedy and bTV Cinema and 74% of the radio stations N-Joy, Z-Rock, Melody, Jazz FM, Classic FM. […]\n<PERSON> wrote this on his blog Journalist BG:\nThere is nothing new that the deal is being prepared since the middle of last year. […] My sources from Pro.bg informed me that the conclusion of an agreement is only a matter of time, so much for that. Today (January 27th) Reuters said that CME is in the final stage of negotiations for the buying of bTV from <PERSON> News Corporation for $500 million. […]\nAnother blog, BGtelevizor, wrote [BUL]:\n[…] <PERSON>, President and CEO of CME, said the purchase of bTV is the next step in the repositioning of CME after the sale of their business in Ukraine […]", "260" ] ]

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[ [ "Malawi: Moving on Despite the Politics of Section 65 · Global Voices\nThe phenomenal story of 19 year-old Malawian blogger <PERSON> continues to attract attention from around the globe. <PERSON> began making headlines after his appearance at the TEDGlobal 2007 conference in Tanzania, in June, where he talked about how he built a windmill using locally available resources in a remote part of Malawi where the easiest means of energy is fuel, wood, kerosene and candlelight.\nEarlier he had dropped out of school after his parents were unable to afford his tuition fees. After achieving fame through the efforts of Malawian bloggers who first wrote about the story following a news item in a Malawian newspaper, and after hitting BoingBoing.net, Digg, Reddit, and Metafilter, <PERSON> has now been featured on My Hero.\nAs videos from the TEDGlobal 2007 conference become available online, <PERSON>’s speech at the conference can now be accessed through the conference’s website, on Youtube, on his blog, and also as a download. <PERSON> has also been writing about how he is making use of the money people have been donating through his blog, using some of it for home supplies, as well as preparing to go back to school:\nWhen planting season comes, I will use some of the funds to buy seed, fertilizer and urea for my family's crops of maize, ground nuts and beans.\nI have also opened a bank account and put funds in so that my family is now prepared for medical, food or other needs and/or emergencies. I have started saving for the rest of private secondary school, boarding and university, too.\nStill in the tech realm, <PERSON> has had plenty of tech news to report about on his blog. <PERSON> announces a campaign by bloggers around the world to unite against all forms of abuse, by blogging against this vice on September 27, 2007. <PERSON> announces that the campaign is being driven by Blogcatalog. <PERSON> also informs his readers that his blog is now viewable in ten major languages, by use of a free widget, from Google Translator Widget Blog.", "830" ], [ "This makes <PERSON>’s blog now readable in Arabic, German, Portuguese, Chinese, Italian, Russian, Japanese, Spanish, French and Korean. The other piece of news <PERSON> has for his readers is the forthcoming launch, on August 29, 2007 of MyLiveSearch, which <PERSON> says technology enthusiasts have been waiting with bated breath for.\nFor <PERSON>’s African readers and others interested in Africa’s technological solutions, the most exciting news is perhaps what <PERSON> announces as the invention of a new, low cost computer that runs on solar energy.\n<PERSON> points out that over 2 billion people in the developing world live in rural and remote communities that lack basic access to information and communication technologies–telephony, computing, Internet access. In response to this need, Inveneo, a non-profit social enterprise, creates and sells highly affordable and sustainable ICTs that are specifically designed for organizations–governments,NGOs,private enterprises–that serve rural communities with vital services that include education, health care,economic development,relief and telecentres. This is great stuff! You can visit their site and make a paypal donation. Theirs is indeed a great cause.\n<PERSON> reports that the computer is already available in Uganda, for US$941, which the government there says is tax-free. <PERSON> expresses excitement about this innovation, while also observing that the cost is too high for ordinary people in rural areas, the main target of the gadget. <PERSON> ends his post by inviting the company, UK-based Inveneo Inc, to Malawi where he says it will be most welcome.\nMoving on from the world of technology, the political atmosphere in Malawi has been hyper-charged for the past two months. No two terms have so dominated Malawian discourse in the last decade as have “Section 65” and “Budget.” Section 65 refers to the section in the Constitution of Malawi which forbids members of parliament from moving away from the party that sponsored them into parliament to another party also represented in parliament without a by-election.\nPresident <PERSON>, who himself left the party that sponsored him to win the presidency and started his own party, asked the courts to clarify the section, in the hope that the courts would rule in his favor as well as that of more than 60 members of parliament who also left their own parties to join the president in his new party.\nThe courts ruled on June 15 that Section 65 was indeed valid, and tension has been the order of the day in Malawi since then.", "830" ] ]

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[ [ "First time bunny owner\nHi all, me and my boyfriend are about to adopt a bunny from someone who is selling him because they can’t care for him anymore. We plan to allow him to be a free roam bunny as he is litter box trained.", "661" ], [ "They are also providing us with all the main essentials like a hutch, gate, litter box, bedding and food, ect. Is there any do’s and dont’s suggested? Or Guide me to your favorite products. I’ve done some research but I’d appreciate hearing from someone experienced! Thanks so much.", "502" ] ]

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[ [ "This is an extremely good question despite its seemingly simple nature. It connects everything from <PERSON> to string theory to debunking moon landing conspiracies. I'm surprised that the question has '-1' points at the moment (before I upvoted it to make it $0$!).\nThe concepts surrounding it have a long history involving people from <PERSON> to <PERSON>, <PERSON>, <PERSON>, <PERSON> and even string theorists like <PERSON>. The ideas have been discussed in the context of <PERSON>'s gravity, <PERSON>'s formulation of general relativity, modifications to general relativity and string theory. They have also undergone various, far-reaching, high-precision experimental tests.\n<PERSON>'s second law says that a force ($F$) exerted on an object causes it to accelerate ($a$) with the resistance offered to this acceleration being decided by what is called inertial mass ($m_i$):\n$$F = m_i a$$\nNewtonian gravity says that the gravitational force ($F_g$) experienced by an object depends on the gravitational potential ($\\phi$) and its gravitational mass ($m_g$):\n$$F_g = -m_g \\nabla \\phi$$\nThat $m_i = m_g$, is an empirical fact and/or motivated by deep physical principles. $m_g$ is a measure of how a body reacts to an external gravitational field and is of a different nature than $m_i$. It might very well be the case that $m_i \\neq m_g$.\n<PERSON>'s empirical observation that pendulums of equal length but different masses have the same time period lead to the idea that all objects are affected by gravity identically. <PERSON> was also instrumental in similar experimental observations, concluding that different bodies undergo free fall identically. These developments lead to the idea that $m_i = m_g$, such that all bodies have the same acceleration under free fall. This idea was that of a universal nature of gravity: that every object (irrespective of its composition/mass) falls at the same acceleration rate in a gravitational field. If $m_i \\neq m_g$ then different bodies fall at different rates.\nThe idea of equating inertial mass with gravitational mass was taken many steps further by <PERSON> with the advent of the Equivalence principle.", "766" ], [ "There are various versions of the equivalence principle, most commonly known ones being the Weak, <PERSON> and Strong equivalence principles: WEP, EEP and SEP, respectively.\n1) WEP states that $m_i = m_g$ and therefore, all bodies undergo free fall at the same rate. From the equations of motion, we see that we have a preferred frame, i.e., the free fall frame, where there are no external forces acting on the body. So, locally, being accelerated and being under a gravitational influence have the same physical consequences.\n2) EEP states that, in a gravitational field, locally, all non-gravitational laws of physics reduce to that of special relativity.\n3) SEP supersedes EEP by including gravitational physics laws in addition to non-gravitational ones.\nThe <PERSON> experiment is a classical test of the WEP: it checks the equivalence between $m_i$ and $m_g$. The fractional difference in accelerations of different bodies has been measured up to $2 \\times 10^{-13}$ according to Ref 1 (page 8).\nThere is a way to test WEP indirectly through SEP: <PERSON> effect. See also <PERSON>'s original papers: Refs 2 and 3. If SEP is true, then gravitational self energy should contribute equally to inertial mass $m_i$ and gravitational mass $m_g$. If not, then the difference in $m_i$ and $m_g$ causes different objects to accelerate at different rates, violating WEP. Gravitational self energy is negligible for objects used in laboratory experiments (negligible in the sense that such levels of precision are out of the reach of current experimental limits).\nBut celestial objects have much larger gravitational self-energies. <PERSON> proposed an experiment (see Ref 4) to see if $m_i \\neq m_g$, using laser ranging to measure the distance between earth and the moon. This experiment is called the Lunar Laser Ranging experiment. When Apollo 11 astronauts landed on the moon, they placed a retroreflector there to reflect lasers from earth to moon and back to earth for high-precision distance measurements. (Other missions also planted such retroreflectors.) For more information about this experiment, see Refs 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9.", "766" ] ]

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[ [ "From the said conversation in Episode 4 and what we know of Episodes 1-3 we know that <PERSON> and <PERSON> know that <PERSON> is a Jedi. Or more was. What is more is that the Jedi were officially discredited and executed in Episode 3.\nWhen <PERSON> met <PERSON> that one went off to find his mother (who was <PERSON> step mother) and rescue her alone from a place where not even a full group of armed men managed to get her from and succeeded easily, bringing her back dead though.\nWhat they know of the Jedi is most likely whatever the Seante put out there in addition from what they saw from <PERSON>. They know that the Jedi are fugitives and if <PERSON> comes even remotely after his father he will be a fugitive and more so he will move out of their lives forever. As both <PERSON> and <PERSON> are very fond of <PERSON> and don't want him out of their lives they have a dislike for that especially <PERSON> who probably didn't even forgive <PERSON> father for leaving the boy alone.\nIf <PERSON> knows that <PERSON> is <PERSON> the chances are.....low very low. First off when <PERSON> brought the baby he thought <PERSON> was dead.", "503" ], [ "Probably later on he learned the truth though BUT admitting it or not he is VERY ashamed of what happeend to his former pupil at that time. One can see it quite clearly in episode 3 that he is hurt and ashamed at the same time. About what happened to his pupil and of his failure to teach him correctly, so that this all could have been avoided. With that in mind it is very unlikely that months or years after he came to <PERSON> and said \"Oh and the gruelsome executor the Emperor has.....is <PERSON> father\". Even taken from the non emotional Jedi perspective it wouldn't have made much sense as in the worst case it would have made <PERSON> unsure if it was wise/save to still keep the baby with them or not. And wouldn't have served any further purpose there aside from that. So very unlikely.", "865" ] ]

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[ [ "Another Young Environmentalist Is Murdered in Guatemala · Global Voices\nGuatemala's future seems to receive a blow with the death of <PERSON>, a young member of the Center for Social, Legal and Environmental Action (In Spanish, CALAS) Foto taken from Pixabay. From the Public Domain.\nThe murder of 22-year-old <PERSON>, a young environmentalist in Guatemala, has increased concerns over the threats that environmentalist defenders endure and the failure of the state to provide protection to organisations under threat.\n<PERSON> was shot and killed in Guatemala city on November 12. His murder is in many ways a dark symbol for Guatemala, a country in the top ten most vulnerable countries to climate change, where the average age of the population is, precisely, 22 and where at least ten environmental activists – most of them indigenous – were murdered in 2015.\n<PERSON> worked for CALAS, an organization for legal, environmental and social action. He was committed to social justice from a young age. He was the spokesperson of a public high school, where he constantly advocated for better public education.\nThis is not the first time that CALAS has been target of threats. In fact, one of <PERSON>’ seniors and a member of the center, <PERSON>, has been target of numerous death threats through the years, and was once shot in an attempt to silence him. <PERSON> is known inside and outside Guatemala as a human rights and indigenous rights defender. CALAS’ director, <PERSON> has also been also target of death threats through social media.", "202" ], [ "As Front Line Defenders Case Study explained at the time of the threats:\nThe human rights defender was in the offices of CALAS on 29 July 2015 when an unknown gunman riding a motorcycle fired a number of shots outside. He also received a previous death threat in May 2015 when an unknown woman approached him at a bank and said “Soon you are going to pay for the work you are doing. You will see what will happen as a result of the work you are doing against the mining company, you are causing a lot of damage and so they will kill you”…\nIn a recent report, Amnesty International Americas Director <PERSON>, explained how hard is the struggle for the environment in the Central American region:\nDefending human rights is one of the most dangerous professions in Latin America but daring to protect vital natural resources takes these risky jobs to a whole new, potentially lethal level.\nA threat to the youth\nDiverse environmental justice organisations have pointed their fingers at shared partnerships between wealthy countries like Canada, their multinationals, and the silent complicity of governments that host mining operations and fail to protect those who fight for their territories.\nEnvironmental campaigners and advocates are under constant threat all over the continent. Intimidations, violations to the right to protest have become a trend from Canada to the Patagonia. Justice is rarely achieved, and it produces a chilling effect that often leads to further killings. In cases like that of <PERSON> organisation, COPINH, in Honduras, they have managed to kill all the leaders.\nGuatemala is one of the countries championing action against climate change. Guatemala is actively encouraging Canada, and its Prime Minister, to react to the widespread violence against human rights defenders opposing environmental damage by Canadian companies, as explained by the Network of Solidarity with the people in Guatemala (NISGUA):\nThe Justice and Corporate Accountability Project’s report, The ‘Canada Brand’: Violence and Canadian Mining Companies in Latin America, was released on October 24, 2016 and looked at incidents of violence and criminalization in connection with twenty-eight Canadian companies in thirteen countries in Latin America from 2000 to 2015. It found that at least 44 people have been killed during this time, 30 of which were targeted killings, while more than 400 people were injured, not including work-related injuries. They also found that over 700 people were legally persecuted during this period, including arrests and detentions, for their work in defense of their territories, livelihoods, health and environment.\nAs the country struggles for accountability on the crimes of the past and engages in processes against impunity, it is expected that, with the support of the International Community, that Guatemala can also safeguard the leaders and human rights defenders for the sake of its own future.", "202" ] ]

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[ [ "Horseshoe orbit cycle times\nI asked on Worldbuilding originally, but was directed here instead\nI've been working on a habitable moon system for a story, and I'm now trying to populate the other moons around the parent planet. I'm considering placing one (Moon B) in a co-orbit, horseshoe configuration, with my habitable moon (Moon A).\nWhile I understand the general concept of horseshoe orbits, the actual calculations of the orbital times is beyond my mathematical capabilities.\nI understand that on a horseshoe orbit there is an inside section and outside section where Moon B is catching up to, or falling behind, Moon A, respectively.\nI understand that if the 'inside ring' is nearer the parent body (the 'planet' in the case of co-orbital moons) than the L1 Lagrange point of Moon A, then Moon B will escape the horseshoe orbit and just start orbiting the planet directly. And, similarly, if the 'outside' ring is outside of L2 Lagrange point of Moon A, Moon B will escape and orbit the planet directly. And if either ring is too near the actual orbit of Moon A, it will be a tadpole orbit(never passing the L3 Lagrange point of Moon A before returning to Moon A from the same direction it left it), instead of a full horseshoe.\nWhat I can't figure out (again, math skills limitation) is How long it would take (longest and shortest possible times) for Moon B to make one complete cycle of the horseshoe? And so I can't decide if I should use this type of orbit or not. For example, 3753 Cruithne takes about 770 years to complete it's horseshoe cycle relative to Earth, far too long to be useful for my story. But I don't know how to calculate ho long my co-orbit scenario would take.", "710" ], [ "I'm confident it could be made significantly shorter than 770 years, but exactly how short it would be is still a key factor in the decision.\nI would like to know how often the two bodies would approach each other at the two extremes of possibilities, the longest possible time between complete cycles, and the shortest possible time between cycles.\nFor this question: Planet mass is 477 Earth masses, Moon A's mass is 0.11 Earth masses, Moon B's mass is 0.01 Earth masses. Moon A's semi major axis is 4 million kilometers. (please let me know if any other variables or details are needed)\nTo re-word the original question: By adjusting the semi major axes of the inner and outer rings of Moon B's horseshoe orbit, either closer to or farther from the semi major axis of Moon A, what are the longest cycle time, and shortest cycle time possible for a horseshoe orbit in this system?\nHere is a visual representation of the types of orbit changes I'm referring to. The contour lines inside the highlighted one (nearer L3 L4 and L5) are what I'm referring to when I mentioned adjusting the horseshoe orbit Axes nearer to the semi major axis of Moon A. And the contour lines outside of the highlighted one are what I'm referring to when I mention moving those axes farther from the semi major axis of Moon A. When I refer to a complete 'cycle', I mean the time it takes for Moon B to go from Point A on that image, through Points B, C, D, and E and back to A.", "710" ] ]

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[ [ "To extend <PERSON>'s answer... a few things off the top of my head in no particular order. Most of these apply to lower technology human societies where modern technology hasn't compensated for biological differences.\nHumans lack fur because we hunt by running. Humans can out run any animal on earth.\nIt's people without horses catch horses. They jog after horses, never catching them but never letting them rest either. After about 20-25 miles at most, the horse can't run any further, the human walks up and puts a rope arounds it's neck.\nWith flint, wood and bone weapons, hunters wound prey and then run it into the ground.\nIt's hard to cool by sweat with fur. If you ever seen a horse, \"lather up\" you've seen the basic problem. Horses have very thin, fine, close knapped fur yet still it interferes significantly with evaporation.\nSo, first off, humans with fur would have evolved to hunt differently. Likely, we would hunt with traps or with in larger groups like wolves. In either case our entire physiology might shift. We'd be adapted to sprint horses or wolves, to catch game quickly.\nOne affect might be a decrease in sexual dimorphism (overt differences in body shape by sex.) Part of the difference between men and women can be attributed to men being more adapted to protracted exercise. Distribution in muscles, muscle recover time, more sweat glands etc all point to optimization of men for running. If such optimization were not needed, then men and women might be more similar in physiology just like wolves and other canines and just like wolves, there would be less specialize of labor and less specialization in behaviors.\nMost sexually monomorphic species are matriarchal, with the entire group supporting the reproduction of the matriarch, at least in hard times. Human society might be radically different historically although we might start out with something like we have now after technology has leveled the playing field between men and women.\nWe likely would have had trouble with prolonged relative work like most pre-industrial agricultural work. Humans have to be careful not to kill horses and oxen by forcing the animals to work as long as humans do. We would adapt society to allow working in sprint shifts, with two or more individuals tag teaming a single job to keep the work going. If men and women where physiologically similar, they could swap off child care and work for everything except nursing.\nIndividuals might commonly pair up with siblings, other relations or friends for life, both specializing in the same job and together forming a complete work team.", "802" ], [ "So, if someone was a blacksmith, their partner would be as well. People didn't have time to waste so individuals would have some secondary task to occupy them at a lower level of effort while they rested from the main task. Human social structure would be based on this partnership. It would affect everything from military units to marriage.\nHumans would be less mobile in general, at least preindustrial. Unable to walk, march or run as far, they would have to adapt activities to being closer to home. Any systems based on walking, like cities, would be more compact.\nArmies would march and move slower but move faster in battle itself owing to likely greater sprinting speed. Battles would have to be decided faster before exhaustion set in. Battles would be very intense but short. This would favor more organized forms of shock warfare, like Greek Hoplites. The idea would be to hit the enemy hard and fast and do maximum damage in the shortest amount of time. Alternatively, there would be more pressure to develop a rotational system like the Romans used to grind away at an enemy while preventing exhaustion of individuals.\nIf the pair system did evolve, that would be part of the military as well and if men and women were more physiologically similar, then women would participate in combat more. If women could fight, that would increase per capita fighters in the population. Combined with intense shock warfare, battles could be more devastating with more adults overall in a population likely to be killed.\nSlavery might be more difficult both in terms of the danger of going to war to capture slaves, the added difficulty in controlling women and the inability to substitute humans for animals and machines in many circumstance e.g. treadmills. Managing slave work would be more difficult if slaves had to constantly swap out task.\nHaving fewer slaves would likely reduce the profitability of war (slavery being a huge driver of warfare in classical times.) It would also foster technological development because it would be difficult to solve a complex problem just by throwing more slave at it e.g. threshing grain or grinding flour.\nThere would be greater pressure to domesticate animals for transportation and labor and greater pressure to develop vehicles and machines. Riding animals and carts would be more common of basic necessity which would make it harder to restrict horses to military caste aristocrats.", "238" ] ]

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[ [ "To Resign or Not: Two Attorneys Make Their Case on the ‘No Confidence’ Vote Against Trinidad & Tobago’s Chief Justice · Global Voices\nThe Hall of Justice in Port of Spain, Trinidad. Photo by <PERSON>, CC BY-ND 2.0.\nOnline discussion about the Law Association of Trinidad and Tobago's (LATT) vote of no confidence against Chief Justice <PERSON> continues. Is calling for <PERSON>'s resignation justified or overhyped? Would his exit be a help or a hindrance to accountability? Depends on who you ask.\nSenior Counsel <PERSON> has been one of the most outspoken voices on the controversy underpinning the vote — the bungling of the appointment of <PERSON> to the High Court. <PERSON>, who was previously chief magistrate, had left behind a significant unfinished case load, which has compromised the ability of scores of prisoners to get justice in a timely manner.\nIn a weekend post on the candid Wired868 news site, <PERSON> put forward his rationale for why both <PERSON> and members of the Judicial and Legal Service Commission (JLSC) — which advises the president on the appointment of judges — should resign over the matter. <PERSON> has repeatedly called the no confidence vote “a key moment in the pursuit of accountability by public officials”. He explained:\nThere are two critical components in the exercise of power. One is the lawful authority to exercise the power. The other is the moral authority that underlies the exercise of that power and which rests on the trust and confidence of the citizens. […]\nWhen its acts and omissions were first subjected to legitimate inquiries, the JLSC was utterly dismissive. […] More offensively the JLSC never once acknowledged that it had even a share of responsibility for the now notorious debacle of 53 part heard cases having to be started over.", "957" ], [ "[…]\nThat wrong and strong attitude has destroyed the public trust and confidence in the JLSC and has resulted in the overwhelming passage of the resolutions of no confidence and call to resign. The Chief Justice and the other members of the JLSC as a result, have lost their moral authority to a degree that they have lost their legitimacy to exercise the constitutional authority entrusted to them.\nAttorney <PERSON> — who boycotted the no confidence vote on the grounds that, the chief justice not even being a member of the law association, it was not legitimate LATT business — called <PERSON>'s post “the best of the arguments FOR the resignation of the CJ [chief justice] that you will find amongst the flood of such calls.” However, he still believed “the factual basis for this call for a resignation is slim – despite its hype level”:\nWhat does it allege against him and is it right in its conclusions? The allegation I find in here is failure to do adequate background checks on <PERSON> and a lack of humility in responding to calls for answers. The first was corrected by the JLSC by revoking the appointment, and issuing a statement explaining why. There was also a statement from Ayers-Caesar which accepted responsibility and which she has never publicly disavowed. The second assertion about the lack of humility in replying is not a reason for removing a CJ, or an argument that he lacks transparency or accountability. It might be a reason not to like him- but that's irrelevant.\nWhat is missing from the discussion is what cannot be disputed: there are ancient and very good reasons for securing the office of the CJ from intimidation and politicization. His tenure has to be protected so that he can maintain the body which acts as a final check on the exercise of executive power. No one is mentioning that and that is unfortunate- because it would help the public measure the extent of the alleged transgressions of the CJ. Instead key-words like accountability and transparency are being used to justify the ruin of the arm of government that ensures that the executive is transparent and accountable.\nOn the question of legitimacy, <PERSON> countered:\nIt's incorrect to suggest that the CJ (JLSC)'s ‘legitimacy’ has been lost. The CJ has not lost the ‘moral authority’ to perform its functions because of the vote any more than a government loses the moral authority or legitimacy to tax because a portion of the country sign a petition of no confidence in the government. If our institutions are that fickle we would not be able to maintain law and order.", "600" ] ]

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[ [ "Ditch Everest. Switch to Chimborazo in Ecuador. Two reasons: 1) Because it is closer to the equator, it's peak is actually farther from the center of the Earth. 2) Because it is closer to the equator, you get more of a boost from rotation of the Earth. Everest at 29.59 degrees North loses almost 14% of the rotational velocity.\nSo launching from Chimborazo gets you additional altitude, and about 223 km/hr extra launch velocity.\nThe structure you have envisioned is massively beyond our current tech. At both ends.\nDigging a slanted tunnel roughly 100 km long is getting to silly proportions. The deepest mine right now is 4 km deep. This is getting pretty close to the limits of our tech right now.\nThe truss you envision holding the launch tube is grotesquely beyond what we can build now.\nThe launch energy needs to be supplied. You need electromagnets up the length of the tube. The energy they need to supply, assuming a constant acceleration, increases as the speed increases. So you need to run gargantuan power cables up the structure as well.\nYou might get someplace by forgetting the extension above and below the mountain.", "234" ], [ "You could have some sort of electromagnetic launcher that pushed a sled that carried your orbiter. Assuming a 50 km track and only 1g, you get 1 km/s in 100 seconds, pretty close to Mach 1, up the mountain. This is fast enough that the sled could detach and the orbiter take over its own burn. The first 25 km or so of the track would be level then curve up the mountain.\nThere are lots of variations on this. For example, the sled could also be a rocket motor that acted as a first stage. Or you could amp up the acceleration up the hill. At 4 g you get pretty close to Mach 2, in 25 seconds.\nYou can get an idea of what you are gaining from launching from the mountain. At 4g you are basically getting the first 25 seconds of rocket power from your launch sled. Suppose you were able to build the truss and extend the ramp another 50 km. This gives you only about another 10 seconds. The part on the mountain might be worth it. Building this currently-impossible truss seems to be a diminishing return.", "234" ] ]

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[ [ "USB Desk Lamp - Dimmable - 3D Printed\nIntroduction: USB Desk Lamp - Dimmable - 3D Printed\nLamps for buy there are like sand by the sea. But a DIY lamp, with individual coloring, is always something special. I will not hide it, building this 3D printed lamp requires a bit of craftsmanship, especially soldering. You should also be able to handle a fretsaw (or electrical jigsaw), not to saw wood but sheet metal and polycarbonate \"glass\" ... I did both with a fretsaw.\nIn my opinion, the biggest difficulty in this project is definitely the soldering of the cut LED strips.\nThis lamp is very variable in its appearance due to the articulated design of the stand. In addition, light can also be adjusted individually. On the back is in addition to an On/Off switch a dimmer. With the 62 5V USB LEDs - I can say that the dimming works quite good. In order to generate sufficient brightness, a relatively large number of LEDs had to be accommodated, resulting in a rather large head (Ø 140mm).\nDimensions of the lamp: approx. H44 x L15 x W15cm\nFor this project you will need:\n* 1x … Ø 135mm white polycarbonate glass, 3mm thick, 70% translucency (I chose this \"glass\" so that the light area is uniform and you can not see the LEDs.", "492" ], [ "Who does not attach importance to it can instead take 100% translucent material, which of course also increases the light output).\n* 1x … 180 x 120 x 0,5mm tinplate\n* 1 x 2 Position Mini Toggle Switch\n* 1 x LED lighting strip (2m)\n* 1x … Ø M4 x 45mm from a threaded rod\n* 1x … Ø M4 x 65mm from a threaded rod\n* 1x … Ø M4 x 80mm from a threaded rod\n* 2x … Ø M3 x 16mm + 2 matching nuts (to connect head, neck and light panel)\n* 6x … wing nuts Ø 4mm18x\n* 14 ... washers Ø 15 x Ø 4,5mm\n* 6x … self-tapping screws Ø 2,2 x 9,5mm\n* 4x … self-adhesive rubber pads Ø 8x1,6mm\n* ... thin copper wire (for soldering)\n* ... thin 2-wire cable (for the USB power connector)\n* ... USB Type A plug with cable\n* ... soldering iron\n* ... solder\n* … fret saw (jigsaw)\n* ... textile tape\n* ... glue\n* ... screwdriver\nHere you can get some of the necessary parts:\n* LED strip: LED Beleuchtungsstreifen, USB TV Hintergrundbeleuchtung 6.56Ft/2m LED Band, Nicht wasserdicht SMD 3528 5V warmweiß https://www.amazon.de/dp/B07VWRJVCV/ref=cm\\_sw\\_e....\n* IMPORTANT!: I do not advise the installation of another or higher wattage light source, because of too much heat development!\n* Dimmer: ANGEEK PWM Motor Drehzahlsteller Modul Niederspannung DC 1,8V - 12V 2A https://www.amazon.de/dp/B07RM6LYC3/ref=cm\\_sw\\_e...\n* USB charging adapter: AmazonBasics - USB-Ladeadapter mit 1 Anschluss (2,4 Ampere) - <PERSON>; 2 Stück von Amazon.de https://www.amazon.de/dp/B0773BH9MB/ref=cm\\_sw\\_em...\nThe files must be printed in the following number of copies:\n* 1x USB_Lamp_body.stl\n* 1x USB_Lamp_front.stl\n* 1x USB_Lamp_neck.stl\n* 1x USB_Lamp_dimmerknob.stl\n* 1x USB_Lamp_back.stl\n* 2x USB_Lamp_foot.stl\n* 4x USB_Lamp_leg.stl\n* 4x USB_Lamp_spacerwasher.stl\n3D Printing Print Settings:\n* Printer Brand: Prusa\n* Printer: I3 MK3S\n* Supports: No\n* Resolution: 0.2\n* Infill: 20\n* Filament: PLA, Prusa Galaxy Black, ICE Romantic Red\nAfter you have printed all parts start with ….", "858" ] ]

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[ [ "Help debugging finite element solution in nonlinear elasticity\nI'm writing some code to solve problems in nonlinear elasticity using finite element methods. I have been following <PERSON>'s book but I am having trouble with some nagging details.\nMy question is related to which configuration variables to use for calculating different quantities. I'm working on static problems in the updated Lagrangian formulation, so for each \"time\" $t$ I have a loading coefficient $\\lambda_t$, and a displacement $\\sideset{^t}{}{U}$. In chapter 6, <PERSON> derives a linearization of the principle of virtual work, resulting in the equation (6.103): \\begin{equation} \\left(\\sideset{^t_{t\\,}}{\\text{L}}{K}+\\sideset{^t{t\\,}}{\\text{NL}}{K}\\right)U=\\sideset{^{t+\\Delta t}}{}R-\\sideset{^t_t}{}F \\end{equation} where $\\sideset{^t{t\\,}}{\\text{L}}{K}$ is the \"linear\" part of the incremental stiffness matrix in the configuration with displacement $\\sideset{^t}{}{U}$, $\\sideset{^t{t\\,}}{_\\text{NL}}{K}$ is the \"nonlinear\" part, $U$ is the displacement increment, $\\sideset{^{t+\\Delta t}}{}R$ is the externally applied load at \"time\" $t+\\Delta t$, and $\\sideset{^t_t}{}F$ is the nodal point force resulting from the stress, at \"time\" $t$.\nMy question is about actually implementing this as a system of nonlinear equations to be solved via <PERSON>'s method.", "935" ], [ "As I understand it, the idea is to consider a function $H(\\sideset{^{t}}{}U)=\\sideset{^{t+\\Delta t}}{}R-\\sideset{^t_t}{}F$, where $\\sideset{^t_t}{}F$ is a function of $\\sideset{^{t}}{}U$ via the stress.\nWe want to find a displacement $\\sideset{^{t+\\Delta t}}{}U$ s.t. the unbalanced force vector is zero: \\begin{equation} 0=H(\\sideset{^{t+\\Delta t}}{}U)\\approx H(\\sideset{^t}{}U)+\\nabla H(\\sideset{^t}{}U)\\left(\\sideset{^{t+\\Delta t}}{}U-\\sideset{^t}{}U\\right)=\\sideset{^{t+\\Delta t}}{}R-\\sideset{^t_t}{}F - \\left(\\sideset{^t_{t\\,}}{\\text{L}}{K}+\\sideset{^t{t\\,}}{\\text{NL}}{K}\\right)U \\end{equation} so that $\\left(\\sideset{^t{t\\,}}{\\text{L}}{K}+\\sideset{^t{t\\,}}{_\\text{NL}}{K}\\right)$ is minus the Jacobian of the unbalanced force vector $\\sideset{^{t+\\Delta t}}{}R-\\sideset{^t_t}{}F$. Is this interpretation correct? Is the sum of the incremental stiffness matrices derived by <PERSON> exactly equal to minus the Jacobian of the unbalanced force vector, when all are evaluated in the same configuration? In implementing <PERSON>'s method, an iteration is introduced, so that we can write $U^{(k)}$ for the incremental displacement at the $k$th iteration. How does this affect the terms in the system of equations? At iteration $k$, are the integrals still calculated over the volume $\\sideset{^t}{}V$, or over $\\sideset{^{t+\\Delta t}}{}V^{(k-1)}$? What about the stress, and the stiffness matrices?", "804" ] ]

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[ [ "4-wire Kelvin Precision Resistor Box\nIntroduction: 4-wire Kelvin Precision Resistor Box\nA little side project that can be finished in less than 10 minutes, but still applies as a useful tool for an electronics lab. As I was working on the development of a bigger project, I realised I would need some sort of calibration tool.\nSo, there you have it, a 4-wire Kelvin measurement Resistor box. It is intended to allocate any 2512 footprint resistor and 4 banana plugs.\nThe original idea was to use it with 2412 Vishay Precision resistors, which offer 0.01% precision and 2 PPM temperature coefficient, as a cheap way of calibrating an instrument. But this thing also turn out to be useful as a means of testing shunts and check their actual value with a multimeter.\nStep 1: Features\nThe design is anything but complex:\n- 2512 SMD footprint\n- 4-wire Kelvin connection\n- 4 mm holes for banana jacks\n- 3.2 mm holes for mounting it inside a little case.\nStep 2: Theory of Operation\nA 4-wire Kelvin measurement setup, is a way of measure the value of a resistor subject, neglecting the wires parasitics involved in the process.\nAs shown the picture, the method consists in circulating a known current through the resistor under test via two terminals (or two \"wires\") and then measure the voltage drop across it.\nThis way, we could know the value of very low resistance shunts with very precise results, which is not achievable for the regular multimeter. For this task, we require a good multimeter in the milivolt range and a reliable source of current.\nIf you want to know more about this topic, click on the link bellow:\nhttps://www.allaboutcircuits.com/textbook/direct-c...\nStep 3: Materials\nThe parts list is pretty short as well:\n- PCB Board. You could order it from your favorite supplier.\n- A 2512 resistor.\n- A set of 4, 4 mm banana jacks.\n- A set of 4, 3x10 mm self-tapping screws.\n- 3D printed case.\nStep 4: Experimental Results\nAs you can see, the operation is pretty simple. In the photos, I'm performing some tests to a 0.02 ohm resistor, circulating 2 and 4 amps through it.", "98" ], [ "I have two wires carrying current connected to a pair of red and black terminals, and measuring the voltage drop in the other pair.\nThis way, I could check for the real value of the resistor. In this case:\n- 39.82 mV / 2 A = 0.01991 ohms. 0.5% of variation from 0.02 ohms\n- 81.68 mV / 4 A = 0.02042 ohms. 2.1% of variation from 0.02 ohms\nThis seemed like a really bad temperature coefficient for this resistor.\nStep 5: Documentation\nThe archive below contains all the information to replicate this project.\nCAD files (Fusion 360 and EAGLE 9.X):\n- F360 assembly project (Assembly.f3z)\n- F360 electronics project (F360_Resistor_Box.f3z)\n- F360 Schematic (F360_Resistor_Box_sch.fsch)\n- F360 PCB layout (F360_Resistor_Box_PCB.fbrd)\n- EAGLE Schematic (EAGLE_Resistor_Box_sch.sch)\n- EAGLE PCB layout (EAGLE_Resistor_Box_PCB.brd)\n- STL models of the featured box (Box.stl)\nPrintable files:\n- Schematic (Resistor_Box_Schematic.pdf)\nProduction files:\n- Gerber files (Resistor_Box_Gerber.zip)\nThis project was made entirely with Fusion 360. Electrical files of the project have been exported as Fusion 360 and EAGLE 9.X compatible files. Google Drive link to access the project files:\nhttps://drive.google.com/file/d/1V4Ewm8NjrSIrAq6tA...\nI hope you liked this project! I encourage you to comment and share this article, so I could write better ones in the future. I would be glad to answer all of your questions.\nEnjoy!\nYou can also follow me on Instagram!", "134" ] ]

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[ [ "Manual Camera Settings Explained\nIntroduction: Manual Camera Settings Explained\nHello, I’m <PERSON>. I bring joy to my friends whenever they want a great picture taken. I’m going to show you how to experience the joys of photography. I’m going to show you 8 easy steps to creating a professional looking picture. You will be taking pictures like a pro after reading this. Did you know there are 34,301 professional photographers in the U.S.? So, let’s get started on how to take your own professional pictures.­­\nSupplies\nCamera (I am using a Canon), subject to take a picture of\nStep 1: Set Camera to Manual\nTo take an image that looks professional, first you must set your camera settings to match the light in the room/atmosphere. Turn your dial to set your camera to manual, you should never have the camera set to auto. The auto setting does not always give you the best exposure possible.\nStep 2: Set the Shutter Speed\nThe first setting to adjust is shutter speed. Shutter speed is the length of time your shutter stays open when you take a picture. Use faster shutter speed to freeze motion (if you are taking a picture of something moving or action). Sport photographers use a shutter speed like 1/1000 of a second. Use a slower shutter speed if you are taking a picture of a still object. When taking a picture of a still object a shutter speed of 1/100 of a second would be appropriate\nStep 3: Set the Aperture\nThe next setting to adjust is aperture. Aperture is the size of the opening of the lens.", "843" ], [ "The smaller the number, the larger the opening. If you are taking an image and want a smaller depth where the subject appears sharp while the foreground and the background appear blurry, then you should use very wide apertures like f/1.8 or f/2.8. Using an aperture like f/32, squeezes the light that passes through your lens. It ends up interfering with itself, growing blurrier, and resulting in photos that are noticeably less sharp.\nStep 4: Set the ISO\nThe next setting is ISO. ISO stands for International Organization for Standardization which is an organization that sets international standards for all different kinds of measurements. ISO is simply a camera setting that will brighten or darken a photo or the sensitivity of the sensor. The larger the number the more sensitive that sensor is (that little piece of electronic equipment in your camera to the light coming in). At ISO 200 it is twice as sensitive as it is at 100. As you increase your ISO number, your photos will grow progressively brighter.\nStep 5: Check the Live View\nAfter setting these three things, check your live view. After checking the live view, adjust your settings to make your image the best you possibly can.\nTo get an image that is not shaky you want to use a tripod or both hands to keep the camera stable. Anything you can set your camera on works to, just make sure it is sturdy.\nStep 6: Rule of Thirds\nAnother tip to use is putting your subject on a third. The rule of thirds is a composition guideline that places your subject on the left or right third of an image, leaving the other two thirds more open.\nStep 7: Shot Type\nUse different shot types to help with the psychology of the image. Shot types might include wide shot, medium shot, extreme close up, dutch tilt, etc.\nA wide shot is a shot that shows the subject within their surrounding environment. A wide shot tells the audience who is in the image and where the image is set.\nA medium shot is a shot approximately from the waist up. A medium shot is used to emphasize both the subject and their surroundings by giving them an equal presence in the shot.\nAn extreme close up is shot frames a subject very closely, often so much so that the outer portions of the subject are cut off by the edges of the frame.\nA dutch tilt is an angled camera shot where the horizon line isn't parallel with the bottom of the frame, and vertical lines are at an angle to the side of the frame.\nLastly, snap your picture!", "538" ] ]

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[ [ "The IVP should be sufficient to find the solution at any time. But with operator or matrix equations it does get confusing. A good approach is to solve the equation(s) first for regular functions and plug them in, seeing if they work for operators as well.\nin this derivation: [solution1], the author assumes that $[S_i,S_j]=i \\hbar \\epsilon_{ijk}S_k$ doesn’t only hold for $t=0$, but for all times, why would that be?\nI will show you here: We know that $U(t)U^\\dagger (t) = U^\\dagger(t) U(t) = 1$. And it is the case that we can write $S_i(t) = U^\\dagger(t) S_i(0) U(t)$ - you can see this directly when trying to go from the schrödinger to the <PERSON> picture, and also I will justify it in my answer to your second question below. So, assuming that at t=0 the commutation holds, we multiply by a bunch of $U^\\dagger$ from the left, by $U$ from the right, and insert the identity in the middle in order to get the time evolved version of all three matrices:\n$$S_i S_j - S_j S_i = i \\hbar \\epsilon_{ijk} S_k$$ $$\\implies U^\\dagger (t) S_i U(t)\\,\\, U^\\dagger(t) S_j U(t) - U^\\dagger (t) S_j U(t)\\,\\, U^\\dagger(t) S_i U(t) = i \\hbar \\epsilon_{ijk} U^\\dagger(t)S_k U(t)$$ $$\\implies S_i(t) S_j(t) - S_j(t) S_i(t) = i \\hbar \\epsilon_{ijk} S_k(t)$$\nIn this solution, discussed on this site: [solution2][2], the OP assumes that $S_j(t)$ is of the form $\\exp(-iHt/\\hbar)S_j(0) \\exp(iHt/\\hbar)$ (and therefore actually already postulates the answer), why can we assume that?\nThis is always true of any operator satisfying the heisenberg equation of motion, as long as it doesn't explicitly depend on $t$:\n$$\\frac{d}{dt}A(t)=\\frac{i}{\\hbar}[H,A(t)]$$\n$$\\implies A(t) = e^{i t H/\\hbar}A(0)e^{-i t H/\\hbar}$$\nYou can check this by plugging it in.", "526" ], [ "And this also means that $A(t)=U^\\dagger (t)A(0)U(t)$, which is just the form of the equation above. It works with any observable operator, and any Hamiltonian. Pretty amazing that you can just write out the solution like that. But the caveat is that this only goes so far... there are much more useful ways to write the solution, as you saw in your post where we can write it explicitly in terms of pauli matrices for example. So some might not consider it actually \"solved\" if it is just written in this form.\nSimilarly, the solution in the <PERSON> picture for any wavefunction can be written\n$$|\\psi (t) \\rangle = e^{-itH/\\hbar}|\\psi(0) \\rangle$$", "526" ] ]

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[ [ "Actually, you have asked three different questions: 1) [Does algorithm always have a return value?[sic]\"\nThe algorithm by default is not a function/method (or to say program), but it could be. Sticking to the stringent definition of the algorithm. An algorithm is a set of instruction for accomplishing a task. Every piece of code could be called an algorithm e.g. 1) defining a variable or 2) writing a logic for a loop is also an algorithm. So, addressing to your original question \"Does algorithm always have a return value?\" answer is 'NO'. In similar situations like 1), and 2) an algorithm does not return a value.\n2) \"I learned that the algorithm written in programming langauge always have a return value, not necessarily an input value.[sic]\"\nIf you wish to convert/write your pseudo code to a specific program in some programming language e.g. C/C++. Then every program should consist of at least one function. Programming languages like C/C++/JAVA/C# etc., provides default function call Main() in which you can call user defined function(s) (or main itself).\nSo, reaching the end of a function other than main is equivalent to return;.", "242" ], [ "reaching the end of the main function is equivalent to return 0;. reaching the end of any other value-returning function is undefined behavior, but only if the result of the function is used in an expression.\nIn certain languages like C/C++ there are features which allows function to defined as 'no-return' function.\n#include <stdlib.h>\n#include <stdio.h>\n#include <stdnoreturn.h>\nnoreturn void stop_now(int i)\n{\nif (i > 0) exit(i);\n}\nint main(void)\n{\nputs(\"Preparing to stop...\");\nstop_now(2);\nputs(\"This code is never executed.\");\n}\nThe 'noreturn' keyword appears in a function declaration and specifies that the function does not return by executing the return statement or by reaching the end of the function body. This type of adventure could be costly and can cause undefined behaviour to your C/C++ program.\nP.S. When function/method have return type as 'void' they do not return any value, or anything. Control simply returns. It is also important to learn that void doesn't mean nothing. void is a type to represent nothing. That is a subtle difference : the representation is still required, even though it represents nothing.\n3) \"But it we use the main function with void return value, does that algorithm have a return value?[sic]\"\nP.S. If you define return type of main function as 'void' then it does not have any return value. You can actually omite 'return' keyword or simply type 'return' with no expression (or even 0).", "904" ] ]

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[ [ "If realism is important in your novel, you should bear in mind that all the areas of the brain, although consisting of numerous ‘functions’ (for instance, the Area of Broca and Wernicke’s Area are implicated in the provision of speech, the hippocampus forms part of the emotional memory formation substrate, etc), by and large follow the same processing paradigm – receive inputs; do stuff; push outputs.\nThe elements of this paradigm also follow a predictable physiology – that is, the actual type of neurotransmitter may vary (dopamine, serotonin, GABA, etc), but the operation is the same: neurotransmitters (regardless of type) collect in vesicles and move towards the neural terminal in these vesicles, which merges with the terminal wall, thus causing the neurotransmitter content to be dumped into the synaptic gap. After an interval, a ‘pump’ sucks up the remaining transmitters (called re-uptake); the other transmitters of this collection bind with specific receptor channels on the dendrites of the recipient neuron. As an important note: this does not change for the different areas of the brain.\nAll controlled substances either act as agonists (accelerating this flow), or antagonists (interrupting the flow). Accordingly, your drug will not be able to isolate areas of function, (e.g. decision-making and memory formation), since neurotransmitters are widely shared by the neural functions. The closest we’d get is something similar to cocaine – which antagonises the re-uptake of dopamine, causing heightened states of alertness due to a dopaminergic hyper-flow in the synaptic gap.\nAs a further consideration: in order for the effect of your drug to exist, a substantial portion of the brain will need to be ‘knocked out’. The brain was not designed in a single architectural sitting. It is the product of 3.5 billion years of small, incremental changes. Consequently, there are ancient parts of the brain (including the misnomer ‘Lizard Brain’) and these are typically found at the core of the brain and close to the stem.", "978" ], [ "The anatomically modern neural areas are usually located closer to the surface of the brain and on the extremities (for instance the inferior frontal gyrus, located at the tip off the pre-frontal cortex is implicated in the go\\no-go phase of our decision-making process). For your drug to work, certain modern neural areas such as the primary visual cortex will have to remain operational (or the user will experience vivid visual effects of all sorts, resulting in not being a very capable ‘animal’).\nThe alternative to this knock-out, is to provide the ancient neural areas an unfair advantage (the 'how' remains elusive) – these areas are less complex than their modern equivalents and are therefore (as a rule of the thumb) capable of completing their less complex tasks in less time. That is why it is possible to ‘jump scare’ a human with something as preposterous as a ‘gorilla in the house’ type prank. The modern parts of the brain can compute that gorillas do not belong in your house and that it is a prank when one jumps out at you. However, the ancient pathways do not make such contextual calculations, and respond to ‘big, furry, moving very fast towards me’. The ancient parts of the brain are therefore able to complete their function (triggering the fight/flight reflex) earlier than the modern pathways, and… you utter a species-specific vocal alarm (aka a girly scream), hands fly up in defence, face contort in anticipation, upper body recoils from the threat – a classic early flight response.\nWhy would someone find this effect enjoyable? Some transmitters are associated with the ‘reward system’ (e.g. serotonin – implicated in enjoyable activities, such as food, sex, etc), others with heightened sense of awareness (in itself pleasurable). There are additional effects, such as endorphin (the brain’s own morphine) releases following certain stresses (causing inter alia the knees to go weak, and analgesia), and these too are quite pleasurable.\nAs the answer to your question is: construct a (realistic) reward to a chemical which causes medium term physical alterations to one type of ionic channel – that’ll cause the substance to be super addictive, requiring a substantial rehabilitation to kick (read up on the medium to long term effects of heroin).\nFor something this specialist, you will need further reading if you are to have any hope of staying between the lines. I suggest any of the works of <PERSON>, <PERSON>, <PERSON>, <PERSON> (his work titled The Synapse), <PERSON>, etc.", "762" ] ]

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[ [ "This code underwent some revision due to some coding errors! See edit log for more information.\nJBH has a very nice answer, and I have to admit, I mainly wrote this answer because it seemed like a nice programming puzzle.\nMy method: I modeled the likelihood of a woman getting pregnant after a chart I found online here. I did my best to then translate those numbers into a function of months of age since 18 years old. I ended up subtracting the $age_{in\\ months}/8100$ from a starting chance of $20\\%$ each month. That got me close enough to be happy. I then created a system where each person is put into a group, one of free_men, free_women or free_children.", "838" ], [ "If there were enough people available, I create pods out of the free men and women groups, with priority going to the youngest people available. Each month, the women in a pod have a chance of becoming pregnant determined by their age, beginning 20 months after their last conception.\nIf a women dies, she is removed from the pod, if a man dies, the pod is dissolved and the women revert to the old_women group. When a child is born, they are added to the free_children group. Children born have a $51\\%$ chance of being male and $49\\%$ chance of being female.\nThe time is ticked each month and statistics about the group are displayed.\nThese are the statistics for the years you request:\nYear 49\nFree Men: 603\nFree Women: 2\nFree Children: 3529\nOld Women: 75\nPods: 295\nNumber of conceptions this period: 373\nPregnancy rate: 0.33459875566803754\nNumber of births this period: 325\nNumber of deaths this period: 0\nAverage number of children per man: 0\nAverage number of children per woman: 0\nYear 99\nFree Men: 12617\nFree Women: 1\nFree Children: 73572\nOld Women: 2475\nPods: 5871\nNumber of conceptions this period: 6801\nPregnancy rate: 0.3289336345010024\nNumber of births this period: 6412\nNumber of deaths this period: 14\nAverage number of children per man: 37.96969696969697\nAverage number of children per woman: 12.756410256410257\nThis makes some pretty huge assumptions, the biggest of which is that having a child has no impact on your fertility. That's clearly false. Altering the pregnancy_fertility_drop variable from 0 to 1.5 gives us these numbers:\nYear 49\nFree Men: 408\nFree Women: 1\nFree Children: 1766\nOld Women: 272\nPods: 224\nNumber of conceptions this period: 165\nPregnancy rate: 0.312874251497006\nNumber of births this period: 150\nNumber of deaths this period: 0\nAverage number of children per man: 0\nAverage number of children per woman: 6.785714285714286\nYear 99\nFree Men: 5007\nFree Women: 2\nFree Children: 20736\nOld Women: 3041\nPods: 2417\nNumber of conceptions this period: 1859\nPregnancy rate: 0.30061614757485816\nNumber of births this period: 1703\nNumber of deaths this period: 4\nAverage number of children per man: 20.451327433628318\nAverage number of children per woman: 6.909722222222222\nWhich is obviously a stunning drop (especially in the generation that is still under 18).\nHere are some charts that show some statistics :)\nThese aren't as interesting as the ones with the fertility drop, here they are:\nI find the Rates graph interesting, as you can see a significant fluctuation in fertility in 18 year increments, giving some significant generational effects!\nI have the code here on Try it online!", "838" ] ]

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[ [ "Anti-Aviation Protests in France and the UK Mark a New Wave of Climate Disobedience · Global Voices\nThe ‘Heathrow13′ were on trial for occupying Heathrow's northern runway last July. Photo: <PERSON>\nThis article is based on a piece written by <PERSON> for 350.org, an organisation building a global climate movement, and is republished on Global Voices as part of a content-sharing agreement.\nOn 24 February, 13 individuals who blockaded a runway to protest against expanding Heathrow Airport in London were expected to be sent to prison, but ended up receiving six-week suspended sentences instead. They had packed suitcases and set up their ‘out of office’ email messages anticipating to become the first climate activists in the UK to receive a prison sentence.\nIn the case of the so-called Heathrow 13, this is what happened: In July last year, a commission tasked by the UK government recommended expanding Heathrow. Two weeks later, 13 people from the direct action network Plane Stupid peacefully blockaded a runway at Heathrow in protest of the expanding aviation industry due to its contributions to air pollution and climate change. Their occupation lasted six hours and delayed or cancelled dozens of flights.\nThe group included a 68-year-old atmospheric physicist and 350.org UK Divestment campaigner <PERSON>. In court they argued that they feel a moral responsibility to take action as ordinary citizens where democratic, legislative and political processes fail to address the threat the aviation industry poses to the climate and people’s health.\nThirty-two-year-old Heathrow 13 member <PERSON>, who works for a health charity in London said:\nWhen the political system is so fundamentally flawed that it is unresponsive to an issue of colossal international importance, such as climate change, then every citizen has a responsibility to act. There is a basic human, moral and social duty to take action to prevent this disaster and to wake people up.\nAviation currently accounts for about 2-5% of global emissions, but the industry’s rapid expansion could see that number jump to 22% by 2050, according to a recent study by the European Parliament. It is one of the fastest growing sources of emissions, yet aviation remains largely exempt from emission reduction requirements and enjoys tax breaks that keep air travel costs artificially low.\nA paragraph on emissions from aviation and shipping in a draft version of the agreement reached at the UN climate summit in Paris in December 2015 was taken out of the final text, and new rules by the UN’s International Civil Aviation Organization are much too weak to have a meaningful impact. Besides fueling climate change, the emissions from a third runway at Heathrow could cause 150 premature deaths a year by 2030, according to an MIT estimate.\nEven though the judge recognised that the Heathrow 13 were “principled and passionate people” and that Heathrow is in breach of European Union emission regulations, she found them guilty of “aggravated trespass” and warned them to expect immediate jail sentences when they return to court.\nAggravated trespass is a criminal offence that was introduced under the <PERSON> government (1979-1990) with the aim of curbing protests.", "182" ], [ "In 2013, a UN independent expert recommended that the UK review its public order legislation, in particular with “great concern about the use of aggravated trespass against people staging legitimate protests”. A criminal law specialist described the possibility of a custodial sentence as “extremely surprising”. Ten of the Heathrow 13 had no prior convictions.\nThe ‘Heathrow 13′ outside Willesden Magistrates Court. Photo: <PERSON>\nMeanwhile in France…\nThere is another anti-aviation fight in Europe that is gaining steam. In France, a 40-year battle against plans for Europe’s biggest airport in Notre-Dame-des-Landes (NDDL), about 25 kilometers from Nantes, is heating up in the aftermath of the Paris agreement. A petition arguing that the airport is not compatible with the Paris climate agreement and urging the French government to intervene gathered over 11,000 signatures in just 24 hours.\nThe battle against the airport at Notre-Dame-des-Landes has grown into arguably the most iconic fight of the French climate and social justice movement. Many see the airport project as representing a system of unnecessary expansion that serves the economic interests of a minority at the expense of local communities, farmers’ livelihoods, the environment and the climate.\nHundreds of people have occupied the site for years. Recently, 11 farmer families announced that they will resist an eviction order and are prepared to risk imprisonment. Twenty-thousand people blockaded the ring road around Nantes in January in a protest against the project. Another mass mobilisation is scheduled for 27 February.", "271" ] ]

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[ [ "As <PERSON> points out, the textbook reason for differential solute and water movement in different parts of the LoH is osmolarity, which is nicely explained in this wikipedia article.\nComing to an interesting point, about the movement of water across cell membranes through aquaporins, this is helpful:{1}\nThe discovery of aquaporin membrane water channels by <PERSON> and co-workers (6, 7, 191, 192) answered a long-standing biophysical question of how water crosses biological membranes specifically, and provided insight, at the molecular level, into the fundamental physiology of water balance and the pathophysiology of water balance disorders. Out of at least 10 aquaporin isoforms, at least 7 are known to be present in the kidney at distinct sites along the nephron and collecting duct.\nAquaporin-1 (AQP1) is extremely abundant in the proximal tubule and descending thin limb where it appears to be the main site for proximal nephron water reabsorption. It is also present in the descending vasa recta. AQP2 is abundant in the collecting duct principal cells and is the chief target for the regulation of collecting duct water reabsorption by vasopressin.\nThe journal further elaborates on these APQ's and their function in detail, do read it if you are interested, but the following diagram sums it up pretty well, so I am just going to expand on this:\nA: schematic representation of the structural organization of aquaporin-1 (AQP1) monomers in the membrane (top and bottom).\n1. Aquaporins have six membrane-spanning regions, both intracellular NH2 and COOH termini, and internal tandem repeats that, presumably, are due to an ancient gene duplication (top).", "171" ], [ "The topology is consistent with an obverse symmetry for the two similar NH2- and COOH-terminal halves (bottom).\n2. The tandem repeat structure with two asparagine-proline-alanine (NPA) sequences has been proposed to form tight turn structures that interact in the membrane to form the pathway for translocation of water across the plasma membrane.\n3. Of the five loops in AQP1, the B and E loops dip into the lipid bilayer, and it has been proposed that they form “hemichannels” that connect between the leaflets to form a single aqueous pathway within a symmetric structure that resembles an “hourglass.”\nB: AQP1 is a multisubunit oligomer that is organized as a tetrameric assembly of four identical polypeptide subunits with a large glycan attached to only one.\nThe direcrion of flow of water, again, depends on osmolarity.\n...Only inward water flow (swelling) was examined, but it was predicted that the direction of water flow through AQP1 is determined by the orientation of the osmotic gradient. Consistent with this, it was later demonstrated that AQP1-expressing oocytes swell in hyposmolar buffers but shrink in hyperosmolar buffers.\nPlease note that the linked journal is brilliantly detailed, so there are several points that I have skimmed over. I recommend reading it if you have time.\n{1}-https://journals.physiology.org/doi/full/10.1152/physrev.00024.2001#:~:text=Aquaporin%2D1%20(AQP1)%20is,for%20proximal%20nephron%20water%20reabsorption.&text=AQP2%20is%20abundant%20in%20the,duct%20water%20reabsorption%20by%20vasopressin.", "171" ] ]

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[ [ "(Anti)Heroes are romantic by nature. They perform heroically, passionately, in order to attain an ideal. I think the issue you might be facing here is not one of writing, per se, but of psychology.\nYou're probably judging your character. You presume that because he uses 'harsh' methods, that must be his sole definition. He can't like cake and pie? Coffee and tea? Because you use the term anti-hero, we can further presume that maybe you're only offering clarification for sake of brevity in your question, or it could also point to an underlying belief system you hold, that killing people for any reason is bad. Therefore, MC is an anti-hero.\nIf that's the case, I think the first thing you need to do is not worry about your subplot, but learn to love your MC. You have to forgive him as an author, and at least in the abstract, embrace his ideals. You aren't going to be able to convince the reader of his conviction and his passion if you're constantly apologizing for him.\nHe does what he does, because it is the right thing to do. (In his mind.) He is a murderer of murderers, sine qua non, and it is a role he is willing to accept in order to make the world a better place... for those he loves.\nThe opposite of love is not hate, it is apathy Do pardon my <PERSON>, but this is true. If you love something, if it matters to you, and it turns into something you find distasteful, that it is the inception of hate, but its core is still love. If something doesn't matter to you, you don't give a shit either way. Shoelaces for example. I doubt you have a heated, passionate feeling towards shoelaces either way.", "510" ], [ "But the naturalistic right to life, on the other hand, likely sparks you strongly, and you have very specific ideas about how that should be addressed.\nThe point here is that your MC might be angry, spiteful, vindictive, hateful, that does not mean he is evil. While you and I may disagree with his motives, he would argue them to his death, and would have very specific ideas about why what he is doing is right. In his mind, even if he recognizes his actions as questionable, he still finds them justifiable, and therefore good.\nSo if he's hateful, that's because he loves that which he hates. Hm?\nOnce you have come to terms with the MC's psychology/philosophy, likely you will see that there is not only a lack of contradiction in a love story mixed into your primary arc, it actually ADDS to the primary arc. Your reader needs to be able to relate to your MC in order to be invested in him. If he's just a single-minded assassin lacking in humanity, you're going to have difficulty pulling that off.\nBy making him more complex, by adding the fuel of a romance, you have a million opportunities to draw contrasts and metaphors between his actions and his values.\nHow do you handle seemingly contradictory subplots? The same as any other subplot. You lace it into the story. You use it to teach the reader about the world and its characters. Your use it to build empathy for your characters; to draw the reader into your story through the common ground of morality and sexuality, and then leverage it to whatever aims you desire. To humanize the MC. To deliver him. To destroy him.\nI think your subplot, as it is, could be even more powerful than your primary arc. (Perhaps not more important, or maybe that too.) I think maybe you're judging your character, and your subplot. Maybe it's not a subplot at all, but the foundation. You just need to tweak your perspective, and you may realize that it's not the plots that are contradictory...", "425" ] ]

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[ [ "Yes, the landscape is scattered with nuclear debris.\nMost nuclear power plant designs will fail spectacularly with long lasting effect on the surrounding area.\nThe notion that nuclear reactors can run for extended periods of time without human intervention is simply not founded in reality.\nKeeping a nuclear reaction from becoming critical is a feat within itself. It's balancing act of maintaining a state that is less than critical.\nIt will fail within a few months to a few years working under the assumption that it is not getting it's cooling water replenished which is entirely plausible.\nMost nuclear power plants in the United States require are light water reactors or pressurized water reactors and require the circulation of water in order to stay within a 'steady state' of operational limits. The two failure scenarios that come into play under an unattended state both involve overheating and a change of state to critical. Other incidents occur on the timeline to critical such as hydrogen explosions but these events are essentially ancillary and aren't central to root cause.\nBackground\nThere are two types of nuclear reactors that can suffer from water related failure.\n* BWR - Boiling Water Reactor\n* PWR - Pressurized Water Reactor\nFailure Scenario - Lack of Water\nBoth water cooled reactor types suffer cataclysmic failure due to a lack of water. Some reactors can be more robust than others depending on the design. Many reactors derive their cooling water directly from their environment using ocean, lake or river water. These reactors are prone to having their water intake ducts clogged with debris thereby restricting the flow of cooling water to their segregated cooling systems. A lack of human intervention in these reactor types can lead to failure.\nCooling towers are used with reactors that are not in close proximity to ocean, river and lake water. Palo Verde Nuclear Power Plant in Arizona is one such example as was Three Mile Island.\nIn the event of an overheating reactor in the United States the Federal Government only requires a 30 day supply of cooling water. This cooling water, called a UHS (Ultimate Heat Sink) is a finite source and dissipates over time due to a number of reasons including evaporation, steam release and lack of re-circulation of primary cooling circuits due to radiation (the water for cooling is used one time only, in some cases, due to the amount of radiation contamination of the water)\nAs the water supply for cooling dwindles and water pressure decreases enough for flow rates to diminish beyond preset thresholds, the reactor undergoes an automatic shutdown called a SCRAM.", "435" ], [ "A SCRAM event does not require electricity. Neutron absorbing control rods are held in place by electromagnets above the fissile pile and upon loss of electricity the electromagnets lose their magnetism and the rods are dropped into place bringing fission to a near halt in the core. These systems are automated and do not require human intervention, however, the continued decay heat of the fissile material continues to create issues with cooling and with a finite water supply, eventually, the reaction pile becomes exposed to air which cannot cool the fissile rods due to simple lack of density.\nAt this point water changes it's state to a gas and becomes steam. The heat increases further and more steam and pressure buildup in the chamber. Water becomes superheated and takes on properties and attributes more akin to an organic solvent. The pressure is so high within the chamber that it eventually prevents the water from boiling. This superheated water's hydrogen bonds are eventually broken and the chamber becomes filled with superheated highly pressurized hydrogen which eventually explodes due to combustion or the failure of the reactor pressure vessel to contain the extremely high pressures. This failure has been made famous by the hydrogen explosion at the Fukushima Daiichi reactor containment vessels in Japan due to the tsunami which did not damage the reactors, it damaged generators that prevented the circulation of water for the cooling systems.\nThe loss of integrity to the reaction chamber is the penultimate step to the catastrophe, all systems are essentially destroyed and now the fissile material can become molten and eventually melt through any concrete casements that require cooling features in order to prevent the molten nuclear pile from actually melting through it. Once this molten pile of nuclear material hit's moisture an explosion can occur sending nuclear debris into the atmosphere and contaminating the surround landscape with fallout. Mind you, this isn't a nuclear explosion it's just an explosion....but you see what the problem is here, it's called a meltdown.\nConclusion\nWater inlets that use water from the environment (rivers, lakes, oceans) for secondary cooling systems require regular maintenance to prevent debris from clogging their inlets.\nUS located closed loop cooling reactors require only 30 days of backup cooling water.\nManual events such as steam or pressure release to prevent containment vessel explosions won't be occurring. There are disaster prevention events that require human intervention.", "435" ] ]

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[ [ "Among Us Inspired Automata\nIntroduction: Among Us Inspired Automata\nThis project is a STEM-based activity for high school or college students with prior knowledge of how simple machines function independently. It is also helpful if the student has knowledge of how to use lab equipment found in an engineering design class such as a table saw, laser cutter and drill press. By constructing an automata, students will be able to learn how cams, levers, linkages and the mechanics of movement function together. The completion of this mechanical sculpture will also show how simple machines can come together to create non-motorized movement.\nSTEL. In order to implement this tutorial in a classroom setting, we will be using Standards for Technological and Engineering Literacy to gauge what students should know and be able to do in order to achieve a high level of technological and engineering literacy.\nThe basic structure we will use to measure this is by first establishing the core disciplinary standards which represent all broad areas of technological activity in our world. Then we will show the practices that can not only be applied to the core disciplinary standards and contexts, but these can be applied to many real world situations as well. Finally, we establish contexts that tie back into the core disciplinary standards by representing 8 specific technology content areas.\nCore Disciplinary Standard.", "226" ], [ "The core disciplinary standard that aligns with this activity is Standard 2: Core concepts of Technology and Engineering. We see this standard reflected in the activity as we create a system by using multiple simple machines together to make non motorized movement. This activity is also a process where we use different resources and sequence of steps to produce our final product.\nAs the teacher/professor it is important to use STEL-2H where you identify all of the resources needed to create this automata, including materials, tools, machines, time and knowledge.\nPractices that are used in this activity include systems thinking; as we will be making separate simple machines function together to provide an output of up and down movement.\nMaking and doing; as we will be modeling, building and using scientific principles to create a physical, non motorized product.\nCritical thinking; as students will use their logic, reasoning and prior knowledge of simple machines to generate movement with only the materials provided.\nContext. The context that aligns with this activity is TEC-6: The Built Environment. We see this context reflected in this activity as students will design a wooden structure with components inside of it that also has to maintain its structure as it is interacted with. This is similar to real world structures such as building structures and students will understand that all structures have subsystems that have specific purposes. This activity also helps with spatial relationships, as students have to make sure things are scaled appropriately. Despite primarily being made of wood, students will notice that a different material would function a lot differently.\nSupplies\nFor this activity each student will need\nBass wood sheets\n* Longest sides- 18cm x 10cm (x2) -- 1/8th inch drilled holes 5cm from the bottom\n* Base- 9.9cm x 9.8cm\n* Inner squares- 9.9cm x 9.2cm (x2) -- 0.9cm x 1.2cm cut in the center\n* Front cover- 7cm x 10cm\n* Back cover- 10cm x 10 cm\nBalsa wood\n* Large wheels 4cm in diameter (x2) -- 1/8th inch drilled holes, 1 hole in center, other hole near edge\n* Large wheel 4cm in diameter -- 0.9cm x 1.2cm rectangle in center\n* Small wheel 2.5cm in diameter -- 1/8th inch drilled in center\nAdditional materials + tools\n* Dowel rod- 15cm, 1/8th inch diameter (x2)\n* Flat rod- 12.5cm x 1cm\n* Foam sheet\n* Among us inspired character- 5.7cm x 4.3cm (provided)\n* Wood glue\n* Ruler\n* Drill press or hand drill\n* Table saw\n* Laser cutter\nBased on the materials purchased, three students could do this project for about $30, with majority cost being in buying the wood\nAll dimensions and drawn parts for the automata can be accessed through this google drive link numbered in parts1-11:\nhttps://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1gc9_obpzO7PdRYqbSs5ck8peBmUeyC6T?usp=sharing\nStep 1: Longest Sides\nUsing a drill press or a hand drill, drill the 18cm x 10cm pieces of bass wood with a 1/8th inch drill bit 5cm from the bottom.\nStep1 needed parts and dimensions for automata can be accessed through this google drive link:\nhttps://drive.google.", "668" ] ]

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[ [ "You have it right, the $V$ function gives you the value of a state, and $Q$ gives you the value of an action in a state (following a given policy $\\pi$). I found the clearest explanation of Q-learning and how it works in <PERSON> book \"Machine Learning\" (1997), ch. 13, which is downloadable. $V$ is defined as the sum of an infinite series but its not important here. What matters is the $Q$ function is defined as\n$$ Q(s,a ) = r(s,a ) + \\gamma V^{}(\\delta(s,a)) $$ where V is the best value of a state if you could follow an optimum policy which you don't know. However it has a nice characterization in terms of $Q$ $$ V^{}(s)= \\max_{a'} Q(s,a') $$ Computing $Q$ is done by replacing the $V^$ in the first equation to give $$ Q(s, a) = r(s, a) + \\gamma \\max_{a'} Q(\\delta(s, a), a') $$\nThis may seem an odd recursion at first because its expressing the Q value of an action in the current state in terms of the best Q value of a successor state, but it makes sense when you look at how the backup process uses it: The exploration process stops when it reaches a goal state and collects the reward, which becomes that final transition's Q value. Now in a subsequent training episode, when the exploration process reaches that predecessor state, the backup process uses the above equality to update the current Q value of the predecessor state.", "915" ], [ "Next time its predecessor is visited that state's Q value gets updated, and so on back down the line (<PERSON>'s book describes a more efficient way of doing this by storing all the computations and replaying them later). Provided every state is visited infinitely often this process eventually computes the optimal Q\nSometimes you will see a learning rate $\\alpha$ applied to control how much Q actually gets updated: $$ Q(s, a) = (1-\\alpha)Q(s, a) + \\alpha(r(s, a) + \\gamma \\max_{a'} Q(s',a')) $$ $$ = Q(s, a) + \\alpha(r(s, a) + \\gamma \\max_{a'} Q(s',a') - Q(s,a)) $$ Notice now that the update to the Q value does depend on the current Q value. <PERSON>'s book also explains why that is and why you need $\\alpha$: its for stochastic MDPs. Without $\\alpha$, every time a state,action pair was attempted there would be a different reward so the Q^ function would bounce all over the place and not converge. $\\alpha$ is there so that as the new knowledge is only accepted in part. Initially $\\alpha$ is set high so that the current (mostly random values) of Q are less influential. $\\alpha$ is decreased as training progresses, so that new updates have less and less influence, and now Q learning converges", "915" ] ]

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[ [ "While I do not see any issues with paradoxes with this \"type\" of time-travelling, there are some odd things that I'd question.\nFirst of all, your example of losing your wallet. While it's great to \"re-live\" your past and remembering that you put it in your couch, how would going back help if you were not conscious that you lost your wallet, by dropping it for example? Your original body would not realize that you dropped it, so even if you go back a second time, you'd still not find it.\nThat goes the same for a pickpocketer. How would you know if someone is doing that to you when you go back? Does your consciousness have an out-of-the-body experience and see what you couldn't see before? Probably not, based on your explanation of doing all the actions and experiencing everything all over again. So, if you get pickpocketed without realizing it, you wouldn't find out even if you go back.\nThen, there's things like sleep.", "283" ], [ "Will your consciousness perceive your original body sleeping? Or will it fall asleep the same as you did before? Would you remember or experience past dreams? Would you still retain information about dreams when you wake up? Will your consciousness stay \"awake\" during sleep instead? If I relive the moment my house got robbed while I was asleep, would I be able to hear the robbers even though I was asleep before? There are a lot of questions to be answered here..\nIf your consciousness relives everything, does that include things that do affect consciousness like drinking alcohol? What if you relive the moment wherein you were drunk? Will the consciousness that went back in the past also become drunk? Wouldn't that mean that you won't be able to retain information during this state because the consciousness that went back is also drunk?\nAnd finally, I'd worry about mental health. What if someone relives a very emotional moment in their life? The feeling of success, joy of being accepted by your partner, winning, pleasure, getting \"high\", etc. What if someone keeps reliving those moments everyday? If you go back to the present, you'd lose those feelings, and might want to do that all over again. That could stagnate someone or even depress them, as they try to compare their past from the present.\nWhile these questions do not refer to having a paradox, it's curious how would this system work for an everyday person.", "620" ] ]

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[ [ "There are lots of possible options. This is not an exhaustive list, but it covers some of the main options:\nSolid State Thermoelectric generators\nFor lower temperatures (i.e. below the melting point of solid materials), a Thermoelectric generator is your friend. The <PERSON> effect is when a voltage generates over a length of material that has a temperature gradient (i.e. heat flux) across it. Currently, this has some use in small, low power devices (tens to low Kw). With future handwaved technology, it may be possible to create exotic materials with a much stronger <PERSON> coefficient, hence enabling more efficient power conversion.\nBrayton Cycle\nThis is used extensively today, but it fits the bill of not requiring boiling water. Some sort of gas is heated, expands, drives a turbine, cools, and is run through a compressor. This thermodynamic cycle is essentially a closed cycle jet engine. This is used for modern gas turbine power stations (in conjunction with a more conventional steam based cycle), but it is an efficient use of high temperature sources that work at many hundreds of degrees.\nMHD Generator\nIf your thermal source is hot enough to (at least partially) ionise a gas into plasma, then you can use a MHD generator.", "778" ], [ "The hot plasma is ducted down a pipe with a transverse magnetic field. This separates the positive ions and electrons, into two streams, extracting work from the gas/plasma and slowing it down. The separate streams can be passed over high temperature electrodes, which form the terminals of a circuit, creating a voltage difference.\nDirect conversion\nIf your thermal source is extremely high temperature, and directly produces a stream of charged particles (perhaps some exotic fusion reaction) you may be able to directly convert your exhaust. There are a lot of different ways this can be engineered from schemes that look similar to a MHD generator, all the way up to devices that look like a particle accelerator that operates in reverse.\nExotic Photovoltaics\nIf the high temperature source is extraordinarily hot, it may radiate a significant quantity of blackbody radiation. Enclosing it in some sort of exotic photovoltaics could generate electricity. The \"exotic\" part comes in because current photovoltaics are only really suitable to harvest sunlight. You may need some exotic (i.e. handwaved) semiconductors to make them work at higher frequencies (perhaps even x-rays or gamma rays), and with efficiencies that make it worthwhile for your alternate heat source.\nAll of the above\nYou may notice that there is a bit of a hierarchy to the above systems. As temperature increases, the most efficient engineering solution changes. For even more efficiency, you can chain them together! The most efficient system may be one where, for example, the exhaust of a futuristic aneutronic fusion reactor feeds into a direct conversion generator, which exhausts a lower temperature plasma into a MHD generator, which is cooled by a molten salt loop/heat exchanger into a Brayton cycle gas turbine, which is finally topped off with a \"low\" temperature coolant loop through a bank of thermoelectric generators. All of this would face numerous engineering constraints such as the cost/reliability/weight/volume limits of the system.", "284" ] ]

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[ [ "Hand-Sewn Stuffed Cat Plushie MODERATE SKILL LEVEL\nIntroduction: Hand-Sewn Stuffed Cat Plushie MODERATE SKILL LEVEL\nI used this website for the pattern:\nhttps://dollmaker.nunodoll.com/cat/ragdoll.html\nDISCLAIMER: The printed pattern is from a website not owned by me. I did not create this pattern nor the directions on the website myself. All rights are reserved to the original maker of the pattern.\nThere is a small tutorial on the website for the construction, but it was not thorough enough and took a lot of trial and error for me to get right.\nI made this cat for my aunt, in likeness of her late cat <PERSON>. I have made three cat plushies with this pattern total. For the pictures with a blue background, I was at school using one of my teacher's fancy cameras. For the pictures with a brown background, I was at home using my phone. It took me a few days to complete sewing this cat, because I sew by hand.\nSupplies\nHere is a list of the materials I used, but you can change the fabric depending on what you have:\nThings I bought/printed:\n* 1 yard Black and 1 yard White Anti-pill Fleece (from Joann Fabrics) $6.00 a yard - one yard of fabric can make up to 3 cat plushies -\n* Black embroidery floss (from Michael's) $0.62 for individuals\n* Plastic cat eyes (from Joann) $2.50\n* Thin, translucent wire (from Joann) $4.50\n* Polyester Fiber-fill (from Joann) $17.00\n* Printed pattern on paper from Nunodoll.com:\n+ BODY- https://dollmaker.nunodoll.com/cat/ragdoll1.gif\n+ HEAD, BELLY, and TAIL- https://dollmaker.nunodoll.com/cat/ragdoll2.gif\nTotal Cost of Items: $36.62 roughly\nOther supplies I had on hand:\n* Needle and thread, black and white\n* Fabric scissors (I used my Calculus teacher's fancy scissors)\n* Chalk and Washable marker, for tracing the pattern\n* Seam ripper, for mistakes and putting in the eyes\n* Measuring tape, for seams\nYou will also need to know the following hand stitches:\n* \"Back\" stitch - the usual stitch\n* \"Running\" stitch - for closing the head and tail\n* \"Lock\" stitch - for starting and ending each stitch\n* \"Ladder\" stitch - for closing ears and attaching the head & tail to body\n* \"Embroidery\" stitch - for optional details\nStep 1: Print Out the Two Patterns Onto Computer Paper\nPrint the pattern out onto computer paper and cut it out.\n(Optional step) Since paper is so flimsy, I glued the pieces to cardboard, from cereal boxes, with a 1/4 inch border around all the edges, except for the underbelly's slit in the middle and the hind foot's slice.", "673" ], [ "It is hard to explain in words, so I hope the pictures can help explain this better.\nThere is one other piece I made from the fleece that didn't have a pattern, so make sure you have enough material for it (it'll show up later).\nStep 2: Cut Out Pieces for the Head\nWhen cutting pieces out of any material, it is very important to know which side is the good side and which side is the wrong side. The good side is the side that will show up on the outside of the final product. The wrong side is the side that you sew on and will end up on the inside of the final product. With fleece, it is hard to tell which side is which because they are both the same color. However, I found that the good side of fleece is fluffier than the wrong side.\nTrace your patterns on the WRONG side with chalk. I added a 1/2 inch border around the pieces to make them a bit bigger. I do this with every piece, even the ones with the body, but you do not have to do this.\nYou should have these pieces cut out: 10 in total\n* 4 ears/ 2 black and 2 white\n* 1 head, black\n* 1 nose, white\n* 1 cheek, white\n* 1 chin (here I have it black but I ended up changing it to white later)\n* 2 head sides, black\nIn the picture above, I laid out all the pieces with their wrong sides up. Later I will show you what the wrong and good sides look like.", "316" ] ]

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[ [ "Maximizing pruned branches in an alpha-beta tree\nPreliminary\nAfter doing some searches of similar questions posted here and elsewhere, i feel like this is the right place to inquire about, now let's get through some boring main notations...\n* A MiniMax tree is an arborescence structure generated by an AI role-playing game to simulate the opponent turns giving notes/scores to each of, and so each turn taken by the player itself, in order that a maximal value is chosen as the actual perfect step against the minimum value which represents the best step taken by the opponent.\nin the image above A is the player, B is the opponent, C4 is the best tack chosen using MiniMax.\n* First thing which would cross your mind, when chosing B1=3, B2=5, is it necessay to visit all child-nodes of B3?, of course the computer wouldnt act stupid if you code it to not be stupid, then it will stop at C8 then breaks the process, why? well that is called Alpha-Beta pruning, it cuts the C9 subtree and all its successors within the subtree B3 because it wont searcg any lower value than 2 when it does consider the maximum for A which must be forcibly bigger than 5. The all process is illustrated below for wiki-joint model.\nAfter thinking a while, I have deduced the presence of a system of mathematical inequalities that allows finding a structure of positive number labeled tree-leafs forming a tree that generates a maximal number of branch-pruning.\nLook here in this example in french, let us assign this data-configuration to terminal leafs ${6,7,1000,4,2000,3000}$ , 4 nodes (3 leafs in two subtrees) of this tree arent visited because:\n$\\begin{eqnarray} \\left{ \\begin{aligned} 7\\;>\\;6\\ \\ (1\\ branch\\ =\\ 1\\ leaf)\\ 4\\;<\\;6\\ (1\\ node\\ =\\ 2\\ leafs)\\ \\end{aligned} \\right. \\end{eqnarray}$\nSo as remarked that the inequality changes direction as long as we mount to higher levels of the tree.\nfrom that base, maximizing branch pruning can be achieved by assigning alternatively bigger than smaller values for specific ranges of leafs, regarding a symbolic binary tree as follow :\n|\n----------------------\n-------------- ---------------\n---------- ---------- ---------- ------------\n| | | | | | | |\nx0 x1 x2 x3 x4 x5 x7 x8\nAs a beginning rule, opting for the maximum from the tree summit underlies the nature of values selected from the base, which is the maximum in this case, this gives a system of inequalities helping us to exclude maximum number of leafs from being visited.\n$\\begin{eqnarray} \\left{ \\begin{aligned} x_2\\;>\\;max(x_0,x_1)\\ \\ (1\\ branch\\ =\\ 1\\ leaf)\\ max(x_4,x_5)\\;<\\;max(x_0,x_1)\\ (1\\ node\\ =\\ 2\\ leafs)\\ ...\\end{aligned} \\right. \\end{eqnarray}$\nNumber of leafs we excluded is $1+2$ , generalized to $(1+2^1)+(1+2^2)+....$ for binary trees defined in an infinite range of positive integers ]0,$\\infty$[ (with duplication).\nThe Question\nConsider that tree is also parsed counter-clockwise, and we want to maximize the unvisited leafs when we parse a n-ary tree both directions as an intersection of two unvisited sets , is there a way to figure out a general system of inequalities for that ? a closed form for the maximum in terms of $n$ the level of this tree ? a O(N) algorithm working along this ground to output a data-set of corresponding leafs?", "835" ] ]

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[ [ "Easy Home Compost Bin\nIntroduction: Easy Home Compost Bin\nBeing an avid gardener, I have always wanted to have a composting system for my home. Using leftover materials I had from previous projects and experiments I decided to make a compost bin and try it out to turn kitchen and garden waste into food for my plants.\nI hope you enjoy this Instructable and feel free to leave your comments and feedback in the comment section below.\nSupplies\nFor this project I used a piece of PVC pipe from my PVC Ram Pump and an old trash can that I used as an experiment for growing potatoes (It was not a successful experiment btw).\nThe pipe is 3\" in diameter and had the perfect height to fit inside the trash can with the lid on top of it.\nApart from the trash can and the pipe I used a drill and two drill bits: A step drill bit to drill the holes in the trash can and a 3/8\" drill bit for the holes on the pipe.\nStep 1: Bin Preparation\nFor the preparation of the compost bin what you will need to do is drill holes in the bottom of the bin for worms and beneficial fungi to enter and help in the composting process.\nAdditionally, you will need to drill holes in the sides of the bin and throughout the pipe for airflow, as you do not want the system to be anaerobic (without the presence of oxygen) as it will start to ferment and smell, and nobody likes smelly compost.\nMake sure to clean the holes properly as you do not want plastic shavings in your composting process.\nStep 2: How to Use It\nTo assemble and use your new compost bin what you need to do is position your pipe in the middle of the trash can and start filling the donut shape around the pipe with garden soil. The better the garden soil the less time it will take your bin to start working because your garden soil is where the worms and beneficial microorganisms come from.\nAfter putting the initial layer of soil, you can start filling your bin with green materials such as garden and kitchen scraps and then filling with newspaper or leaves or other type of brown material. By adding these layers in your compost you will generate a balanced ecosystem and avoid any anaerobic fermentation or smells.\nMake sure not to fill the inside of the tube as this will be crucial in maintaining airflow throughout your bin!\nStep 3: Finished Compost Bin\nOnce finished you can put your compost bin on top of your garden so that it fills up with worms and other beneficial microorganisms, in my garden when it rains worms tend to crawl up to the surface (to avoid drowning I suppose), so by putting the compost bin on top of the garden as a dryer place for them to live an eat I guess will be a great situation.\nWhen your compost starts to break down you can add more greens and browns and any compost tea can directly fertilize the spot in your garden where the compost bin is located, so no need to put anything to collect it as it goes directly into the soil.\nI hope you enjoyed my easy home compost bin build and make one for your home so you can be greener and make proper use of your compostable scraps.", "727" ] ]

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[ [ "Nostalgia\nFor all the poetry and transcendence and desperate sincerity there also is something so sour about this movie. I mean there's a lot of bitterness in <PERSON> in general that the One Perfect Shot crowd doesn't talk about so much (thinking of <PERSON>'s first reaction to seeing <PERSON> in Solaris) but in particular the moment when <PERSON>'s tape player craps out before his, uh, big moment in Rome is almost unbearably cruel.", "698" ], [ "But funny, too! Or the long take of <PERSON> drunkenly rambling to a small Italian child... It feels like the scene in Lenny when <PERSON> is bombing, but this time the room is halfway underwater. Knowing the backstory of this project it almost seems like it should be a self-pitying disaster, but it's all just sadistic enough to follow me around all day like a dark cloud.", "549" ] ]

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[ [ "What's the meaning of the performance of I Will Survive at the end of Man On The Moon?\nMan On The Moon is the story of the career of <PERSON>.\nOne of the personas that <PERSON> sometimes adopted was <PERSON>, an obnoxious and terrible lounge singer. <PERSON> is an alter-ego for <PERSON>. In early scenes, when <PERSON> is not famous, audiences believe that <PERSON> is what he appears to be; but later, when <PERSON> is a celebrity, audiences understand that <PERSON> is a character played by <PERSON>.\nIn one scene, <PERSON> is on stage before an audience, and audience are enjoying the performance as a satire of some sort, thinking that the \"<PERSON>\" that they are seeing is really <PERSON> in disguise. But then <PERSON> joins <PERSON> on stage. The audience IN the film, as well as the actual audience OF the film, are confused how this could occur. A few moments later the film discloses that when both <PERSON> and <PERSON> are on stage together, <PERSON> is played by <PERSON>, a friend of <PERSON>'s.\nAs you might expect, <PERSON>'s funeral occurs fairly late in his career.", "295" ], [ "We see the funeral in the film, and in the next scene we see crowds standing outside a theater, and the message \"One Year Later\" is superimposed. The crowds cheer as someone arrives in a limo and emerges, clad in tux and with a bag over his head, and enters the theater. Then we see (obviously) this same person perform the song \"I Will Survive\" on stage -- and it's <PERSON>. Again the audience in the film is reacting happily as <PERSON> does his performance. Since we just watched <PERSON>'s funeral we suppose that <PERSON> is again being portrayed by <PERSON>. But then the camera moves around the room and we see <PERSON> in the audience.\nWhat is this scene about? Are we supposed to understand that after all this is the real <PERSON>, not played by <PERSON> or <PERSON> or anyone else? Did this event occur? Were this scene in the film, and the event it depicts, both supposed to feed rumors that <PERSON> was still alive, as the choice of the song \"I Will Survive\" obviously suggests?\nMy hunch is that this scene does not correspond to any real event but was intended as the sort of scene that <PERSON> would have wanted in the film, another attempt to bewilder the audience and destroy any understanding what is real and what is imaginary.", "918" ] ]

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[ [ "In an ideal truss, this is actually true. As all members in an ideal truss are pin-connected (meaning the nodes cannot support any moments) the members themselves can only be loaded in compression or tension, not shear. Thus, they do not experience any moment either. There are 4 assumptions made for ideal trusses:\n1. joints are friction-less\n2. members are assumed to be weightless\n3. nodes are only at the ends of members\n4. all loads attack at nodes\nThese are some severe simplifications, but this can be accounted for by other means. The main reason why idealised trusses are/were used is because they facilitate calculations a lot.\nIf you have done some calculations on beams, you may know how complex things can get, as soon as you get into statically indeterminate structures.\nBefore computer allowed to solve complex statical problems with methods like FEM, simplified systems like trusses were of great help.\nIt must be noted that e.g. the nodes of truss bridges are not really constructed with pin supports, as this is not really practical for larger structures. Often the members are actually welded or bolted together in a way that doesn't allow rotations like an ideal truss would.", "333" ], [ "But with large enough safety factors, as well as a stiff enough design (steel comes in quite handy with an elasticity of $200$ $GPa$) the necessary rotation in the truss nodes is minimal.\nConcerning points 2 and 4 of the \"ideal truss rules\", this seems to be counterintuitive at first. But firstly, the normal forces modern I-beams for example can take is a multiple of its own weight. Furthermore, methods have been in use to approximate the weight distribution, such as the following: (This is just an example)\nHere, the mass of the entire truss $m$ is approximated by a uniformly distributed load $$q=\\frac{m\\cdot g}{L}$$, which is then replaced by point loads $Q$ at the nodes. $$Q=q\\frac{L}{5}$$\naddendum:\nFixing both supports of the truss creates the same problem as with a regular beam: It becomes statically indeterminate$^{[i]}$. Consider a beam, fixed at both ends. When this beam experiences a change in temperature it would want to contract or expand, however the two fixed supports prevent that from happening. Thus, resulting in tensile or compressive stresses.\nThis is the same for trusses. Note how the truss basically consists of triangles. Imagine one of the members experiencing an increase in temperature, therefore expanding. To allow this, the other two members of said triangles just rotate to allow for that expansion. Consequently no thermal stresses occur.\nIn statically indeterminate trusses this is however prevented by the fixed supports, or by the shape of the truss itself (see footnote $^{[i]}$).\n$^{[i]}$ Note that trusses can be statically indeterminate even when there are not two fixed supports. Basically any truss where you could remove $n$ members without the system collapsing is $n$-fold statically indeterminate.", "333" ] ]

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[ [ "Pi Pie Necklace Charm\nIntroduction: Pi Pie Necklace Charm\nLike with every project, the first step is to gather the materials. For this charm, I used oven-bake polymer clay. Make sure that the clay you use is able to be baked in the oven (sculpting clay will simply melt).\nTechnically, you don't have to use the liquid clay, gloss, or chalk. It really just depends on the detail you want to include in your charm. You can also use toothpicks in place of a needle point tool.\nSupplies\n* tan, red, light purple, and black polymer clay\n* sculpey liquid clay\n* sculpting tools (needle point, ball point, and flat edge tips)\n* wire for charm loop\n* pliers for cutting/shaping the wire\n* necklace chain/ribbon\n* gloss coating (sculpey brand or clear nail polish)\n* small tipped paint brushes\n* brown chalk\n* Oven or Craft Oven\n* Super glue\nStep 1: Shaping the Base of the Charm\nFirst, with the tan clay, roll the clay into a cylinder shape. Then, roll the cylinder at an angle to make a more trapezoidal cylinder. This will create the back angle that will better resemble an actual pie shape.\nOnce the shape is to your liking, take the side of the needle tool and create indented lines across the outer edge of the clay. Do this around the whole edge. Once your done, go back over each ident and continue the indent over the top of the pie. You don't have to go far, just far enough to show the divisions in the crust.\nFinally, with one of the ball point tools, I created indents in the center of each section on the top of the pie to add in some more detail.\nOnce you've completed that, lightly smooth out the indentations with your fingers to soften the look.\nStep 2: Adding the Pie Filling\nNow that we have the pie base, we have to add in the filling. I mixed together red clay with a bit of purple and black in order to create a more realistic berry color.", "95" ], [ "Then, in order to make the filling more malleable, I mixed in some liquid clay until I was happy with the texture. The liquid clay will soften the clay and make it easier to manipulate, but be careful not to add in too much, otherwise it will become sticky.\nAfter getting the right consistency, I placed the filling in the center of the crust base, then spread it out and roughed it up with the flat edge tool to give it texture. Finally, I went back over with a ball point tool to soften some of the rough edges.\nStep 3: Adding Pi\nNow to officially make this a pi pie, we have to add pi! I rolled out a bit more of the tan clay to a width I was happy with, then cut three small pieces off, shaping them slightly into the shape of each section of pi before placing them in the center of my charm. The clay pie filling should help keep the pieces in place due to the liquid clay mixed in, as it sort of acts as a bonding agent.\nOnce I was happy with their placements, I took the large ball point tool and flattened the top, using a needle tool to better shape it into a more accurate symbol.\nStep 4: Adding Digits\nAfter finishing pi, I wanted to add the digits as well, to make the charm a bit more fun. I rolled out the tan clay to an even smaller width, then cut pieces and placed them around the edge of the pie filling. I used a smaller ball point and the needle point tools to shape the numbers.\nStep 5: Adding the Charm and Detail\nTo officially make this a necklace charm, we need some way to attach it to a necklace. I used the pliers to cut off the loop of a piece of jewelry wire, but if you don't have one of those, you can also shape a loop on any piece of wire using the pliers. Just make sure to leave some wire to fit into the charm!\nI inserted the wire into the top of the charm, lining it up so it is above the 3 so when worn, pi and it's digits will be positioned correctly. Finally, I took one of the small paint brushes and dragged it lightly across the brown chalk. Using this brush, I dusted the edge of the pie crust to add a bit of browning to the edges to make it look baked, as well as a bit on pi and the digits to give it a similar look.\nStep 6: Baking and Finalizing\nOnce the shading is completed using the chalk, the charm needs to be baked so it keeps its shape. Heat up an oven to 275 degrees Fahrenheit, and when to temperature, place the charm on a tray to bake.", "69" ] ]

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