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- Data Overview: The dataset includes anonymized voice samples labeled with personal information such as age, gender, place of origin, and accent.
- Usage Restrictions: Access to the dataset is permitted solely for research purposes and the development of solutions in the Galician language, including commercial use. However, dissemination of the voice recordings in an open-access manner or their public exposure is strictly prohibited. Researchers must cite the paper specified in the dataset description when using the dataset.
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Dataset Card for FalAI Dataset
Dataset Summary
The FalAI dataset consists of a total of 265,603 audio files (wav) with associated annotations in the form of metadata. The FalAI dataset is designed for SLU (Spoken Language Understanding) and is the largest publicly released dataset, in any language, for the task of SLU. Metadata is available for each recording, including the reference phrase, validation label, user id, demographics such as age, accent, gender, locality and province, and target task metadata in the form of domain, intent and slots.
The initial text corpus consists of a total of 3,500 sentences of varying domain. The sentences consist of standard commands or requests to virtual assistants for contexts such as house commands, e-health or e-government. The FalAI data collection was conducted during a specific campaign in the first quarter of 2023. Citizens were invited to participate by recording themselves reading thirty sentences using a specially designed tool.
A careful validation of the 250 hours of audio in the dataset has been carried out, including automatic, semi-automatic and manual validations. This has resulted in obtaining some novel splits for noisy audio, audio with hesitations, or audio with transcripts other than the reference sentence but preserving the structured information in the form of domain, intent, and slots. These novel splits will allow the establishment of a benchmark to test SLU models in borderline scenarios (noisy environments) or more realistic scenarios (audios with hesitation), as well as to test the adaptability and generalisation of the models (modifications of the original sentence with the same structured information, dialectal variations of the language, accent variations, etc.).
Supported Tasks
spoken-language-understandingandaudio-intent-classification: The original task for which the dataset was designed and created is to train End-to-End models for Spoken Language Understanding (E2E SLU). In these models the structured information is extracted directly from speech, in the form of domains, intents and slots.audio-classification: The dataset can be used to train audio classification models that can classify between different domains, different intents, accents, ages or other metadata present in the dataset.automatic-speech-recognition: The dataset can be used to train a model for Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR). The model is presented with an audio file and asked to transcribe the audio file to written text. The most common evaluation metric is the word error rate (WER).speaker-identification: The dataset can also be used to train speaker identification models, using the user metadata present in the dataset.intent-classificationandnamed-entity-recognition: The dataset can be used to train a model for intent or domain classification, for named-entity recognition, from audio or text.
How to use
The datasets library allows you to load and pre-process your dataset in pure Python, at scale. The dataset can be downloaded and prepared in one call to your local drive by using the load_dataset function.
For example, to download the validated split:
from datasets import load_dataset
falai = load_dataset("GTM-UVigo/FalAI", split="validated")
Using the datasets library, you can also stream the dataset on-the-fly by adding a streaming=True argument to the load_dataset function call. Loading a dataset in streaming mode loads individual samples of the dataset at a time, rather than downloading the entire dataset to disk.
from datasets import load_dataset
falai = load_dataset("GTM-UVigo/FalAI", split="validated", streaming=True)
print(next(iter(falai)))
Local
from datasets import load_dataset
from torch.utils.data.sampler import BatchSampler, RandomSampler
falai = load_dataset("GTM-UVigo/FalAI", split="validated")
batch_sampler = BatchSampler(RandomSampler(falai), batch_size=32, drop_last=False)
dataloader = DataLoader(falai, batch_sampler=batch_sampler)
Streaming
from datasets import load_dataset
from torch.utils.data import DataLoader
falai = load_dataset("GTM-UVigo/FalAI", split="validated")
dataloader = DataLoader(falai, batch_size=32)
Dataset Structure
Data Instances
Each data instance has the following structure, where there is data that may or may not have been shared.
{
'audio': {'path': '642c071cbd67bfe023ee279b.wav',
'array': array([0. , 0. , 0. , ..., 0.00360107, 0.00418091,
0.00430298]),
'sampling_rate': 44100
},
'sentence': 'Podes avisarme que o vinte de abril é o aniversario do veciño?',
'sentence_id': '0bedec1a-3ef6-4184-9a76-110207c416c4',
'validation_label': 'validated',
'user_id': '0af70a7c-21cb-4d22-89a2-759a676bd59d',
'age': 'range-40_49',
'accent': 'not-shared',
'gender': 'female',
'locality': '32050',
'province': '32',
'domain': 'lists',
'intent': 'add_to_calendar',
'slots': "{
'event': 'aniversario do veciño',
'date': 'vinte de abril'
}"
}
Data Fields
audio(dict): A dictionary containing the path to the downloaded audio file, the decoded audio array, and the sampling rate. Note that when accessing the audio column:dataset[0]["audio"]the audio file is automatically decoded and resampled todataset.features["audio"].sampling_rate. Decoding and resampling of a large number of audio files might take a significant amount of time. Thus it is important to first query the sample index before the"audio"column, i.e.dataset[0]["audio"]should always be preferred overdataset["audio"][0].sentence(string): The sentence the user was prompted to speak.sentence_id(string): Unique sentence identifier.validation_label(string): Label assigned during validation. See data splits for more information.user_id(string): Unique user identifier.age(string): The age range of the speaker (they may not have shared this information).accent(string): Accent of the speaker between atlantic, neo-speaker, normative, eastern or not-shared.gender(string): The gender of the speaker between male, female, non-binary or not-shared.locality(string): The locality of the speaker (they may not have shared this information).province(string): The province of the speaker (they may not have shared this information).domain(string): The specific topic or subject matter that the sentence pertains to.intent(string): The purpose or goal expressed by the speaker, which the system aims to infer or classify.slots(string): The specific pieces of information that the system aims to extract or identify. May be empty.
Data Splits
The FalAI dataset introduces novel splits generated during manual validation using additional labels. The labels used during manual validation are:
- Validated: Utterance that exactly matches the reference sentence.
- Changed: Utterance in which some word(s) have been changed or pronounced differently, but the semantic information in terms of intent and slots is retained.
- More words: Utterance in which words are added, but the structured information is retained.
- Fewer words: Utterance in which words are omitted but the structured information is retained.
- Hesitation: Utterance in which there is a hesitation in pronunciation, whether or not the reference sentence has changed, but in which the semantic information is retained.
- Noisy: Noisy recording, background noise or audio problems.
- Other: Intelligible recordings or recordings in which the utterance has no relation to the reference sentence.
| Files | Hours | |
|---|---|---|
| Validated | 238,821 | 222.32 |
| Changed | 10,846 | 11.28 |
| More words | 1,661 | 1.82 |
| Fewer words | 4,168 | 3.62 |
| Hesitation | 1,673 | 2.15 |
| Noisy | 8,041 | 8.47 |
| Other | 393 | 0.36 |
| Total | 265,603 | 250.02 |
Dataset Creation
Curation Rationale
Galician, which belongs to the Romance language family, is a co-official language, along with Spanish, in the autonomous region of Galicia, located in northwestern Spain, and has approximately 1.9 million speakers. Moreover, Galician is a language that has linguistic variations depending on the geographical area and that coexists in a situation of bilingualism and code-switching.
Despite its rich cultural tradition and the fact that it is the official language in public institutions, the digital presence of Galician is scarce. For the specific case of end-to-end spoken language understanding, there is no existing dataset of speech recordings for Galician, so FalAI is the first public dataset with these characteristics. If we analyse the available speech resources (although they are not suitable for E2E SLU, they can be used with traditional ASR + NLU architectures), the resources available in Galician are also scarce.
Source Data
The text corpus of the FalAI dataset was designed and created in collaboration with linguists in an attempt to capture all the variants of the language, to correct and revise any errors that may have been introduced, and to establish criteria for its creation. The FalAI dataset consists of a total of 3,500 sentences in 14 domains, with 85 intents, 34 slot types and 1,848 different values. The domains in the dataset include classic voice command phrases for smart home speakers, but also domains related to e-health, transport booking or questions about administrative processes.
Data Collection and Processing
The FalAI data collection was conducted during a specific campaign in the first quarter of 2023. Citizens were invited to participate by recording themselves reading thirty sentences using a specially designed tool. The number of sentences per recording session was determined to strike a balance between a minimum number of recordings and participant motivation, typically taking 2-4 minutes per round. Participants were encouraged to use their natural Galician, acknowledging the language's rich variations beyond the standard form.
To participate in FalAI, users were required to provide information regarding their age, gender, place of origin, and accent. There is no limit to the number of participations, and each unique contribution counts as an additional participation, as we do not retain personal data or associated identifiers of participants. The data collection campaign has been an unprecedented success for the language, surpassing all expectations. It has resulted in an astounding 6 times more hours of audio data compared to the main existing speech datasets in Galician. This campaign has achieved remarkable representation, with the participation of 99% of the municipalities in Galicia, with recordings from 311 of the 313 Galician municipalities. The dataset includes more than 25,000 recordings per province and also captures the rich diversity of Galician accents, with more than 25,000 recordings for each of the main accent variations. In particular, the campaign succeeded in involving a significant number of participants over the age of 60, a demographic typically underrepresented in such initiatives, with more than 15,000 recordings from this age group.
Annotation process
The validation process for the FalAI dataset was carefully designed due to the unique challenges posed by Galician, including the sensitivity of meaning to single character changes and the complexity of sentences containing numbers, municipality names or acronyms. Unlike English ASRs, Galician ASRs do not have comparable confidence scores. As a result, we opted for a semi-automatic validation strategy.
The validation strategy of the FalAI dataset included five different phases:
- Manual validation: In the first phase, 12,750 recordings (approximately 5% of the dataset) underwent manual validation, creating a representative corpus with fully supervised validation.
- ASR fine-tuning: In the second phase, the XLS-R model was fine-tuned using Galician speech data from Common Voice and OpenSLR . About 30% of the dataset (75,000 recordings) with 0% word error rate (WER) were automatically validated.
- Language model boost: In the third phase, a 4-gram model trained on the dataset text corpus was used as the language model to boost recognition. In this phase, an additional 10% of the original dataset was validated with zero WER.
- ASR model refinement: In the fourth phase, the XLS-R model was further fine-tuned using the recordings validated in the first phase. This new ASR model, reinforced by the 4-gram model, validated an additional 30% of the original dataset, with 75% of the dataset validated by the end of this phase.
- Manual validation (final phase): The final phase manually validated recordings that hadn't been validated in previous phases.
Who are the annotators?
The dataset was validated manually with the collaboration of Balidea's R&D&I team.
Citation
Please cite this paper when referencing the FalAI dataset:
@article{pineiro2024falai,
author = {Piñeiro-Martín, Andrés and García-Mateo, Carmen and Docío-Fernández, Laura and López-Pérez, María del Carmen and Gandarela-Rodríguez, José},
title = {FalAI: A Dataset for End-to-end Spoken Language Understanding in a Low-Resource Scenario},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the LREC-COLING 2024 Joint Conference},
year = {2024},
address = {Turin, Italy},
month = {May},
publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
}
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