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[ "a juvenile tasmanian numbfish (narcine tasmaniensis) on silty sea bed, australia .\na juvenile tasmanian numbfish (narcine tasmaniensis) on silty sea bed, australia. | stocktrek images\nthe tasmanian numbfish spends the days buried under the substrate. it comes out to feed at night .\nby iucn. photo credit: australian national fish collection, csiro. centre right: tasmanian numbfish (\nthe tasmanian numbfish is yellowish to brown, without markings on the dorsal surface. the concave - margined disc is shorter than the tail .\na tasmanian numbfish, narcinops tasmaniensis, at tranmere, derwent river, tasmania, depth 10 m. source: will white. license: all rights reserved\n* tasmanian numbfish, narcine tasmaniensis richardsonjohn richardson (naturalist) sir john richardson was a scotland royal navy surgery, natural history and arctic explorer. richardson was born at dumfries. more\na medium - sized numbfish common throughout its range. produces a much smaller shock than coffin and torpedo rays .\nthe tasmanian numbfish is widespread in waters of eastern and southern australia in the eastern indian and southwest pacific oceans, from coffs harbour (new south wales) to eyre (western australia), including tasmania (last and stevens 2009) .\nthere are five members of the genus narcine known and little known on the tasmanian numbfish. in this species the distance between the spiracle and the eye is longer than the horizontal diameter of the eye. the margins of the disc are concave and it is shorter than the tail .\ntasmanian numbfish is a bycatch in trawl fisheries across its range. in the commonwealth managed southern and eastern scalefish and shark fishery it is a common bycatch with an estimated 56 tonnes caught annually between 2000 and 2006 (100% discarded), and with an increasing trend in catch - per - unit - effort (walker and gason 2007) .\n' as a tasmanian, i am proud to see another example of the outstanding science being done here in hobart, which boasts a vibrant and world - renowned marine research community,' said senator brown .\nthe tasmanian numbfish occurs on the continental shelf and slope but habitat varies regionally; off tasmania, it is restricted to the continental slope (including near shore and rarely deeper than 100 m), while further north it occurs on the slope at depths of 200 - 640 m (last and stevens 2009). it is a medium - sized numbfish found on sandy or muddy bottoms, and sometimes near rocky reefs. it reaches at least 47 cm total length (tl); males reach maturity at 21–26 cm tl and females at 20–26 cm tl (r. daley, csiro hobart, pers. comm. , 2004). viviparous; size at birth is 9–12 cm tl; litter size averages 3 and ranges 1 - 8 (r. daley, csiro hobart, pers. comm. , 2004) .\njustification: the tasmanian numbfish (narcine tasmaniensis) is endemic to eastern and southern australia from new south wales to western australia including tasmania. it is common and has a wide depth range from nearshore to 640 m. it is a medium - sized numbfish reaching 47 cm total length with a litter size of 1 - 8 (average 3) pups and is a regular bycatch of commonwealth trawl fisheries across its range, but is of no interest to fisheries and is discarded when caught (although post - release mortality needs examination). observer data in the southern and eastern scalefish and shark fishery show an increasing trend in catch - per - unit - effort between 2000 and 2006. given this trend, and considering that this is a common species with a relatively wide geographic and depth range across eastern and southern australia, it is assessed as least concern .\nspookfish, numbfish, stingarees, fiddler rays and cookie - cutter sharks are just some of the 322 shark, ray and chimaerid species illustrated in the latest edition of' sharks and rays of australia' – a definitive reference by peter last and john stevens of the wealth from oceans flagship .\ni completed a bachelor of marine science with honours at the university of tasmania / institute for marine and antarctic studies, where i studied the feeding and niche interactions of small coastal water elasmobranchs (gummy sharks, dogfish, banded stingarees, and tasmanian numbfish). my passion was always with marine biology and shortly after my honours i worked casually as a field assistant on a seven gilled shark phd project. however my interest in all things fishy brought me to the inland fisheries service where i began work as a technical officer on the carp management program. four years later, i am now working as a fisheries biologist still trying to remove the remaining population of carp from tasmania. i enjoy keeping a range of native tasmanian freshwater fish in aquaria. i am a game fishing fanatic, and when i’m not offshore i am wishing i was. i attended my first conference this year at the asfb & asl congress which was a great experience and i hope to make it to the next one .\nabyssal grenadier, coryphaenoides armatus a large uniformly brownish grenadier with a bluish abdomen, a large head, large eyes and the body tapering from behind the first dorsal fin. the light organ on the underside extends beyond the midpoint between the anal - fin origin and the pelvic - fin bases. habitat: 102 cm tl habitat: bathypelagic coryphaenoidarmatusnoaambari. jpg indigo leg skate, sinobatis caerulea a bluish - grey legskate, also with a bluish underside. habitat: bottom dweller max size: 69 cm tl sinobatiscaerulcsiro. jpg one - spot moray, gymnothorax monostigma a brown moray with a black patch surrounding and behind the eye, white spots surrounding the sensory pores along the upper and lower jaws and around the posterior nostril, and an orange margin on the fins. habitat: reef associated max size: 65 cm tl gymnothmonostigjtw. jpg slendertail moray, gymnothorax gracilicauda habitat: reef associated max size: 32 cm tl gymnothgracilicaud3jtw. jpg tasmanian numbfish, narcine tasmaniensis narcinetasmaniensiscsiro. jpg bluespotted maskray, dasyatis australiae last a reddish brown to greenish stingray with blue spots and scattered black spots on the disc, a dark' mask' through the eyes and a very long tail with black and white bars on the rear. bluespotted maskrays have two venomous spines on the tail that may cause extremely painful wounds. habitat: reef associated, sandy bottoms max size: 70 cm tl dasyatiskuhlii2dh. jpg\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\nthere is no information available pertaining to population size or trend. observer data from the southern and eastern scalefish and shark fishery between 2000 and 2006 show an increasing catch - per - unit - effort trend (walker and gason 2007). it is reportedly common in the great australian bight (last and stevens 2009). around southern tasmania, populations of breeding females together with a number of mature males have been collected but no immature males (r. daley, csiro hobart, pers. comm. , 2004) .\nnumbfishes are not utilized and are 100% discarded when caught as bycatch (e. g. , walker and gason 2007) .\nthere are no conservation measures in place for this species. it may derive some conservation benefit from protection of part of it' s distribution within commonwealth marine reserves .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\nmarine; bathydemersal; depth range 5 - 640 m (ref. 6871). temperate; 31°s - 44°s\nsouthwest pacific: australia (including new south wales, south australia, victoria and tasmania) .\nmaturity: l m? range? -? cm max length: 47. 0 cm tl male / unsexed; (ref. 6871 )\nfound on sand or mud bottoms, occasionally near rocky reefs (ref. 12951). feeds on amphipods, shrimp, and worms (ref. 12951) .\npaxton, j. r. , d. f. hoese, g. r. allen and j. e. hanley, 1989. pisces. petromyzontidae to carangidae. zoological catalogue of australia, vol. 7. australian government publishing service, canberra, 665 p. (ref. 7300 )\n): 11. 7 - 16. 6, mean 14. 2 (based on 82 cells) .\nphylogenetic diversity index (ref. 82805): pd 50 = 0. 5000 [ uniqueness, from 0. 5 = low to 2. 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight: a = 0. 01047 (0. 00386 - 0. 02839), b = 2. 87 (2. 64 - 3. 10), in cm total length, based on lwr estimates for this (sub) family - body shape (ref. 93245) .\ntrophic level (ref. 69278): 3. 3 ±0. 48 se; based on food items .\nresilience (ref. 69278): low, minimum population doubling time 4. 5 - 14 years (assuming fecundity < 100) .\nvulnerability (ref. 59153): moderate vulnerability (37 of 100) .\nthe map below shows the australian distribution of the species based on public sightings and specimens in australian museums. click on the map for detailed information. source: atlas of living australia .\nhoese, d. f. , bray, d. j. , paxton, j. r. & g. r. allen. 2006. fishes. in beesley, p. l. & a. wells. (eds) zoological catalogue of australia. volume 35. abrs & csiro publishing: australia. parts 1 - 3, pages 1 - 2178 .\nlast, p. r. & j. d. stevens. 2009. sharks and rays of australia. edition 2. csiro. pp. 644, pl. 1 - 91 .\nthis species occurs from coffs harbour in new south wales to eyre in western australia, including around tasmania. off tasmania it occurs to the continental shelf rarely exceeding 100 metres. occurs mainly on the continental slope further north in it' s distribution, occurring at 200 - 640 metres in depth .\nbody depressed; subcircular disc with a broadly rounded apex with concave margins, widest close to point of pectoral fin insertion. medium sized eye. skin smooth, frequently creased, lacking denticles or thorns. tail tapering gradually, about 1. 25 times precloacal length. first and second dorsal fin upright, about equal in size. caudal fin broadly rounded. pelvic fins narrow and broad .\nlength is 9 - 12 cm at birth. can reach at least 47 cm total length. males reach maturity at approximately 20 cm, females approximately 21 cm\nchocolate brown upper surface, fins paler brown. ventral surface white, sometimes with a few dark blotches. juveniles frequently have blotches on dorsal surface of disc and at base of dorsal fin, and a dark median stripe .\ngives birth to live young, litters range in size from 1 to 8 pups .\nnarcine tasmaniensis richardson 1841 proceedings of the zoological society of london 1841 (9): 22, port arthur, tasmania .\nlast, p. r & stevens, j. d. 2009. sharks and rays of australia. collingwood: csiro publishing australia\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia, please upload using the upload tools .\nyearsley, g. k. , last, p. r. & morris, g. b. 1997 ,\ncodes for australian aquatic biota (caab): an upgraded and expanded species coding system for australian fisheries databases\n, pp. 15 pp. + appendices\nwhitley, g. p. 1964 ,\na survey of australian ichthyology\n, proceedings of the linnean society of new south wales, vol. 89, no. 1, pp. 11 - 127\ncompiled by roberts, c. d. ; paulin, c. d. ; stewart, a. l. ; mcphee, r. p. ; mcdowall, r. m. , king, c. m. ; roberts, c. d. ; bell, b. d. ; fordyce, r. e. ; nicol, r. s. ; worthy, t. h. ; paulin, c. d. ; hitchmough, r. a. ; keyes, i. w. ; baker, a. n. ; stewart, a. l. ; hiller, n. ; mcdowall, r. m. ; holdaway, r. n. ; mcphee, r. p. ; schwarzhans, w. w. ; tennyson, a. j. d. ; rust, r. ; macadie, i. 24: phylum chordata: lancelets, fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals, checklist of new zealand chordata. living lancelets, jawless fishes, cartilaginous fishes, and bony fishes. in: new zealand inventory of biodiversity volume 1 .\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: 9381713e - 1875 - 4eb4 - b59e - 3628e0f9afb4\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: 61b56891 - 015f - 43eb - b9c7 - 5072c66510ed\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. name: 383372\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment. find records and model species distributions. export reports, maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area, or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something? photograph something? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities. we honour and celebrate the spiritual, cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\nthis species can grow to a maximum length of 18. 6 inches. born at a length of 3. 4 inches .\nthe dorsal color is yellowish brown to chocolate brown and no markings on the body, with white below. juveniles often have a stripe in the middle of the disc and on the dorsal fin bases .\nsouthwest pacific: australia (including new south wales, south australia, victoria and tasmania). they are found on sand or mud bottoms, occasionally on rocky reefs. reported at depth range of 16 to 336 feet .\nthis shark is considered harmless, although it may shock the diver it it is provoked .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nbelow are low / medium resolution photos for use by media if appropriately credited. higher resolution images are available here. here is brief guide to the kind of images avaiable: first, the threatened (critically endangered, endangered and vulnerable) species. second, near threatened and least concern species. third, fisheries catches, fish processing and landing sites .\nis providing information for management and recovery of threatened species. photo credit: grant johnson .\n) reaches a maximum length of 2. 5 m. this egg - laying ray, and others like it, has been eliminated from shallow temperate seas throughout its range an is only found in a few deepwater places and rocky habitats that are too difficult to trawl. photo credit: scottish sea angling conservation network (ssacn) .\nangel shark (squatina squatina) has almost disappeared from european waters and can now only be found with any regularity in the canary islands. it was formerly a common and important bottom - dwelling predator over large areas of its coastal and outer continental shelf sediment habitat in the northeast atlantic, mediterranean and black seas. most of this region is now subject to intense demersal fisheries, and the species is highly vulnerable (from birth onwards) to bycatch in the benthic trawls, set nets and bottom longlines operating through most of its range and habitat. photo credit: tony gilbert .\nis a large, widely distributed, tropical shark largely restricted to continental shelves that is listed as endangered. it\nis highly valued for its fins (in target and incidental fisheries), suffers very high bycatch mortality and only reproduces once every two years, making it vulnerable to overexploitation and population depletion. photo credit: neil hammerschlag .\nguitarfishes and wedgefishes are among the most threatened rays, due to the high value of their large fins. this whitespotted wedgefish (\nby iucn. photo credit: matt d. potenski. top right: the shortlip electric ray (\nby iucn. photo credit: australian national fish collection, csiro. bottom left: the pelagic thresher shark (\n), at monad shoal, near malapascua island in the visayan sea of the central philippines. this species is listed as vulnerable on the iucn red list of threatened species. photo credit: bo mancao. bottom centre: juvenile giant shovelnose ray (\nheron island, great barrier reef, listed as vulnerable by iucn. photo credit: michelle heupel, australian institute of marine science .\nresting in mangrove roots, orpheus island, great barrier reef. photo credit: michelle heupel, australian institute of marine science .\nby iucn. photo credit: australian national fish collection, csiro. far right: banded stingaree (\nby iucn. photo credit: peter kyne. centre left: wedgefish and sawfish landings at muara angke, jakarta, indonesia. species of these shark - like rays are highly valued for their fins and are listed as\nby iucn. photo credit: australian national fish collection, csiro. centre right: wedgefish (\nspp) landings at muara angke, jakarta. species of this shark - like ray family are listed as\nby iucn. photo credit: australian national fish collection, csiro. far right: a species of devil ray (mobula spp .) having its gill rakers removed at a fishing port in sri lanka. the gill rakers of devil rays and closely related mantas are valuable for use in chinese medicine. photo credit: sonja fordham .\nthresher shark fins at processing centre at cilacap, central java, indonesia. all three thresher shark species are listed as\nby iucn. photo credit: australian national fish collection, csiro. centre left: deepwater shark and ray catch at cilacap, central java, indonesia. deepwater sharks and rays are increasingly threatened as fisheries deplete the shallow coastal seas and move into deeper waters. photo credit: australian national fish collection, csiro. centre right: shark trunks being weighed and logged at muara baru, jakarta. photo credit: australian national fish collection, csiro. far right: daily shark landings being auctioned at tanjung luar, lombok. photo credit: australian national fish collection, csiro .\n: urltoken contains images of sharks, skates, rays, and a few chimaera' s from around the world. elasmodiver began as a simple web based\nto help divers find the best places to encounter the different species of sharks and rays that live in shallow water but it has slowly evolved into a much larger project containing information on all aspects of shark diving and shark photography .\nthere are now more than 10, 000 shark pictures and sections on shark evolution, biology, and conservation. there is a large library of reviewed shark books, a constantly updated shark taxonomy page, a monster list of shark links, and deeper in the site there are numerous articles and stories about shark encounters. elasmodiver is now so difficult to check for updates, that new information and pictures are listed on an elasmodiver updates page that can be accessed here :\nthe taxonomy of sharks and rays is a subject that remains in hot debate. although the majority of elasmobranch families have been nailed down there will always be individual species that don' t quite fit the characteristics of their sibling species. consequently species are occasionally reclassified or simply listed as awaiting review. one of the most confusing of families is the potamotrygonidae - the fresh water stingrays of south america. not only do these ray species adopt extremely varied patterns that are sometimes visually indistinguishable from other species, they also produce hybrids in certain parts of their ranges leaving us wondering what exactly a true species is anyway .\namong shark taxonomists conservative estimates of the number of known shark species is now approaching 500. combined with the 700 or more species of rays and skates there are well over a thousand valid species of elasmobranches. in the past many more species were described only to be discounted later as being synonymous with elasmobranches already described from other geographic areas. in recent years this problem has lessened because taxonomic data has become easier to share over the internet. however, taxonomists are as vain as the rest of us and in their efforts to be the first to describe (and name) a new species there is often a counterproductive lack of collaboration .\nsome abyssal species have been described from only one or two specimens captured during deep water trawls. this implies that in all likelihood there are many shark and ray species lurking on the abyssal plain that have not yet been seen or captured. the best example being the relatively recent discovery of the megamouth shark. if this large and slow moving shark could remain hidden until the 1980' s, who knows how many other elasmobranches have gone unnoticed .\nfollowing is a list (in need of an update) of all the described species of elasmobranchs. included at the bottom are the holocephali (the chimaeras or ghost sharks) that share many characteristics with modern sharks and rays but are thought to be descended from a different group of cartilaginous fishes that thrived during the late devonian period .\noccasionally new species of sharks and rays are described by science. in some cases they have been well known for a while e. g. the western wobbegong but no one has gotten around to describing them. more exciting is when a deep water trawl or a lucky diving expedition uncovers a species that the scientific community was completely unaware of. this page on elasmodiver highlights the discovery of these species. many thanks to helmut nickel who somehow manages to find out whenever a new species is described and diligently informs the rest of the lay community of shark fanatics through shark - l. without his input i wouldn' t have a clue .\nif you have information about a species i have overlooked please email me the information and i will add it to the list .\nincludes a key to identifying the genus of the dasyatidae (whiptail stingrays) .\nincludes a key to identifying the genus of the potamotrygonidae (river stingrays) .\nphylum chordata - animals that at some point in their life cycle have the following: pharyngeal slits (a series of openings connecting the inside of the throat to the outside of the neck. in fish these become gill slits), dorsal nerve cord (a bundle of nerve fibres running down the back, connecting the brain with the organs and extremities, a notochord (a cartilaginous rod supporting the nerve cord), post anal tail (an extension of the' back' past the anal opening) .\nsubphylum vertebrata - animals with a vertibral column or backbone and neural crest cells which are released as the nerve cord is forming, these cells move through the body to form major nerves, neural ganglia, and many head and facial features. other features that separate vertebrates from other chordates include: a relatively well - developed brain, paired complex eyes, a muscularized mouth and pharynx, and a well - developed circulatory system with a heart .\nclass chondrichthyes - cartilaginous fishes lacking true bone. chondrichthyes can be split into two distinct subclasses elasmobranchii and bradyodonti .\nsubclass elasmobranchii - sharks, skates and rays (and some fossil relatives). elasmobranchs have an upper jaw that is not fused to the braincase and separate slitted gill openings .\nsubclass holocephali - includes forms with an upper jaw fused to the braincase and a flap of skin, the operculum, covering the gill slits. the holocephalii includes the chimaeras and ratfishes, which are relatively rare, often deep - water, mollusc - eating forms .\nnarcine brevilabiata - (offshore species found on continental tropical waters, known from a depth of 49 m) .\nnarcine prodorsalis - (continental waters both inshore and offshore. known from a depth of 49m) .\nnarcine vermiculatus - vermiculate electric ray (benthic on soft bottoms in protected coastal areas) .\ntemera hardwickii - pari karas (malay / indonesian. found inshore and offshore )\nj. p. c. b. da silva & m. r. de carvalho, 2011\ntarsistes philippii jordan, 1919 no common name. known from one dried head from chile\nrhynchobatus immaculatus peter r. last1, hsuan - ching ho2, 3, * & rou - rong chen3 2013\ncallorhinchus milii (elephantfish) occurs on continental shelves of cool temperate areas of australia and new zealand to depths of at least 200 m. migrates into large estuaries and inshore bays in spring to breed .\nchimaera monstrosa (rabbit fish) atlantic. upper continental slopes, 40 to 100m .\nhydrolagus affinis (smalleyed rabbitfish, atlantic chimaera) eastern atlantic, mediterranean. continental slopes to deep - sea plains .\nhydrolagus lemures (blackfin ghostshark) common and wide - ranging chimaera of the australian outer continental shelf and upper slopes .\nhydrolagus mirabilis (large - eyed rabbitfish) moderately common on continental slopes. feeds on small fishes and invertebrates. oviparous\nharriotta haeckeli (smallspine spookfish) north atlantic, taken in 1800 - 2600 m; specimens collected by russian vessels from submarine seamounts of the indian ocean in 1400 - 1730 m; off st. helens (tasmania) in 1480 - 1700 m .\np. o. box 8719 station central, victoria, bc. , v8w 3s3, canada\n( richardson, 1841): in: database of modern sharks, rays and chimaeras, www. shark - references. com, world wide web electronic publication, version 07 / 2018\n). occurs on sand or mud bottoms, occasionally near rocky reefs. feeds on amphipods, shrimp, and worms .\nhost - parasite list / parasite - host list (version: 01. 04. 2015) 544 pp, 5, 37 mb new !\nrichardson, 1841: in: database of modern sharks, rays and chimaeras, www. shark - references. com, world wide web electronic publication, version 07 / 2018\n* volume discounts available. call or email us to have promo code created for you. * * large format files available on select images. send us a media request .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nif this is your first visit, be sure to check out the faq by clicking the link above. you may have to register before you can post: click the register link above to proceed. to start viewing messages, select the forum that you want to visit from the selection below .\ndanio - erythromicron -. jpg emerald dwarf rasbora the emerald dwarf rasbora (danio erythromicron), is a species of cyprinid fish which is endemic to inle lake in myanmar. known from the isolated mountain lake of inlé and surrounding watershed in shan state, eastern myanmar, and also occurs close to loi kaw township in neighbouring kayah state to the south. fully - grown at just 20 mm (2 cm). barbus - hulstaerti -. jpg african butterfly barb the african butterfly barb (barbus hulstaerti), is a species of ray - finned fish in the genus barbus. endemic to the democratic republic of congo in central africa where it has been recorded from central parts of the congo river drainage within the great area of equatorial rainforest situated south and east of the main river channel. maximum standard length: 30 – 35 mm (3 - 3. 5 cm) dawkinsia - assimilis -. jpg mascara barb the mascara barb (dawkinsia assimilis), is a species of ray - finned fish in the genus dawkinsia. it is endemic to the southern western ghats. occurs in various habitat - types depending on locality and probably time of year. maximum standard length: 90 – 120 mm (9 - 12 cm). nannostomus - mortenthaleri -. jpg coral red pencilfish the coral red pencilfish (nannostomus mortenthaleri), is a freshwater species of fish belonging to the lebiasinidae family of characins. its distribution is fairly restricted to date; it has only been recorded from a small tributary of the nanay river, and possibly the tigre river, peru. maximum standard length: 25 – 30 mm (2. 5 - 3 cm) hyalobagrus flavus. jpg shadow catfish the shadow catfish (hyalobagrus flavus), is a species of bagrid catfish endemic to indonesia where it is known only from the batang hari drainage in sumatra and the mentaya river basin in southern borneo where it inhabits brown water habitats that are closely associated with blackwater peat swamps. maximum standard length: 45mm (4. 5 cm )\ndrab longfin gurnard, lepidotrigla calodactyla lepidotrigcalodactcsiro. jpg eye gurnard, lepidotrigla argus lepidotrigarguscsiro. jpg cocky gurnard, lepidotrigla modesta lepidotrigmodestcsiro. jpg maxillicosta meridianus motomura, maxillicostameridiandm. jpg estuary stingray, dasyatis fluviorum a yellowish to brown stingray found in eastern australia, with a rhomboidal shaped disc, a long tail and a distinctive row of spines or thorns running along the back to the tail base. habitat: estuaries - mangroves, tidal flats max size: 130 cm dw (disc width) dasyatisfuviorum2dh. jpg\nthreespine frogfish, batrachomoeus trispinosus batrachomtrispinbillmarkbell. jpg harlequin snake eel, myrichthys colubrinus myrichcolubringuyskillen. jpg louse fish, phtheirichthys lineatus phtheirichlineatcsiro. jpg\ncommon pike eel, muraenesox bagio dentifying features: snout long, posterior nostrils only slightly closer to the eye than to the anterior nostrils; mouth very large, teeth large, conspicuous; head moderately broad; 33 - 39 lateral line pores before the anus. biology: leptocephalus larva danger: aggressive when caught depth: 0 - 100 m max size: 200 cm tl muraenesbagiocsiro. jpg darkfin pike eel, muraenesox cinereus a large predatory eel found on soft bottoms from the intertidal region to a depth of about 300 metres habitat: marine, estuarine, soft bottom max size: 220 cm tl muraenescinercsiro. jpg ilyophis brunneus depth: 580 - 2023 m max size: 58 cm tl ilyophbrunneusjohnmoorenoaa. jpg shortfin cut - throat eel, synaphobranchus brevidorsalis synaphobrbrevidcsiro. jpg kaup' s cut - throat eel, synaphobranchus kaupii synaphobrkaupiicsiro. jpg\npowered by vbulletin® version 4. 2. 5 copyright © 2018 vbulletin solutions inc. all rights reserved. © gamovation b. v .\na large' armless' flounder found off the west coast of tasmania. pelvic fin on eyed side with 7 rays, fin on blind side with 6 - 7 rays. brownish - grey with darker dorsal and anal fins .\na large well - camouflaged greyish - brown to pale brownish angelshark with a whitish underside, and covered in small irregular pale spots. the margins of the pectoral and pelvic fins have alternating pale and dark dashes, and there are small dark spots on the lower lobe of the tail. although considered harmless, australian angelsharks have sharp pointed teeth and may bite and cause serious wounds if threatened. an australian angelshark at blairgowrie, port phillip, victoria .\na relatively small brownish flounder with several darker, irregular large blotches, dark bands on the dorsal and anal fins, and dark caudal - fin membranes .\na very large, long - lived perch - like fish with a relatively deep body and a rounded caudal fin. adults are dark brown to slate - grey with whitish tips to the top and bottom of the tail; juveniles have an irregular mottled pattern with a whitish margin to the tail. a highly regarded food fish. video of polyprion americanus in the atlantic .\na pinkish - grey hagfish with a cylindrical body, a paddle - like tail and six barbels around the circular mouth. some individuals may have a piebald coloration. broadgilled hagfish are scavengers, feeding mostly on dead and dying invertebrates, fishes, and the odd dead marine mammal that has sunk to the seafloor. they also prey on live fishes - rasping through the flesh with their rows of sharp teeth. hagfishes are renowned for their ability to produce copious amounts of slime when threatened. the slime, exuded from pores along the body, expands enormously on contact with sea - water. video footage from recent studies in new zealand shows how the slime clogs the mouth and gills of predators .\na bright red gurnard becoming whitish below, with a dark red spot on the first dorsal fin, a broad dark red band near margin of the caudal fin, and the inner surface of the pectoral fins is greenish with a blue margin. the cocky gurnard, is the most widespread species in the genus, occurring in offshore waters of southern australia where it is sometimes trawled in large numbers .\na very large pinkish - yellow to yellowish - brown or tan ghost flathead with darker mottling, a series of dusky blotches along sides in small fish, pinkish to yellowish - brown dorsal, caudal and pectoral fins; second dorsal fin with vertical dark streaks on membranes in small specimens and oblique dark bands in larger individuals; a dark band on anal fins of males; caudal fin with a black margin, eyes bright blue when freshly collected .\nsydney harbour has a very rich fish fauna. nearly 600 species live in it, enter it, or are known from historic records .\nthis figure can be put into perspective when compared with 540 species recorded from the mediterranean sea (helfman, collette & facey (2009) and 276 from uk coastal waters to a depth of 200 m (crimmen pers. comm .) .\nthe following list of fishes has mostly been extracted from the australian museum ichthyology database. it represents species for which the australian museum fish collection holds a specimen. it is not a definitive list but does cover the majority of species currently known to live in (or have swum into) the harbour .\neighty two species of fishes were originally described from in and around sydney. of these, 49 are still considered valid species, the remainder are treated as junior synonyms. twenty six of the 49 valid species are endemic to australian waters. only a single species, the sydney scorpionfish, is currently known only from inside sydney harbour .\nas the fish fauna of sydney harbour continues to be investigated, additional species that represent new distributional records and new species will be added to this list. the description of the sydney scorpionfish by motomura in 2004 highlights the fact that there is still much to learn about sydney' s wonderful harbour .\nhelfman, g. s, collette, b. b. , facey, d. e. and b. w. bowen. 2009. the diversity of fishes: biology, evolution and ecology. 2nd edn. wiley - blackwell, chichester. pp. 720 .\nstead, d. g. , 1963. sharks and rays of australian seas. angus and robertson, sydney. pp. 211 .\na place to pass through once in a while, and glean thoughts and share experiences with fellow ecologists and enthusiasts of australian freshwater fishes .\ni grew up in northern tassie fishing the tamar river and east coast with my dad. upon seeing dolphins for the first time in a kate winslet moment on the front of the boat, i decided all things fishy were “cool” and off to university of tas i went, to study marine and freshwater ecology. meeting a boy took me to mildura, where i of course ended up at the murray darling freshwater research centre with listy, rex, clayto and others, working on the various the living murray, menindee lakes, and lindsay river projects for a couple years. after travelling os for 2 years i ended up in sa, where i now work on murray hardyhead conservation and various wetland and anabranch monitoring projects across chowilla and the katfish reach demonstration reach. a recent highlight being the 10 / 11 / 12 flood events and catching heaps of cool and not so cool stuff such as spangled perch and oriental weatherloach, some firsts for sa; and i still think fish are “cool” .\nbeats enjoys all things water having grown up harvesting the swan river for crabs and fish at every opportunity. his overall interest is conducting research that helps conserve aquatic ecosystems. particular areas of research interest include the impacts of climate change, water abstractions, introduced species, and salinisation. he has a soft spot for a hard carapace having played with plenty of crayfish in his time; an interest that probably stems from his family’s farms. aside from fishing (for work and play), other passions include trine, coen and hannah, cricket and the dockers .\nhelen is an experienced ichthyologist, specialising in goby taxonomy. she is apparently retired, but remains more active in the field than most. an interview with helen here on the lair, reveals all .\nafter studying biology at deakin university in geelong, i moved to mildura to work at the murray - darling freshwater research centre where i have been for the past 5 years. over that time i have hugged a lot of trees (obtaining tree diameter) but have found my niche working on all things fish under the guidance of listy. i find that one of working life’s little pleasures is hanging off the front of an e - fishing boat on a nice day with your mates pulling in native fish. when not working i spend my time training for various sporting events .\ni grew up exploring the rivers of far north queensland and the northern territory, during which time i developed a passion for fish and their environments. moving to mildura, victoria in my final years of school, i soon realised that my love for the environment was where life needed to be and soon after (2008) landed a job at the murray - darling freshwater research centre in mildura. whilst being a self - confessed generalist who loves to explore the ‘big picture’ of a system, (all be it in my brain, as no one has deep enough pockets) i occasionally get excited about vegetation and community engagement, especially with farmers. after years of running the logistics for monitoring projects at euston lakes and on the great darling anabranch, i’ve started to actually ask some questions of my own relating to ‘golden perch recruitment during the 2010 flood’ where hundreds of young of year golden perch were recorded flooding the breaking banks of the darling anabranch. i also started to dive into the world of acoustic tracking and otolith aging. at which point i had a baby girl, named her after a northern australia freshwater fish, saratoga, and have just returned to work. questions still unanswered and with no time to answer them .\nmy burning passion is the cod species (maccullochella), and native fish generally. i managed to never become a fish ecologist, despite strenuous effort and study. instead, i wander the commonwealth environment department like a displaced percichthyid and contribute to good policy outcomes, big and small, for native fish. i am a passionate fisherman, strictly catch - and - release with native fish, and love keeping native fish in aquaria too. curious facts: i had a (tiny) meteorite burn up a few metres above my head one fine night; my favourite meal is the hearty french dish cassoulet .\nadam kerezsy is an ecologist interested in conserving australian native fishes. he primarily works in western queensland and is responsible for looking out for the threatened redfinned blue - eye. adam’s interests include fish, family and music .\nebb is a passionate freshwater fish ecologist living on the atherton tablelands in north queensland. he has eclectic tastes and is especially fond of percichthyids, cling gobies, the freshwater moray, and freshwater elasmobranchs. currently, he is pursuing an interest in the connections between people and freshwater fauna .\nben broadhurst is a scientist at the university of canberra. he specialises in studying the ecology of inland freshwater fishes and is a keen angler. ben could have been drafted to the afl but chose fish ecology for this lifetime .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nthe book was launched in hobart by senator carol brown, senator for tasmania, who was representing senator the hon kim carr, minister for innovation, industry, science & research .\naustralia' s sharks, rays and chimaerids – collectively known as chondrichthyans – are just as intriguing as their names suggest. their eclectic colours, shapes and patterns reflect environments ranging from remote estuaries to ocean depths .\ntheir new descriptions, and their striking portraits by watercolourist roger swainston, will help to guide the identification and conservation of these diverse species .\nthe first edition of sharks and rays of australia was produced in 1994. since then, 29 species have been discovered in australian seas and more than 100 species have been named and formally described .\nas well as documenting these advances, the new edition – published by csiro publishing – includes updated species classifications and descriptions, distribution maps, line illustrations by georgina davis, family keys and outlines of chondrichthyan biology and interactions with humans .\nthe book catalogues a rich seam of australia' s marine biodiversity, providing an indispensible compendium for scientists and a baseline reference for the fishing industry .\nsenator brown noted that the science underpinning the book would not have been possible without quality research infrastructure and national collections .\n' expeditions aboard the marine national facility research vessel southern surveyor and other vessels were crucial to obtaining the samples and data required for this project,' she said .\n' the book also draws heavily on the australian national fish collection, which is managed by csiro.'\npeter, who is the director of the australian national fish collection in hobart said,' more than a quarter of the world' s chondrichthyan fauna is found in australian seas, and many of the species that live on the continental slope have only been discovered in the past three decades .\n' in the same period, growth in the trade of shark fins has fuelled increasing demand for shark and ray products, driving significant increases in' shark take' by commercial fisheries worldwide.'\njohn said sharks and rays live at the top of the food chain and play an important role in marine ecosystems.' but many do not reach sexual maturity until 10–12 years old, so the number of young they produce is closely linked to the size of the adult population. there is growing concern about the sustainability of stocks throughout the world, and several species are listed by national and international bodies as endangered,' he says .\nharrisson' s dogfish, centrophorus harrissoni, is found mainly off south - eastern australia, and matures late giving birth to litters of only two pups. populations have declined by more than 95 per cent because of fishing by trawl, net and longline gear across its range. management controls include trip limits and closed areas. the species has been nominated for protection under the environment protection & biodiversity conservation act, and is classified as critically endangered on the international union for conservation of nature and natural resources red list .\nthe blue shark, prionace glauca, is a relatively fast growing and wide ranging species that makes trans - atlantic and trans - hemisphere migrations. it is one of the world' s most heavily fished sharks with huge numbers caught, particularly by oceanic longline fleets .\nthe maugean skate, zearaja maugeana, is confined to estuarine habitats in the bathurst and macquarie harbours off south - western tasmania, mainly in shallow waters. its populations are small and could easily be further reduced by human activity and climate change .\naccessibility and usability if you have trouble reading our newsletter through your email or web browser, contact the csiro enquiries on 1300 363 400. 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{ "text": [ "the tasmanian numbfish ( narcine tasmaniensis ) is a species of electric ray in the family narcinidae .", "endemic to southeastern australia , this common ray inhabits shallow continental shelf waters in the southern portion of its range and deeper continental slope waters in the northern portion of its range .", "it prefers sand and mud habitats .", "this species can be identified by its spade-shaped pectoral fin disc with concave anterior margins , long tail with well-developed skin folds along either side , and plain dark brown dorsal colouration .", "its maximum known length is 47 cm ( 19 in ) .", "bottom-dwelling and sedentary , the tasmanian numbfish feeds mainly on polychaete worms and crustaceans .", "as in all numbfishes , it can produce a moderate electric shock to defend itself against predators .", "this species gives live birth , with the unborn young sustained to term by yolk ; the litter size ranges from one to eight .", "the tasmanian numbfish is a common bycatch of trawl fisheries .", "however , its population does not appear to be threatened by human activity and it has been assessed as least concern by the international union for conservation of nature ( iucn ) . " ], "topic": [ 2, 13, 18, 23, 0, 8, 10, 22, 15, 17 ] }

[ "the tasmanian numbfish (narcine tasmaniensis) is a species of electric ray in the family narcinidae. endemic to southeastern australia, this common ray inhabits shallow continental shelf waters in the southern portion of its range and deeper continental slope waters in the northern portion of its range. it prefers sand and mud habitats. this species can be identified by its spade-shaped pectoral fin disc with concave anterior margins, long tail with well-developed skin folds along either side, and plain dark brown dorsal colouration. its maximum known length is 47 cm (19 in). bottom-dwelling and sedentary, the tasmanian numbfish feeds mainly on polychaete worms and crustaceans. as in all numbfishes, it can produce a moderate electric shock to defend itself against predators. this species gives live birth, with the unborn young sustained to term by yolk; the litter size ranges from one to eight. the tasmanian numbfish is a common bycatch of trawl fisheries. however, its population does not appear to be threatened by human activity and it has been assessed as least concern by the international union for conservation of nature (iucn)." ]

[ "comment 15: one peer reviewer questioned whether our genetic analysis and proposal to delist canary rockfish was potentially influenced by potential misidentification of canary rockfish and yelloweye rockfish, including misidentification by scuba - divers. the reviewer was concerned that canary rockfish used in the genetics samples may have actually been yelloweye rockfish, (and vice versa) .\nstatus update of the u. s. canary rockfish resource in 2011 (november 2011 )\ncomment 14: one peer reviewer suggested we collect larval canary rockfish for additional genetic analysis .\nyelloweye rockfish, canary rockfish, and bocaccio have been documented within the south puget sound (nmfs, 2013a). canary rockfish may have been historically most abundant in the south sound (drake et al. , 2010) .\nstatus of the u. s. canary rockfish resource in 2007 (october 15, 2007 )\nstatus of the u. s. canary rockfish resource in 2005 (october 25, 2005 )\ntake and possession of bronzespotted rockfish, cowcod and yelloweye rockfish will remain prohibited statewide .\ncomment 1: two of the three scientific peer reviewers and two commenters agreed that canary rockfish sampled from the puget sound / georgia basin are not genetically differentiated from canary rockfish sampled outside of this area .\nthe daily bag limit for canary rockfish will be one fish per angler for 2017. the cdfw has publish an online guide to identifying canary rockfish, as this species can be difficult to tell apart from its close cousin, the popular vermillion rockfish .\nanalyses for yelloweye rockfish and canary rockfish, which are detailed in andrews and nichols (2016). these analyses for yelloweye rockfish support our findings that fish collected in the puget sound / georgia basin dps are discrete from yelloweye rockfish collected on the outer coast. similar analyses for canary rockfish support our findings that there is no discrete puget sound / georgia\n1982; yamanaka and kronlund, 1997). the maximum age of canary rockfish is at least 84 years (love\ncomment 8: a peer reviewer asked if there was any information regarding where canary rockfish reproduction takes place, whether canary rockfish spawn in aggregates, and if they have philopatric tendencies (a behavior where individuals return to their birthplace to breed) .\ncritical habitat for the puget sound / georgia basin dps of yelloweye rockfish (sebastes ruberrimus), canary rockfish (s. pinniger), and bocaccio (s. paucispinus) .\nstatus of the u. s. canary rockfish resource in 2009; update of 2007 assessment model (november 9, 2009 )\nresponse: the peer reviewers were not tasked with evaluating the previous agency decision to declare canary rockfish of the pacific coast as “rebuilt” subject to the criteria defined in the magnuson - stevens act. federal canary rockfish stock assessments performed pursuant to the magnuson - stevens act do not include data regarding canary rockfish in puget sound waters within the puget sound / georgia basin. rather the 2015 canary rockfish stock assessment under the magnuson - stevens act was conducted with data collected along the pacific coast (outside of the puget sound / georgia basin) .\nstarting in 2017, anglers will be allowed to retain canary rockfish for the first time in more than a decade. canary rockfish was declared overfished in 2000, but the population rebuilt to healthy levels quicker than anticipated based on a combination of conservation efforts and restrictive management .\ncomment 5: one reviewer questioned how the number of samples collected and analyzed by the nwfsc affects the estimate of statistical power and the ability to detect genetic differentiation for yelloweye rockfish and canary rockfish .\ncanary rockfish is an aquatic species currently being considered by the government of canada for addition to the species at risk act (sara) .\ncomment 2: one peer reviewer did not agree that there was sufficient evidence to support our finding that canary rockfish are not genetically differentiated .\ncomment 3: regarding the yelloweye rockfish and canary rockfish genetic analysis, one reviewer suggested that analytical methods conducted by the nwfsc (such as fst and structure) should be described in our final rule .\nthese same analytical methods were used to analyze population structure in canary rockfish. these current analyses indicate a lack of genetic differentiation of canary rockfish between coastal and inland puget sound / georgia basin samples. f st values, a metric of population differentiation, among groups were not significantly different from zero among geographic regions, and structure analysis did not provide evidence supporting population structure in the data. none of these analyses provided any evidence of genetic differentiation between canary rockfish along the coast from the canary rockfish within the boundaries of the puget sound / georgia basin dps (nmfs 2016) .\ncomment 9: one peer reviewer asked if our proposal to delist canary rockfish accounted for the possibility that they were historically depleted in local waters, as documented in the 2010 status review (drake et al. , 2010), and replaced by the immigration of canary rockfish from the pacific coast .\nresponse: the genetic analysis indicates that genetic exchange of canary rockfish in the pacific coast and the puget sound / georgia basin occurs frequently enough to develop one population across these areas (andrews and nichols 2016). for these reasons, it is unlikely that a hypothesized extirpation of canary rockfish within the puget sound / georgia basin would occur so long as there are canary rockfish outside of the puget sound / georgia basin that move amongst these areas .\nwe have determined that approximately 643. 7 sq mi (1, 665. 5 sq km) of nearshore habitat for juvenile canary rockfish and bocaccio, and 610. 1 sq mi (1, 580. 95 sq km) of deepwater habitat for yelloweye rockfish, canary rockfish, and bocaccio meet the definition of proposed critical habitat (table 1) .\nresponse: we agree that there is little data regarding canary rockfish abundance in the puget sound / georgia basin, as described in our five - year review, and that it appears that canary rockfish in this area declined significantly in the latter half of the 20th century (as described in drake et al. , 2010). however, the determination to delist canary rockfish is based not on abundance information, but rather on determining if canary rockfish in the puget sound / georgia basin meet the criteria of a dps (61 fr 4722; february 7, 1996), which allows them to be listed under the esa .\ncomment 19: one peer reviewer asked how canary rockfish in the puget sound / georgia basin are going to be protected if they are removed from the esa .\ntwo peer reviewers observed that available information indicates that the number of canary rockfish individuals in the puget sound / georgia basin is relatively small. one reviewer acknowledged that canary rockfish in the puget sound / georgia basin do not appear to be a dps, but expressed concern that fish in this area may nonetheless become extirpated. another reviewer stated our decision to propose delisting should have been more precautionary because of the “... dearth of information for canary rockfish and scarcity of available data”\nresponse: we are not aware of information regarding where canary rockfish spawn on the pacific coast or puget sound, but note that in locations where they are observed as gravid, it is logical that they release larvae nearby. similarly, we are not aware of information regarding if canary rockfish mate or release larvae in aggregates .\nwith the puget sound / georgia basin canary rockfish dps delisting, the requirements under section 7 of the esa no longer apply. federal agencies are relieved of the need to consult with us on their actions that may affect puget sound / georgia basin canary rockfish and their designated critical habitat and to insure that any action they authorize ,\nyelloweye rockfish, canary rockfish, and bocaccio have been documented at possession point, near the port of kingston and apple cove, and along much of the eastern shoreline of this basin (washington, 1977; moulton and miller, 1987) .\nresponse: all fish sampled in the genetic study were collected by professional fishing charter guides, biologists with noaa fisheries and the washington state department of fish and wildlife, thus we are confident that all canary rockfish and yelloweye rockfish sampled were identified to species correctly. the peer reviewer is correct, however, that yelloweye rockfish and canary rockfish look similar and the identification of rockfish to species can be difficult (sawchuk et al. , 2015). if such an incorrect species labeling were to occur within the genetic analysis, the analysis itself would have indicated this .\ncomment 7: one peer reviewer stated that our proposal to delist canary rockfish should have taken into account environmental and / or life history characteristics that would “produce” a seemingly genetically homogeneous population, and questioned whether it is logical that yelloweye constitute a dps but canary do not .\n2006) that indicated a distinct genetic cluster that differed consistently from coastal samples of yelloweye rockfish, but also observed that genetic data from puget sound were not available for this species. the brt also noted there was genetic information for canary rockfish (wishard\n2006), that indicated a distinct genetic cluster that differed consistently from coastal samples of yelloweye rockfish, but also observed that genetic data from puget sound were not available for this species. the brt also noted there was genetic information for canary rockfish (wishard\nthe yellow tinge, slightly forked tail and the light color along the lateral line identify this species as a canary rockfish. anglers in california may now keep one fish per day .\nfor the first time in 18 years, anglers fishing california ocean waters will be permitted to retain canary rockfish, according to the california department of fish and wildlife (cdfw) .\ncomment 12: one peer reviewer stated that a primary reason the yelloweye rockfish genetic analysis shows significant differentiation relative to canary rockfish is because we were able to collect samples of yelloweye rockfish samples in canada and hood canal, in addition to the central puget sound and from the georgia basin. the reviewer noted that the nwfsc was not able to collect canary rockfish samples from canada (the georgia basin) and hood canal, and asked what the genetic analysis may have shown if samples could have been collected from these areas .\non august 16, 2016, we released a draft recovery plan for yelloweye rockfish and bocaccio (listed rockfish) of the puget sound / georgia basin (81 fr 54556). the draft recovery plan identifies approximately 45 research and recovery actions for listed rockfish, and though these actions are not specifically designed for canary rockfish, they would nonetheless benefit from plan implementation because of the similarity of habitats occupied for each species .\nif the puget sound / georgia basin canary rockfish dps is delisted, then the requirements under section 7 of the esa would no longer apply. federal agencies would be relieved of the need to consult with us on their actions that may affect puget sound / georgia basin canary rockfish and their designated critical habitat and to insure that any action they authorize, fund, or carry out is not likely to jeopardize the continued existence of canary rockfish or adversely modify their critical habitat. esa section 7 consultation requirements will remain in place for the puget sound / georgia basin yelloweye rockfish and bocaccio dpss. recovery planning efforts will continue for these listed dpss as well .\nthe california fish and game commission adopted changes to the state’s recreational groundfish fishing regulations in december, including allowing retention of canary rockfish. the new regulations are effective as of feb. 7 .\nresponse: since the listing of yelloweye rockfish, canary rockfish and bocaccio in 2010, wdfw has changed fisheries regulations for several non - tribal commercial fisheries in puget sound in order to protect rockfish populations. the wdfw closed the active set net, set line, and bottom trawl fisheries, and the inactive pelagic trawl and bottomfish pot fishery. as a precautionary measure, wdfw closed the above commercial fisheries westward of the esa - listed rockfish dpss' boundary to cape flattery. wdfw extended the closure west of the rockfish dpss' boundary to prevent applicable commercial fishers from concentrating gear in that area. the wdfw also implemented a rule that recreational anglers targeting bottomfish not fish deeper than 120 feet. these fisheries regulations are unlikely to change, and will benefit canary rockfish and nearly all rockfish species within the puget sound .\nmanaging fisheries in puget sound to ensure the health and productivity of all rockfish species .\nfood sources for yelloweye rockfish, canary rockfish, and bocaccio occur throughout puget sound. however, each of the basins has unique biomass and species compositions of fishes and invertebrates, which vary temporally and spatially (rice, 2007; rice et al. , 2012). absolute and relative abundance and species richness of most fish species in the puget sound / georgia basin increase with latitude (rice, 2007; rice et al. , 2012). despite these differences, each basin hosts common food sources for yelloweye rockfish, canary rockfish, and bocaccio as described below .\nanalysis of the geographical distribution of genetic variation is a powerful method of identifying discrete populations (drake et al. 2010); thus, genetic analysis provides useful information to address the uncertainties associated with the limited information that informed our initial discreteness determinations for yelloweye rockfish, canary rockfish and bocaccio .\nresponse: the nwfs did not conduct power analyses. andrews and nichols (2016) state that “... the magnitude of the fst confidence intervals, and the upper bound of those confidence intervals provide compelling evidence that differentiation among the sampled regions for canary rockfish is not significantly different from zero, and in many cases orders of magnitude lower than that observed for yelloweye rockfish. ” this analysis bolsters the conclusion that canary rockfish are not genetically differentiated between the puget sound and the outer coast .\nresponse: we disagree with the peer reviewer based on the analysis provided in the five - year review (nmfs 2016a) and brt report (ford 2015) in addition to the supplemental analysis provided by andrews and nichols (2016) and elaborated in this final rule. the best available information provides strong evidence that canary rockfish sampled in the puget sound / georgia basin are not genetically differentiated from coastal canary rockfish .\nbased on the best available scientific information regarding natural history and habitat needs, we developed a list of physical and biological features essential to the conservation of adult and juvenile yelloweye rockfish, canary rockfish, and bocaccio and relevant to determining whether proposed specific areas are consistent with the above regulations and the esa section (3) (5) (a) definition of “critical habitat. ” we do not currently have sufficient information regarding the habitat requirements of larval yelloweye rockfish, canary rockfish, and bocaccio to determine which features are essential for conservation, and thus are not proposing to designate critical habitat specifically for this life - stage. however, we will continue to investigate this issue and seek comment on it as part of this proposed rule. the physical or biological features essential to the conservation of yelloweye rockfish, canary rockfish, and bocaccio fall into major categories reflecting key life history phases :\nin § 223. 102, in the table in paragraph (e), under the subheading “fishes, ” remove the entry for “rockfish, canary (puget sound / georgia basin dps) ”; and revise the table entries for “rockfish, yelloweye (puget sound / georgia basin dps). ”\nand best available science and commercial information, and in accordance with the dps policy, we determined that the canary rockfish of the puget sound / georgia basin did not meet the criteria to be considered a dps. rather, the new genetic data reveal that canary rockfish of the puget sound / georgia basin are part of the larger population occupying the pacific coast (ford 2015, nmfs 2016a, andrews and nichols 2016) .\nwe are also removing designated critical habitat for canary rockfish. the critical habitat designation for the puget sound / georgia basin yelloweye rockfish and bocaccio dpss remain in place. the area removed as designated critical habitat for canary rockfish will continue to be designated critical habitat for bocaccio and, thus, there will be no change to the spatial area that was originally designated. maps of critical habitat can be found on our web site at urltoken and in the final critical habitat rule (79 fr 68041; november 13, 2014) .\none peer reviewer disagreed that genetic information for canary rockfish, as detailed in the five - year review (nmfs 2016a) and brt memo (ford 2015), indicate “strong” evidence that fish sampled from the puget sound / georgia basin are not discrete from coastal fish. the reviewer questioned this characterization because of sample size, sample integrity, and sample representativeness of canary rockfish collected in this research. in addition, the reviewer questioned the\nnmfs' puget sound / georgia basin rockfish brt reviewed the results from the new genetic information. their recommendations (ford 2015) informed and were further evaluated during the five - year review (nmfs 2016a) which confirmed the dps identity and listing status for yelloweye rockfish and bocaccio but concluded that the canary rockfish of the puget sound / georgia basin do not meet the criteria to be considered a dps .\nwe also propose to remove designated critical habitat for canary rockfish. the critical habitat designation for the puget sound / georgia basin yelloweye rockfish and bocaccio dpss will remain in place. the area removed as designated critical habitat for canary rockfish will continue to be designated critical habitat for bocaccio and, thus, there will be no change to the spatial area that was originally designated. maps of critical habitat can be found on our web site at urltoken and in the final critical habitat rule (79 fr 68041; november 13, 2014) .\ndescription: canary rockfish have an elongate, moderately deep and compressed body form. adults are yellow orange, with gray mottling on the back and a grey or near white background. they have three bright orange diagonal stripes across their head, including on either side of their eye. the fins are yellow orange, and the anal fin is pointed with a rear edge that slants anteriorly. the caudal fin is strongly indented. in smaller individuals (less than 14 in), there is often a black spot near the back of the first dorsal fin. the canary rockfish resembles the vermilion rockfish, however captured individuals can be distinguished based on the lack of scales on the lower jaw of the canary. the underside of the lower jaw of the canary rockfish feels smooth when rubbed from back to front. canary and vermillion are easily confused under water. the vermillion has fins edged in black, the rear edge of the anal fin is rounded and vertical, and the caudal fin is slightly indented with rounded tips .\nregarding their abundance. similarly, in the five - year review we noted that six canary rockfish were observed during recent rov surveys, and one peer reviewer asked in how many years of surveys these six fish were observed .\n2010), and may impact benthic habitat function that include rearing and settlement habitat for rockfish .\nthis conclusion is also supported by other genetic analyses, including pairwise differentiation of collections from these more limited regions. therefore it is likely that if there were significant genetic differentiation for canary rockfish, the nwfsc would have detected it from the samples in puget sound and the pacific coast as for yelloweye rockfish sampled in these regions .\ncomment 18: one peer reviewer stated that information in the five - year review indicated that canary rockfish are rare in puget sound, and questioned how they could be declared “rebuilt” under the authority of the magnuson - stevens act .\nbocaccio have been documented in hood canal (nmfs, 2013a). yelloweye and canary rockfish have also been documented at several locations and have been caught in relatively low numbers for the past several years (wdfw, 2011) .\n( b) critical habitat boundaries. in delineating nearshore (shallower than 30 m (98 ft) ) areas in puget sound, we define proposed critical habitat for canary rockfish and bocaccio, as depicted in the maps below, as occurring from the shoreline from extreme high water out to a depth no greater than 30 m (98 ft) relative to mean lower low water. deepwater proposed critical habitat for yelloweye rockfish, canary rockfish and bocaccio occurs in some areas, as depicted in the maps below, from depths greater than 30 m (98ft) .\nyelloweye rockfish, canary rockfish, and bocaccio have been documented in the whidbey basin, with most occurrences within the southern portion near south camano island, hat (gedney) island, and offshore of the city of mukilteo. it is not known if the southern portion of the whidbey basin has more attractive rockfish habitat compared to the northern portion, or if most documented occurrences are a reflection of uneven sampling effort over the years .\nbased on the new information and the brt' s determination, we propose that puget sound / georgia basin canary rockfish be removed from the federal list of threatened and endangered species. the puget sound / georgia basin yelloweye rockfish dps shall remain threatened under the esa, and the puget sound / georgia basin bocaccio dps shall remain endangered .\nthe cdfw has kept in place the prohibition on retention of three species of rockfish, including cowcod, bronze - spotted rockfish and yellow - eye rockfish. the agency has also reduced the 2017 daily bag limit for lingcod to two fish from three in 2016, with a minimum size of 22 inches .\ncomment 13: one peer reviewer stated that the absence of observed structure in the canary rockfish sample does not necessarily equate to the absence of structure in the population and questioned whether or not the sampled fish are actually representative of the population .\ngeorgia basin do not meet the criteria to be considered a dps. the new genetic data reveal that canary rockfish of the puget sound / georgia basin are part of the larger population occupying the pacific coast. canary rockfish of the pacific coast was declared overfished in 2000 and a rebuilding plan under the magnuson - stevens fishery conservation and management act was put in place in 2001. nmfs determined the stock to be “rebuilt” in 2015 (thorson and wetzel 2015, nmfs 2016) .\nto protect and restore rockfish populations in puget sound, wdfw has developed a puget sound rockfish conservation plan. the management plan – approved in march 2011 – includes policies, strategies and actions designed to help restore and maintain abundance, distribution, diversity and long - term productivity of rockfish populations in puget sound .\nfund, or carry out is not likely to jeopardize the continued existence of canary rockfish or adversely modify their critical habitat. esa section 7 consultation requirements remain in place for the puget sound / georgia basin yelloweye rockfish and bocaccio dpss. recovery planning efforts will continue for these listed dpss and a draft recovery plan was released on august 16, 2016 (\ncritical habitat is designated in the following states and counties for the following dpss as depicted in the maps below and described in paragraphs (a) through (d) of this section. the maps can be viewed or obtained with greater resolution (urltoken) to enable a more precise inspection of proposed critical habitat for yelloweye rockfish, canary rockfish and bocaccio .\nas previously noted, canary rockfish have been documented to travel long distances, thus we would also not expect canary rockfish collected in hood canal to be genetically different even though there is a large sill at the entrance of hood canal (drake et al. , 2010) that may restrict dispersal due to restricted water movement into and out of this water body (andrews and nichols 2016). as suggested by this reviewer, the nwfsc examined the results from the pca analysis for yelloweye rockfish as if we did not have the samples from hood canal and canada (fig. 7 in andrews and nichols 2016) and this analysis gives the same conclusion—that puget sound is significantly differentiated from the coastal collections in yelloweye rockfish .\ninformed by the brt recommendations (ford 2015), our interpretation of best available scientific and commercial data, and the conclusions of the five - year review, on july 6, 2016 we issued a proposed rule (81 fr 43979) to remove the puget sound / georgia basin canary rockfish (sebastes pinniger) which included the following findings for each listed rockfish species .\nafter the adoption of the final recovery plan, we will continue to implement actions for which we have authority, work cooperatively on implementation of other actions, and encourage other federal and state agencies to implement recovery actions for which they have responsibility and authority. collectively, the management of fisheries, section 7 and 10 actions, and implementation of the listed - rockfish recovery plan will also benefit many species of non - listed rockfish of the puget sound / georgia basin, including canary rockfish .\ncanary rockfish — one of more than 50 species of the bass - like genus sebastes that inhabit the pacific ocean — was declared overfished in 2000 under the pacific coast groundfish fishery management plan, which is administered jointly by the federal pacific fishery management council and cdfw .\nwe expect the plan to inform section 7 consultations with federal agencies under the esa and to support other esa decisions, such as considering permits under section 10. mitigation incorporated into section 7 and section 10 actions to reduce impacts on listed rockfish will also likely reduce impacts to canary and other rockfish species. we have already begun implementation of several actions as described in the plan, such as partnering with the wdfw to conduct rov surveys to assess listed rockfish abundance, distribution, and habitat use .\nbased on the new information and the brt' s determination, and consideration of public and peer review comments, we are removing canary rockfish of the puget sound / georgia basin from the federal list of threatened and endangered species. the puget sound / georgia basin yelloweye rockfish dps shall remain threatened under the esa, and the puget sound / georgia basin bocaccio dps shall remain endangered .\nthe brt noted that bocaccio have a propensity for greater adult movement than more benthic rockfish species, similar to the case for canary rockfish. the brt considered that the lack of genetic differentiation between coastal and puget sound / georgia basin canary rockfish might suggest a similar lack of genetic differentiation for bocaccio because of similarities in the life history of the two species. however, the brt concluded that the new information was not sufficient to change the conclusions of the previous brt documented in drake et al. (2010). this is consistent with the five - year review recommendation (nmfs 2016) and is based upon best available scientific data and commercial information .\nthe covered areas of the wdnr conservation plan overlap with approximately 30, 000 acres of nearshore proposed critical habitat for canary rockfish and bocaccio. the covered areas of the wdfw conservation plan overlap with the entire proposed critical habitat for yelloweye rockfish, canary rockfish, and bocaccio. the wdnr covered activities are geoduck research and harvest management. the wdfw covered activities are the management of recreational bottom fish fishing and commercial shrimp trawls. the types of activities occurring in these areas that would be likely to undergo a section 7 consultation include nearshore development, dredging, aquaculture operations, fisheries management, alternative energy projects and cable laying, and others (nmfs, 2013a) .\nour draft biological report (nmfs, 2013a) describes the life histories of yelloweye rockfish, canary rockfish and bocaccio in detail, which are summarized here. their life histories include pelagic larval and juvenile stages followed by a juvenile stage in shallower waters, and a sub - adult / adult stage. much of the life history of these three species is similar, with differences noted below .\nyelloweye rockfish, canary rockfish, and bocaccio have been documented in the san juan archipelago, in addition to the southern portion of this basin along the strait of juan de fuca (washington, 1977; moulton and miller, 1987; pacunski, 2013). the southern portion of this basin has several pinnacles that include hein, eastern, middle, macarthur, partridge, and coyote banks. yelloweye rockfish were once commonly caught by anglers along these areas, particularly middle bank (olander, 1991) .\ncanary rockfish are a significant economic component of the commercial fisheries on the west coast of canada, but play a minor role in the recreational fishery, where they are a non - directed species. catches are small in first nations’ fisheries, but the species is culturally important .\nresponse: the three analyses conducted by the nwfsc used this information to inform the integrative comparisons among individuals (pca), population assignments (structure) and statistical comparisons of f st values as documented in the five - year review and updated in andrews and nichols (2016). these integrative comparisons further support the evidence of genetic differentiation for yelloweye rockfish, and the lack thereof for canary rockfish .\nresponse: the reviewer is incorrect. our removal of canary rockfish of the puget sound / georgia basin from the federal list of threatened and endangered species is based on the best available science and commercial information. in accordance with the dps policy (61 fr 4722; february 7, 1996), we have determined that the canary rockfish of the puget sound / georgia basin do not meet the criteria to be considered a dps based on genetic information documented in the five - year review (nmfs 2016a), ford (2015) and andrews and nichols (2016) .\nfor the general reasons described in the impacts to tribal sovereignty and self - governance section above, the draft esa 4 (b) (2) analysis has led us to propose the exclusion of all indian lands in our proposed designations for yelloweye rockfish, canary rockfish, and bocaccio. consistent with other proposed exclusions, any exclusion in the final rule will be made only after consideration of all comments received .\nread more about the history of rockfish regulations in california and how conservation efforts have helped the population of some fish species .\nthe brt noted that bocaccio have a propensity for greater adult movement than more benthic rockfish species, similar to the case for canary rockfish. the brt considered that the lack of genetic differentiation between coastal and puget sound / georgia basin canary rockfish might suggest a similar lack of genetic differentiation for bocaccio because of similarities in the life history of the two species. nevertheless, the brt concluded that the new information was not sufficient to change the conclusions of the previous brt documented in drake et al. , (2010) or suggest a change in listing status (ford 2015). this is consistent with the five - year review recommendation (nmfs 2016a) and is based upon best available scientific data and commercial information .\ncomment 17: one peer reviewer stated that the declaration of the canary rockfish stock as “rebuilt” under the magnuson - stevens act, as documented in thorson and wetzel (2015) and nmfs (2016b), was a “major consideration for the recommendation to delist” the puget sound / georgia basin dps .\nutilizing science - based marine conservation areas that, with other actions, aid in natural production of rockfish populations and their habitats .\ncanary rockfish of the pacific coast was declared overfished in 2000 and a rebuilding plan under the magnuson - stevens fishery conservation and management act (magnuson - stevens act) was put in place in 2001. nmfs determined the stock to be “rebuilt” in 2015 (thorson and wetzel 2015, nmfs 2016b) .\ncomment 10: one peer reviewer asked how much genetic exchange is going on between the outer coast and the puget sound, and speculated that if canary rockfish are extirpated from the puget sound / georgia basin, that the population may not rebuild if there is limited movement of fish from the pacific coast .\ndocket number: noaa - nmfs - 2016 - 0070 docket name: removal of the puget sound / georgia basin distinct population segment of canary rockfish from the federal list of threatened and endangered species, and remove their designated critical habitat, and update and amend the listing descriptions for the yellowe docket rin 0648 - xe65 public comments: 4 comments supporting / related materials: 5. 5. 2016 _ 5yr _ review _ report _ rockfish\nthough areas near rocky habitats or other complex structure are most readily used by adults of each species, non - rocky benthic habitats are also occupied. in puget sound, adult yelloweye rockfish, canary rockfish, and bocaccio have been documented in areas with non - rocky substrates such as sand, mud, and other unconsolidated sediments (haw and buckley, 1971; washington, 1977; miller and borton, 1980; reum, 2006) .\nrockfish are iteroparous (i. e. , have multiple reproductive cycles during their lifetime) and are typically long - lived (love\ndepth is generally the most important determinant in the distribution of many rockfish species of the pacific coast (chen, 1971; williams and ralston, 2002; anderson and yoklavich, 2007; young et al. , 2010). adult yelloweye rockfish, canary rockfish, and bocaccio generally occupy habitats from approximately 30 to 425 m (90 ft to 1, 394 ft) (orr et al. , 2000; love et al. , 2002), and in federal waters off the pacific coast each species is considered part of the “shelf rockfish” assemblage under the authorities of the magnuson - stevens fishery conservation and management act because of their generally similar habitat usages (50 cfr part 660, subparts c - g) .\n2002). yelloweye rockfish are one of the longest lived of the rockfishes, reaching more than 100 years of age. yelloweye rockfish reach 50 percent maturity at sizes of 16 to 20 inches (40 to 50 centimeters) and ages of 15 to 20 years (rosenthal\nthe san juan / strait of juan de fuca basin has the most rocky shoreline and benthic habitats of the u. s. portion of the dpss. most of the basin' s numerous islands have rocky shorelines with extensive, submerged aquatic vegetation and floating kelp beds necessary for juvenile canary rockfish and bocaccio settlement sites .\ncritical habitat for the puget sound / georgia basin dps of yelloweye rockfish (sebastes ruberrimus), and bocaccio (s. paucispinus) .\nfor the following reasons, we conclude that the exclusions described above, in combination, will not result in the extinction of the yelloweye rockfish, canary rockfish or bocaccio dpss: (1) the proposed indian land exclusions involve nearshore habitats that are already managed by the tribes for conservation; (2) the proposed navy exclusions involve nearshore and deepwater habitats that are already afforded some protections by the navy, and; (3) the extent of indian lands exclusions and navy exclusions are spread amongst each of the five biogeographic basins of puget sound, and cumulatively total a fraction of the overall habitats that have essential features for listed rockfish .\njuvenile canary rockfish and bocaccio, we reviewed their geomorphic classifications to see if they possessed “substrates such as sand, rock and / or cobble compositions. ” in addition, we assessed the relative overlap of mapped kelp in these shoreline types. all but the “estuary wetland” and “mud flat” type shoreline segments had at least 20 percent of the segment with “continuous” or “sporadic” kelp mapped by dnr. the estuary wetland and mud flat type segments had very small portions of kelp (1. 5 and 2. 6 percent, respectively). we found that the estuary wetland and mud flat type shoreline segments longer than one - half lineal mile in length lack essential features for canary rockfish and bocaccio .\nfishing is the most likely cause of the observed decline in canary rockfish. however, changes to fish management plans since 1995 are designed to mitigate fishing impacts through such initiatives as 100 per cent at - sea observers, or video monitoring coverage. landings are currently constrained in the commercial fisheries through a variety of harvest controls, and are well monitored. catches in the recreational fishery are controlled through bag limits for rockfish. these management measures have reduced the risk that the species will become endangered .\n), in this final rule we: (1) correct the previous description of the northern boundary of the threatened puget sound / georgia basin yelloweye rockfish dps to include an area farther north of the johnstone strait in canada. we also update and amend the description of the dps as fish residing within certain boundaries (including this geographic area farther north in the strait of georgia waters in canada); (2) we remove puget sound / georgia basin canary rockfish dps from the federal list of threatened\nin the case of the listed rockfish species, there are two conservation agreements that partially or wholly overlap with proposed critical habitat. the first is with the washington department of natural resources (wdnr) and covers geoduck harvest on lands managed by the department. the second is with the washington department of fish and wildlife (wdfw) and covers fisheries and research in puget sound that incidentally takes the listed rockfish and other listed species and may also affect rockfish habitat .\nthe department of commerce has determined that this proposed rule does not unduly burden the judicial system and meets the requirements of sections 3 (a) and 3 (b) (2) of executive order 12988. we are proposing to designate critical habitat in accordance with the provisions of the esa. this proposed rule uses standard property descriptions and identifies the essential features within the designated areas to assist the public in understanding the habitat needs of yelloweye rockfish, canary rockfish, and bocaccio of the puget sound / georgia basin .\ntwo of the three peer reviewers had questions and observations about the genetic analyses for both canary rockfish and yelloweye rockfish provided in the five - year review. noaa' s northwest fisheries science center (nwfsc) reviewed the genetic and sampling questions and provided responses within a memorandum (andrews and nichols 2016). this memorandum also reported on additional genetic analysis of samples collected in 2014 and 2015 that had not yet been analyzed and available in the five - year review (nmfs 2016a) or by the brt (2015) .\n2000). canary rockfish reach 50 percent maturity at sizes around 16 inches (40 centimeters) and ages of 7 to 9 years. the maximum age of bocaccio is unknown, but may exceed 50 years. bocaccio are reproductively mature near age 6 (fishbase, 2010). mature females of each species produce from several thousand to over a million eggs annually (love\nprivate or non - federal entities may also be affected by these proposed critical habitat designations if a federal permit is required, if federal funding is received or the entity is involved in or receives benefits from a federal project. for example, private entities may need federal permits to build or repair a bulkhead, or install an artificial reef. these activities will need to be evaluated with respect to their potential to destroy or adversely modify critical habitat for yelloweye rockfish, canary rockfish, or bocaccio of the puget sound / georgia basin .\nseveral different analytical methods indicated significant genetic differentiation between the inland and coastal samples of yelloweye rockfish at a level consistent with the limited genetic data for this species (yamanaka et al. 2006) that were available at the time of the 2010 status review. the brt concluded that these new data represent the best available science and commercial data and are consistent with and confirm the existence of an inland population of puget sound / georgia basin yelloweye rockfish that is discrete from coastal yelloweye rockfish (ford 2015). in addition, yelloweye rockfish from hood canal were genetically differentiated from other puget sound / georgia basin fish, indicating a previously unknown degree of population differentiation within the dps .\n“we are pleased to offer new opportunities based on the improved stock status of canary rockfish. ” said marci yaremko, cdfw state / federal fisheries program manager. “sweeping changes were made to help rebuild the stock — prohibiting retention, shortening fishing seasons, closing deep - water fishing areas and encouraging widespread use of descending devices to improve survival for released fish. these sacrifices are finally paying off. ”\nlisted rockfish habitat within areas controlled by the navy represents approximately 5 percent of the nearshore area and approximately 5 percent of the deepwater area we determined to have essential features. in addition to the small size of these proposed exclusions, the navy actively seeks to protect actions that would impact their mission and these protections provide ancillary protections to rockfish habitat by restricting actions that may harm the navy mission and rockfish in the respective area (nmfs, 2013c). thus the benefit of designating these areas as critical habitat would be reduced .\n( 2) identify potentially affected economic activities and determine how management may increase due to the designation of listed rockfish critical habitat, both in terms of project administration and potential project modification .\nsection 3 (5) (a) (ii) of the esa authorizes the designation of “specific areas outside the geographical area occupied at the time [ the species ] is listed” if these areas are essential for the conservation of the species. regulations at 50 cfr 424. 12 (e) emphasize that the agency “shall designate as critical habitat areas outside the geographical area presently occupied by a species only when a designation limited to its present range would be inadequate to ensure the conservation of the species. ” we conducted a review of the documented occurrences of each listed rockfish in the five biogeographic basins (nmfs, 2013a). we found that each of the basins is currently occupied by yelloweye rockfish, canary rockfish, and bocaccio. we have not identified any unoccupied areas as candidates for critical habitat designation .\n“we are pleased to offer new opportunities based on the improved stock status of canary rockfish. ” said marci yaremko, california department of fish and wildlife (cdfw) state / federal fisheries program manager. “sweeping changes were made to help rebuild the stock – prohibiting retention, shortening fishing seasons, closing deep - water fishing areas and encouraging widespread use of descending devices to improve survival for released fish. these sacrifices are finally paying off. ”\nin 2013, we appointed a recovery team and initiated recovery planning for the listed rockfish species. through the process of recovery planning, priority research and recovery actions emerged. one such action was to seek specific genetic data for each of these rockfish species to better evaluate and determine whether differences exist in the genetic structure of the listed species' populations between inland basins where the dpss occur and the outer coast .\nnmfs' puget sound / georgia basin rockfish brt reviewed the results from the new genetic information. their recommendations (ford 2015) informed and were further evaluated during the five - year review. the results are summarized below .\nsimilar to yelloweye rockfish, we propose to update and amend the listing description of the bocaccio dps to describe boundaries to include fish residing within the puget sound / georgia basin rather than fish originating from the puget sound / georgia basin .\nthe factors we consider relevant to assessing the benefits of designation to rockfish conservation include: (1) the percent of the nearshore and deepwater critical habitat that would be designated in that basin; (2) uniqueness and conservation role of the habitat in particular dod area; (3) the likelihood that navy activities would destroy or adversely modify critical habitat; and (4) the likelihood habitat would be adversely modified by other federal or non - federal activities, considering navy protections (this factor considers the type and frequency of navy actions that occur in each site and their potential effect on rockfish habitat features, which informs the benefit to conservation that would occur by a section 7 consultation that considers rockfish critical habitat) .\nhowever, similarly to yelloweye rockfish, we proposed to update and amend the listing description of the bocaccio dps to describe boundaries to include fish residing within the puget sound / georgia basin rather than fish originating from the puget sound / georgia basin .\n2009) in coastal waters, but no genetic data for either species from inland puget sound waters. the brt found that in spite of these data limitations there was other evidence to conclude that each noted population of rockfish within inland waters of the puget sound / georgia\nyelloweye rockfish residing within the puget sound / georgia basin, inclusive of the queen charlotte channel to malcom island, in a straight line between the western shores of numas and malcom islands—n. 50 50′46″, w. 127 5′55″ and n. 50 36′49″, w. 127 10′17″\nand endangered species and their critical habitat, and (3) similar to yelloweye rockfish, we update and amend the listing description of the bocaccio dps to describe boundaries to include fish residing within the puget sound / georgia basin rather than fish originating from the puget sound / georgia basin .\nwe found that naval station everett does not overlap with essential features for listed rockfish in the nearshore and thus the area covered by the inrmp is not proposed for critical habitat designation. we identified habitat meeting the statutory definition of critical habitat at all of the other installations and reviewed the inrmps, as well as other information available, regarding the management of these military lands. our preliminary review indicates that each of these inrmps addresses listed rockfish habitat, and all contain measures that provide benefits to the listed rockfish dpss. examples of the types of benefits include actions that improve shoreline conditions, control erosion and water quality, prevention of and prompt response to chemical and oil spills, and monitoring of listed species and their habitats. as a result, we conclude that the areas identified with inrmps are not eligible for critical habitat designation (see appendix c of nmfs, 2013c) .\nfor the second category of impacts, we consider it unlikely there will be incremental costs for project modifications specific to rockfish critical habitat for most individual project types. this is because of the existing high level of protection afforded by previous salmonid, green sturgeon and killer whale critical habitat designations that have generally similar biological features, and the protections already afforded listed rockfish through the separate jeopardy analysis (see nmfs, 2013b for more details). the results of our economic analysis are discussed in greater detail in a separate report that is available for public review and comment (nmfs, 2013b) .\nadditionally, we correct the listing description of the yelloweye rockfish dps to define geographical boundaries including an area farther north of the johnstone strait in canada (figure 1). this boundary would not have an effect on critical habitat, because we do not designate critical habitat outside u. s. territory." ]

{ "text": [ "the canary rockfish ( sebastes pinniger ) is a rockfish of the northeast pacific ocean , found from south of shelikof strait in the eastern gulf of alaska to punta colnett in northern baja california . " ], "topic": [ 15 ] }

[ "the canary rockfish (sebastes pinniger) is a rockfish of the northeast pacific ocean, found from south of shelikof strait in the eastern gulf of alaska to punta colnett in northern baja california." ]

[ "compare with other orange - spotted species: haminoea cymbalum haminoea ovalis haminoea sp. 1. haminoea sp. 2 .\nwhat type of species is haminoea cymbalum? below, you will find the taxonomic groups the haminoea cymbalum species belongs to .\nwhich photographers have photos of haminoea cymbalum species? below, you will find the list of underwater photographers and their photos of the marine species haminoea cymbalum .\ncompare with four other orange spotted species, haminoea ovalis, haminoea sp. 1. , haminoea sp. 2. and haminoea sp. 3 .\nhaminoea cf. cymbalum, 20 mm, maldives, photo: rc anderson .\nhaminoea cymbalum yonow, nathalie, 2012, zookeys 197: 1 - 1 .\nhow to identify haminoea cymbalum marine species? below, you will find the list of main identification criteria and physical characteristics of marine species haminoea cymbalum. for each identification criteria, the corresponding physical characteristics of marine species haminoea cymbalum are marked in green .\nhaminoea cymbalum from christmas island from: w. b. rudman, may 8, 2002\nhaminoea cymbalum, (a. adams, 1850), photos, facts and physical characteristics\nwhere is haminoea cymbalum found in the world? below, you will find the list and a world map of the geographic distribution where the marine species haminoea cymbalum can be found .\nspecies haminoea subpellucida adams h. , 1869 accepted as haminoea hydatis (linnaeus, 1758) (synonym )\nre: haminoea cymbalum & h. simillima from: c. carlson & p. j. hoff, march 21, 1999\n» species haminoea (vitreohaminoea) vitrea (a. adams, 1850) represented as haminoea vitrea (a. adams, 1850 )\nspecies haminoea curta (a. adams, 1850) accepted as liloa mongii (audouin, 1826 )\nspecies haminoea ferruginosa (a. adams, 1850) accepted as atys naucum (linnaeus, 1758 )\nspecies haminoea grisea e. a. smith, 1875 accepted as cylichna alba (brown, 1827 )\nall species of haminoea are herbivorous, grinding their algal food, usually filamentous green species, but sometimes the sea - lettuce ulva, or the unicellular algal film which settles on the sandy - mud surfaces on which haminoea is often found .\nsee clay carlson & patty jo hoff' s message below with pictures from guam and the suggestion that this should be called haminoea simillima .\nhaminoea cymbalum. – rudman 1971: 558, fig. 1 (fiji, hawaii); marshall and willan 1999: 25 fig. 23 (great barrier reef); gosliner et al. 2008: 26 (mozambique, madagascar + west pacific); apte 2009: 165, fig. 1c (laccadive islands) .\ndear clay & patty jo, thanks very much for this. i think eveline marcus sent me a copy slide of haminoea linda many years ago. again i had assumed it was a form of h. cymbalum. i' ll look it out and if the slide is any good i' ll post a copy and make it 6 orange - spotted species .\nhaminoea sp. 2. : little purple, if any; relative size of orange spots smaller than those of c05; may have some spots connected by white as in h. cymbalum. usually a pale green. [ we found we don' t have written description of this animal and have no idea if whether or not we kept the 12 that were measured. [ carlson & hoff # c86: lindsay warren # 79 ]\n( of lamprohaminoea cymbalum (quoy & gaimard, 1832) ) marcus er. & burch j. b. (1965). marine euthyneuran gastropoda from eniwetok atoll, western pacific. malacologia. 3 (2): 235 - 262. [ details ]\n( of haloa pilsbry, 1921) rudman, w. b. (1971). on the opisthobranch genus haminoea turton & kingston. pacific science. 25 (4): 545 - 559. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of lamprohaminoea kuroda & habe, 1952) rudman, w. b. (1971). on the opisthobranch genus haminoea turton & kingston. pacific science. 25 (4): 545 - 559. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of haminoea simillima pease, 1868) kay, e. a. (1979) hawaiian marine shells. reef and shore fauna of hawaii. section 4: mollusca. bernice p. bishop museum special publications, 64, xviii + 1–653. page (s): 427 [ details ]\n( of haminoea (vitreohaminoea) kuroda & habe, 1952) higo, s. , callomon, p. & goto, y. (1999) catalogue and bibliography of the marine shell - bearing mollusca of japan. elle scientific publications, yao, japan, 749 pp. [ details ]\nthe gizzard plates have ridges e. g. typical haminoeid forms - - h. cymbalum being atypical in this sense. radula 7. 1. 7 w / 3 large plate - like denticles on inner edge of 1st lateral (light scope); these do no show up with the sem. specimens from guam, rota, tinian & saipan .\niczn 2000. opinion 1942. haminoea [ turton ] in turton & kingston in carrington, 1830 and haminoeinae pilsbry, 1895 (mollusca, gastropoda): placed on official lists as correct original spellings. bulletin of zoological nomenclature, 57 (l): 52 - 53. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of bulla cymbalum quoy & gaimard, 1832) dautzenberg, ph. (1929). contribution à l' étude de la faune de madagascar: mollusca marina testacea. faune des colonies françaises, iii (fasc. 4). société d' editions géographiques, maritimes et coloniales: paris. 321 - 636, plates iv - vii pp. (look up in imis) [ details ]\n( of haminea cymbalum (quoy & gaimard, 1832) ) dautzenberg, ph. (1929). contribution à l' étude de la faune de madagascar: mollusca marina testacea. faune des colonies françaises, iii (fasc. 4). société d' editions géographiques, maritimes et coloniales: paris. 321 - 636, plates iv - vii pp. (look up in imis) [ details ]\nreferences: • rudman, w. b. , 1971. structure and functioning of the gut in the bullomorpha (opisthobranchia). part 1. herbivores. journal of natural history, 5: 647 - 675. • rudman, w. b. , 1971. on the opisthobranch genus haminoea turton & kingston. pacific science, 25: 545 - 559 .\nsummary of characters: gizzard plates with ridges e. g. typical haminoeid forms - - h. cymbalum being atypical in this sense. radula 7. 1. 7 with 3 large plate - like denticles on inner edge of 1st lateral (light scope); these do not show up with the sem. specimens from guam, rota, tinian & saipan. note from clay carlson & patty jo hoff. see their message below .\n( of lamprohaminoea cymbalum (quoy & gaimard, 1832) ) lin gy. & qi zy. (1985). a preliminary survey of the cephalaspidea (opisthobranchia) of hong kong and ajacent waters. in: morton b & dudgeon d. , editor. proceedings of the second international workshop on the malacofauna of hong kong. the malacofauna of hong kong and southern china ii. hong kong university press, hong kong. 1: pp109 - 124. [ details ]\nspelling haminea gray, 1847 (thiele, 1931; thompson, 1976; seaward, 1982) is a misprint for haminaea gray, 1847. van aartsen et al. (1984) already made this remark, but stated that the authority had to be turton & kingston, 1830. this is however incorrect as the original spelling of the name is haminoea (iredale, 1914; winckworth, 1932; rudman, 1971). [ details ]\nhaminoea sp. 1. : our code' all orange spots'; we have no notes re purple on the animal. orange spots on mantle of about the same size (propodia smaller), general scattered white flecking on mantle between spots. spots do not appear with a white' halo'. in one specimen the spots were more yellow than orange and were so thick on the foot margin that they appeared as a band rather than a series of spots. [ carlson & hoff # c05: lindsay warren # 78 ]\ndrivas, j. ; jay, m. (1987). coquillages de la réunion et de l' île maurice. collection les beautés de la nature. delachaux et niestlé: neuchâtel. isbn 2 - 603 - 00654 - 1. 159 pp. (look up in imis) [ details ]\ndautzenberg, ph. (1929). contribution à l' étude de la faune de madagascar: mollusca marina testacea. faune des colonies françaises, iii (fasc. 4). société d' editions géographiques, maritimes et coloniales: paris. 321 - 636, plates iv - vii pp. (look up in imis) [ details ]\nchaban e. m. (2016). heterobranch mollusks of the orders acteonoidea and cephalaspidea (gastropoda: heterobranchia) of vietnam: annotated check - list with illustrations of some species. in: a. v. adrianov & k. a. lutaenko (eds), biodiversity of the western part of the south china sea: 415 - 448. vladivostok, dalnauka. [ details ]\nto barcode of life (1 barcode) to biodiversity heritage library (5 publications) to biological information system for marine life (bismal) to encyclopedia of life to genbank (5 nucleotides; 1 proteins) to sea slug forum (via archive. org) to itis\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nfingal bay, port stephens, new south wales, australia. may 1993. in rock pool, 3 specimens, 23 - 27mm long alive. - the green on the shell is caused by a fine layer of microscopic green algae. small tufts of filamentous algae are also growing on the anterior part of the shell. photo: bill rudman .\nsee carlson & hoff' s message discussing the 5 orange - spotted species .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nthis species has a strongly inflated transparent shell without spiral striae. the animal is bluish - green with bright orange spots. larger orange spots bordered in white show through the shell. it can be distinguished from\nis a moderately common diurnal species that can be found in rocky habitats at moderately exposed to highly exposed sites. it occurs in tide pools on wave - washed platforms and subtidally to depths of about 8 m (25 ft) and is often seen in pairs or groups. rarely, filamentous green algae grow on the shell. it lays an elongate, cream egg mass that is attached by an adhesive surface rather than a mucous string. the eggs form a\nslinky - like\nspiral in the interior .\nbig island, maui, molokai, oahu and niihau: widely distributed in the indo - pacific .\nthis species is referred to as the\ncymbal bubble shell\nin hoover, 1998 & 2006. clay carlson and patty jo hoff suggest on the\npilsbry, 1917 is also a synonym (kay, 1979) and it is listed under that name in edmondson, 1946 and tinker, 1958. it' s also listed in ostergaard, 1955 and ostergaard, 1950 as\n( probably due to a misinterpretation of the match to pease' s shell description of that species). it was probably first reported from hawaii in pilsbry, 1917 .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\nscientists aim to describe a single' tree of life' that reflects the evolutionary relationships of living things. however, evolutionary relationships are a matter of ongoing discovery, and there are different opinions about how living things should be grouped and named. eol reflects these differences by supporting several different scientific' classifications'. some species have been named more than once. such duplicates are listed under synonyms. eol also provides support for common names which may vary across regions as well as languages .\nhtml public\n- / / ietf / / dtd html 3. 0 / / en\nhtml. dtd\nnow don' t get me wrong. i do like bubble shells. even put 4 pictures of them in my hawaiian nudibranchs book. however, most tend to be drab, camouflage - colored sand burrowers. they are not your typical sea slug beauties .\nyet this week' s animal is a really pretty one—shell and all. i was honored recently to receive this photo from marcus coltro, a brazilian (são paulo) shell dealer. he photographed this 7 mm–long animal underwater in aitutaki, cook' s islands .\n. originally named from tahiti, it ranges widely across the indo - pacific basin. dr. alison kay wrote in hawaiian marine shells (1979), “this is a common shallow water species; the animals are abundant in rocky areas shoreward on fringing reefs, in tide pools, and on solution benches from august through december. ”\n. marcus has been a shell collector since 1976 and shell dealer since 1989. he is past president of conquiliologistas do brazil, and has had articles published in several related magazines and websites. an amateur photographer, his images have been published in shell books and magazines and on brazilian phone cards !\nhe is a member of conchologists of america (since 1988), and coordinator of their website .\n© the slug site, michael d. miller 2006. all rights reserved .\nspecimen deposited: rfb personal research collection (different individuals of the species deposited at cal acad sci) .\nis a common member of the okinawan opisthobranch fauna, at least at the popular scuba site, horseshoe cliffs. this delightful little cephalaspidean is seasonal here, being commonly found between may and october. it' s not unusual to find these animals in sinuous head to tail chains of up to 10 individuals. the animals are frequently found on and around the brown alga ,\nfrom okinawa' s main island, including trailing behavior, ova, and shell .\ndiversity and distribution of subtidal benthic molluscs from the dampier archipelago, western australia; results of the 1999 dredge survey (da2 / 99) john d. taylor and emily a. glover\na survey of the benthic molluscs of the dampier archipelago, western australia shirley m. slack - smith and clay w. bryce\nastropecten sumbawanus (echinodermata: asteroidea) in withnell bay, northwestern australia fred e. wells and carol m. lalli\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 1 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nsorry, the in - page video player requires internet explorer. you can download the video using the\ndownload\nlinks provided below .\ncook islands islands: rr = rarotonga, mg = mangaia, at = ‘ātiu, mk = ma‘uke, mt = miti‘āro, ak = aitutaki, pl = palmerston, pn = penrhyn, mn = manuae, tk = takūtea, tn = tongareva (ts = tongaleva spoken, tw = tongareva written, they say\nel\nbut write\nr\n), mh = manihiki, rk = rakahanga, pk = pukapuka, ns = nassau, sw = suwarrow. after a polynesian name: ^ = orthography query. countries and other: fij = fiji, wt = wallis & futuna, sam = samoa, ton = tonga, niu = niue, ck = cook islands, ckm = cook islands māori, fp = french polynesia, aus = australs, soc = societies, tah = tahiti, tua = tuamotus, mqs = marquesas, mng = mangareva, pit = pitcain group, eas = easter island, haw = hawai‘i, nz = new zealand, nzm = new zealand māori\nmccormack, gerald (2007) cook islands biodiversity database, version 2007. 2. cook islands natural heritage trust, rarotonga. online at http: / / cookislands. bishopmuseum. org .\ncopyright © 2007 (july) the cook islands natural heritage trust, all rights reserved. copyright & use policy\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwarning: the ncbi web site requires javascript to function. more ...\ncorresponding author: nathalie yonow (ku. ca. aesnaws @ wonoy. n )\nthis is an open access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license 3. 0 (cc - by), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited .\nmap of the western half of the indian ocean showing collecting localities listed in text marked by blue squares; note the andaman islands and christmas island are off the map in reality .\nparts of these collections have already been reported upon by the author; all methods are as described previously (yonow 1984, yonow and hayward 1991, yonow 1994, yonow 1996, yonow et al. 2002), with specimens preserved in formaldehyde or alcohol; a number of specimens were found unidentified in museums. in all, more than 300 specimens were examined, of which some 250 are included in this paper. all sizes given are living measurements unless otherwise stated in text, figure and plate legends, and all colour and habitat notes made by the collectors are provided in quotation marks in the material section. in some cases, my notes on the preserved specimens are also included, but these are not in quotation marks to differentiate between the two. photographs listed in the material section are from reliable sources and have been examined carefully; they are listed as individuals to distinguish them from collected specimens. all specimens described in this paper have been deposited in the senckenberg museum, frankfurt, germany (unless they belong to other institutions) with their radular slides, colour slides, and images. some specimens had been sent to colleagues for study, and have since been logged into their institutions; these specimens are included as they form part of my unpublished collections, and some provide new records .\nthe literature was carefully reviewed, and the references included in the synonymies are as complete as possible for indian ocean records .\nmaldives: two specimens approx. 20 mm length (mdv / ab / 96 / 23), vilufushi lagoon, thaa atoll, 3 m depth, 31 march 1993, leg. rc anderson & sg buttress. – la réunion: photographs of numerous individuals urltoken .\nglobose shell thin, transparent, too small to accommodate body completely; shell 15 mm, living animal up to 25 mm. body pale green with large and small orange spots, part contained within the shell much darker green than both head and tail. larger orange spots and patches underlying shell outlined with white or very pale green .\ninfrequently, huge mating congregations are observed, with numbers of up to 100 individuals per m 2 in february 2007 in la réunion, which lasted approximately one week (p bidgrain, pers. comm. and urltoken). these aggregations were not observed again until 2010, but with a much smaller number of animals, only 100 individuals in total (p bidgrain, pers. comm .) .\nchelidonura electra rudman, 1970: 8, figs. 3 - 7 (solomon islands); marshall & willan 1999: 18, fig. e (great barrier reef); gosliner et al. 2008: 44 (tanzania and madagascar + w pacific); apte 2009: 165, fig. 1d (laccadive islands); richmond 2011: 276 (east africa) .\nmaldives: 29 mm length (10 mm pres. , mdv / ab / 96 / 1), guraidhoo channel, south malé atoll, 16 m depth, 30 april 1996, leg. rc anderson & sg buttress. – zanzibar: two pres. specimens 15 mm × 2 mm and 19 mm × 9 mm, bawe island, underside of porites head with encrusting tubastrea and sponges, 7 m depth, june 1995, leg. md richmond. – madagascar: 50 mm × 10 mm (pk - c), ampangorina, nosy komba, on algal - encrusted coral, 3 m depth, 30 january 1992, leg. p kemp. – mayotte: photographs of two individuals, 15 mm and 25 mm urltoken .\nchelidonura hirundinina, 5–6 mm pres. , maldives, photo: j hinterkircher .\nbulla hirundinina quoy & gaimard, 1833: 367, pl. 26, figs. 20 - 25 (mauritius) .\nchelidonura philinopsis eliot, 1903a: 336 (zanzibar); rudman 1973b: 203, figs. 1, 2, 3d, 5 (zanzibar) .\nchelidonura hirundinina. – macnae 1962: 194 (south africa); gosliner 1987: 42, fig. 11 (south africa); gosliner 1988: 90, fig. 9 (aldabra, seychelles) .\nmaldives: three specimens, approx. 5 - 6 mm length pres. , kuredu, lhaviyani atoll, on sandy substrate in shallow water, 10 - 24 march 1998, leg. j hinterkircher; several individuals, photos only, 1986 - 1994, j hinterkircher. – la réunion: photographs of numerous individuals, 10 - 40 mm urltoken .\nchelidonura hirundinina var. punctata eliot, 1903a: 336, pl. 8, fig. 2 (zanzibar) .\nchelidonura punctata. – yonow and hayward 1991: 4, fig. 4f (mauritius); yonow et al. 2002: 834, fig. 2a (chagos); mangubhai 2007; fig. 1 (kenya); apte 2009: 165, fig. 1e (laccadive islands) .\nnon chelidonura punctata. – yonow 2008: 79 (gulf of eilat) (misidentification) .\nmaldives: 15 mm (mdv / ab / 96 / 15, “very dark brown, almost black, white edge anteriorly and blue grey edge to parapodia, with orange - red spots”), fulidhoo channel, felidhoo atoll, 9 m depth on coral rock, 7 may 1996, leg. rc anderson & sg buttress. – mauritius, la réunion, and mayotte: five individuals photographed urltoken .\nappears to be restricted to the western indian ocean; to date there are no records of the species occurring in the red sea, the gulf of aden, the gulf of oman, or the persian gulf. the similar species found in the gulf of eilat (recorded erroneously as\n) and in the seychelles (pers. obs .) is illustrated here as\n) for comparison as no specimens are available; it has many small, yellower spots which appear to be slightly raised, lacks the white margins to the parapodia but has broken white markings along the posterior margin of the posterior shield, and the tails are very differently proportioned. it is also appears to be small, but without specimens, identification is impossible .\nchelidonura cf. punctata, seychelles, photo: p kemp (no spcm) .\nan interesting paper documenting the feeding habits of chelidonura punctata in kenya describes the association between it and an acoel flatworm present on the hard coral platygyra daedalea (mangubhai 2007); neither the sea slug nor the flatworm was observed on other coral species. a similar association was observed between chelidonura livida and waminoa cf. brickneri in the red sea (yonow 2008) .\nchelidonura sandrana rudman, 1973a: 208, figs. 4, 5 (zanzibar); yonow 1994b: 100, figs. 2e, 4a, b (maldives); yonow et al. 2002: 835, fig. 2b (chagos); yonow 2008: 80 (gulf of eilat) .\nchelidonura babai gosliner, 1988: 91, fig. 10 (aldabra, seychelles) .\nmaldives: 3 mm pres. , maayafushi, ari atoll, shallow water in lagoon, february 1995, leg. j hinterkircher; photos of two individuals, 1986 - 1994, j hinterkircher; 7 mm (5 mm pres. , “all black”), maayafushi channel, ari atoll, 7 - 17 m depth on sandy slope, 12 october 1994, leg. rc anderson & sg buttress .\nthe collecting notes state that there were “plenty of aglajids, all completely black” in maayafushi lagoon, up to approximately 10 mm in length, and it is very common in the maldives (yonow 1994). this species is recorded throughout the western indian ocean as well as in the northern red sea, and its extensive variability of colouration is now well known; both specimens demonstrate the all - black colouration (\nbaba & abe, 1959 may be an older name (yonow in prep .) .\nchelidonura varians eliot, 1903a: 335 (zanzibar); yonow 1994a: 102, fig. 4c (maldives) .\nmaldives: two specimens, 30 mm and 15 mm pres. , maayafushi channel, ari atoll, 7 - 17 m depth on sandy slope, 12 october 1994, leg. rc anderson & sg buttress .\nphilinopsis speciosa, 18 mm pres. , maldives, photo: rc anderson .\nphilinopsis speciosa pease, 1860: 21 (hawaii); gosliner et al. 2008: 29 (pacific); yogesh kumar et al. 2011: 106, fig. 1a (india) .\nphilinopsis cyanea (martens). – rudman 1972: 394, fig. 15 (zanzibar); gosliner 1987: 41, fig. 9 (south africa); yonow 1992: 199, figs. 1, 2 (gulf of eilat and maldives); yonow 1994a: 103, fig. 2a, 4d (maldives); yonow 2008: 81 (red sea); richmond 2011: 276 (east africa) (syn. n. )\nmaldives: two specimens, 18 mm and 12 mm pres. , maayafushi channel, ari atoll, 7 - 17 m depth on sandy slope, 12 october 1994, leg. rc anderson & sg buttress; 24 mm (mdv / ab / 96 / 5), fulidhoo lagoon, felidhoo atoll, 7 m depth, 03 may 1996, leg. rc anderson & sg buttress. – la réunion, photographs of several individuals urltoken. – tanzania: photograph of single individual, mafia island, shallow water, 31 july 2004, a de villiers .\naplysia parvula, 20 mm, la réunion, photo: p bidgrain (no spcm) .\naplysia spuria krauss. – macnae 1955, 235, figs. 1d, 2d, 3d, 6a, b (south africa) .\naplysia parvula. – gosliner 1987: 46, fig. 24 (south africa); yonow and hayward 1991: 5, figs. 4e, 5d (mauritius); yonow 2008: 98 (red sea); apte 2009: 165, fig. 1h (laccadive islands) .\naplysia fasciata. – yonow 1994a: 104, fig. 4g (maldives); yonow 2000: 94, fig. 3, plate 7 (red sea) (non aplysia fasciata poiret) .\naplysia cf. parvula. – yonow et al. 2002: 837, figs. 2d, 3a, b (chagos) .\npale form: socotra: 10 mm × 5 mm pres. (it - 084, n - 171), rhiy di - irisal, se site, 2 - 8 m depth, 24. ii. 1999, leg. n simões. – la réunion, photographs of numerous individuals urltoken .\ndark form: maldives: two specimens approx. 14 mm in length, hulhulé island, north malé atoll, 12 m depth on orange encrusting sponge on outer reef, 30 july 1995, leg. rc anderson & sg buttress (“dark brown with numerous tiny white dots, brown tending to orange, greyish white at margins”); two specimens both 14 mm, old shark point, thilafalhu reef, north malé atoll, 16 m depth, 18 november 1995, leg. rc anderson & sg buttress (“dark brown with numerous fine pale dots; edges of [ parapodia ] and tentacles pale”); 20 mm (mdv / ab / 96 / 13), fulidhoo channel, felidhoo atoll, 9 m depth, 07 may 1996, leg. rc anderson & sg buttress (“no white spots”). – la réunion, photographs of several individuals urltoken. – tanzania: photo of one individual, mafia island, shallow water, may 2009, a de villiers .\n), albeit less frequently. the pale socotra specimen is well relaxed and preserved: the body is cream coloured with black edging to the rhinophores, oral tentacles, foot, and parapodia. both colour forms are small, and one is the reverse colour pattern of the other. although pale\n), the largest size recorded for the dark colour formis the maldives specimen listed above at 20 mm. consistent differences occur in the colour patterns :\n). the pale form is found in shallow tidal areas with seaweed, while the dark form is found on coral reefs in more exposed areas. several other colour patterns have been illustrated on the la réunion website .\nthe radula of the socotra specimen has the formula 29 (+ 2) × 4. 7. 1. 7. 4. it is comparable in formula and size to those of the dark form previously examined from the red sea (26 (+ 1) × 4. 6. 1. 6. 4: yonow 2000) and chagos (26 (+ 3) × 3. 6. 1. 6. 3: yonow et al. 2002), although it must be stressed that the radulae are not very good diagnostic features for differentiating between species of aplysia. the shell is also similar in both forms but again, it is variable and therefore not a particularly useful character for determining species of aplysiids .\ndolabella auricularia, shell of 46 mm specimen (24 mm maximum shell dimension) .\naplysia ecaudata rang 1828: 47, pl. 2 (papua new guinea) .\naplysia teremidi rang 1928: 48, pl. 3 figs 1 – 3 (society islands) .\naplysia gigas rang 1828: 48, pl. 3 fig. 4 (shell only) (“mer des indes”; “... this shell differs from the previous species... ” transl .) (syn. n .) .\ndolabella auricularia. – bebbington 1974: 73, figs. 7d, e, 8 (tanzania, seychelles (aldabra), kenya, zanzibar, grande comoro); gosliner 1987: 48, fig. 28 (south africa); yonow and hayward 1991: 6, figs. 5e, f, 7d, 12a, b (mauritius); yonow 1994a: 104, figs. 2b, c, 4h (maldives); apte 2009: 167: fig. 1j (laccadive islands); richmond 2011: 278 (east africa) .\ndolabella gigas. – engel 1942: 197, figs. 1 - 5 (“indian ocean” and mauritius + west pacific); eales 1946: 149, figs. 1 - 8 (bombay, india) (syn. n .) .\ndolabella scapula (martyn). – engel 1942: 207, figs. 6 - 16 (“indian ocean, ” mauritius, mozambique + west pacific) .\nzanzibar: 46 × 28 mm pres. , kizimkazi dimbani reefs, intertidal, june 1994, leg. suki / md richmond. – la réunion, mauritius, and mayotte: photographs of numerous individuals and two shells urltoken. – oman: muscat, 1 - 12 april 2009, photo s kahlbrock. – seychelles: one individual photographed, lilôt, nw mahé, 1988 - 1989, p kemp .\n; the specimen had rounded tubercles in life, and these remain on the preserved animal. there are only two species of\n( rang) have been recorded. the two species are said to differ in shell morphology and internal characters (\nfrom india and confirmed the differences in shell morphology but was unable to confirm the presence of spines on the penis .\nthe maldives specimen and shell listed in yonow (1994) are deposited in the natural history museum, london (nhmuk 20110444), and not in the australian museum, sydney, as stated in that paper due to subsequent postal security regulations .\ndolabrifera dolabrifera. – bebbington 1974: 78, figs. 7f, 9 (tanzania, seychelles (aldabra), kenya, zanzibar); yonow and hayward 1991: 6, fig. 5a - c (mauritius); yonow 2008: 102 (red sea); apte 2009: 165, fig. 1i (laccadive islands); richmond 2011: 278 (east africa) .\nsocotra: 10 mm curled pres. (st - 021, map - 097), rocks with algae, w of rhiy di - diblih, nogid, s coast, 12 march 1999, leg. m apel. – maldives: 60 mm approx. (49 mm pres .), in tridacna culture tank, marine research section, malé, north malé atoll, 30 december 1995, leg. rc anderson (“mottled olive green; extruded white gelatinous fluid from posterior siphon”); photos only of several individuals, march 1997, march 1998, march 1999, j hinterkircher. – mauritius and la réunion: numerous individuals with various colours and textures urltoken. – seychelles: photo of one individual, lilôt, nw mahé, 1988 - 1989, p kemp .\npreserved specimen from the maldives are relaxed, with rhinophores and tentacles well extended, and a distinct flange present around margin; socotra specimen very contracted and curled up. colours of living specimens are extremely variable, and the villi may or may not be present; dolabrifera dolabrifera can grow to 50 mm in length, and is common in the western indian ocean and red sea in shallow inter - and sub - tidal coastal waters; it has a wide indo - pacific distribution .\nnotarchus indicus. – farran 1905: 355 (sri lanka); eales 1944: 12, fig. 12 (zanzibar); yonow 2000: 96, pl. 9 (red sea); yonow 2008: 105 (red sea) .\nnotarchus ceylonicus farran, 1905: 355, pl. 5 figs. 18 - 23 (sri lanka) .\nsocotra: four specimens 15 - 20 mm preserved lengths (it - 157, rj - 011), 12°18. 698' n, 53°48. 285' e, 09 april 1999, leg. r janssen .\npreserved specimens are similar to previously examined material from the red sea, severely contracted into spheres with varying amounts of speckling remaining on different specimens. the species is circumtropical, common where it occurs but not often recorded. records from the western indian ocean are summarized by bebbington (1974); there are no new records apart from those from the red sea listed above .\nstylocheilus longicauda form striata, 10–50 mm pres. , zanzibar, photo: md richmond .\naplysia longicauda quoy & gaimard, 1824: 421, pl 66 fig. 8 (new guinea); rang 1828: 73, pl. 22 figs 8 - 10 (quoy & gaimard specimen, on “ fucus ”) .\naplysia citrina rang, 1828: 71, pl. 22 figs. 1, 2 (atlantic ocean on sargassum) .\naplysia nudata rang, 1828: 72, pl. 22 figs. 3 - 5 (sandwich islands on “fucus”) .\nstylocheilus longicauda. – bebbington 1974: 87, figs. 7g, 14, 15 (kenya and zanzibar); gosliner 1987: 49, fig. 30 (south africa); yonow and hayward 1991: 5, fig. 3e (mauritius); yonow 2008: 104 (red sea) .\nstylocheilus striatus. – yonow 2008: 108 (red sea); apte 2009: 167, fig. 1k (laccadive islands); richmond 2011: 278 (east africa) .\nthere is probably only one species of stylocheilus occurring in two forms, the benthic striated form described and illustrated here, which was known as striatus, and the yellow pelagic form associated with seaweeds currently known as longicauda .\nurn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: ef8569bd - d10c - 4309 - a53b - c1a37f1deb76\ncyerce bourbonica sp. n. a ventral view of holotype b selection of larger cerata of paratype (formaldehyde) showing morphology: globular patches at base near attachment point, the small flap, and some black pigment spots remaining at the distal end c photograph of ceras of paratype (alcohol) from anterior side showing denticulate margin and pointed papillae d whole radula of paratype (formaldehyde) e single tooth magnified to show denticles and shape of shaft. scale bars 100 µm .\ncyerce bourbonica sp. n. , 12 mm holotype, la réunion, photo: h flodrops .\ncyerce bourbonica sp. n. , 12 mm paratype, la réunion, photo: h flodrops .\ncyerce sp. 2. – gosliner et al. 2008: 70 (tanzania, madagascar, la réunion, and aldabra + pacific) .\nholotype: 12 mm alive, 6. 5 × 2. 5 mm pres. in alcohol, etang salé, la réunion, rocky coast, 1 m depth, 14 december 2009, leg. h. flodrops, smf 337104 .\nparatypes: approx. 12 mm alive, 4 × 3 mm pres. in formalin (dissected), etang salé, la réunion, rocky coast, 1 m depth, 14 december 2009, leg. h. flodrops, smf 337103; 10 mm alive, 4. 5 × 2 mm pres. in alcohol, etang salé, la réunion, rocky coast, 1 m depth, 14 december 2009, leg. h. flodrops, smf 337205 .\na multi - coloured cyerce with approximately 30 inflated, pustular, angular cerata whose margins are pale violet - blue with creamy orange patches and black spots. the head has an orange band on either side and black spots on its frontal margin. the body and cerata are marbled light green and white. ventrally, the propodium and metapodium each bear a row of small black dots, the former anteriorly and the latter marginally and posteriorly. size up to approximately 15–20 mm .\nthe description of the colour and pattern is based on a series of photographs of the type specimens: body covered in fewer than 30 slightly inflated and tubercular cerata, loosely arranged in transverse rows along each side. each ceras can be flat or swollen, angular with rounded corners (\n), semi - translucent beige to green, margins pale blue - violet ‘beaded’ with opaque pale orange pigment, and sub - marginal black spots. the profile is in one plane along the sides but strongly convex at the distal end. tubercles opaque white, concentrations of larger black spots in lateral swellings. very few black spots scattered on cerata but yellow spots, olive - green patches, and light green to light brown marbling present. in some photographs, paired dark brown globular patches visible in alcohol - preserved specimens can be seen as circular red - brown patches at bases of cerata (\n, right - hand cerata at level of pericardium). anterior portion of body marbled: head and rhinophores semi - translucent; eyes clearly visible at bases of rhinophores (\n). oral tentacles short and recurved. frontal margin of head with black spots, and behind eyes and rhinophores, coalesced to form a network. broad orange band on each side of head, outside the black spots. pericardium immediately behind first two or three rows of cerata, swollen, ochre - coloured, bare of cerata .\nthe specimens preserved in alcohol are in excellent condition; the paratype in formaldehyde shed 23 larger cerata. it is cream in colour, while the holotype and second paratype are semi - translucent. dark patch of pigment anterior to swollen pericardium behind rhinophores and faint pigmented patch beyond. pericardium a large swelling but dissection of paratype in formaldehyde did not reveal vessels and disintegrated with further prodding. large swollen anal papillae behind right rhinophore near eye in all preserved specimens. conical penis visible below right rhinophore in alcohol paratype only, no spine apparent at tip. ventral views well presented in alcohol (\n); rhinophores visible, as are head and oral tentacles; propodium with row of black spots along anterior margin, rounded metapodium with a row of black spots all around its edge except anteriorly. cerata angular with three rounded corners near distal margin. at the base, doughnut - shaped attachment point and small flap beyond (\n). brown triangular patch present on flap at base of each ceras in alcohol - preserved specimens. two dark brown to black bodies inside cerata, formed of very small globules (\ndissection of the formaldehyde - preserved paratype proved impossible as only the outer skin was preserved, the internal organs decomposed. however, the muscular pharynx remained solid and was removed to extract the radula. radular formula 16 × 0. 1. 0, nine teeth in the ascending limb and seven teeth in the descending one (\n), and 170 μm in length. the denticles along the cutting edge are paired, with the first denticles at the tip smaller (\n). denticles 1 - 7 increase in size, while denticles 8 - 10 decrease, and denticle 11 is just a small bump. the teeth are curved along their long axis and fit closely into the next tooth, the denticles leaving indentations in the underlying shaft. in profile, the shaft is shorter and barely narrower than the cusp (\nthe species is named ‘bourbonica’ after the original name of the island of la réunion, the type locality. the island was renamed la réunion in 1793 after the fall of the house of bourbon (spain and luxembourg currently have bourbon monarchs), but the name was changed back and forth several times until the french revolution in 1848 .\nelysia cf. nigropunctata, 20 mm a dorsal view of preserved specimen showing irregular parapodial margins and pigmentation b ventral view of same specimen .\nelysia cf. nigropunctata, 35 mm, la réunion, photo: h flodrops (no spcm) .\n? pterogasteron nigropunctatus pease, 1871: 304, pl. 22 fig. 2 (tahiti) .\nelysia sp. 11. – urltoken (la réunion, mauritius, and mayotte); urltoken (tanzania, madagascar, south africa + w pacific) .\nseychelles: 20 × 5 mm (pk - hh, “10 mm when parapodia are opened”), whale rock, on coral rubble, 26 april 1992, leg. p kemp; numerous photographs from la réunion, mauritius, and mayotte urltoken .\nbody pale green with ocellated black spots and orange patches along edges of parapodia where they were thrown into three permanent folds. rhinophores marbled green with white pigment dorsally, creamy orange submarginal band, and white distal end. oral tentacles tipped with white .\nthe single specimen is well preserved, with the parapodia opened completely. dorsally, there are large black ovate spots (oval along the horizontal axis) on inner surfaces of parapodia and body. edges of parapodia scalloped in three places, containing opaque white granular pigment spots along the margin (\n), presumably the orange marginal pigment in life. the pericardium is elongated, triangular anteriorly and squared posteriorly, with only two un - branched vessels posteriorly. ventrally, the foot and head are bilobed; there are fewer smaller spots on the foot and more larger spots on the outer surfaces of the parapodia (\nthis species is recognisable, as evidenced by the internet discussions (urltoken) and is most probably pease’s species, described from tahiti. the many photographs on the internet show slight variations only, and it is remarkable that it has not been recorded before. this is not only the first record for the indian ocean, but the first published record since the species was described in 1861. another specimen measuring 40 mm from madagascar is lodged in the natural history museum, london (nhmuk 20010521, leg. lindsey warren) but was not examined by this author .\nplakobranchus ocellatus, 14 mm pres. , zanzibar, photo: md richmond .\nplakobranchus ocellatus. – yonow 1990: 288, pl. 2 (red sea); apte 2009: 169, fig. 2a (laccadive islands); richmond 2011: 276 (east africa) .\nplacobranchus ocellatus. – rao 1962: 1, figs. 1, 2e, f (india); jensen 1992: 283, figs. 23, 24d, e (red sea and sw thailand + guam, hawaii) .\nkenya: 25 × 11 mm preserved, vipingo, 25 miles n of mombasa, rock pool elw, 23 september 1984, leg. j hognerud. – maldives: 9 mm in length (mdv / ab / 96 / 7, specimen disintegrated, no radula located), fulidhoo lagoon, felidhoo atoll, 10 m depth on sand, 04 may 1996, leg. rc anderson & sg buttress. – zanzibar: 14 × 8 mm preserved, matemwe lagoon, in xenia sp. and sand near encrusted, partly submerged rock with didemnum molle and halimeda sp. , 01 march 1995, leg. md richmond. – seychelles: 30 × 10 mm alive (pk - a, one of four individuals preserved), source d’argent, la digue, 1 m depth on broken acropora sp. behind reef in algal growth, 26 january 1992, leg. p kemp. – la réunion and mayotte: photographs of several individuals urltoken .\nplakobranchus ocellatus has been recorded in excess of 35 mm in the indian ocean (rao 1962). the western indian ocean specimens examined here conform to the description of red sea specimens (yonow 1990, 2008). jensen (1992) listed numerous synonyms from the pacific ocean, stating that colour pattern and distribution of ocelli are variable in just a single species; however, in 2006 she suggested, “it is possible that a complex of sibling species is involved. ”\nin the marshall islands, an interesting commensal association was observed between plakobranchus ocellatus and the sea cucumber holothuria atra (mercier and hamel 2005); this is the first report of an opisthobranch occurring on an echinoderm species. the authors provide evidence of a real association between the two animals through a set of well - designed experiments and natural observations. in the indian ocean holothuria atra is also a common species, with a similar habitat to plakobranchus ocellatus, but there are no observations of a similar association .\nthuridilla gracilis, drawings of pericardia a seychelles 15 mm specimen b maldives 12 mm specimen. c maldives 6 mm specimen .\nthuridilla gracilis form bayeri, maldives, photo: j hinterkircher (no spcm) .\nthuridilla gracilis form ratna, 25 mm, seychelles, photo: p kemp .\nelysia gracilis risbec, 1928: 278, fig. 93, pl. 10 fig. 5 (new caledonia) .\nthuridilla bayeri er. marcus, 1965: 270, figs. 5, 6; yonow et al. 2002: 835, fig. 2c (chagos) (syn. n .) .\nseychelles: 15 × 5 mm (pk - p, “stripy black / mauve rhinophores and body, scattered blue spots, orange line edging parapodia”), lilôt, nw mahé, 7 m depth on underside of rock, 25 march 1992, leg. p kemp; 25 × 5 mm (pk - w, “striations along parapodia but with white edge with orange line, vivid blue spots, rhinophores white with longitudinal stripes and brown orange at tips, orange under mouth”), lilôt, nw mahé, 20 m depth under rock, 09 april 1992, leg. p kemp; photo of one individual, lilôt, nw mahé, 1988 - 1989, p kemp. – maldives: three pres. specimens 6 mm, 7 mm, and 12 mm. (mdv / ab / 96 / 10), miyaru kandhu, felidhoo atoll, 05 may 1996, leg. rc anderson & sg buttress; 15 mm (mdv / ab / 96 / 12; badly preserved, no radula found), fulidhoo channel, felidhoo atoll, 10 m on algae, 07 may 1996, leg. rc anderson & sg buttress; photos of two individuals, 1986 - 1994, j hinterkircher .\nnamed these two species in the same publication based on specimens from the marshall and palau islands: his species were differentiated by the presence or absence of blue spots and the shapes of the radular teeth. as noted in the review by\nthuridilla vataae, 10 mm (3 mm pres. specimen) a dorsal view showing bilobed frontal margin and pericardium with connected vessels b ventral view showing bilobed foot and frontal margin .\nelysia vataae risbec, 1928: 281, pl. 12 fig. 7 (new caledonia) .\nelysia vatae. – gosliner 1987: 53, fig. 43 (south africa) (misspelling) .\nthuridilla vatae. – jensen 1992: 273 (western australia + guam); gosliner 1995: 15, figs. 14, 15, 16a (la réunion + w pacific); apte 2009: 169, fig. 1x (laccadive islands) (misspellings) .\nmaldives: approx. 10 mm alive (3 mm pres .), coral garden on filamentous green algae, vadhoo reef, south malé atoll, 5 m depth, 14 october 1994, leg. rc anderson & sg buttress; specimen disintegrated (no radula found), 7 mm alive, bathala island reef, ari atoll, 8 m depth, 28 july 1995, leg. sg buttress & rc anderson (“colour dark with pale streaks, rhinophores appeared white with red tips”). – la réunion and mayotte: numerous individuals 10 - 15 mm in length urltoken .\nground colour grey with hint of purple, covered with yellow spots and pustules, and round black dots. marginal bands of the parapodia creamy yellow. head white, forming x - shape into rhinophores anteriorly and body posteriorly; remainder of head and anterior part of body grey - black. red - orange band at tip of each rhinophore, a distinctive character of the species; in this specimen, the rhinophores were faintly spotted with creamy yellow .\npreserved specimen semi - translucent with no pigment remaining except black spots on body. parapodia folded over body and frontal margin bilobed (\nin that lateral and posterior vessels are connected. in this specimen, they appear to form a partial ring around the pericardium (\nthuridilla vataae is a small species recorded sporadically from the indo - west pacific. risbec (1928) almost certainly named this species after the bay south of nouméa, baie de l’anse vata, of which the north - western tip is the collection locality of his single specimen, rocher à la voile. the suffix for commemoratives in this case is - ae, hence the spelling vataae. the original spelling is correct and should be maintained .\nnembrotha guttata, maldives, photo: h voigtmann (with n. cristata, no spcms) .\nnembrotha guttata yonow, 1994a: 108, figs. 2f, 6e, 8c (maldives) .\nmaldives, two specimens, both 35 mm (mdv / ab / 96 / 4), fulidhoo channel, felidhoo atoll, 9 m depth, 02 may 1996, leg. rc anderson & sg buttress; 32 mm (mdv / ab / 96 / 14), fulidhoo channel, felidhoo atoll, 07 may 1996, leg. rc anderson & sg buttress; photo of individual, maaya tila, ari atoll, 6 - 8 m depth, march 1994, h voigtmann .\neasily recognised by velvety black body, large orange pustules edged with green especially along frontal margin, black and orange rhinophores, and green gills. the differences between\nhas been previously recorded from the indian ocean, but only in the maldives (yonow 1994). a third black and pustulose species known from the region is\nnembrotha guttata appears to be endemic to the maldive islands; paler and consistently differently coloured species are recorded from the philippines (pola et al. 2008), indonesia, australia, japan (gosliner et al. 2008) and new caledonia (hervé 2010) but need further investigation. colour patterns appear to be the best physical characters differentiating species of nembrotha, and the brownish - red spotted pattern with white gills and white pigment between and on the rhinophores currently included in nembrotha guttata is consistent in pattern and colour; it occurs only in the western pacific ocean and is most probably a distinct species .\nroboastra gracilis, 20 mm, maldives, photo: j hinterkircher (no spcm) .\nroboastra gracilis. – gosliner 1987: 101, fig. 185 (south africa); yonow 1994a: 109, fig. 6f (maldives); gosliner et al. 2008: 122 (south africa, mozambique, saudi arabia, and maldives + pacific)." ]

{ "text": [ "haminoea cymbalum , sometimes known as the cymbal bubble snail , is a species of sea snail or bubble snail , a marine opisthobranch gastropod mollusc in the family haminoeidae , one of the families of bubble snails . " ], "topic": [ 2 ] }

[ "haminoea cymbalum, sometimes known as the cymbal bubble snail, is a species of sea snail or bubble snail, a marine opisthobranch gastropod mollusc in the family haminoeidae, one of the families of bubble snails." ]

[ "cyclosia papilionaris (drury, 1773) = cyclosia enodis swinhoe 1892 = eterusia ferrea walker, 1854 = pintia latipennis hampson, 1891 = cyclosia obsoleta dufrane 1936 = cyclosia pallida dufrane 1936 = epyrgis parvula butler, 1883 .\nthat' s not an arctiini, it' s a chalcosiiinae zygaenid, possibly cyclosia papilionaris .\nin europe and north america the moth family zygaenidae is best known for the colourful day - flying burnets of the subfamily zygaeninae, and the metallic green forester moths of the procridinae .\nin the tropics a further 5 subfamilies occur, including the chalcosiinae, which has representatives distributed across the indo - australian region from pakistan to the philippines, and south via the malay peninsula to sumatra, borneo, sulawesi, java and new guinea .\nthis species is found in rainforest and humid deciduous forest at altitudes between sea level and about 1000m .\nthe larva illustrated below has been parasitised by an entomopathogenic nematode worm. when the worm was a minute juvenile it was probably unintentionally ingested by the caterpillar as it browsed on leaves. after entering the body of the caterpillar, the nematode, over a period of several days fed internally on the body tissues of the caterpillar. once the nematode became fully grown it burrowed it' s way out of the caterpillar, which slowly shrivelled and died. the cycle is completed when the nematode drops to the ground and reproduces in the soil. a new generation of tiny juvenile nematodes then slithers up onto a leaf to await the arrival of another caterpillar\nthe pupa is formed within a cocoon, attached to the upper surface of a leaf .\nall photographs, artwork, text & website design are the property of adrian hoskins (unless otherwise stated) and are protected by copyright. photographs or text on this website must not be reproduced in part or in whole or published elsewhere without prior written consent of adrian hoskins / urltoken\nmany people know organisms only by the common names, or\nvernacular\nnames. unlike scientific names, common names are almost always different for speakers of different languages. they may also vary regionally within a language. this tab shows all the common names provided to eol for this organism from a variety of providers, including eol curators. currently we can only set one preferred common name per language on a given eol page, but all the names should be searchable .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\n( drury 1773) wingspan 50 - 65mm. available papered requires relaxing and setting. please choose from drop tab. male topside female underside female topside\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page: myers, p. , r. espinosa, c. s. parr, t. jones, g. s. hammond, and t. a. dewey. 2018. the animal diversity web (online). accessed at https: / / animaldiversity. org .\ndisclaimer: the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. adw doesn' t cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283, drl 0628151, due 0633095, drl 0918590, and due 1122742. additional support has come from the marisla foundation, um college of literature, science, and the arts, museum of zoology, and information and technology services .\nduring my trip on phiphi, i have met few moths in the forest. most of them were disturbed and were not proper day - flying moths .\nthis arctiinae looks like a nyctemera but doesn' t match with those on the checklist of phuket insects .\nalthough they are so very different than six spot burnets but i think the antenna are still very characteristic for zygaenidae. really pretty these tropical zygaenidae .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nurn: lsid: catalogueoflife. org: taxon: 322c1faa - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e: col20180626\nurn: lsid: catalogueoflife. org: taxon: 322c25e1 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e: col20180626\nurn: lsid: catalogueoflife. org: taxon: 322c277b - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e: col20180626\nurn: lsid: catalogueoflife. org: taxon: 322dd07d - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e: col20180626\nurn: lsid: catalogueoflife. org: taxon: 324fb2bc - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e: col20180626\nurn: lsid: catalogueoflife. org: taxon: 32502500 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e: col20180626\nurn: lsid: catalogueoflife. org: taxon: 3343b9d9 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e: col20180626\nbeccaloni g. , scoble m. , kitching i. , simonsen t. , robinson g. , pitkin b. , hine a. & lyal c. (2018). lepindex: the global lepidoptera names index (version 12. 3, jan 2012). in: roskov y. , abucay l. , orrell t. , nicolson d. , bailly n. , kirk p. m. , bourgoin t. , dewalt r. e. , decock w. , de wever a. , nieukerken e. van, zarucchi j. , penev l. , eds. (2018). species 2000 & itis catalogue of life, 30th june 2018. digital resource at urltoken species 2000: naturalis, leiden, the netherlands. issn 2405 - 8858 .\nurn: lsid: catalogueoflife. org: taxon: 49ccde9c - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e: col20180626\n. if you continue to use the site we will assume that you agree with this .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site. view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\nknowledge management platform. it allows users to manage learning and research. visit defaultlogic' s other partner sites below :\n[ 36 ] natural history museum (nhm. ac. uk), 2011\nnote: you should have a urltoken account to upload new topics and comments. please, create an account or log in to add comments\n* our website is multilingual. some comments have been translated from other languages .\ncurators: konstantin efetov, vasiliy feoktistov, svyatoslav knyazev, evgeny komarov, stan korb, alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion, flight time, etc. .\npopular: trivia, history, america, cities, world, usa, states, television, ... more" ]

{ "text": [ "cyclosia papilionaris , drury 's jewel , is a moth in the zygaenidae family .", "it was described by dru drury in 1773 .", "it is found from thailand to southern china .", "the habitat consists of rainforests and humid deciduous forests at altitudes up to 1,000 meters .", "the larvae feed on aporusa dioica . " ], "topic": [ 2, 5, 20, 24, 8 ] }

[ "cyclosia papilionaris, drury's jewel, is a moth in the zygaenidae family. it was described by dru drury in 1773. it is found from thailand to southern china. the habitat consists of rainforests and humid deciduous forests at altitudes up to 1,000 meters. the larvae feed on aporusa dioica." ]

[ "euryphura porphyrion (ward, 1871) = euryphene porphyrion ward, 1871 = euryphura (euryphura) porphyrion .\neuryphura nobilis staudinger, 1891 is sometimes placed in its own genus, euryphurana .\neuryphura porphyrion grassei bernardi, 1965; biol. gabonica 1: 309; tl: gabon\neuryphurana hecq, 1992; revue ent. gen. 6: 23; ts: euryphura nobilis staudinger\nnew forms of euryphura, etc. , from uganda protectorate and kenya colony, brithish east and central africa\neuryphura is a butterfly genus in the subfamily limenitidinae. the species of this genus are found in the afrotropic ecozone .\neuryphura porphyrion togoensis suffert, 1904; dt. ent. z. iris 17 (1): 114; tl: togo [ = error? ]\neuryphura (euryphene) nobilis staudinger, 1891; dt. ent. z. iris, 4 (1): 107, pl. 1, f. 3; tl: sierra leone\neuryphura porphyrion congoensis joicey & talbot, 1921; bull. hill mus. 1 (1): 63, pl. 11, f. 21 - 24; tl: upper kasai distr; ituri fores, nw. beni\neuryphene porphyrion ward, 1871; ent. mon. mag. 8: 118; tl: cameroons\ne. kenya, tanzania, malawi, e. zaire, ne. zambia, e. zimbabwe, south africa. see [ maps ]\nharma achlys hopffer, 1855; ber. verh. akad. berlin 1855: 641; tl: mozambique\nsenegal, guinea, sierra leone, ivory coast, ghana, togo, benin, nigeria, cameroon, gabon, congo, c. a. r. , zaire, w. uganda, nw. tanzania, nw. zambia\nnigeria, cameroon, gabon, congo, c. a. r. , zaire, w. uganda. see [ maps ]\ne. nigeria, cameroon, zairo, uganda, w. kenya. see [ maps ]\nrhodesia, mozambique, malawi, s. tanzania, zambia, s. zaire, e. angola. see [ maps ]\nsierra leone, liberia, e. ivory coast, nigeria, congo, c. a. r .\nchecklist of afrotropical papilionoidea and hesperoidea; compiled by mark c. williams, 7th ed. (2008) (april 2007) ;\n[ maps ] warning! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information, and the process does not always produce acceptable result; see about maps for more info .\non two collection of lepidoptera sent by h. h. johnston, esq. , c. b. , from british central africa\nillustrations of new species of exotic butterflies selected chiefly from the collections of w. wilson saunders and william c. hewitson\nnew lepidoptera collected by mr. t. a. barns, in east central africa. new forms of rhopalocera\nward, 1871 descriptions of new species of african diurnal lepidoptera ent. mon. mag. 8: 34 - 36, 58 - 60, 81 - 82, 118 - 122\nif you have corrections, comments or information to add into these pages, just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources, and may include many inaccuracies. expert help is welcome .\n© 2016, butterfly conservation society, ghana - african butterfly research institute - icom ltd .\n< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation, e. g. an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature, an orthologous protein, a record from another database, etc. < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences\n> more... < / a > < / p >\nhelp pages, faqs, uniprotkb manual, documents, news archive and biocuration projects .\nyou are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website. please consider upgrading your browser .\n< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins, you can use the ‘basket’ to save them, so that you can back to find or analyse them later. < p > < a href =' / help / basket' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ help / sequence - searches\n> more. . < / a > < / p >\nwe' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe’s new general data protection regulation (gdpr) that applies since 25 may 2018 .\n< p > the annotation score provides a heuristic measure of the annotation content of a uniprotkb entry or proteome. this score < strong > cannot < / strong > be used as a measure of the accuracy of the annotation as we cannot define the ‘correct annotation’ for any given protein. < p > < a href =' / help / annotation _ score' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this indicates the type of evidence that supports the existence of the protein. note that the ‘protein existence’ evidence does not give information on the accuracy or correctness of the sequence (s) displayed. < p > < a href =' / help / protein _ existence' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides any useful information about the protein, mostly biological knowledge. < p > < a href =' / help / function _ section' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > information which has been generated by the uniprotkb automatic annotation system, without manual validation. < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences # eco: 0000256\n> more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > the < a href =\nurltoken\n> gene ontology (go) < / a > project provides a set of hierarchical controlled vocabulary split into 3 categories: < p > < a href =' / help / gene _ ontology' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > uniprotkb keywords constitute a < a href =\nurltoken\n> controlled vocabulary < / a > with a hierarchical structure. keywords summarise the content of a uniprotkb entry and facilitate the search for proteins of interest. < p > < a href =' / help / keywords' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides information about the protein and gene name (s) and synonym (s) and about the organism that is the source of the protein sequence. < p > < a href =' / help / names _ and _ taxonomy _ section' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section provides an exhaustive list of all names of the protein, from commonly used to obsolete, to allow unambiguous identification of a protein. < p > < a href =' / help / protein _ names' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section indicates the name (s) of the gene (s) that code for the protein sequence (s) described in the entry. four distinct tokens exist: ‘name’, ‘synonyms’, ‘ordered locus names’ and ‘orf names’. < p > < a href =' / help / gene _ name' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > information which has been imported from another database using automatic procedures. < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences # eco: 0000313\n> more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section provides information on the name (s) of the organism that is the source of the protein sequence. < p > < a href =' / help / organism - name' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section shows the unique identifier assigned by the ncbi to the source organism of the protein. this is known as the ‘taxonomic identifier’ or ‘taxid’. < p > < a href =' / help / taxonomic _ identifier' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section contains the taxonomic hierarchical classification lineage of the source organism. it lists the nodes as they appear top - down in the taxonomic tree, with the more general grouping listed first. < p > < a href =' / help / taxonomic _ lineage' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides information on the location and the topology of the mature protein in the cell. < p > < a href =' / help / subcellular _ location _ section' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section describes post - translational modifications (ptms) and / or processing events. < p > < a href =' / help / ptm _ processing _ section' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides information on the quaternary structure of a protein and on interaction (s) with other proteins or protein complexes. < p > < a href =' / help / interaction _ section' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides information on sequence similarities with other proteins and the domain (s) present in a protein. < p > < a href =' / help / family _ and _ domains _ section' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the ‘family and domains’ section provides information about the sequence similarity with other proteins. < p > < a href =' / help / sequence _ similarities' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section displays by default the canonical protein sequence and upon request all isoforms described in the entry. it also includes information pertinent to the sequence (s), including < a href =\nurltoken\n> length < / a > and < a href =\nurltoken\n> molecular weight < / a >. < p > < a href =' / help / sequences _ section' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> sequence < / a > section indicates if the < a href =\nurltoken\n> canonical sequence < / a > displayed by default in the entry is complete or not. < p > < a href =' / help / sequence _ status' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > the checksum is a form of redundancy check that is calculated from the sequence. it is useful for tracking sequence updates. < / p > < p > it should be noted that while, in theory, two different sequences could have the same checksum value, the likelihood that this would happen is extremely low. < / p > < p > however uniprotkb may contain entries with identical sequences in case of multiple genes (paralogs). < / p > < p > the checksum is computed as the sequence 64 - bit cyclic redundancy check value (crc64) using the generator polynomial: x < sup > 64 < / sup > + x < sup > 4 < / sup > + x < sup > 3 < / sup > + x + 1. the algorithm is described in the iso 3309 standard. < / p > < p class =\npublication\n> press w. h. , flannery b. p. , teukolsky s. a. and vetterling w. t. < br / > < strong > cyclic redundancy and other checksums < / strong > < br / > < a href =\nurltoken\n> numerical recipes in c 2nd ed. , pp896 - 902, cambridge university press (1993) < / a >) < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the ‘sequence’ section is used for sequence fragments to indicate that the residue at the extremity of the sequence is not the actual terminal residue in the complete protein sequence. < p > < a href =' / help / non _ ter' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides links to proteins that are similar to the protein sequence (s) described in this entry at different levels of sequence identity thresholds (100% , 90% and 50 %) based on their membership in uniprot reference clusters (< a href =\nurltoken\n> uniref < / a >). < p > < a href =' / help / similar _ proteins _ section' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section is used to point to information related to entries and found in data collections other than uniprotkb. < p > < a href =' / help / cross _ references _ section' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides general information on the entry. < p > < a href =' / help / entry _ information _ section' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the ‘entry information’ section provides a mnemonic identifier for a uniprotkb entry, but it is not a stable identifier. each reviewed entry is assigned a unique entry name upon integration into uniprotkb / swiss - prot. < p > < a href =' / help / entry _ name' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the ‘entry information’ section provides one or more accession number (s). these are stable identifiers and should be used to cite uniprotkb entries. upon integration into uniprotkb, each entry is assigned a unique accession number, which is called ‘primary (citable) accession number’. < p > < a href =' / help / accession _ numbers' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the ‘entry information’ section shows the date of integration of the entry into uniprotkb, the date of the last sequence update and the date of the last annotation modification (‘last modified’). the version number for both the entry and the < a href =\nurltoken\n> canonical sequence < / a > are also displayed. < p > < a href =' / help / entry _ history' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the ‘entry information’ section indicates whether the entry has been manually annotated and reviewed by uniprotkb curators or not, in other words, if the entry belongs to the swiss - prot section of uniprotkb (< strong > reviewed < / strong >) or to the computer - annotated trembl section (< strong > unreviewed < / strong >). < p > < a href =' / help / entry _ status' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnote: you should have a urltoken account to upload new topics and comments. please, create an account or log in to add comments\n* our website is multilingual. some comments have been translated from other languages .\nthere are no photos of this species on the website yet. you can offer your photo by logging into your account\ncurators: konstantin efetov, vasiliy feoktistov, svyatoslav knyazev, evgeny komarov, stan korb, alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion, flight time, etc.." ]

{ "text": [ "euryphura concordia , the speckled lilac nymph , is a butterfly in the nymphalidae family .", "it is found in democratic republic of the congo ( ituri , kinshasa , kasai , sankuru , shaba , lomami , lualaba ) , eastern angola , northern zambia , tanzania , malawi , mozambique and zimbabwe .", "the habitat consists of brachystegia woodland .", "adults are attracted to fermenting fruit .", "they are on wing from august to october and in february , april and may .", "the larvae feed on brachystegia spiciformis . " ], "topic": [ 2, 20, 24, 8, 8, 8 ] }

[ "euryphura concordia, the speckled lilac nymph, is a butterfly in the nymphalidae family. it is found in democratic republic of the congo (ituri, kinshasa, kasai, sankuru, shaba, lomami, lualaba), eastern angola, northern zambia, tanzania, malawi, mozambique and zimbabwe. the habitat consists of brachystegia woodland. adults are attracted to fermenting fruit. they are on wing from august to october and in february, april and may. the larvae feed on brachystegia spiciformis." ]

[ "mompha propinquella (marbled mompha) - norfolk micro moths - the micro moths of norfolk .\nelachista propinquella stainton, 1851. cat. suppl. : 8 laverna palidicollella doubleday, 1859 mompha propinquella (stainton, 1851) .\nmompha propinquella §1, male; surlingham, norfolk; 24 / 07 / 2009; fw 5. 4mm © chris lewis\nlarge full depth blotch in the lower leaves; much frass in coarse grains. the larva can make several mines. pupation either in the mine or in the ground. mines cannot be distinguished from those of mompha lacteella (bladmineerders van europa) .\n, the adults of this species are brightly - coloured, with raised scale - tufts .\nthe moths fly at night between june and august, and come to light .\nukmoths is built, run and maintained by ian kimber, with thanks to the many kind contributors who provide photos and information .\nthe ukmoths facebook page is a great place to post your identification queries. more often than not you' ll get a positive id on most photos fairly quickly .\nlooking for a specific moth species? enter just part of the name below .\nprocache: v317 render date: 2018 - 06 - 30 14: 40: 04 page render time: 0. 2392s total w / procache: 0. 2749s\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nrecorded in 32 (46 %) of 69 10k squares. first recorded in 1874. last recorded in 2017 .\nunderlying maps using digital map data © norfolk online lepidoptera archive - nola™ 2018. © james wheeler - n o r f o l k m o t h s 2007 - 2018. data © nola™ 2018\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nlarva: the larvae of moths have a head capsule and chewing mouthparts with opposable mandibles (see video of a gracillarid larva feeding), six thoracic legs and abdominal legs (see examples) .\nbody brownish red; head black; prothoracic plate two dark brown rectangular sclerites; anal plate light brown, thoracic feet dark brown (koster, 2002b; koster and sinev, 2003a) (bladmineerders van europa) .\npupa: the pupae of moths have visible head appendages, wings and legs which lie in sheaths (see examples) .\nadult: the adult is illustrated in ukmoths and the encyclopedia of life. the species is included in urltoken .\ntime of year - larvae: the species spends the winter as a larva (ukmoths) .\ntime of year - adults: the moths fly at night between june and august, and come to light (ukmoths) .\ndistribution in great britain and ireland: occurs in suitable habitat throughout most of britain (ukmoths) including bedfordshire, berkshire, breconshire, caernarvonshire, cambridgeshire, carnarvonshire, cumberland, denbighshire, derbyshire, dorset, dumfriesshire, dunbartonshire, durham, east cornwall, east gloucestershire, east norfolk, east suffolk, easterness, flintshire, glamorgan, herefordshire, hertfordshire, huntingdonshire, isle of wight, kincardineshire, leicestershire, linlithgow, main argyll, middlesex, north aberdeenshire, north essex, north hampshire, north lincolnshire, north northumberland, north somerset, nottinghamshire, outer hebrides, pembrokeshire, shropshire, south aberdeenshire, south lancashire, south northumberland, south - east yorkshire, south - west yorkshire, stafford, surrey, warwickshire, west gloucestershire, west kent, west norfolk, west perthshire, west suffolk, west sussex and westmorland (nbn atlas) .\nalso recorded in the republic of ireland (karsholt and van nieukerken in fauna europaea). see also ireland' s nbdc interactive map .\ndistribution elsewhere: widespread in continental europe including austria, belgium, czech republic, danish mainland, estonia, finland, french mainland, germany, hungary, italian mainland, latvia, luxembourg, macedonia, poland, romania, russia - central, slovakia, spanish mainland, sweden, switzerland, the netherlands and ukraine (karsholt and van nieukerken in fauna europaea) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 1 / / en\nurltoken\nnotes: local in open woodland, waste ground and gardens throughout britain, north to aberdeenshire. in hampshire recorded widely in both vice - counties, but there are no recent records from the isle of wight. wingspan 11 - 12. 5 mm. the main confusion species is m. lacteella from which it is distinguished by the white head and thorax and on the forewing by the white basal blotch and brown terminal area (mbgbi vol 4 part 1). larva mines leaves of broad - leaved willowherb and great willowherb, over - wintering as a small larva .\nclick here to support naturespot by making a donation - small or large - your gift is very much appreciated. thank you .\nwingspan 12 mm. in common with most of the momphidae, the adults of this species are brightly - coloured, with raised scale - tufts .\nthe larval foodplants are various willowherbs and the species spends the winter as a larva .\nit occurs in suitable habitat throughout most of britain. in the butterfly conservation’s microlepidoptera report 2011 this species was classified as local .\nit appears to be uncommon in leicestershire and rutland, where there are few records. l & r moth group status = d (rare or rarely recorded) .\nm. lacteella is similar but has the white head, thorax, costal and dorsal spots suffused buff / beige. genital examination may be needed to confirm identity .\n§4 torver, cumbria; 12 / 07 / 2015; male; fw 5. 9mm all images © chris lewis\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with nbn atlas, please upload using the upload tools .\nall ranks domain kingdom subkingdom phylum subphylum superclass class subclass infraclass superorder order suborder infraorder superfamily family subfamily tribe subtribe genus subgenus species subspecies variety group (polytypic) group (monotypic) species split life sp. ssp. intra - specific hybrid interspecific hybrid intergeneric hybrid species pair\nall records (accepted, rejected, pending). to filter / search please enter a phrase. e. g. to filter rejected records, type rejected into the search box, all columns can be filtered .\nhave you seen something interesting? click submit to share your rare bird sightings via our simple form .\n© 2018 birdguides, warners group publications plc. all rights reserved. company registered in england no. 2572212 | vat registration no. gb 638 3492 15\nreceive our free weekly newsletter which includes our popular photo of the week and review of the week features, plus competitions, special offers and much more. hide message .\nview thousands of photos and video of butterflies and moths from around the world, or upload your own. to search by species, use the species guide (change\nioc\nto\nbutterflies & moths\nbefore searching by taxon) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 / / en\nurltoken\nfor the county, we have a total of 101 records from 45 sites. first recorded in 1859 .\n: quite widely recorded, usually in small numbers, from vice - counties 61 to 64 .\nvc65. foxglove covert, 19. 7. 2013 (chf, jcw, ajw); hutton conyers, 10. 8. 2013 (chf). new vice - county record." ]

{ "text": [ "mompha propinquella is a moth in the momphidae family .", "it is found in most of europe , except the mediterranean islands and most of the balkan peninsula .", "the wingspan is 10 – 12 mm .", "adults are on wing from the end of june to mid-september in one generation per year .", "the larvae feed on epilobium hirsutum and epilobium montanum .", "they mine the leaves of their host plant .", "the mine consists of a large full depth blotch in the lower leaves .", "most frass is deposited in coarse grains .", "the larva can make several mines .", "pupation either in the mine or in the ground .", "the larva may leave the mine and restart elsewhere .", "pupation takes place inside the mine or in the ground .", "larvae can be found in early spring .", "they are brownish red with a black head .", "the species overwinters in the larval stage . " ], "topic": [ 2, 20, 9, 8, 8, 11, 11, 11, 11, 11, 11, 11, 20, 23, 3 ] }

[ "mompha propinquella is a moth in the momphidae family. it is found in most of europe, except the mediterranean islands and most of the balkan peninsula. the wingspan is 10 – 12 mm. adults are on wing from the end of june to mid-september in one generation per year. the larvae feed on epilobium hirsutum and epilobium montanum. they mine the leaves of their host plant. the mine consists of a large full depth blotch in the lower leaves. most frass is deposited in coarse grains. the larva can make several mines. pupation either in the mine or in the ground. the larva may leave the mine and restart elsewhere. pupation takes place inside the mine or in the ground. larvae can be found in early spring. they are brownish red with a black head. the species overwinters in the larval stage." ]

[ "vad betyder dichomeris? här finner du 2 definitioner av dichomeris. du kan även lägga till betydelsen av dichomeris själv\ndichomeris är ett släkte av fjärilar som beskrevs av hübner 1818. dichomeris ingår i familjen stävmalar .\ndichomeris - species dictionary - global: ispot nature - your place to share nature. ispot is a website aimed at helping anyone identify anything in nature. once you' ve registered, you can add an observation to the website and suggest an identification yourself or see if anyone else can identify it for you .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnb: the taxon name search is for single names only. for example, to locate dysodia vitrina flammata warren, 1904 you should enter flammata only .\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site. view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\nthe source code for the wiki 2 extension is being checked by specialists of the mozilla foundation, google, and apple. you could also do it yourself at any point in time .\nwould you like wikipedia to always look as professional and up - to - date? we have created a browser extension .\nit will enhance any encyclopedic page you visit with the magic of the wiki 2 technology .\ni use wiki 2 every day and almost forgot how the original wikipedia looks like .\nof perfecting techniques; in live mode. quite the same wikipedia. just better .\nthis page was last edited on 22 may 2018, at 02: 56 .\nbasis of this page is in wikipedia. text is available under the cc by - sa 3. 0 unported license. non - text media are available under their specified licenses. wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation, inc. wiki 2 is an independent company and has no affiliation with wikimedia foundation .\nhtml public\ni / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken" ]

{ "text": [ "dichomeris tetraschema is a moth in the gelechiidae family .", "it was described by meyrick in 1931 .", "it is found in western india ( mahablesbwar ) .", "this species has a wingspan of 10 mm . " ], "topic": [ 2, 5, 20, 9 ] }

[ "dichomeris tetraschema is a moth in the gelechiidae family. it was described by meyrick in 1931. it is found in western india (mahablesbwar). this species has a wingspan of 10 mm." ]

[ "dissoptila prozona meyrick, 1914; trans. ent. soc. lond. 1914: 235; tl: british guiana, bartica\ndissoptila prozona is a moth in the gelechiidae family. it was described by meyrick in 1914. it is found in guyana. [ 1 ]\ndissoptila meyrick, 1914; trans. ent. soc. lond. 1914: 234; ts: dissoptila mutabilis meyrick\ndissoptila asphaltitis meyrick, 1914; trans. ent. soc. lond. 1914: 234; tl: british guiana, bartica\ndissoptila disrupta meyrick, 1914; trans. ent. soc. lond. 1914: 235; tl: british guiana, bartica\ndissoptila mutabilis meyrick, 1914; trans. ent. soc. lond. 1914: 235; tl: british guiana, bartica; mallali\ndissoptila crocodora meyrick, 1922; trans. ent. soc. lond. 1922: 65; tl: brazil, r. trombetas, teffé; peru, iquitos\nsangmi lee, richard brown & sibyl bucheli. gelechioidea - a global framework ;\n[ maps ] warning! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information, and the process does not always produce acceptable result; see about maps for more info .\nsattler, 1973 a catalogue of the family - group and genus - group names of the gelechiidae, holcopogonidae, lecithoceridae and symmocidae (lepidoptera) bull. br. mus. nat. hist. (ent .) 28 (4): 153 - 282\nif you have corrections, comments or information to add into these pages, just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources, and may include many inaccuracies. expert help is welcome .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page: myers, p. , r. espinosa, c. s. parr, t. jones, g. s. hammond, and t. a. dewey. 2018. the animal diversity web (online). accessed at https: / / animaldiversity. org .\ndisclaimer: the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. adw doesn' t cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283, drl 0628151, due 0633095, drl 0918590, and due 1122742. additional support has come from the marisla foundation, um college of literature, science, and the arts, museum of zoology, and information and technology services .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthe source code for the wiki 2 extension is being checked by specialists of the mozilla foundation, google, and apple. you could also do it yourself at any point in time .\nwould you like wikipedia to always look as professional and up - to - date? we have created a browser extension .\nit will enhance any encyclopedic page you visit with the magic of the wiki 2 technology .\ni use wiki 2 every day and almost forgot how the original wikipedia looks like .\nof perfecting techniques; in live mode. quite the same wikipedia. just better .\nthis page was last edited on 16 february 2018, at 08: 38 .\nbasis of this page is in wikipedia. text is available under the cc by - sa 3. 0 unported license. non - text media are available under their specified licenses. wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation, inc. wiki 2 is an independent company and has no affiliation with wikimedia foundation .\nour website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site. we suggest you upgrade to a modern browser .\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site. view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\nit has beautiful images and viral videos that are way more fun than reading all the text in traditional encyclopedias .\nif you found sussle interesting, then give back by adding something interesting for others .\nit' s super easy, so it won' t take more than a minute .\ncopyright © 2016 sussle. all rights reserved. all registered trademarks are the property of their respective owners without intent to infringe .\nwe collect the best images, videos, and facts by topic. please join us .\nto ensure the integrity of sussle' s content, we must verify that each member represents a distinct person. please send an email from your primary facebook email to :\npopular: trivia, history, america, cities, world, usa, states, television, ... more" ]

{ "text": [ "dissoptila prozona is a moth in the gelechiidae family .", "it was described by meyrick in 1914 .", "it is found in guyana .", "the wingspan is about 7 mm .", "the forewings are rather dark fuscous , with a faint purplish tinge and a broad whitish-ochreous fascia near the base , the edges straight .", "there are two large blackish tufts rather obliquely placed in the disc at one-third and a whitish-ochreous dot on the middle of the costa , one in the disc rather beyond this , and an inwardly oblique strigula from the costa at two-thirds , as well as a slender somewhat incurved whitish-ochreous fascia from three-fourths of the costa to the tornus , narrowly interrupted in the middle and with narrow projections inwards on each side of this .", "the hindwings are dark grey , subhyaline in the disc anteriorly . " ], "topic": [ 2, 5, 20, 9, 1, 1, 1 ] }

[ "dissoptila prozona is a moth in the gelechiidae family. it was described by meyrick in 1914. it is found in guyana. the wingspan is about 7 mm. the forewings are rather dark fuscous, with a faint purplish tinge and a broad whitish-ochreous fascia near the base, the edges straight. there are two large blackish tufts rather obliquely placed in the disc at one-third and a whitish-ochreous dot on the middle of the costa, one in the disc rather beyond this, and an inwardly oblique strigula from the costa at two-thirds, as well as a slender somewhat incurved whitish-ochreous fascia from three-fourths of the costa to the tornus, narrowly interrupted in the middle and with narrow projections inwards on each side of this. the hindwings are dark grey, subhyaline in the disc anteriorly." ]

[ "to cite this page: myers, p. , r. espinosa, c. s. parr, t. jones, g. s. hammond, and t. a. dewey. 2018. the animal diversity web (online). accessed at https: / / animaldiversity. org .\nwe' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe’s new general data protection regulation (gdpr) that applies since 25 may 2018 .\ndisclaimer: itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available, and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties. however, it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes. while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available, ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party, wildlife statutes, regulations, and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register. for further information on u. s. legal requirements with respect to protected taxa, please contact the u. s. fish and wildlife service .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\njustification: the species is restricted to the central moluccan islands. it is often encountered by hunters in secondary forests in seram and are sought after for personal consumption (tsang et al. 2015). this species was recorded in both secondary forest and mangroves, but no other accounts of this species have been recorded in almost 20 years (tsang et al. 2015). a population decline is suspected to be more than 30% over the last three generations (12 - 15 years; f. bonaccorso and k. helgen pers. comm .) based on habitat destruction and degradation. the species is listed as vulnerable under criterion a2c .\nthis little - known species is restricted to the central moluccan islands of buru, seram, and ambon (all in indonesia). it has been recorded at sea level to 1, 000 m asl .\npopulations of this species are likely to be declining as deforestation continues throughout its range. this species was recorded in both secondary forest and mangroves, but no other accounts of this species have been recorded in almost 20 years (tsang et al. 2015) .\nthis species has been reported from primary tropical moist forest. it is a foliage rooster, likely not to occur in large colonies (f. bonaccorso pers. comm .). generation length of this species is likely to be around 3 - 5 years (f. bonaccorso and k. helgen pers. comm .). it probably has some degree of tolerance for disturbance, as it was encountered in fragmentary secondary forest near villages with human activity (orchards, hunting areas) (tsang et al. 2015) .\nloss of habitat through logging activities and local hunting for food are considered to be major threats to this species .\nthis species is listed on appendix ii of cites. it has been recorded from manusela national park, seram. further studies are needed into the natural history of this species, the severity of threats to it, and the identification of important roosting and foraging sites .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\n< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation, e. g. an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature, an orthologous protein, a record from another database, etc. < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences\n> more... < / a > < / p >\nhelp pages, faqs, uniprotkb manual, documents, news archive and biocuration projects .\nyou are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website. please consider upgrading your browser .\n< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins, you can use the ‘basket’ to save them, so that you can back to find or analyse them later. < p > < a href =' / help / basket' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ help / sequence - searches\n> more. . < / a > < / p >\nkari pihlaviita added the finnish common name\nburusaarenlenkko\nto\npteropus temmincki peters, 1867\n.\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order? please see our brief essay .\ndisclaimer: the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. adw doesn' t cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283, drl 0628151, due 0633095, drl 0918590, and due 1122742. additional support has come from the marisla foundation, um college of literature, science, and the arts, museum of zoology, and information and technology services .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nunep - wcmc (comps .) 2013. checklist of cites species. cites secretariat, geneva, switzerland, and unep - wcmc, cambridge, united kingdom. available online at urltoken\nsimmons, nancy b. / wilson, don e. , and deeann m. reeder, eds .\nmammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference, 3rd ed. , vols. 1 & 2\nstatus: cites - appendix ii. iucn / ssc action plan (1992) - no data. iucn 2003 - lower risk (nt )\ncites: appendix ii under pteropus, per 2013 checklist of cites species: index of cites species published with amendments to the appendices and changes in standard scientific nomenclature following the 16th meeting of the conference of the parties (bangkok, 2013). for current status see urltoken\ncomments: personatus species group. does not include capistratus; see flannery (1995b) and bonaccorso (1998). this name is variously spelled' temmincki' and' temminckii'; i follow bergmans (2001) in preferring the latter because it is the original spelling" ]

{ "text": [ "the temminck 's flying fox ( pteropus temminckii ) is a species of flying fox in the family pteropodidae .", "it is found in indonesia .", "the species was classified as \" vulnerable \" in 2008 by the iucn due to threats from habitat destruction and hunting . " ], "topic": [ 28, 20, 17 ] }

[ "the temminck's flying fox (pteropus temminckii) is a species of flying fox in the family pteropodidae. it is found in indonesia. the species was classified as \" vulnerable \" in 2008 by the iucn due to threats from habitat destruction and hunting." ]

[ "chionodes canofusella clarke, 1947; j. wash. acad. sci. 37: 248; tl: encantada, brooks co. , texas\nchionodes canofusella; [ nacl ], # 2066; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 189, 332, pl. 3, f. 17; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 15\nchionodes borzella bidzilya, 2000; beitr. ent. 50 (2): 391\nchionodes soella huemer & sattler, 1995; beitr. ent. 45 (1): 21\nchionodes aprilella huemer & sattler, 1995; beitr. ent. 45 (1): 24\nchionodes flavipalpella huemer & sattler, 1995; beitr. ent. 45 (1): 33\nchionodes flavipalpella; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 333\nchionodes caucasiella huemer & sattler, 1995; beitr. ent. 45 (1): 34\nchionodes caucasiella; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 333\nchionodes frigidella huemer & sattler, 1995; beitr. ent. 45 (1): 50\nchionodes frigidella; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 333\nchionodes tantella huemer & sattler, 1995; beitr. ent. 45 (1): 64\nchionodes tantella; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 333\nchionodes attonita; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 333\nchionodes ermolaevi bidzilya, 2012; shilap revta lepid. 40 (160): 422; tl: sakhalin\nchionodes grandis clarke, 1947; j. wash. acad. sci. 37: 253; tl: silverton, colorado\nchionodes tundra bidzilya, 2012; shilap revta lepid. 40 (160): 421; tl: jamalo - nenetskiy ar\nchionodes pereyra clarke, 1947; j. wash. acad. sci. 37: 253; tl: vero beach, florida\nchionodes stefaniae; landry & roque - albelo, 2010, revue suisse zool. 117 (4): 699 (list )\nchionodes decolorella ab. colorella (caradja, 1920), described as gelechia decolorella ab. colorella and recorded from the alai mountains\nchionodes salicella sattler, 1967; can. ent. 99: 82; tl: skeena crossing, cassiar dist. , british colombia\nchionodes acerella sattler, 1967; can. ent. 99: 78; tl: izman creek, kamloops distr. , british columbia\nchionodes tessa clarke, 1947; j. wash. acad. sci. 37: 246; tl: petaluma, sonoma co. , california\nchionodes bicolor clarke, 1947; j. wash. acad. sci. 37: 250; tl: petaluma, sonoma co. , california\nchionodes meridiochilensis king & montesinos, 2012; acta zool. cracov. 55 (1): 47; tl: chile, region de biobio\nchionodes stefaniae schmitz & landry, 2007; rev. suisse zool. 114: 177; tl: galapagos, isabela, volcan darwin, 630m\nchionodes iridescens clarke, 1947; j. wash. acad. sci. 37: 244; tl: american lake, pierce co. , washington\nchionodes pleroma; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 32 (note), 331\nchionodes scotodes; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 32 (note), 331\nchionodes whitmanella clarke, 1942; proc. u. s. nat. mus. 92 (3149): 271; tl: pullmann, washington\nthe moths of america north of mexico including greenland. fascicle 7. 6. gelechioidea, gelechiidae (part), gelechiinae (part - chionodes )\nthe lepidoptera of white sands national monument, otero county, new mexico, usa 10. a remarkable new white species of chionodes hübner (gelechiidae )\nchionodes sabinianae powell, 1959; ent. news 70 (5): 127; tl: russelman park, mt diablo, contra costa co. , california\nchionodes soella; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 333; [ me3 ], 139, 31; [ fe ]\nchionodes aprilella; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 333; [ me3 ], 141, 31; [ fe ]\n= chionodes psilopterus; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 201; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 18\nchionodes cusor hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 204, 333, pl. 4, f. 75; tl: alamosa, colorado\nchionodes offectus hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 219, 333, pl. 3, f. 57; tl: boulder, colorado\nchionodes fimus hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 204, 333, pl. 4, f. 76; tl: schrader lake, alaska\nchionodes is a genus of moths of the family gelechiidae. it is distributed throughout much of the world. the larvae of many species use the douglas fir as a host plant .\nchionodes is a genus of moths of the family gelechiidae. it is distributed throughout much of the world. the larvae of many species use the douglas fir as a host plant .\nchionodes tragicella; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 333; [ me3 ], 139, 31; [ fe ]\nchionodes luctuella; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 333; [ me3 ], 140, 31; [ fe ]\nchionodes molitor hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 210, 333, pl. 3, f. 36; tl: putnam co. , illinois\nchionodes boreas hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 211, 333, pl. 3, f. 43 - 44; tl: nordegg, alberta\nchionodes holosericella; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 333; [ me3 ], 143, 31; [ fe ]\nchionodes histon hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 221, 333, pl. 3, f. 61; tl: penticon creek, british columbia\nchionodes perpetuella; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 333; [ me3 ], 146, 31; [ fe ]\nchionodes apolectella; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 333; [ me3 ], 147, 31; [ fe ]\nchionodes hayreddini; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 333; [ me3 ], 149, 31; [ fe ]\nchionodes hinnella; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 333; [ me3 ], 149, 31; [ fe ]\nchionodes bastuliella; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 333; [ me3 ], 150, 32; [ fe ]\nchionodes nebulosella; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 333; [ me3 ], 152, 32; [ fe ]\nchionodes sagayica; huemer & sattler, 1995, beitr. ent. 45 (1): 63; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 333\nchionodes nitor hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 84, 331, pl. 1, f. 59; tl: berkeley, alameda co, california\nchionodes oecus hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 89, 331, pl. 1, f. 63 - 64; tl: palm springs, california\nchionodes lacticoma; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 32 (note), 331; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nchionodes icriodes; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 32 (note), 331; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nchionodes litigiosa; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 32 (note), 331; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nchionodes pentadora; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 32 (note), 331; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nchionodes dryobathra; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 106 (note), 332; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nchionodes argosema; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 165 (note), 332; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nchionodes consona; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 165 (note), 332; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nchionodes eburata; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 165 (note), 332; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nchionodes salva; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 172 (note), 332; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nchionodes sepultor hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 220, 333, pl. 3, f. 60; tl: 6 mi nw newcastle, wyoming\nchionodes percultor hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 58, 331, pl. 4, f. 1; tl: washington mtns, near nogales, arizona\nchionodes plutor hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 91, 331, pl. 1, f. 69; tl: sanderson, terrell co. , texas\nchionodes nepos hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 92, 331, pl. 1, f. 71; tl: indio, riverside co. , california\nchionodes thyotes hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 96, 331, pl. 2, f. 1; tl: southmost, cameron co. , texas\nchionodes soter hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 128, 332, pl. 2, f. 39 - 41; tl: putnam co. , illinois\nchionodes ceryx hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 172, 332, pl. 3, f. 13 - 14; tl: n key largo, florida\nchionodes rabula hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 59, 331, pl. 1, f. 16; tl: parker island, highlands co. , florida\nchionodes cacula hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 61, 331, pl. 5, f. 1; tl: archbold biologial station, lake placid, florida\nchionodes emptor hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 62, 331, pl. 1, f. 17; tl: archbold biologial station, lake placid, florida\nchionodes drapeta hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 63, 331, pl. 1, f. 18; tl: key largo, monroe co. , florida\nchionodes paean hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 93, 331, pl. 1, f. 72; tl: jacumba, san diego co. , california\nchionodes cibus hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 98, 331, pl. 2, f. 6; tl: laguna atascosa, cameron co. , texas\nchionodes occlusus; [ nacl ], # 2101; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 333; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 18\nchionodes suasor hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 57, 331, pl. 1, f. 14; tl: huntsville state park, walker co. , texas\nchionodes esor hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 62, 331, pl. 1, f. 19; tl: big pine key, monroe co. , florida\nchionodes tarmes hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 66, 331, pl. 4, f. 5; tl: t2n r14w s31, allegan co. , michigan\nchionodes macor hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 88, 331, pl. 1, f. 62; tl: saratoga springs, san bernardino co. , california\nchionodes irreptor hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 143, 332, pl. 2, f. 53; tl: garner state park, uvalde co. , texas\nchionodes restio hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 148, 332, pl. 2, f. 58 - 59; tl: sonoma, sonoma co. , california\nchionodes ludio hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 152, 332, pl. 2, f. 64; tl: new lisbon, burlington co. , new jersey\nchionodes obelus hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 186, 332, pl. 3, f. 16; tl: hayfork ranger station, trinity co. , california\nchionodes kubai hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 188, 332, pl. 4, f. 43; tl: pne hill, el dorado co. , california\nchionodes rectifex hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 199, 333, pl. 3, f. 23 - 24; tl: pensacola, escambia co. , florida\nchionodes aleo hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 202, 333, pl. 4, f. 71; tl: cedar pass campground, modoc co. , california\nchionodes rupex hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 203, 333, pl. 4, f. 74; tl: green river lake, wind river range, wyoming\nchionodes fictor hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 219, 333, pl. 3, f. 58; tl: atigun pass & below, brooks range, alaska\nchionodes praecia hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 222, 333, pl. 3, f. 63 - 64; tl: vineyard, utah co. , utah\nchionodes pulvis hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 69, 331, pl. 1, f. 30; tl: san bruno mtns, san mateo co. , california\nchionodes bios hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 191, 332, pl. 4, f. 47; tl: 4 mi n prescott, yavapai co. , arizona\nchionodes tannuolella; [ nhm card ]; huemer & sattler, 1995, beitr. ent. 45 (1): 32; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 333\nchionodes lictor hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 222, 333, pl. 3, f. 62; tl: mt. shasta city, shasta co. , california\nchionodes procus hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 92, 331, pl. 1, f. 70; tl: gran quivira national monument, socorro co. , new mexico\nchionodes lector hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 121, 332, pl. 2, f. 25 - 26; tl: woodwardia canyon e, riverside co. , california\nchionodes sevir hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 137, 332, pl. 4, f. 24; tl: highlands, 3865', macon co. , north carolina\nchionodes baro hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 144, 332, pl. 2, f. 54; tl: highlands, 3865', macon co. , north carolina\nchionodes popa hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 167, 332, pl. 3, f. 6 - 7; tl: mint canyon, los angeles co. , california\nchionodes donatella; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 169, 332, pl. 3, f. 9; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 16\nchionodes petro hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 169, 332, pl. 3, f. 10; tl: 2 mi ne lakeside, san diego co. , california\nchionodes dolo hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 198, 333, pl. 3, f. 22; tl: dempster highway, km 155, 1050m, yukon, canada\nchionodes praeco hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 209, 333, pl. 3, f. 34 - 35; tl: ocqueoc lake, presque isle co. , michigan\nchionodes manabiensis schmitz & landry, 2007; rev. suisse zool. 114: 180; tl: ecuador, manabi, parque nacional machalilla, los frailes, s 01°29. 340', w 80°46. 868 40m\nchionodes hapsus hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 55, 331, pl. 1, f. 12; tl: devil' s den state park, washington co. , arkansas\nchionodes volo hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 75, 331, pl. 1, f. 38; tl: fort davis, 5000', jeff davis co. , texas\nchionodes landryi hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 95, 331, pl. 1, f. 76; tl: lost river valley, 10 km s onefour, alberta, cadana\nchionodes factor hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 196, 333, pl. 4, f. 60; tl: big bear lake, 6800, san bernardino co. , california\nchionodes trico hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 211, 333, pl. 3, f. 45 - 46; tl: hardy work center, lawrence co. , south dakoa\nchionodes impes hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 227, 333, pl. 3, f. 70, pl. 5, f. 4; tl: kamiak butte, washington\nchionodes sannio hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 70, 331, pl. 1, f. 31; tl: 2. 5 mi west fort simcoe, yakima co. , washington\nchionodes stator hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 71, 331, pl. 1, f. 32; tl: 2. 5 mi west fort simcoe, yakima co. , washington\nchionodes meddix hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 73, 331, pl. 1, f. 35; tl: clear creek camp, se camp verde, yavapai co. , arizona\nchionodes pavor hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 80, 331, pl. 1, f. 49; tl: camp baldy, san bernardino mtns, san bernardino co. , california\nchionodes pacator hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 82, 331, pl. 1, f. 53; tl: mt lowe, san gabriel mtns, los angeles co. , california\nchionodes regens hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 85, 331, pl. 1, f. 61; tl: hackberry lake, valenine national wildlife refuge, cherry co. , nebraska\nchionodes morus hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 103, 331, pl. 4, f. 22; tl: ciervo hills, 18 mi sw medota, fresno co. , califoria\nchionodes cautor hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 142, 332, pl. 2, f. 52; tl: green gulch, big bend national park, brewster co. , texas\nchionodes mikkolai hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 208, 333, pl. 3, f. 33; tl: carmacks, 62°05' n, 136°20' w, yukon, canada\nchionodes franclemonti hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 65, 331, pl. 4, f. 2 - 4; tl: wrangle brook road, lakehurst, ocean co. , new jersey\nchionodes sanator hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 85, 331, pl. 1, f. 60; tl: sw res sta, 5400, chiricahua mts, cochise co. , arizona\nchionodes repertor hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 89, 331, pl. 1, f. 65; tl: 7 mi e jacob lake, coconino co. , 6800', arizona\nchionodes adamas hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 150, 332, pl. 2, f. 61 - 63; tl: devil' s den state park, washington co. , arkansas\nchionodes elainae hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 192, 332, pl. 4, f. 50; tl: onion saddle, 7600', chiricahua mtns, cochise co. , arizona\nchionodes hospes hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 196, 333, pl. 4, f. 61 - 62; tl: 9 mi sw atascadero, san luis obispo co. , california\nchionodes sponsus hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 207, 333, pl. 4, f. 81; tl: sierra diable wildlife management area, 6400', culberson co. , texas\nchionodes theurgis hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 213, 333, pl. 3, f. 47; tl: 4 mi sw buean vista, 8700', chaffee co. , colorado\nchionodes imber hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 71, 331, pl. 1, f. 33 - 34; tl: hackberry lake, valentine nationa wildlife reserve, cherry co. , nebraska\nchionodes naevus hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 77, 331, pl. 1, f. 41; tl: cave creek canyon, 5400', chiricahua mtns, cochise co. , arizona\nchionodes davisi hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 78, 331, pl. 1, f. 42; tl: southwest research station, 5400', chiricahua mtns, cochise co. , arizona\nchionodes delitor hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 83, 331, pl. 1, f. 58; tl: k bar ranch, chisos mtns, 3400', brewster co. , texas\nchionodes bardus hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 99, 331, pl. 4, f. 10; tl: santa barbara island, channel island national park, santa barbara co. , california\nchionodes metoecus hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 125, 332, pl. 2, f. 32 - 34; tl: snake creek, 3 mi nw midway, wasatch co. , utah\nchionodes optio hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 154, 332, pl. 4, f. 32; tl: mt locke, davis mtns, 6700', jeff davis co. , texas\nchionodes agriodes; [ nacl ], # 2059; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 202, 333; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 15\nchionodes bustosorum metzler, 2016; zootaxa 4109 (3): 373; tl: new mexico, otero co. , white sands nat. mon. , 106°1. 38' w; 32°46. 60' n 4, 000'\nchionodes powelli hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 52, 331, pl. 1, f. 2; tl: snake lake, 4 mi nw quincy, 4000', plumas co. , california\nchionodes abavus hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 64, 331, pl. 1, f. 20; tl: madera canyon, santa rita mts, 4880', santa cruz co. , arizona\nchionodes obex hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 75, 331, pl. 1, f. 39; tl: madera canyon, santa rita mtns, 4880', santa cruz co. , arizona\nchionodes munifex hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 76, 331, pl. 1, f. 40; tl: madera canyon, santa rita mtns, 4880', santa cruz co. , arizona\nchionodes sabinianae; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 79, 331, pl. 1, f. 48; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 19\nchionodes rector hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 83, 331, pl. 1, f. 56 - 57; tl: 5 mi n buena vista, 8200', chaffee co. , colorado\nchionodes fremor hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 128, 332, pl. 2, f. 38; tl: madera canyon, santa rita mtns, 4880', santa cruz co. , arizona\nchionodes lusor hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 130, 332, pl. 2, f. 42; tl: madera canyon, santa rita mtns, 4880', santa cruz co. , arizona\nchionodes erro hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 134, 332, pl. 4, f. 23; tl: madera canyon, santa rita mtns, 4880', santa cruz co. , arizona\nchionodes altor hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 141, 332, pl. 4, f. 30; tl: madera canyon, santa rita mtns, 4880', santa cruz co. , arizona\nchionodes pinax hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 149, 332, pl. 2, f. 60; tl: hart prairie, 10 mi nnw flagstaff, 8500', coconino co. , arizona\nchionodes messor hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 153, 332, pl. 2, f. 65; tl: 1 mi ne san marcos pass, 1500', santa barbara co. , california\nchionodes magirus hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 157, 332, pl. 4, f. 34; tl: madera canyon, santa rita mtns, 4880', santa cruz co. , arizona\nchionodes gestor hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 159, 332, pl. 2, f. 74; tl: madera canyon, santa rita mtns, 4880', santa cruz co. , arizona\nchionodes bibo hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 162, 332, pl. 3, f. 3; tl: madera canyon, santa rita mtns, 5600', santa cruz co. , arizona\nchionodes luror hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 193, 332, pl. 4, f. 51; tl: west fork, 6500', 16 mi sw flagstaff, coconino co. , arizona\nchionodes gratus hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 203, 333, pl. 3, f. 28; tl: big timber canyon, 6500', half moon park, crazy mts. , montana\nchionodes senica hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 206, 333, pl. 4, f. 79; tl: hart prairie, 8500', 10 mi nnw flagstaff, coconino co. , arizona\nchionodes dator hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 206, 333, pl. 4, f. 80; tl: louis lake, 28 mi sw lander, 8600', fremont co. , wyoming\nchionodes ustor hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 207, 333, pl. 3, f. 32; tl: bridger forest camp, 7500', wind river mtns, sublette co. , wyoming\nchionodes rogator hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 208, 333, pl. 4, f. 82 - 83; tl: mosca creek, great sand dunes national monument, alamosa co. , colorado\nchionodes veles hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 212, 333, pl. 4, f. 84; tl: castles, 8 mi e buena vista, 8800', chaffee co. , colorado\nchionodes gerdius hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 214, 333, pl. 4, f. 87; tl: oso flaco lake, 5 mi s oceano, san luis obispo co. , california\nchionodes latro hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 224, 333, pl. 3, f. 68 - 69; tl: lake delancy, ocala national forest read 75, mario co. , florida\nchionodes rhombus hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 105, 331, pl. 2, f. 9; tl: fort valley, 7. 5 mi nw flagstaff, 7350ä, coconino co. , arizona\nchionodes tributor hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 214, 333, pl. 3, f. 48; tl: ozena camp, cuyama river, 1 mi e hiway 33, ventura co. , california\nchionodes ensis hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 216, 333, pl. 3, f. 50 - 51; tl: head of ephraim canyon, 10000 - 10300', sanpete co. , utah\nchionodes nubilella; huemer & sattler, 1995, beitr. ent. 45 (1): 35; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 333; [ me3 ], 145, 31; [ fe ]\nchionodes donahueorum hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 68, 331, pl. 1, f. 28 - 29; tl: mt washington district, 840', los angeles, los angeles co. , california\nchionodes parens hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 136, 332, pl. 2, f. 50 - 51; tl: madera canyon, santa rita mtns, 4880', santa cruz co. , arizona\nchionodes adam hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 140, 332, pl. 4, f. 28 - 29; tl: madera canyon, santa rita mtns, 4880', santa cruz co. , arizona\nchionodes nubis hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 156, 332, pl. 2, f. 67 - 68; tl: hart prairie, 10 mi nnw flagstaff, 8500', coconino co. , arizona\nchionodes innox hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 158, 332, pl. 2, f. 69 - 73; tl: madera canyon, santa rita mtns, 5600', santa cruz co. , arizona\nchionodes psilopterus; [ nacl ], # 2111; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 201, 333, pl. 3, f. 26; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 18\nchionodes metallicus; [ nacl ], # 2094; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 220, 333, pl. 3, f. 59; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 17\nchionodes canor hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 221, 333, pl. 3, f. 25; tl: fort valley, 7. 5 mi nw flagstaff, 7350', coconino co. , arizona\nchionodes abitus hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 56, 331, pl. 1, f. 13; tl: cold creek, 5 mi s buck creek ranger station, 6300', modoc co. , california\nchionodes lactans hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 74, 331, pl. 1, f. 36 - 37; tl: sierra diablo, 20 mi nnw van horn, 6000', culberson co. , texas\nchionodes fructuarius; [ nacl ], # 2078; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 97, 331, pl. 2, f. 4 - 5; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 16\nchionodes luteogeminatus; [ nacl ], # 2091; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 100, 331, pl. 4, f. 11 - 12; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 17\nchionodes helicostictus; [ nacl ], # 2083; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 102, 331, pl. 4, f. 16 - 18; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 16\nchionodes pallor hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 197, 333, pl. 3, f. 20 - 21; tl: fort valley, 7350', 7. 5 mi nw flagstaff, coconino co. , arizona\nchionodes nigrobarbatus; [ nacl ], # 2097; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 223, 333, pl. 3, f. 65 - 66; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 17\nchionodes praetor hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 224, 333, pl. 3, f. 67, pl. 4, f. 90; tl: head ephraim canyon, 10300', sanpete co. , utah\nchionodes permactus; [ nacl ], # 2106; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 228, 333, pl. 5, f. 5 - 8; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 18\nchionodes violacea; [ nhm card ]; huemer & sattler, 1995, beitr. ent. 45 (1): 25; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 333; [ me3 ], 142, 31; [ fe ]\nchionodes distinctella; [ nhm card ]; huemer & sattler, 1995, beitr. ent. 45 (1): 42; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 333; [ me3 ], 148, 31; [ fe ]\nchionodes clarkei hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 228, 333, pl. 3, f. 71, pl. 5, f. 9; tl: steens mt. , fish lake, 7100, harney co. , oregon\nchionodes electella; [ nhm card ]; huemer & sattler, 1995, beitr. ent. 45 (1): 52; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 333; [ me3 ], 150, 32; [ fe ]\nchionodes fumatella; [ nhm card ]; huemer & sattler, 1995, beitr. ent. 45 (1): 59; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 333; [ me3 ], 153, 32; [ fe ]\nchionodes ignorantella; [ nhm card ]; huemer & sattler, 1995, beitr. ent. 45 (1): 65; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 333; [ me3 ], 154, 32; [ fe ]\nchionodes argentipunctella; [ nacl ], # 2061; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 55, 331, pl. 1, f. 11; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 15\nchionodes gilvomaculella; [ nacl ], # 2080; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 59, 331, pl. 1, f. 15; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 16\nchionodes periculella; [ nacl ], # 2105; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 80, 331, pl. 1, f. 49; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 18\nchionodes xanthophilella; [ nacl ], # 2125; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 90, 331, pl. 1, f. 66; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 19\nchionodes sistrella; [ nacl ], # 2116; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 93, 331, pl. 1, f. 73; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 19\nchionodes hodgesorum metzler, 2014; j. lep. soc. 68 (2): 81; tl: new mexico, otero co. , white sands nat. monument, edge of dunes habitat, 106°11. 32' w, 32°45. 72' n, 4000'\nchionodes paralogella; [ nacl ], # 2103; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 100, 331, pl. 4, f. 13; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 18\nchionodes salicella; [ nacl ], # 2114; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 120, 331, pl. 2, f. 22; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 19\nchionodes acerella; [ nacl ], # 2057; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 124, 332, pl. 2, f. 31; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 15\nchionodes terminimaculella; [ nacl ], # 2117; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 132, 332, pl. 2, f. 46; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 19\nchionodes pastor hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 155, 332, pl. 2, f. 66, pl. 4, f. 33; tl: great basin exp staion nr ephraim, 8850', sanpete co. , utah\nchionodes fondella; [ nacl ], # 2076; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 160, 332, pl. 3, f. 1; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 16\nchionodes pseudofondella; [ nacl ], # 2110; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 161, 332, pl. 3, f. 2; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 18\nchionodes mariona; [ nacl ], # 2092; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 168, 332, pl. 3, f. 8; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 17\nchionodes halycopa; [ nacl ], # 2082; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 171, 332, pl. 2, f. 12; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 16\nchionodes hibiscella; [ nacl ], # 2084; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 190, 332, pl. 4, f. 46; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 16\nchionodes aristella; [ nacl ], # 2062; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 195, 333, pl. 4, f. 56; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 15\nchionodes mongolica; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 333; [ me3 ], 142, 31; park & ponomarenko, 2006, shilap revta. lepid. 34 (135): 280; [ fe ]\nchionodes hostis hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 122, 332, pl. 2, f. 23 - 24; tl: major' s flat near ephraim canyon, oak / pinyon junipre zone, 7100', sanpete co. , utah\nchionodes fuscomaculella; [ nacl ], # 2079; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 53, 331, pl. 1, f. 3 - 6; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 16\nchionodes bicostomaculella; [ nacl ], # 2064; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 54, 331, pl. 1, f. 7 - 9; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 15\nchionodes lophosella; [ nacl ], # 2089; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 67, 331, pl. 1, f. 21 - 23; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 17\nchionodes nanodella; [ nacl ], # 2095; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 68, 331, pl. 1, f. 24 - 27; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 17\nchionodes abella; [ nacl ], # 2055; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 79, 331, pl. 1, f. 43 - 47; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 15\nchionodes kincaidella; [ nacl ], # 2086; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 87, 331, pl. 4, f. 6 - 9; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 17\nchionodes pinguicula; [ nacl ], # 2109; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 90, 331, pl. 1, f. 67 - 68; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 18\nchionodes dentella; [ nacl ], # 2071; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 95, 331, pl. 1, f. 74 - 75; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 16\nchionodes abdominella; [ nacl ], # 2054; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 97, 331, pl. 2, f. 2 - 3; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 15\nchionodes dammersi; [ nacl ], # 2070; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 101, 331, pl. 4, f. 14 - 15; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 16\nchionodes notandella; [ nacl ], # 2098; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 102, 331, pl. 4, f. 19 - 21; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 17\nchionodes ochreostrigella; [ nacl ], # 2102; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 104, 331, pl. 2, f. 7 - 8; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 18\nchionodes thoraceochrella; [ nacl ], # 2119; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 117, 331, pl. 2, f. 13 - 17; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 19\nchionodes chrysopyla; [ nacl ], # 2068; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 119, 331, pl. 2, f. 18 - 21; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 15\nchionodes obscurusella; [ nacl ], # 2099; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 123, 332, pl. 2, f. 27 - 30; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 18\nchionodes occidentella; [ nacl ], # 2100; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 127, 332, pl. 2, f. 35 - 37; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 18\nchionodes trichostola; [ nacl ], # 2120; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 135, 332, pl. 2, f. 47 - 49; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 19\nchionodes acrina; [ nacl ], # 2058; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 139, 332, pl. 4, f. 25 - 27; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 15\nchionodes secutor hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 146, 332, pl. 2, f. 55, pl. 4, f. 31; tl: davis mnts, 5 mi se livermore, 6000', jeff davis co. , texas\nchionodes trophella; [ nacl ], # 2121; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 147, 332, pl. 2, f. 56 - 57; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 19\nchionodes discoocellella; [ nacl ], # 2072; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 170, 332, pl. 3, f. 11 - 12; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 16\nchionodes ceanothiella; [ nacl ], # 2067; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 187, 332, pl. 4, f. 41 - 42; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 15\nchionodes aruns hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 189, 332, pl. 3, f. 18, pl. 4, f. 44; tl: sierra diablo, 20 mi nnw van horn, 6000', culberson co. , texas\nchionodes retiniella; [ nacl ], # 2112; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 192, 332, pl. 4, f. 48 - 49; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 19\nchionodes arenella; [ nacl ], # 2060; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 193, 332, pl. 4, f. 52 - 53; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 15\nchionodes figurella; [ nacl ], # 2073; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 194, 333, pl. 4, f. 54 - 55; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 16\nchionodes braunella; [ nacl ], # 2065; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 225, 333, pl. 4, f. 91 - 93; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 15\nchionodes flavicorporella; [ nacl ], # 2074; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 229, pl. 3, f. 72 - 73, 333; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 16\nchionodes sattleri hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 218, 333, pl. 3, f. 54 - 56, pl. 4, f. 89; tl: bog e of big indian lake, halifax watershed, halifax co. , nova scotia\nchionodes (gelechiini); [ me3 ], 137, 31; [ sangmi lee ]; landry & roque - albelo, 2010, revue suisse zool. 117 (4): 704, 699 (list); lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 15; [ fe ]\nchionodes johnstoni; brown, adamski, hodges & bahr, 2004, zootaxa 510: 76; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 81, 331, pl. 1, f. 51 - 52; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 17\nchionodes formosella; [ nacl ], # 2077 (rev. stat .); [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 50, 331, pl. 1, f. 1; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 16\nchionodes praeclarella; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 200, 333, pl. 4, f. 64 - 67; [ me3 ], 144, 31; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 18; [ fe ]\nchionodes mediofuscella; [ nacl ], # 2093; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 131, 332, pl. 2, f. 43 - 45; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 17\nchionodes iridescens; brown, adamski, hodges & bahr, 2004, zootaxa 510: 75; [ nacl ], # 2085; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 54, 331, pl. 1, f. 10; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 17\nchionodes pereyra; brown, adamski, hodges & bahr, 2004, zootaxa 510: 109; [ nacl ], # 2104; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 163, 332, pl. 3, f. 4; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 18\nchionodes grandis; brown, adamski, hodges & bahr, 2004, zootaxa 510: 64; [ nacl ], # 2081; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 195, 333, pl. 3, f. 19; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 16\nchionodes tessa; brown, adamski, hodges & bahr, 2004, zootaxa 510: 137; [ nacl ], # 2118; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 82, 331, pl. 1, f. 54 - 55; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 19\nchionodes petalumensis; brown, adamski, hodges & bahr, 2004, zootaxa 510: 111; [ nacl ], # 2107; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 164, 332, pl. 4, f. 36 - 38; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 18\nchionodes bicolor; brown, adamski, hodges & bahr, 2004, zootaxa 510: 24; [ nacl ], # 2063; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 205, 333, pl. 3, f. 29 - 30; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 15\nchionodes whitmanella; brown, adamski, hodges & bahr, 2004, zootaxa 510: 147; [ nacl ], # 2124; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 205, 333, pl. 3, f. 31, pl. 4, f. 77 - 78; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 19\nchionodes viduella; [ nacl ], # 2123; [ nhm card ]; huemer & sattler, 1995, beitr. ent. 45 (1): 54; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 215, 333, pl. 3, f. 49; [ me3 ], 32; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 19; [ fe ]\nchionodes continuella; [ nacl ], # 2069; [ nhm card ]; huemer & sattler, 1995, beitr. ent. 45 (1): 37; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 216, 333, pl. 3, f. 52 - 53, pl. 4, f. 88; [ me3 ], 145, 31; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 16; [ fe ]\nphotographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed. contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\nhodges, r. w. , 1999. moths of america north of mexico, fascicle 7. 6, p. 189; pl. 3. 17. order\n=; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 15; [ sangmi lee ]; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 15\nformosella; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 32, 331\nformosella; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 50, 331\nnova scotia, sw. manitoba, north carolina, missouri. see [ maps ]\n= gelechia vernella; busck, 1903, proc. u. s. nat. mus. 25 (1304): 884\n=; [ nacl ], # 2077; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 50, 331; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 16\nlarva on quercus imrbricaria? q. rubra, q. velutina, q. alba, ostrya virginiana hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 52\ncalifornia, oregon, washington, texas, oklahoma, arkansas, louisiana, mississippi, florida. see [ maps ]\nlarva on quercus lobata, q. kelloggii, q. garryana hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 52\nnova scotia, quebec - florida, sw. wisconsin, e. texas, e. oklahoma. see [ maps ]\n=; [ nacl ], # 2079; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 53, 331; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 16\nlarva on quercus macrocarpa, q. rubra, fagus grandifolia, carya hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 53" ]

{ "text": [ "chionodes canofusella is a moth in the gelechiidae family .", "it is found in north america , where it has been recorded from southern texas .", "the wingspan is 14 – 16 mm .", "the forewings are blackish fuscous in the costal area , while the remainder of the wing is ochreous white overlaid in the apical half with ochreous and with a narrow , irregular , longitudinal brown line between the light dorsal portion and the dark costal portion of the wing .", "there is a row of small , blackish-fuscous spots around the termen to the tornus .", "there is also a narrow , brown , transverse dash at the apical third on the costa , extending to the light area of the wing .", "the hindwings are shining grey basally , shading to dark fuscous at the apex .", "the larvae feed on abutilon pedunculare . " ], "topic": [ 2, 20, 9, 1, 1, 1, 1, 8 ] }

[ "chionodes canofusella is a moth in the gelechiidae family. it is found in north america, where it has been recorded from southern texas. the wingspan is 14 – 16 mm. the forewings are blackish fuscous in the costal area, while the remainder of the wing is ochreous white overlaid in the apical half with ochreous and with a narrow, irregular, longitudinal brown line between the light dorsal portion and the dark costal portion of the wing. there is a row of small, blackish-fuscous spots around the termen to the tornus. there is also a narrow, brown, transverse dash at the apical third on the costa, extending to the light area of the wing. the hindwings are shining grey basally, shading to dark fuscous at the apex. the larvae feed on abutilon pedunculare." ]

[ "robert hole, jr added text to\nbrief summary\non\nbelgica antarctica jacobs, 1900\n.\nan adult male of the antarctic midge, belgica antarctica. image credit: richard e. lee jr .\nrobert hole, jr added the english common name\nantarctic midge\nto\nbelgica antarctica jacobs, 1900\n.\nrapid cold - hardening in larvae of the antarctic midge belgica antarctica: cellular cold - sensing and a role for calcium .\nmetabolomics reveals unique and shared metabolic changes in response to heat shock, freezing and desiccation in the antarctic midge, belgica antarctica .\nthe lone grantee on station for an unrelated project looking at the ecology of belgica antarctica, the only free - living insect found on antarctica, also wrapped up his season’s research. belgica larvae undergo extreme stress, including freezing of body fluids and dehydration .\nrapid cold - hardening in larvae of the antarctic midge belgica antarctica: cellular cold - sensing and a role for calcium. - pubmed - ncbi\nhigh resistance to oxidative damage in the antarctic midge belgica antarctica, and developmentally linked expression of genes encoding superoxide d... - pubmed - ncbi\nhigh resistance to oxidative damage in the antarctic midge belgica antarctica, and developmentally linked expression of genes encoding superoxide dismutase, catalase and heat shock proteins .\nthe wingless midge, belgica antarctica, lives on the rocky outcrops of the antarctic peninsula and is the only insect and fully terrestrial animal endemic to the continent .\nscientist yuta kawarasaki from miami university in ohio continued to collect larvae of a tiny wingless midge called belgica antarctica, a bug that survives quite remarkably in the antarctic environment .\naccording to a team of genetic researchers headed by prof david denlinger of the ohio state university, the antarctic midge (belgica antarctica) has the tiniest insect genome sequenced so far .\nthe midge is the southernmost insect and the only insect species endemic to antarctica .\nthe “buggers, ” led by rick lee of miami university and david denlinger of the ohio state university, returned for a third year. their research studies the lifecycle of belgica antarctica, a terrestrial wingless midge. [ see previous article — not much bugs belgica: antarctic insect focus of new nsf - funded project. ]\na flightless fly from antarctica has been found to have the smallest insect genome sequenced to date .\nother small insect genomes appear to be related to developmental time. since the midge spends two antarctic winters as a desiccated larva and then has the short antarctic summer for growth, this is an open question for belgica antarctica .\nthe antarctic midge is a small, wingless fly. it was first described by a naturalist aboard the s. y. belgica, an exploratory ship that plied the waters off the antarctica peninsula at the end of the 19th century .\n). overwintering strategies of terrestrial invertebrates in antarctica – the significance of flexibility in extremely seasonal environments .\n). environmental physiology of three species of collembola at cape hallet, north victoria land, antarctica .\nthe antarctic midge (belgica antarctica) has come up with an alternative solution to cope with freezing temperatures. “the antarctic midge does not make cryoprotectants nor antifreeze proteins, ” says denlinger. “instead, it simply gets rid of its body water. ”\nmetabolomics reveals unique and shared metabolic changes in response to heat shock, freezing and desiccation in the antarctic midge, belgica antarc... - pubmed - ncbi\nthe antarctic midge (belgica antarctica) is exciting in more ways than one. it lives most of its life in larval form, frozen in ice. it' s the only true insect that lives on the antarctic continent, and at 0. 23 inches (6 millimeters) long, it actually qualifies as the largest terrestrial animal in antarctica, according to miami university of ohio' s laboratory for ecophysiological cryobiology. all of antarctica' s other fauna are either smaller (certain ticks and mites) or live in seawater .\nthe researchers, led by richard lee at miami university and david denlinger at the ohio state university, are looking at the underlying physiological and molecular mechanisms that contribute to the insect’s ecological success in the harsh environment of antarctica. [ see related article — not much bugs belgica: antarctic insect focus of new nsf - funded project. ]\nexpression of the small hsp, hsp70 and hsp90 transcripts in fourth instar belgica antarctica larvae in response to desiccation. lanes represent rna samples from larvae desiccated for different durations at 0, 75 and 98. 2% relative humidity (rh). 28s ribosomal rna was used as a control to confirm equal sample loading. each sample was run in triplicate .\nresearchers are intrigued by the remarkable adaptations of belgica antarctica. the half - centimetre long, purplish - black wingless fly spends its first two years as a larva mostly encased in ice, thawing each summer for brief bursts to feed on algae and penguin droppings. once it reaches adulthood it has only seven to 10 days to find a mate and lay eggs before dying .\nlopez - martinez, g. , benoit, j. b. , rinehart, j. p. , elnitsky, m. a. , lee, r. e. , denlinger, d. l. 2009. dehydration, rehydration and overhydration alter patterns of gene expression in the antarctic midge, belgica antarctica. journal of comparative physiology b. 179 (4): 481 - 491 .\nthe month started off with the successful completion of a drilling operation on nearby amsler island by a group led by james bockheim, a professor in the department of soil science at the university of wisconsin - madison, who is studying permafrost in antarctica. [ see previous article — hitting the ground: international project monitors permafrost in antarctica. ]\na female (left) and male (right) antarctic midge mate. these animals are the only true insects native to antarctica, and they have the smallest genome ever sequenced .\na species of collembola, or springtail (closely related to, but not quite considered a true insect). they do not change much as they develop (unlike belgica ’s metamorphosis from larva to adult), and are also well adapted to their environment. some adaptations :\nthe focus of most of our research here, this wingless midge (a type of fly) is the only true insect found on antarctica, and is considered the continent’s largest terrestrial animal (it’s only 2 - 6 mm long !). belgica undergoes complete metamorphosis (like many insects), meaning it has a larval and an adult form that are quite different. this insect is amazingly resistant to all kinds of stresses in both its life stages. among its adaptations :\nthe antarctic midge has just qualified for a second entry in the guinness book of records. not only is it antarctica’s only native insect, it turns out it has the tiniest genome of any insect in the world .\n“the lack of such baggage in the genome could be an evolutionary answer to surviving the cold, dry conditions of antarctica, ” said prof denlinger, who is the senior author on a paper published in the nature communications .\nreads were mapped to b. antarctica genomic contigs using bowtie and tophat (39), and we counted the total number of sequencing reads that aligned to each putative gene model in the draft b. antarctica genome using htseq. genes were annotated using blastx (e - value cutoff of 1e−4) to compare our gene models with annotated protein sequences from aedes aegypti and drosophila melanogaster, and go terms were assigned to each gene model with blast2go (40) .\nother research under way at palmer included various studies related to the ecology of antarctica’s unique species of icefish, and a project sampling the microbes that live in the ocean that get energy from both organic matter and sunlight, called photoheterotrophs .\nlarvae of belgica antarctica were collected from sites adjacent to penguin rookeries on torgersen island, near palmer station on the antarctic peninsula (64°46′ s, 64°04′ w) in january 2005 (the austral summer). substrate temperatures ranged from 0 to 5°c during the collection period. third - and fourth - instar larvae were hand picked from the substrate in ice - cold water and stored at 4°c in water for 2 days in order to synchronise their hydrated state prior to each desiccation treatment. larvae of similar size were selected to limit effects of size differences on desiccation tolerance .\none possible explanation could be the midge’s isolation. transposons often use viruses or bacteria to jump between species. in the barren environs of antarctica, where no other insects live, opportunities to acquire transposons to bulk up the genome are probably rare .\nantarctica, being the coldest and driest continent on earth, contains some of the earth’s most inhospitable environments. although an abundance of animals have adapted to life in the sea in this part of the world, few animals have adapted to living on the continent itself. one exception is the midge belgica antarctica, which at ¼ of an inch long, is antarctica’s largest free - living, year - round inhabitant. previously, our research team has studied desiccation tolerance of this insect at the whole organism level. this study investigates how the expression pattern of several important genes is changed during dehydration, rehydration, and even overhydration (adding more water to the insect’s body that it had originally). our data show that several stress - related genes respond to these stresses, as do genes that affect cell structure, and genes that are involved in maintaining water balance across membranes. these results suggest that several important cellular mechanisms are responsive to these varying conditions in this species, and that these processes must work together to protect this insect from the rigors of living on the harsh continent .\namong terrestrial biomes, polar environments are particularly challenging from a water balance perspective, as water is frozen and therefore unavailable for much of the year (6). polar arthropods are typically extremely tolerant of desiccation, with some being able to survive near - anhydrobiotic conditions (7). one such dehydration - tolerant polar arthropod is the antarctic midge, belgica antarctica, antarctica’s only endemic insect and the southernmost free - living insect. larvae of b. antarctica are one of the most dehydration - tolerant insects known, surviving a 70% loss of water under ecologically relevant conditions (8). in this species, the ability to tolerate dehydration is an important adaptation for successful overwintering. the loss of water enhances acute freezing tolerance (8). in addition, overwintering midge larvae are capable of undergoing another distinct form of dehydration, known as cryoprotective dehydration (9). during cryoprotective dehydration, a gradual decrease in temperature in the presence of environmental ice creates a vapor pressure gradient that draws water out of the body, thereby depressing the body fluid melting point and allowing larvae to remain unfrozen at subzero temperatures (10) .\ndespite the above similarities in dehydration - induced gene expression, the expression profiles of b. antarctica and m. arctica during dehydration were largely different. the venn diagrams in fig. 3 a and b indicate that more differentially expressed genes are specific to a particular species than are shared between the two species. also, hierarchical clustering indicates a high degree of separation in the transcript signatures of b. antarctica and m. arctica (fig. 3 c). thus, the transcript signature for a particular group is more dependent on the species than the dehydration treatment it experienced. this result suggests that despite being adapted to similar habitats, b. antarctica and m. arctica have evolved distinct molecular responses to dehydration. general comparisons with a second collembolan transcriptomic dataset, that of f. candida (19), also revealed very little similarity to b. antarctica. in f. candida, desiccation at a constant temperature likewise results in down - regulation of lipid and chitin metabolism genes, but aside from these examples, very few genes showed similar expression patterns. these differences in expression patterns may reflect different strategies for combating dehydration; whereas b. antarctica shuts down metabolic activity and waits for favorable conditions to return, f. candida relies on active water vapor absorption to restore water balance during prolonged periods of desiccation. however, because b. antarctica and collembolans are so phylogenetically distant, similar comparisons with closely related chironomids are needed to better understand the evolutionary physiology of dehydration tolerance in this taxonomic family that is so well known for its extreme tolerance of multiple environmental stresses .\nin contrast to northern polar areas, the dipteran fauna of antarctica is depauperate, with only two naturally occurring species of chironomidae. surprisingly little is known of the biology of these species. one, parochlus steinenii, reaches the southern limit of a distribution covering the high andes, tierra del fuego, south georgia and the south shetland islands in the maritime antarctic. the other, belgica antarctica, is endemic to the maritime antarctic. what factors influence the distribution and past colonisation of these two species in the antarctic? distributional data and evidence from an accidental introduction of a third chironomid (eretmoptera murphyi) suggest that difficulty of colonisation is the major factor limiting the number of dipteran species present in the maritime antarctic. other sub - antarctic species are likely to be preadapted to more rigorous conditions, should natural or man - induced colonisation opportunities occur. evidence from physiological and ecological studies identify adaptations which allow these two species to survive in the harsh terrestrial environment of antarctica. life history characteristics of all three species include flexibility in development rates and size achieved, and the ability to continue activity at low positive temperatures. the distribution of the endemic b. antarctica is probably limited by the availability of suitable moist, vegetated, habitats and its brachyptery, rather than biological constraints directly, whereas the southern distribution of p. steinenii may be temperature - limited. competition does not appear to be an important factor in the biology and ecology of either species, or in antarctic terrestrial ecosystems generally .\namong terrestrial organisms, arthropods are especially susceptible to dehydration, given their small body size and high surface area to volume ratio. this challenge is particularly acute for polar arthropods that face near - constant desiccating conditions, as water is frozen and thus unavailable for much of the year. the molecular mechanisms that govern extreme dehydration tolerance in insects remain largely undefined. in this study, we used rna sequencing to quantify transcriptional mechanisms of extreme dehydration tolerance in the antarctic midge, belgica antarctica, the world’s southernmost insect and only insect endemic to antarctica. larvae of b. antarctica are remarkably tolerant of dehydration, surviving losses up to 70% of their body water. gene expression changes in response to dehydration indicated up - regulation of cellular recycling pathways including the ubiquitin - mediated proteasome and autophagy, with concurrent down - regulation of genes involved in general metabolism and atp production. metabolomics results revealed shifts in metabolite pools that correlated closely with changes in gene expression, indicating that coordinated changes in gene expression and metabolism are a critical component of the dehydration response. finally, using comparative genomics, we compared our gene expression results with a transcriptomic dataset for the arctic collembolan, megaphorura arctica. although b. antarctica and m. arctica are adapted to similar environments, our analysis indicated very little overlap in expression profiles between these two arthropods. whereas several orthologous genes showed similar expression patterns, transcriptional changes were largely species specific, indicating these polar arthropods have developed distinct transcriptional mechanisms to cope with similar desiccating conditions .\nclones of the genes encoding hsp70 (genbank accession number dq459546), hsp90 (dqaa459547), a small hsp (dq459548) and a 28s ribosomal rna fragment (dq459549) used as a control were described previously from b. antarctica (rinehart et al. , 2006) .\nthe slow rate of desiccation recorded in b. antarctica at 98. 2% rh significantly increased survival rates above those of larvae desiccated at 75% rh, and enabled more than 50% of animals to survive the loss of > 75% of their oaw. survival was further enhanced by rehydration at 100% rh rather than direct contact with water (fig. 2). under similar desiccating conditions, certain species of collembola accumulate polyols and sugars to actively combat water loss (bayley and holmstrup, 1999; holmstrup et al. , 2001), and it seems reasonable to assume that similar metabolites contribute to the enhanced survival of desiccated b. antarctica larvae. furthermore, an accumulation of metabolites under slow desiccation (this time acting as cryoprotectants) could explain the dramatically increased freeze tolerance of desiccated b. antarctica larvae at –10 and –15°c .\nthe transcriptomic study of dehydration in m. arctica (18) included two treatments very similar to our desiccation and cryoprotective dehydration treatments, allowing a formal comparison of the two datasets. m. arctica (formerly onychiurus arcticus) is found on numerous islands in the northern palearctic (38), and like b. antarctica is extremely dehydration - tolerant and capable of using cryoprotective dehydration as an overwintering strategy (7). thus, we investigated whether b. antarctica and m. arctica share common transcriptional responses to desiccation and cryoprotective dehydration, despite their geographic and phylogenetic separation .\nlarvae of b. antarctica were collected on offshore islands near palmer station (64°46′s, 64°04′w) in january 2010 and shipped to the ohio state university. before an experiment, fourth - instar larvae were handpicked from substrate in ice water and left at 4 °c overnight on moist filter paper to standardize body water content .\nscientists chuck amsler and jim mcclintock, both with the university of alabama at birmingham, and their diving team returned for another field season. this year they will work on an ocean acidification project in addition to their regular work studying the benthic ecosystem. [ see previous article — underwater forests of antarctica: scientists dive deep into unlocking mysteries of unique marine ecosystem. ]\njames bockheim, a professor in the department of soil science at the university of wisconsin - madison, and his group are also back at palmer station. bockheim is leading the u. s. component on an international effort to learn more about the characteristics of antarctic permafrost and its sensitivity to climate change. [ see previous article — hitting the ground: international project monitors permafrost in antarctica. ]\nit seems likely that similar mechanisms underpin the desiccation response of b. antarctica, but in this instance facilitate enhanced freezing tolerance. limited data exists regarding the principal stress - response metabolites of b. antarctica. however, a preliminary analysis of desiccation - responsive metabolites, using fourier transform infrared (ftir) spectroscopy and a discrimination function analysis, indicated that the polysaccharide region of the spectra is altered significantly in response to desiccation. a variety of polyhydric alcohols and sugars, including erythritol and trehalose, have already been identified in larvae of this species (baust and edwards, 1979; baust and lee, 1983) and represent excellent water replacement molecules that could facilitate increased desiccation and freezing tolerance (holmstrup and westh, 1995; worland et al. , 1998; sano et al. , 1999) .\nthe sea ice finally receded south, but repeated snowfalls plagued the month, occasionally accumulating overnight. though snow should seem normal for antarctica, in our neck of the woods, the heart of summer is generally just a bit too warm for it. perhaps the snow was aided by the distinct lack of sun and ambient light compared to previous years, which was actually quantifiable in the weather station data .\ndesiccation for 2 days at 98. 2% rh dramatically increased the freezing tolerance of b. antarctica larvae: 100% of the desiccated larvae survived 3 days at –10°c, whereas < 10% of the undesiccated larvae survived 2 days at –10°c (fig. 4). none of the undesiccated larvae survived a 15 - min exposure to– 15°c, whereas 10% of the desiccated larvae survived this treatment (data not shown) .\nthis study is the first detailed assessment of the physiological response of an antarctic terrestrial invertebrate to ecologically realistic desiccation stress. by investigating water loss at rh values specifically relevant to the soil environment, we have identified a level of desiccation tolerance in b. antarctica masked by more severe rh treatments. in addition, we tested the hypothesis that physiological adaptations to desiccation stress promote cross - tolerance to freezing in this species. we conclude that b. antarctica larvae can survive the loss of > 75% of their osmotically active water (oaw) under gradual desiccation and rehydration, and the loss of as little as 30% of their oaw significantly increases their freeze tolerance. heat - shock proteins (hsps) appear not to contribute to the desiccation response, and we predict that osmolyte and / or cryoprotectant synthesis and membrane phospholipid adaptation underpin the dramatic increase in freeze tolerance noted in desiccated larvae .\nthe transcriptomic response to dehydration has been studied in three other insects, the african sleeping midge p. vanderplanki (15), the mosquito a. gambiae (16), and the cactophilic fruit fly, d. mojavensis (17), as well as two closely related arthropods, the arctic collembolan m. arctica (18) and the collembolan f. candida (19), thus facilitating cross - species comparisons of dehydration - induced gene expression. we observed several general similarities between our dataset and the transcriptome of p. vanderplanki, which inhabits temporary pools in tropical africa. like b. antarctica, dehydration in p. vanderplanki induced expression of a number of heat shock proteins, including multiple members of the hsp70 family. additionally, dehydration in p. vanderplanki causes up - regulation of genes involved in cell death signaling and ubiquitin - mediated proteasome, patterns that are also quite prevalent in our dataset. however, one conspicuous difference between our dataset and that of p. vanderplanki is the absence of late embryogenesis active (lea) proteins in the b. antarctica genome, despite b. antarctica and p. vanderplanki being in the same family, chironomidae. lea proteins are dehydration - associated proteins found in organisms ranging from bacteria to animals (37), but p. vanderplanki is the only true insect in which lea genes have been identified .\nit has really taken the genome down to the bare bones and stripped it to a smaller size than was previously thought possible ,\nstudy researcher david denlinger, an ohio state university entomologist, said in a statement .\nit will be interesting to know if other extremophiles — ticks, mites and other organisms that live in antarctica — also have really small genomes, or if this is unique to the midge. we don' t know that yet .\nintense ultraviolet radiation, coupled with frequent bouts of freezing - thawing and anoxia, have the potential to generate high levels of oxidative stress in antarctic organisms. in this study, we examined mechanisms used by the antarctic midge, belgica antarctica, to counter oxidative stress. we cloned genes encoding two key antioxidant enzymes, superoxide dismutase (sod) and catalase (cat), and showed that sod mrna was expressed continuously and at very high levels in larvae, but not in adults, while cat mrna was expressed in both larvae and adults but at a somewhat reduced level. sod mrna was expressed at even higher levels in larvae that were exposed to direct sunlight. catalase, a small heat shock protein, hsp70 and hsp90 mrnas were also strongly upregulated in response to sunlight. total antioxidant capacity of the adults was higher than that of the larvae, but levels in both stages of the midge were much higher than observed in a freeze - tolerant, temperate zone insect, the gall fly eurosta solidaginis. assays to measure oxidative damage (lipid peroxidation tbars and carbonyl proteins) demonstrated that the antarctic midge is highly resistant to oxidative stress .\nthe station was abuzz with scientists for several days — some longstanding members of the palmer community, and some completely new to antarctica. the assessment team tagged along with all subsets of the palmer lter: taking water column samples, counting birds, and echo sounding for krill, as well as going for a short mock - cruise on the gould. our visitors also showed great interest in station life, non - lter science, and support logistics, so everyone was kept very busy .\nthe panel has been tasked with reviewing the current operational status and facilities of the u. s. antarctic program by the national science foundation, the white house office of science and technology policy (ostp), and the office of management and budget. ostp advises the white house, while the omb is the part of the executive branch that implements presidential policy. [ see previous article — blue ribbon panel: group think tank visits antarctica to recommend long - term vision for usap. ]\nthermoception the sense by which an organism perceives temperatures temperature is received as stimuli then is sent as a signal along nerve cells to the brain thermoception is key part of thermoregulation for homeostasis thermoception (the 6th sense) internal stimuli internally - homeostatic thermoceptors that tell the brain what the internal body temperature is generally core body temperature is detected by sensory neurones in the brain' s hypothalamus (thermostat) vasodilation and vasoconstriction thermorecptors is bladder and cornea pain heat nociceptors - oesophagus responses sensory neurone (c fibre) cutaneous thermoreceptors sensory neurone (a delta fibre) in that process is myelinated internal receptors work to maintain homeostasis external help prevent disruptions to homeostasis diagram of thermoregulation invertebrate example belgica antartica\nbelgica antarctica .\nwikipedia. wikimedia foundation, 11 july 2014. web. 13 nov. 2014 .\nhow does our sense of taste work ?\nhow does our sense of taste work? u. s. national library of medicine, 01 june 2012. web. 11 nov. 2014. narajos, marco .\nthe medschool project: the sixth sense: thermoception .\nthe medschool project: the sixth sense: thermoception. medschool project, 15 dec. 2011. web. 12 nov. 2014 .\nthe nervous system .\nbbc news. bbc, n. d. web. 12 nov. 2014. external stimuli temperature is sensed (externally) by skin and somatosensory (pain / temperature) fibers on the tongue on skin - sensory receptors (cutaneous thermoreceptors) detect the temperature; both cold and heat receptors each receptor sends nerve impulses to brain sensory neuron - cause for such fast reaction from stimuli to response sensed by the free nerve endings hypothalamus temperature regulation key because of artic temperature internal: ~ requires freezing temps. to survive ~ obtains trehalose, glucose, and erythritol external: ~ uses color to absorb heat works cited by: hanna maillard, gabby reed, jackson keechler & ian sloop\nthe mean fresh mass of b. antarctica larvae was 748±27μ g. the mean water content was 2. 9±0. 05 g g –1 dm, or 74. 3±1. 3% (n = 100). the dm of samples did not change significantly throughout all desiccation treatments [ one - way analysis of variance (anova); p = 0. 20 and p = 0. 10 for 75% and 98. 2% rh samples, respectively ], indicating that all changes in mass were accounted for by water loss or gain .\nvenn diagrams (a and b) and dendrogram (c) showing degree of similarity between the gene expression profiles of the antarctic midge b. antarctica (ba) and the arctic springtail m. arctica (ma) in response to desiccation (d) and cryoproective dehydration (cd). the numbers of shared and unique up - regulated genes are depicted in a, whereas the numbers of shared and unique down - regulated genes are depicted in b. in c, hierarchical clustering was conducted on the log fold change values for each orthologous gene in each sample .\nfor comparative analysis with m. arctica, we identified putative orthologs between b. antarctica and m. arctica using reciprocal blast. we restricted gene expression comparisons to the two treatments in ref. 18 that were analogous to our desiccation and cryoprotective dehydration treatments, the treatments named “0. 9 salt” and “−2°c, ” respectively. the m. arctica microarray data were obtained from arrayexpress (accession no. e - mexp - 2105) and analyzed using the r package limma according to the parameters outlined in ref. 18. to determine overall similarity in gene expression between groups, we conducted hierarchical clustering on the samples, restricting the analysis to orthologous transcripts .\nthe midge, belgica antarctica jacobs, is subjected to numerous environmental stressors during its 2 - year life cycle on the antarctic peninsula, and in response it has evolved a suite of behavioral, physiological, and life - cycle modifications to counter these stressors, but thus far only a limited number of biochemical adaptations have been identified. in this study, we use a metabolomics approach to obtain a broad overview of changes in energy metabolism, amino acids, and polyols in response to three of the midge' s major stresses: heat, freezing, and desiccation. using gc - ms analysis, a total of 75 compounds were identified. desiccation (50% water loss) elicited the greatest physiological response (as determined by principal components analysis) when compared to untreated controls, with many elevated metabolites from pathways of central carbohydrate metabolism and a decrease in free amino acids. when larvae were frozen (6h at - 10 degrees c), alanine and aspartate increased as well as urea. freezing also increased three polyols (glycerol, mannitol, erythritol), while desiccation increased only two polyols (glycerol, erythritol). heating the midges for 1h at 30 degrees c elevated alpha - ketoglutarate and putrescine while suppressing glycerol, glucose, and serine levels. freezing and desiccation elicited elevation of four shared metabolites, whereas no shared metabolites were elevated by heat. all three treatments resulted in a reduction in serine, potentially identifying this amino acid as a marker for stress in this species. a number of metabolic changes, especially those in the sugar and polyol pools, are adaptations that have potential to enhance survival during both cold and desiccation .\nlike b. antarctica, d. mojavensis is adapted to desiccating environments and, albeit warm, desert habitats. as in our dataset, severe dehydration in d. mojavensis elicited significant modulation of numerous metabolic pathways, including down - regulation of genes regulating flux through glycolysis and the tca cycle (17). thus, it appears down - regulation of metabolism may be a general feature of xeric - adapted insects. in contrast, comparing our expression data with a. gambiae revealed little overlap between our dataset and the mosquito response to desiccation. nonetheless, similar to our results, wang et al. (16) observed down - regulation of numerous metabolic genes, particularly genes related to chitin metabolism .\ntechnical abstract: we investigated molecular responses elicited by three types of dehydration (fast, slow and cryoprotective), rehydration and overhydration in larvae of the antarctic midge, belgica antarctica. the larvae spend most the year encased in ice but during the austral summer are vulnerable to summer storms, osmotic stress from ocean spray and drying conditions due to wind and intense sunlight. using suppressive subtractive hybridization (ssh), we obtained clones that were potentially responsive to dehydration and then used northern blots to evaluate the gene’s responsiveness to different dehydration rates and hydration states. among the genes most responsive to changes in the hydration state were those encoding heat shock proteins (smhsp, hsp70, hsp90), antioxidants (superoxide dismutase, catalase), detoxification (metallothionein, cytochrome p450), genes involved in altering cell membranes (fatty acid desaturase, phospholipase a2 activating protein, fatty acyl coa desaturase) and the cytoskeleton (actin, muscle - specific actin), and several additional genes including a zinc - finger protein, pacifastin and vatpase. among the three types of dehydration evaluated, fast dehydration elicited the strongest response (more genes, higher expression), followed by cryoprotective dehydration and slow dehydration. during rehydration most, but not all, genes that were expressed during dehydration continued to be expressed; fatty acid desaturase was the only gene to be uniquely upregulated in response to rehydration. all genes examined, except vatpase, were upregulated in response to overhydration. the midge larvae are thus responding quickly to water loss and gain by expressing genes that encode proteins contributing to maintenance of proper protein function, protection and overall cell homeostasis during times of osmotic flux, a challenge that is particularly acute in this antarctic environment .\nthe antarctic midge, b. antarctica, is one of the most dehydration - tolerant insects that has been characterized. in this study, we used rna - seq to measure gene expression levels in response to the following treatments that hereafter we refer to as control, desiccation, and cryoprotective dehydration: control, held at 4 °c and 100% relative humidity, fully hydrated; desiccation, constant temperature of 4 °c and 93% relative humidity for 5 d, resulting in ∼40% water loss; cryoprotective dehydration, gradually chilled over 5 d from −0. 6 to −3 °c at vapor pressure equilibrium with surrounding ice and then held at −3 °c for 10 d (9) (also yielded ∼40% water loss) .\nfor b. antarctica, a reduced concentration of osmolytes in the haemolymph would mean that, upon rehydration, less water is required than that lost to return the haemolymph osmolality to its predesiccated value – providing, of course, that rehydration occurred at a faster rate than osmolyte transfer back out of the cells. this idea appears to be supported by the data presented in fig. 3, in which the osmolality of body fluids returns to predesiccated levels within 1 h of rehydration, despite the fact that larvae have not yet regained all the water lost from desiccation, i. e. their mass was significantly different from that prior to desiccation. these data, therefore, suggest that osmolytes may be redistributed during the desiccation process, and that intracellular rehydration occurs more slowly than extracellular rehydration .\nto assess the impact of rehydration rates following desiccation in b. antarctica we compared survival of larvae that were rehydrated either by submergence in water or by being transferred to 100% rh (fig. 2). after 3 days of desiccation, corresponding to the loss of ∼40% of initial water content, the difference in survivorship between the two rehydration regimes was not significant (two - tailed t - test; p = 0. 24). the survivorship of larvae rehydrated at 100% rh after 7 or 12 days of desiccation at 98. 2% rh, however, was significantly higher than that for larvae rehydrated in water (two - tailed t - test; p < 0. 05 for both time points). thus, the rate of rehydration has a significant influence on desiccation survival .\nthe antarctic midge (a sort of small fly) is the largest fully terrestrial animal on the continent of antarctica. at 7 - 8 mm long, it may not seem as impressive as an elephant, or even a house cat, but as an endemic resident of the antarctic peninsula, it has to live in conditions that would kill most other\nbig game\n. the midge is flightless, which probably helps it stay put during the high winds that can buffet the area. it can withstand being frozen, and nearly complete dehydration (just add water and it pops back). their lifespan is about two years - all but the last ten days are spent as a juvenile. those last ten days are important, though. in that time they must find a mate and have eggs laid for the next generation .\nthe increased cold tolerance noted in desiccated b. antarctica larvae was not the result of a reduced scp, as these values were not significantly different between desiccated samples (–9. 3±0. 4°c) and controls (–8. 6±0. 9°c). furthermore, as values remained above –10°c, larvae presumably froze at some point during the 3 - day cold treatments. this work therefore represents the first evidence of gradual desiccation increasing the freezing tolerance of a polar arthropod. this strategy is quite different from cryoprotective dehydration, employed by certain collembola and earthworm cocoons (holmstrup and westh, 1995; holmstrup and sømme, 1998), in which water loss, and an associated drop in scp, continues until water potential equilibrium between the organism and ice is attained (zachariassen, 1991; lundheim and zachariassen, 1993; holmstrup et al. , 2002b), preventing the animal from freezing .\nbayley and holmstrup highlighted the importance of assessing the desiccation tolerance of edaphic invertebrates under 'realistic' soil humidity conditions, i. e. those approaching the wilting point of plants (98. 9% rh) (bayley and holmstrup, 1999). yet even recent studies of polar terrestrial invertebrates persist in assessing desiccation tolerance under conditions below 5% rh (e. g. sinclair et al. , 2006). the ecological relevance of measuring desiccation tolerance under such extreme conditions is at best questionable but, more importantly, is likely to mask subtle physiological responses that may occur under buffered moisture conditions typically found in the soil environment. based on the data presented here, b. antarctica exhibits the most extreme desiccation tolerance ever recorded in a polar insect. however, given the preponderance of soil organisms with high cuticular permeability at polar latitudes, similar physiological attributes may be widespread when assessed under appropriate humidity conditions .\nusing reciprocal blast, we identified 1, 280 putative one - to - one orthologs between the b. antarctica gene models and the m. arctica est library. of these, we found 12 genes that were up - regulated in response to both desiccation and cryoprotective dehydration in both species, and 7 that were down - regulated (dataset s5). of note, common up - regulated genes included an hsp40 gene, two genes involved in the ubiquitin - mediated proteasome, and a gtpase involved in membrane trafficking, thus supporting the central roles of these processes during dehydration. among the seven down - regulated genes in common were four genes involved in carbohydrate hydrolysis and a single peptidase, indicating that down - regulation of metabolic genes may be a common attribute of dehydration. additionally, there were 37 genes that were either up - or down - regulated in response to desiccation only (dataset s6), and 2 genes up - regulated only during cryoprotective dehydration. genes specific to cryoprotective dehydration were a gene involved in unfolded protein binding and an acid - amino acid ligase .\nthe capacity to tolerate prolonged periods of low moisture availability is of considerable adaptive significance to polar terrestrial organisms. yet, despite the apparent harshness of high - latitude terrestrial habitats, the buffered moisture status of the soil substrate should not be disregarded. this study highlights the crucial importance of performing desiccation tolerance experiments under ecologically relevant humidity conditions. the extreme desiccation tolerance noted in b. antarctica at high relative humidities also suggests that this parameter should perhaps be reassessed in other polar terrestrial invertebrates. our study lends yet further support to the idea that adaptations to desiccation stress promote enhanced cold tolerance, and provides the first evidence that gradual desiccation can enhance the lower limit of freeze tolerance in a polar arthropod. the slow rate of water loss, which occurs in permeable edaphic invertebrates at humidities approaching the wilting point of plants (e. g. 98. 2% rh), is as relevant to polar species, as it is for temperate and tropical soil faunas. furthermore, as demonstrated here, such conditions can facilitate the survival of extensive water loss, and permit the identification of more subtle desiccation and cold tolerance strategies .\nthe osmotic pressure of b. antarctica body fluids after 12 h of desiccation at 98. 2% rh (fig. 1d) was approximately –12. 5 bar. after 120 h (5 days), when they have four times less oaw, their water potential deficit should be approximately –50 bar, but instead the value was –33 bar. as relatively few cells were ruptured when determining osmolality, extracellular fluids, especially the haemolymph, predominantly contribute to this value. thus, osmolytes must have been removed from these extracellular fluids. the dry mass of samples did not significantly change during the desiccation treatment, indicating that there was no overall gain or loss of metabolites and / or osmolytes during the desiccation treatment. instead, osmolytes may have been redistributed, for example, to intracellular compartments. the acquisition of sugars in the cytoplasm of cells is thought to be a fundamental component of successful anhydrobiosis (crowe et al. , 2002), and presumably would also contribute to less extreme examples of desiccation tolerance. the intracellular partitioning of these and other compounds may also play a crucial role during desiccation (oliver et al. , 2002) .\nin the anhydrobiotic nematode aphelenchus avenae, ice formation does not occur below a water content of 0. 3 g water g –1 dm (crowe et al. , 1983), whereas for artemia cysts the value is 0. 6 g water g –1 dm (crowe et al. , 1981). after 48 h at 98. 2% rh, the group for which cross - tolerance was assessed, the water content of b. antarctica larvae was > 2 g water g –1 dm. the lowest water content recorded at this humidity was 0. 86 g water g –1 dm (fig. 1c), suggesting that even the most desiccated larvae were still susceptible to freezing. cross - tolerance was not assessed for this level of water loss, however, as there would have been compounding mortality factors resulting from both desiccation and cold stress. indeed, cross - tolerance data for f. candida (bayley and holmstrup, 1999) was complicated somewhat by the fact that the desiccation treatment used resulted in some mortality, which may explain the relatively limited cross - tolerance to cold noted in this species (bayley et al. , 2001). that aside, the synthesis of polyols and sugars (bayley and holmstrup, 1999) and alterations in membrane phospholipid composition (bayley et al. , 2001) seem the most likely physiological mechanisms contributing to increased cold tolerance noted in f. candida .\nin response to desiccation, we observed enrichment of several functional terms, notably terms related to stress response, ubiquitin - dependent proteasome, actin organization, and signal transduction, specifically several gtpase enzymes that are involved in membrane trafficking (table 2). the go term “response to heat” was enriched in the up - regulated genes, and this category primarily encompasses the heat shock proteins (hsps), cellular chaperones that repair misfolded proteins in response to various environmental stressors (20), including heat, cold (21), oxidative damage (22), and dehydration (4, 11). our group has demonstrated the importance of hsps in b. antarctica stress tolerance (11, 23), but previous studies were limited to a few hsp genes obtained by targeted approaches. here, we report up - regulation of numerous putative hsps, including members of the small heat shock protein (three members), hsp40 (two members), hsp70 (eight members), and hsp90 (one member) families (dataset s1). we also observed ∼1. 8 - fold up - regulation of hsf, the transcription factor that regulates hsp expression (24). in addition to chaperone activity, hsps target damaged proteins to the proteasome to prevent accumulation of dysfunctional proteins and to recycle peptides and amino acids (25). indeed, we detected enrichment of go terms related to ubiquitin - dependent proteolysis (table 1) in the desiccation up - regulated genes. our results indicate coordinated up - regulation of hsps and proteasomal genes, which cooperatively function to repair and degrade damaged proteins during dehydration .\nup - regulation of cellular recycling pathways, such as ubiquitin - mediated proteasome and autophagy, likely serves to conserve energy during prolonged dehydration. consistent with this idea, we observed down - regulation of genes related to general metabolism and atp production (table 1; fig. 2 b). larvae of b. antarctica significantly depress oxygen consumption rates in response to dehydration (32). metabolic depression is a common adaptation in dehydration - tolerant insects, presumably to minimize respiratory water loss and to minimize the loss of water bound to glycogen and other carbohydrates (33). this dehydration - mediated metabolic shutdown is strongly supported by gene expression data, as nearly 25% of all metabolic genes in our dataset were down - regulated in response to desiccation (table 1). we noted a general shutdown of carbohydrate catabolism and atp generation; nearly every gene involved in glycolysis, the tricarboxylic acid (tca) cycle, and atp synthesis is down - regulated (fig. 2 b). furthermore, among our down - regulated genes, we observed enrichment of genes related to protein, lipid, and chitin metabolism, as well as energetically expensive processes such as membrane transport, including proton, cation, carbohydrate, and amino acid transport. a decrease in metabolic activity was further supported by our gsa results; nearly every negatively enriched kegg pathway (i. e. , pathways in which genes tended to be down - regulated) was related to metabolism, including several pathways related to carbohydrate and amino acid metabolism (table 2). thus, taken together, both go enrichment analysis and gsa analysis of kegg pathways revealed a coordinated shutdown of metabolic activity at the transcript level. we hypothesize that these mechanisms may be particularly important for overwintering larvae, contributing to energy conservation during the long antarctic winter .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml + rdfa 1. 0 / / en\nurltoken\nthe antarctic midge can survive high levels of salt, freezing and intense ultraviolet radiation, which are all common to the antarctic climate .\nbut the fly' s genome has just 99 million base pairs (the building blocks of dna), compared with 3. 2 billion in the human genome .\nit is thought the small size may be an adaptation to its extreme environment .\nits larvae develop over two antarctic winters, losing nearly half their body mass through dehydration each time. the adult midge' s lifespan is 7 - 10 days, during which mating and egg laying takes place .\nunusual adaptations including winglessness and the ability to tolerate extreme cold and dryness allow the fly to endure high winds and extreme temperatures .\nthe scientists, led by dr joanna kelley, from washington state university, us, wanted to sequence the genome to understand how the midge adapted to the extreme environment it lives in .\nit' s tiny ,\nsaid dr kelley .\nthat was a huge surprise. i was very impressed .\nat only 99 million base pairs of nucleotides, the genome of the midge is smaller than the genomes reported for the body louse (105 million base pairs) and the winged parasite strepsiptera (108 million base pairs) .\nthis is the first insect extremophile to be sequenced, which means it is a fantastic foundation for future comparative studies ,\ndr kelley added .\nin regards to genome evolution, previous work has suggested that small effective population sizes should lead to larger genomes, which is the opposite of what we see in the midge .\nbut while the genome is small in size, the midge has about 13, 500 genes, similar to the number in other flies." ]

{ "text": [ "belgica antarctica , the antarctic midge , is a species of flightless midge , endemic to the continent of antarctica .", "at 2 – 6 mm ( 0.079 – 0.24 in ) long , it is the largest purely terrestrial animal on the continent , as well as its only insect .", "it also has the smallest known insect genome as of 2014 , with only 99 million base pairs of nucleotides ( and about 13,500 genes ) . " ], "topic": [ 8, 4, 16 ] }

[ "belgica antarctica, the antarctic midge, is a species of flightless midge, endemic to the continent of antarctica. at 2 – 6 mm (0.079 – 0.24 in) long, it is the largest purely terrestrial animal on the continent, as well as its only insect. it also has the smallest known insect genome as of 2014, with only 99 million base pairs of nucleotides (and about 13,500 genes)." ]

[ "grivet monkeys are classed as being ‘threatened’ due to continuous deforestation and destruction of their natural habitat. potential predators of the grivet monkeys include lions, leopards .\nthe grivet monkey can be found in djibouti, eritrea, ethiopia and sudan .\ngrivet monkeys are extremely adaptable and can live in both rural and urban environments .\nby p. grivet. translated from the french by p. w. hawkes .\nrj petit, mf deguilloux, j chat, d grivet, p garnier‐géré, ...\ns pinosio, sc gonzález‐martínez, f bagnoli, f cattonaro, d grivet, ...\njp jaramillo - correa, i rodríguez - quilón, d grivet, c lepoittevin, ...\ninformation on the grivet monkey (chlorocebus aethiops) is being researched and written and will appear here shortly .\njp jaramillo‐correa, d grivet, a terrab, y kurt, ai de‐lucas, n wahid, ...\nthe grivet monkey is a black and white abyssinian monkey part of the vervet monkey group classed as genus chlorocebus. grivet monkeys are found only in sub - saharan africa. their range extends from senegal and ethiopia down to south africa .\nbecome a part of the grivet - tools community. let us help you take your mac fleet to new heights .\ngrivet monkeys inhabit forests, woodlands and savannas near rivers and streams. they spend most of their time in the trees .\nd grivet, f sebastiani, r alía, t bataillon, s torre, m zabal - aguirre, ...\nar pluess, vl sork, b dolan, fw davis, d grivet, k merg, j papp, ...\ngrivet monkeys predominantly feed on acacia seeds, flowers, foliage and gum. they will also feed on figs and other fruiting trees .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below. < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive photo - grivet monkey sitting on branch\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive photo - grivet monkey sitting on branch\ntitle =\narkive photo - grivet monkey sitting on branch\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below. < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - grivet monkey (chlorocebus aethiops )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - grivet monkey (chlorocebus aethiops )\ntitle =\narkive species - grivet monkey (chlorocebus aethiops )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\ngrivet monkeys are primates with rounded heads, slender body, long hind limbs and a long tail. their name comes from the french word guenon, which is a person who grimaces or makes faces. they are also known as grass monkeys. grivet monkeys have cheek pouches and white side whiskers. their body coat is short and brownish - grey in colour. grivet monkeys weigh between 10 – 15 pounds. they are 400 to 600 millimetres in length (head and body), with tales about 300 to 500 millimetres in length. grivet monkeys have close - fitting moderate length hairs over most of their body .\njérôme grivet is a graduate of essec business school, sciences po paris and ecole nationale d’administration (ena). he is also a senior treasury auditor .\ngrivet - tools believes in making mac administration simple, flexible, and location independent. we host and customize open source software to make this a reality .\nshimada, m. k. , and shotake, t. (1997). genetic variation of blood proteins within and between local populations of grivet monkey (\nthe physics of transmission lines at high and very high frequencies, : grivet, pierre, 1911 - 1992. : book, regular print book: toronto public library\nthe grivet monkey is classified as least concern (lc) on the iucn red list (1) and is listed on appendix ii of cites (2) .\ngrivet, d, pe smouse, and vl sork. 2005. a novel approach to an old problem: tracking dispersed seeds. molecular ecology 14: 3585–3595 .\ngrivet d, heinze b, vendramin gg, petit rj (2001) genome walking with consensus primers: application to the large single copy region of chloroplast dna .\ngrooming is a common behaviour among most primates and grivet monkeys are no exception. grooming is commonly used as a courtship strategy. grivet monkeys are omnivorous, however. they have a heavy preference for fruits and grains. in the wild, they will eat fruit, leaves, grain, roots and occasionally reptiles, young birds and insects .\ngrivet monkeys have a gestation period of about 7 months. females usually give birth to a single offspring. they breed from july to november. the young clings to its mothers belly and can support its own weight. other adult monkeys may help in caring for and protecting the babies. grivet monkeys can live to be 30 years old .\ngrivet monkeys are mainkly terrrestrial, moving on four limbs both on the gound and through the trees. they are opportunustic omnivores, eating fruit, seeds, leaves, flowers, gum, bark, grass and insects. though the consumptoin of animal prey is not recorded, the diet of the grivet is presumed to be similar to the much - studied\ngrivet monkeys live in groups of 10 to 27 within a protected territory. they are most active in the morning and in the late evening. grivet monkeys sleep in the trees but do spend some time on the ground. they are never far from water and are good swimmers. when they become excited or angry, they grimace and expose their teeth .\ngrivet, d, m - f deguilloux, rj petit, and vl sork. 2006. contrasting inter - continental patterns of historical colonization in white oaks. molecular ecology 15: 4085 - 4093 .\nzinner, d. , peláez, f. , and torkler, f. (sušmitted). grivet monkeys (< emphasis type =\nitalic\n> cercopithecus a. aethiops < / emphasis >) in central eritrea .\njérôme grivet began his career with the french civil service. he then became advisor on european affairs to prime minister alain juppé before joining crédit lyonnais in 1998 as head of finance and management control for retail banking in france. in 2001, he was appointed head of strategy at crédit lyonnais and later held the same post at crédit agricole s. a. in 2004, he was head of finance, the general secretariat, and strategy at calyon before being appointed deputy chief executive officer in 2007. in 2010, jérôme grivet became chief executive officer of crédit agricole assurances and of predica. in may 2015, jérôme grivet became deputy general manager of crédit agricole s. a. in charge of finance .\ngrivet, d, vl sork, rd westfall, and fw davis. 2008. conserving the evolutionary potential of california valley oak (quercus lobata née): a multivariate genetic approach to conservation planning. molecular ecology 17: 139 - 156 .\ncurrently specific to the island of saint kitts the grivet monkeys have developed one annoying habit to many tourists. the monkeys have developed a taste for alcoholic tropical fruit drinks. the monkeys will commonly steal brightly coloured drinks left behind by tourists on the beach. many tourists have also found out these monkeys will deliver a powerful bite if they are cornered. care should be taken when approaching any grivet monkeys. if at one point they were domesticated in the centuries gone past, they are no longer .\nso we created grivet - tools. a company that embraces, contributes, and leverages open source tools and the mac admin community. we shoulder the technical challenges of open source software, system configuration, and the hosting of repository and reporting systems so you can take your fleet of macs to new heights .\n…six chlorocebus species are: the grivet (c. aethiops) of ethiopia and northeastern africa, the malbrouck monkey (c. cynosuros) of angola and the southern congo, the bale monkey (c. djamdjamensis) of the bale mountains of ethiopia, the vervet (c. pygerythrus) of eastern and southern africa, the…\nthis study reports the prevalence of simian immunodeficiency virus and the relationship of serostatus to age and sex among a wild population of ethiopian grivet monkeys (cercopithecus aethiops aethiops). seropositivity paralleled patterns of sexual activity, being nearly universal in females of reproductive age, and absent in all males except those that were fully adult. one female seroconverted between two capture seasons at an age consistent with first breeding. our findings support a predominantly sexual mode of transmission among sivagm infected grivets .\nsork, vl, fw davis, d grivet. 2008. incorporating genetic information into conservation planning for california valley oak. in press in (technical coordinators). proceedings of the sixth symposium on oak woodlands: california’s oaks: today’s challenges, tomorrow’s opportunities. 2006 october 9 - 12; santa rosa, ca. gen. tech. rep. psw - gtr - xxx. albany, ca: pacific southwest research station, forest service, u. s. department of agriculture; xxx .\nthe first digit on their hands and feet are opposable allowing the vervet monkeys to grab hold of objects. their hands are used for moving, feeding and grooming. the hind legs are especially strong for leaping across branches. their long tails are not prehensile, but are used for balance, steering and braking while leaping from branch to branch. grivet monkeys have cheek pouches to store their food as they move to a safer place to eat. when full, the cheek pouches can hold an amount of food equal to what the stomach can hold .\nother names: ch. aethiops: cercopithecus aethiops, cercopithecus aethiops aethiops, or chlorocebus aethiops aethiops; grivet or savanna monkey; singe vert (french); grünmeerkatze (german); mono verde (spanish); grön markatta or vervett (swedish); ch. cynosuros: malbrouck; ch. djamdjamensis: bale mountains vervet or djam - djam; ch. pygerythrus: cercopithecus aethiops pygerythrus or chlorocebus aethiops pygerythrus; vervet monkey; ch. sabaeus: cercopithecus aethiops sabaeus or chlorocebus aethiops sabaeus; green monkey; ch. tantalus: cercopithecus aethiops tantalus or chlorocebus aethiops tantalus; tantalus monkey\ngrivet monkeys are normally found close to rivers. they exploit the majority of forest, savannah and mosaic habitats. they seem only to be restricted by the availability of water and sleeping trees, utilizing acacia - dominated savannah as well as dense riverine forests. this species occurs in moist tropical, riverine, gallery, evergreen forest habitats, as well as deciduous, dry forest, savannah, acacia forest, forest mosaic. they also utilize secondary growth and edge forests, as well as mangrove, swamp and thorn scrub forests. in the highlands they have also been recorded in eucalyptus forest. being extremely adaptable they can live in human - dominated rural and urban environments. crop - raiding is reported throughout their range .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\nmittermeier, r. a. , rylands, a. b. and wilson d. e. 2013. handbook of the mammals of the world: volume 3 primates. lynx edicions, barcelona .\noriginally this account followed the arrangement of napier (1981), as adopted by grubb et al. (2003), because of the continuing uncertainty about the boundaries between the nominal species. however, chlorocebus aethiops is here treated as a superspecies with each of the subspecies raised to specific status, with further variations within each of these recognized as subspecies. grubb et al. (2003) retained this species in cercopithecus, but it is here placed in chlorocebus following groves (2005) and groves and kingdon (in press) .\njustification: listed as least concern as this species is widespread and very abundant with no major threats .\npresent in sudan from khartoum in the north to mongalla in the south, and in djibouti, ethiopia and eritrea where it is found south of the river omo and ranges as far east as the ethiopian rift valley (dandelot and prevost 1972). its range formerly extended along the nile valley .\nit is a common species. they live in bands of from 6 to 20, averaging a dozen individuals (dorst and dandelot 1972) .\nthis species is present in savanna, open woodland, forest - grassland mosaic, especially close to rivers (dorst and dandelot 1972). it is an extremely adaptable species that can live in both rural and urban environments. heavily dependent on acacia seeds, flowers, foliage and gum. also feeds on figs and other fruiting trees (butynski 2002) .\nit is generally common and adaptable over its range, and there are presumed to be no major threats .\nthis species is listed on appendix ii of cites and on class b of the african convention on the conservation of nature and natural resources. it is present in a number of protected areas .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\nthe green monkeys or vervet monkeys (chlorocebus sabaceus) are medium - sized primates from the family of old world monkeys. there are six species currently recognized, although some classify them all as a single species with six subspecies. either way, they make up the entirety of the genus chlorocebus .\ngreen monkeys occur throughout the northern and southern savanna, from senegal to sudan and south to the tip of south africa. they are adapted to practically all wooded habitats outside the equatorial rainforest .\nthe top side fur of the green monkey varies by species from pale yellow through grey - green brown to dark brown, while the lower portion and the hair ring around the face is whitish yellow. their face, hands and feet are hairless and black, although their abdominal skin is bluish. male green monkeys have a bright blue scrotum and red penis .\ngreen monkeys reach an adult size of from 40 to 43 centimetres for males and 34 to 39 centimetres for females, with a tail measuring 30 to 50 centimetres long. males weigh from 4 to 4. 5 kilograms and females weigh from 2. 5 to 3. 5 kilograms their tails are well developed and are used for balance. green monkeys are also good swimmers. both female and male green monkeys have long, sharp canines .\ngreen monkeys are diurnal being most active in the early morning and late afternoon. green monkeys are territorial animals, however, they generally avoid serious conflicts (defend with loud barking and displays). they are mainly ground dwellers, however, they take shelter in the trees when alarmed and they also sleep in trees. green monkeys are usually found in groups of 20 – 50 individuals. social structure is similar to other old world monkeys in that the stable core of any group consists of several families of closely related adult females and their dependent offspring .\nfemales stay in the natal group, males transfer to a neighbouring group at adolescence. to minimize aggression from the transferred - to group, many males transfer in the company of age mates or maternal brothers. male green monkeys transfer from group to group several times during their lives. young females serve as temporary caretakers of their mothers subsequent offspring. as a result, bonds are formed not only between mother and offspring but also among maternal siblings. adult males interact only rarely with infants and show no special preference for those infants that are likely to be their offspring .\ngreen monkeys have a creaking cry and a staccato bark that enables members of a troop to keep in contact. green monkeys have a variety of alarm calls, distinguishing between avian, snake or mammalian predators. grooming removes parasites and dead skin, but the primary function is to establish and maintain social bonds\nbeing small and not fast runners, the green monkey cannot afford to venture far from the safety of trees. it is essentially an edge species and typically associated with riverside forests, however, in the dry savanna, they stay near the acacia trees. green monkeys are omnivores mostly eating fruits, flowers, seeds, seedpods, leaves, grasses and roots. on occasion, birds, eggs, small reptiles and insects .\ngreen monkeys breed throughout the year, however, most births happen just before the rainy season, so that lactation proceeds when food and water are more abundant. gestation lasts 163 days. green monkeys reach sexual maturity at the age of 4 – 5 years. females give birth to a single offspring. at birth green monkey infants have little fur, this is why they seem to have a blue colour. its coat has specks of olive green and yellow. as the infant matures and becomes more independent, he / she will stray from its mother, being carried only when the troop moves or when danger threatens. as the monkey develops, its fur thickens and becomes a brownish - grey colour. the life span of a green monkey is 17 years in the wild and up to 30 years in captivity .\nalthough green monkeys are not listed as endangered or vulnerable, numbers are declining because of destruction of forest habitat and excessive hunting by people. potential predators of the green monkeys include lions, leopards .\n) are found from senegal to ethiopia and south to south africa. these monkeys are found in northeast africa from the red sea near tokar, south through abyssinia as far as 5 degrees north, and west to the eastern range of the tantalus. (hill, 1965 )\nbush steppe country in tablelands of the southern sudan and abyssinia. vervets must drink water daily in the dry seasons, and therefore their habitat is limited to those near constant water supplies. (hill, 1965 )\nis usually around 400 to 600 mm in length (head and body), with tales about 300 to 500 mm. weights typically range between 3 and 5 kg. males are larger than females. all individuals have close - fitting moderate length hairs over most of the body, and elongated side - whiskers. the whiskers are usually a lighter color (white or pale yellow) and differ in length from individual to individual. the faces of vervet monkeys are usually sooty black. a defining characteristic of this species is the greenish color of the upper parts of the face, which is caused by the banding together of individual hairs with black and yellow strands. in males, the scrotum and surrounding areas are bright blue or a greenish color. (hill, 1965; parker, 1983 )\nfemales typically have few mates in their lifetime, whereas some males have numerous mates. (sellers )\n; however, like most primates, they are cyclically receptive. visual changes in the vulva of females, such as swelling, alert the males as to when the females are in heat .\nfemales take a strong interest in raising their young. within the social groups, other females often share this task with the mother .\nthese are highly social animals. they travel in small groups and are one of the few species to have multi - male groups. high ranking males demonstrate their place in the hierarchy by placing their tail in a stiffly upright position and strolling past lower ranking males. vervets differ from other species in that they prefer open areas to forests and are very adept at traveling on the ground. grooming is a common behavior among most primates, and\nis no exception. grooming is commonly used as a courtship strategy. (hill, 1965; sellers )\nis omnivorous but with a heavy emphasis on fruit. their diets often include insects, vegetable matter, and at times, small mammals and birds. (harris, 1970 )\nvervet monkeys fall prey to leopards, snakes and raptors, as do other savanah monkeys. they may also be preyed upon by baboons .\nas frugivorous monkeys, vervets may play some role in seed dispersal. because they sometimes prey on other animals, they may act as a check on populations of certain insects, birds, and small mammals. as a prey species, they are likely to impact predator populations .\nis separated evolutionarily from humans by more than 50 million years. their resemblance to\n, however, in characteristics such as the nervous system, reproduction systems, and suceptibility to certain parasites make them especially desireable for biological studies. (harris, 1970 )\nis being threatened by continous deforestation and and destruction of their natural habitat. cites appendix 2. (parker, 1983 )\nliving in sub - saharan africa (south of 30 degrees north) and madagascar .\nhaving body symmetry such that the animal can be divided in one plane into two mirror - image halves. animals with bilateral symmetry have dorsal and ventral sides, as well as anterior and posterior ends. synapomorphy of the bilateria .\nanimals that use metabolically generated heat to regulate body temperature independently of ambient temperature. endothermy is a synapomorphy of the mammalia, although it may have arisen in a (now extinct) synapsid ancestor; the fossil record does not distinguish these possibilities. convergent in birds .\nthe area in which the animal is naturally found, the region in which it is endemic .\nthe region of the earth that surrounds the equator, from 23. 5 degrees north to 23. 5 degrees south .\na terrestrial biome. savannas are grasslands with scattered individual trees that do not form a closed canopy. extensive savannas are found in parts of subtropical and tropical africa and south america, and in australia .\na grassland with scattered trees or scattered clumps of trees, a type of community intermediate between grassland and forest. see also tropical savanna and grassland biome .\na terrestrial biome found in temperate latitudes (> 23. 5° n or s latitude). vegetation is made up mostly of grasses, the height and species diversity of which depend largely on the amount of moisture available. fire and grazing are important in the long - term maintenance of grasslands .\nreproduction in which fertilization and development take place within the female body and the developing embryo derives nourishment from the female .\nharris, r. s. 1970. feeding and nutrition of nonhuman primates. academic press, new york\nhill. 1965 primates, comparative anatomy and taxonomy. volume vi. university press, edinburgh\nparker, s. p. (editor). 1983. grizmeks encyclopedia - mammals, english edition. mcgraw - hill publishing company, new york\nto cite this page: rochester, m. 1999 .\nchlorocebus aethiops\n( on - line), animal diversity web. accessed july 10, 2018 at urltoken\ndisclaimer: the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. adw doesn' t cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283, drl 0628151, due 0633095, drl 0918590, and due 1122742. additional support has come from the marisla foundation, um college of literature, science, and the arts, museum of zoology, and information and technology services .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference (book, 2005) [ worldcat. org ]\nyour web browser is not enabled for javascript. some features of worldcat will not be available .\nyour list has reached the maximum number of items. please create a new list with a new name; move some items to a new or existing list; or delete some items .\nnote: citations are based on reference standards. however, formatting rules can vary widely between applications and fields of interest or study. the specific requirements or preferences of your reviewing publisher, classroom teacher, institution or organization should be applied .\nthe e - mail address (es) field is required. please enter recipient e - mail address (es) .\nthe e - mail address (es) you entered is (are) not in a valid format. please re - enter recipient e - mail address (es) .\ni thought you might be interested in this item at urltoken title: mammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference author: don e wilson; deeann m reeder publisher: baltimore: johns hopkins university press, ©2005. isbn / issn: 0801882214 9780801882210 0801882389 9780801882388 0801882397 9780801882395 oclc: 57557352\nwilson and reeder' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today. the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and, for the first time, common names. each concise entry covers type locality, distribution, synonyms, and major reference sources. the systematic arrangement of\ninformation indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level. this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\n- - publisher' s website .\nplease choose whether or not you want other users to be able to see on your profile that this library is a favorite of yours .\nthis indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\na uniquely valuable compendium of taxonomic and distributional data on the world' s living and historically extinct mammalian species. contributors and editors alike deserve the thanks of all\nmammalogists for helping to forge the nomenclatural mesh that holds our science together. * journal of mammalogy * to refer to this work as a checklist undervalues it and does not give sufficient credit to the authors and editors for their meticulous efforts in its production. a valuable reference work and a vital tool, particularly for researchers. * journal of natural history * by far the most convenient source for finding the correct scientific name of any mammal and should be on the reference shelf of libraries striving to have useful science sections. * science books and films * the editors and authors are to be congratulated for undertaking such an outstanding and authoritative work, and it should serve as a standard reference for mammalian species taxonomy for many years to come. * journal of mammalian evolution * the third edition adds to its reputation as an outstanding and authorative work. * national museum of natural history weekly update & forecast * impressive and elegant work. - - g. r. seamons * reference reviews * a must - have text for any professional mammalogist, and a useful and authoritative reference for scientists and students in other disciplines. * southeastern naturalist * a magnificent work important to anyone seriously interested in mammals. this work is essential for academic or special libraries supporting zoology or conservation and for large public libraries. * american reference books annual * as were many of our colleagues, we were waiting for this revised edition since 2003... we can say that the wait was worth it. - - sergio solari and robert j. baker * journal of mammalogy *\nadd tags for\nmammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference\n.\nyou may have already requested this item. please select ok if you would like to proceed with this request anyway .\nwilson and reeder' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today. the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and, for the first time, common names. each concise entry covers type locality, distribution, synonyms, and major reference sources. the systematic arrangement of information indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level. this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\n- - publisher' s website .\nworldcat is the world' s largest library catalog, helping you find library materials online. learn more ››\ndon' t have an account? you can easily create a free account .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nsuborder: haplorrhini infraorder: simiiformes superfamily: cercopithecoidea family: cercopithecidae subfamily: cercopithecinae genus: chlorocebus species: ch. aethiops, ch. cynosuros, ch. djamdjamensis, ch. pygerythrus, ch. sabaeus, ch. tantalus subspecies: ch. p. excubitor, ch. p. hilgerti, ch. p. nesiotes, ch. p. pygerythrus, ch. p. rufoviridis, ch. t. budgetti, ch. t. marrensis, ch. t. tantalus\nthe classification of vervet monkeys was recently updated, moving all of the species from the genus cercopithecus to a new genus, chlorocebus (rowe 1996; groves 2001). there are now at least six species of vervets recognized, but often in the literature, they are ubiquitously referred to as chlorocebus aethiops (ch. aethiops) by their former genus, cercopithecus aethiops (c. aethiops) (e. g. grubb et al. 2003). they are sometimes lumped together with a group of primates called guenons, medium - sized arboreal african monkeys of the genus cercopithecus (lernould 1988; oates 1996). groves (2001) recommends further revision of this genus and in the future, there will likely be more species and subspecies identified (grubb et al. 2003) .\nall vervet males and females are sexually dimorphic and wild adult males weigh between 3. 9 and 8. 0 kg (8. 60 and 17. 6 lb), averaging 5. 5 kg (12. 1 lb), and measure between 420 and 600 mm (1. 37 and 1. 97 ft), averaging 490 mm (1. 61 ft) from the top of the head to the base of the tail. wild adult females weigh between 3. 4 and 5. 3 kg (7. 50 and 11. 7 lb) and average 4. 1 kg (9. 04 lb), and measure between 300 and 495 mm (11. 8 in and 1. 62 ft), averaging 426 mm (1. 40 ft) (napier 1981; skinner & smithers 1990) .\nvervets move quadrupedally and they are equally as comfortable on the ground as they are in the trees. they are semi - terrestrial and semi - arboreal, spending time feeding and traveling on the ground during the day and retreating to the trees to sleep at night (fedigan & fedigan 1988). they have the characteristic cheek - pouches like other members of the superfamily cercopithecoidea which allow them to forage and store food to be eaten later (rowe 1996) .\nlifespan in wild vervets is difficult to characterize because of high rates of predation in the long - term study areas. one female was at least 13 years old when she died and females in captivity have lived this long. between 11 and 12 years, serious health problems are seen in captive vervets and this is probably the upper limit of their lifespan (fairbanks & mcguire 1986) .\nin addition to being found in 39 african nations, one species of vervet is also found on the cape verde islands off the west coast of africa in the atlantic ocean and on several caribbean islands in the west indies. chlorocebus sabaeus was introduced in the late 1600s to the islands of st. kitts, nevis, and barbados when ships involved in the slave trade traveled from to the caribbean from west africa (van der kuyl et al. 1996). green monkeys traveled as pets or as items to be traded and sold and have since adapted well to life on these islands where they are sometimes considered a pest species (fedigan & fedigan 1988; boulton et al. 1996) .\ndorothy cheney and robert seyfarth have conducted long - term research on vervets at amboseli national park in southern kenya since 1977. lynne isbell has also been conducting long - term research on vervets at amboseli and with karin enstam at a private conservation area, segera ranch, in north - central kenya since 1992. vervets have also been studied in the caribbean for several decades. most of the current published information about vervets is from studies done at these sites .\nvervets are habitat generalists, as is obvious from their widespread range in africa and the success of introduced populations. they are tolerant of a wide variety of habitats and can live in humid rainforests, semi - desert environments, or swamps from sea level to elevations up to 4500 m (14, 764 ft); their only limitation seems to be water availability and the presence of sleeping trees (wolfheim 1983; chapman & fedigan 1984; fedigan & fedigan 1988). because of this limitation, they are especially prevalent in riverine forests bordering savannas. they are also able to exploit areas near cultivated fields because they are adept at raiding crops (struhsaker 1967; oates 1996; isbell et al. 1998). additionally, vervets can survive quite well in urban areas (wolfheim 1983; shimada & shotake 1997). vervets are rarely found in the depths of dense forests, but rather utilize the edges of tropical rain forests, lowland evergreen forests and montane forests. they seem to prefer wooded rather than heavily forested areas, such as dry deciduous forest, scrub forests and gallery forests, which are composed of both trees and shrubs (nakagawa 1999). they are not found in open grassland with no trees, but they spend some time in open savannas moving between wooded areas (wolfheim 1983) .\ndata on climate have been provided for study sites within their range. in senegal, there are two seasons; the dry season lasts from november to may and the rainy season lasts from june to october. the mean annual rainfall is 954 mm (3. 14 ft), and almost all of it falls in the months from june to october. the dry season has maximum temperatures between 33° and 40° c (91. 4° and 104° f) while the rainy season is slightly cooler, with average maximum temperatures ranging from 30° to 33° c (86° to 91. 4° f) (harrison 1984). in cameroon, the wet season lasts from may to september while the rest of the year is dry. the average annual rainfall is 497 mm (1. 63 ft) and average monthly temperatures range from 22. 7° to 33. 7° c (72. 9° to 92. 7° f) (nakagawa 1999). the climatological conditions in which vervets live in kenya include a drier season lasting from september to january or march with average annual rainfall reaching 700 mm (2. 30 ft) (isbell et al. 1999) .\nin the west indies, vervets inhabit both densely populated areas in urban habitats as well as highly cultivated agricultural habitats with lower human population density (hoorocks 1986). because agriculture and fuelwood extraction have significantly decreased in the last 30 years, vervets also inhabit thickly wooded ravines of secondary forest (boulton et al. 1996). they can be found in mangrove swamps, in stands of sea grape, a tropical evergreen, and in pasturelands bordering wooded areas (chapman & fedigan 1984). the rainy season lasts from july to september and the dry season stretches from december to may. the average temperature on st. kitts is 23. 9° c (79° f) (poirier 1972; hoorocks 1986) .\nin addition to varying their diet according to environmental conditions, vervets change their daily activity patterns depending on the season. generally, they travel, feed, and sleep as a group (harrison 1983). in the rainy season, vervets spend their mornings, from about 7: 00 a. m. to 11: 00 a. m. , traveling, feeding and drinking water and the afternoons, from 11: 00 a. m. to 3: 00 p. m. , are spent feeding, drinking water, resting, grooming and doing some traveling (adeyemo 1997). the proportion of time spent doing each activity changes during the dry season so that less time is spent traveling and feeding and more time is spent drinking, resting, and grooming in the mornings. during afternoons in the dry season, more time is spent drinking water, feeding and grooming than during the rainy season. the evenings, from 3: 00 p. m. until 7: 00 p. m. , are spent feeding and traveling to the sleeping tree (adeyemo 1997). sleeping trees utilized by vervets average 7. 7 m (25. 3 ft) in height and are usually found in wooded areas rather than standing alone or in small clusters of trees amidst open grassland. one reason vervets use sleeping trees is to decrease the risk of predation (nakagawa 1999). in their natural habitat, potential predators include lions, leopards, cheetahs, other felid predators such as african wild cats, servals and caracals, hyenas, black - backed jackals, raptors and baboons (papio species). in the west indies, dogs are serious predators and in most areas throughout their range, humans hunt vervets either for meat or as a means to control the population (isbell & enstam 2002; zinner et al. 2002) .\nvervets are among the most used primates in biomedical research in the united states and abroad (carlsson et al. 2004). because they are small, easily handled, nonendangered, evolutionarily closely related to humans, and easily bred in captivity, vervets are a popular species for use in biomedical primate research (ervin & palmour 2003). specifically, vervets are important in studying high blood pressure and aids. they are one of the few species of nonhuman primates that naturally develops high blood pressure and simian immunodeficiency virus (siv), the ancestor of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv), is widespread throughout wild populations (chakrabarti 2002; ervin & palmour 2003). there is compelling evidence that siv was transferred from monkeys or apes in africa to humans and led to the emergence of hiv / aids in humans. studying naturally occurring siv and the origins of hiv / aids in vervets and other african primates may help scientists discover a cure or vaccine for the disease (chakrabarti 2002) .\ncite this page as: cawthon lang ka. 2006 january 3. primate factsheets: vervet (chlorocebus) taxonomy, morphology, & ecology. < urltoken >. accessed 2018 july 10 .\nprimate info net is maintained by the wisconsin primate research center (wprc) library at the university of wisconsin - madison. wprc programs are supported by grant numbers rr000167 and rr015311, national primate centers program, national center for research resources, the national institutes of health .\ndisclaimer: the wisconsin primate research center provides primate info net as an informational service. we are not responsible for the content of linked sites, nor does inclusion of a link imply endorsement of the views expressed in that content .\nthis article is a stub. you can learn more about this topic in the related articles below .\nvervet, (genus chlorocebus), any of six known species of widely distributed semiarboreal african monkeys. vervet monkeys are quadrupedal and occur throughout sub - saharan africa in savannas and dry deciduous forests. they may be found as far north as egypt or as far south as south africa. the six…\nmonkey, in general, any of nearly 200 species of tailed primate, with the exception of lemurs, tarsiers, and lorises. the presence of a tail (even if only a tiny nub), along with their narrow - chested bodies and other features of the skeleton, distinguishes monkeys from apes. most monkeys have a…\nprimate, in zoology, any mammal of the group that includes the lemurs, lorises, tarsiers, monkeys, apes, and humans. the order primates, with its 300 or more species, is the third most diverse order of mammals, after rodents (rodentia) and bats (chiroptera). although there are some notable…\nmammal, (class mammalia), any member of the group of vertebrate animals in which the young are nourished with milk from special mammary glands of the mother. in addition to these characteristic milk glands, mammals are distinguished by several other unique features. hair is a typical mammalian…\nwe welcome suggested improvements to any of our articles. you can make it easier for us to review and, hopefully, publish your contribution by keeping a few points in mind .\nencyclopædia britannica articles are written in a neutral objective tone for a general audience .\nyou may find it helpful to search within the site to see how similar or related subjects are covered .\nat the bottom of the article, feel free to list any sources that support your changes, so that we can fully understand their context. (internet urls are the best. )\nyour contribution may be further edited by our staff, and its publication is subject to our final approval. unfortunately, our editorial approach may not be able to accommodate all contributions .\nour editors will review what you' ve submitted, and if it meets our criteria, we' ll add it to the article .\nplease note that our editors may make some formatting changes or correct spelling or grammatical errors, and may also contact you if any clarifications are needed .\nhorse, (equus caballus), a hoofed, herbivorous mammal of the family equidae. it comprises a single species, …\nanimal, (kingdom animalia), any of a group of multicellular eukaryotic organisms (i. e. , as distinct from…\ncorrections? updates? omissions? let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login) .\nif you prefer to suggest your own revision of the article, you can go to edit mode (requires login) .\nour editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article .\nwith a grayish back, gray tail, black face, and dark extremities .\nurltoken unabridged based on the random house unabridged dictionary, © random house, inc. 2018\n, so as to have his say, had called the place the temple of peace .\ncollins english dictionary - complete & unabridged 2012 digital edition © william collins sons & co. ltd. 1979, 1986 © harpercollins publishers 1998, 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2012\nwebster’s new world college dictionary, 4th edition. copyright © 2010 by houghton mifflin harcourt. all rights reserved .\nbrackets (also called parentheses) are used to enclose a word or words which can be left out and still leave a meaningful sentence. the wooded area (see map below) is approximately 4, 000 hectares... .\nimpress your friends, family and colleagues with this unusual collection of football lingo .\ncatch up on the latest words in the news this june with robert groves .\nall the latest wordy news, linguistic insights, offers and competitions every month .\nby continuing your visit on this website, you accept the use of cookies to offer content and services tailored to your interests .\nfor inquiries related to this message please contact support. for sales inquiries, please visit urltoken\nif you believe this to be in error, please confirm below that you are not a robot by clicking\ni' m not a robot\nbelow .\nplease make sure your browser supports javascript and cookies and that you are not blocking them from loading. for more information you can review the terms of service and cookie policy .\nwe are here to help you pursue whatever you' re passionate about. if you' re a runner, we have running shoes. if you' re a hiker, we have hiking equipment. or maybe you just want to kick back on the beach. we have swimsuits and sunglasses as well. if you need any help or have any questions about our products or policies, you can contact us at 901 - 598 - 0480 or use our live chat. we' d be happy to assist you with all your outdoor needs .\nour cloud based reporting, alerting, and automating services will simplify your life .\nin our blog we provide many how to articles, reviews of current technology and events, and tutorials on how to use a variety of products related to mac administration .\nwe, like everyone, had been building\nthick\nimages for our systems. we spent spent most of our time updating machines, fixing dependencies, and putting out fires. we knew there had to be a better way .\nwe found vendors and used their solutions and tools. things were so much better than working with a thick image, but there were still problems. these tools were built by people that didn' t deal with the issues every day, accrued large costs, and found ourselves at the mercy of a\nblack box\nsystem that hampered our efforts .\nthen, a better way was found! the mac admin community had risen to the challenge itself and was creating amazing solutions to the problems we were facing. now that we had discovered their offerings, we began leveraging them to great effect. but, as with most open source software, there was a steep learning curve and we saw others struggling to follow us up that mountain .\nwhy ,\nyou ask? 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{ "text": [ "the grivet ( chlorocebus aethiops ) , also known as african green monkey and savanah monkey is an old world monkey with long white tufts of hair along the sides of the face .", "some authorities consider this and all of the members of the genus chlorocebus to be a single species , cercopithecus aethiops .", "as here defined , the grivet is restricted to ethiopia , sudan , djibouti and eritrea .", "in the southern part of its range , it comes into contact with the closely related vervet monkey ( c. pygerythrus ) and bale mountains vervet ( c. djamdjamensis ) .", "hybridization between them is possible , and may present a threat to the vulnerable bale mountains vervet .", "unlike that species , the grivet is common and rated as least concern by the iucn . " ], "topic": [ 5, 5, 13, 11, 17, 17 ] }

[ "the grivet (chlorocebus aethiops), also known as african green monkey and savanah monkey is an old world monkey with long white tufts of hair along the sides of the face. some authorities consider this and all of the members of the genus chlorocebus to be a single species, cercopithecus aethiops. as here defined, the grivet is restricted to ethiopia, sudan, djibouti and eritrea. in the southern part of its range, it comes into contact with the closely related vervet monkey (c. pygerythrus) and bale mountains vervet (c. djamdjamensis). hybridization between them is possible, and may present a threat to the vulnerable bale mountains vervet. unlike that species, the grivet is common and rated as least concern by the iucn." ]

[ "the bale mountains vervet is endemic to the highlands of ethiopia. its range is restricted to the bale mountains and hagere selam region (3) .\nthe bale mountains vervet appears to almost exclusively inhabit bamboo forests in the bale mountains massif (1) (3). the bale mountains vervet is found at high elevations of up to 3, 000 metres (1) and is mainly arboreal, being rarely seen on the ground (3) .\nwith such specific ecological requirements, the bale mountains vervet is most threatened by habitat loss and degradation (1) (3). expanding human populations, conversion of land for agriculture, forest fires and logging are all reducing the available bamboo forests on which the bale mountains vervet depends (1) .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below. < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - bale mountains vervet (chlorocebus djamdjamensis )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - bale mountains vervet (chlorocebus djamdjamensis )\ntitle =\narkive species - bale mountains vervet (chlorocebus djamdjamensis )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nthe future survival of the bale mountains vervet depends on effective management and conservation of the bamboo forests in which it occurs (3). further research into the bale mountains vervet is needed to determine the distribution and population status of this species in order to develop effective long term conservation plans (1) (3) .\nthe bale mountains vervet is classified as vulnerable (vu) on the iucn red list (1) and is listed on appendix ii of cites (2) .\nas with other vervet species, persecution by local farmers may also pose a threat, as the bale mountains vervet is considered a pest in many parts of its range and may feed on agricultural crops (1) (3) .\nthe bale mountains vervet is diurnal and spends most of its time feeding. the seasonal availability of food means that this species varies its diet during the year, mainly feeding on fruit in the dry season, and bamboo shoots and roots in the wet season. the bale mountains vervet also feeds on young bamboo leaves, flowers and insects (3) .\nthe bale mountains vervet (chlorocebus djamdjamensis) is one of africa’s least known primates, and its behaviour and ecology remain somewhat of a mystery to scientists (3). the bale mountains vervet is a short - tailed, medium - sized savanna monkey with long, thick, dark brown fur on its upperparts, and a white underside. this species has dark grey hands and feet, and a black - skinned face with a white beard and a faint white fur band on its brow (4) .\nthe bale mountains vervet usually lives in large, mixed groups of between 15 and 30 members (3). typically, vervet groups have more females than males, and a clear dominance hierarchy determines the rank of each member of the group (3) (4). groups are mainly made up of related females, that remain in their natal area, and unrelated sexually mature males (4) .\nvery little is known about the reproductive biology of the bale mountains vervet; however, females in the chlorocebus genus are usually sexually mature at four years of age. the gestation period is usually between 163 and 165 days, and females give birth during the wet season to a single offspring (3) (4) .\nendemic to the highlands of ethiopia, east of the ethiopian rift valley in the bale mountains, where found at high elevations from 2, 400 to 3, 000 m asl (see butynski in press) .\nthis species has specialised habitat requirements as it is found in the bamboo forest zone of the bale mountains massif. butynski (in press) summarizes the current state of knowledge of this diurnal, semi - terrestrial monkey .\nmekonnen, a. (2008) distribution of the bale monkey (chlorocebus djamdjamensis) in the bale mountains and its ecology in the odobullu forest, ethiopia - a study of habitat preference, population size, feeding behaviour, activity and ranging patterns. m. sc. thesis, addis ababa university, ethiopia. available at: urltoken\nthe bale mountains vervet is listed on appendix ii of the convention on international trade in endangered species (cites), meaning that international trade in this species is carefully controlled (2). this species is also on class b of the african convention on the conservation of nature and natural resources, meaning that it is protected, and may only be hunted or captured with special authorisation (1) (5) .\nother names: ch. aethiops: cercopithecus aethiops, cercopithecus aethiops aethiops, or chlorocebus aethiops aethiops; grivet or savanna monkey; singe vert (french); grünmeerkatze (german); mono verde (spanish); grön markatta or vervett (swedish); ch. cynosuros: malbrouck; ch. djamdjamensis: bale mountains vervet or djam - djam; ch. pygerythrus: cercopithecus aethiops pygerythrus or chlorocebus aethiops pygerythrus; vervet monkey; ch. sabaeus: cercopithecus aethiops sabaeus or chlorocebus aethiops sabaeus; green monkey; ch. tantalus: cercopithecus aethiops tantalus or chlorocebus aethiops tantalus; tantalus monkey\nthis species is endemic to the highlands of ethiopia. it is found east of the rift valley in the bale mountains. it is found at an elevation if between 2, 400 and 3, 000 meters above sea level. it has a relatively specialised diet, feeds on bamboo, and is found in a bamboo zone of the bale mountains (butynski, in press). this species was previously classified as data deficient but is now vulnerable according to the iucn (iucn, 2008). these is no definitive information about population size but the trend is said to be decreasing .\ncite this page as: cawthon lang ka. 2006 january 3. primate factsheets: vervet (chlorocebus) taxonomy, morphology, & ecology. < urltoken >. accessed 2018 july 10 .\nthis species is listed on appendix ii of cites and on class b of the african convention on the conservation of nature and natural resources. it is present in the proposed harena - kokosa national forest reserve, but which needs to be formally gazetted. ongoing survey work in the bale mountains will hopefully reveal a better idea of the species' distribution and population status .\nall species of vervet are sexually dimorphic; the male is slightly larger than the female, and has brightly coloured genitals. young are born with dark natal fur and pink facial skin, which gradually turns to the adult colouration in the first few months after birth (4) .\nthe main threat to this species is ongoing habitat loss and degradation. for example, the harenna forest, where the bale monkey is generally uncommon, is under threat from expanding human populations, fire, agriculture, and the removal of forest products such as bamboo, lumber, fuelwood, and charcoal. persecution for crop raiding may also be a localised threat. there is suggestion that hybridization may occur with c. aethiops on the margins of its range, but there are no confirmed records as yet .\nin addition to being found in 39 african nations, one species of vervet is also found on the cape verde islands off the west coast of africa in the atlantic ocean and on several caribbean islands in the west indies. chlorocebus sabaeus was introduced in the late 1600s to the islands of st. kitts, nevis, and barbados when ships involved in the slave trade traveled from to the caribbean from west africa (van der kuyl et al. 1996). green monkeys traveled as pets or as items to be traded and sold and have since adapted well to life on these islands where they are sometimes considered a pest species (fedigan & fedigan 1988; boulton et al. 1996) .\nall vervet males and females are sexually dimorphic and wild adult males weigh between 3. 9 and 8. 0 kg (8. 60 and 17. 6 lb), averaging 5. 5 kg (12. 1 lb), and measure between 420 and 600 mm (1. 37 and 1. 97 ft), averaging 490 mm (1. 61 ft) from the top of the head to the base of the tail. wild adult females weigh between 3. 4 and 5. 3 kg (7. 50 and 11. 7 lb) and average 4. 1 kg (9. 04 lb), and measure between 300 and 495 mm (11. 8 in and 1. 62 ft), averaging 426 mm (1. 40 ft) (napier 1981; skinner & smithers 1990) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\nmittermeier, r. a. , rylands, a. b. and wilson d. e. 2013. handbook of the mammals of the world: volume 3 primates. lynx edicions, barcelona .\nlisted by grubb et al. (2003) as a subspecies of c. aethiops, but here treated as a separate species following groves (2005). groves (2005) includes this taxon in chlorocebus, in contrast to grubb et al. (2003) who retained it in cercopithecus .\nbutynski, t. m. , gippoliti, s. , kingdon, j. & de jong, y .\njustification: listed as vulnerable as the range of this species is less than 20, 000 km² with severe fragmentation and there is continuing decline due to ongoing habitat loss and degradation. the species occurs at low densities in bamboo forest, a very specialized and unusual habitat .\nthe species was presumably more widespread and abundant in historic times. there is no information on population size, but it may be locally common in some areas (e. g. , in odobullu forest at 6. 87ºn, 40. 17ºe; butynski in press) .\nbutynski, t. m. , gippoliti, s. , kingdon, j. & de jong, y. 2008 .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference (book, 2005) [ worldcat. org ]\nyour web browser is not enabled for javascript. some features of worldcat will not be available .\nyour list has reached the maximum number of items. please create a new list with a new name; move some items to a new or existing list; or delete some items .\nnote: citations are based on reference standards. however, formatting rules can vary widely between applications and fields of interest or study. the specific requirements or preferences of your reviewing publisher, classroom teacher, institution or organization should be applied .\nthe e - mail address (es) field is required. please enter recipient e - mail address (es) .\nthe e - mail address (es) you entered is (are) not in a valid format. please re - enter recipient e - mail address (es) .\ni thought you might be interested in this item at urltoken title: mammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference author: don e wilson; deeann m reeder publisher: baltimore: johns hopkins university press, ©2005. isbn / issn: 0801882214 9780801882210 0801882389 9780801882388 0801882397 9780801882395 oclc: 57557352\nwilson and reeder' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today. the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and, for the first time, common names. each concise entry covers type locality, distribution, synonyms, and major reference sources. the systematic arrangement of\ninformation indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level. this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\n- - publisher' s website .\nplease choose whether or not you want other users to be able to see on your profile that this library is a favorite of yours .\nthis indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\na uniquely valuable compendium of taxonomic and distributional data on the world' s living and historically extinct mammalian species. contributors and editors alike deserve the thanks of all\nadd tags for\nmammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference\n.\nyou may have already requested this item. please select ok if you would like to proceed with this request anyway .\nwilson and reeder' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today. the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and, for the first time, common names. each concise entry covers type locality, distribution, synonyms, and major reference sources. the systematic arrangement of information indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level. this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\n- - publisher' s website .\nworldcat is the world' s largest library catalog, helping you find library materials online. learn more ››\ndon' t have an account? you can easily create a free account .\nthis information is awaiting authentication by a species expert, and will be updated as soon as possible. if you are able to help please contact: arkive @ urltoken\narboreal an animal which lives or spends a large amount of time in trees. diurnal active during the day. endemic a species or taxonomic group that is only found in one particular country or geographic area. genus a category used in taxonomy, which is below ‘family’ and above ‘species’. a genus tends to contain species that have characteristics in common. the genus forms the first part of a ‘binomial’ latin species name; the second part is the specific name. gestation the state of being pregnant; the period from conception to birth. natal of or relating to birth. sexual dimorphism when males and females of the same species differ in appearance .\nterms of use - the displayed portlet may be used as a link from your website to arkive' s online content for private, scientific, conservation or educational purposes only. it may not be used within apps .\nmyarkive offers the scrapbook feature to signed - up members, allowing you to organize your favourite arkive images and videos and share them with friends .\nteam wild, an elite squadron of science superheroes, needs your help! your mission: protect and conserve the planet’s species and habitats from destruction .\nwildscreen is a registered charity in england and wales no. 299450 wildscreen usa is a registered 501 (c) (3) non - profit organisation in the usa\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\n< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation, e. g. an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature, an orthologous protein, a record from another database, etc. < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences\n> more... < / a > < / p >\nhelp pages, faqs, uniprotkb manual, documents, news archive and biocuration projects .\nyou are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website. please consider upgrading your browser .\n< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins, you can use the ‘basket’ to save them, so that you can back to find or analyse them later. < p > < a href =' / help / basket' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ help / sequence - searches\n> more. . < / a > < / p >\nwe' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe’s new general data protection regulation (gdpr) that applies since 25 may 2018 .\ndouble - check spelling, grammar, punctuation. translators work best when there are no errors or typos .\nif words are different, search our dictionary to understand why and pick the right word .\nif phrases are different, try searching our examples to help pick the right phrase .\nwe' ve combined the most accurate english to spanish translations, dictionary, verb conjugations, and spanish to english translators into one very powerful search box .\nspanishdict is devoted to improving our site based on user feedback and introducing new and innovative features that will continue to help people learn and love the spanish language. have a suggestion, idea, or comment? send us your feedback .\nsuborder: haplorrhini infraorder: simiiformes superfamily: cercopithecoidea family: cercopithecidae subfamily: cercopithecinae genus: chlorocebus species: ch. aethiops, ch. cynosuros, ch. djamdjamensis, ch. pygerythrus, ch. sabaeus, ch. tantalus subspecies: ch. p. excubitor, ch. p. hilgerti, ch. p. nesiotes, ch. p. pygerythrus, ch. p. rufoviridis, ch. t. budgetti, ch. t. marrensis, ch. t. tantalus\nvervets move quadrupedally and they are equally as comfortable on the ground as they are in the trees. they are semi - terrestrial and semi - arboreal, spending time feeding and traveling on the ground during the day and retreating to the trees to sleep at night (fedigan & fedigan 1988). they have the characteristic cheek - pouches like other members of the superfamily cercopithecoidea which allow them to forage and store food to be eaten later (rowe 1996) .\nlifespan in wild vervets is difficult to characterize because of high rates of predation in the long - term study areas. one female was at least 13 years old when she died and females in captivity have lived this long. between 11 and 12 years, serious health problems are seen in captive vervets and this is probably the upper limit of their lifespan (fairbanks & mcguire 1986) .\ndorothy cheney and robert seyfarth have conducted long - term research on vervets at amboseli national park in southern kenya since 1977. lynne isbell has also been conducting long - term research on vervets at amboseli and with karin enstam at a private conservation area, segera ranch, in north - central kenya since 1992. vervets have also been studied in the caribbean for several decades. most of the current published information about vervets is from studies done at these sites .\ndata on climate have been provided for study sites within their range. in senegal, there are two seasons; the dry season lasts from november to may and the rainy season lasts from june to october. the mean annual rainfall is 954 mm (3. 14 ft), and almost all of it falls in the months from june to october. the dry season has maximum temperatures between 33° and 40° c (91. 4° and 104° f) while the rainy season is slightly cooler, with average maximum temperatures ranging from 30° to 33° c (86° to 91. 4° f) (harrison 1984). in cameroon, the wet season lasts from may to september while the rest of the year is dry. the average annual rainfall is 497 mm (1. 63 ft) and average monthly temperatures range from 22. 7° to 33. 7° c (72. 9° to 92. 7° f) (nakagawa 1999). the climatological conditions in which vervets live in kenya include a drier season lasting from september to january or march with average annual rainfall reaching 700 mm (2. 30 ft) (isbell et al. 1999) .\nin the west indies, vervets inhabit both densely populated areas in urban habitats as well as highly cultivated agricultural habitats with lower human population density (hoorocks 1986). because agriculture and fuelwood extraction have significantly decreased in the last 30 years, vervets also inhabit thickly wooded ravines of secondary forest (boulton et al. 1996). they can be found in mangrove swamps, in stands of sea grape, a tropical evergreen, and in pasturelands bordering wooded areas (chapman & fedigan 1984). the rainy season lasts from july to september and the dry season stretches from december to may. the average temperature on st. kitts is 23. 9° c (79° f) (poirier 1972; hoorocks 1986) .\nprimate info net is maintained by the wisconsin primate research center (wprc) library at the university of wisconsin - madison. wprc programs are supported by grant numbers rr000167 and rr015311, national primate centers program, national center for research resources, the national institutes of health .\ndisclaimer: the wisconsin primate research center provides primate info net as an informational service. we are not responsible for the content of linked sites, nor does inclusion of a link imply endorsement of the views expressed in that content .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nproject noah is a tool to explore and document wildlife and a platform to harness the power of citizen scientists everywhere .\nthe ibm strategic repository for digital assets such as images and videos is located at urltoken. this repository is populated with tens of thousands of assets and should be your first stop for asset selection." ]

{ "text": [ "the bale mountains vervet ( chlorocebus djamdjamensis ) is a terrestrial old world monkey endemic to ethiopia , found in the bamboo forests of the bale mountains .", "it was originally described as a subspecies of the grivet ( chlorocebus aethiops ) .", "all species in chlorocebus were formerly in the genus cercopithecus . " ], "topic": [ 24, 5, 26 ] }

[ "the bale mountains vervet (chlorocebus djamdjamensis) is a terrestrial old world monkey endemic to ethiopia, found in the bamboo forests of the bale mountains. it was originally described as a subspecies of the grivet (chlorocebus aethiops). all species in chlorocebus were formerly in the genus cercopithecus." ]

[ "patrick texereau: rf. nasram - tm - hc @ uaerexet. kcirtap ;\nteymor ahmadigataba, nasram shayanb, roya medizade tazangic, mahshid taheri. students’ life quality prediction based on life skills. procedia - social and behavioral sciences, 2011, vol. 30, pp. 1980–1982 .\nnasram, in 1964, was the first american‐bred horse to win the king george vi and queen elizabeth stakes at ascot. how ell e. jackson of bull run stud, middleburg, va. , is the breeder of nasram, who was foaled in kentucky. it was incorrectly stated in a dispatch from ascot july 24 that paul mellon' s mill reef was the first american bred horse to win the king george vi and queen elizabeth stakes .\ncolor: b (usa) aka nasram ii. born 4. 5. 1960. bred by bull run stud, usa. owned by mrs howell e jackson, usa. 16 starts, 3 wins. earned 135. 665 usd. exported to germany. de 306 / 06 / 40862 / 60 (close )\nnasrollah veysi, saieedhabibollahi, yadollah kasirloo, nasram shayan, parvin zolghadri, saber alizadeh. on the impact of teaching verbal self - instruction on the improvement of the emotional, educational, and social adjustment in students afflicted with mathematical disorders. american journal of educational research. vol. 3, no. 9, 2015, pp 1115 - 1121. urltoken\nveysi, nasrollah, saieedhabibollahi, yadollah kasirloo, nasram shayan, parvin zolghadri, and saber alizadeh .\non the impact of teaching verbal self - instruction on the improvement of the emotional, educational, and social adjustment in students afflicted with mathematical disorders .\namerican journal of educational research 3, no. 9 (2015): 1115 - 1121 .\nthe first half of the 1960s was dominated by horses trained in france and ireland. right royal v and match iii were triumphant for france in 1961 and 1962 respectively, while nasram ii gave the french another win in 1964. ireland enjoyed two successes during this period, both trained by paddy prendergast, ragusa (1963) and meadow court (1965) .\nbefore his export to south america, coaraze sired the 1952 prix vermeille winner la mirambule who was then second in the arc. at stud, her winners included the 1962 irish derby winner tambourine and nasram who caused an upset when beating that year’s derby winner santa claus in the 1964 king george vi & queen elizabeth stakes. besides that pair, another of la mirambule’s sons to have a successful stud career was in the purple who stood in new zealand .\nnasrullah became one of the most important north american sires of the 20th century, leading the sire list five times. among his american progeny were: • jaipur (brown colt, 1959), belmont stakes • bold ruler (brown colt, 1954), preakness stakes, seven times champion sire • red god (chestnut colt, 1954), sire of blushing groom • bald eagle (bay colt, 1955), washington d. c. international • nashua (bay colt, 1952), preakness stakes, belmont stakes • nasram (bay colt, 1960), king george vi and queen elizabeth stakes • never bend (bay colt, 1960), sire of mill reef\ndoctype html public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwinx' s staying power as one of the world' s top rac ...\nelate is returning in the grade 2, $ 750, 000 delawa ...\nurltoken no longer supports internet explorer 9 or earlier. please upgrade your browser .\nwe are continually improving the quality of our text archives. please send feedback, error reports, and suggestions to archive _ feedback @ nytimes. com .\naccessibility concerns? email us at accessibility @ urltoken. we would love to hear from you .\nwe use cookies to enhance your experience on our site. we will assume that you agree to our cookies if you continue to use the site. for additional information on our cookies or to set your own preferences, please review our cookie policy here\nnous utilisons des cookies pour améliorer votre expérience sur notre site. nous considérons que vous acceptez nos cookies si vous continuez d’utiliser le site. pour toute information complémentaire sur nos cookies ou la configuration de vos propres préférences, veuillez consulter ici\ncanberra has been in the business of designing, manufacturing and supplying products to military customers for over 25 years. during that time, we have delivered over 140, 000 instruments to military and civil defense markets around the world. our instruments are standard equipment for us army and nato countries and have been successfully deployed by military and civil defense services worldwide, including: uk ministry of defense, italian army, navy and ministry of the interior, us civil defense, canadian army, spanish army, royal netherlands navy, danish navy, taiwan army and others .\nat the core of canberra' s successful relationship with its military partners is a deep respect for the global safety and security missions each branch serves, as well as the common goal of preserving the lives of troops and the public. by adapting to the rigorous military performance specifications and standards demanded by its customers, canberra has succeeded in producing long - lasting, rugged hand - held radiacs and vehicle - based detection systems that operate as expected, every time .\ncanberra is focused on bringing the very best technology to its military partners, allowing them to focus on their core mission. while its military center of excellence is located in oak ridge, tennessee, the company operates production, engineering and support facilities around the world. canberra' s 1000 + employees are all focused on bringing the very best nuclear technology to your operation .\nin addition to providing our own technology, certain equipment manufactured by canberra contains designs and technology provided by the us army jpeo - rn program. in these cases, the program controls the composition, use and distribution of these products .\ncanberra has developed a set of military - grade solutions that provide comparable, and in some cases enhanced, functionality and performance to jpeo restricted equipment. this equipment has been nuclear hardened and designed for nuclear survivability. the following solutions are offered for non - jpeo customers .\nthe rgr - 100 military remote radiac sensor detects and quantifies prompt gamma and neutron dose as well as residual gamma dose and dose rate in support of both tactical and non - tactical use .\nit has the same radiological features as the an / udr14 or rgu - 100 pocket radiacs but doesn’t have any display, keypad and batteries .\nits wide dynamic ranges based on the unique time to count (ttc) technology for dose and dose rate and ability to measure prompt as well as residual gamma radiation make it an essential tool for harsh environment where a remote radiological detector is required .\nthis simple rugged compact device is easily connectable to an external controller for remote read - out for dose and dose rate tracking systems .\nan rs - 232 port that resides in the rgr - 100 enables its data to be accessed by a computer. the same connector is used to provide the external power to the unit. it can be used on unmanned vehicles, drones or robots for remote monitoring applications .\nit also lends itself for internal monitoring when mounted inside a vehicle / aircraft as part of an integrated monitoring system. when multiple units are mounted outside a vehicle it can be used to determine directionality of the radiation field .\nit can be used for efficient dose or dose rate mapping during an intervention or dose management of personnel during a mission. the port may also be used to reset the accumulated dose to zero before an intervention, or for configuration of the device ensuring proper alarm setting parameters .\nthe rds - 110v military radiac set is designed to detect and measure dose rate and accumulated dose derived from gamma - ray and beta radiation. the radiac set may be carried by an operator, or installed in a vehicular mount (optional). this simple to operate, rugged, and lightweight equipment combines unparalleled performance and reliability. it includes the time - to - count technique providing outstanding linearity over the entire dynamic range of the instrument – no compensation for high levels is necessary. features such as wide dynamic ranges for dose and dose rate and pre - settable alarms make this instrument clearly the instrument of choice for the foot soldier .\nthe rds - 110v also lends itself to use in military land vehicles and helicopters and easily fits within the space - constrained interiors of aircraft and fighting vehicles. its detection probe may be mounted outside the land vehicle or helicopter for direct external radiation assessment. with the optional rds - 110v vehicle mount, the radiac is capable of operating on vehicular or aircraft power .\nthe rds - 110v has been developed using the same form as the legacy an / vdr - 2 and rds - 100v radiac meters. it uses a similar dedicated beta gamma specific hand held probe, with embedded smart probe electronics. older legacy probes need minor factory modifications before reusing. the rds - 110v includes store button functionality rather than the atten button capability found in the legacy vdr2 / rds - 100v models .\nthe rds - 100v military radiac set is designed to detect and measure dose rate and accumulated dose derived from gamma - ray and beta radiation. the radiac set may be carried by an operator, or installed in a vehicular mount (optional). this simple to operate, rugged, and lightweight equipment combines unequaled performance and reliability. it includes the unique time - to - count technique providing outstanding linearity over the entire dynamic range of the instrument – no compensation for high levels is necessary. features such as wide dynamic ranges for dose and dose rate and pre - settable alarms make this instrument clearly the instrument of choice for the foot soldier .\nthe rds - 100v also lends itself to use in military land vehicles and helicopters and easily fits within the space - constrained interiors of aircraft and fighting vehicles (see circled rds - 100v at left). with the probe mounted internally, the attenuator button provides the capability for indication of the outside dose rate by estimating the self shielding factor caused by the vehicle. its detection probe may be mounted outside the land vehicle or helicopter for direct external radiation assessment. with the optional rds - 100v vehicle mount, the radiac is capable of operating on vehicular or aircraft power .\nthe rds - 100p radiation detection system offers comprehensive radiation management and unsurpassed reliability in a self - contained, portable system. this simple to operate, rugged, and lightweight equipment combines unequaled performance and reliability. it includes our unique time - to - count technique which provides outstanding linearity over the entire dynamic dose rate range of the instrument – no compensation for high levels is necessary .\nthe beta - gamma probe is ideal for estimating the irradiation risk while the alpha, x - ray, optional beta pancake and µr probes are dedicated to perform any contamination survey and frisking .\nit can be used for weapon surveillance, nuclear accident, and incident response and assistance (naira) applications. it may also be used for routine monitoring for health and safety .\nthe rds - 100p is the single board upgrade of the an / pdr - 77 radiacmeter. it is functionally compatible with the an / pdr - 77, including compatibility with all an / pdr - 77 probes. the rds - 100p has additional features such as an rs - 232 serial port for computer communication and control .\nthe rgu - 100 military pocket radiac detects and quantifies prompt gamma and neutron dose as well as residual gamma dose and dose rate in support of both tactical and non - tactical use. this rugged dosimeter is equipped with a back lit lcd as well as presettable audio and visual alarms that provide clear, real time indications of radiological conditions in demanding environments. its built - in sleep mode offers enhanced operational flexibility by extending battery life. an infrared rs - 232 port that resides in the rgu - 100 enables its data to be accessed by a computer .\nthis simple to operate, compact device is suitable for both tactical and non - tactical radiation protection use. its wide dynamic ranges for dose and dose rate and ability to measure prompt as well as residual gamma radiation make it an essential tool for the foot soldier .\nthe rgu - 100 also lends itself to use in military vehicles and helicopters. the pocket radiac easily fits within the space - constrained interiors of aircraft and fighting vehicles (see circled rgu - 100 below) .\nuse of the infrared rs - 232 port and the rgu - 100 dose storage capability enables the efficient dose management of personnel in a field organization. the serial number of the user can easily be stored in the unit. the user’s total accumulated mission dose can then be read by a computer and, with minimal operator attendance, be assigned to the user’s radiation dose file. the infrared port may also be used to automate configuration of the device in the field ensuring proper configuration control of alarm settings and key parameters. this functionality can safeguard the equipment from accidental erasure of accumulated dose or incorrect setting of alarm levels by a user .\nthe nasrams is a shipboard radiation monitoring system that provides continuous real - time radiological information on board military vessels / vehicles. it provides detection and measurement of prompt gamma and prompt neutron dose, along with residual gamma dose rates. nasrams is typically comprised of the following components :\nnasrams main indicating and alarm unit (control panel) – provides centralized indication and alarm of all remote radiation detectors. a separate display module for each detector displays gamma dose rate at the detector location. this unit also includes a built - in controller used to conduct simulated radiation training exercises .\nremote radiological detectors – continuously detect and transfer data into the nasrams control panel concerning the presence and level of radiation. the typical nasrams system employs 10 detectors, though other configurations are available (consult sales representative for details) .\nrealistic training exercises are readily available with the nasrams to insure competent and effective crew performance in the event of a radiological emergency. the programmable radiation simulation functionality includes time variable simulated radiation levels (including statistical fluctuation) such that the training exercise will accurately depict a real life radiation environment. exercises are uploaded to the main indicating and alarm unit by way of a smart card which is pre - programmed by the training officer using simulation editor software. the start and finish time of the exercise, as well as the radiation readings as a function of time can all be pre - selected by the training officer to reflect almost any type of residual radiation event .\nthe nasrams reflects a high level of reliability and ease of maintenance. this is required in order to keep the life cycle cost of the equipment at a low level and more important, to ensure that the system is capable of performing its intended function 99. 99% of the time. nasrams is derived from the military qualified an / udr - 13, 14, 15 radiac sets (pocket radiacs) that were developed by aptec - nrc, now canberra, under contract to the us army. a range of testing documentation for nasrams is also available to confirm suitability for military use .\nthe adm300a (v1b) multi - functional survey meter detects, measures and digitally displays levels of gamma radiation dose rate from 0. 01 μsv / h to 100 sv / h. the analog display covers 0. 01 μsv / h to 10 sv / h. the adm300a (v1b) detects and displays relative level of beta particles. this meter measures, stores, and digitally displays accumulated dose from 0. 01 μsv to 100 sv. the analog display covers 0. 01 μsv to 10 sv. this portable instrument is rugged and reliable, and designed for use in all environments .\ncanberra' s unique time - to - count technique is employed in this meter to eliminate the dead time and saturation effects that are common with conventional geiger mueller detectors. this functionality allows wide range detection with unsurpassed accuracy and linearity .\nwhen coupled with optional external\nsmart\nprobes, the adm300a (v1b) instrument can be used to measure, store, and display alpha, beta, gamma, and x - ray radiation .\nsmart\nprobes store probe id, calibration data and have an internal high voltage power supply .\nclick in the images below and see photos of our military product line in action .\n“once in a lifetime an artist emerges who is so extraordinary that the landscape of contemporary art is altered forever. the late, great govinder nazran was one such artist. ”\ngovinder' s striking, naïve portrayal of the feline and canine form, married with strong oriental overtones, and rich texturing and layering, has won him thousands of fans across the globe .\nafter completing formal training in graphic design, govinder worked on illustrations for children' s books in london. after progressing to a photographic art director, directing fashion shoots all over the world, govinder moved back to his home town of saltaire in west yorkshire working freelance on card designs with major publishing companies. in 1999 he approached washington green where he became one of the publisher' s most prolific artists .\ncharming, moving and intellectually funny, govinder had an indisputable talent for brightening up the dullest day or greyest spirit with the incandescence of his imagination. many of his paintings were about good and evil – innocence and malevolence, leaving it to the individual to look at his paintings and choose what they would like to see, innocence or malevolence – the' good' or the' evil' !\nsign up and be the first to hear about exciting releases from castle galleries .\n© copyright castle galleries published 2012, last updated 2018. castle galleries acts as a credit broker and only offers credit products from secure trust bank plc trading as v12 retail finance. castle galleries is authorised and regulated by the financial conduct authority. our registration number is 06910082. credit provided subject to age and status .\njavascript is disabled on your browser. please enable javascript to use all the features on this page .\n: the subject of humor in the ancient days of life and social relations is there and it seems that since the size of human social life has existed a kind of joking communication tool between individuals and groups can have beliefs and deep emotions and feelings tendencies of individuals subject to various specified .\n: this study investigated the relationship between humor and general healths are among the students .\n: is descriptive and correlational study sample of 100 male students in high school is babylon, which randomly selected for data collection from two general health questionnaire humor to analyze the descriptive and inferential methods spss software was used .\n: the results show that the scale factor humor mental health symptoms including physical symptoms of anxiety and depressive symptoms humor above, the symptoms decreased and vice versa, and the scale is increased social function social function could be a result your sense of humor as one of the factors effective in reducing psychological symptoms such as anxiety and depression and decrease in physical symptoms and social functioning also increased in all hypotheses was emphasized .\n: it can be concluded that with the personal agent (humor) in the limit is reasonable and acceptable to society in terms of mental and physical limits and reasonable in terms of daily function, social function and a high level is what the operating result up sense of humor against the decrease of the above symptoms and social function are increased .\ncopyright © 2018 elsevier b. v. or its licensors or contributors. sciencedirect ® is a registered trademark of elsevier b. v .\nruthbelia ramirez has been associated with one company, according to public records. the company was incorporated in florida seventeen years ago and is no longer active .\na connection is made when two people are officers, directors, or otherwise associated with the same company. ruthbelia ramirez has only one known connection .\nthese addresses are known to be associated with ruthbelia ramirez however they may be inactive or mailing addresses only. please verify address for mailing or other purposes .\nall trademarks and copyrights are owned by their respective companies and / or entities. the companies and people profiled on corporation wiki are displayed for research purposes only and do not imply an endorsement from or for the profiled companies and people. data inaccuracies may exist. no warranties, expressed or implied, are provided for the business data on this site, its use, or its interpretation .\nmarvin garcia has been associated with one company, according to public records. the company was incorporated in florida seventeen years ago and is no longer active .\na connection is made when two people are officers, directors, or otherwise associated with the same company. marvin garcia has only one known connection .\nthese addresses are known to be associated with marvin garcia however they may be inactive or mailing addresses only. please verify address for mailing or other purposes .\nautumn stakes (1988) 2, 000 guineas (1989) epsom derby (1989) eclipse stakes (1989) k. george vi & q. elizabeth stakes (1989 )\nnashwan was trained throughout his racing career by major dick hern at west ilsley in berkshire, england, and was ridden in all of his races by willie carson. his name was reported to be an arabic word meaning\njoy\n. [ 3 ]\nnashwan made his debut in the yattendon maiden stakes at newbury in august 1988. he started 6 / 4 favourite in a field of 27 runners and won by three quarters of a length from young turpin, with the unplaced runners including the subsequent derby italiano winner prorutori. [ 4 ] on 8 october, nashwan was moved up in class to contest the listed autumn stakes over one mile at ascot. starting the odds - on favourite, he took the lead inside the final quarter mile and drew away to win by four lengths from optimist, with cacoethes in third. [ 5 ]\nin the spring of 1989, reports of impressive work at home saw nashwan' s odds for classic races continually shorten, and when he began his three - year - old campaign in the general accident 2000 guineas at newmarket on 6 may, he started the race as 3 / 1 favourite. he took the lead approaching the final quarter mile and won by a length, with exbourne in second and danehill a further half length behind in third. [ 6 ]\nnashwan' s owner decided not to attempt the triple crown in the st leger stakes, and the colt was instead aimed at the prix de l' arc de triomphe at longchamp in october. to prepare for this race, he was sent to the prix niel over the arc course and distance on 17 september. racing on soft ground, nashwan moved up to challenge in the straight but made no further progress and finished third, beaten one and a half lengths and half a length by the french - trained colts golden pheasant and french glory. [ 14 ] neither hern nor carson could offer any explanation for the\nlifeless\nperformance with the jockey commenting that the 1 / 5 favourite\ndidn' t have any energy\n. [ 15 ] nashwan missed the arc, and, as had been announced in summer, he was retired from racing at the end of the year. [ 13 ]\nnashwan was rated the third best british - trained three - year - old of 1989. the independent timeform organisation gace him a rating of 135, behind zilzal (137) and old vic (136). [ 16 ] the official international classification also placed him third behind the same two colts. [ 17 ]\ndick hern called nashwan\nthe best horse i' ve ever trained\n. [ 3 ]\nnashwan was retired from racing to become a breeding stallion at his owner' s shadwell stud. his most successful racehorses were swain (foaled 1992), dual winner of the king george vi and queen elizabeth diamond stakes, and bago (2001), winner of the prix de l' arc de triomphe. the best of his fillies was the international stakes winner one so wonderful. [ 18 ]\nnashwan died while at shadwell stud on july 19, 2002, after suffering complications following an operation on a minor leg injury. [ 19 ]\nbritish computer game developer bitmap brothers included references to nashwan in many of their games. for example, super nashwan power in xenon 2 megablast, super nashwan in speedball 2, and\nnashwan\nis used as a password in gods .\ntext is available under the creative commons attribution - sharealike license; additional terms may apply. by using this site, you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy. wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation, inc. , a non - profit organization .\nthis article is about the racehorse. for the shipping term, see chartering (shipping) .\nwho won several major middle - distance races between 1982 and 1984. after winning twice as a two - year - old in 1981, she developed into a top - class racemare in the following year, finishing second in the\nand was retired from racing at the end of the year having won nine of her twenty races. she later became a very successful broodmare .\nbred in ireland and owned throughout her career by the barnett family. her sire saritamer was an american - bred, irish - trained sprinter who won the\n), centroline (jockey club cup) and tale quale (jockey club cup) .\nshe was ridden in most of her races by william\nbilly\nnewnes .\ntwo furlongs from the finish. she stayed on strongly in the closing stages to finish second, two and a half lengths behind on the house and three lengths clear of dione in third .\non 5 june time charter was one of thirteen fillies to contest the 204th running of the oaks stakes (known for sponsorship reasons as the gold seal oaks). despite her performance in the 1000 guineas, she was not among the favourites and started at odds of 12 / 1, probably because, as the daughter of a sprinter, she was thought unlikely to be effective over one and a half miles. billy newnes (who was still an apprentice jockey at the time) restrained time charter at the back of the field before moving up on the outside in the straight. she took the lead inside the final furlong and won by a length from slightly dangerous, with last feather third ,\nfifth. her winning time of 2: 34. 21 was a record for the race and was faster than that recorded by\nin late july. as a group one winner she carried a seven pound weight penalty and finished second, beaten two lengths by dancing rocks .\nbut was sidelined by a respiratory infection, described as\na dirty nose\n. she eventually returned for the sun chariot stakes, a group two race over ten furlongs at newmarket in october, in which she was again asked to concede weight to her rivals .\nwinner buzzard' s bay. newnes settled time charter towards the rear of the field before moving forward along the rails three and a half furlongs from the finish. the filly was initially unable to obtain a clear run and newnes had to force her through a gap between montekin and the tiring kalaglow, appearing to bump the latter. once in the clear, time charter quickly took the lead and accelerated away from the field to win impressively by seven lengths, the biggest margin in the history of the race. it had been intended to retire the filly at the end of the season and have her covered by\n, but following her win at newmarket, it was decided that she would remain in training .\ntime charter took time to reach her best form in the spring of 1983 when the weather in britain was unusually cold and wet .\nat newmarket on 29 april. she was beaten a head by the colt electric, being given a very gentle ride by newnes. a leg injury ruled her out of an intended run in the\nthree weeks after her disappointing run in the eclipse, time charter was one of nine horses to contest the thirty - third running of britain' s most prestigious all - aged race, the king george vi and queen elizabeth stakes over one and a half mile at ascot. the 48 - year - old veteran\ntook over from newnes, who had been seriously injured in a fall on the training gallops nine days earlier .\nand lancastrian. mercer held the filly up at the back of the field and was still five lengths behind the leaders when diamond shoal struck for home two furlongs from the finish. time charter made rapid progress on the outside to take the lead inside the final furlong and won by three - quarters of a length and a length from diamond shoal and sun princess .\nand prepared for the race in the prix foy over the same course and distance in september. with newnes again in the saddle, she overcame trouble in running to take the lead inside the last 200\nby three - quarters of a length from all along, who was carrying seven pounds less than the winner. on 2 october, time charter started the 3. 25 / 1 favourite in a field of twenty - six runners for the prix de l' arc de triomphe. she was in contention throughout the race and finished fourth, beaten a length, a neck and a nose by all along, sun princess and\ntime charter' s training in the early part of 1984 was disrupted by a hip injury and she began her final season in the coronation cup at epsom in june. she was matched for the third time against sun princess, with the other runners including shearwalk (third in the epsom derby) and the top - class irish filly flame of tara. ridden by\n, she produced what was described as a\nbreathtaking performance\n, travelling very easily throughout the race before sprinting clear of her rivals in the final furlong to win by four lengths from sun princess. time charter was unable to add to her success in her three remaining races. at sandown in july she appeared to be an unlucky loser in the eclipse stakes, failing to obtain a clear run in the straight and finishing very strongly to take second place, a neck behind\n, sadler' s wells and tolomeo. time charter suffered from a\nrunny nose\nin september, and on her final racecourse appearance she made little impact, finishing eleventh behind\nas a two - year - old, time charter was given a rating of 103 by the independent timeform organisation .\nin the following year, timeform rated her on 131, making her the equal - best three - year - old filly of the season alongside akiyda and the best three - year - old of either sex trained in the united kingdom. in the official international classification she was rated six pounds inferior to akiyda, an assessment which timeform described as\nimpossible to understand\nand\nnonsense\n.\nas a four - year - old time charter was rated 130 by timeform making her the second - best older horse of the season behind all along (134). in the international classification she was the third best older horse, behind all along and diamond shoal .\ntimeform rated her on 125 in 1984, and following the announcement of her retirement, commented that her record\nstands comparison with that of any british - trained middle - distance performer of her sex since the war\n.\n, based on the timeform rating system, john randall and tony morris rated time charter a\nsuperior\nwinner of the oaks and the twenty - fourth best british or irish female racehorse of the 20th century .\ntime charter was retired from racing to become a successful and influential broodmare. she produced ten foals and seven winners and is the direct female ancestor of several major winners .\nmortimer, roger; onslow, richard; willett, peter (1978) .\nthis article is issued from wikipedia - version of the 11 / 28 / 2016. the text is available under the creative commons attribution / share alike but additional terms may apply for the media files .\npopular: trivia, history, america, cities, world, usa, states, television, ... more\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthe source code for the wiki 2 extension is being checked by specialists of the mozilla foundation, google, and apple. you could also do it yourself at any point in time .\nwould you like wikipedia to always look as professional and up - to - date? we have created a browser extension .\nit will enhance any encyclopedic page you visit with the magic of the wiki 2 technology .\ni use wiki 2 every day and almost forgot how the original wikipedia looks like .\nof perfecting techniques; in live mode. quite the same wikipedia. just better .\nwilliam hill futurity (1986) dante stakes (1987) epsom derby (1987) k. george vi & q. elizabeth stakes (1987) great voltigeur stakes (1987) st. leger stakes (1987) [ 1 ]\nreference point was a dark - coated bay horse bred by his owner, louis freedman, at his cliveden stud in berkshire, england. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] he was sired by mill reef the 1971 epsom derby winner who went on to be leading sire in great britain and ireland in 1978 and 1987. reference point' s dam, home on the range, was a high class racemare who won the sun chariot stakes in 1981. apart from reference point, the best of her progeny was known ranger, who won nineteen races in europe and north america. [ 4 ]\nreference point ran three times as a two - year - old in 1986. he was the beaten 11 / 10 favourite when finishing third behind port helene and brother patrick on his debut in the ebf heart of variety stakes over a mile at sandown park on 30 august 1986. on his second outing of 1986 he returned to the same course and distance on 23 september and won the dorking stakes by eight lengths from mulhollande. his final two - year - old run saw him step up to group one class in the william hill futurity at doncaster. he was sent off 4 to 1 second favourite behind henry cecil' s first string, suhailie but ran out the five length winner from bengal fire, with love the groom in third. his win at doncaster led to reference point being the highest rated european two - year - old of 1986, [ 5 ]\nin early 1987, reference point' s training was disrupted by sinus problems, which required surgery, ruling out any possibility of a challenge for the 2000 guineas. [ 6 ] on his three - year - old debut, reference point ran in the dante stakes at york, a recognised trial race for the epsom derby. reference point led from the start and ran on strongly in the closing stages to win by a length from ascot knight .\nat epsom, reference point started 6 / 4 favourite in a field of nineteen runners. cauthen sent the colt into the lead from the start, and in the straight he turned back a series of challenges [ 7 ] to win by one and a half lengths from most welcome and bellotto. the winning time of 2: 33. 90 was the fastest since mahmoud' s hand - timed record of 2: 33. 8 in 1936. [ 8 ]\non his first start after his derby win, reference point raced against older horses for the first time in the eclipse stakes at sandown over ten furlongs. reference point led from the start, setting such a\nfurious gallop\n[ 9 ] that the designated pacemaker, media starguest was unable to reach the front. two furlongs out he was challenged by mtoto, ridden by michael roberts. the two horses raced together in the closing stages before mtoto pulled ahead to prevail by three quarters a length, with triptych taking third. [ 10 ] three weeks later, reference point returned to twelve furlongs in the king george vi and queen elizabeth diamond stakes at ascot. starting the 11 / 10 favourite, he led the field into the straight and then pulled clear in the final quarter mile to win by three lengths from celestial storm and triptych. [ 11 ]\nthe decision was made to aim reference point for both the st leger and the prix de l' arc de triomphe. in his prep race he ran in the great voltigeur stakes at york in august. he won comfortably at odds of 1 / 10, but sustained a minor injury when slipping on the heavily - watered ground. [ 12 ] only six horses opposed him in the st leger at doncaster in september. he started the 4 / 11 favourite and won by one and a half lengths from mountain kingdom. the win took his earnings to £774, 275, a record for a horse racing exclusively in britain. [ 13 ] on his final start, reference point started odds - on favourite for the prix de l' arc de triomphe at longchamp in october. as usual, he led from the start, but in the straight he weakened abruptly and finished eighth behind trempolino. [ 14 ] he returned from the race lame, and was found to be suffering from an abscess in his foot. [ 15 ] reference did not race again and was retired to stud .\nreference point was given a timeform rating of 139, the eleventh highest awarded to any horse up to that time, and higher than those of nijinsky, alleged and troy. [ 16 ] in their book a century of champions, john randall and tony morris rated reference point the thirty - sixth best british horse of the 20th century and the second best derby winner of the 1980s behind shergar. [ 5 ]\nthe bbc sport correspondent lee mckenzie rated him as one of his\nsix of the best\nrecent derby winners' [ 17 ] and explained that his\nworkmanlike\nracing style sometimes led to his being overlooked. steve cauthen ranked reference point as a\ngreat champion\nand one of the best horses he rode in his career. [ 18 ]\nreference point was voted 1987 british horse of the year by the racecourse association, attracting twelve of the twenty votes. [ 16 ]\nreference point made little impact in four seasons at stud, with his only group one winner being ivyanna, who won the 1992 oaks d' italia. [ 19 ] he died after fracturing a leg in an accident in december 1991 at the dalham hall stud [ 20 ] where he was buried. [ 21 ]\n. queen anne press. 1986. pp. 480, 554, 634 .\npowerful force in industry; louis freedman was one of britain' s foremost owner - breeders, with a stream of top - class performers emanating from his cliveden stud. - free online library\nlate arrival who found his feet at the right time. - free online library\nwhat happened to... trempolino? | sporting life - horse racing news | live racing results, racecards, live betting shows\nbasis of this page is in wikipedia. text is available under the cc by - sa 3. 0 unported license. non - text media are available under their specified licenses. wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation, inc. wiki 2 is an independent company and has no affiliation with wikimedia foundation .\nlet’s go stables’ brilliant two - year - old daredevil has retired from racing, and will begin the next phase of his career standing at winstar farm, versailles, kentucky. there he will take his place alongside his sire, more than ready, as well as such as pioneerof the nile – the sire of american pharoah – leading sire distorted humor, tiznow, super saver and speightstown .\na $ 260, 000 keeneland september yearling purchase daredevil made an explosive racecourse debut, leading throughout to take a belmont park maiden special weight by 6¼ lengths, while running six furlongs in 1: 09. 87. those behind him included leave the light on, who a few weeks later was to defeat frosted and keen ice for the remsen stakes (gr. ii) .\ndaredevil’s second start came in the champagne stakes (gr. i), and resulted in a sensational performance. without ever being asked a serious question daredevil cruised home 2 ½ lengths clear of millionaire upstart, who placed third in the breeder’s cup juvenile on his next outing, with those left trailing also including three - time graded stakes winner el kabeir, and graded stakes winners holy boss and i spent it .\ndaredevil’s champagne stakes beyer speedfigure of 107 was the highest achieved by a two - year - old in 2014, and was the fastest by a juvenile since 2010, when both uncle mo and the factor equaled that number. the number was also the fastest achieved by a two - year - old at a mile for more than 20 years .\nthe champagne stakes has a near 150 year history as one of north america’s most import juvenile tests, and its winners include numerous horses that went on to important careers as stallions. among these are menow, count fleet, buckpasser, and more recently seattle slew, alydar, forty niner, maria’s mon, scat daddy, and this year’s leading freshman sire, uncle mo. daredevil’s own background indicates that he too has an excellent chance of making an impact at stud. he is the most brilliant north american juvenile to represent his sire, more than ready. himself a spectacular two - year - old, and a grade one winning sprinter at three, more than ready has been a three - time champion sire of two - year - olds in the u. s. and australia, and his son, sebring, is currently australia’s most exciting young sire, with 2015 horse of the year dissident among his first crop. daredevil is half - brother to albertus maximus, winner of the donn handicap (gr. i) and breeders’ cup dirt mile. daredevil’s dam, chasethewildwind, is by champion two - year - old forty niner, out of grade one winner race the wild wind, and is half - sister to king charlemagne, a grade one winning sprint champion in europe, to graded stakes winning two - year - old meshaheer, and to the dam of forego stakes (gr. i) winner, here comes ben .\nready dancer was edged late for place and finished 3rd beaten 4 1 / 4 lengths in a maiden special ...\ndaredevil has been entered in the 10th race at aqueduct on saturday, april 4th. it is the wood ...\ndaredevil finished a game second beaten 2 3 / 4 lengths by ready for rye in the $ 200, 000 swale s... .\ndaredevil has been entered in the 6th race at gulfstream on saturday, march 7th. it is ...\ndaily racing form contributor / handicapper, mike watchmaker, may have said it best :\nthe ...\ndaredevil has been entered in the 10th race at gulfstream on saturday, february 28th. it is ...\nthe china horse club has acquired a minority interest in gi champagne s... .\ndaredevil has been entered in the 8th race at santa anita on saturday, november 1st. it is the ...\nhaving received significant interest in our outstanding two - year - old colt, daredevil, we are ...\nin only 21 days, daredevil has gone from a debut maiden to grade 1 winner, as he splashed home ...\ndaredevil has been entered in the 8th race at belmont on saturday, october 4th. it is the ...\nalthough his much anticipated debut came later in the season, daredevil certainly validated the ...\ndaredevil has been entered in the 9th race at belmont on saturday, september 13th. it is a maiden ...\nin only 21 days, daredevil has gone from a debut maiden to grade 1 winner, as he splashed home in - hand taking the $ 500, 000 champagne s. (g1) at belmont on saturday .\nalthough his much anticipated debut came later in the season, daredevil certainly validated the buzz with a front - running romp over a muddy (sealed) track at belmont yesterday afternoon. the official margin of victory was 6 1 / 4 lengths, but our chestnut son by more than ready was on cruise control throughout, registering quite an impressive victory over several highly touted first time starters .\nlet' s go stables, llc was designed to capitalize on the ever - expanding opportunities in the world of thoroughbred horseracing. with unique and exclusive offerings, lgs provides the end - user with a lifestyle investment in sports ownership at a fraction of the cost. to learn more click here .\nnasrullah ~ his legacy ~ the “irish rogue” forever changed the modern american thoroughbred ~ winnings: 10 starts: 5 - 1 - 2, $ 15, 21 br. c, 1940, nearco – mumtaz begum by blenheim\nnasrullah was a big, handsome bay horse with a white star, bred in ireland by the aga khan and trained in the united kingdom before becoming a champion sire in both europe and north america .\nnasrullah was the first horse to lead both the american and english sire lists, which led to a legendary line of descendants that includes nine u. s. champions, three hall of famers and ninety - eight stake winners like bold ruler, noor and nashua .\nnasrullah' s jockey, sir gordon richards, described the horse as “very, very difficult to ride. ” in a sports illustrated article of 1954 richards. attributed some of nasrullah’s unruliness to wartime restrictions (world war ii) “which forced many horses to compete at one track for such a long time that they became bored with the whole business. ”\nbill nack, in “secretariat – the making of a champion” describes how nasrullah was “a rogue at the barrier and a rogue sometimes in the morning. ” sometimes to motivate the horse to run, his handlers popped open an umbrella behind him .\nrace record: 10 starts: 5 - 1 - 2 two - year - old season • won: coventry stakes. • won: great bradley stakes. • 2nd: middle park stakes. • 3rd: wilburton stakes .\nthree - year - old season • won: chatteris s. • won: cavenham s. • won: champion s. • 3rd: derby s .\nstud record europe in 1944, nasrullah was sold to joseph mcgrath, who subsequently stabled him at the brownstown stud in county kildare. nasrullah was an immediate success as a breeding stallion, and in his six seasons, his fee rose from 198 guineas to 500 guineas. he was champion sire in 1951 .\nnorth american in 1950, nasrullah was sold for $ 370, 000 to arthur b. hancock, jr. he was exported to stand at stud in the united states at hancock' s claiborne farm in paris, kentucky. in the nine seasons he went on to sire a then - record 98 stakes winners, and today his name continues to evoke memories of breeding and racing at the highest levels." ]

{ "text": [ "nasram ( 1960 – after 1970 ) , also known as nasram ii , was an american-bred thoroughbred race horse and sire who was trained in the united states and france .", "his early career was undistinguished but in july 1964 he recorded an upset win over santa claus in the king george vi and queen elizabeth stakes .", "nasram was retired from racing at the end of the season and stood as a breeding stallion in america and germany . " ], "topic": [ 22, 14, 14 ] }

[ "nasram (1960 – after 1970), also known as nasram ii, was an american-bred thoroughbred race horse and sire who was trained in the united states and france. his early career was undistinguished but in july 1964 he recorded an upset win over santa claus in the king george vi and queen elizabeth stakes. nasram was retired from racing at the end of the season and stood as a breeding stallion in america and germany." ]

[ "a young / baby of a cuban flower bat is called a' pup'. a cuban flower bat group is called a' colony or cloud' .\ndiscover and know on twitter :\nthis is what a cuban flower bat looks like. urltoken\n“ @ iearnsomething: this is what a cuban flower bat looks like. urltoken ” its so cute\n“ @ iearnsomething: this is what a cuban flower bat looks like. urltoken ” oh my, imagine going to sniff the lovely flower... . .\n1999. bat - pollinated flower assemblages and bat visitors at two atlantic forest sites in brazil .\n“ @ iearnsomething: this is what a cuban flower bat looks like. urltoken ” i' m sorry i would do a double take n b freaked out lol\nthe buffy flower bat is classified as least concern (lc) on the iucn red list (1) .\nthe buffy flower bat (erophylla sezekorni) is a species of bat in the leaf - nosed bat family, phyllostomidae. it is found in the bahamas, the cayman islands, cuba, and jamaica .\nthe cuban flower bat (phyllonycteris poeyi) roosts in humid caves, sometimes with other bat species. it gets the majority of its protein from consuming the pollen of at least a dozen plant species. it can' t hover, so it climbs onto flowers .\na cuban plant that depends on bat pollination evolved a special leaf that acts like a satellite dish for bats' sonar, new research says .\nthe cuban flower bat (phyllonycteris poeyi) roosts in humid caves, sometimes with other bat species. it gets the majority of its protein from consuming the pollen of at least a dozen plant species. it can' t hover, so it climbs onto flowers. : awwducational\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below. < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - buffy flower bat (erophylla sezekorni )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - buffy flower bat (erophylla sezekorni )\ntitle =\narkive species - buffy flower bat (erophylla sezekorni )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nthe southern long - nosed bat (leptonycteris curasoae) is a south american species of bat in the family phyllostomidae .\n1995. supply versus demand: relationship between nectar - density and resource use by flower - visitng phyllostomid bats .\nthe buffy flower bat is considered a medium sized bat, however, compared to those in its genus, it is a generally larger bat. its hair has two colors on it' s body; the hairs closer to the body are white, while the distal hairs are brown. the head and face are covered in short, white hairs. compared to other bats, it has a long snout which sharply rises into its forehead. the buffy flower bat is named after its flowery shaped nose .\nthe buffy flower bat occurs on cuba, including the isle of pines, most major islands in the bahamas, jamaica and the cayman islands (1) (2) (5) .\nsubgenus dermanura: andersen' s fruit - eating bat (a. anderseni )\n( see\nbat uses pitcher plant as toilet; plant benefits .\n)\n1992. bat frugivory and seed dispersal in the amazon, loreto, peru .\ntaub. (leguminosae), a bat - pollinated tree in venezuelan llanos .\n2000. nutritional values of 14 fig species and bat feeding preferences in panama .\nstudy co - author ralph simon of germany' s university of ulm then saw a picture of a cuban plant called marcgravia evenia. he\nnoticed the dish - shaped leaf above the flower, and thought, wow, that' s like a hemisphere... that must be a signal for bats .\nin the absence of any major threats to the buffy flower bat, it has not been the target of any known conservation measures. a conservation priority for this species is the protection of its roosting caves (1) .\nrevised 1 march, 2006 (verified by george marks – fl bat center) .\n( see\nmoths jam bat sonar, throw the predators off course .\n)\n2001. vertical stratification of bat communities in primary forests of central amazon, brazil .\n2005. interspecific competition and niche partitioning: example of a neotropical rainforest bat community .\n( leguminosae - caesalpinioideae), a bat - pollinated tree of the brazilian cerrados .\ndescription: dave johnston will present an exciting slide show of photographs from his adventure to cuba! cuba is home to 25 species of endemic birds and 2 species of bats. among these endemic species photographed are the bee hummingbird, the smallest bird species in the world; and the cuban greater funnel - eared bat, a tiny bat representing a unique family of bats .\n. 1984. fruit bat niche dynamics: their role in maintaining tropical forest diversity. in\n1982. plants and fruit bat interactions in a tropical rain forest area, southeastern mexico .\n( solanaceae): a reproductively bat - dependent epiphyte from the atlantic rainforest in brazil .\n1985. a microcomputer data acquisition - telemetry system: a study of activity in the bat .\nanthers the anther is the part of the stamen (the male reproductive organ of a flower) that produces pollen. deciduous a plant that sheds its leaves at the end of the growing season. pollinator an animal that in the act of visiting a plant’s flowers transfers pollen grains from the stamen (male part of a flower) to the stigma (female part of a flower) of a flowering plant. this usually leads to fertilisation, the development of seeds and, eventually, a new plant .\nthe banana bat is classified as vulnerable (vu) on the iucn red list (1) .\n2006. edge effects on frugivorous and nectarivorous bat communities in a neotropical primary forest in french guiana .\n1991. the coexistence of two frugivorous bat species and the phenology of their food plants in brazil .\na little - studied, enigmatic bat, hardly anything is known about the biology of the buffy flower bat. it is, however, a highly gregarious species and is thought to emerge from its daytime roosts later than other species of bat (1). its diet is believed to consist largely of pollen, hence its common name, but may also comprise insects, fruit and nectar (1) (4). the buffy flower bat is thought to give birth to a single young each year, and the discovery of pregnant females on cuba in february suggests that breeding takes place around this time (1) (3). it is likely that most females give birth around june, with the young subsequently weaned in september or october (3) (5) .\n2000. bat - and bird - generated seed rains at isolated trees in pastures in a tropical rainforest .\na number of mammalian taxa are found in this arid ecoregion, among them the following special status taxa; margay (leopardus wiedii nt); mexican big - eared bat (plecotus mexicanus nt); mexican long - tongued bat (choeronycteris mexicana nt); and the lesser long - nosed bat (leptonycteris yerbabuenae vu) .\n1995. occurrence and food habits of some bat species from the linhares forest reserve, espiríto santo, brazil .\nbut\nwhat we have found is going a step further ,\nholdereid explained .\nin the first instance, it is a small reflector producing a local signal. the bat already needs to know where the flower is. in our case, we have found the true acoustic echo beacon .\nthe researchers also studied the intensity and direction of simulated bat sonar reflecting from the m. evenia leaves. these results showed the echoes would sound the same to a bat at almost any angle, which should be\nconspicuously constant to a passing bat ,\nthe authors said in their paper, published july 29 in the journal science .\nthe banana bat feeds primarily on the nectar of a variety of plants, including native cacti and the introduced banana plant, using its specialised elongated snout to feed from particularly long - tubed flowers (3). it also feeds on insects (3), and bites or pulls off anthers from flowers to feed on the pollen (6). while feeding, some of the pollen may become stuck to the spiny hairs around the bat’s face and neck (4), and is then carried to the next flower the bat feeds from. as a result, the banana bat acts as a pollinator of bananas and other plants (6). the banana bat may undertake short seasonal migrations in order to find flowering plants on which to feed (1) .\nmichael wunderli marked\nwrinkle - faced bat\nas trusted on the\ncenturio senex gray, 1842\npage .\nmichael wunderli selected\nwrinkle - faced bat\nto show in overview on\ncenturio senex gray, 1842\n.\n2005. bat pollination in the ne brazilian endemic mimosa lewisii: an unusual case and first report for the genus .\nthe main threat facing the banana bat is habitat loss (1). the dry forest habitat of the banana bat is one of the most endangered habitats in mexico, due to the pressures of an increasing human population (3) .\ntypically, the buffy flower bat is found roosting on the ceiling or walls of deep, dark portions of caves with minimal air circulation and extreme humidity, but may sometimes roost in cooler caves exposed to some degree of sunlight (1) (3). it forages in tropical forest, plantations and gardens (4) .\nit has an unusually shaped skull which is thought to allow the bat to eat a wider range of foods than other bats .\n2004. effects of forest fragmentation on pollinator activity and consequences for plant reproductive success and mating patterns in bat - pollinated bombacaeous trees .\nis common throughout mexico with its range extending through central america and into northern south america. it is also found in some areas of the southwestern united states. the mexican long - tongued bat has been found in southern texas, new mexico, arizona, and california. the bat enters these states from mexico at their very southern border. the mexican long - tongued bat is rare in the united states. the scarcity of\nthe banana bat typically roosts in small colonies in trees, under rocky overhangs or in caves. although studies of reproduction in the banana bat are scarce, it is thought to reproduce once a year during the dry season, between mid - march and mid - april (2) .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below. < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - banana bat (musonycteris harrisoni )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - banana bat (musonycteris harrisoni )\ntitle =\narkive species - banana bat (musonycteris harrisoni )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nfeeds on fruit, pollen, nectar, and possibly insects on rare occasions. they have a long tongue that aids in removing nectar from flowers. pollen and nectar is acquired mainly from night blooming flowers such as cactus and agave. nectar and pollen is typically collected while the bat hovers over the flower. hummingbird feeders provide food for those bats arriving to northern destinations when food sources are not yet available .\nthe great fruit - eating bat (artibeus lituratus) is a bat species in the family phyllostomidae from south and central america. it is found from mexico to brazil and argentina, as well as in antigua and barbuda, barbados, grenada, martinique, saint lucia, saint vincent and the grenadines and trinidad and tobago .\nreferring to old people. this name was chosen as it was thought that the face of the bat looked like that of a one hundred - year - old man .\nplease report leads to additional papers on bat / plant interactions or send reprints of papers to scott a. mori; institute of systematic botany, the new york botanical garden; bronx, new york 10458 - 5126. for problems or questions, please contact cullen geiselman: cgeiselman @ urltoken we are grateful to heather peckham and alexander macfarlane for the work they put into these databases as part of internships at the new york botanical garden and to the beneficia foundation and bat conservation international for supporting our studies of bat / plant interactions .\nwhere suitable foraging and roosting habitat is available, the buffy flower bat is a common species that often forms colonies comprising many thousands of animals. it is, however, intolerant of disturbance and a colony on the island of cayman brac is thought to have been abandoned due to disturbance from a road, which was diverted to within just a few metres of the roosting cave. in places its cave habitat is also threatened by mining and guano harvesting (1) (5) .\necholocation calls emitted by the 4 species of cuban mormoopid bats were compared to determine vocal signatures that enable identification of each species in the field during their evening exodus. echolocation calls produced by mormoops blainvilli are downward frequency - modulated (fm) signals in the range of 68. 4– 52. 5 khz. echolocation calls emitted by pteronotus macleayii and p. quadridens... [ show full abstract ]\nthe mexican long - tongued bat is a medium sized bat with a long rostrum and a nose leaf. it has a long tongue that extends to 1 / 3 of its body length. it' pelage is gray to brown above and lighter below. other characteristics include big eyes and a minute tail that extends less than halfway to the edge of the interfemoral membrane .\nthe banana bat has a relatively small distribution, being found only in western mexico in the states of colima, michoacán, guerrero (3), jalisco and morelos (2) .\nthe banana bat is protected by mexican law and occurs in at least two protected areas, which should hopefully offer its habitat some level of protection (1). as the banana bat appears to be reliant on undisturbed forests that contain its preferred food plants and suitable roost sites, it is important that the remaining dry forests of western mexico are protected (3) (6) .\nstudy co - author marc holdereid of the u. k.' s university of bristol added ,\nwe didn' t even know this plant was bat - pollinated at the time .\nelizabeth dumont from the university of massachusetts believes that the strong biting force of the bat allows it to survive through times when soft fruit is scarce as they are able to eat tougher fruit than other bats .\nthis bat is fairly common (reid, 1997; wilson and ruff, 1999). not so common in guatemala and mexico (not rare) (perez and arroyo - cabrales pers. comm. )\nwe have looked at two [ bat - pollinated plants ] and found amazing things. we are expecting to find many more. i think the acoustic world out there is just waiting for us .\nthe mexican long - tongued bat is the only nectar feeding bat that is not endangered. it is listed by the united states fish and wildlife service as a species of concern. fewer than 400 bats have been seen in the united states since 1906. a long term sustainable food source is important for the survival of the species. development, prescribed fires, and grazing threaten loss of food plants. other threats to\nin experiments, bats found a hidden feeder about 50 percent faster when the feeder was accompanied by the specialized m. evenia leaf than without. attaching a regular leaf reduced bat search times by just 6 percent .\ngreat fruit - eating bats are one of the fruit - eating bat species that plays a significant role in the seed dispersal of plants in forests as well as in urban areas. although this economic benefit is difficult to quantify .\nthis is an alphabetical list of papers documenting the bat / plant interactions found in the database of neotropical bat / plant interactions. the reference list is derived from an endnote database maintained by scott a. mori (smori @ nybg. org) to whom additions and corrections should be reported. we have many other papers on hand that have not yet been read. as time permits, the information in them will be added to the database and the papers to the list of references .\nsouthern long - nosed bats spend the day roosting in caves and abandoned mines, often shared with a number of other bat species. they are highly gregarious, with colonies numbering in the thousands of individuals. they are agile fliers, feeding on nectar ,\nthe banana bat is restricted to tropical deciduous and dry forest. this type of habitat is characterised by a rainy season during the months of june through to october and a drier season from november through to may (1) (5) (6) .\nodendaal, l. j. , jacobs, d. s. & bishop, j. m. 2014. sensory trait variation in an echolocating bat suggests roles for both selection and plasticity. bmc evolutionary biology, 14: 60 doi: 10. 1186 / 1471 - 2148 - 14 - 60 .\ntschapka, m. , sperr, e. b. , caballero - martínez, l. a. and medellín, r. a. (2008) diet and cranial morphology of musonycteris harrisoni, a highly specialized nectar - feeding bat in western mexico. journal of mammalogy, 89 (4): 924 - 931 .\nstoner, k. e. , quesada, m. , rosas - guerrero, v. and lobo, j. a. (2002) effects of forest fragmentation on the colima long - nosed bat (musonycteris harrisoni) foraging in tropical dry forest of jalisco. biotropica, 34 (3): 462 - 467 .\nmutumi, g. l. , jacobs, d. s. & winker, h. 2016. sensory drive mediated by climatic gradients partially explains divergence in acoustic signals in two horseshoe bat species, rhinolophus swinnyi and rhinolophus simulator. plos one, 11 (1): e0148053. doi: 10. 1371 / journal. pone. 0148053 .\nfawcett, k. , jacobs, d. s. , surlykke, a. & ratcliffe, j. m. 2015. echolocation in the bat, rhinolophus capensis: the influence of clutter, conspecifics and prey on call design and intensity. biology open, (2015) 0, 1–9 doi: 10. 1242 / bio. 201511908 .\nnesi, n. , jacobs, d. s. , felheim, k. & bishop, j. m. 2015. development and characterization of 10 microsatellite markers in the cape horseshoe bat, rhinolophus capensis (chiroptera, rhinolophidae) and cross - amplification in southern african rhinolophus species. bmc research notes, 8: 477 doi 10. 1186 / s13104 - 015 - 1465 - 5\n. in this study, we evaluate the potential of the heterodyne system for the acoustic identification of bat species from mormoopidae in cuba. the heterodyne transformation of the echolocation calls of the three mormoopid species of pteronotus (p. macleayii, p. quadridens and p. parnellii) was initially analyzed by setting the frequency of the heterodyne detector (f tuned) 5 khz above and below... [ show full abstract ]\nglobal range: (20, 000 - 2, 500, 000 square km (about 8000 - 1, 000, 000 square miles) ) southwestern united states through mexico to el salvador and honduras. in the united states, occurs primarily in southern california (the san diego area), southern arizona, southwestern new mexico, and the southern tip of texas; also collected in the grand canyon national park, in northern arizona and known from a single specimen from las vegas, nevada (western bat working group 1998) .\nmexican long - tongued bats migrate northward beginning in may and breed in the summer in the northern part of their range. a single pup is born in late june or early july, and females use caves, mines, rock crevices, and abandoned buildings as maternity roosts. the pup stays with its mother until it can fly, about two to three weeks after birth. migration southward occurs in october and november. these bats typically roost individually or in groups of 15 or fewer. however, roosts with up to 50 bats have been documented. during cooler temperatures the bats hang in a cluster; during warmer temperatures they remain one to two inches apart in the roost. the bats are most active 1. 5 hours after sunset and then again 3 hours after sunset. these bats feed primarily on the nectar and pollen of night blooming flowers of agaves and columnar cacti. their long tongues aid in removing flower nectar. they may also eat the fruit of columnar cacti and take incidental insects. they have also been seen at hummingbird feeders and eating ornamental vegetation .\ngreat fruit - eating bat are frugivores; their diet consist of mainly fruits but they feed on nectar. great fruit - eating bats demonstrates a group - foraging behavior, where scouts are assigned to locate a tree with fruit and then\nreport\nback to the harem. the harem will later follow the scouts to the tree location for feeding. great fruit - eating bats remove fruit from trees and take it back to a feeding area. the bats will fly around the fruit, take a bite, and perform a twisting movement to remove the fruit from the tree. great fruit - eating bats will feed on fruit from several trees, switching from up to 2 to 5 fruit trees in one night .\nthis species can be found in desert scrub, deciduous, and pine - oak forest (reid, 1997). it roosts in caves and mines, less commonly in buildings. individuals are spaced 2 to 5 cm apart and hang near the roost entrance where they remain alert and fly out if disturbed. this species leaves the roost shortly after sunset and feeds on pollen and nectar of agaves, cacti, ipomoea, ceiba, and other plants. cactus fruits are also eaten. in southeast arizona, this bat often visits hummingbird feeders, where it hovers in flight while lapping the nectar. northern populations migrate south for the winter. young are born in june to july in arizona (arroyo - cabrales et al. , 1987; reid, 1997) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\nincludes obtusa. see hall (1981), but note that he was unaware that obtusa was not extinct .\nmedellín, r. (chiroptera red list authority) & schipper, j. (global mammal assessment team )\njustification: listed as least concern in view of its abundance within its restricted distribution, its presumed large population, is found in protected areas, and because its habitat is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category .\nthis species is known from cuba, isle of pines, and hispaniola (simmons, 2005) .\nabundant in cuba and dominican republic (mancina and sixto pers. comm. )\nthis species is poorly known. it diet consists of fruit, pollen, nectar, and insects (gardner, 1977); three females taken in haiti in december were pregnant with one embryo each (nowak, 1999) .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference (book, 2005) [ worldcat. org ]\nyour web browser is not enabled for javascript. some features of worldcat will not be available .\nyour list has reached the maximum number of items. please create a new list with a new name; move some items to a new or existing list; or delete some items .\nnote: citations are based on reference standards. however, formatting rules can vary widely between applications and fields of interest or study. the specific requirements or preferences of your reviewing publisher, classroom teacher, institution or organization should be applied .\nthe e - mail address (es) field is required. please enter recipient e - mail address (es) .\nthe e - mail address (es) you entered is (are) not in a valid format. please re - enter recipient e - mail address (es) .\ni thought you might be interested in this item at urltoken title: mammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference author: don e wilson; deeann m reeder publisher: baltimore: johns hopkins university press, ©2005. isbn / issn: 0801882214 9780801882210 0801882389 9780801882388 0801882397 9780801882395 oclc: 57557352\nwilson and reeder' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today. the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and, for the first time, common names. each concise entry covers type locality, distribution, synonyms, and major reference sources. the systematic arrangement of\ninformation indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level. this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\n- - publisher' s website .\nplease choose whether or not you want other users to be able to see on your profile that this library is a favorite of yours .\nthis indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\na uniquely valuable compendium of taxonomic and distributional data on the world' s living and historically extinct mammalian species. contributors and editors alike deserve the thanks of all\nadd tags for\nmammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference\n.\nyou may have already requested this item. please select ok if you would like to proceed with this request anyway .\nwilson and reeder' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today. the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and, for the first time, common names. each concise entry covers type locality, distribution, synonyms, and major reference sources. the systematic arrangement of information indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level. this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\n- - publisher' s website .\nworldcat is the world' s largest library catalog, helping you find library materials online. learn more ››\ndon' t have an account? you can easily create a free account .\nknofle has after getting his akai lpk25 (mini - midi keyboard) made yet another tune. one with a bit more seriousness this time. maybe not, considering the title, but yeah. hope you like it! download the mp3 here! (right click, save as / link) urltoken\nknofle embarks on a journey through house music, and their uncle. have fun listening to this unstoppable classic that defined the 60' s as we know it. more musics at urltoken\nkhalid - otw (official video) ft. 6lack, ty dolla $ ign\nthis information is awaiting authentication by a species expert, and will be updated as soon as possible. if you are able to help please contact: arkive @ urltoken\nguano accumulated droppings found where large colonies of animals such as seals, bats or birds occur; it is rich in plant nutrients. noseleaf a fleshy structure surrounding the nose, common to many bats. it is believed to function in focusing echolocation calls (high - pitched calls used in orientation and to locate prey) emitted from the nose. tragus a soft cartilaginous projection extending in front of the external opening of the ear. in bats, it plays an important role in filtering returning echoes in echolocation .\nnowak, r. m. (1999) walker’s mammals of the world. the johns hopkins university press, baltimore .\nbaker, r. j. , august, p. v. and steuter, a. a. (1978) erophylla sezekorni. mammalian species, 115: 1 - 5 .\nreid, f. (2006) a field guide to the mammals of north america, north of mexico. peterson field guides, new york .\nbrunt, m. a. and davies, j. e. (1994) the cayman islands: natural history and biogeography. kluwer academic publishers, netherlands .\nterms of use - the displayed portlet may be used as a link from your website to arkive' s online content for private, scientific, conservation or educational purposes only. it may not be used within apps .\nmyarkive offers the scrapbook feature to signed - up members, allowing you to organize your favourite arkive images and videos and share them with friends .\nteam wild, an elite squadron of science superheroes, needs your help! your mission: protect and conserve the planet’s species and habitats from destruction .\nwildscreen is a registered charity in england and wales no. 299450 wildscreen usa is a registered 501 (c) (3) non - profit organisation in the usa\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance. if your browser does not accept cookies, you cannot view this site .\nthere are many reasons why a cookie could not be set correctly. below are the most common reasons :\nyou have cookies disabled in your browser. you need to reset your browser to accept cookies or to ask you if you want to accept cookies .\nyour browser asks you whether you want to accept cookies and you declined. to accept cookies from this site, use the back button and accept the cookie .\nyour browser does not support cookies. try a different browser if you suspect this .\nthe date on your computer is in the past. if your computer' s clock shows a date before 1 jan 1970, the browser will automatically forget the cookie. to fix this, set the correct time and date on your computer .\nyou have installed an application that monitors or blocks cookies from being set. you must disable the application while logging in or check with your system administrator .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance by remembering that you are logged in when you go from page to page. to provide access without cookies would require the site to create a new session for every page you visit, which slows the system down to an unacceptable level .\nthis site stores nothing other than an automatically generated session id in the cookie; no other information is captured .\nin general, only the information that you provide, or the choices you make while visiting a web site, can be stored in a cookie. for example, the site cannot determine your email name unless you choose to type it. allowing a website to create a cookie does not give that or any other site access to the rest of your computer, and only the site that created the cookie can read it .\ndata and apps idaho fish and wildlife information system bringing information to bear on the management and conservation of fish, wildlife, and plants in idaho .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\npress j to jump to the feed. press question mark to learn the rest of the keyboard shortcuts\nit consumes both, but it doesn' t get a lot of protein from the nectar. it also sometimes eats insects, but still gets more protein from pollen .\nwe' ve detected that javascript is disabled in your browser. would you like to proceed to legacy twitter ?\ndiscover amazing photos while expanding your mind. learn something new every day with us .\nyou can add location information to your tweets, such as your city or precise location, from the web and via third - party applications. you always have the option to delete your tweet location history. learn more\nhere' s the url for this tweet. copy it to easily share with friends .\nby embedding twitter content in your website or app, you are agreeing to the twitter developer agreement and developer policy .\nnot on twitter? sign up, tune into the things you care about, and get updates as they happen .\nthis timeline is where you’ll spend most of your time, getting instant updates about what matters to you .\nhover over the profile pic and click the following button to unfollow any account .\nwhen you see a tweet you love, tap the heart — it lets the person who wrote it know you shared the love .\nthe fastest way to share someone else’s tweet with your followers is with a retweet. tap the icon to send it instantly .\nadd your thoughts about any tweet with a reply. find a topic you’re passionate about, and jump right in .\n@ julesdaulby @ iearnsomething thank you: i have students with learning difficulties who love camouflage pictures. perfect .\n@ julesdaulby in terms of camouflage, that crab was poorly advised. if you turn the sound up you can hear the octopus muttering\nstraw man !\n@ aspiedelazouch hee hee just going about me crabbing business - don' t mind me - did you notice the octupuses eye?' you' re next' it said .\nfor a second i thought it was cosplaying samus aran. @ iearnsomething @ jenthulhu\n@ iearnsomething @ jackcouvela poison ivy' s laid a deadly trap for batman this time .\ntwitter may be over capacity or experiencing a momentary hiccup. try again or visit twitter status for more information .\ntheir face is hairless and is covered by convoluted outgrowths of skin (as would be expected from the common name). these skin flaps are more pronounced in males than females and males also possess a skin mask that can be used to cover their face. they have storage pouches in their mouths to allow them to store fruit .\ntheir skulls are extremely short and wide, which is thought to allow it to produce bite forces up to 20% higher than other bats of a similar size. it is able to generate the largest biting force, relative to its size of any of the leaf - nosed bats .\n( fruit - eating) although it is not known which types of fruit they consume .\nand asynchronous, pregnant females have been recorded every month between january and august except may. males emit a musky odour from the chin area to attract females. their\nsnow, jennifer; j. knox jones and david webster (nov 20, 1980) .\ncenturio senex\n. mammalian species (jstor: american society of mammalogists) 138 (138): 1–3. jstor 3503871 .\nchiroptera specialist group 1996. centurio senex. 2006 iucn red list of threatened species. downloaded on 30 july 2007\nkari pihlaviita added the finnish common name\nkurttunaamaleikko\nto\ncenturio senex gray, 1842\n.\nkari pihlaviita added the finnish common name\nkurttunaamahankko\nto\ncenturio senex gray, 1842\n.\nmichael wunderli added the german common name\ngreisengesicht\nto\ncenturio senex gray, 1842\n.\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\nthe bats eat a combination of nectar, fruit, and insects, though fruit dominates their diet. based on fecal droppings, it was found that 50% of the bats tested had eaten all three in a single night while the remaining ate only two of the three types of food. the insects eaten are primarily beetles, but also eat flies, bees and moths .\nthis species occurs in dry areas in northeast colombia, north and western venezuela, margarita island, curaao, bonaire and aruba (netherlands antilles; simmons 2005) .\ntype for leptonycteris curasoae miller, 1900 catalog number: usnm 101851 collection: smithsonian institution, national museum of natural history, department of vertebrate zoology, division of mammals sex / stage: male; adult preparation: skull; remainder in fluid collector (s): l. guthrie year collected: 1899 locality: willemstad, 1 mi nw, curacao, netherlands antilles, south america\ntype: miller, g. s. 1900 apr 06. proceedings of the biological society of washington. 13: 126 .\nthis species is listed as vulnerable because of a population decline, estimated to be > 30% over the last three generations (generation length of six years; pacifici et al. 2013), inferred from exploitation of maternity caves, and suspected from habitat destruction and degradation. this species reproduces in a very limited number of caves and is vulnerable to vandalism. it lives in a very limited habitat type which is disappearing rapidly .\nit is frequently observed in areas of distribution unless absent due to seasonal migration and restricted to narrow habitat types. it might become uncommon in certain parts of its geographic range (reid 1997) .\nconversion of the ecosystem, which is rapidly being developed, is the primary threat and most of the habitat is outside of protected areas in all countries. there is only a narrow range of the habitat type and part of this is coastal, where much human expansion is occurring. caves are very specific and threatened by vandalism. no effective protection measures have been implemented in them. maternity colonies are scarce, extremely vulnerable and highly susceptible to human disturbance .\nthis species needs conservation of maternity caves and its habitat type across all countries of occurrence. it occurs in protected areas but the habitat is mainly outside of these .\nthe species is thought to have arisen around 540, 000 years ago, separating from the lesser long - nosed bats when they dispersed along a temporary corridor of semi - arid habitat connecting mexico and south america .\nthe young are born and raised in a limited number of maternity caves, often located on islands .\nthe young are weaned at around two months, and the bats live for up to ten years .\ncole, f. r. & wilson, d. e. (2006) .\nleptonycteris curasoae\n. mammalian species: number 796: pp. 1–3. doi: 10. 1644 / 796. 1 .\nhowell, d. j. & hodgkin, n. (1976) .\nfeeding adaptations in the hairs and tongues of nectar - feeding bats\n. journal of morphology 148 (3): 329–336. doi: 10. 1002 / jmor. 1051480305 .\nwilkinson, g. s. & fleming, t. h. (1996) .\nmigration routes and evolution of lesser long - nosed bats, leptonycteris curasoae, inferred from mitochondrial dna\n. molecular ecology 5 (3): 329–339. doi: 10. 1046 / j. 1365 - 294x. 1996. 00081. x .\npetit, s. (1997) .\nthe diet and reproductive schedules of leptonycteris curasoae and glossophaga longirostris elongata (chiroptera: glossophaginae) on curacao\n. biotropica 29 (2): 214–223. doi: 10. 1111 / j. 1744 - 7429. 1997. tb00026. x .\nnassar, j. et al. (1997) .\ncomparative pollination biology of venezuelan columnar cacti and the role of nectar - feeding bats in their sexual reproduction\n. american journal of botany 84 (7): 918–927. doi: 10. 2307 / 2446282 .\nmartino, a. (1998) .\nreproductive pattern of leptonycteris curasoae miller (chiroptera: phyllostomidae) in northern venezuela\n. mammalia 62 (1): 69–76. doi: 10. 1515 / mamm. 1998. 62. 1. 69 .\n2000, gardner 2008, velazco and gardner 2009). it is know from two localities in panama, and at least 22 and 29 localities in western colombia and ecuador (velazco and gardner 2009, burneo and tirira 2014) .\n2015). pregnant females were caught on august - january, and lactating females on february (gardner 2008). in colombia, this species exhibited postpartum oestrus and bimodal polyestry with pregnant females found in all months except from july to september (gardner 2008). its ecology is poorly known, despite being well collected. it has a generation length of six years (pacifici\npreviously, this species was listed as endangered (en a3c) by velazco and aguirre (2008). reasons included a serious population decline, estimated to be more than 50% over the following 20 years, inferred from land - use changes (as estimated from satellite imagery), observed shrinkage in distribution, and rapid habitat destruction and / or degradation. however, this species can be abundant, and it has been registered from several localities along its distribution (e. g. velazco and gardner 2009). the species is now listed as vulnerable under criterion a2c, because the past decline is probably closer to over 30% (but less than 50 %) in the last three generations. it is know from two localities in panama, and at least 22 and 29 localities in western colombia and ecuador (velazco and gardner 2009, burneo and tirira 2014) .\nprevious assessments suggested a declination of 50% over the past decade because of habitat destruction (velazco and aguirre 2008). however, there are not population studies for this species (muoz - saba and alberico 2006) and it seems to be abundant where the habitats persist (velazco and aguirre 2008, saavedra - rodrguez and rojas - daz 2011) .\nthe pacific region is being rapidly converted to agriculture which poses a serious threat to this restricted species (velazco and aguirre 2008). illicit crops are a problem and habitat is rapidly being converted to coca plantations, and aerial spraying of defoliants for controlling them may also be a threat (velazco and aguirre 2008). in colombia, illegal mining is frequent in the pacific region, increasing habitat destruction .\nit occurs in protected areas as the national natural park ensenada de utra, and katos, colombia (muoz - saba and alberico 2004). in colombia, p. chocoensis has been included as data deficient and near threatened based on habitat destruction (muoz - saba and alberico 2006). in ecuador, it has been considered as data deficient (tirira 2001) .\nthis species is known from honduras and el salvador to south california, nevada, arizona, and new mexico (usa); a single record from south texas (simmons, 2005). it occurs from lowlands to 1, 900 m (reid, 1997) .\nin the united states is influenced by temperature and seasonal food availabitity. some members of the species that inhabit the united states migrate to the southern parts of its range for the winter season .\nbio - climatically, the ecoregion is classified as a dry steppe life - zone, in contrast to the more humid seasonal forests to the south, and arid deserts to the north. like neighboring regions, rainfall predominates in the summers. annual rainfall is approximately 10 - 20 cm. because of its proximity to the coast, fluctuations in annual temperatures are only on the order of 10 - 15° c (difference between median monthly high and low temperature). frost and temperatures below freezing are rare, in contrast to the sonoran desert, to the north. unlike the distinctly xeric desert vegetation to the north, and the tropical deciduous forest to the south, the vegetation of the sonoran - sinaloan transition dry forest is dominated by a deciduous thorn forest or selva espinosa. pockets of semiarid mattoral as well as thorn scrub are also present .\nlives in a variety of habitats ranging from desert, montane, riparian, to pinyon - juniper habitats. the bats are most frequently found roosting in desert canyons, deep caves, mines, or rock crevices. in urban enviroments the bats use abandoned buildings for day roosts .\ncomments: deep mountain canyons with dense riparian vegetation, and from lower edge of oak zone to pine - fir belt (arizona). roosts in caves, rock fissures, old mines, and rarely buildings during the day. frequently roosts in sites that are not especially dark. pregnant females and females with young roost in rock fissures, caves, mine tunnels, and rarely buildings .\nnon - migrant: no. all populations of this species make significant seasonal migrations .\nlocally migrant: no. no populations of this species make local extended movements (generally less than 200 km) at particular times of the year (e. g. , to breeding or wintering grounds, to hibernation sites) .\nlocally migrant: yes. at least some populations of this species make annual migrations of over 200 km .\nsouthern u. s. populations probably migrate to mexico for winter, though there is a december record for texas (schmidly 1991) .\ncomments: feeds on nectar, fruit juices, and pollen; may feed primarily on nectar and pollen in arizona (hoffmeister 1986), primarily that of agave, fouquieria, and other succulents. may ingest some insects .\nchoeronycteris mexicana preys on: insecta this list may not be complete but is based on published studies .\nmyers, p. , r. espinosa, c. s. parr, t. jones, g. s. hammond, and t. a. dewey. 2006. the animal diversity web (online). accessed february 16, 2011 at urltoken. urltoken\nnote: for many non - migratory species, occurrences are roughly equivalent to populations .\ncomments: information is not available for the majority of the range across mexico and central america, and only limited information is available for the united states. usually roosts in small groups or singly making surveying difficult. the arizona natural heritage program has recorded 44 + occurrences and estimates that 21 - 100 occurrences are extant; last surveyed in 1997 (sabra schwartz, pers. comm. , 1998). according to bill peachey (pers. comm. , 1998), 100 roost sites recently have been identified in southern arizona. scarcity of known extant occurrences in other states is reflected in heritage program state ranks of s1 in new mexico and texas and s2 in california, suggesting not more than a couple dozen occurrences in the three states .\nnot numerous at any place where they occur; does not form sizeable aggregations (usually less than 12 individuals). very wary, quickly takes flight when disturbed (hoffmeister 1986). important pollinator in the tropics and subtropics .\n. each female bears a single furred young between late june and early july. in southern mexico young have been seen as early as mid - april. caves, mines, rock crevices, and abandoned buildings are used as nursery sites. the young remain with their mother until they can fly, 2 - 3 weeks after birth. females are known to carry their young in flight. once young can fly ,\nmay move their roosts to areas of greater food availability. young born in the southern united states leave their maternity roosts in october and november for mexico, central america, or the northern parts of south america .\nlitter size is 1. births occur apparently in june and early july in arizona and new mexico; young reported as early as mid - april in sonora, mexico; a pregnant female that gave birth shortly after capture was collected in may in northern tamaulipas; pregnant and lactating females have been recorded on march and june in coahuila (schmidly 1991); september pregnancy reported in jalisco. does not form large maternity colonies .\nmedelln, r. (chiroptera red list authority) & schipper, j. (global mammal assessment team )\nlisted as near threatened because, although the species is still reasonably widely distributed, it is dependent upon a highly fragile habitat (agave) and is in significant decline (but at a rate of less than 30% over ten years) due to human population density in the island and habitat conversion. almost qualifies as threatened under criterion a2c .\nreasons: moderately large range from central america to the southwestern u. s. ; information on population numbers not available for much of range, but probably more than 100 occurrences; usually roosts in small numbers, so the number of occurrences may represent a low number of individuals; apparently moderately threatened due to loss of food supplies and wanton killing; degree of threat needs further investigation; protected at several arizona locations; information on population trends not available from much of range." ]

{ "text": [ "the cuban flower bat ( phyllonycteris poeyi ) , also called poey 's flower bat , is a species of bat in the family phyllostomidae .", "it is found in cuba , haiti and the dominican republic . " ], "topic": [ 25, 20 ] }

[ "the cuban flower bat (phyllonycteris poeyi), also called poey's flower bat, is a species of bat in the family phyllostomidae. it is found in cuba, haiti and the dominican republic." ]

[ "katja schulz selected\ncryptoses\nto show in overview on\ncryptoses\n.\ncryptoses is a genus of snout moths. it was described by dyar in 1908 .\nlocated on the back of a sloth, there is an entire ecosystem. insects, bacteria, and even a species of moth take up residence just under the creature’s fur. yep. this guy. without this slow - moving, coarse - haired, mildly irritable sloth, the species bradipodicola hahneli, cryptoses cholopei, cryptoses waagei, cryptoses rufipictus, and bradyphila garbei, (otherwise known as the sloth moth) [ … ]\neveryone knows sloths are slow... really slow, actually. a three - toed sloth will move at about a half a foot per minute if it has no where important to be. that' s slow enough that algae will actually begin to form on the sloth' s fur; providing it with a slick, green, camouflaged coat that aids it in avoiding predation. the sloth isn' t the only one who benefits from its patient lifestyle, though. there are actually several species of moths which can only be found living in a sloth' s fur. these are aptly called\nsloth moths ,\nwhich include the species bradipodicola hahneli, cryptoses choloepi, cryptoses waagei, cryptoses rufipictus and bradyphila garbei .\n1. a. cambagei 2. a cambagei 3. acacia cambagei 4. agei 5. angolasaurus bocagei 6. barbus bocagei 7. bostrychia bocagei 8. chalcides armitagei 9. cryptoses waagei 10. eulimostraca burragei 11. gallicolumba menagei 12. grus pagei 13. haragei 14. hebe pinguifolia' pagei 15. hebe pinguifolia pagei 16. hibiscus farragei 17. leptodactylus savagei 18. luciobarbus bocagei 19. metzgeria gagei 20. oedipina savagei 21. papagei 22. podarcis bocagei 23. pristimantis savagei 24. radyera farragei 25. rami oesophagei\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page: myers, p. , r. espinosa, c. s. parr, t. jones, g. s. hammond, and t. a. dewey. 2018. the animal diversity web (online). accessed at https: / / animaldiversity. org .\ndisclaimer: the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. adw doesn' t cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283, drl 0628151, due 0633095, drl 0918590, and due 1122742. additional support has come from the marisla foundation, um college of literature, science, and the arts, museum of zoology, and information and technology services .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\ntap here to turn on desktop notifications to get the news sent straight to you .\nthere are some animals that the world is extremely familiar with. polar bears, sloths, sharks - - these are well - known animals found in our popular culture that most people would admit to having at least a bit of knowledge about. however, there' s always more to discover. these are some wildly fascinating, yet little - known facts about a few of our favorite creatures .\nthese moths are all coprophagous, which, to put simply, means that they feed on feces... sloth feces, to be precise. yum !\nthis is how the roommate situation works: adult female moths live in the sloth' s fur. when the sloth makes its weekly (yes, you read that right) bathroom trip, traveling from the canopy to the forest floor where it quietly does its business, the moths deposit their eggs in the sloth' s poop. the moth larvae will then feed on the partially digested plant remains found in the feces until they pupate (or transform) into adult moths. once fully grown, the adults will leave the poop pile to find a sloth host to live on. it is postulated that adult moths feed on the sloth' s skin secretions or possibly the sloth' s body algae. both sound scrumptious to me .\nsome three - toed sloths have been recorded carrying over 120 different moths (!! !) in their fur alone. multiple moth species can cohabit the same sloth so don' t worry - - no one gets left out of the sloth poop party. what a life, huh ?\nokay, so it' s not blood from an extraterrestrial creature - - but it sure does look like it! instead of having red, iron - containing hemoglobin - based blood like we do, cuttlefish utilize hemocyanin, a copper - containing protein, to transport oxygen throughout their bodies. this protein gives the animal' s blood a hazy blue - green color when rich with oxygen and clear when it is low in oxygen .\nthe blood is pumped by three separate hearts: two branchial hearts pump blood to the cuttlefish' s pair of gills (one heart for each), and the third pumps blood around the rest of the body. so yes, not only does this alien - like creature have blue - green blood, but it also has three hearts! sounds like something straight out of a sci - fi movie, doesn' t it? multiple hearts are needed because a cuttlefish has to pump its blood through its body much faster than we do since hemocyanin transports significantly less oxygen than hemoglobin does. more blood moving faster = more oxygen getting around the creature' s body .\nanyone with a brother or sister knows all about sibling rivalry, but sand tiger sharks (carcharias taurus) take competition to a whole new level. sand tiger shark embryos will actually fight to the death while still in their mother' s womb! the biggest, baddest shark embryo will cannibalize his or her brothers and sisters until only that shark and one other sibling remain. it had been a mystery as to why the tiny sharks do such a thing until quite recently .\nin a study published april 30, 2013, in the journal biology letters, researchers detailed their findings after analyzing embryos in sand tiger sharks from various gestational stages. study co - author demian chapman, a marine biologist at stony brook university of new york, and colleagues studied genetic samples from 15 pregnant female sharks that had died in nets off the coast of south africa. of the 15 sharks studied, 10 had just two embryos, while the remaining five had five to seven embryos still present in utero. dna tests were conducted on the young sharks and what they found was that those litters with five to seven embryos had at least two fathers, while the litters with just two sharks more often had just one father. this suggests that one embryo - - possibly the one that grew largest and strongest first - - ate the embryos that were not its full siblings .\nthis gruesome fight to the death in utero allows for only one father' s genes to prosper. since female sharks are able to get pregnant by multiple partners, the competition between embryos is important for the fathers. the fittest male, with the fittest pups, gets to have his litter birthed. other males that may have impregnated the female shark wind up having their pups become fish food for the tougher embryos. it' s like shark gladiator in the womb... and that' s kind of awesome .\nquick - - what color is a polar bear' s skin? if you said white, you' d be wrong! shockingly, the snow - white bear has black skin hidden underneath it' s fluffy exterior. the black skin allows the bear to absorb the heat of the sun, which really comes in handy during those cold arctic days. just a second, though. to add to the strangeness, polar bears aren' t actually white. say what? you see, polar bears' fur consists of dense, insulating undercoat topped with guard hairs of various lengths. each of these hair shafts are pigment - free and therefore transparent, with a hollow core that scatters and reflects visible light. this is what gives the bear the illusion of being white. it' s much the same principle as when we look at snow or ice: it' s not actually white - - it just looks like it is .\nunder their black skin polar bears also have a layer of fat that can measure 4. 5 inches (11. 5 centimeters) thick. between their dense fur, thick layer of insulating fat, and black heat - absorbing skin, the polar bear is uniquely adapted to surviving the most frigid of conditions .\na sea otter would go absolutely bananas at a raw bar. their favorite treats are some of mine as well: mussels, crabs, sea urchins, clams - - really anything hard to crack open they have a fondness for. had to go for the tricky stuff, huh guys? to solve their seafood dilemma, sea otters, like primates, use makeshift tools to break open their snacks. they' ll take a rock and use it to smash open the mussel or destroy the abalone, revealing the meat within .\nall rocks are not created equal, however. sea otters have favorite rocks which they keep with them at all times. aww! they store these' pet rocks' in a baggy pouch of skin under their forelimbs (where they place extra food to save for later as well). if that' s not the cutest thing you' ve learned all day... well then i' m jealous because you' ve had a pretty cute - tastic day .\nfirst - person essays, features, interviews and q & as; about life today .\nanimal safari - a sloth moth is a coprophagous moth which... | facebook\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnote: you should have a urltoken account to upload new topics and comments. please, create an account or log in to add comments\n* our website is multilingual. some comments have been translated from other languages .\nthere are no photos of this species on the website yet. you can offer your photo by logging into your account\ncurators: konstantin efetov, vasiliy feoktistov, svyatoslav knyazev, evgeny komarov, stan korb, alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion, flight time, etc. .\nlike most websites we use cookies. this is to ensure that we give you the best experience possible .\ncontinuing to use urltoken means you agree to our use of cookies. if you would like to, you can learn more about the cookies we use .\ncab direct is the most thorough and extensive source of reference in the applied life sciences, incorporating the leading bibliographic databases cab abstracts and global health. cab direct provides a convenient, single point of access to all of your cabi database subscriptions .\nprivacy & cookies: this site uses cookies. by continuing to use this website, you agree to their use. to find out more, including how to control cookies, see here: cookie policy\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 0 transitional / / en" ]

{ "text": [ "cryptoses waagei is a species of snout moth in the genus cryptoses .", "it was described by bradley in 1982 .", "it is found in brazil .", "the wingspan is 13 – 15 mm , with the female usually larger than the male .", "the forewings are long and narrow with an ochreous white ground colour , marked with somewhat diffuse longitudinal streaks or rays consisting of black and grey-black scales mixed with dull purplish and red scales .", "the hindwings are uniformly dark grey .", "adults live in the fur of tree sloths .", "the larvae feed on the dung of the host . " ], "topic": [ 2, 5, 20, 9, 1, 1, 8, 8 ] }

[ "cryptoses waagei is a species of snout moth in the genus cryptoses. it was described by bradley in 1982. it is found in brazil. the wingspan is 13 – 15 mm, with the female usually larger than the male. the forewings are long and narrow with an ochreous white ground colour, marked with somewhat diffuse longitudinal streaks or rays consisting of black and grey-black scales mixed with dull purplish and red scales. the hindwings are uniformly dark grey. adults live in the fur of tree sloths. the larvae feed on the dung of the host." ]

[ "the above specimen data are provided by antweb. please see myrmecia nigra for further details\nmyrmecia nigra perty, 1833: 199, pl. 39, f. 9 (d f). myrmecia nigra c. l. koch, 1841a: 15, f. 701 (f). myrmecia nigra keyserling, 1891: 80, pl. 2, f. 40 (f). sphecotypus formicarius o. pickard - cambridge, 1895a: 153, pl. 19, f. 4 (d f). sphecotypus niger simon, 1897a: 176, f. 168 - 169, 171 (f). sphecotypus niger leister & miller, 2014a: 147, f. 1a - i (d m, f) .\nheterick (2009) - the taxonomy of the m. urens species - group is problematic, and most named taxa (including myrmecia infima described from perth, and myrmecia nigra, described from east fremantle) cannot be identified with any confidence based on morphological characters. however, possibly three species from this group are represented in the swbp .\ncombination in promyrmecia: clark, 1943 pdf: 106; in myrmecia: taylor & brown, 1985: 13 .\nogata, k. ; taylor, r. w. 1991. ants of the genus myrmecia fabricius: a preliminary review and key to the named species (hymenoptera: formicidae: myrmeciinae). j. nat. hist. 2 25: 1623 - 1673 (page 1631, revived status as species )\nthe following information is derived from barry bolton' s new general catalogue, a catalogue of the world' s ants .\n: taylor & brown, d. r. 1985: 13. subspecies of\n: clark, 1934a: 14. revived from synonymy and raised to species: clark, 1943: 106; clark, 1951: 195. subspecies of\n: taylor & brown, d. r. 1985: 13. revived status as species: ogata & taylor, 1991: 1631 .\nholotype, probably destroyed in zmhb (berlin) in ww ii, east fremantle, western australia, australia .\nclark, j. 1934a. notes on australian ants, with descriptions of new species and a new genus. mem. natl. mus. vic. 8: 5 - 20 (page 14, junior synonym of infima )\nclark, j. 1943. a revision of the genus promyrmecia emery (formicidae). mem. natl. mus. vic. 13: 83 - 149 (page 106, queen described, combination in promyrmecia, revived from synonymy, and raised to species )\nclark, j. 1951. the formicidae of australia. 1. subfamily myrmeciinae: 230 pp. csiro, melbourne. [ (31. xii). 1951. ] pdf\nforel, a. 1907j. formicidae. in: michaelsen, w. , hartmeyer, r. (eds .) die fauna südwest - australiens. band i, lieferung 7. jena: gustav fischer, pp. 263 - 310. (page 267, worker described )\nheterick, b. e. 2009. a guide to the ants of south - western australia. records of the western australian museum, supplement 76: 1 - 206. pdf\nwheeler, w. m. 1933i. colony founding among ants, with an account of some primitive australian species. cambridge, mass. : harvard university press, viii + 179 pp. (page 63, variety of infima )\nthis page was last modified on 18 march 2017, at 19: 22 .\nyou must log in to access this functionality. you may create an account, or log in anonymously, here .\nrevived from synonymy and raised to species: clark, 1943 pdf: 106; clark, 1951 pdf: 195 .\nantweb content is licensed under a creative commons attribution license. we encourage use of antweb images. in print, each image must include attribution to its photographer and\nfrom urltoken\nin the figure caption. for websites, images must be clearly identified as coming from urltoken, with a backward link to the respective source page. see how to cite antweb .\nantweb is funded from private donations and from grants from the national science foundation, deb - 0344731, ef - 0431330 and deb - 0842395. c: 0\n| | myanmar [ urn: lsid: nmbe. ch: spidersp: 025439 ]\nmyrmecisca birmanica thorell, 1897a: 240 (d f). sphecotypus birmanicus simon, 1897a: 171. sphecotypus birmanicus yamasaki et al. , 2017: 22, f. 1 - 5, 7 - 8 (f) .\n| | malaysia (borneo) [ urn: lsid: nmbe. ch: spidersp: 050241 ]\nsphecotypus cf. birmanicus deeleman - reinhold, 2001: 331, f. 489 - 495 (mf). sphecotypus borneensis yamasaki, in yamasaki et al. , 2017: 26, f. 9 - 28 (d m f) .\n| | nicaragua to brazil [ urn: lsid: nmbe. ch: spidersp: 025440 ]\n| | sri lanka [ urn: lsid: nmbe. ch: spidersp: 025441 ]\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page: myers, p. , r. espinosa, c. s. parr, t. jones, g. s. hammond, and t. a. dewey. 2018. the animal diversity web (online). accessed at https: / / animaldiversity. org .\ndisclaimer: the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. adw doesn' t cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283, drl 0628151, due 0633095, drl 0918590, and due 1122742. additional support has come from the marisla foundation, um college of literature, science, and the arts, museum of zoology, and information and technology services .\nrkid _ genus: urn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: 9d16d1b0 - 8d69 - 4a79 - a9f9 - a96ab0403f88 | search | atlas of living australia\nsearch for genus urn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: 9d16d1b0 - 8d69 - 4a79 - a9f9 - a96ab0403f88 returned 0 results .\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment. find records and model species distributions. export reports, maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area, or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something? photograph something? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities. we honour and celebrate the spiritual, cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndisclaimer: itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available, and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties. however, it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes. while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available, ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party, wildlife statutes, regulations, and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register. for further information on u. s. legal requirements with respect to protected taxa, please contact the u. s. fish and wildlife service .\nthe world spider catalog, v15 by n. i. platnick (c) 2000 - 2014 amnh - corinnidae - sphecotypus\nthe world spider catalog, v15 by n. i. platnick (c) 2000 - 2014 amnh\ngen. sphecotypus o. p. - cambridge, 1895 [ urn: lsid: amnh. org: spidergen: 02266 ]\n( thorell, 1897)... ...... ...... .... . myanmar, borneo [ urn: lsid: amnh. org: spidersp: 025439 ]\n( perty, 1833) *... ...... ...... .... . nicaragua to brazil [ urn: lsid: amnh. org: spidersp: 025440 ]\nsimon, 1897... ...... ...... .... . sri lanka [ urn: lsid: amnh. org: spidersp: 025441 ]" ]

{ "text": [ "myrmecia nigra is an australian ant which belongs to the myrmecia genus .", "this species is native to australia and is commonly distributed in western australia , notably in perth .", "myrmecia nigra is a small bull ant species which usually only grow to 9.5-11 millimetres long .", "they are mainly black , and half of their mandibles are brown , the basal is half reddish yellow .", "the antennae and legs are brown , and the thorax varies in colour depending on the colony . " ], "topic": [ 26, 6, 21, 1, 23 ] }

[ "myrmecia nigra is an australian ant which belongs to the myrmecia genus. this species is native to australia and is commonly distributed in western australia, notably in perth. myrmecia nigra is a small bull ant species which usually only grow to 9.5-11 millimetres long. they are mainly black, and half of their mandibles are brown, the basal is half reddish yellow. the antennae and legs are brown, and the thorax varies in colour depending on the colony." ]

[ "the chestnut - eared araçari forms a superspecies with the black - necked aracari (pteroglossus aracari) .\nthe black - necked aracari (pteroglossus aracari) is a south american toucan that occurs naturally in brazil, french guiana, guyana, suriname and venezuela, where it is inhabits a variety of forest and woodland habitats .\ndescription: black - necked aracaris have a black head and throat with dark green to almost black back and tail. its undersides are yellow with a red band and rump. the upper bill (maxilla) is ivory and the lower bill (mandible) is black. sexes are similar .\nthe black - necked aracari is one of the larger aracaris - with an average length of 13 inches or 33 cm and a beak measuring up to 4 inches or 10 cm. it weighs around 180 grams (around 6. 3 oz) .\na beautiful black - necked aracari resting in a tree at caparaó national park. phylum: chordata class: aves order: piciformes family: ramphastidae genus: pteroglossus species: aracari recorded by: leandro tacioli location: alto caparaó / mg - brazil date / time: 10 / jan / 2017 - 08: 48am equipment: panasonic hdc - hs80\n), except that the chestnut - eared aracari is larger and more colorful. the\nbehavior: black - necked aracaris live in flocks of eight to ten individuals. they will migrate over long distances in search of food. their main predators are larger birds of prey .\nit has a black head with chestnut - black ear - coverts (feathers covering the ears). the upperparts are dark green with a red rump. the underparts are yellow with a black throat and a red band across the lower chest .\nhas olive - colored thighs, while the chestnut - eared aracari' s are brown .\namong its congeners, this principally amazonian species shares with the lettered aracari (pteroglossus inscriptus) the distinction of also occurring, albeit locally, in the atlantic forest of eastern brazil. however, while the latter species is strictly confined in this region to the far northeast, the black - necked aracari is found virtually throughout the biome, from pernambuco south, somewhat discontinuously, to santa catarina. the black - necked aracari is readily identified across its reasonably wide range, which also encompasses a relatively large area of northern and eastern amazonia, by its principally pale bill, black neck and blue - gray to black orbital skin, and single red breast band on otherwise yellow underparts. the very dark chestnut ear coverts, which are normally difficult to see without close views, hint at a close relationship between this species and the generally more southerly distributed chestnut - eared aracari (pteroglossus castanotis), and these two are usually considered to form a superspecies .\nthe chestnut - eared aracari has yellow underparts, with a single red band across the chest. the head is black; the throat, ear coverts (feathers covering the ears) and collar are chestnut brown but appearing black at a distance. it has a red rump .\nit has the widest distribution of any aracari species and is one of the most common toucan species .\n43–46 cm; 177–325 g. male nominate race with black head, chestnut - black ear - coverts, green above with red rump; yellow below, with broad red band across lower ...\nthroughout history, crows, ravens and other black birds were feared as symbols of evil or death. …\nkari pihlaviita marked the finnish common name\npunavyöarakari\nfrom\npteroglossus aracari (linnaeus, 1758 )\nas trusted .\nthe chestnut - eared aracari (pteroglossus castanotis) is an aracari that is native to central and south - eastern south america, where this lowland species inhabits western brazil north to eastern colombia and south through eastern peru, northern and eastern bolivia and northern argentina .\nc. michael hogan marked the classification from\nclements checklist resource\nas preferred for\npteroglossus aracari (linnaeus, 1758 )\n.\nshort, l. l. & bonan, a. (2018). black - necked araçari (pteroglossus aracari). in: del hoyo, j. , elliott, a. , sargatal, j. , christie, d. a. & de juana, e. (eds .). handbook of the birds of the world alive. lynx edicions, barcelona. (retrieved from urltoken on 10 july 2018) .\nblack necked aracari singing american goldfinch winter song facts call habitat images diet bird state bird female adaptations all about birds audio as pet audubon alberta pine siskin animal totem attract appearance american goldfinch birdhouse beak. behavior bird call birdhouse plans baby bird song birds for sale bird feeder class colors color change chirp cornell classification coloring page cornell lab ornithology call mp3 drawing diseases description detroit distribution distribution map detroit restaurant. song download what do they eat eggs eye disease endangered eating habits eat enemies egg size edmonton ecosystem nest and eggs american goldfinch food flying feather fun facts. american goldfinch warbling wiki winter plumage winter colors winter female x canary youtube young yellow song singing youtube .\nthe bill is mostly dark - brown or black with a yellow tip and stripe along the bottom of the upper bill. the irises are white or yellow. the bare skin around the eyes varies from dark turquoise to grey .\nthis genus comprises the largest toucans, ranging from 42 to 61 centimetres (17 to 24 in) in length. all have black wings, tails and thighs, but the colour of the remaining plumage depends on the exact species involved .\nthis genus comprises the largest toucans, ranging from 42 to 61 centimetres (17 to 24 in) in length. [ 1 ] all have black wings, tails and thighs, but the colour of the remaining plumage depends on the exact species involved .\nrecommended citation birdlife international (2018) species factsheet: pteroglossus aracari. downloaded from urltoken on 10 / 07 / 2018. recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species: birdlife international (2018) iucn red list for birds. downloaded from urltoken on 10 / 07 / 2018 .\nthe legs of the toucan are strong and rather short. their toes are arranged in pairs with the first and fourth toes turned backward. the majority of toucans do not show any sexual dimorphism in their coloration, the genus selenidera being the most notable exception to this rule (hence their common name ,\ndichromatic toucanets\n). however, the bills of female toucans are usually shorter, deeper and sometimes straighter, giving more of a\nblocky\nimpression compared to male bills. the feathers in the genus containing the largest toucans are generally black, with touches of white, yellow, and scarlet. the underparts of the araçaris (smaller toucans) are yellow, crossed by one or more black or red bands. the toucanets have mostly green plumage with blue markings .\nlike other toucans, the white - throated toucanet is brightly marked and has a large bill. the adult is 30–35 cm (12–14 in) long and weight can range from 118–230 g (4. 2–8. 1 oz). [ 5 ] [ 6 ] the sexes are alike in appearance, although the female generally is smaller and slightly shorter - billed. it is, as other members of the genus aulacorhynchus, mainly green. the vent and tail - tip are rufous. the bill is black with yellow to the upper mandible and a white band at the base of the bill. some white - throated toucanets have a rufous patch near the base of the lower mandible. the throat of the santa marta toucanet is pale grey - blue and white or grey - blue in the other subspecies. the eye - ring is very dark, almost appearing blackish from a distance. the legs are dull greyish and the iris is dark .\nurltoken unabridged based on the random house unabridged dictionary, © random house, inc. 2018\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\nsacc. 2005 and updates. a classification of the bird species of south america. available at: urltoken .\njustification: this species has an extremely large range, and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion (extent of occurrence < 20, 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size, habitat extent / quality, or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation). despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing, the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion (> 30% decline over ten years or three generations). the population size has not been quantified, but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion (< 10, 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10% in ten years or three generations, or with a specified population structure). for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nthe global population size has not been quantified, but this species is described as' common' (stotz et al. (1996). trend justification: this species is suspected to lose 28. 8 - 37. 4% of suitable habitat within its distribution over three generations (21 years) based on a model of amazonian deforestation (soares - filho et al. 2006, bird et al. 2011). however, given the species' s tolerance of fragmentation / degradation / edge - effects and / or the extent of overall losses, it is suspected to decline by < 25% over three generations .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthe ioc world bird list is an open access resource of the international community of ornithologists. our goal is to facilitate worldwide communication in ornithology and conservation based on an up - to - date classification of world birds and a set of english names that follows explicit guidelines for spelling and construction (gill & wright 2006) .\nthe ioc editorial team and advisors update the web - based list quarterly. the updates include changes of recommended names or classification, additions of newly described species, corrections of nomenclature, and updates of species taxonomy .\nthe ioc world bird list complements other primary world bird lists that differ slightly in their primary goals and taxonomic philosophy, i. e. the clements checklist of the birds of the world, the howard & moore complete checklist of the birds of the world, 4 th edition, and hbw alive / bird life international. improved alignment of these independent taxonomic works is a goal of the newly structured international ornithologists union, including a round table discussion at the 2018 meeting in vancouver, british columbia .\nioc world bird list 8. 1 doi 10. 14344 / ioc. ml. 8. 1\nioc world bird list 8. 2 doi 10. 14344 / ioc. ml. 8. 2\nioc world bird list 7. 1 doi 10. 14344 / ioc. ml. 7. 1\nioc world bird list 7. 2 doi 10. 14344 / ioc. ml. 7. 2\nioc world bird list 7. 3 doi 10. 14344 / ioc. ml. 7. 3\nioc world bird list 6. 4 doi 10. 14344 / ioc. ml. 6. 4\nioc world bird list 6. 3 doi 10. 14344 / ioc. ml. 6. 3\nioc world bird list 6. 2 doi 10. 14344 / ioc. ml. 6. 2\nioc world bird list 6. 1 doi 10. 14344 / ioc. ml. 6. 1\nioc world bird list 5. 4 doi 10. 14344 / ioc. ml. 5. 4\nioc world bird list 5. 3 doi 10. 14344 / ioc. ml. 5. 3\nioc world bird list 5. 2 doi 10. 14344 / ioc. ml. 5. 2\nioc world bird list 5. 1 doi 10. 14344 / ioc. ml. 5. 1\nioc world bird list 4. 4 doi 10. 14344 / ioc. ml. 4. 4\nioc world bird list 4. 3 doi 10. 14344 / ioc. ml. 4. 3\nioc world bird list 4. 2 doi 10. 14344 / ioc. ml. 4. 2\nioc world bird list 4. 1 doi 10. 14344 / ioc. ml. 4. 1\nioc world bird list 3. 5 doi 10. 14344 / ioc. ml. 3. 5\nioc world bird list 3. 4 doi 10. 14344 / ioc. ml. 3. 4\nioc world bird list 3. 3 doi 10. 14344 / ioc. ml. 3. 3\nioc world bird list 3. 2 doi 10. 14344 / ioc. ml. 3. 2\nioc world bird list 3. 1 doi 10. 14344 / ioc. ml. 3. 1\ngill f & d donsker (eds). 2016. ioc world bird list (v 6. 2). doi 10. 14344 / ioc. ml. 6. 2\ngenetic data indicate that present species, p. castanotis and p. pluricinctus form a monophyletic group # r # r, all of these belonging to the p. torquatus group (which see). contrary to some views, present species probably not closely related to p. azara # r # r. race atricollis has hybridized with p. pluricinctus in se venezuela (carapo, r paragua). se brazil population previously referred to as vergens, but name wiedii has priority. other proposed races include roraimae (e venezuela and the guianas), synonymized with atricollis; and amazonicus (nc & ec brazil), now lumped into nominate; poorly known form formosus is something of a mystery, having been synonymized variously with nominate or wiedii, although originally stated type locality is “venezuela”. three subspecies currently recognized .\n( statius müller, 1776) – e venezuela and the guianas, and n brazil s to r amazon (w to r negro) .\n( linnaeus, 1758) – disjunct populations in nc, e & se brazil: s of amazon, from r madeira e to maranhão and s to ne mato grosso and goiás; e pernambuco and e alagoas; and also minas gerais and espírito santo .\nj. h. c. f. sturm and j. w. sturm, 1847 – s goiás, s minas gerais and espírito santo s to e paraná and e santa catarina .\ncommon call “tsee - eet” to “sneet”, in irregular series, or regular at c. 2 per second; also used ...\nseason nov–aug in most of range, but sept–feb in s. breed in pairs; captive pairs coming into breeding condition kill other ...\nnot globally threatened. cites ii. widespread, and still relatively common in many areas. se race\nonly subscribers are able to see the bibliography. login or subscribe to get access to a lot of extra features !\nonly members are able to post public comments. to make the most of all of hbw' s features, discover our subscriptions now !\nget access to the contents of the hbw including all species accounts, family texts, plates, audiovisual links, updates and related resources .\nalso available: 2 - year subscription package: 55. 90 € (instead of 59. 90 €) 3 - year subscription package: 82 € (instead of 89. 85 € )\nsupporting members help us to develop and update the project more quickly and to reach more people by keeping prices down .\nview more information, tracking references to their source (when available on the internet) .\nalso available: 2 - year subscription package: 82. 5 € (instead of 89. 9 €) 3 - year subscription package: 122. 5 € (instead of 134. 85 € )\nthere is a registration fee of 20€. this is a one - time only fee when you become a subscriber of hbw alive. you won’t pay it again as long as you renew your subscription before it expires .\nif you represent an organization or institution, click here for more information on institutional subscriptions .\nthis map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding (anonymously); markers do not indicate precise localities .\nthere are many ways to contribute—we need species information, photographs, audio, video, translations, maps, distribution data, and bird sightings. there' s a role for everyone !\n), in neotropical birds online (t. s. schulenberg, editor). cornell lab of ornithology, ithaca, ny, usa. retrieved from neotropical birds online :\nmyavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists, and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .\nthere are more than 12, 000 regional checklists in avibase, offered in 9 different taxonomies, including synonyms more than 175 languages. each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community, and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .\nthere are a few ways by which you can help the development of this page, such as joining the flickr group for photos or providing translations of the site in addition languages .\nhoward and moore 4th edition (incl. corrigenda vol. 1 - 2) :\nyou must be logged in to view your sighting details. to register to myavibase click here .\navibase has been visited 263, 333, 735 times since 24 june 2003. © denis lepage | privacy policy\nid certainty 100% . (archiv. tape 305 side a track 46 seq. a )\nbird perched atop a tall snag (15m up) near the rio cristalino, along the caja trail .\nid certainty 100% . (archiv. tape 12 side a track 30 seq. b )\nid certainty 100% . (archiv. tape 12 side a track 30 seq. a )\nid certainty 100% . (archiv. tape 151 side b track 21 seq. a )\nid certainty 100% . (archiv. tape 6 side a track 8 seq. a )\nid certainty 100% . (archiv. tape 356 side a track 5 seq. a )\nid certainty 100% . (archiv. tape 391 side b track 6 seq. a )\nsonogram images © xeno - canto foundation. sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .\naracaris generally roost socially throughout the year. up to five adults and their fledged offspring sleep in the same hole with their long tails folded over their backs .\nthey nest in trees with appropriate hollows, most of which are previously made by woodpeckers. other hollows are the result of a branch break and ensuing rotting of the heart wood from rain over a period of time .\nin captivity, their nests are typically constructed from palm tree logs. some may use nest boxes .\nthe eggs are incubated for about 16 days. the newly hatched chicks are blind and naked with short bills and thick pads on their heels to protect them from the rough floor of the nest. both parents, as well as their previous offspring and / or possibly other adults, feed the chicks. the young fledge after about 6 weeks. the adults continue to feed them for several weeks after fledging .\ncaptive birds are docile, easy to breed, and typically do well in large, planted flights. they are relatively common in the united states .\nthese active aracaris require large, planted flights. aracaris are generally docile and can be kept with smaller birds - - but not birds so small that they (or their young) could be considered as prey by these large birds, such as finches. breeding pairs are best kept alone. captive birds may breed in nest boxes with a concave bottom; however, they generally prefer natural nests constructed from palm tree logs, which allows them to dig their nest chambers deeper .\ntoucanets and aracaris... all require the same space. the smallest breeding flight i have used was 4' x 10' x 6 feet high and the flights i currently use are 8' x 12' x 8 feet high and the newest flights are 8' x 16' x 8 feet high .\nthey need the proper diet, a nest log and the pairs must be compatible .\ni would start with the easiest, so when you have babies you will feel a sense of accomplishment and want to continue. if you start with a difficult species you will have much less luck and may become discouraged .\n( source: jerry jennings, president / director of emerald forest bird gardens )\nfor updates please follow beautyofbirds on google + (google. com / + avianweb )\nthe images on this page are the sole property of the photographers (unless marked as public domain) .\n; however, mistakes do happen. if you would like to correct or update any of the information, please\nplease note: any content published on this site is commentary or opinion, and is protected under free speech. it is only provided for educational and entertainment purposes, and is in no way intended as a substitute for professional advice. avianweb / beautyofbirds or any of their authors / publishers assume no responsibility for the use or misuse of any of the published material. your use of this website indicates your agreement to these terms .\nsize: one of the larger aracaris, it measures 14 - 18 inches (36 - 46 cm) and weighs 8 to 11 ounces (227 - 312 gr). the bill is approximately four inches (10 cm) in length .\ndiet: diet consists of fruit, nuts and animal prey. communication: this is a very noisy bird that shrieks constantly .\nreproduction: season is roughly february to august. two to four white eggs are laid. nests are in old tree cavities (such as those made by woodpeckers); both sexes incubate for a period of 16 - 17 days. it is noted that the male will feed the hen while she incubates eggs. both parents feed the chicks, often by regurgitating food items. fledging occurs at approximately 40 days, at which point it is thought the chicks become ‘non - breeders’ within a flock .\nhabitat / range: can be found in a variety of forest and woodland habitats in brazil, french guiana, guyana, suriname and venezuela .\nstatus: classified as least concern (lc) on iucn red list; cites, appendix ii .\nclassification from clements checklist resource selected by c. michael hogan - see more .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nthe white - throated toucanet (aulacorhynchus albivitta) is a near - passerine bird found in the andes from western venezuela, through colombia to northern ecuador .\nthe white - throated toucanet was originally described in the genus pteroglossus. although not accepted yet by all authorities, the white - throated toucanet was split from the emerald toucanet to form a separate species. [ 2 ] the santa marta toucanet and the grey - throated toucanet were both formerly considered as a separate species (aulacorhynchus lautus and aulacorhynchus griseigularis respectively) until lumped as a subspecies of the white - throated toucanet in 2016. [ 3 ] alternate names for the white - throated toucanet include the andean toucanet, greyish - throated toucanet, north andean toucanet, northern andean toucanet and southern emerald toucanet .\nsanta marta toucanet (a. a. lautus) - bangs, 1898: originally described as a separate species. found in the santa marta mountains of northern colombia\ngrey - throated toucanet (a. a. griseigularis) - chapman, 1915: originally described as a separate species. found in northern western andes and western slope of central andes (western and central colombia )\n( a. a. phaeolaemus) - gould, 1874: originally described as a separate species. found on western slope of western andes (western colombia )\ntext is available under the creative commons attribution - sharealike license; additional terms may apply. by using this site, you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy. wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation, inc. , a non - profit organization .\n) and compact. the tail is rounded and varies in length, from half the length to the whole length of the body. the neck is short and thick. the wings are small, as they are forest - dwelling birds who only need to travel short distances, and are often of about the same span as the bill - tip - to - tail - tip measurements of the bird .\n, which in some large species measures more than half the length of the body, is the hallmark of toucans. despite its size, the toucan' s bill is very light, being composed of bone struts filled with\nresembling teeth, which historically led naturalists to believe that toucans captured fish and were primarily carnivorous; today it is known that they eat mostly fruit. researchers have discovered that the large bill of the toucan is a highly efficient\nbelow). also, the beak allows the bird to reach deep into tree - holes to access food unavailable to other birds, and also to ransack suspended nests built by smaller birds. however, as there is no sexual dimorphism in coloration it is unlikely to be a\ninches), narrow, grey, and singularly frayed on each side, adding to its sensitivity as an organ of taste .\n. because of this, toucans may snap their tail forward until it touches the head .\nthis is the posture in which they sleep, often appearing simply as a ball of feathers, with the tip of the tail sticking out over the head .\ntoucans are native to southern mexico, central america, the northern part of south america (where they are known as the brazilian goose), and the caribbean region. they generally live in tropical and sub - tropical regions .\ntoucans are arboreal and typically lay 2–21 white eggs in their nests. they make their nests in tree hollows and holes excavated by other animals such as woodpeckers —the toucan bill has very limited use as an excavation tool. when the eggs hatch, the young emerge completely naked, without any down. toucans are resident breeders and do not migrate. toucans are usually found in pairs or small flocks. they sometimes fence with their bills and wrestle, which scientists hypothesize they do to establish dominance hierarchies .\ncaptive toucans have been reported to hunt insects actively in their cages, and it is possible to keep toucans on an insect - only diet. they also plunder nests of smaller birds, taking eggs and nestlings .\nthis probably provides a crucial addition of protein to their diet. certainly, apart from being systematically predatory as well as frugivorous, like many omnivorous birds, they particularly prefer animal food for feeding their chicks .\nthe mascot of the brazilian social democracy party is a blue and yellow colored toucan; party members are called tucanos for this reason .\nin dora the explora, the character señor túcan is a spanish speaking toucan who occasionally gives dora and her friends advice .\nthe toucan tecs was a 1992 uk television cartoon, broadcast on citv, about two detective toucans named zippi and zac .\nthe constellation tucana, containing most of the small magellanic cloud, is named after the toucan .\nthe mascot of the kellogg' s brand cereal froot loops is toucan sam .\nduring the 1930s and 1940s guinness (beer) advertising often featured a toucan .\ntattersall, g. j. ; andrade, d. v. ; abe, a. s. (2009) .\nheat exchange from the toucan bill reveals a controllable vascular thermal radiator\n.\nreynolds, j. (2003) .\nhandbook of the birds of the world, vol. 7. jacamars to woodpeckers\n.\nremsen jr, j. v. ; hyde, mary ann; chapman, angela (1993) .\nthe diets of neotropical trogons, motmots, barbets and toucans\n.\nnadkarni, nalini m. ; wheelwright, nathaniel t. (editors). monteverde: ecology and conservation of a tropical cloud forest. publisher: oxford university press, 2000. isbn 978 - 0 - 19 - 513310 - 3\nshort, lester; horne, jennifer. toucans, barbets and honeyguides. publisher: oxford university press 2002. isbn 978 - 0 - 19 - 854666 - 5\nthis article is issued from wikipedia - version of the 12 / 4 / 2016. the text is available under the creative commons attribution / share alike but additional terms may apply for the media files .\nramphastos is a genus of toucans, tropical and subtropical near passerine birds from mexico, and central and south america, which are brightly marked and have enormous, often colourful, bills .\nthey are essentially resident birds, but may take part in minor, local movements (e. g. , to lower altitudes in the winter) .\nall the species are basically fruit - eating, but will take insects and other small prey .\nthe ischnoceran louse austrophilopterus cancellosus is suspected to parasitize all species of ramphastos toucans. its presence has been confirmed on all species except the citron - throated toucan .\nramphastos is a genus of toucans, tropical and subtropical near passerine birds from mexico, and central and south america, which are brightly marked and have enormous, often colourful, bills. [ 1 ]\nthey are essentially resident birds, but may take part in minor, local movements (e. g. , to lower altitudes in the winter). [ 1 ]\nall the species are basically fruit - eating, but will take insects and other small prey. [ 1 ]\nthe ischnoceran louse austrophilopterus cancellosus is suspected to parasitize all species of ramphastos toucans. its presence has been confirmed on all species except the citron - throated toucan. [ 9 ]\nshort, l. l. , & horne, j. f. m. (2002). toucans (ramphastidae). pp. 220–272 in del hoyo, j. , elliott, a. , & sargatal, j. eds. (2002). handbook of the birds of the world. vol. 7 jacamars to woodpecker. lynx edicions, barcelona. isbn 84 - 87334 - 37 - 7\nprice, roger d. & weckstein, jason d. (2005). the genus austrophilopterus ewing (phthiraptera: philopteridae) from toucans, toucanets, and araçaris (piciformes: ramphastidae). zootaxa 918: 1–18. pdf fulltext\nthis page is based on a wikipedia article written by authors (here). text is available under the cc by - sa 3. 0 license; additional terms may apply. images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses .\nall ranks domain kingdom subkingdom phylum subphylum superclass class subclass infraclass superorder order suborder infraorder superfamily family subfamily tribe subtribe genus subgenus species subspecies variety group (polytypic) group (monotypic) species split life sp. ssp. intra - specific hybrid interspecific hybrid intergeneric hybrid species pair\nall records (accepted, rejected, pending). to filter / search please enter a phrase. e. g. to filter rejected records, type rejected into the search box, all columns can be filtered .\nhave you seen something interesting? click submit to share your rare bird sightings via our simple form .\n© 2018 birdguides, warners group publications plc. all rights reserved. company registered in england no. 2572212 | vat registration no. gb 638 3492 15\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page: myers, p. , r. espinosa, c. s. parr, t. jones, g. s. hammond, and t. a. dewey. 2018. the animal diversity web (online). accessed at https: / / animaldiversity. org .\ndisclaimer: the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. adw doesn' t cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283, drl 0628151, due 0633095, drl 0918590, and due 1122742. additional support has come from the marisla foundation, um college of literature, science, and the arts, museum of zoology, and information and technology services .\navibase has been visited 263, 330, 129 times since 24 june 2003. © denis lepage | privacy policy\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nzoonomen - zoological nomenclature resource, 2005. 12. 06, website (version 06 - dec - 05 )\ndisclaimer: itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available, and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties. however, it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes. while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available, ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party, wildlife statutes, regulations, and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register. for further information on u. s. legal requirements with respect to protected taxa, please contact the u. s. fish and wildlife service .\nwe’ve partnered with invision to make it easier to search and download our images in sketch and adobe® photoshop® .\n{ { t (' more _ than _ one _ credit', { zero: calc. totalcreditcost }) } }\nonce this video clip is done converting, you' ll be able to download it from your video conversion queue or download history .\neditorial use only photos don' t have any model or property releases, which means they can' t be used for commercial, promotional, advertorial or endorsement purposes. this type of content is intended to be used in connection with events that are newsworthy or of general interest (for example, in a blog, textbook, newspaper or magazine article) .\nthis format requires a quick conversion (usually under 5 mins) before download begins, or you can get the largest and smallest formats immediately .\nby clicking\nconfirm download\nyou agree that you' ve read and agree to all applicable license agreements for this download .\nwe noticed that you' re using an unsupported browser. the tripadvisor website may not display properly. we support the following browsers :\nvisitors can learn all about the local film industry here, which is one ...\nvisitors can learn all about the local film industry here, which is one of the largest in india .\nramoji film city is the world’s biggest film city is located at a distance of near about 30 km from the hyderabad city. it’s a very good place for outing & for recreation. ramoji film city is also a popular tourist place containing both natural & artificial attractions. it has an amusement park. any kind of outsider transport is not ...\n* tripadvisor llc is not a booking agent and does not charge any service fees to users of our site... (\ntripadvisor llc is not responsible for content on external web sites. taxes, fees not included for deals content .\nthis species has an extremely large range, and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion (extent of occurrence < 20, 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size, habitat extent / quality, or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation). despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing, the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion (> 30% decline over ten years or three generations). the population size has not been quantified, but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion (< 10, 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10% in ten years or three generations, or with a specified population structure). for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nthey typically nest in trees with appropriate hollows, most of which are previously made by woodpeckers. other hollows are the result of a branch break and ensuing rotting of the heart wood from rain over a period of time .\ntheir eggs are white and elliptical shaped. the eggs are incubated for about 16 days. the newly hatched chicks are blind and naked with short bills and thick pads on their heels to protect them from the rough floor of the nest. both parents, as well as their previous offspring and / or possibly other adults, feed the chicks .\nthe young fledge after about 6 weeks. the adults continue to feed them for several weeks after fledging .\nin captivity, their nests are typically constructed from palm tree logs or nesting boxes. .\nthe articles or images on this page are the sole property of the authors or photographers." ]

{ "text": [ "the black-necked aracari ( us / ˌɑːrəˈsɑːri / ahr-ə-sahr-ee , uk / ˌɑːrəˈsɑːri / arr-ə-sahr-ee or / ˌɑːrəˈkɑːri / arr-ə-kahr-ee ) , or black-necked araçari ( pteroglossus aracari ) , is a species of bird in the toucan family .", "it is found in brazil , french guiana , guyana , suriname , and venezuela . " ], "topic": [ 7, 20 ] }

[ "the black-necked aracari (us / ˌɑːrəˈsɑːri / ahr-ə-sahr-ee, uk / ˌɑːrəˈsɑːri / arr-ə-sahr-ee or / ˌɑːrəˈkɑːri / arr-ə-kahr-ee), or black-necked araçari (pteroglossus aracari), is a species of bird in the toucan family. it is found in brazil, french guiana, guyana, suriname, and venezuela." ]

[ "xerocrassa subvariegata is endemic to crete, spread in the north - western island (hausdorf and sauer 2009) .\ndistribution of xerocrassa species on crete (utm grid, 10 - km squares): ●, records in which vouchers have been checked; ▴, records from the literature. a, xerocrassa amphiconus (maltzan, 1883). b, xerocrassa cretica (l. pfeiffer, 1841). c, xerocrassa franciscoi sp. nov. d, xerocrassa grabusana sp. nov. e, xerocrassa heraklea sp. nov. f, xerocrassa kydonia sp. nov. g, xerocrassa lasithiensis sp. nov. h, xerocrassa meda (porro, 1840). i, xerocrassa mesostena (westerlund, 1879). j, xerocrassa rhithymna sp. nov. k, xerocrassa siderensis (maltzan, 1883). l, xerocrassa subvariegata (maltzan, 1883) .\nxerocrassa subvariegata is most similar to x. grabusana. some depressed forms of x. subvariegata can also be similar to pseudoxerophila oertzeni (maltzan 1887), from which it differs in the narrower umbilicus andthe lack of incised spiral striae (hausdorf & sauer 2009) .\nhelix (candidula ?) subvariegata - kobelt, 1888: 27, pl. 98, fig. 551 .\nxerocrassa subvariegata is most similar to x. grabusana sp. nov. (see notes for that species). some depressed forms of x. subvariegata can also be similar to pseudoxerophila oertzeni (maltzan, 1887), from which it differs in the narrower umbilicus and the lack of incised spiral striae .\nxerocrassa subvariegata is spread in north - western crete from tsakalaria and kantanos in the west to gerani in the east. west of the lefka ori it spreads south to the environs of imbros .\nxerocrassa meda is the type species of xeroclausa monterosato, 1892. the relationships of x. meda to the east mediterranean xerocrassa species should be investigated .\nxerocrassa species from crete: shells. a, xerocrassa mesostena (westerlund, 1879), moni assomaton (syntype of helix psiloritana maltzan; zmb 36374). b, xerocrassa rhithymna sp. nov. , moni arkadiou, 3 km towards thronos (holotype; zmh 51067). c, xerocrassa siderensis (maltzan, 1883), cape sideros (syntype of helix siderensis maltzan; zmb 111957). d, xerocrassa siderensis (maltzan, 1883), ‘lassiti’ (holotype of helix euphacodes maltzan; zmb 101443). e, xerocrassa subvariegata (maltzan, 1883), tuzla (syntype zmb 36377). scale bar: 5 mm .\nstructurama calculated the posterior probability that the dataset includes 3 clusters as 1. 0. in the mean partition these clusters correspond to x. cretica, x. subvariegata + x. grabusana, and a complex including the other eight endemic cretan xerocrassa species .\nhelix (candidula) subvariegata maltzan, 1883: 105. locus typicus: ‘prope suda insulae cretae’ (more exact: ‘tuzla’, see kobelt, 1888), greece .\nlocality, voucher, cox1 data and aflp data for the used xerocrassa individuals (xls) .\nmeasurements of some parts of the genitalia of xerocrassa franciscoi sp. nov. (in mm )\nmeasurements of some parts of the genitalia of xerocrassa grabusana sp. nov. (in mm )\nmeasurements of some parts of the genitalia of xerocrassa heraklea sp. nov. (in mm )\nmeasurements of some parts of the genitalia of xerocrassa kydonia sp. nov. (in mm )\nmeasurements of some parts of the genitalia of xerocrassa rhithymna sp. nov. (in mm )\nmeasurements of some parts of the genitalia of xerocrassa lasithiensis sp. nov. (in mm )\nxerocrassa species from crete: shells. a, xerocrassa grabusana sp. nov. , kaliviani, 5. 5 km towards balos (holotype; zmh 51070). b, xerocrassa heraklea sp. nov. , stalida, 3 km towards mohos (holotype; zmh 51068). c, xerocrassa kydonia sp. nov. , koutsomatados (holotype; zmh 51069). d, xerocrassa lasithiensis sp. nov. , lenika, 1 km towards elounda (holotype; zmh 51071). e, xerocrassa meda (porro, 1840), chania (maa). scale bar: 5 mm .\nhelicella (xerocrassa) cretica cretica - fuchs & käufel, 1936: 621, 625, 626 .\nxerocrassa subvariegata is characterized by a small, irregularly striated or finely ribbed, depressed conical shell, with a rounded, or at most bluntly keeled, body whorl, a moderately wide umbilicus, and with a penial papilla with a cylindrical basal part and a dilated apical part, and a subterminal opening .\nxerocrassa species from crete: shells. a, xerocrassa mesostena (westerlund, 1879), arhanes (syntype of helix mesostena westerlund); nmgw ]. b, xerocrassa mesostena (westerlund, 1879), sfakia (syntype of helix sphakiota maltzan; zmb 111956). c, xerocrassa mesostena (westerlund, 1879), paleochora, 1. 5 km towards koundoura (zmh 29603). d, xerocrassa mesostena (westerlund, 1879), tapes, 2. 5 km towards agios nikolaos (zmh 36666). scale bar: 5 mm .\nxerocrassa species from crete: genitalia. scale bar: 1 mm. a, xerocrassa kydonia sp. nov. , koutsomatados (holotype; zmh 51069). b, xerocrassa lasithiensis sp. nov. , lenika, 1 km towards elounda (holotype; zmh 51071). c, xerocrassa meda (porro, 1840), malta, sliema (from giusti et al. , 1995: fig. 542). d, xerocrassa mesostena (westerlund, 1879), ano arhanes, top of mount jouchtas (zmh 29912). e, xerocrassa mesostena (westerlund, 1879), ano viannos, 1 km towards mirtos (zmh 29753). f, xerocrassa mesostena (westerlund, 1879), moni assomaton, 0. 3 km towards vistagi (zmh 50033) .\nmeasurements of some parts of the genitalia of xerocrassa cretica (l. pfeiffer, 1841) (in mm )\nxerocrassa species from crete: penial papillae. scale bar: 0. 5 mm. a, xerocrassa amphiconus (maltzan, 1883), moni toplou, 0. 7 km towards sitia (zmh 36606). b, xerocrassa cretica (l. pfeiffer, 1841), zakros, 3 km towards kato zakros (zmh 29343). c, xerocrassa grabusana sp. nov. , 2 km north of kaliviani (zmh 29885). d, xerocrassa kydonia sp. nov. , mesavlia, 1. 8 km towards chania (zmh 36893). e, xerocrassa mesostena (westerlund, 1879), listaros, 1 km towards moni odigitrias (zmh 36339) .\nxerocrassa monterosato, 1892: 23. type species (by monotypy): helix seetzeni l. pfeiffer, 1847 .\nxerocrassa franciscoi sp. nov. is restricted to the southern slope of the western asteroussia mountains, south of kapetaniana .\nxerocrassa species from crete: genitalia. scale bar: 1 mm. a, xerocrassa amphiconus (maltzan, 1883), agia fotia (zmh 18645). b, xerocrassa cretica (l. pfeiffer, 1841), palekastro, 4. 7 km towards vai (zmh 36579). c, xerocrassa cretica (l. pfeiffer, 1841) (‘ gradilis ’), palekastro, 4. 7 km towards vai (zmh 50001). d, xerocrassa franciscoi sp. nov. , ano kapetaniana, 7 km towards agios ioannis (holotype; zmh 51072). e, xerocrassa grabusana sp. nov. , kaliviani, 5. 5 km towards balos (holotype; zmh 51070). f, xerocrassa heraklea sp. nov. , stalida, 3 km towards mohos (holotype; zmh 51068) .\nxerocrassa amphiconus is restricted to the easternmost mountain range of crete. most records are from the central region of the mountain range .\nxerocrassa rhithymna sp. nov. is restricted to the northern part of crete, between the lefka ori and the psiloriti mountains .\nxerocrassa species from crete: shells. a, xerocrassa amphiconus (maltzan, 1883), sitia, moni toplou, mu29 (syntype zmb 39695). b, xerocrassa cretica (l. pfeiffer, 1841), crete (syntype of helix cretica forma alba westerlund & blanc; nmgw). c, xerocrassa cretica (l. pfeiffer, 1841), crete (syntype of helix curetum westerlund; nmgw). d, xerocrassa cretica (l. pfeiffer, 1841), elassa island (syntype of helix gradilis martens; zmb 42683). e, xerocrassa franciscoi sp. nov. , ano kapetaniana, 7 km towards agios ioannis (holotype; zmh 51072). scale bar: 5 mm for a, d, and e; 10 mm for b and c .\nxerocrassa lasithiensis sp. nov. is restricted to the region north - east of the dikti mountains, from sisi to agios nikolaos .\nxerocrassa meda is characterized by a depressed conical, distinctly ribbed shell, with quickly increasing whorls and a very narrow, partly obscured, umbilicus .\nhelicellinae from crete: genitalia. scale bar: 1 mm. a, xerocrassa rhithymna sp. nov. , moni arkadiou, 3 km towards thronos (holotype; zmh 51067). b, xerocrassa siderensis (maltzan, 1883), vai finikodasos (zmh 29445). c, xerocrassa subvariegata (maltzan, 1883), chania, towards rethimnon, at branch towards souda (zmh 29318). d, trochoidea pyramidata (draparnaud, 1805), ierapetra, 6 km towards makrigialos (zmh 36466). e, xeropicta krynickii (krynicki, 1833), limni kourna (zmh 29778). f, pseudoxerophila bathytera (westerlund & blanc, 1879), sikologos, 2 km towards mirtos (zmh 29524) .\nxerocrassa siderensis differs conchologically from xeropicta krynickii (krynicki, 1833), which also has a similar umbilicus, in the lack of incised spiral striae .\nadditional file 1: classification, aflp, locality and voucher data for the xerocrassa specimens used in this study. zmh, zoological museum hamburg. (xls 275 kb )\nxerocrassa grabusana sp. nov. is spread in north - western crete from the gramvousa peninsula to limani in the south - west, and to kastelli kissamos in the east .\nxerocrassa kydonia sp. nov. is restricted to north - west crete, from platanos in the west to kakopetros in the east, and the rodopou peninsula in the north .\nmodels of sequence evolution for the distance calculations and the maximum - likelihood analysis based on the cox1 sequences were chosen using modeltest version 3. 7 [ 19 ] based on the akaike information criterion (aic). the maximum - likelihood analysis was conducted with treefinder [ 20 ] – [ 21 ]. individuals of xerocrassa subvariegata and x. grabusana were used as outgroups for the phylogenetic reconstruction. confidence values for the edges of the maximum - likelihood tree were computed by bootstrapping (100 replications; [ 22 ]) .\nxerocrassa franciscoi sp. nov. is superficially similar to xerocrassa gharlapsi (beckmann, 1987) from malta. xerocrassa franciscoi sp. nov. differs from x. gharlapsi species in the smaller shell (large diameter 9. 4–11. 7 mm vs. 12. 5–14. 0 mm in x. gharlapsi) with a less sharp keel that is stepped from the upper side of the whorls, whereas the upper side of x. gharlapsi evenly passes into the very sharp keel, and the longer penis and vagina (in relation to the proximal epiphallus) .\nxerocrassa mesostena is restricted to crete. it is distributed across almost the whole island, with the exception of the eastern and north - western tip, and the region between chania and the psiloritis mountains .\nxerocrassa franciscoi sp. nov. is characterized by a discoidal shell, with a broadly protruding keel and a wide umbilicus, and a relatively short flagellum (proximal epiphallus: flagellum = 2. 3–2. 6) .\n9a. shell striated or finely ribbed, without distinct keel; large shell diameter: umbilicus width ≥ 0. 15; proximal epiphallus: flagellum ≤ 1. 2... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ... xerocrassa subvariegata (maltzan, 1883 )\nxerocrassa specimens were sampled in july / august and september / october 2004 and september / october 2005. these snail species are categorized as least concern in the red list of the international union for conservation of nature (iucn), and thus no specific permission was required for this study. mitochondrial cox1 sequences and aflp data were determined from 95 specimens from 84 localities across crete covering all known morphotypes. the locality, voucher and aflp data for the xerocrassa specimens used in this study can be found in table s1 .\nxerocrassa cretica is characterized by a typically large (usually 15–23 mm on crete; at the east coast there are rare, small forms > 8. 3 mm), depressed conical, and finely and regularly ribbed shell, with a moderately wide, almost concentrical, umbilicus .\nxerocrassa kydonia sp. nov. differs from the neighbouring populations of x. mesostena in the usually smaller, more conical shell with more strongly arched whorls, and the shorter flagellum (table 3). the shells of x. kydonia sp. nov. cannot be distinguished from those of x. rhithymna sp. nov. , x. heraklea sp. nov. , and x. lasithiensis sp. nov. xerocrassa kydonia sp. nov. differs from all these species in the larger proximal epiphallus: flagellum ratio (≥ 3. 0; table 3) .\nthe evidence for gene flow between parapatrically distributed cretan xerocrassa units representing different stages of the speciation process, namely between metapopulations within x. mesostena as well as between recently diverged species, indicates that there was always some gene flow during the speciation process. thus, the ongoing fragmentation of the x. mesostena complex might represent an example for parapatric speciation [ 60 ] – [ 61 ]. the conclusion that evolutionary units can originate or remain distinct despite ongoing gene flow confirms theoretical predictions that speciation is possible in the face of gene flow between differentiating populations [ 60 ] – [ 61 ]. the lack of ecological differentiation of the cretan xerocrassa metapopulations and species is also in agreement with the theoretical prediction that divergent selection for local adaptation is not required for rapid speciation [ 60 ] – [ 61 ], but in the case of xerocrassa sexual selection has probably facilitated the speciation process .\nxerocrassa mesostena is characterized by a medium - sized shell with a narrow umbilicus, a proximal epiphallus: flagellum ratio of 0. 9–2. 3 (rarely up to 2. 8), and a penial papilla with a broader basal part, and a narrower apical part with a terminal opening .\nxerocrassa grabusana sp. nov. is characterized by a small, irregularly coarsely ribbed, depressed conical shell, with a distinct keel that is usually separated by grooves, and a moderately narrow umbilicus and a penial papilla, with a cylindrical basal part and a dilated apical part, and a subterminal opening .\ndiagnosis: xerocrassa amphiconus is characterized by a strongly depressed, perforated shell with a protruding keel, a relatively short flagellum (proximal epiphallus: flagellum = 3. 3–4. 6), and a penial papilla with a long, terminally open basal part and a very short conical apical part, with an open channel .\ndiagnosis: xerocrassa is characterized by a symmetrical dart apparatus, consisting of two small accessory sacs and usually four branched glandulae mucosae around the vagina, irregular longitudinal folds at the inner side of the wall of the vagina, and the lack of a well - developed appendix at the atrium. the penis is innervated from the right cerebral ganglion .\ncernuella virgata differs from xerocrassa cretica in the more rapidly increasing whorls, the irregular ribbing, the more numerous irregular impressions on the top, the often reddish internal rib in the aperture, and the frequently more eccentric umbilicus. forms with a reddish internal rib can be easily identified. however, there are also forms with a whitish internal rib .\nxerocrassa meda is known from the italian mainland, sicily, and malta. its native range is unclear, because the species is restricted to anthropogenic habitats. originally, it was described from sardinia, but only a single record is known from there, and could possibly be the result of a recent introduction (giusti et al. , 1995). xerocrassa meda has also been introduced on lesvos (bank, 1988; as cernuella spec .) and kos (bank & neuteboom, 1988; as trochoidea spec .). on crete it was found only once on the old city walls of chania by w. j. m. maassen in 1987. we did not find it there in 2004. perhaps the introduced population became extinct .\nxerocrassa kydonia sp. nov. is characterized by a small (< 8 mm), conical, coarsely striated, or ribbed shell, with a blunt edge or a keel, and a narrow umbilicus, a proximal epiphallus: flagellum ratio of ≥ 3. 0, and a penial papilla that is divided into a long, terminally open basal part, and a very short conical apical part .\nxerocrassa siderensis is characterized by a medium - sized shell with a rounded or angular body whorl, an initially very narrow umbilicus that is often strongly enlarged by the body whorl, a relatively short flagellum (proximal epiphallus: flagellum = 2. 7–3. 7), and a penial papilla with a long, terminally open basal part, and a very short conical apical part with an open channel .\nxerocrassa siderensis is restricted to the easternmost mountain range of crete, where it commonly occurs near the coast. the westernmost localities from which specimens were determined anatomically are agia fotia, lithines, and kalo nero. near lithines, populations of x. siderensis on the western slopes of the eastern hills are adjacent to populations of x. mesostena on the eastern slopes of the foothills of the orno oros .\n4b. proximal epiphallus: flagellum = 3. 3–4. 6; umbilicus 0. 2–1. 0 mm... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... .. xerocrassa amphiconus (maltzan, 1883 )\na non - adaptive radiation triggered by sexual selection resulted in ten endemic land snail species of the genus xerocrassa on crete. only five of these species and a more widespread species are monophyletic in a mitochondrial gene tree. the reconstruction of the evolutionary history of such closely related species can be complicated by incomplete lineage sorting, introgression or inadequate taxonomy. to distinguish between the reasons for the nonmonophyly of several species in the mitochondrial gene tree we analysed nuclear aflp markers .\ntrochoidea is characterized by a symmetrical dart apparatus consisting of two small accessory sacs, and usually four branched glandulae mucosae around the vagina, two strong longitudinal folds that surround each opening of the accessory sacs into the vagina at the inner side of the wall of the vagina, and fuse pairwise at their distal and proximal ends, and a large rounded appendix at the atrium. concerning the homology of the two small sacs at the vagina, see xerocrassa. the penis is innervated from the right cerebral ganglion .\n4a. proximal epiphallus: flagellum ratio = 2. 3–2. 6; umbilicus 1. 7–2. 6 mm... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... .... . xerocrassa franciscoi sp. nov .\nthe holotype of helix euphacodes maltzan, 1883 cannot be distinguished from forms of x. siderensis with a distinct edge at the periphery of the body whorl. it has been described from ‘in montibus’ lasethe ‘ (lassiti) dictis insulae cretae’. actually, the ‘lasethe’ mountains are the dikti mountains. however, no similar xerocrassa form has been found in the dikti mountains. thus, we suppose that maltzan (1883) meant any mountains in the prefecture lasithi (where he also collected typical x. siderensis and x. amphiconus specimens) .\nxerocrassa lasithiensis sp. nov. is characterized by a small (< 8. 2 mm), conical, coarsely striated or ribbed shell, with a blunt edge or a keel, and a narrow umbilicus, a proximal epiphallus: dart apparatus ratio of ≥ 8. 1, a proximal epiphallus: vagina length ratio of ≥ 2. 4, a proximal epiphallus: flagellum ratio of ≤ 1. 2, and a penial papilla that is usually divided into a long, terminally open basal part, and a very short conical apical part .\nwe investigated the importance of geographical isolation and selection for the geographic differentiation of x. mesostena and their role as initial factors triggering speciation in the cretan xerocrassa radiation. we studied the population structure of x. mesostena using amplified fragment length polymorphism (aflp) markers [ 14 ] and compared it with the phylogeographic pattern revealed by mitochondrial sequences to infer the importance of geographic barriers for the differentiation process. furthermore, we applied a landscape genetic approach based on aflp data to investigate the role of natural selection by environmental variables in the differentiation process [ 15 ] .\n11a. total vagina length: vagina up to the base of the dart apparatus ≥ 1. 6... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... .... . xerocrassa heraklea sp. nov .\n2a. large shell diameter ≤ 9 mm; proximal epiphallus: flagellum ≥ 3. 0... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... . xerocrassa kydonia sp. nov .\nthe most likely causes for the nonmonophyly of species in the mitochondrial gene tree of the xerocrassa radiation on crete could be inferred using aflp data by a combination of several criteria, namely the depth of the coalescences in the gene tree, the geographical distribution of shared genetic markers, and concordance with results of admixture analyses of nuclear multilocus markers. the strongly subdivided population structure increases the effective population size of land snail species and, thus, the likelihood of a long persistence of ancestral polymorphisms. our study suggests that ancestral polymorphisms are a frequent cause for nonmonophyly of species with a strongly subdivided population structure in gene trees .\n12a. proximal epiphallus: total vagina length ≤ 2. 1... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... . xerocrassa rhithymna sp. nov .\n12b. proximal epiphallus: total vagina length ≥ 2. 3... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... . xerocrassa lasithiensis sp. nov .\n7b. without appendix, or at most with a small swelling at the atrium, inner side of the wall of the vagina with irregular longitudinal folds... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... .... . xerocrassa\nthe shells of x. rhithymna sp. nov. cannot be distinguished from those of x. lasithiensis sp. nov. , x. heraklea sp. nov. , and x. kydonia sp. nov. xerocrassa rhithymna sp. nov. differs from x. lasithiensis sp. nov. in the smaller proximal epiphallus: vagina length ratio (≤ 2. 1), and the usually smaller proximal epiphallus: dart apparatus ratio (≤ 8. 5), from x. heraklea sp. nov. in the higher insertion of the dart apparatus and the glandulae mucosae at the vagina length (total length of the vagina: vagina up to the base of the dart apparatus ≤ 1. 5; total length of the vagina: vagina up to the glandulae mucosae ≤ 1. 2), and from x. kydonia sp. nov. in the smaller proximal epiphallus: flagellum ratio (≤ 1. 1; table 3). xerocrassa rhithymna sp. nov. differs from x. mesostena, with which it lives syntopically at a few sites, in the penial papilla that is divided into a long, terminally open basal part and a very short conical apical part, and the usually smaller, more conical, coarsely striated or ribbed shell, with a blunt edge or a keel .\nxerocrassa heraklea sp. nov. is characterized by a small (< 8 mm), conical, coarsely striated or ribbed shell, with a blunt edge or a keel, proximal epiphallus: dart apparatus ≤ 8. 1, proximal epiphallus: vagina length ≤ 1. 9, proximal epiphallus: flagellum ≤ 1. 0, total length of the vagina: vagina up to the base of the dart apparatus ≥ 1. 6, total length of the vagina: vagina up to the glandulae mucosae ≥ 1. 3, and a penial papilla that is divided into a long, terminally open basal part and a very short, conical apical part .\nthe shells of x. lasithiensis sp. nov. cannot be distinguished from those of x. rhithymna sp. nov. , x. heraklea sp. nov. , and x. kydonia sp. nov. xerocrassa lasithiensis sp. nov. differs from x. rhithymna sp. nov. and x. heraklea sp. nov. in the higher proximal epiphallus: vagina length ratio (≥ 2. 4) and the usually higher proximal epiphallus: dart apparatus ratio (≥ 8. 1), and from x. kydonia sp. nov. in the smaller proximal epiphallus: flagellum ratio (≤ 1. 2) (table 3) .\n6a. large shell diameter, usually > 13 mm; if smaller, columellar edge of aperture almost perpendicular to body whorl, umbilicus almost concentric... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... .. xerocrassa cretica (l. pfeiffer, 1841 )\nadditional 3650 lots (mainly shells) were borrowed from the following collections: haus der natur, cismar (hnc); hungarian natural history museum, budapest [ hnhm; material determined as xerocrassa cretica, xeromunda candiota, and cernuella virgata has only partly been revised ]; collection w. j. m. maassen, duivendrecht (maa); naturhistoriska museet, göteborg (nmg); collection c. a. westerlund in the nmg (nmgw); nationaal natuurhistorisch museum, leiden, formerly rijksmuseum van natuurlijke historie (rmnh); collection p. subai, aachen (sub); museum für naturkunde, berlin (zmb). the material studied is listed in appendix s1 .\n7a. umbilicus very narrow, partly or completely obscured by the columellar edge, whorls rapidly increasing, penial papilla cylindrical with a terminal opening... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ... xerocrassa meda (porro, 1840 )\nxerocrassa mesostena is very variable. it differs from x. heraklea sp. nov. , x. kydonia sp. nov. , x. lasithiensis sp. nov. , and x. rhithymna sp. nov. in the penial papilla with a broader basal part, and a narrower apical part, with a terminal opening, and the usually larger shell with less strongly arched whorls. where it co - occurs with x. heraklea sp. nov. , x. lasithiensis sp. nov. , and x. rhithymna sp. nov. , it can usually be distinguished from these species by shell characteristics. however, there are small forms of x. mesostena that can hardly be distinguished from the smaller species by shell characteristics alone .\nxerocrassa rhithymna sp. nov. is characterized by a small (< 8. 2 mm), conical, coarsely striated or ribbed shell, with a blunt edge or a keel, a proximal epiphallus: dart apparatus ratio of ≤ 8. 5, a proximal epiphallus: vagina length ratio of ≤ 2. 1, a proximal epiphallus: flagellum ratio of ≤ 1. 1, a total length of the vagina: vagina up to the base of the dart apparatus ratio of ≤ 1. 5, a total length of the vagina: vagina up to the glandulae mucosae ratio of ≤ 1. 2, and a penial papilla that is divided into a long, terminally open basal part, and a very short conical apical part .\n5a. penial papilla with a long, terminally open basal part and a very short conical apical part (fig. 4a)... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... xerocrassa siderensis (maltzan, 1883 )\n5b. penial papilla with a broader basal part and a narrower apical part, with a terminal opening (fig. 4e)... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... . xerocrassa mesostena (westerlund, 1879) (a few specimens from the surroundings of ano viannos )\n10b. penial papilla with a broader basal part and a narrower apical part, with a terminal opening, large shell diameter usually > 8. 5 mm (fig. 4e)... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... .. xerocrassa mesostena (westerlund, 1879 )\n9b. shell coarsely ribbed, with a distinct keel; large shell diameter: umbilicus width ≤ 0. 14; proximal epiphallus: flagellum ≥ 1. 1... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... xerocrassa grabusana sp. nov .\nthe shells of x. heraklea sp. nov. cannot be distinguished from those of x. lasithiensis sp. nov. , x. rhithymna sp. nov. , and x. kydonia sp. nov. xerocrassa heraklea sp. nov. differs from x. lasithiensis sp. nov. in the smaller proximal epiphallus: dart apparatus ratio (≤ 8. 1), and the smaller proximal epiphallus: vagina length ratio (≤ 1. 9), and differs from x. rhithymna sp. nov. in the lower insertion of the dart apparatus and the glandulae mucosae at the vagina length (total length of the vagina: vagina up to the base of the dart apparatus ≥ 1. 6; total length of the vagina: vagina up to the glandulae mucosae ≥ 1. 3), and differs from x. kydonia sp. nov. in the smaller proximal epiphallus: flagellum ratio (≤ 1. 0; table 3). xerocrassa heraklea sp. nov. , x. kydonia sp. nov. , x. rhithymna sp. nov. , and x. lasithiensis sp. nov. differ from the usually larger x. mesostena in the penial papilla that is divided into a long, terminally open basal part, and a very short, conical apical part. the penial papillae of x. heraklea sp. nov. , x. kydonia sp. nov. , x. rhithymna sp. nov. , and x. lasithiensis sp. nov. are similar to those of x. amphiconus and x. siderensis, but differ from the penial papillae of these species in the solid apical part without a deep channel .\nwhereas six of the eleven morphologically delimited xerocrassa species from crete are monophyletic in the mitochondrial gene tree, nine of these species are monophyletic in the tree based on aflp markers. only two morphologically delimited species could not be distinguished with the multilocus data and might have diverged very recently or might represent extreme forms of a single species. the nonmonophyly of x. rhithymna with respect to x. kydonia is probably the result of incomplete lineage sorting, because there is no evidence for admixture in the aflp data and the mitochondrial haplotype groups of these species coalesce deeply. the same is true for the main haplotype groups of x. mesostena. the nonmonophyly of x. franciscoi might be the result of mitochondrial introgression, because the coalescences of the haplotypes of this species with some x. mesostena haplotypes are shallow and there is admixture with neighbouring x. mesostena .\nmaltzan, h. von 1883. diagnosen neuer cretischer helices. - nachrichtsblatt der deutschen malakozoologischen gesellschaft 15 (7 / 8): 102 - 106. frankfurt am main .\nshell whitish, occasionally with brownish spots or bands, moderately densely ribbed, 4 - 5 convex whorls, initially keeled, last whorl initially weakly angulated and rounded near aperture, sometimes slightly descending, aperture with white lip inside, umbilicus moderately narrow, 1 / 10 - 1 / 7 of shell diameter, slightly excentric, weakly obscured by the reflected columellar margin. differs from x. grabusana in its less prominent keel and denser ribs. penial papilla with a cylindrical basal and a dilated apical part with a subterminal opening, proximal epiphallus: flagellum ratio lower than in xcr. grabusana .\nrocky limestone habitats, usually in mediterranean shrubland vegetation, also in forests and gorges .\nreferences: hausdorf & sauer 2009: 403, welter - schultes 2012: 529 (range map) .\nbank, r. a. ; neubert, e. (2017). checklist of the land and freshwater gastropoda of europe. last update: july 16th, 2017. [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\nthis species is thought to be relatively abundant. there are no known threats and this species is not used or traded. this species is listed as least concern .\nthe species is mainly found in open xeric schrublands (maquis and phrygana) .\ngrazing and fire can potentially restrict the populations of the species but currently there is no evidence for any direct threats for the species in the near future .\nthis species is listed in the greek red data book as least concern (legakis and maraghou 2009). although there are a number of areas in crete included in various protection schemes, there is no conservation action regarding the species .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\n]. these problems may result in discrepancies between gene trees and a species classification based on other data, which may became apparent if the markers are sequenced from several individuals of each species. the probability that ancestral polymorphisms are shared between species increases with decreased time between speciation events [\n]. inadequate taxonomy, the third cause for discrepancies between gene trees and a species classification, is more likely, if several species originated in a short period of time and are morphologically similar. thus, the delimitation of species and the reconstruction of their relationships are especially challenging in species radiations [\n]. species that are nonmonophyletic in gene trees have been found in diverse groups, e. g. , in radiations of east african cichlids [\n] and tested the efficiency of several approaches for delimiting genotypic clusters based on multilocus data without a prior knowledge of the number of species. we used an integrative approach combining several criteria to discriminate between incomplete lineage sorting and introgression as causes for the nonmonophyly of species in the mitochondrial gene tree of the\nseparate models for the three codon positions as determined by modeltest based on the aic were used for the maximum likelihood analysis (1. codon positions: trn + i + g, 2. codon positions trn + i, 3. codon positions tvm + g), because the resulting tree had a lower aic value (- lnl = 9246. 20; aic = 18986. 39) than the tree based on a uniform model for the complete dataset (tvm + i + g; - lnl = 9638. 11; aic = 19766. 21). the maximum likelihood tree of 122 partial coi sequences (634 bps) of cretan\n]). coi gtr + g distances varied from 0. 8% to 33. 0% (mean 18. 7 %) between cretan\nspecies and from 0. 0% to 25. 0% (mean 13. 6 %) within cretan\n. (a) maximum likelihood tree calculated with a stationary model. bootstrap support is indicated by symbols below the branches (stars = 70 - 80% , squares = 80 - 90% , triangles = 90 - 100 %). (b) maximum likelihood tree calculated with a nonstationary model .\naccording to chi - square tests the base composition at the first and second codon positions of the used coi sequences are not heterogeneous (p = 1. 000), but there is significant heterogeneity at the third codon positions (p = 0. 016). the results of the matched - pairs tests of symmetry are compatible with these results. according to the matched - pairs tests of symmetry 37. 5% of the pairwise comparisons of the nucleotides at the third codon positions indicate significant (p < 0. 050) heterogeneity, whereas only 4. 0% of the pairwise comparisons of the nucleotides at the first codon positions and 0. 0% of the pairwise comparisons of the nucleotides at the second codon positions indicate significant heterogeneity .\nto reduce the compositional heterogeneity at the third codon positions we recoded the nucleotides at the third codon positions as purines and pyrimidines. this ry - recoding resulted in a loss of information so that the resulting tree was poorly supported. the haplotype group of\nis distributed in a region southwest of the psiloritis mountains and will be called the' psiloritis haplotype group' in the following .\nthe analysis with the nonstationary model implemented in nhphyml - discrete requires a starting tree. we used the maximum likelihood tree obtained with the unmodified dataset as well as the maximum likelihood tree obtained with the ry - recoding of the third codon positions as starting trees. the psiloritis haplotype group of\n) in both resulting trees. according to the approximately unbiased test, the tree obtained using the maximum likelihood tree calculated based on the unmodified dataset as starting tree (figure\n< 0. 001) better than the tree obtained using the other starting tree .\nform monophyletic groups, but the haplotypes of the other five morphologically delimited species do not. the haplotypes of the widespread\nindividuals have haplotypes that form a terminal bush - like group, most individuals living in a region southwest of the psiloritis mountains have mitochondrial haplotypes that form a strongly supported early branch in the mitochondrial gene tree, the' psiloritis haplotype group'. the haplotypes of\n. nine of the eleven morphologically defined species are monophyletic in the aflp tree. this is also true for\n, which are nonmonophyletic in the mitochondrial gene tree. the discordances between the mitochondrial gene tree and the tree based on the aflp data with regard to the monophyly of these species and the relationships between the species are not the result of a poor resolution of the mitochondrial gene tree according to an approximately unbiased test (\nare polyphyletic in the mitochondrial gene tree as well as in the neighbor - joining tree and the neighbor - net based on the aflp data. however ,\n. bootstrap support is indicated by symbols below the branches (stars = 70 - 80% , squares = 80 - 90% , triangles = 90 - 100 %). the\nindividuals that are characterized by a mitochondrial haplotype of the psiloritis group are indicated by + .\n) based on aflp markers. however, this group is divided into distinct subgroups by deep splits. these subgroups are geographically more or less separated and might be considered cryptic species. however, they are neither congruent with mitochondrial haplotype groups nor are they correlated with morphological differences. for example, one of the aflp based subgroups is restricted to the region southwest of the psiloritis mountains where also the psiloritis haplotype group occurs. most of the\nindividuals that are characterized by psiloritis haplotypes are concentrated in the geographically corresponding aflp cluster (figs .\n). however, there are also individuals with other haplotypes in this aflp cluster and some individuals with psiloritis haplotypes belong to other aflp clusters. this demonstrates that there is gene flow between the metapopulations corresponding to the aflp clusters .\nspecimens into eleven clusters if no noise component was used. these clusters are shown in the first two dimensions of a four - dimensional non - metric multidimensional scaling of jaccard distances (stress 12. 813% ; figure\ninto two clusters. if gaussian clustering with a noise component was used to indicate outliers, 21 specimens were included into the noise component and seven clusters were recognized. the four clusters of the partitioning without noise that include less than eight specimens were completely included into the noise component .\n. only the first two dimensions of a four - dimensional scaling are shown. the clusters identified using gaussian clustering correspond to the following morphologically delimited species: ▲ ,\n= 1 cannot be calculated. thus, neither the mean estimates of the posterior probabilities of the data for a given cluster number\n. (a, b) model without admixture. (c, d) model with admixture. (a, c) mean estimates of the posterior probabilities of the data for a given\n( ± sd). only the region near the maximum is shown. thus, posterior probabilities for higher\nare not displayed, because their mean estimates are much smaller. (b, d) δ\nan admixture analysis with the aflp data of x. rhithymna and x. kydonia with k = 2 revealed that all x. rhithymna individuals including the specimen with the haplotype that is sister to the x. kydonia haplotypes had an inferred ancestry of 99. 5 - 99. 8% in their own cluster. that means that there is no evidence for introgression of x. kydonia alleles into x. rhithymna individuals. the inferred ancestry of five x. kydonia individuals was also between 99. 3 - 99. 7% in their own cluster, but one individual had an inferred ancestry of only 86. 5% in its own cluster and 13. 5% in the x. rhithymna cluster .\nan admixture analyses with the aflp data of x. franciscoi individuals and the geographically neighbouring ten individuals of x. mesostena with k = 2 showed that the x. franciscoi individuals had an inferred ancestry of 93. 6 - 99. 9% in their own cluster. nine of the ten x. mesostena individuals had an inferred ancestry of 99. 6 - 99. 9% in the x. mesostena cluster, but the one from ano kapetaniana 3. 5 km towards agios ioannis, only a few hundred meters from the boundary of the distribution area of x. franciscoi, had an inferred ancestry of only 86. 1% in the x. mesostena cluster and 13. 9% in the x. franciscoi cluster. this indicates that there might be some introgression between x. mesostena and x. franciscoi .\nspecies living on crete are monophyletic. a topology test showed that the lack of monophyly of the morphologically delimited species is not the result of a poor resolution of the mitochondrial gene tree [\nwe generated a multilocus dataset using aflp markers to investigate whether the discrepancies between the morphologically based species classification and the mitochondrial gene tree are artefacts resulting from inadequate taxonomy or whether they can be explained by evolutionary processes. nine of the eleven morphologically delimited cretan\n) based on 1476 aflp markers. thus, the aflp data corroborate the morphological species classification with the exception of the separation of\n, which together form a separate clade, but are intermingled within this clade. this species pair is also exceptional with regard to morphology and distribution. whereas most other\nshow no differences. these two species differ only in shell characters. whereas the other endemic species have largely allopatric distribution areas, the ranges of\nbroadly overlap. nevertheless, they usually do not occur together. they tend to prefer different altitudinal zones [\n], though there are several populations of each species occurring in the zone preferred by the other species. only few individuals show intermediate shell characters indicating possible hybridization. the lack of clear genetic differentiation of the two species might indicate that the species diverged only very recently. at present, we cannot rule out the possibility that the two forms actually represent only extreme morphs of a single species .\nwe also applied three methods for delimiting provisional species based on dominant multilocus markers without any a priori knowledge. we compared the performance of gaussian clustering [\nspecimens produced using gaussian clustering based on the aflp data is most similar to the morphological classification, but differs from it in combining three morphologically differentiated species pairs and in splitting the two most widespread species into two, respectively three groups. the major disadvantage of structure was its inability to determine the number of species that can be distinguished. compared to structure, the advantage of structurama is that it directly estimates the number of clusters into which a sample can be divided. however, compared with gaussian clustering the classification success of structurama was much lower. only three provisional species were delimited. thus, this approach failed to distinguish eight taxa that can be distinguished morphologically and form separate groups in the tree (figure\n) based on the aflp data. this failure is probably the result of the low number of specimens sampled of the regionally more restricted species. with few sampled individuals separate clusters cannot be recognized and specimens of the underrepresented species are included in clusters of the most similar species, if no noise component is used in the analysis. the introduction of a noise component to include outliers in gaussian clustering is meaningful, because it indicates problems in the data, in this case insufficient sampling of the regionally restricted species, that might remain unrecognized otherwise .\nthe problem in recognizing underrepresented species has important consequences for dna - based biodiversity surveys. because there are usually many rare species and just a few common species [\n], many rare species will remain undiscovered, if all species are sampled randomly. therefore, investing in a morphological prescreening to raise the representation of rare species in dna - based surveys might increase the effectiveness of such surveys considerably .\n) based on aflp markers. we analyzed the potential mechanisms resulting in the nonmonophyly of these species in the mitochondrial gene tree by applying several criteria that have been proposed to discriminate between incomplete lineage sorting and introgression. these criteria are the depth of the coalescences in the mitochondrial tree [\n, the most widespread of the endemic species. whereas individuals living in a region southwest of the psiloritis mountains have mitochondrial haplotypes that form a strongly supported early branch in the coi gene tree (figure\n), the individuals from other regions of the island have haplotypes that form a terminal bush - like group. in the tree (figure\n) based on aflp markers individuals with psiloritis haplotypes are intermingled with individuals with other haplotypes indicating that there is gene flow between populations with different mitochondrial haplotype groups. there is no indication that one of the two haplotype groups found in\n. it can be considered a paradigm for one of the causes of the high mitochondrial sequence diversity within land snail species discussed by thomaz et al. [\n], namely long - term persistence of ancient polymorphisms resulting from the strongly subdivided population structure of land snails. the population structure of land snail species often consisting of many more or less isolated populations [\n. the two species are sister species according to the aflp tree. the ranges of the two species are separated by more than 40 km [\nand hybridization between the two species are rare events at most. this is also confirmed by an admixture analysis of the aflp data that did not provide evidence for admixture, neither for the\nindividual is not necessarily the result of introgression, but might be due to shared ancestral polymorphisms. thus, it is more likely that the nonmonophyly of\nhaplotypes only by shallow distances. this might indicate introgression. actually, the structure analysis of the aflp data shows admixture between\nby peripatric speciation. it is difficult to determine the relative roles of incomplete lineage sorting and hybridization in generating nonmonophyly of recently separated species in gene trees .\ncomplex, whereas the aflp tree reflects the genetic cohesion of the individuals of each of the species caused by intraspecific gene flow and recombination that, on the other hand, obscured the details of the relations between the species. thus, both marker types supply complementary information with regard to the phylogenetic history of the\n]. our study showed that the most likely cause of nonmonophyly can be inferred at least in some cases by a combination of several criteria, namely the depth of the coalescences in the gene tree, the geographical distribution of shared genetic markers, and concordance with results of admixture analyses of nuclear multilocus markers. however, all these criteria have limitations. randomly distributed genetic markers shared with allopatric species with limited dispersal abilities might indicate incomplete lineage sorting. however, the expectation that genetic markers that are concentrated geographically near species boundaries indicate introgression (e. g. , [\n]) is not necessarily true, because such a pattern might also be derived from a pre - existing cline in the stem species. likewise, introgression of mitochondrial dna cannot be completely excluded, even if there is no evidence for admixture of multilocus markers, because maternally inherited dna like mitochondrial dna may introgress much more rapidly through prezygotic barriers than biparentally inherited dna [\n]. such shortcomings of individual criteria are ameliorated by using several criteria in an integrative approach. gene trees of several additional genes would provide more definitive evidence for discriminating between incomplete lineage sorting and hybridization .\nsnails were sampled on crete in july / august and september / october 2004 and september / october 2005. aflp data were determined from 150\nfragments of the cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (coi) gene have been previously sequenced (sauer & hausdorf 2009). the sequences analyzed in this paper have been deposited in genbank under the accession numbers fj627054 - fj627177. the used alignment is available at treebase\napproximately 100 ng genomic dna were digested with 5 units ecori (fermentas) at 37°c for 1 h followed by a digestion with 5 units of msei (fermentas) at 65°c for 1 h. 12. 5 pmol of the ecori - adapter, 125 pmol of the msei - adapter and 10 units of t4 dna ligase and its buffer (genecraft) were added to the digestion product and incubated at 16°c for 8 h. the ligation products were diluted 1: 10 with sterile ddh 2 o, and stored at - 20°c." ]

{ "text": [ "xerocrassa subvariegata is a species of air-breathing land snail , a pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family hygromiidae , the hairy snails and their allies .", "this species is endemic to greece , where it occurs in the north-western part of the island of crete . " ], "topic": [ 2, 13 ] }

[ "xerocrassa subvariegata is a species of air-breathing land snail, a pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family hygromiidae, the hairy snails and their allies. this species is endemic to greece, where it occurs in the north-western part of the island of crete." ]

[ "' hutch' ,\nhutch\n,\nhutch\n( leslie a. hutchinson) ,\nhutch\nleslie a. hutchinson, hutch, hutch (2), l. hutchinson, les hutchinson, leslie' hutch' hutchinson, leslie\nhutch\nhutchinson, leslie a .\nhutch\nhutchinson, leslie a. hutchinson, leslie a. hutchinson (\nhutch\n)\nhutchinson (leslie): to our dear friend leslie. thanks for ...\nhutchinson (leslie): we have lost a lovely and genuine ...\nlist of movies starring leslie «hutch» hutchinson. filmography ordered by movie release dates .\nleslie hutchinson sings\nhow deep is the ocean\n, at the malmaison, london .\nhutchinson' s woesthe sun' s sept. 17 editorial ,\nleslie ...\nleslie' hutch' hutchinson sings and plays' trees' at the malmaison restaurant in london .\nleslie' hutch' hutchinson was born on march 7, 1900 in grenada as leslie arthur julien hutchinson. he was married to ella byrd. he died on august 18, 1969 in london, england .\nit involved an affair between lady edwina mountbatten and a colored cabaret singer called leslie\nhutch\nhutchinson .\nleslie hutchinson sings' what makes you so adorable?' at malmaison club - dupe of pt 131 .\nconnect any celebrity with leslie' hutch' hutchinson to see how closely they are linked... romantically !\nbrass monkey (1948) (aka lucky mascot) (as leslie a. hutchinson)... . hutch\nthe character jack ross in the itv drama downton abbey, written by julian fellowes, is based on leslie hutchinson .\npopular black british artist, leslie hutchinson sings at piano -\ndon' t let the river run dry\n.\nin memory of raymond leslie\nsonny\nhutchinson jr. - - henry funeral home & cremation center, staunton, va\nsigns and logos created by leslie can still be seen around town, said his daughter jill leslie - muramatsu. her father played an important part in the history of marketing hutchinson, she said .\ncrooner, leslie hutchinson, sings warbling ballads -' have you forgotten so soon' and' souvenirs' - at piano .\nhutchinson leslie dear brother of betty, brother - in - law of bob. rest in peace. will be sadly missed .\nbarring a public uproar so huge that the house would have no choice but to take action against her - - again, an improbable event - - leslie hutchinson' s immediate future is in the hands of one person. and that person is leslie hutchinson .\nwhat' s next for leslie e. hutchinson, the baltimore county delegate convicted of driving with a suspended license and without insurance ?\nhe left this world on august 23, 2015 to be met by those loved ones that have preceded; parents, raymond leslie hutchinson and edith perry dobbins hutchinson; sister, iva joyce hutchinson hoese; cousin, “jack” warren hutchinson; and best friends for life, howard c. and joan g. marshall .\nhere is collection of leslie' hutch' hutchinson films we carry in our extensive library of over 90, 000 titles. rent new releases as well as back catalogue of leslie' hutch' hutchinson films on dvd and blu - ray with our no obligation free trial offer .\nraymond “sonny” leslie hutchinson, jr. , beloved husband of patricia leedy hutchinson father to lesley rae kirtz hutchinson piner and husband, eric piner, and cynthia hutchinson mcmillan and husband, john mcmillan, and adoring grandaddy to jonathan james mcmillan, matthew raymond mcmillan, noah marshall mcmillan, benjamin rocklun piner, and alexandra rae piner .\nbut few viewers know dashing jack is based on scandalous high society figure leslie hutchinson, one of the biggest stars of the 20s and 30s .\nleslie hutchinson, better known as' hutch', plays and sings' what makes you so adorable?' at the malmaison in london .\nprescott, john leslie .\nin the hutchinson unabridged encyclopedia with atlas and weather guide, edited by helicon. helicon, 2018. urltoken\nleslie hutchinson passed away. the obituary was featured in santa maria times on november 27, 2007, and lompoc record on november 27, 2007 .\nhornsby (walbottle). on january 10th 2008, vera (nee hutchinson), beloved wife of leslie, mother of leslie and daughter - in - law pauline and nanna of christopher and the late richard. service and ...\nleslie' hutch' hutchinson is a member of the following lists: people from saint john parish, grenada, english heritage blue plaques and bisexual men .\nhutchinson the funeral service of mr leslie nelson hutchinson will be held at st george' s anglican church, 296 glenferrie road, malvern on friday (25 september, 2015) at 2. 00 p. m. private cremation\nleslie hutchinson suffered from ill - health in his later years and died in london from pneumonia on 19 august 1969. forty - two people attended his funeral .\nhutchinson (blyth). peacefully in durban house, on january 6th 2010, aged 88 years, edith may (nee crawford), beloved wife of the late leslie, much loved mam of leslie and muriel, a dear grandma ...\nthe name catalyst was the best word to describe what the company does, leslie said .\nhelp us build our profile of leslie' hutch' hutchinson! login to add information, pictures and relationships, join in discussions and get credit for your contributions .\nleslie - muramatsu said the company lived up to its motto, which came from mark twain .\ncreative writing program features eimear mcbride, patrick rosal, leslie jamison, and more in nov .\na partnership was forged for jon daveline, retired hutchinson / reno county chamber of commerce director, working on many promotional campaigns with leslie over the years, including project prosperity a marketing campaign which promoted the city of hutchinson as a retail trade center .\ndorset’s downton creator julian fellowes has always prided himself on drawing his plots from real life. and ross – based on twenties cabaret star leslie “hutch” hutchinson - is no exception .\nprescott, john leslie .\nthe hutchinson unabridged encyclopedia with atlas and weather guide, edited by helicon, 2018. credo reference, urltoken accessed 10 jul. 2018 .\nleslie, a hutchinson native, worked in advertising at the hutchinson news as a summer intern while attending wichita state university; he chose to stay with the newspaper during the school year and later graduated from wsu with a degree in journalism with an emphasis in advertising .\nfull titles read :\nnow pathetone presents leslie hutchinson (\nhutch\n) (filmed at the\nmalmaison\n, london .\nseveral shots of the pianist and singer / entertainer leslie hutchinson playing and singing' how deep is the ocean.'. smartly dressed ladies gentlemen sit at tables drink and watch in the background. the guests applaud when he finishes .\nprescott, john leslie. (2018). in helicon (ed .), the hutchinson unabridged encyclopedia with atlas and weather guide. abington, uk: helicon. retrieved from urltoken\nhutchinson (kenton). annie, loving gran of diane, leslie and partners alan and lesley, loving great gran of marc, shelly, calvin, curtis and courtney. xxx .\nbill' s a legend in the community ,\nsaid daveline, who began working with leslie when he was still a partner in the lane and leslie company, before going solo forming catalyst back in 1982 .\nleslie ‘hutch’ hutchinson pictured in 1954. he created a stir in 1930s london by arriving at nightclub with a white piano strapped to his chauffeur - driven car © baron / hulton archive / getty images\nits founder and president, bill leslie, has been promoting the community and region for more than 35 years .\nfirst reported by hutchinson [ 1886 ] and later by gilford [ 1904 ], hgps is also referred to as the hutchinson - gilford syndrome, progeria, or progeria of childhood .\nmargaret ann hutchinson suddenly but peacefully at home in bollington and formerly of macclesfield, margaret aged 88 years. beloved wife of the late leslie, dear mum of brian and ian and a much ...\ni met leslie through a mutual friend. leslie along with some other ladies went kayaking down big creek at long point. i can still see leslie so very relaxed floating along with the slow moving river and looking like all was well with the world. a memory i will cherish and wanted to share. i will miss her & her dynamic faith .\nexclusive: channel 4 is to throw the spotlight on twenties cabaret star leslie hutchinson – once the uk’s highest paid entertainer – in a documentary that will feature dramatic reconstructions of key moments in the music legend’s life .\nhutchinson nancy, leslie, morag and family would like to thank relatives, friends and neighbours for their kind thoughts and support following leck' s recent death. we are grateful for the care and ...\nborn leslie arthur julien hutchinson in grenada in march 1900, hutch moved to new york as a teenager to study for a degree in medicine, but became sidetracked when he started playing the piano and singing in bars .\nhutchinson john (jack) husband of the late joan, precious dad of leslie and teresa, grandad and great grandad. passed peacefully away on 13th march 2016. funeral service to take place at canley ...\nfather of leslie bagley yvonne (born on 9 april 1926) with his wife, ella byrd. also fathered at least six further children by five different mothers - gordon (born august 1928), gabrielle hutchinson - markes (born sept 1930), gerald and chris hutchinson (born 1948), graham (chris' s full brother, born 1953) and emma hutchinson (born april 1964) .\nhutchinson hilda passed away on the 12th february 2012, aged 90. loving wife to the late bill and mother to steven, leslie and david. funeral to take place at robin hood crematorium on tuesday 21st ...\nmy deepest sympathies to leslie' s family on her passing. she was a lovely woman and i certainly enjoyed her company .\nas famous for his musical talent as his love affairs with high society beauties, cabaret star leslie hutchinson was the inspiration for downton abbey’s jack ross. now his daughter wants the series’ creator julian fellowes to immortalise her father in film\noriginal content available for non - commercial use under a creative commons license, except where noted. the hutchinson news ~ 300 w. 2nd, hutchinson, ks 67501 ~ privacy policy ~ terms of service\nhutchinson suddenly at home at the weekend, leslie (hutchie) beloved son of myra and the late edwin, much loved dad of chelsea, loving brother, brother - in - law and uncle. for funeral arrangements ...\nandrew leslie\nandy\nhutchinson (born 10 march 1992) is an english footballer who plays as a striker for eastwood town. he has previously played for lincoln city, hinckley united, harrogate town, lewes and lincoln united .\nprescott, john leslie. (2018). in helicon (ed .), the hutchinson unabridged encyclopedia with atlas and weather guide. [ online ]. abington: helicon. available from: urltoken [ accessed 10 july 2018 ] .\nhutchinson - gilford progeria syndrome (hgps) is typically caused by a de novo autosomal dominant pathogenic variant .\ncatalyst creative services, a long - time hutchinson advertising and marketing company, closed for business march 1 .\nleslie hutchinson died on the 19th august 1969, and despite his past fame only thirty people attended his funeral. his memory is still alive today in hearts of the many who saw him perform and in the hundreds of classic recordings he left behind him .\nhutchinson leslie john (les) on october 2, peacefully in hospital, les, aged 93 years of thornaby. a devoted husband of the late eileen, loving father of alec and denis and a dear father - in - law, ...\nboggon gwynneth (stanley). peacefully on 4th may 2015, aged 86 years, gwynneth (nee hutchinson), beloved wife of the late leslie, much loved mam of joyce, lorraine and susan, mother - in - law to ...\ndebusk fl. the hutchinson - gilford progeria syndrome. j pediat. 1972; 80: 697 - 724 .\nleslie arthur julien hutchinson was born on march 7, 1900, in gouyave, a small fishing village on the island of grenada. his parents saved hard to send him to the best local school and he became something of a child prodigy at the piano .\nleslie' hutch' hutchinson - “the waiters stopped dead as if petrified when he sang, ” recalled one eyewitness. “he had a liquid, magic voice. he could inject more sex into one bar of music than most people knew in a lifetime. ”\nhutchinson leslie james at home on june 17, les aged 73 years. beloved husband of mona, adored dad of diane, dawn, sandra and les, father - in - law of paul and neil. greatly loved grandad of lee, ...\nhutchinson (longbenton). peacefully on may 24th, aged 85 years, leslie (les), husband of the late madeline and father to rita, les and father - in - law to susan, a much loved granda and great granda ...\nking cr, lemmer j, campbell jr, atkins ar. osteosarcoma in a patient with hutchinson - gilford progeria .\nhutchinson, lj. “hazardous waste incineration and evaluation of exposure to dioxin, furans, phenols, and pesticides. ” 119\nthe show' s first black character, played by actor gary carr, is thought to have been inspired by leslie' hutch' hutchinson - the twenties cabaret star who charmed a string of women, and became embroiled in a scandal with edwina mountbatten, countess mountbatten of burma .\nhe was a runaway train, a battering - ram, a seducer and philanderer with the sweetest voice and the surest touch. upper - class women swooned for him, royalty melted in his presence. in bed or in cabaret, there was nobody else quite like leslie hutchinson .\nleslie declined to give details of why the business was closing, except to say he planned to work with his clients helping them to transition to other agencies .\nso, if not robeson, who was it? according to a startling new c4 television documentary, edwina' s lover was, in fact, the sleek, sophisticated and - according to legend - sensationally well - endowed west indian cabaret singer and pianist, leslie' hutch' hutchinson .\nthe singer and pianist leslie hutchinson – known to all as ‘hutch’ – was one of the most popular cabaret entertainers of the 1930s and took london’s café society by storm. number 31 steele’s road was hutch' s home and base for nearly all of the 42 years he lived in london .\nhe moved into a tiny flat, where he sometimes attempted to cadge money from his teenage son, the singer chris hutchinson .\nshalev sa, de sandre - giovannoli a, shani aa, levy n. an association of hutchinson - gilford progeria and malignancy .\nhutchinson lj, leffingwell ss. “chemical weapons” segments, “nationsbank / sam nunn policy forum. ” in: “national security for the 21\nborn in gouyave, grenada, in 1900 to george hutchinson and marianne (née turnbull), hutch took piano lessons as a child .\nclassic hutchinson - gilford progeria syndrome (hgps) is characterized by clinical features that develop in childhood and resemble some features of accelerated aging .\ngarver dl, hutchinson lj. psychosis, lithium - induced antipsychotic response and seasonality. psychiatry research 1989; 26: 279 - 286 .\nhutchinson lj. “lead exposure, toxicity, and health implications. ” us epa, region iv, atlanta, ga, january 1992 .\nhutchinson lj. “biological weapons and bioterrorism. ” us forest service annual safety and health managers’ workshop, denver, co, october 2001 .\ndr. gordon is involved in progeria clinical treatment trials being conducted at children’s hospital boston. for more information please contact dr. gordon at leslie _ gordon @ brown. edu .\nhe was very passionate and marketing was a craft and a discipline that he took very seriously ,\nleslie - muramatsu said .\nhe is also a brilliant communicator .\nhutchinson - gilford progeria syndrome frequently asked questions. the progeria research foundation. updated september 2013. available at urltoken accessed march 26, 2014 .\nnord gratefully acknowledges audrey gordon, president and leslie gordon, md, phd, medical director, the progeria research foundation, inc. , for assistance in the preparation of this report .\nborn on the caribbean island of grenada, leslie arthur julien hutchinson was only 16 when he moved to new york and started playing piano at parties. at a party in palm beach he was alarmed by the open racism shown by members of the ku klux klan and in 1924 he left the us for paris with his wife ella and daughter leslie. in paris he met the songwriter cole porter, who became a close friend and mentor, and hutch – as he now styled himself – perfected the art of singing porter’s songs .\nthe singer and pianist leslie hutchinson (1900 - 1969) – known to all as ‘hutch’ – was commemorated with an english heritage blue plaque at 31 steele’s road, chalk farm, london in england – this was his home from 1929 to 1967. the plaque was unveiled by hutch’s daughter gabrielle markes on friday 5th october 2012 at 3pm .\ngillar pj, et al. progressive early dermatologic changes in hutchinson - gilford progeria syndrome. pediatr dermatol. 1991; 8: 199 - 206 .\ndyck jg, et al. management of coronary artery disease in hutchinson - gilford syndrome. j pediat. 1987; 111: 407 - 10 .\nhutchinson lj. invited studio panel discussant: “bioterrorism. ” “georgia week in review, ” georgia public television, atlanta, ga, november 2001 .\nhutchinson lj. “radioactive and biological weapons agent incident response. ” american industrial hygiene association, ohio valley section, cincinnati, oh, october 2005 .\neriksson m, et al. recurrent de novo mutations in lamin a cause hutchinson - gilford progeria syndrome. nature. 2003; 423: 293 - 98 .\nwuyts w, biervliet m, reyniers e, d' apice mr, novelli g, storm k. somatic and gonadal mosaicism in hutchinson - gilford progeria .\nhutchinson l. investigation of cluster of pancreatic cancer deaths. livingston and park county, montana. atlanta: u. s. public health service; 1992 .\ndear mrs. hutchinson; i was saddened to hear of les jr.' s passing. know that we hold you in our prayers. much love !\nhutchinsonthe funeral service of mr leslie nelson hutchinsonwill be held at st george' sanglican church, 296 glenferrie road, malvern on friday (25 september, 2015) at 2. 00 p. m. private cremation\nackerman j, gilbert - barness e. hutchinson - gilford progeria syndrome: a pathological study. pediatr pathol mol med. 2002; 21: 1 - 13 .\nbrown wt, et al. , hutchinson - gilford progeria syndrome: clinical, chromosomal and metabolic abnormalities. am j hum genet. 1990; 47: a50 .\ncao h, hegele ra. lmna is mutated in hutchinson - gilford progeria (mim 176670) but not in wiedemann - rautenstrauch progeroid syndrome (mim 264090) .\nsilvera vm, gordon lb, orbach db, campbell se, machan jt, ullrich nj. imaging characteristics of cerebrovascular arteriopathy and stroke in hutchinson - gilford progeria syndrome .\nhutchinson lj. “medical issues associated with chemical and biological warfare. ” chemical weapons warning network demonstration conference, georgia institute of technology, atlanta, ga, january 2000 .\nfriday, november 11, 7 p. m. nyu emerging writers reading leslie jamison leslie jamison is the author of the novel “the gin closet” (free press, 2010) and most recently a collection of essays, “the empathy exams” (graywolf press, 2014). the emerging writers reading series showcases the student talent of nyu’s graduate creative writing program and features established writers as special guests. location: kgb bar, 85 east 4th street\nwhile closing the business was sudden, and sad, leslie - muramatsu said there was a lot to celebrate about her father' s career, and what he taught her during the 17 - years she worked for him .\nthe creative writing program’s fall 2016 reading series continues in november with events featuring eimear mcbride (nov. 3), leslie jamieson (nov. 11), and patrick rosal (nov. 17), among others .\nthe narrow building, at 14 w. first ave. , with a white - stone front, was constructed in 1926 and restored by leslie. it will also be sold to help in the process of closing out the business .\ncatalyst became not only an advertising agency, but was concerned with the overall concept of marketing which leslie described as an umbrella term which encompasses all the activities needed to successfully get a product or a service from its source to the consumer .\nthe new york university creative writing program’s fall 2016 reading series continues in november with events featuring eimear mcbride (nov. 3), leslie jamieson (nov. 11), and patrick rosal (nov. 17), among others .\nhutchinson (leslie winifred grace): 23. 3. 1942 - 29. 3. 2015 loving wife of christopher, devoted mother of warren and yvette. loving mother - in - law of cameron and annie. loved grandmother of christopher, dominic, isabelle, james and ellie. adored sister of wendy, robin, olive, sylvia and christina. also family member john. forever in our hearts. funeral director info\ncapell bc, et al. inhibiting farnesylation of progerin prevents characteristic nuclear blebbing of hutchinson - gilford progeria syndrome. proc natl acad sci usa. 2005; 102: 12879 - 84 .\nhutchinson l, amler r, lybarger j, chappell w. neurobehavioral testing batteries for use in environmental health field studies. atlanta: u. s. public health service; 1992 .\nhutchinson lj. invited panelist: “who should be making environmental health policy in your community? ” cincinnati health department, bureau of environmental health services, cincinnati, oh, march 1990 .\nhutchinson lj. invited panelist: “terrorism! what can we do? ” safety, health, and environmental conference 2001, georgia department of labor, savannah, ga, november 2001 .\nhutchinson lj. invited panelist: “mold and mildew–is it a problem in buildings? ” property management leadership network national conference, general services administration, new orleans, la, june 2002 .\ngordon, lb. the premature aging syndrome hutchinson - gilford progeria: insights into normal aging in: brocklehurst’s textbook of geriatric medicine and gerontology, seventh edition. 2010: 66 - 72 .\nmarketing entails advertising, and public relations ,\nhe told the hutchinson news in an interview in 1983 .\nbut also includes research, distribution, merchandising, packing and sales promotion .\nolive m, et al. cardiovascular pathology in hutchinson - gilford progeria: correlation with the vascular pathology of aging. arterioscler thromb vasc biol. 2010; 30 (11): 2301 - 9 .\nthe diagnosis of classic hutchinson - gilford progeria syndrome is based on recognition of common clinical features listed above and detection of the c. 1824c > t (p. gly608gly) heterozygous lmna pathogenic variant .\nfukuchi k, katsuya t, sugimoto k, kuremura m, kim hd, li l, ogihara t. lmna mutation in a 45 - year - old japanese with hutchinson - gilford progeria syndrome .\ngordon lb, harten ia, patti me, lichtenstein ah. reduced adiponectin and hdl cholesterol without elevated c - reactive protein: clues to the biology of premature atherosclerosis in hutchinson - gilford progeria syndrome .\nhutchinson lj, abraham je. “an explication of risk assessment. ” fifth annual conference on hazardous wastes and hazardous materials, the hazardous materials research control institute, las vegas, nv, april 1988 .\nhutchinson lj. “pancreatic cancer cluster investigation in livingston, montana. ” seminar series, emory university rollins school of public health, department of environmental and occupational health, atlanta, ga, march 1992 .\nhutchinson j. congenital absence of hair and mammary glands with atrophic condition of the skin and its appendages, in a boy whose mother had been almost wholly bald from alopecia areata from the age of six .\nlinnemann cc jr, hutchinson l, rotte t, hegg m, schiff gm. stability of the rabbit immunogenic marker of ra 27 / 3 rubella vaccine virus after human passage. infection and immunity 1974 ;\nhutchinson l, johnson d, leffingwell s. niosh review of the dormant standards: regulatory recommendations made to robert rowland, assistant secretary of labor for occupational safety and health. cincinnati: niosh; 1984 .\nhutchinson brian (hutch) christine and the family of the late brian would like to thank all relatives, friends and neighbours for kind expressions of sympathy, cards of condolence and dona - tions ...\nduring the interwar period, the cabaret star leslie ‘hutch’ hutchinson became a sex symbol - the acceptable face of blackness in britain. his cabaret performances in london’s exclusive café venues made him the darling of the ‘bright young things’ - including edward and mrs simpson. but his affair with edwina mountbatten scandalised high society and precipitated hutch’s fall from grace. at one of his favourite mayfair haunts, the restaurant quaglino’s, friends, family and fans gather to remember this long - forgotten star .\nhutchinson lj. “human health evaluation of indoor air problems. ” emerging technologies in hazardous waste management vii, special symposium, american chemical society, industrial and engineering chemistry division, atlanta, ga, september 1995 .\nullrich nj, kieran mw, miller dt, gordon lb, cho yj, silvera vm, giobbie - hurder a, neuberg d, kleinman me. neurologic features of hutchinson - gilford progeria syndrome after lonafarnib treatment .\namler rw, lybarber ja, anger wk, phifer bl, chappell w, hutchinson l. adoption of an adult environmental neurobehavioral test battery. neurotoxicology and teratology 1994; 16 (5): 525 - 530 .\nhutchinson lj. “biological agents–parts 1 and 2, ” “special considerations in multiple casualty incidents, ” and “chemical agents. ” 2002 medical conference, kentucky chemical stockpile emergency preparedness program. lexington, ky, august 2002 .\nhutchinson margaret eleanor winlaton peacefully at home on 17th may 2017, aged 87 years, margaret (nee chambers) dearly loved wife of the late raymond, loving and devoted mam of keith, karen, john ...\nstate officials and newspapers have received calls and letters from voters wondering how a woman who can' t get a grip on her personal life can be expected to serve capably as their elected representative. house leaders and other members of the county delegation say they' re disgusted and embarrassed by ms. hutchinson' s behavior. as they' re quick to point out, politicians have a bad enough reputation; the hutchinson mess does nothing to help that image .\nthe diagnosis of atypical hutchinson - gilford progeria syndrome (hgps) is made in individuals with clinical features similar to classic hgps who have progerin - producing pathogenic variants in intron 11 of lmna (see table 1 and table 4) .\nclassic hutchinson - gilford progeria syndrome (hgps, progeria) is defined by the presence of lmna variant c. 1824c > t [ cao & hegele 2003, de sandre - giovannoli et al 2003, eriksson et al 2003 ] .\nonline mendelian inheritance in man (omim). the johns hopkins university. hutchinson - gilford progeria syndrome; hgps. entry no: 176670. last updated 08 / 31 / 2012. available at: urltoken accessed march 26, 2014 .\ncleveland rh, gordon lb, kleinman me, miller dt, gordon cm, snyder bd, nazarian a, giobbie - hurder a, neuberg d, kieran mw. a prospective study of radiographic manifestations in hutchinson - gilford progeria syndrome .\nhutchinson lj. invited panelist: “bioterrorism: what is it? are we prepared? ” “six degrees of separation” series of panel discussions. margaret mitchell house and museum, the center for southern literature, atlanta, ga, november 2001 .\nhutchinson j. congenital absence of hair and mammary glands with atrophic condition of the skin and its appendages in a boy whose mother had been almost wholly bald from alopecia areata from the age of six. trans med chir soc edinb. 1886 .\nde sandre - giovannoli a, bernard r, cau p, navarro c, amiel j, boccaccio i, lyonnet s, stewart cl, munnich a, le merrer m, lévy n. lamin a truncation in hutchinson - gilford progeria .\ngordon lb, massaro j, d' agostino rb sr, campbell se, brazier j, brown wt, kleinman me, kieran mw. , progeria clinical trials collaborative. impact of farnesylation inhibitors on survival in hutchinson - gilford progeria syndrome .\nplasilova m, chattopadhyay c, pal p, schaub na, buechner sa, mueller h, miny p, ghosh a, heinimann k. homozygous missense mutation in the lamin a / c gene causes autosomal recessive hutchinson - gilford progeria syndrome .\nbeing a catalyst is traditionally a chemical term, and it means the agent that produces a reaction - between two other elements. on the one hand, is the business or firm or association, and on the other is the public. marketing communication involves a reaction between the two entities ,\nleslie explained .\ngordon cm, gordon lb, snyder bd, nazarian a, quinn n, huh s, giobbie - hurder a, neuberg d, cleveland r, kleinman m, miller dt, kieran mw. hutchinson - gilford progeria is a skeletal dysplasia .\n“i was born 1930, taken away at birth and placed in a nursing home pending adoption. as soon as i was able, i began the long struggle to discover my parentage, and finally discovered in my middle - age, that leslie hutchinson – fondly known as hutch – was my father. further research led me to propose to english heritage that a blue plaque be placed on the house that hutch lived in for almost four decades. this ceremony is a very special day for me, and is the culmination of over 60 years searching for the truth. ”\nanger wk, letz r, chrislip dw, frumkin h, hudnell k, russo jm, chappell w, hutchinson l. neurobehavioral test methods for environmental health studies of adults. neurotoxicology and teratology 1994; 16 (5): 489 - 497 .\nnor is the decision against her as grave as, say, the convictions for theft and misconduct in office that automatically expelled baltimore del. nathaniel oaks in 1989. ms. hutchinson' s wrong - doing has more to do with poor personal judgment .\nleslie arthur julien hutchinson, who was born in grenada of mixed parentage, was a precocious child. in his teens he moved to new york to study medicine, but was diverted from his ambition by the acclaim he found playing piano in manhattan bars. he moved to paris to further his musical career before arriving in london in 1927. slim, athletic, seductively handsome, hutch was at the top of his game. women flocked to him and showered him with presents. he made his west end debut in one dam’ thing after another, an expensively mounted revue with costumes by coco chanel .\nhutchinson lj. environmental health seminar including :\nexamples of environmental health effects ,\nlead exposure and health effects ,\nrisk assessment ,\nand\nunderlying themes in environmental health evaluation .\ncincinnati health department, cincinnati, oh, september 1992 .\nms. hutchinson isn' t up for re - election until november 1994. so her constituents will have to endure another year of representation by a delegate who has proved herself to be unworthy of their confidence. unless, of course, she decides to resign .\nlinnemann cc jr, schaeffer ae, burgdorfer w, hutchinson l, philip rn. rocky mountain spotted fever in clermont county, ohio. ii. distribution of population and infected ticks in an endemic area. american journal of epidemiology 1980; 111: 31 - 36 .\nchou s, hutchinson l. neurotoxic disorders. in: lybarger ja, spengler rf, derosa ct. priority health conditions. an integrated survey to evaluate the relationship between illness and exposure to hazardous substances. atlanta: u. s. public health service; 1993 .\nhutchinson lj. invited panelist: “discussion of tabletop simulation of response to terrorist incidents employing weapons of mass destruction. ” center for emergency response technology, instruction and policy, georgia institute of technology, and marine corps war fighting laboratory, atlanta, ga, november 2000 .\nhe worked as advertising manager for speed king manufacturing, dodge city, and then went into tv for several years. he returned to hutchinson in 1970 to work with david lane in lane ltd, by 1973 his name was part of the agency name for eight years .\nxiong z, lu y, xue j, luo s, xu x, zhang l, peng h, li w, chen d, hu z, xia k. hutchinson - gilford progeria syndrome accompanied by severe skeletal abnormalities in two chinese siblings: two case reports .\nhutchinson leslie nelson 31. 3. 1921 – 19. 9. 2015 loving son of harold and ivy (both dec .). brother of stanley, alma, dulcie (all dec .) and of patricia. cherished husband of frances (dec .) of 67 years. much loved father of lorraine, gail, brent and vicki and father - in - law of gerry, john and robert. grandfather of cara and nick, chloe and andrew, olivia, charles and astrid, matthew and briana. great - grandfather of annabel, poppy and henry, tora and remy, river and finley. a loving and devoted husband, father and grandfather .\nwhite rf, gerr f, cohen rf, green r, lezak md, lybarger j, mack j, silbergeld e, valciukas j, chappell w, hutchinson l. criteria for progressive modification of neurobehavioral batteries. neurotoxicology and teratology 1994; 16 (5): 511 - 524 .\ndenecke j, brune t, feldhaus t, robenek h, kranz c, auchus rj, agarwal ak, marquardt t. a homozygous zmpste24 null mutation in combination with a heterozygous mutation in the lmna gene causes hutchinson - gilford progeria syndrome (hgps): insights into the pathophysiology of hgps .\nkrasnegor na, otto da, bernstein jh, burke r, chappell w, eckerman da, needleman hl, oakley g, rogan w, terraccianno g, hutchinson l. neurobehavioral test strategies for environmental exposures in pediatric populations. neurotoxicology and teratology 1994; 16 (5): 499 - 509 .\ngordon lb, kleinman me, miller dt, neuberg ds, giobbie - hurder a, gerhard - herman m, et al. clinical trial of a farnesyltransferase inhibitor in children with hutchinson - gilford progeria syndrome. proc natl acad sci u s a. 2012; 109 (41): 16666 - 71 .\ngordon lb, brown wt, collins fs. hutchinson - gilford progeria syndrome. 2003 dec 12 [ updated 2015 jan 8 ]. in: adam mp, ardinger hh, pagon ra, et al. , editors. genereviews® [ internet ]. seattle (wa): university of washington, seattle; 1993 - 2018 .\nfriday, november 4, 5 p. m. poetry reading ari banias, ishion hutchinson, and mike lala ari banias is the author of “anybody” (w. w. norton, 2016) and a chapbook, “what’s personal is being here with all of you” (portable press @ yo - yo labs, 2012). ishion hutchinson is a whiting writers’ award and pen / joyce osterweil award winner whose most recent collection is “house of lords and commons” (farrar, straus and giroux, 2016). mike lala is the author of “exit theater, ” winner of the 2016 colorado prize for poetry, forthcoming from the center for literary publishing at colorado state university .\neriksson m, brown wt, gordon lb, glynn mw, singer j, scott l, erdos mr, robbins cm, moses ty, berglund p, dutra a, pak e, durkin s, csoka ab, boehnke m, glover tw, collins fs. recurrent de novo point mutations in lamin a cause hutchinson - gilford progeria syndrome .\nthe creative writing program’s fall 2016 reading series continues in november with events featuring eimear mcbride (nov. 3), leslie jamieson (nov. 11), and patrick rosal (nov. 17), among others. all events are held in the program’s greenwich village home, the lillian vernon creative writers house, above, located at 58 w. 10th street (between 5th and 6th aves .) and are free and open to the public—unless otherwise noted .\nleslie arthur hutchinson was born on the spice island of grenada on the 7th march, 1900. his father, a hatter and dry goods merchant, played the organ in the local church and young hutch learned to tickle the ivories as soon as he were able to clamber on his knee. that apart, there was little to suggest that he would have a career in show business. in his early teens hutchinson went to new york to study law but he quickly realised that his funds couldn' t hope to pay for his tuition let alone his upkeep. he worked in a variety of mundane day - jobs, playing the piano and singing in bars at night, and gradually he developed his own style - a skillful mix of technique, tact and velvet - voiced charm. by 1925, hutch had already recorded a couple of records and was a member of the henry' broadway' jones band, playing the millionaire' s playground - palm beach, miami. the band lodged in the negro quarters, segregated from the white wonderland by a narrow wooden bridge, and one steamy florida night, a sinister flame appeared on a hill overlooking the city. it was the fiery cross of the klu - klux - klan .\nwent home to be with the lord in the early hours of sunday, november 13, 2016 in her 66th year. predeceased by her husband gary brooks. loving mother of joshua brooks, peter brooks (sandra), and andrew brooks (mary). predeceased by her father leslie weaver and mother hazel pulling. sister of keith weaver (marilyn), jaye yarrien (john), david weaver, and elaine weaver (terry). a celebration of her life will be held\nmerideth ma, gordon lb, clauss s, sachdev v, smith ac, perry mb, brewer cc, zalewski c, kim hj, solomon b, brooks bp, gerber lh, turner ml, domingo dl, hart tc, graf j, reynolds jc, gropman a, yanovski ja, gerhard - herman m, collins fs, nabel eg, cannon ro 3rd, gahl wa, introne wj. phenotype and course of hutchinson - gilford progeria syndrome .\nflagrant scofflaw though she is, she' s unlikely to be forced from office. her colleagues in the maryland house of delegates can unseat the 31 - year - old essex democrat by a two - thirds vote, but ms. hutchinson' s automobile violations, failures to appear in court, unpaid bills, tardy campaign finance reports and other unethical hi - jinks probably aren' t severe enough in the eyes of other delegates to justify such an extraordinary move .\ngordon lb, kleinman me, miller dt, neuberg ds, giobbie - hurder a, gerhard - herman m, smoot lb, gordon cm, cleveland r, snyder bd, fligor b, bishop wr, statkevich p, regen a, sonis a, riley s, ploski c, correia a, quinn n, ullrich nj, nazarian a, liang mg, huh sy, schwartzman a, kieran mw. clinical trial of a farnesyltransferase inhibitor in children with hutchinson - gilford progeria syndrome .\nhgps is a rare disorder that appears to affect males and females equally, and all races equally. the disorder was originally described in the medical literature in 1886 (j. hutchinson) and 1897 (h. gilford). as of january 2014, approximately 200 cases have been reported. estimates indicate that the prevalence of hgps is approximately one in eighteen million, thus at any given time, there are approximately 350 - 400 children living with progeria worldwide. two sets of affected identical twins have been reported in the literature .\ni can' t be sure, but a quick glance at wikipedia suggests it could' ve been leslie hutchison, known as hutch and one of the biggest cabaret stars during the 1920' s and 30' s. says he came over from new york to england in 1927 to appear in a rodgers and hart musical - and his popularity seems to suggest he was well known enough over here at the time to merit a mention in a dad' s army episode! having said that, i could be wrong - and it won' t be the first time! at least i know it wasn' t david soul' s character in a 70' s detective series .\nhutchinson - gilford progeria syndrome encompasses a spectrum of clinical features that typically develop in childhood and resemble some features of accelerated aging. although signs and symptoms vary in age of onset and severity, they are remarkably consistent overall. children with hutchinson - gilford progeria syndrome (hgps) usually appear normal at birth. profound failure to thrive occurs during the first year. characteristic facies, with receding mandible, narrow nasal bridge and pointed nasal tip develop. during the first to third year the following usually become apparent: partial alopecia progressing to total alopecia, loss of subcutaneous fat, progressive joint contractures, bone changes, nail dystrophy, and abnormal tightness and / or small soft outpouchings of the skin over the abdomen and upper thighs, and delayed primary tooth eruption. later findings include low - frequency conductive hearing loss, dental crowding, and partial lack of secondary tooth eruption. additional findings present in some but not all affected individuals include photophobia, excessive ocular tearing, exposure keratitis, and raynaud phenomenon. motor and mental development is normal. death occurs as a result of complications of severe atherosclerosis, either cardiac disease (myocardial infarction) or cerebrovascular disease (stroke), generally between ages six and 20 years. average life span is approximately 14. 6 years .\nthis thread got me thinking about the' hutch' line raised by neil. i might end up confusing everyone but here goes. let' s imagine for a minute a similar wartime situation for real where a group of people are together and they see someone with a dirty face - such as a miner or chimney sweep for example. if one of them cracked that line about hutch, a few would get the joke as they could relate to the similarities between the tradesman' s face and that of a well known black entertainer. as is the case in dad' s army which is set in the same era and likely that some of the platoon would be aware of the comparison being made between captain mainwaring and hutch. with me so far i hope. my point is: since the series was made decades later, the writing team would know that the majority of viewers had not heard of leslie hutchison and so the punchline wouldn' t have the same impact. instead of laughing, we' re likely to be asking' what does he mean' or' who?' i' m wondering - why include a line that a lot of viewers wouldn' t get? why not name a celebrity who' s more well known? would al jolson not have been a better choice, someone who blacked up regularly and an entertainer who would have given the punchline a chance of succeeding because many even today know his name? i can understand as i said perry and croft thinking a platoon of that era would make the comparison but they were writing for the public of the late 60' s / 70' s and such a line might be lost on them - as it seems to have been. i just think a popular name would' ve still seen the comparison being made during wartime and had more of an effect with the viewers at that time .\nprogeria, or hutchinson - gilford progeria syndrome (hgps), is a rare, fatal, genetic condition of childhood with striking features resembling premature aging. children with progeria usually have a normal appearance in early infancy. at approximately nine to 24 months of age, affected children begin to experience profound growth delays, resulting in short stature and low weight. they also develop a distinctive facial appearance characterized by a disproportionately small face in comparison to the head; an underdeveloped jaw (micrognathia); malformation and crowding of the teeth; abnormally prominent eyes; a small nose; prominent eyes and a subtle blueness around the mouth. in addition, by the second year of life, the scalp hair, eyebrows, and eyelashes are lost (alopecia), and the scalp hair may be replaced by small, downy, white or blond hairs. additional characteristic features include generalized atherosclerosis, cardiovascular disease and stroke, hip dislocations, unusually prominent veins of the scalp, loss of the layer of fat beneath the skin (subcutaneous adipose tissue), defects of the nails, joint stiffness, skeletal defects, and / or other abnormalities. according to reports in the medical literature, individuals with hgps develop premature, widespread thickening and loss of elasticity of artery walls (arteriosclerosis), which result in life - threatening complications during childhood, adolescence, or early adulthood. children with progeria die of heart disease (atherosclerosis) at an average age of 13 years, with a range of about eight to 21 years. as with any person suffering from heart disease, the common events as heart disease advances for children with progeria can include high blood pressure, strokes, angina (chest pain due to poor blood flow to the heart itself), enlarged heart, and heart failure, all conditions associated with aging .\nyou can get the weather for wherever you want to in the uk. enter your postcode below to personalise your weather feed .\npublicity shot of hutch taken in london in 1928 when he was taking the music scene by storm. © linus moran photography 2013 urltoken info @ urltoken 1 prospect house, peverell ave east, poundbury, dorchester, dorset. dt1 3we + 44 (0) 7929 631115\nthe downton abbey christmas special has fast become television’s new queen’s speech, as fundamental to the festivities as goose fat, sprouts and comedy knitwear. this year’s heady finale centres on the will - they - won’t - they romance between lady rose and her charismatic jazz singer lover, jack ross .\nhutch was absurdly glamorous, hugely talented and impossibly handsome: the highest - paid star of the era. he wore only savile row suits, owned a chauffeur - driven rolls royce, rode to hounds and spoke like an aristocrat .\nand, despite the fact that he was black, born in grenada – in a bigoted, bygone age – he was hotly embraced by britain’s social elite. men admired him – the prince of wales was his greatest fan. women adored him .\nindeed, his affair with edwina mountbatten - mirrored by ross’s frowned - upon relationship with rose - caused a high court libel sensation .\nbut though hutch was, undeniably, a philanderer extraordinaire, there was much more to the man who, according to one eyewitness, “could inject more sex into one bar of music than most people in a lifetime. ”\nand gabrielle markes – one of hutch’s nine known illegitimate children – should know. the 83 - year - old, who now lives in dorchester, says: “everyone always goes on about the sex – and hutch was very good looking. but he was also an incredibly talented musician. ”\ngabrielle is keen to make a film based on her father’s colourful life. she recently approached fellowes .\n“i asked him if he’d based ross on hutch. and he said ‘of course’. so i went further and asked if he’d be willing to write a script. he just said: ‘i’m too busy right now but come back to me in three years’. ”\nhutch died penniless in 1969, aged 69. ultimately ostracised by the royals after his affair with lady mountbatten soured, his career was starved of oxygen. the orders from the top were clear: no royal command performance, no bbc airplay .\nby the mid - 40s, he was struggling to make ends meet, singing for pennies at a restaurant in trafalgar square while edwina – her marriage patched up - had become the all - powerful vicereine of india .\nbut though gabrielle proudly owns all her father’s records and has spent years tirelessly researching his life, she never actually met him – or her mother, elisabeth sperling .\n“she was a young debutante. and he was this huge star. all the women threw themselves at him and he’d invite them in. i don’t know whether they had a one - night stand or an affair but there she was – in the early 1930s and three months pregnant. an unmarried mother back then? that just wasn’t happening. so she got married, quickly, to an army officer, keeping the baby a secret .\n“but finally she had to tell him – they were both white, you see: ‘look, i don’t know what this baby’s going to look like. ’ it must have all come out because they hired a private midwife who owned her own london nursing home .\n“she came and delivered the baby and then was asked to take me away pending adoption. but no one wanted to adopt me so i went on living with her. and when i was 10, this woman – miss markes as i always called her - finally adopted me herself. she was 50. ”" ]

{ "text": [ "leslie arthur julien hutchinson , known as \" hutch \" ( 7 march 1900 – 18 august 1969 ) , was one of the biggest cabaret stars in the world during the 1920s and 1930s . " ], "topic": [ 7 ] }

[ "leslie arthur julien hutchinson, known as \" hutch \" (7 march 1900 – 18 august 1969), was one of the biggest cabaret stars in the world during the 1920s and 1930s." ]

[ "marcel israel with a bigscale pomfret that ate a swordfish bait in hudson canyon last week .\nthe bigscale pomfret (taractichthys longipinnis) of the atlantic ocean, the largest species in the family, reaches a length of 90 cm (35 inches) .\npomfret are a deepwater fish that occur on both sides of the atlantic and in the gulf of mexico. not much is known about their diet or habits, though the occasionally turn up on pelagic long lines intended for swordfish, and are reported to be great eating. the igfa world record bigscale pomfret weighed 20 pounds, 10 ounces, and was caught off florida in october 2004 .\nwhile 200 - pound - plus bigeye and giant bluefin are certainly impressive, the most noteworthy catch from this extended canyon season was a good deal smaller. white water outfitters reported that marcel israel was fishing through the night at hudson canyon when a bigscale pomfret grabbed one of his swordfish baits set at 200 feet .\nthe pomfret, taractes rubescens, also has anal and dorsal fins elongate and sickle - like. however, its body is more elongate than the bigscale and its snout is pointed. it also has larger pelvic fins. pomfrets are similar in shape to the stromateidae family (butterfishes) which, unlike pomfrets, have small mouths, no pelvic fins and small scales that shed easily .\nmale picture by cambraia duarte, p. m. n. (c) imagdop\ngreek, taraktes = confusion; for the pletora of names that have been applied to this fish + greek, ichthys = fish (ref. 45335 )\nmarine; pelagic - oceanic; oceanodromous (ref. 51243); depth range 0 - 500 m (ref. 89422), usually 42 - 200 m (ref. 82736). subtropical; 10°c -? (ref. 82736); 47°n - 68°s, 98°w - 21°e\neastern atlantic: iceland and norway southward to off pointe noire, gulf of guinea and namibia; questionably reaching false bay, south africa (ref. 4388). absent from the mediterranean (ref. 4936). western atlantic: nova scotia, canada and northern gulf of mexico to puerto rico (ref. 7251), bermuda, northern south america to southeastern brazil (ref. 82736). highly migratory species, annex i of the 1982 convention on the law of the sea (ref. 26139) .\nmaturity: l m? range? -? cm max length: 100. 0 cm sl male / unsexed; (ref. 6697 )\ndorsal spines (total): 0; dorsal soft rays (total): 33 - 38; anal spines: 0; anal soft rays: 27 - 30. grey or silvery in color, with coppery reflections (ref. 4388) .\ngenerally oceanic and presumably epipelagic. often solitary but occasionally found in small schools close to shore (ref. 82736). feed on shrimps and squids (ref. 82736). young are present in all seasons (ref. 6697). flesh considered very good (ref. 3576) .\ngomes, j. , 1990. bramidae. p. 758 - 764. in j. c. quero, j. c. hureau, c. karrer, a. post and l. saldanha (eds .) check - list of the fishes of the eastern tropical atlantic (clofeta). jnct, lisbon; sei, paris; and unesco, paris. vol. 2. (ref. 4936 )\n): 8 - 26. 3, mean 17. 6 (based on 589 cells) .\nphylogenetic diversity index (ref. 82805): pd 50 = 0. 7500 [ uniqueness, from 0. 5 = low to 2. 0 = high ] .\ntrophic level (ref. 69278): 4. 5 ±0. 62 se; based on food items .\nresilience (ref. 69278): very low, minimum population doubling time more than 14 years (preliminary k or fecundity .) .\nvulnerability (ref. 59153): high to very high vulnerability (70 of 100) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nbody deep, ovate, somewhat compressed, snout blunt; color dark, gray to silvery to almost black; frontal lobes of anal and dorsal fins long, sickle - like (falcate), scaled to nearly tip; rest of fins low, scalloped, with white tips, scaled only at base; pelvic fins very small; pectoral fin long, wing - like; eye large, central on head, notch between eyes; scales large, irregular shaped, with keel (ridge) with spine down the center; tail large, forked, scaled at base, outer edges of rays white; precaudal groove on upper surface of caudal peduncle; keel (ridge) on sides of caudal peduncle; teeth in many rows, some angled inward; preopercle and opercle edges smooth .\ncopyright 2012 - 2018. created by brenda bowling, texas parks and wildlife department .\nyour igfa account is your personal portal to member benefits, including world records, videos, photos, and the latest in game fish conservation .\nthe international game fish association is a not - for - profit organization committed to the conservation of game fish and the promotion of responsible, ethical angling practices through science, education, rule making and record keeping .\n© 2015 international game fish association, 300 gulf stream way, dania beach, fl 33004 .\nthis is a directory page. britannica does not currently have an article on this topic .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\nsingh - renton, s. , pina amargos, f. , oxenford, h. , collette, b. b. , dooley, j. , aiken, k. a. , marechal, j. & robertson, r .\nthis offshore, pelagic species is widely distributed and highly migratory. it occurs as bycatch in a variety of offshore fisheries and is consumed. it is included in annex i of the 1982 convention on the law of the sea created by the united nations convention of the law of the sea (unclos) because it is highly migratory. there are no known major threats. therefore, it\ntaractichthys longipinnis is widely distributed in the epipelagic and mesopelagic zones of the atlantic ocean from 60°n (north sea) to 35°s. in the western atlantic it is known from nova scotia, canada and browns bank south along the u. s. , throughout the gulf of mexico and caribbean sea, and along south america to southern brazil. in the eastern atlantic it is known from iceland and norway south to pointe noire, the gulf of guinea and namibia to false bay, south africa. it does not occur in the mediterranean (robins and ray 1986, stromme and saetersdal 1988, gomes 1990, thompson 2002, moore et al. 2003, carvalho - filho et al. 2009, f. pina - amargos and a. acero pers. comm. 2013, fao eca guide in prep rl haedrich). its depth range is 42 - 382 m (stromme and saetersdal 1988, carvalho - filho et al. 2009) .\nangola; anguilla; antigua and barbuda; aruba; bahamas; barbados; belgium; belize; benin; bermuda; bonaire, sint eustatius and saba (saba, sint eustatius); brazil (trindade); cameroon; canada; cape verde; cayman islands; colombia (colombia (mainland) ); congo, the democratic republic of the; costa rica; cuba; curaçao; denmark; dominica; dominican republic; equatorial guinea; estonia; faroe islands; finland; france; french guiana; gabon; gambia; germany; ghana; grenada; guadeloupe; guatemala; guernsey; guinea; guinea - bissau; guyana; haiti; honduras; iceland; ireland; jamaica; jersey; latvia; liberia; lithuania; martinique; mauritania; mexico; montserrat; morocco; namibia; netherlands; nicaragua; nigeria; norway; panama; poland; portugal (azores, madeira); puerto rico; russian federation; saint helena, ascension and tristan da cunha (ascension, saint helena (main island), tristan da cunha); saint kitts and nevis; saint lucia; saint martin (french part); saint pierre and miquelon; saint vincent and the grenadines; sao tomé and principe; senegal; sierra leone; sint maarten (dutch part); south africa; spain (canary is. , spain (mainland) ); suriname; sweden; togo; trinidad and tobago; turks and caicos islands; united kingdom; united states; venezuela, bolivarian republic of; virgin islands, british; virgin islands, u. s. ; western sahara\npopulation information for taractichthys longipinnis is limited. between 1954 to 2006, 58 specimens have been deposited in museum collections. it frequently occurred in a trawl survey off the cape verde islands (menezes et al. 2004) .\ntaractichthys longipinnis is epipelagic to mesopelagic and highly migratory (briggs 1960). it is apparently solitary, but it is also known to occasionally form small schools when close to shore (carvalho - filho et al. 2009). analyses of stomach contents suggest s it feeds on or near the bottom (mainly benthic oplophorid shrimps). the maximum total length is 91 cm (robins and ray 1986). it is a year - round batch spawner that undergoes significant morphological changes with growth (fao eca guide in prep rl haedrich). species of the bramidae family are important prey items of tunas, mackerels, marlin, and other large pelagic predators (heemstra and heemstra 2004) .\ntaractichthys longipinnis is not directly targeted, but is occasionally caught by longline and vertical line in the western atlantic (thompson 2002). it also occasionally occurs as bycatch in trawl fisheries off africa, including deepwater (bianchi et al. 1999). it occurs as bycatch in the tuna fishery in the western and central pacific (lawson 2001) as well as in the atlantic ocean (matsumoto and miyabe 2004). it also occurs as bycatch in the longline black scabbardfish fishery in the canary islands (pajuelo et al. 2010). it is occasionally caught as bycatch on longlines by hake fisheries in southern portugal (erzini et al. 2001). abe (1962) reported t. longipinnis as a common sight in the central wholesale market of tokyo, which were caught by tuna fisheries using longlines (manazuru) or trap nets (sagami bay). it is generally considered a highly desirable foodfish (fao eca guide in prep rl haedrich) .\nthere are no known major threats. it is commonly caught as bycatch in pelagic fisheries, but this is not considered to be a major threat to its global population .\ntaractichthys longipinnis is a highly migratory species that is included in annex i of the 1982 convention on the law of the sea created by the united nations convention of the law of the sea (unclos). responsibility is given to coastal states to determine the proper management and use of fishery resources within their national jurisdiction. under annex i, coastal states and other states that fish where there is a presence of highly migratory species are to ensure the conservation and optimum utilization of listed species (garcia 1994, malak et al. 2011) .\nthis errata assessment has been created because the map was accidentally left out of the version published previously .\nsingh - renton, s. , pina amargos, f. , oxenford, h. , collette, b. b. , dooley, j. , aiken, k. a. , marechal, j. & robertson, r. 2015 .\n( errata version published in 2017). the iucn red list of threatened species 2015: e. t190394a115318952 .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html + rdfa 1. 1 / / en\nwith a free fishchoice membership, you' ll get access to useful contact information, so you can connect with the suppliers from around the world .\nit looks like you' re on a mobile device. if you would like to go to the mobile seafood buying guide, click here\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia, please upload using the upload tools .\nyearsley, g. k. , last, p. r. & morris, g. b. 1997 ,\ncodes for australian aquatic biota (caab): an upgraded and expanded species coding system for australian fisheries databases\n, pp. 15 pp. + appendices\nmunro, i. s. r. 1961 ,\nhandbook of australian fishes. nos 1–42\n, australian fisheries newsletter, vol. 15–17, 19, 20, pp. 1 - 172\nlowe, r. t. 1843 ,\nnotices of fishes newly observed or discovered in madeira during the years 1840, 1841 and 1842\n, proceedings of the zoological society of london, vol. 11, pp. 81 - 95\ncompiled by roberts, c. d. ; paulin, c. d. ; stewart, a. l. ; mcphee, r. p. ; mcdowall, r. m. , king, c. m. ; roberts, c. d. ; bell, b. d. ; fordyce, r. e. ; nicol, r. s. ; worthy, t. h. ; paulin, c. d. ; hitchmough, r. a. ; keyes, i. w. ; baker, a. n. ; stewart, a. l. ; hiller, n. ; mcdowall, r. m. ; holdaway, r. n. ; mcphee, r. p. ; schwarzhans, w. w. ; tennyson, a. j. d. ; rust, r. ; macadie, i. 24: phylum chordata: lancelets, fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals, checklist of new zealand chordata. living lancelets, jawless fishes, cartilaginous fishes, and bony fishes. in: new zealand inventory of biodiversity volume 1 .\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: 728632c1 - caf3 - 4f5d - a59a - 835280357058\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: 5fa0e1a3 - c05a - 403d - ac7f - 183ab15f9d05\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. name: 444393\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment. find records and model species distributions. export reports, maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area, or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something? photograph something? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities. we honour and celebrate the spiritual, cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\nwhitewater outfitters reported bigeye tuna, like this 233 - pounder caught aboard reel lucky, were still biting in hudson canyon last weekend .\nfishing in the canyons has held up through november and into december this year, with white water outfitters reporting that boats making the run are still catching bigeye tuna, albacore, and the occasional giant bluefin tuna .\nweird fish for the deep, forked tail, crazy eyes. sweet catch !\nvery interesting catch. i caught one of these fishing in venezuela in the early 90s, 1500 feet deep in the daytime, sword dropping. it made a fabulous mount, by new wave taxidermy. best guess for fish functionality: interesting design. the fish probably focuses on squid. large scales to prevent beak damage. lots of tiny pin type teeth to hold slippery prey. short, narrowly forked tail, tall thin dorsal and long thin anal fins and corresponding pictorial fin all for turning on a dime, plus giant eye for collecting light at depth. well designed !\nwe have our company fishing trip every year for the past 30 years. a yearly trip which we look forward to. motel prices (mom & pop type) were $ 100 - $ 150 per night, this year they want $ 1, 200 for fri & sat…. what happened? we have about 16 - 17guys." ]

{ "text": [ "the big-scale pomfret , taractichthys longipinnis , is a species of pomfret found in the atlantic ocean , at depths down to 500 metres ( 1,600 ft ) .", "this species reaches a length of up to 100 centimetres ( 39 in ) sl .", "this species is of minor importance to the commercial fisheries industry .", "from ireland there are only two records of this fish .", "the last being from co . wicklow ." ], "topic": [ 18, 0, 15, 15, 0 ] }

[ "the big-scale pomfret, taractichthys longipinnis, is a species of pomfret found in the atlantic ocean, at depths down to 500 metres (1,600 ft). this species reaches a length of up to 100 centimetres (39 in) sl. this species is of minor importance to the commercial fisheries industry. from ireland there are only two records of this fish. the last being from co. wicklow." ]

[ "frédéric ducarme marked\npale rock - boring urchin, echinometra mathaei (blainville, 1825 )\nas trusted on the\nechinometra mathaei\npage .\nfrédéric ducarme marked\nimage of echinometra a and echinometra mathaei\nas hidden on the\nechinometra a\npage. reasons to hide: duplicate\nechinometra mathaei. ph. d thesis, university of hormozgan, iran. bandar abbas .\nfrédéric ducarme set\nimage of echinometra oblonga\nas an exemplar on\nechinometra mathaei oblonga (blainville, 1825 )\n.\nfrédéric ducarme marked\nimage of echinometra oblonga\nas trusted on the\nechinometra oblonga\npage .\nsperm head schematics of okinawan (a, b, c, d), mauritian (ve, eb, be), and eilat’s echinometra. a, b, c, d, ve, eb, be, and ee denote echinometra sp. a, e. mathaei, e. sp. c, e. oblonga, violet echinometra, e. mathaei, e. oblonga, and eilat echinometra, respectively. the bar indicates 2 µm. sperm head illustrations of okinawan and mauritian echinometra were modified after arakaki et al. (1998) .\nee, eb, ve, be, bo, gu and ha denote eilat’s echinometra; mauritian e. mathaei, violet echinometra and e. oblonga; bonin echinometra, guam’s echinometra, and hawaiian echinometra, respectively. figures indicate the mean ± s. d. sperm were obtained from one individual of each species for okinawa and mauritius, five individuals (30 sperm heads from each) for eilat, and four individuals of each species for guam and hawaii .\npearse js and phillips bf. 1968. continuous reproduction in the indo - pacific sea urchin echinometra mathaei at rottnest island, western australia. j mar freshw res 19: 161 - 172. [ links ]\nmatsuoka n, hatanaka t (1991) molecular evidence for the existence of four sibling species within the sea - urchin, echinometra mathaei in japanese waters and their evolutionary relationships. zool sci 8: 121 - 133 .\nechinometra heteropora (l. agassiz in l. agassiz & desor, 1846 )\nechinometra picta (a. agassiz & h. l. clark, 1907 )\npair wise comparisons of the number of pore - pairs between species of echinometra .\nmcpherson bf. 1969. studies on the biology of the tropical sea urchins, echinometra lucunter and echinometra viridis. bull mar sci 19: 194 - 213. [ links ]\nechinometra heteropora l. agassiz in l. agassiz & desor, 1846 (subjective junior synonym )\nmcclanahan, t. r. and muthiga, n. a. 2013. echinometra. in :\n► densities of the urchin echinometra mathaei varied 10 - to 2000 - fold among habitats on ningaloo reef. ► the suite of potential urchin predators on ningaloo reef was dominated by wrasses and differed markedly from other regions. ► large triggerfishes were rare or absent. ► no evidence of top - down control of urchin populations among or within habitats .\n( of echinus mathaei blainville, 1825) clark, a. m. and j. d. taylor. (1971). echinoderms from diego garcia. atoll research bulletin. 149: 89 - 92. [ details ]\nsince spicule assembly, the number of pore - pairs, and the morphology of the sperm in the okinawan echinometra species complex reflect species level differences [ 3, 6 ], it is possible that echinometra from eilat and zanzibar should be regarded as a new species .\nmean proportion ± se (%) of pore - pairs in echinometra species from eilat [ ei ], zanzibar [ zn ], okinawa [ ok ], and mauritius [ ma ]. figures in parentheses represent sample sizes. raw data on okinawan and mauritian echinometra courtesy of yuji arakaki .\n( of echinus mathaei blainville, 1825) clark, a. m. & courtman - stock, j. (1976). the echinoderms of southern africa. publ. no. 766. british museum (nat. hist), london. 277 pp. [ details ]\nhere we investigated the taxonomy and phylogeny of red sea (eilat) and wio (zanzibar) echinometra. the four okinawan echinometra served as reference for delineating species from the other two regions. the phylogeny of echinometra from the red sea and wio is presented here for the first time. our updated taxonomy of urchins from the latter two regions and their newly suggested phylogeny demonstrate the advantages of combining both molecular and morphological tools in delineating the boundaries and inferring relations between species of this genus .\nhow to cite this article: n. mahdavi shahri, z. haghighat khazaei, s. karamzadeh, f. naseri, a. a. esteki and h. rameshi, 2008. retracted: reproductive cycle of the sea urchin echinometra mathaei (echinodermatidea: echinoidea) in bostaneh, persian gulf, iran. journal of biological sciences, 8: 1138 - 1148. doi: 10. 3923 / jbs. 2008. 1138. 1148 url: urltoken\narakaki y, uehara t, fagoonee i (1998) comparative studies of the genus echinometra from okinawa and mauritius. zool sci 15: 159 - 168. doi :\narakaki y, uehara t (1999) morphological comparison of black echinometra individuals among those in the indo - west pacific. zool sci 16: 551 - 558. doi :\npalumbi sr, metz ec (1991) strong reproductive isolation between closely related tropical sea urchins (genus echinometra). mol biol evol 8: 227 - 239. pubmed :\nkelso dp (1970) a comparative morphological and ecological study of two species of the sea urchin genus echinometra in hawaii. . honolulu: university of hawaii. p. 112 .\nlessios ha. 1981. reproductive periodicity of the echinoids diadema and echinometra on the two coasts of panama. j exp mar biol ecol 50: 47 - 61. [ links ]\n( of echinus mathaei blainville, 1825) mortensen, t. (1943). a monograph of the echinoidea. iii, 3. camarodonta. ii. echinidæ, strongylocentrotidæ, parasaleniidæ, echinometridæ. 446 pp. , c. a. reitzel, copenhagen. page (s): 381 - 393 [ details ]\nrahman sm, uehara t (2004) interspecific and intraspecific variations in sibling species of sea urchin echinometra. comp biochem physiol a mol integr physiol 139: 469 - 478. doi :\n( of echinus mathaei blainville, 1825) blainville, h. m. d. d. 1825. oursin, echinus (actinozoaires .). pp. 59 - 98 in dictionnaire des sciences naturelles f. g. levrault, strasbourg & paris. , available online at urltoken page (s): 94 [ details ]\nsamples of echinometra spp. were collected between june 2007 and november 2008 from three locations; okinawa, zanzibar, and eilat (gulf of aqaba / eilat, northern red sea) (figure 1). a total of 69 individuals were collected from zanzibar, 86 from okinawa, and 42 from eilat (table 1). samples were first morphologically identified using mortensen’s criteria [ 8 ] and then sequenced and grouped based on the mtdna phylogenetic tree reconstruction, in order to ratify the current taxonomical attributions. in this work zanzibarian echinometra are referred to as ze and eilat’s echinometra as ee .\nlewis jb and storey gs. 1984. differences in morphology and life history traits of the echinoid echinometra lucunter from different habitats. mar ecol prog ser 15: 207 - 211. [ links ]\nsewell ma and young cm. 1999. temperature limits to fertilization and early development in the tropical sea urchin echinometra lucunter. j exp mar biol ecol 236: 291 - 305. [ links ]\nmcclanahan t, muthiga n (2001) ecology of echinometra. in: m. lawrence. edible sea urchins: biology and ecology. 2 ed. amsterdam: elsevier. pp. 297 - 317 .\ncitation: bronstein o, loya y (2013) the taxonomy and phylogeny of echinometra (camarodonta: echinometridae) from the red sea and western indian ocean. plos one 8 (10): e77374. urltoken\nmccartney ma, keller g, lessios ha (2000) dispersal barriers in tropical oceans and speciation in atlantic and eastern pacific sea urchins of the genus echinometra. mol ecol 9: 1391 - 1400. doi :\nmcgehee ma. 1992. distribution and abundance of two species of echinometra (echinoidea) on coral reefs near puerto rico. caribb j sci 28 (3 - 4): 173 - 183. [ links ]\npore - pairs ratios differed significantly between some species while in other species these ratios were statistically insignificant (figure 3). pore - pairs distribution in ee differed significantly from ze (k - s test, d = 0. 2534, p * < 0. 01), okinawan e. oblonga (k - s test, d = 0. 2507, p * < 0. 01), and mauritian e. oblonga (k - s test, d = 0. 2562, p * < 0. 01) (table 3). no significant differences were observed between ee and the other echinometra studied. ze was significantly different from e. mathaei of both okinawan (k - s test, d = 0. 2096, p * < 0. 05) and mauritian (k - s test, d = 0. 231, p * < 0. 01) origin. nonetheless, apart from ee and ze, statistically significant, bonferroni corrected differences in pore - pairs distribution were only detected between e. mathaei and e. oblonga and not among any of the other echinometra species (table 3). * bonferroni corrected p values .\nappana sd and vuki vc. 2003. a novel method of assessing bioerosion by the sea urchin echinometra sp. a on a fijian reef. s pac j nat sci 21: 25 - 30. [ links ]\nmccartney ma, keller g and lessios ha. 2000. dispersal barriers in tropical oceans and speciation in atlantic and eastern pacific sea urchins of the genus echinometra. mol ecol 9: 1391 - 1400. [ links ]\nmotokawa t (1991) introduction to the symposium echinometra a complex under speciation. in: t. yanagisawai. yasumasuc. oguron. suzukit. motokawa. biology of echinodermata. rotterdam: balkema press. p. 89 .\nnodarse a. 2001. abundancia y distribución del erizo echinometra lucunter (linnaeus) (echinodermata, echinoidea) en un arrecife del litoral norte de ciudad de la habana. rev invest mar 22: 107 - 115. [ links ]\npompa l, prieto as and manrique r. 1989. abundancia y distribución espacial en una población del erizo echinometra lucunter (l) en el golfo de cariaco, venezuela. acta cient venez 40: 289 - 294. [ links ]\nintraspecific (diagonal) and interspecific (below diagonal) genetic divergence (%) among wio and iwp species of echinometra from sequences obtained in the current study. mitochondrial dna divergence is based on kimura two - parameter (k2p) distances at the coi gene .\nto barcode of life (43 barcodes) to biodiversity heritage library (51 publications) to biodiversity heritage library (8 publications) (from synonym echinometra picta a. agassiz & h. l. clark, 1907) to biological information system for marine life (bismal) to encyclopedia of life to genbank (203 nucleotides; 206 proteins) to global biotic interactions (globi) to usnm invertebrate zoology echinodermata collection (453 records) to usnm invertebrate zoology echinodermata collection (8 records) (from synonym echinometra picta a. agassiz & h. l. clark, 1907) to itis\n( of echinometra microtuberculata a. agassiz, 1863) agassiz, a. (1863). list of the echinoderms sent to different institutions in exchange for other specimens, with annotations. bulletin of the museum of comparative zoölogy at harvard college. 1: 17 - 28. page (s): 22 [ details ]\n( of echinometra microtuberculata a. agassiz, 1863) mortensen, t. (1943). a monograph of the echinoidea. iii, 3. camarodonta. ii. echinidæ, strongylocentrotidæ, parasaleniidæ, echinometridæ. 446 pp. , c. a. reitzel, copenhagen. page (s): 381 - 393 [ details ]\n( of echinometra megastoma m' clelland, 1840) mortensen, t. (1943). a monograph of the echinoidea. iii, 3. camarodonta. ii. echinidæ, strongylocentrotidæ, parasaleniidæ, echinometridæ. 446 pp. , c. a. reitzel, copenhagen. page (s): 381 - 393 [ details ]\n( of echinometra brunea a. agassiz, 1864) mortensen, t. (1943). a monograph of the echinoidea. iii, 3. camarodonta. ii. echinidæ, strongylocentrotidæ, parasaleniidæ, echinometridæ. 446 pp. , c. a. reitzel, copenhagen. page (s): 381 - 393 [ details ]\nthough the taxonomy, phylogeny, and genetic structure of iwp echinometra have been extensively studied [ 3, 4, 12 – 14, 16 ], and much has been done in the eastern pacific and tropical atlantic [ 7, 20, 21 ], little has been done to date in regard to the red sea and wio .\n( of echinometra megastoma m' clelland, 1840) m' clelland, j. (1840). on cyrtoma, a new genus of fossil echinida. the calcutta journal of natural history. 1: 155 - 187. , available online at urltoken page (s): 181; pl. 4: figs 4 - 5 [ details ]\n( of echinometra heteropora l. agassiz in l. agassiz & desor, 1846) mortensen, t. (1943). a monograph of the echinoidea. iii, 3. camarodonta. ii. echinidæ, strongylocentrotidæ, parasaleniidæ, echinometridæ. 446 pp. , c. a. reitzel, copenhagen. page (s): 381 - 393 [ details ]\n( of echinometra picta a. agassiz & h. l. clark, 1907) mortensen, t. (1943). a monograph of the echinoidea. iii, 3. camarodonta. ii. echinidæ, strongylocentrotidæ, parasaleniidæ, echinometridæ. 446 pp. , c. a. reitzel, copenhagen. page (s): 381 - 393 [ details ]\nthe first sexual maturity of e. lucunter occurred in individuals with a diameter of at least 20 mm. mcpherson (1969) found also different sizes at sexual maturity in two species of echinometra: e. lucunter males reaching maturity from 18 mm and females from 21 mm in diameter, whereas in e. viridis agassiz, 1863 maturity was reached in individuals from about 15 mm diameter for both sexes .\n( of echinometra brunea a. agassiz, 1864) agassiz, a. (1864). synopsis of the echinoids collected by dr. w. stimpson on the north pacific exploring expedition under the command of captains ringgold and rodgers. proceedings of the academy of natural sciences of philadelphia. 15 (1863), 352 - 361. , available online at urltoken page (s): 355 [ details ]\n( of echinometra heteropora l. agassiz in l. agassiz & desor, 1846) agassiz, l. & desor, p. j. e. 1846. catalogue raisonné des familles, des genres, et des espèces de la classe des échinodermes. annales des sciences naturelles, troisième série, zoologie 6, 305 - 374. , available online at urltoken page (s): 372 [ details ]\ntavares yag, kawall hg and borzone ca. 2004. biochemical changes the gonad in relation to the reproductive cycle of echinometra lucunter and arbacia lixula in southern brazil. in: lawrence jm and guzman o (eds), sea - urchin fisheries and aquaculture: proceedings of the international conference on sea - urchin fisheries and aquaculture, puerto varas, march 2003. destech publications inc. , lancaster, pensylvania, p. 147 - 155. [ links ]\nechinometra lucunter presented a marked reproductive cycle in the local population as in some other regions and other regular echinoid populations (mcpherson1969, crapp and willis 1975, lessios 1981, cameron 1986, lessios 1991, lamare et al. 2002, tavares et al. 2004). there was an equal sex ratio and no significant differences between male and female gonad indices. the gametogenic cycle of females was annual, and the cellular processes during gametogenesis between males and females were asynchronous .\nexternal features and spicule assemblages in the tube feet and gonads of echinometra from okinawa, zanzibar and eilat. ratio refers to the percentage of individuals sharing a specific set of character combination. figures in parentheses indicate the number of individuals sampled. a none – no spicules were found; b ng – no gametes; c multiple – combination of three or more types of spicules: bihamate, ‘figure - eight’ shaped, needle and triradiate; d 8 –' figure - eight' shaped spicules .\nwe gratefully acknowledge prof. yuji arakaki for sharing his morphological data on okinawan and mauritian echinometra. we are indebted to amir szitenberg and dr. tamar feldstein for assisting with the molecular analysis and for fruitful discussions; dr. noa shenkar for her constructive comments on the manuscript, and naomi paz for linguistic editing of the text. special thanks are due to prof. gustav paulay, dr. owen s. wangensteen, and two anonymous reviewers for their enlightening and constructive comments on the manuscript .\nventura crr, varotto rs, carvalho alps, pereira ad, alves sls and maccord fs. 2003. interpopulation comparison of the reproductive and morphological traits of echinometra lucunter (echinodermata: echinoidea) from two different habitats on brazilian coast. in: féral j - p and david b (eds), echinoderm research 2001: proceedings of the 6european conference on echinoderm research, banyuls - sur - mer, september 2001. swets and zeitlinger, lisse, netherlands, p. 289 - 293. [ links ]\n( of echinometra picta a. agassiz & h. l. clark, 1907) agassiz, a. & clark, h. l. 1907b. preliminary report on the echini collected, in 1902, among the hawaiian islands, by the u. s. fish comussion steamer\nalbatross\n, in charge of commander chauncey thomas, u. s. n. , commanding. - bulletin of the museum of comparative zoölogy at harvard college, 50 / 8, 231 - 259. , available online at urltoken page (s): 241 [ details ]\nall field research and collection of specimens were approved by the local authorities in the country of collection, and permissions were granted as follows: permit number 2007 / 28851, issued by the israeli nature and national parks protection authority for collection in eilat, israel. permit number aol / volxv / 38, issued by the university of dar es salaam, institute of marine sciences for collection in zanzibar, tanzania. sample collection in okinawa was conducted as part of the 21 st century center of excellence (coe) summer program, conducted at the university of the ryukyus, japan. studies involving okinawan echinometra did not involve endangered or protected species and did not require a permit .\no ouriço - do - mar comestível echinometra lucunter (linnaeus, 1758) é uma espécie muito comum no infralitoral e mediolitoral do brasil. o objetivo deste trabalho foi descrever a gametogênese e a estratégia reprodutiva da população de e. lucunter na praia de muro alto entre agosto de 2004 e agosto de 2005. um total de 240 espécimes foi capturado de uma poça de maré situada no topo recifal, durante as marés baixas de sizígia. a razão sexual total foi de 1, 12: 1 sem variação temporal significativa, exceto em outubro de 2004. a primeira maturidade sexual ocorreu em indivíduos a partir de 20, 8 mm de diâmetro. não houve nenhuma diferença significativa no índice gonadal entre fêmeas e machos durante o período de amostragem. a variação do índice gonadal das fêmeas foi associada a um período de desova bem definido, corroborado pela análise histológica das gônadas, que demonstra diferenças sexuais na produção de gametas. ao contrário, os machos não apresentaram nenhum padrão. sugere - se que a reprodução da população de e. lucunter na praia de muro alto é contínua, compicos sazonais .\nellipsechinus pictus (a. agassiz & h. l. clark, 1907) (subjective junior synonym )\nnote mauritius (as l' île de france) (historical ...\ntype locality mauritius (as l' île de france) (historical specimens from zanzibar). type data: status undetermined muséum national d' histoire naturelle, paris (france) eces8124, muséum national d' histoire naturelle eces8116, muséum national d' histoire naturelle eces656 (historical specimens only) (rowe & gates, 1995). [ details ]\ndescription colour in life: variable, spine colour purple / green spines with purple tips and grey - green base or jungle green spines with ...\nkroh, a. & mooi, r. (2018). world echinoidea database .\n( of ellipsechinus decaryi lambert, 1933) lambert j. (1933). échinides de madagascar communiqués par m h besairie. madagascar annales géologiques du service des mines. 3: 1 - 49. page (s): 47 [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nclark, a. m. ; rowe, f. w. e. (1971). monograph of shallow - water indo - west pacific echinoderms. trustees of the british museum (natural history). london. x + 238 p. + 30 pls. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nludwig, h. (1899). echinodermen des sansibargebietes. abhandlungen der senckenbergischen naturforschenden gesellschaft, bonn. 21 (1): 537 - 563. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\ndécary, r. (1924). liste d' echinodermes receuillis a madagascar. bulletin de l' academie malgache nouvelle serie tome iv38 - 41 [ details ]\nclark, a. m. & courtman - stock, j. (1976). the echinoderms of southern africa. publ. no. 766. british museum (nat. hist), london. 277 pp. [ details ]\nmortensen, t. (1943). a monograph of the echinoidea. iii, 3. camarodonta. ii. echinidæ, strongylocentrotidæ, parasaleniidæ, echinometridæ. 446 pp. , c. a. reitzel, copenhagen. page (s): 381 - 393 [ details ]\nmah, c. l. ; mcknight, d. g. ; eagle, m. k. ; pawson, d. l. ; améziane, n. ; vance, d. j. ; baker, a. n. ; clark, h. e. s. ; davey, n. (2009). phylum echinodermata: sea stars, brittle stars, sea urchins, sea cucumbers, sea lilies. in: gordon, d. p. (ed .) (2009). new zealand inventory of biodiversity: 1. kingdom animalia: radiata, lophotrochozoa, deuterostomia. pp. 371 - 400. [ details ]\nliu j. y. [ ruiyu ] (ed .). (2008). checklist of marine biota of china seas. china science press. 1267 pp. (look up in imis) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of ellipsechinus matheyi) mortensen, t. (1943). a monograph of the echinoidea. iii, 3. camarodonta. ii. echinidæ, strongylocentrotidæ, parasaleniidæ, echinometridæ. 446 pp. , c. a. reitzel, copenhagen. page (s): 381 - 393 [ details ]\n( of ellipsechinus pictus (a. agassiz & h. l. clark, 1907) ) mortensen, t. (1943). a monograph of the echinoidea. iii, 3. camarodonta. ii. echinidæ, strongylocentrotidæ, parasaleniidæ, echinometridæ. 446 pp. , c. a. reitzel, copenhagen. page (s): 381 - 393 [ details ]\n( of ellipsechinus decaryi lambert, 1933) mortensen, t. (1943). a monograph of the echinoidea. iii, 3. camarodonta. ii. echinidæ, strongylocentrotidæ, parasaleniidæ, echinometridæ. 446 pp. , c. a. reitzel, copenhagen. page (s): 381 - 393 [ details ]\nthompson, g. b. (1982). underwater observations on the distribution of regular sea urchins in hong kong. in: proceedings of the first international marine biological workshop: the marine flora and fauna of hong kong and southern china (ed. morton, b .), vol. 2, pp655 - 671. hong kong university press, hong kong. [ details ]\nreproductive periodicities of indo - pacific invertebrates in the g... : ingenta connect\nreproductive periodicities of indo - pacific invertebrates in the gulf of suez. ii. the echinoid\nthe bulletin of marine science is dedicated to the dissemination of high quality research from the world' s oceans. all aspects of marine science are treated by the bulletin of marine science, including papers in marine biology, biological oceanography, fisheries, marine affairs, applied marine physics, marine geology and geophysics, marine and atmospheric chemistry, and meteorology and physical oceanography .\ningenta. article copyright remains with the publisher, society or author (s) as specified within the article .\nwebsite makes use of cookies so as to keep track of data that you have filled in .\n58. 000 creatures, including hammerhead sharks, manta rays, clownfish and sea lions will take you on an unforgettable journey to the heart of the ocean .\nit is recognisable by its t - shaped head. this shark is an iconic species of the colombian island of malpelo .\nthis large jellyfish displays golden tones. every bit as spectacular as it is captivating, it inhabits the pacific ocean .\na tireless traveller, the manta ray is an iconic open sea species. its beauty is captivating .\nalso known as the false pilchard, the false herring is a small fish which lives and moves in shoals .\nthe ocellated eagle ray is an iconic open sea species. it performs majestic and impressive balletic dances .\nby continuing to browse this website, you agree to our use of cookies to store and retrieve information and statistical data via browsing and our contact forms. more\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\n( of ellipsechinus decaryi lambert, 1933) lambert j. (1933). échinides de madagascar communiqués par m h besairie. madagascar annales géologiques du service des mines. 3: 1 - 49. page (s): 47 [ details ] available for editors\nliu j. y. [ ruiyu ] (ed .). (2008). checklist of marine biota of china seas. china science press. 1267 pp. (look up in imis) [ details ] available for editors\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia, please upload using the upload tools .\nblainville, h. m. de 1825 ,\noursins\n, dictionnaire des sciences naturelles, vol. 37, pp. 59 - 102\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: 5edaea24 - 7f4e - 4dc0 - a403 - 68d2294859aa\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: b946b980 - c15d - 4d9d - ad00 - 0d9674eb3e5d\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. name: 359781\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment. find records and model species distributions. export reports, maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area, or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something? photograph something? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities. we honour and celebrate the spiritual, cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\nclassification from world register of marine species (worms) selected by frédéric ducarme - see more .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndisclaimer: itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available, and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties. however, it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes. while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available, ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party, wildlife statutes, regulations, and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register. for further information on u. s. legal requirements with respect to protected taxa, please contact the u. s. fish and wildlife service .\nellipsechinus pictus (( a. agassiz & h. l. clark, 1907) )\nin continuing your browsing of this site, you accept the use of cookies to offer you suitable content and services and realize visits statistics. learn more about cookies .\nnational inventory of natural heritage, website: https: / / inpn. mnhn. fr .\nour website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site. we suggest you upgrade to a modern browser .\nellipsechinus pictus (a. agassiz & h. l. clark, 1907 )\nclark, a. m. ; rowe, f. w. e. (1971). monograph of shallow - water indo - west pacific echinoderms. < em > trustees of the british museum (natural history). < / em > london. x + 238 p. + 30 pls .\nclark, a. m. & courtman - stock, j. (1976). the echinoderms of southern africa. publ. no. 766. british museum (nat. hist), london. 277 pp .\ndécary, r. (1924). liste d' echinodermes receuillis a madagascar. bulletin de l' academie malgache nouvelle serie tome iv38 - 41\nlieske, e. & myers, r. (2004) coral reef guide red sea. collins, 384 pp .\nlieske, e. & myers, r. (2010) korallenriff - führer rotes meer. franckh - kosmos verlag, 383 pp .\nliu j. y. [ ruiyu ] (ed .). (2008). checklist of marine biota of china seas. < em > china science press. < / em > 1267 pp .\nludwig, h. (1899). echinodermen des sansibargebietes. < em > abhandlungen der senckenbergischen naturforschenden gesellschaft, bonn. < / em > 21 (1): 537 - 563 .\nmah, c. l. ; mcknight, d. g. ; eagle, m. k. ; pawson, d. l. ; améziane, n. ; vance, d. j. ; baker, a. n. ; clark, h. e. s. ; davey, n. (2009). phylum echinodermata: sea stars, brittle stars, sea urchins, sea cucumbers, sea lilies. in: gordon, d. p. (ed .) (2009). new zealand inventory of biodiversity: 1. kingdom animalia: radiata, lophotrochozoa, deuterostomia. pp. 371 - 400 .\nmortensen, t. (1943). a monograph of the echinoidea. iii, 3. camarodonta. ii. echinidæ, strongylocentrotidæ, parasaleniidæ, echinometridæ. 446 pp. , c. a. reitzel, copenhagen .\njavascript is disabled on your browser. please enable javascript to use all the features on this page .\ncopyright © 2013 elsevier b. v. published by elsevier b. v. all rights reserved .\ncopyright © 2018 elsevier b. v. or its licensors or contributors. sciencedirect ® is a registered trademark of elsevier b. v .\ndiscover a faster, simpler path to publishing in a high - quality journal. plos one promises fair, rigorous peer review, broad scope, and wide readership – a perfect fit for your research every time .\ndepartment of zoology, the george s. wise faculty of life sciences, tel - aviv university, tel - aviv, israel\ncopyright: © 2013 bronstein et al. this is an open - access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited .\nfunding: this research was supported by the israel science foundation (isf) and the raynor chair for environmental conservation research (to yl). the funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript .\n( a) map of the indian ocean and eastern pacific. dots mark the three sampling sites: okinawa, zanzibar and eilat. detailed view of study sites: (b) sesoko isl. , okinawa, (c) zanzibar, western indian ocean, and (d) eilat, gulf of aqaba / eilat. dots mark collection sites, scale bars indicate 1 km. ca, ba, cu, ki, ja, po, mn, and nu denote changuu, bawe, chumbe, kizimkazi, jambiani, pongwe, mnemba and nungwi, respectively. ei and ok denote eilat and okinawa, respectively .\nsamples collection localities, gps coordinates, depths and genbank accession numbers of the sequences collected .\nexamination of sperm was carried out using a scanning electron microscope (jeol jsm5610lv). sperm samples were obtained as undiluted semen, i. e. , “dry sperm”, by removing the testes. the samples were then fixed in 2. 5% glutaraldehyde in filtered (0. 2 µm) seawater (fsw) and stored at 4°c. further preparation of the samples followed a procedure modified from [ 3 ] .\nnd - 1000 spectrophotometer. extractions revealed as impure were discarded and the extraction was repeated. otherwise, dna was diluted to ca. 2. 5 ng / µl with ddh\nmitochondrial genome. the polymerase chain reaction (pcr) was performed in 40 µl total volume (4 µl 10x reaction buffer, 3. 2 µl dntp (2. 5 mm), 2. 4 µl mgcl (25 mm), 0. 8 µl (8 pmol) of each primer, 0. 4 µl of gotaq\no and 2 µl of dna template (ca. 5 ng / µl) ). amplifications were conducted in a peqlab primus 96 machine and used a standard amplification profile of an initial denaturation step at 94°c for 4 min followed by 35 cycles of 94°c for 30 sec, 55°c for 30 sec and 72°c for 30 sec and finished with 5 min at 72°c [\nmillipore column kit and sequenced in forward and backward directions (big - dye v3. 1, applied biosystems inc. , foster city, ca, usa). the samples were then analyzed using an abi 3730xl genetic analyzer (applied biosystems) .\nchromatograms were checked manually using chromaspro v1. 42 (technelysium pty ltd) and aligned using mafft v6 [\ncoι sequences were obtained from genbank (accession numbers: ay262861, ay262940, ay262932, ay262886, ay262906; af255471, af255530 and af255526, from landry et al. [\n( echinodermata, echinoidea) (genbank accession number: jn716400) was used as outgroup. new sequences were deposited in genbank (accession numbers: kc464879 – kc465059). phylogenetic reconstructions were performed using both maximum likelihood (ml) and bayesian inference (bi) analyses. ml analysis was performed using raxmlgui v1. 1 [\nmodel, and bayesian analysis was conducted using mrbayes v3. 1. 2 [\n]. raxml tree reconstructions were carried out using 100 random starting trees. branch support was composed based on 1, 000 bootstrap replications. in the mrbayes analysis, two runs with four chains each were conducted, with default temperatures and prior distributions. the chains were sampled every 100 generations. convergence was achieved at 3, 000, 000 generations. after convergence, the sampling continued until the analysis reached 20, 000, 000 generations. the first 3, 000, 000 generations, amounting to 15% of the total number of generations, were discarded as burnin. genetic divergences within and among taxa were calculated as kimura - 2 - parameter (k2p) distance [\n( a) needle spicules in gonads of e. sp. ee. (b) triradiate and' figure - eight' shaped spicules in gonads of e. sp. c. (c) triradiate spicules in tube feet of e. oblonga. (d) bihamate spicules in tube feet of ee. scale bars indicate 100 µm .\nconceived and designed the experiments: ob yl. performed the experiments: ob. analyzed the data: ob. contributed reagents / materials / analysis tools: yl. wrote the manuscript: ob yl .\nlandry c, geyer lb, arakaki y, uehara t, palumbi sr (2003) recent speciation in the indo - west pacific: rapid evolution of gamete recognition and sperm morphology in cryptic species of sea urchin. proc r soc lond b 270: 1839 - 1847. doi :\nmortensen t (1943) a monograph of the echinoidea: camarondonta. in: ca reitzel. denmark: copenhagen .\nmayr e (1954) geographic speciation in tropical echinoids. evolution 8: 1 - 18. doi :\nberlocher sh (1998) can sympatric speciation be proven from phylogenetic and biogeographic evidence? in: dj howardsh berlocher. endless forms: species and speciation. oxford university press. pp. 99 - 113 .\nmetz ec, palumbi sr (1996) positive selection and sequence rearrangements generate extensive polymorphism in the gamete recognition protein bindin. mol biol evol 13: 397 - 406. doi :\npalumbi sr (1996) what can molecular genetics contribute to marine biogeography? an urchin’s tale. j exp mar biol ecol 203: 75 - 92. doi :\npalumbi sr, grabowsky g, duda t, geyer l, tachino n (1997) speciation and population genetic structure in tropical pacific sea urchins. evolution 51: 1506 - 1517. doi :\nmayr e (1942) systematics and the origin of species, from the viewpoint of a zoologist. cambridge, ma: harvard university press .\n) on an hawaiian reef. mar freshw res 28: 693 - 702. doi :\n( de blainville) (echinodermata: echinoidea) in the gulf of suez and the gulf of aqaba. bulletin institute oceanography fisheries 9: 141 - 147 .\nclark am, rowe fwe (1971) monograph of shallow - water indo - west pacific echinoderms. trustees of the british museum (natural history) 690 .\nbermingham e, lessios ha (1993) rate variation of protein and mitochondrial dna evolution as revealed by sea urchins separated by the isthmus of panama. proc natl acad sci u s a 90: 2734 - 2738. doi :\nlessios ha, kessing bd, robertson dr (1998) massive gene flow across the world’s most potent marine biogeographic barrier. proc r soc lond b biol sci 265: 583 - 588. doi :\nabràmoff md, magalhães pj, ram sj (2004) image processing with imagej. biophotonics int 11: 36 - 42 .\npochon x, pawlowski j, zaninetti l, rowan r (2001) high genetic diversity and relative specificity among symbiodinium - like endosymbiotic dinoflagellates of sortid foraminiferans. mar biol 139: 1069 - 1078. doi :\ngeyer lb, palumbi sr (2003) reproductive character displacement and the genetics of gamete recognition in tropical urchins. evolution 57: 1049 - 1060. doi :\nkatoh k, toh h (2010) parallelization of the mafft multiple sequence alignment program. bioinformatics 26: 1899 - 1900. doi :\nsilvestro d, michalak i (2011) raxmlgui: a graphical front - end for raxml. organ divers evol 12: 335 - 337 .\nronquist f, huelsenbeck jp (2003) mrbayes 3: bayesian phylogenetic inference under mixed models. bioinformatics 19: 1572 - 1574. doi :\nfunk dj, omland ke (2003) species - level paraphyly and polyphyly: frequency, causes, and consequences, with insights from animal mitochondrial dna. annu rev ecol evol syst 34: 397 - 423. doi :\nmeyer cp, paulay g (2005) dna barcoding: error rates based on comprehensive sampling. plos biol 3: e422. doi :\nkimura m (1980) a simple method for estimating evolutionary rates of base substitutions through comparative studies of nucleotide sequences. j mol evol 16: 111 - 120. doi :\ntamura k, peterson d, peterson n, stecher g, nei m et al. (2011) mega5: molecular evolutionary genetics analysis using maximum likelihood, evolutionary distance, and maximum parsimony methods. mol biol evol 28: 2731 - 2739. doi :\nblainville h (1825) dictionnaire des sciences naturelles, dans lequel un traité méthodiquement des différences tetres de la nature .\nfishelson l (1971) ecology and distribution of the benthic fauna in the shallow waters of the red sea. mar biol 10: 113 - 133. doi :\nchia fs, atwood d, crawford b (1975) comparative morphology of echinoderm sperm and possible phylogenetic implications. am zool 15: 553 - 565 .\namy rl (1983) gamete sizes and developmental timetables of five tropical sea urchins. bull mar sci 33: 173 - 176 .\nraff ra, herlands l, morris vb, healy j (1990) evolutionary modification of echinoid sperm correlates with developmental mode. dev growth differ 32: 283 - 291. doi :\nmichel c (1974) notes on marine biology studies made in mauritius. the mauritius institute. 284pp .\npalumbi sr, lessios ha (2005) evolutionary animation: how do molecular phylogenies compare to mayr’s reconstruction of speciation patterns in the sea? proc natl acad sci usa 102: 6566 - 6572. doi :\npalumbi sr (1997) molecular biogeography of the pacific. coral reefs 16: s47 - s52. doi :\ndo these subject areas make sense for this article? click the target next to the incorrect subject area and let us know. thanks for your help !\nan. acad. bras. ciênc. vol. 81 no. 1 rio de janeiro mar. 2009\neduardo j. b. lima i; paula b. gomes ii; josé r. b. souza i\ni departamento de zoologia, centro de ciências biológicas (ccb), programa de pós - graduação em ciências área de biologia animal, universidade federal de pernambuco (ufpe), av. professor moraes rego, 1235 50670 - 420 recife, pe, brasil ii departamento de biologia, universidade federal rural de pernambuco (ufrpe), área de ecologia rua dom manoel de medeiros, s / n, 52171 - 900 recife, pe, brasil\nkey words: beach rock, brazil, echinodermata, reproduction, sea urchin .\npalavras - chave: recife de arenito, brasil, echinodermata, reprodução, ouriço - do - mar .\nhigh - density populations (12 - 100 urchins / m 2) of e. lucunter have been implicated in reef damage at various locations; boring behavior alters the community' s physical and biological structure (hendler et al. 1995, appana and vuki 2003). because of the density - dependent nature of the impact of urchins on some communities, knowledge of their life - history is essential for understanding the ecology of these interactions (williamson and steinberg 2002) .\nseveral studies on the taxonomy and / or distribution of the e. lucunter have been made for the tropical atlantic ocean, such as rathbun (1879), bernasconi (1955), tommasi (1966), brito (1968), lima - verde (1969), pompa et al. (1989), mcgehee (1992), hendler et al. (1995), sewell and young (1999), mccartney et al. (2000), nodarse (2001), sánchez - jérez et al. (2001), and fernandes et al. (2002). however, the information about gametogenic characteristics of the e. lucunter is incomplete regarding brazilian populations .\nrecently, ventura et al. (2003) have mentioned ecological and reproductive aspects of the e. lucunter populations from arraial do cabo (rocky shore in rio de janeiro) and the abrolhos archipelago (coral reef in bahia). in addition, tavares et al. (2004), have analyzed variation in biochemical composition of gonads in relation to the reproductive cycle from galheta island (rocky shores in paraná). the aim of this work was to describe the gametogenesis and reproductive strategy of e. lucunter population at muro alto beach (pernambuco state, brazil) through histological examination of gonad development, and to estimate the gonad index, the sexual ratio and the size at the first sexual maturity .\nthe study was conducted at muro alto beach, on the southern coast of the state of pernambuco (lat 8 ° 25. 408' to 8 ° 25. 598' s; long 34 ° 58. 398' to 34 ° 58. 518' w). this beach, which is about 2. 5 km long, is protected by sandstone reefs (more than 1 km long) running parallel to the shore, building a shallow reef lagoon (0. 2 - 3 m deep) during low tides .\nthe regional climate is classified as as' by the köppen system. the annual average air temperature is about 25 ° c, with a variation in temperature less than 5 ° c. the average rainfall is 2, 000 mm / year, with a dry season (rainfall less than 100 mm / year) between september and february and a rainy season from march to august (1, 850 mm / year to 2, 364 mm / year). the seawater temperature varies from 27. 2 to 29. 1 ° c; and salinity, from 36. 2 to 37. 8 (medeiros et al. 1999) .\nto investigate the reproductive strategy and gametogenesis of e. lucunter, 15 adult specimens (> 33 mm in maximum diameter of the test) were collected monthly on the reef flat within the tidepool, which has an area of 6, 480 m 2, during spring low tides (0. 0 to 0. 3 m), from august 2004 to august 2005. the temperature was taken with a dry - bulb thermometer (degrees celsius), and salinity measured with a manual refractometer .\nthe classification of gametogenic development stages were modified from tavares and borzone (2006), which were described in results. the size at the onset of sexual maturity was estimated from the histological analysis of 45 specimens (10 - 30 mm in maximum diameter of the test) collected in october 2004, during period of maximum maturity in the adult population .\nthe temperature of the tidepool water varied between 28 ° c (july - august 2005) and 37 ° c (april 2005); and the salinity, between 35 (june 2005) and 39 (november - december 2004, march - april 2005) .\nof 195 adults specimens collected, 103 (52. 82 %) were females and 92 (47. 18 %) were males. the overall sex ratio in the population of e. lucunter was 1. 12: 1, without significant difference between sexes (χ 2 = 0. 62; df = 1, p = 0. 431). furthermore, there was no significant variation from a sex ratio of 1: 1 in monthly samples of urchins, except in october 2004 (χ 2 = 5. 40; df = 1, p = 0. 020) .\nbased on previous authors (tavares and borzone 2006), five stages were used to characterize the process of gametogenesis in e. lucunter :\nproliferative stage: gonad tubes were filled with nutritive phagocytes (storage cells), and small numbers of primary sex cells (oocytes in females, spermatocytes in males) were present along the tube wall. in females, the nutritive layer has attained its maximum thickness and oogonia were visible as intensely stained cells near the tube wall. in the early development of this stage, spermatocyte columns were sometimes observed in males, with a basophilic layer of spermatogonia and primary spermatocytes lining the tube wall. few mature gametes (ova or spermatozoa) spermatozoa were found in the center of the tube among nutritive phagocytes .\npremature stage: the abundance of nutritive phagocytes decreased and the first mature gametes (ova or spermatozoa) began to accumulate in the lumen. nutritive phagocytes were closed between tube wall and lumen. in females, nutritive phagocytes occupied a peripheral position. in males, most of the columns of developing spermatocytes extended from the tube wall into the lumen. spermatozoa accumulated within the lumen among the few remaining nutritive phagocytes .\nmature stage: most of the lumen was occupied by mature gametes, and nutritive phagocytes were reduced to a thin layer along the tube wall. in females, most of the ovarian lumen was filled by mature gametes with polygonal shape that exhibited a great of number of cortical granules at their surface. few primary oocytes were found and nutritive phagocytes were located towards the periphery along the tube wall. in males, spermatozoa often appeared to swarm in strands. the tubes were filled with a dense mass of spermatozoa in the lumen. in some male gonads, a straight band of primary cells were still present but nutritive phagocytes were absent .\ndepletion stage: the lumen was emptied as mature gametes were shed but not yet replaced to any great extent by nutritive phagocytes. in females, some relict oocytes / ova may be present in the lumen, where a layer of nutritive phagocytes began to grow. besides, in males, there were many small spaces between the masses of spermatozoa and spermatocytes, as in the masses of spermatozoa .\nresting stage: the lumen of the tubes contained many nutritive phagocytes and unspawned residual ova / spermatozoa .\ngametogenic development stages in females of e. lucunter were presented in figure 1a. the proliferative stage was recorded briefly, focusing on the period between january and may 2005, when 9 to 18% of specimens showed immature sexual cells in their gonads. the premature stage was recorded only in may 2005 (44. 5 %). however, from august to october 2004 the majority of females (60 - 92 %) were in the mature stage. spawning started in early december 2004 and lasted until june 2005, with a peak from february to april 2005 (72 - 100 %). the resting stage was identified in all months, except february and april 2005 .\nthe male cycle showed no annual temporal pattern (fig. 1b). the depletion stage was recorded, except in may 2005, with high frequency value (25 - 100 %). on the other hand, the resting stage occurred in most months, with peaks in january, march and june 2005, when 50 to 75% of specimens displayed this stage .\nmost of the 45 specimens examined (10 - 30 mm in maximum diameter) did not have ripe sex cells (73 %). ripe sex cells were absent from all males of e. lucunter smaller than 20. 8 mm and from all females smaller than 21. 4 mm .\nin the both sexes gi average changed synchronously in a well - defined annual pattern, reaching maximum values in dry season (september to october 2004), decreasing from the beginning of rainy season (march 2005), and rising again in late rainy season (august 2005) (fig. 2). the gonad index of females was not significantly different from males, during the sampling period at muro alto beach (h = 0. 02; df = 1; p = 0. 898). but the monthly variation of gi for females and males was significant (h = 72. 93; h = 65. 75; df = 12; p < 0. 0001, respectively) .\nin relation to gametogenic development stages, the highest female gi values were found in the mature stage (3. 72 %), and the lowest value was found in the depletion stage (1. 18 %). the males' gi values presented a lower range, from 1. 49% in resting stage to 2. 72% in proliferative stage (fig. 3) .\nspearman' s correlation, based on a sample of 195 urchins, showed relatively low correlation coefficients between gi and morphological parameters at muro alto beach (table i) .\nventura et al. (2003) also found significant geographical variation in the gametogenic stages in e. lucunter populations on two brazilian habitats, suggesting that spawning time may be longer in populations from coral reef than in those on the rocky shore. in a southern brazilian beach, the spawning period of e. lucunter occurred during october and november (tavares et al. 2004) .\ntemperate echinoids species present an annual reproductive cycle. in new zealand, the sea urchin evechinus chloroticus (valenciennes, 1846) spawned in early summer (lamare et al. 2002). on the coast of scotland, echinus esculentus linnaeus, 1758 spawned in summer (kelly et al. 2001). the periodicity in the reproductive cycle of echinoids changes latitudinally and locally (lessios 1981). this suggests that other factors such as food and hydrodynamics influence the gametogenic cycle (bauer 1976, lessios 1991, lamare et al. 2002, ventura et al. 2003, sellem and guillou 2007) .\non the other hand, the larger spawning for males at muro alto beach show that release of spermatozoa triggers oocytes' release. levitan (2005) reported that generally males spawn before females. for this author, a hypothesis to explain this is that sperm are the cue for females to release eggs. the triggering mechanism was observed by starr et al. (1990, 1992), in some species, including sea urchins. besides, sex differences in spawning timing of marine invertebrates can be explained on the basis of the differential costs and benefits of spawning out of synchrony with the other sex (levitan 2005)." ]

{ "text": [ "echinometra mathaei , the burrowing urchin , is a species of sea urchin in the family echinometridae .", "it occurs in shallow waters in the indo-pacific region .", "the type locality is mauritius . " ], "topic": [ 2, 13, 29 ] }

[ "echinometra mathaei, the burrowing urchin, is a species of sea urchin in the family echinometridae. it occurs in shallow waters in the indo-pacific region. the type locality is mauritius." ]

[ "the - racehorse is an online horse racing and breeding magazine with information on horse racing and breeding statistics .\nsorry, we don' t have any sale or race data for summer seabreeze .\nreported. sadly capt. fix died at the helm of the seabreeze four days later .\nthe seabreeze farm offers 27 acres of trail riding along with instruction structured to the rider’s pace .\nbarfield can be reached at 850. 830. 3146 seabreeze farm 4233 bob sikes road defuniak springs\nthree jobs and a challenging horse enable young rider to fulfill a circuit ambitions .\n. join timeform for free today to experience the ultimate horse racing form guide .\nthe paso fino experience at the seabreeze farm the paso fino is a natural - born gaited horse, and one of smoothest breeds to ride. the paso is a stocky breed that reaches 14 hands .\ns a kind and generous horse with great heart, and we all miss him .\nhis defeats led to opinions regarding his merit being revised: from being a potential\nhorse of the century\nhe was now seen as simply\na good horse .\namish horse and buggy with lush background farm scene. | amish life | pinterest | lakes\nbrandenburg' s windstar owned by phyllis dawson and jineen reed 1994 grey irish sport horse (thoroughbred / irish draught) stallion, 16. 1 hands by i' m a star (tb) out of kildalton seabreeze (id), by seacrest. inspected and approved by the irish draught horse society (north america) registration number: p0003011 approved by the performance horse registry click here to view windstar' s video online !\nnow she' s solved the mystery of where vero beach' s famous fiberglass horse came from .\nonoda works from his home base, seabreeze farms, where he offers training, special young horse programs, trailer - in lessons, clinics, theory lessons, and more through onoda dressage. to learn more about onoda dressage, visit the website at urltoken .\nthe horse was then off the course for four months before his final race in at newmarket in october. by this time, lonsdale, finding himself in financial difficulties, had sold the horse for £3, 000 to\n“the layouts were originally constructed in 1975 by members of the ‘iron horse club’ of rochester for jp morgan chase. ”\ni took a short ride on a paso while visiting the seabreeze farm and felt as though i was riding on the cadillac of horses. such as smooth ride, i barely had to hold on to the reigns as the gentle movement left or right directed the horse with ease .\nsome folks were sure the horse came from the old palomino motel north of fort pierce. research found that horse was on all fours at one time, but patriot, named in 2003 by students from rosewood magnet school, is reared .\npetrarch was a difficult horse to bring to peak condition, as he suffered throughout his racing career from intermittent kidney trouble .\n“not only did she work three jobs to advance her riding, she had to work with a difficult horse. she had to really focus and pay attention, ” wendy explains. “valqueria is a lovely horse, but not an easy one. ”\npetrarch earned prize money of £11, 700 in 1876, making him the most financially successful horse of the year in britain .\nthe 1885 produce of st. marguerite and isonomy was a handsome chestnut filly which was given the name seabreeze. william stirling crawfurd and the duchess of montrose did not race seabreeze. duchess caroline sold seabreeze as a yearling to captain machell, as part of a lot machell bought sight unseen for £9, 000. a little more than a week later, machell resold all of them to lord calthorpe, who entrusted seabreeze' s training to james jewitt, the man who had conditioned isonomy. the story goes that the duchess repented of the sale, and hoped to purchase them back, but upon inquiring into the possibility, was informed that lord calthorpe' s horses had been moved to their regular training headquarters .\nseabreeze (gb) ch. m, 1885 { 4 - n } dp = 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 (0) di = inf cd = inf\ncurrently my favoitr horse... prysia i just got the coat and i' d been looking for it for two years .\nreference point was voted 1987 british horse of the year by the racecourse association, attracting twelve of the twenty votes. [ 16 ]\nondulation (1920, by sweeper ii) won the 1923 prix de la nonette. she produced belgian stakes winner iago and is the third dam of the great dahlia, a two - time horse of the year in england and the american champion grass horse of 1974 .\na dark horse unfortunately closed its doors in 2012. find more innovative boutiques in the mother city in our shopping in cape town overview .\n“the story of the horse has been quite a saga, ” said stanley, noting their work included careful comparison of different fiberglass horses .\nmost of my broodmares are tbs, so our irish sport horse babies are 3 / 4 thoroughbred, which i consider perfect for eventing .\nseabreeze, foaled in 1885, was actually the first classic champion to represent her sire, and she was one of several foals isonomy sired from her dam, the hermit mare st. marguerite. st. marguerite was an extraordinary producer, as in addition to seabreeze, she produced several other daughters by isonomy which became fine producers in their own right. a mating to st. simon resulted in the filly roquebrune, destined to become the dam of english triple crown champion and major sire rock sand. but seabreeze was her finest representative. bred by the duchess of montrose, seabreeze was raced by lord calthorpe and conditioned by her sire' s trainer, james jewitt, at newmarket. a lovely chestnut filly, she was a good juvenile, but like her sire, improved with age .\ncurrently, richards is working on usha training program certification, which establishes and promotes standards, good horsemanship and credibility to the horse training environment .\nwhat happened to... trempolino? | sporting life - horse racing news | live racing results, racecards, live betting shows\nthe seabreeze, launched in 1909 in a niagara street, buffalo shipyard, and owned by charles and frank fix, had an original capacity for 600 passengers, later lowered to 300 due to stricter maritime safety codes. the seabreeze ran for several years between the foot of ferry street and the bedell house and ended its career on regularly scheduled trips around grand island. the fix brothers sold it in 1947 .\n, john randall and tony morris rated coronach the forty - second best british horse of the 20th century and the best derby winner of the 1920s .\ndistrict handicap. one mile. — black nnd red 10. 0, picket 8. 8, clinker 7. 12, seabreeze 7. 10, feneila 7. 2, donna rosa 7. 0 .\ngenealogy researchers have traced the roots of patriot, the fiberglass horse that has been in vero beach' s pocahontas park for decades. laurence reisman / tcpalm\nellen stanley (left) watches while pam cooper explains her research into how patriot, the fiberglass horse, ended up in vero beach' s pocahontas park .\ni' m afraid this background is not in hd, and therefore not available anymore. you can only try to get a horse who still owns this background .\nget to know the trainers and riders at seabreeze to see what we have to offer in person. we offer a tours for experienced or brand new riders and their families. meet our staff and get all of your questions answered .\ncissy barfield and her daughter ceely have been riding paso finos for several years, with cissy more than 24 years experience. at the seabreeze farm, they offer guided trail ride learning on mcclellan saddle, a cross between western and english .\nsummer camp as a second - grader provided mikayla’s first horsey encounter and she was hooked instantly. formal riding lessons were not in the family budget, but a christmas gift of lessons on a family friend’s horse fueled the spark. mikayla found her first working student position at margaret bennett’s bennridge farm at seabreeze farms. there, she paid for one weekly lesson and worked off the cost of an additional two sessions .\nwendy has a soft spot for troubled horses and, moreover, she saw plenty of potential. “i thought she was a very sweet horse and that, with some care and attention, she could be very good. ” not a perfect horse for a relatively inexperienced student like mikayla, but available and affordable. the horse’s owner, cristina arvizu, then a new client of wendy’s coastline hunter / jumpers, agreed to provide valqueria to mikayla with a feed lease arrangement that entailed the vossellers’ paying for the mare’s feed and board .\nthe english illustrated magazine called isonomy “one of the most remarkable racehorses of the century”. by the time of his second gold cup he was being described as\nundoubtedly the best horse of late times\nand as\none of the grandest and apparently most invincible cup horses that ever trod the turf .\nthe sportsman called him\nthe best horse ever bred in england .\njohn porter, who trained the winners of twenty - three classics, including three triple crowns, regarded isonomy as the best horse he ever trained .\nnew year' s handicap. seven furlongs. — arlina 9. 10, edelweiss 8. 9, decoy 5. 2, seabreeze 7. 9, first venture 7. 3, feneila, 7. 2, beatrice 7. 0 .\n. he had legitimate excuses however, as the contest was run at a\nmuddling pace\nand he came back from the race a sick horse, with a high temperature .\nthis is a rare opportunity to purchase an irish sport horse of absolutely top quality at an affordable price, without traveling overseas. for more information, you can find them on the\nplease note seabreeze will also travel to east sandwich, cotuit, forestdale, marstons mills, buzzards bay, mashpee, west barnstable, centerville, osterville, pocasset, barnstable, north falmouth, bridgewater, east falmouth, hyannis, plymouth, east wareham, north carver, falmouth, manomet, middleboro, west yarmouth, white horse beach, yarmouth port, south carver, wareham, dennis, south yarmouth, marion, west dennis .\ngrand island play day took place on wednesday, august 22, 1945 and offered a ride on the seabreeze ,\nloaded to the rails with ice cream, pop and peanuts for the children ,\nwith capt. frank f. fix at the helm .\nrichards works with students on a contract basis. along with riding skills, richards teaches good horsemanship, which includes stable management – grooming, basic veterinary horse care, stall cleaning and proper nutrition .\nseabreeze was excellent! they were exactly the type of low key music we were looking for for our wedding. they performed for our ceremony and learned the 2 songs that i asked. they continued to play for our cocktail hour and our we heard many compliments from our guests. brian was easy to contact, open to all ideas and very accommodating. they were willing to drive up from cape cod for our gloucester, ma wedding with no problems. we would definitely recommend seabreeze for parties and events of all kinds. thank you brian and george !\nall the latest horse racing form, betting odds, news, breeding, jockey and trainer information for my mistake. my mistake is a filly born in 2011 september 22 by hussonet out of dubai melody\nreference point was given a timeform rating of 139, the eleventh highest awarded to any horse up to that time, and higher than those of nijinsky, alleged and troy. [ 16 ] in their book a century of champions, john randall and tony morris rated reference point the thirty - sixth best british horse of the 20th century and the second best derby winner of the 1980s behind shergar. [ 5 ]\n, created a controversy when he refused to pay the £9, 000 he had lost by wagering on petrarch in his ascot defeats, claiming that the horse had not been allowed to run on its merits .\nisonomy was one of the most popular and durable performers of his era, and an influential stallion who produced two english triple crown winners and two outstanding sire sons. the duke of portland, who owned many great stars of the english turf, once said ,\nnext to my own horse, st. simon, i should have preferred to own the great isonomy rather than any other horse i have ever known .\nlaurence reisman: genealogist tracks down roots of vero beach' s pocahontas park horse | video, photos genealogist finds out how patriot ended up in vero beach' s pocahontas park. check out this story on urltoken urltoken\nok, now i need someone to find me a golden apple coat with a horse wearing glasses! xd yes glasses. i don' t know if there is any, but could someone give it a try ?\nthe layouts were originally constructed in 1975 by members of the ‘iron horse club’ of rochester for jp morgan chase. the club constructed and maintained the layouts until 1983. by then, the iron horse club had lost enough members that they could no longer support the arrangement they had with chase. newsletters indicate that the layouts were in poor repair and were not running reliably during the previous two or three christmas displays. not long after this, the iron horse club ceased to exist. the original four layouts depicted a winter scene, a desert scene (including a frontier town with cowboys and indians), a freight yard scene and a city scene .\non 19 july he faced seabreeze again in the third running of the £10, 000 eclipse stakes at sandown, for which he started 4 / 5 favorite. he won\nin a canter\nby about two lengths, beating the three - year - olds el dorado and seclusion with seabreeze well beaten. [ 24 ] in the champion stakes at newmarket in october ayrshire was beaten into third place by the three - year - old gold in one of the\nchief surprises\nof the year. [ 25 ] it transpired that he had been injured [ 16 ] in the race and was retired to stud .\nmerchant navy, winner of a thriller in the diamond jubilee stakes at # royalascot, has been retired to stud at coolmore. 🗣 aiden o' brien :\nmerchant navy proved himself a very special horse .\nurltoken\nregistered with the irish draught horse society (north america), he was approved at their inspection as a three - year old in 1997, where he received high praise from judges in ireland, canada, and the usa .\nayrshire ran only three times in 1889, but won two of the season' s most valuable prizes. on his four - year - old debut on 11 may ayrshire faced a strong field, including friar' s balsam (who started odds - on favourite) and seabreeze in the £10, 000 royal stakes at kempton park. ridden by jack watts, ayrshire took the lead turning into the straight as friar' s balsam dropped away, but he was soon challenged by seabreeze. the two leaders pulled well clear of the remainder, with ayrshire holding off the filly' s sustained challenge to win comfortably by a length. [ 23 ]\nequine now horses for sale online horse classified ads. sell your horse for free. stallions now stallion directory online stallion directory. find a stallion to breed your mare to. thoroughbred database thoroughbred only pedigree database with 1, 000, 000 + horses. online dog pedigrees pedigree online' s dog database offers free pedigree reports for millions of dogs of all breeds and is completely open to the public. use the search form above to find a dog pedigree now .\nmeeting. united press association — by electrio telegraph — copyright. (received may 12, 11. 50 a. m .) * london, may 11. the following is the result of the newmarket. stakes, of 50 soys eaoh, with 1600 eovs added; seoond horse 150 sovb, and third horse 50 soys from the stake. for three - year - olds. one mile • and a quarter. !; mr j. musker' s eh o admiral breeze, by'. -. velasquez — seabreeze, 9st -... 1: % ir john thursby' s be john o' gaunt, by isinglass — la. fleche, ost. .'. 2 _ mr leopold de rothschild' s b © st. amant, by ist frusquin— lady love, 9st. 3 (the winner did not run as a two - year - old. john o' gaunt, after a fairly successful two - year - old career, finished second to st amant in the two thousand guineas. seabreeze, the dam of admiral breeze, won the oaks and st leger in 1888. )\nthis image from the fort pierce news tribune was published sept. 1, 1964. it shows charles parks, vero beach recreation director, and a horse in the city' s pocahontas park. it would be named patriot in 2003 .\npatriot, the horse statue that has been a part of pocahontas park in vero beach since the 1960s, returns to its home on tuesday, march 28, 2017, after being repaired from damaged caused by hurricane matthew in october 2016 .\nthat settled the matter. hia mind wan made up. with only ono object in view — that of winning at all hazards — he urged alpha on with whip and spur, and alpha nobly responded, like the came horse ho waj .\n, one of the classic horse races. the race was established by colonel barry saint leger in 1776 and was named for him in 1778. an event for three - year - old colts and fillies, it is run annually in september at\nupon first meeting onoda while he was training at silver tail farm in creswell, oregon, zorn was thrilled to find a like - minded horseperson who shares in her philosophy of putting the well - being of the horse first. as a trainer, onoda employs a holistic approach to developing a horse’s natural biomechanics, while promotingits mental and physical wellness as a foundation to proper, kind, and correct riding. this mindset resonated with zorn’s own philosophy for successful horsemanship and business practices at premier equestrian .\nmikayla says her mom, leigh vosseller, “has been super supportive. ” as a non - horse person, she was a “little iffy” when her daughter embarked on this expensive sport, but she has since “backed me 100% of the way. ”\noct. 1 – uncle george helped pa load hay. took it to buffalo. got $ 31. ma took schloerbs to ferry. schiebs bought horse from george dinsmore today. it is a cool day. i rode home from school with ma .\nin today’s world of high - pressure equestrian competition, it may seem that the principles of classical dressage – a holistic training approach that requires years to fully and correctly develop a horse – are becoming those of a dying art. it’s hard to deny that the demand for quick results and immediate gratification has spread even into the world of horse riding and training. for some equestrians, though, the value and relevance of the classical methods, which have been developed and perfected over thousands of years, continues to endure .\ncapt. frank f. fix died of a heart attack at the helm of the seabreeze as it left the amherst street pier on a sunday afternoon (august 26, 1945) for a pleasure cruise around the island. he is buried in whitehaven cemetery. most of the information on the fix brothers was printed in a 1951 buffalo evening news story (no author) .\nit turns out hurricane matthew blew in some clues when it hit vero beach last fall and knocked patriot to the ground. auto body man todd biron, who remembers climbing on the horse as a child, had restored patriot once before and offered to do it again .\ncal poly is appealing because of its emphasis on “hands - on” learning, which will add to the opportunities that mikayla has made the most of during her two years with wendy. “she wants to understand each horse individually and i want to incorporate that in my program. ”\nas at epsom and ascot, there were rumours that the race had not been entirely fair: it was reported that petrarch had been heavily backed to win by kisber' s owners, the baltazzi brothers, who therefore stood to profit from the poor running of their own horse .\nbree street can now count a dedicated seafood spot among its restaurant options with the addition of seabreeze fish & shell. owners alex and ruth grahame previously owned and operated hornblowers seafood restaurant in gourdon, scotland, which won the best chippy chips in scotland award in 2015 – an award given by the national potato council. we took it upon ourselves to check if the chips are still all that .\nshortly after the derby ayrshire was found to be lame [ 19 ] as a result of a splint [ 16 ] and was off the racecourse for more than three months. he started favourite for the st leger on 12 september against fifteen opponents, with his biggest danger appearing to be seabreeze, who had won the oaks. ayrshire raced prominently and was moved up to challenge seabreeze for the lead early in the straight. he soon weakened however, suggesting a lack of stamina, [ 16 ] and dropped back to finish sixth, as the filly won easily. [ 20 ] ten days later ayrshire ran over the much shorter distance of seven furlongs in the £10, 000 lancashire plate at manchester racecourse. looking fitter than he had done at doncaster, he produced a much better effort, leading the field of twenty - four runners until headed by seabreeze well inside the final furlong. ayrshire\nstruggled gamely\nbut was beaten three quarters of a length in a finish of\nintense excitement .\n[ 21 ] ayrshire reappeared at newmarket three days later for his final start of the year, and won the great foal plate, beating the doncaster cup winner grafton. [ 22 ]\nthere was no mention of whether rorie tried to pitch the horse to vero beach recreation director charles parks. a press journal article that week said parks was headed out of town to visit an ill father in high point, north carolina. rorie rode through high point two months later .\ntho man who was most conoorned and puzzled about the condition of alpha was alpha' s jockey, for, to tom' s surprise, the animal seemed to recover suddenly, and at the starting - post tom felt assured that the spirited horse would make a good bid for victory .\nin april however, he took part in a public trial race in which he was beaten by lord dupplin' s other classic entry kaleidoscope. although dawson had warned the owner that petrarch was not fully fit, the trial convinced dupplin that kaleidoscope was the better horse and he wagered accordingly .\nthe st. leoer stakes of 25sovs. each, for then three - year - olds; colts, 9st, and fillies urltoken 111b. the owner of the second horse to receive 200sovs, and of the third, loosovs out of the stakes. old st. leger course; about one mile six furlongs, and 132 yards. (187 subs). lord calthorpe' s ch f seabreeze, by isonomy—st. marguerite, bst 111b... 1 lord bradford' s b c chillington, by chippendale— duvernay, 9st... ... 2 mr. manton' s b f zanzibar, by sterling —lady paramount, sst 1 lib... ... 3\ntriple crown, in british horse racing, championship attributed to a colt or filly that in a single season wins the races known as the two thousand guineas, the derby, and the saint leger. in britain the term triple crown is also applied—though far less commonly—to a filly that in a single season…\ngainsborough, (foaled 1915), english racehorse (thoroughbred) who won the british triple crown, consisting of the two thousand guineas at newmarket, the derby at epsom downs, and the saint leger at doncaster in 1918. the horse later became a stud of worldwide importance, being the sire of the…\nhorses made from patriot’s mold remain across the country, including one perched atop what’s now bangtail bike and ski in downtown bozeman, montana. jubalee or old yeller — the horse appears to have had multiple names over the years according to newspaper articles — remains a focal point there, store owner chris saboda said .\nthe irish sport horse has been bred for centuries to gallop, jump, and go across the countryside. they are known for their movement, jumping ability, versatility, stamina and soundness. the irish horses have been extremely successful in international competition in eventing, show jumping and dressage. for more information, read\nas a four - year - old, ayrshire made only three starts. in the kempton park royal stakes, ayrshire lugged 141 pounds to victory, defeating seabreeze, under 138 pounds, by three parts of a length. his next start was for the rich eclipse stakes at sandowne park. with 142 pounds up, ayrshire won the race by two lengths from a colt named el dorado, with the hermit filly seclusion in third place .\nfurther research, culled from 1963 and 1964 articles in the miami herald and a ford motor co. publication on trucks, showed rorie traveled about 50, 000 miles a year in a ford falcon ranchero towing a flatbed trailer carrying his menagerie. the ford publication has a picture of a horse that looks like patriot .\nhalf way up the hill renown and cotillon were beaten, and seabreeze drew out, challenged by phil, who gradually crept up, and, collaring the favourite 100 yds from home, wore her down, and won a bit cleverly by half a length; four lengths divided the second and third. aperse was fourth, arrandale fifth, maxim sixth, cotillon. 1 seventh, and sheen last. time, lmin 45sec. value of the stakes, £970 .\nand, according to the alpine historical society, you can see rorie’s work, in cement, at the denver broncos stadium. bucky the bronco is not exactly patriot, but a distant cousin. sports columnist and espn panelist woody paige has said bucky was designed after trigger, a horse ridden by 20th century western film star roy rogers .\napril 27, 2007: severe thunderstorms developed in an unstable air mass and produced scattered reports of large hail and wind damage. damage began near starvation road and ended near willis road near petsworth elementary school. multiple trees were sheared off or blown over. structural damage included one large tree on a house and roofs blown off horse stables .\nhorse - shoe matches became extremely popular at the bedell house in 1951, especially the mixed doubles matches. it was in january 1951 that dorothy merrill (lovelee) took the honors in a somewhat heated tournament. in march of that year, charlotte guenther (roesch) and jeannie flynn won six straight games of horseshoes at the bedell house .\nwindchase specializes in breeding irish sport horses and thoroughbreds for eventing. our foundation sire was the late irish stallion, brandenburg' s windstar. his offspring are continuing to have huge success in eventing, dressage, show jumping and foxhunting. we have an excellent selection of sport horse youngsters by windstar, as well as other stallions, for sale .\nheidi zorn, president of premier equestrian, was pleased to present onoda with the premier equestrian award at his training base of seabreeze farms equestrian center in san diego, california. as a part of the honor, onoda received a tricolored ribbon and engraved silver award tray from premier equestrian. recipients of the premier equestrian award are chosen because they exemplify an exceptional commitment to maintaining the highest level of horsemanship and sportsmanship, and in doing so have contributed to the equestrian community at large .\nafter belmont' s death in 1890, st. blaise came up for auction by the estate' s executors. the chestnut stallion realized $ 100, 000, at the time, the most ever paid for a horse at public auction. the purchaser was charles reed, master of fairview stud in tennessee. st. blaise was not a success there, and was several years later purchased by james ben ali haggin, who re - located the horse to kentucky. august belmont ii then acquired the old horse and pensioned him at nursery stud in kentucky, where st. blaise died at the age of 29. inbred 3 x 4 to touchstone. three of hermit' s five classic champions were out of daughters stockwell, as was hermit' s top class son, tristan (1878). the latter was a tough, but bad - tempered horse out of stockwell' s daughter, thrift. tristan ran twenty - five times in his career, and accounted for such prestigious races as the ascot gold cup, the july cup, the epsom gold cup (twice), the hardwicke stakes (three times), and the champion stakes (three times). as a stallion, tristan is famed as the sire of canterbury pilgrim, a daughter of classic - winning mare pilgrimage, and dam herself of the leading sires chaucer (by st. simon) and swynford (by john o' gaunt) .\ni gave them to cooper, who found the entire article online and began targeting potential manufacturers in the san diego area. eventually, she found articles on the fiberglass menagerie, operated by jim rorie of alpine, california, about 30 miles away. a horse shown on the front page of the july 30, 1964, alpine echo, looks like patriot .\nsome of the top bloodlines in ireland in his lineage on both sides. his thoroughbred sire,' i' m a star', led the eventing world as a sire in the late 1990s and early 2000s. he produced numerous successful international three - day event horses, including burghley and badminton winner star appeal, as well as phyllis' s advanced level horses, star bright and sirius. windstar' s irish draught dam, kildalton seabreeze, is descended from some of the best jumping bloodlines in ireland .\nfrank and his brother, charles, bought the bedell house hotel and annex and all of the property around 1920. the brothers operated the ft. erie ferries and excursion boats, running trips around grand island in the edgewater and the seabreeze. because of its location as a ferry landing on the niagara river, the bedell house annex was a successful speakeasy during the prohibition era. liquor, brought across the river from canada, was hidden in trucks and cars, loaded on the ferries and taken to the mainland .\nisonomy found his way into contemporary literature in the story silver blaze by arthur conan doyle. the story concerns the kidnapping of a celebrated racehorse and the mysterious death of its trainer. when explaining the horse' s value to dr watson, sherlock holmes says that “silver blaze... is from isonomy stock, and holds as brilliant a record as his famous ancestor. ”\nbased at seabreeze at the time, wendy noticed mikayla’s riding and work ethic and found ways to help her. “i saw her work so hard, ” wendy recalls. “she’d be at the barn at 6 a. m. , turning out the horses and doing other barn chores before she went to school. and then i’d see her back after school doing more. ” wendy gave mikayla a few lessons and recognized her natural riding abilities and an attention to detail that has enhanced those abilities as a rider and an overall horseman .\nwendy is one of several professionals who’ve helped and encouraged mikayla. margaret bennett at seabreeze farms in carmel valley was “a huge help to me, ” as was bennridge instructor lisa klink. urltoken founder bernie traurig offered an inspiration when she cliniced with him. “he asked me if i wanted to ride in the big eq classes and told me there’s always a way if you work hard. ” good fortune also played its part. “i’ve been so blessed to have met the right people at the right time and things have all fallen together. ”\nriders from all over the world have been going to ireland for years to find good young irish horses; now it possible to find your own here in the us. our breeding program offers a selection of homebred youngsters with excellent movement, exceptional jumping ability, and great temperaments. we offer outstanding young horses sired by brandenburg' s windstar, as well as other elite sport horse stallions .\nonoda now rides regularly with olympian guenter seidel, and is staying true to his classical background. “that’s just how i want to ride, ” reflected onoda. “i don’t want to deviate from what i believe is good for the horse mentally and physically. correct classical schooling embodies the value system that i think premier equestrian also embraces, and i think that is what we really need now in our sport. ”\nof 108ov8 each, with looosovs added; the second to receive loosovs out of the stakes. new mile. mr h t fenwick' s b c phil, by philammon — phcebe, 4yrs 8. 10... ... (t cannon) 1 lord calthorpe' s eh f seabreeze, by isonomy — sfc. marguerite, 3yrs, 8. 2... ... (robinson) 2 mr h t fenwick' s b c kenown, by beaudesert — coronella, 3yrs, 7. 4... ... (jwall) 3 mr r h combe' s maxim, 4yr3, 8. 10 (eickaby) 0 prince soltykoff' s sheen, 3yrs, 8. 2 (t woodburn) 0 lord lurgan' s cotillon, 3yrs, 7. 9 [ car. 7. 11 ] (f barrett) 0 mr vyner' s aperse, 3yrs, 7. 9... (luke) 0 mr j h houldsworth' s arrandale, 3yrs, 7. 5 (warne) 0 betting: 6t04 on seabreeze, 100 to 15 agst phil, 8 to 1 cotillon .\nin may 1886 the sporting times carried out a poll of one hundred racing experts to create a ranking of the best british racehorses of the 19th century. isonomy was ranked third, having been placed in the top ten by 62 of the contributors. in a related poll, the electors were asked to choose the single greatest horse they had ever seen. in this poll, isonomy finished second, one vote behind gladiateur .\nayrshire made his debut in the £5, 000 whitsuntide plate over five furlongs at manchester for which he was made 5 / 2 favourite. in a “splendid race” run in thick mist ayrshire finished third, beaten a neck and a head by the filly briar - root who went on to win the 1000 guineas in 1888, and an unnamed ”ellangowan colt” (later named caerlaverock). [ 7 ] he was then sent to royal ascot for the new stakes in which he finished third to the year’s leading two - year - old friar' s balsam and the filly seabreeze. [ 8 ]\nphotograph by w a rouch © thoroughbred alfred william cox (1857 - 1919), made his fortune with the broken hill silver mine in australia then returned to england and took up horse racing. he had little more than a dozen paddocks at newmarket and from such mares as lady muncaster bought in 1888 and agave in 1889, he bred bayardo, lemberg and gay crusader. after his death his horses went to his brother algernon e cox. galicia\nhampton was a horse with a high class pedigree and a poor race record, until he finally matured into a solid winning stayer with great weight - carrying ability. he became a stallion of significant influence and a source of stamina, siring numerous classic champions and founding a powerful branch of the stockwell male line. hampton was bred by lord norreys, later created lord abington, and was foaled at his breeder' s farm, tetsworth, near the ancient university town of oxford, in 1872 .\n“nick has a conviction to preserving the classical principles, and is charting the path forward, ” zorn observed. “i am a real advocate of keeping those principles alive and it was a passion of mine to preserve them, which is why we documented walter zettl in premier equestrian’s video series matter of trust. nick isn’t interested in cutting corners; it’s more about a relationship with the horse and keeping true to his classical principles. we hit it off because his mission is my dream, too. ”\nthe ribbons are great, but the bigger priority is a daily life with horses and learning all she can. mikayla is set on entering the trainer’s profession and will first head to cal poly san luis obispo for a degree in animal science. “i would love to go straight into the horse world, but i know that college is really good preparation. it will teach me about physiology and nutrition and go in depth into subjects that will help me refine my methods of caring for horses as a professional. ”\nwednesday, april 19. westminster plate, of qoosovs; second 25sovs from stake. for two - year - olds. colts, 9. 0; fillies, 8. 11; with penalties and allowances. five fui longs. mr p. c. patton' s b c longy, by trenton — snin - tly (31b allow) l mr leopold de rothschild' s eh f nushka, by hagioscope — wenonah 2 lord falmouth' s b c good omen, by st. serf — dodona (3lb allow)... ... 3 city and suburban handicap, of 2000sovs; for three - year - olds and upwards. the second horse to receive 200sovs and the third loosovs out of the race. about one mile and a - quarter. mr w. cooper' s eh li newhaven 11, by newminster—oceana, 6yrs, 9. 0 l mr jersey' s b h survivor, by loehiel —\nmelissa, 6yrs, 7\n. 9... ...: ... 2 lord rosebery' s eh c tom cringle, by donovan — seabreeze, 4yrs, 7. 10 3 newhaven ii won by two lengths. merman finished sixteenth, and uniform last .\nisonomy was retired to bonehill paddock stud near tamworth at the end of the 1880 season, but had little early success, siring only fifteen foals in two years. after gretton' s death he was sold at auction to william stirling - crawfurd, the husband of the duchess of montrose, in january 1883 for £10, 000. isonomy was sent to the duchess' s sefton stud, and after a weight - reduction programme, he resumed his stud career with greater success. although he was never champion sire he proved to be a successful stallion, siring two triple crown winners in isinglass and common. among his other successes were the outstanding filly seabreeze and the influential sire gallinule. isonomy developed heart trouble and died in april 1891 .\npremier equestrian was proud to present onoda with the premier equestrian award, demonstrating that it’s just as important to recognize riders who display exemplary sportsmanship and dedication as it is to honor those who top the scoreboards in the show ring. premier equestrian is a leading supplier of world - class arena footing, picturesque dressage arenas, revolutionary horse jumps, books, dvds, and more. for more information about premier equestrian and its full line of products and services, please visit the company’s official facebook or instagram page @ premierequestrian or visit the website at urltoken .\ninside the shop large bay windows set off the scene; an angular, zigzag trolley beckons in playful yellow and through sunny glass doors is a room filled with colourful hemp bags, jewellery and cushions. spatial designs are pinned to the notice board in a studio at the back, and a sewer is hard at work. the dark horse catalogue includes storage units, tables, chairs, duffel bags, light fittings, laptop and phone covers, and much more. i' m here to have a chat with owner and designer, lise du plesis .\npedigree online' s all breed pedigree database consists of more than 5. 7 million horses from around the world cover all breeds of horses. if this is your first time visiting the site, you can pull up the pedigree for any horses in the database by simply entering it' s name in the form above and clicking the\nhorse query\nbutton. for more about using this site or reading pedigrees, make sure to check out the help menu. parts of this site are free, while advanced options and features require you to be a subscriber .\n“she used to be very picky about her food and she was timid, ” mikayla continues. “we used a magnetic blanket on her and she was very spooky about it. but now she loves people and is always begging for treats. ” for the riding part of valqueria’s recovery, mikayla started her in the equitation and hunter rings, even though they knew she was a jumper. “it was fun and it strengthened our partnership so that when we transitioned to jumpers, she was super confident. that was a huge breakthrough and now she is such an amazing horse! ”\nreference point was a dark - coated bay horse bred by his owner, louis freedman, at his cliveden stud in berkshire, england. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] he was sired by mill reef the 1971 epsom derby winner who went on to be leading sire in great britain and ireland in 1978 and 1987. reference point' s dam, home on the range, was a high class racemare who won the sun chariot stakes in 1981. apart from reference point, the best of her progeny was known ranger, who won nineteen races in europe and north america. [ 4 ]\nundoubtedly the best horse sired by donovan was velasquez, a bay colt out of vista, by macaroni, foaled in 1894. vista had previously foaled two classic winners, two thousand guineas winner bona vista and derby winner sir visto. velasquez might well have been her third were it not for the fact that he had the misfortune to be foaled in the same year as galtee more, the colt who would capture the triple crown in 1897. velasquez was bred by archibald philip primrose, 5th earl of rosebery, elected prime minister of great britain the year velasquez was foaled. velasquez was trained by william walters at newmarket .\nriding lesson horses for her first several years, mikayla felt the a show circuit might not be within reach but that didn’t diminish her desire to keep working and learning as much as she could. the big - time show scene became a possibility when wendy let her ride and campaign a first year green hunter, valentino. the 8 - year - old was not quite “finished, ” but a well - trained, high - quality horse on which mikayla made a successful entry into that circuit. valentino was also for sale and when the inevitable transaction took place, it was a rough reality for the young rider. enter valqueria\nas a broodmare, she excelled. she produced one thousand guineas winner diadem (1914), two thousand guineas winner diophon (1921), irish st. leger winner dionysos (1915), and some excellent producing daughters. diadem, by orby, was bred and owned by lord d' abernon, during her racing career she also added the july cup (twice), two runnings of the rous memorial stakes, the cork and orrey stakes, the coventry stakes, and a second place finish in the oaks to her laurels. she later produced the good horse diadochos (1923, by son - in - law) .\nfoaled in kentucky, frizette was bred and owned by james r. keene. she began her racing career in the barn of keene' s trainer, james rowe, sr. following her victory in the troy claiming stakes, the filly was claimed for us $ 2, 000 by j. a. wernberg. herman duryea claimed her out of the seabreeze stakes as a 3 - year - old and sent her to france, where she was also a winner before retiring to duryea' s haras du gazon. in 1926, duryea' s widow sold frizette to marcel boussac, who got only one foal from the old matron before sending her to a butcher shop in 1929. in fairness to boussac, frizette had been barren for two years and there is no record of her physical condition at the time; further, french law of the time required that horses be put down by a butcher .\non his four - year - old debut, isonomy carried 124 pounds in the newmarket handicap on 15 april and started 2 / 1 favourite. among his opponents was the american horse parole, who was not regarded as a serious threat by the british racegoers and started 100 / 15 fourth choice in the betting despite receiving eight pounds. parole took the lead at half way and drew clear. although isonomy made steady progress he was unable to catch the leader and finished second, beaten one and a half lengths. gretton then challenged parole' s owners to a £10, 000 weight - for - age match race between the horses, but his offer was declined .\nthe one thousand guineas stakes, a subscription of lousovs each, h ft, for three - year - old fillies, bst 121b each. second to receive aooiovs, and the third to aavsfefltak. es. b m (i mile 17yds). mr d baird' s briar - wot... ... (warhe) 1 lord calthorpe' s seabreeze... (kobimon) 2 mr o perkins' belle mahone. . -... . (fagpu) 3 duke of beaufort' s magenta... . • j (m cannon) 0 duke of beaufort' s lstania... (t cannon, jun) 0 lord durham' s dolores... (kickaby) 0 lord buesmere' s ustafette... (j osbome) 0 duke of hamilton' s nina'... ... (watts) 0 mr p lawson' s sawdust. r. • (p webb) • 0 mr lef over' s frondeuse... (j woodburn) 0 mr lowe' s hall mark, ..., (t cannon) 0 baron de eothsohild' s her majesty j (f barrett) 0 prince soltykoff' s love in idleness (weldon) 0 prince soltykoff' s rebound...'... (goater) 0 betting: 8 to 4 agst seabreeze, 8 to' l belle mahone, 100! to 12 each her majesty and love in idleness / lo to 1 nina, 100 to 0 each sawdust and briar - root, 100 to b' dolores, 100 to 7' estafette, 100 to 6 frondeuse, 15 to 1 hall' mark, 50 to 1 each magenta and latania, and 66 to 1 rebound. won by two lengths,' a length between second and third. time, l' min 44sec. -\nbayardo b c 1906 (bay ronald - galicia, by galopin). family 10 - a. bred by alfred w cox, who raced under the nom de course of\nmr fairie ,\nbayardo was a third generation\nhomebred\nfor mr cox, as he had purchased lady muncaster in 1888 for £1, 600 after she had won 8 races and over £3, 500. see also galicia. bayardo was a half - brother to the derby winner lemberg (b c 1907 cyllene). his name was said to be derived from the\nfamous steed\nbayardo who belonged to amadis of gaul and later to rinaldo, and it meant\nbay\n. once when rinaldo was passing passing the three stones near sleaford, lincolnshire, which are called bayaro' s or bayard' s leap, the local demon sprang onto the horse behind him, but bayardo\nin terror took three tremendous leaps and unhorsed the fiend\n. bayardo was a horse with strong opinions and his owner was said to be quite fond of his\nfunny little ways\n. approaching the end of his three year old season he took a dislike to passing in front of the newmarket stands so he was forevermore taken round the back instead. he also had an aversion to having his ears covered, an eccentricty he shared with his half - brother eastern." ]

{ "text": [ "seabreeze ( 1885 – 1909 ) was a british thoroughbred racehorse .", "she won several races as a two-year-old including the ascot biennial stakes , but was overshadowed by friar 's balsam .", "as a three-year-old she was even better .", "after finishing as the runner-up in the 1000 guineas , she won the oaks stakes , coronation stakes , lancashire plate , st. leger stakes and newmarket oaks .", "seabreeze stayed in training as a four-year-old , when she ran in top-class races , but did n't win .", "she was owned by frederick henry william gough-calthorpe , 5th baron calthorpe , and trained by james jewitt .", "as a broodmare she produced some high class runners , but none met with the same success as their dam . " ], "topic": [ 22, 14, 15, 14, 14, 22, 7 ] }

[ "seabreeze (1885 – 1909) was a british thoroughbred racehorse. she won several races as a two-year-old including the ascot biennial stakes, but was overshadowed by friar's balsam. as a three-year-old she was even better. after finishing as the runner-up in the 1000 guineas, she won the oaks stakes, coronation stakes, lancashire plate, st. leger stakes and newmarket oaks. seabreeze stayed in training as a four-year-old, when she ran in top-class races, but didn't win. she was owned by frederick henry william gough-calthorpe, 5th baron calthorpe, and trained by james jewitt. as a broodmare she produced some high class runners, but none met with the same success as their dam." ]

[ "metasuchia: (baurusuchidae + libycosuchidae) + (sebecosuchidae + neosuchia) + * .\nphylogeny: metasuchia: :: sebecosuchidae + *: crocodylia + (dyrosauridae + (terminonaris + sarcosuchus) ) .\nreinterpretation and new denomination of atacisaurus crassiproratus (middle eocene; issel, france) as cf. iberosuchus (crocodylomorpha, metasuchia )\nsereno et al. , 2001 define metasuchia as :\nnotosuchus terrestris, crocodylus niloticus and all descendants of their common ancestor .\ncampos da, suarez jm, riff d, kellner awa. short note on a new baurusuchidae (crocodyliformes, metasuchia) from the upper cretaceous of brazil .\nthis page is based on the copyrighted wikipedia article metasuchia; it is used under the creative commons attribution - sharealike 3. 0 unported license (cc - by - sa). you may redistribute it, verbatim or modified, providing that you comply with the terms of the cc - by - sa\npresence of the prearticular bone in the mandible predates tetrapoda (present in osteichthyes; friedman and brazeau 2010). absence of a prearticular is an apomorphic feature of mesoeucrocodylians, but a prearticular is present in noncrocodyliform crocodylomorphs, protosuchians, and thalattosuchians. in topologies in which thalattosuchians are allied with longirostrine crocodyliforms, thalattosuchians are inferred to have re - evolved this feature. loss of the feature is a synapomorphy for mesoeucrocodylia in topologies where thalattosuchians are sister to crocodyliforms, or metasuchia if thalattosuchians are basal mesoeucrocodyilans .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwarning: the ncbi web site requires javascript to function. more ...\ndepartment of organismal biology and anatomy, university of chicago, chicago, il 60637, usa. dinosaur @ urltoken\nnew fossils of the giant african crocodyliform sarcosuchus imperator clarify its skeletal anatomy, growth patterns, size, longevity, and phylogenetic position. the skull has an expansive narial bulla and elongate jaws studded with stout, smooth crowns that do not interlock. the jaw form suggests a generalized diet of large vertebrates, including fish and dinosaurs. s. imperator is estimated to have grown to a maximum body length of at least 11 to 12 meters and body weight of about 8 metric tons over a life - span of 50 to 60 years. unlike its closest relatives, which lived as specialized piscivores in marginal marine habitats, s. imperator thrived in fluvial environments .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 / / en\nurltoken\nnot a great deal is known about the sebecosuchidae. indeed, the post - cranial skeleton is completely unknown. a few isolated vertebrae and osteoscutes have been found in association with sebecosuchid remains. however, characterizing these fossils as sebecosuchid is hazardous .\nas a result, there is some controversy about the ecological place of these animals. traditionally, it was supposed that the sebecosuchids occupied a transitional top - predator niche after the extinction of the dinosaur s and before the arrival of carnivorous placental mammals in south america. this theory seems to have fallen into disfavor for two reasons. first, the sebecosuchids disappeared a bit too early - - around the mid - to late miocene, before placentals really got going in south america. second, sebecosuchids are almost always recovered from environments that were river and lake deposits in tropical forests: that is, jungle areas like the amazon basin today. this had led to speculation that they were semi - aquatic riparian predators like living crocodilians .\nhowever, busbey (1986) points out that, even if this were the case, the sebecosuchids cannot have hunted in the same manner that crocs do today. modern crocs latch on to large prey and roll with it into the water, both to kill and to disarticulate. sebecosuchids, with their long, thin, but very tall, rostrum, would be far less suited for this strategy. see also: holtz 1997). further, their jaw is specialized to maximize the strength of the jaw - opening muscles and the teeth are very similar to theropod teeth, designed for slicing and tearing rather than as holdfasts. busbey notes that the structure of the jaw is similar to varanidae - - terrestrial ambush predators. however, this does not explain their distribution, nor the laterally thin, almost pisciverous, jaw .\nunfortunately, there is little good sebecosuchid material. for this reason, it is entirely possible that the association with aquatic deposits is simply a taphonomic artifact. however, even it reflects an actual ecological association, the narrowness of the jaw may simply reflect the optimal mechanics for specialized prey: perhaps flightless birds. one could imagine, for example, sebecus as a moderately long - legged ambush predator feeding on flightless or nearly flightless wading birds. it springs or rushes out of ambush, opening its jaws quickly and allowing them to slam together hard enough to snap the relatively fragile tibiotarsus of the bird. unlike mammalian prey, this immediately immobilizes the victim, making a rolling, aquatic attack unnecessary .\nreferences: sereno et al. (2001) [ s + 01 ] .\nlinks: reptiles; トミーの進化論 in どうぶつ大百科; re - new mesozoic vertebrate articles. atw030601 .\nsmall (~ 1 m) terrestrial croc, with very strong jaw muscles. very short, rather tall rostrum (shorter than post - orbital region); diastema absent; deep lower jaw; large pterygoid\nwings\n( related to adductor muscle development); $ maxillae excluded from margins of pterygoid vacuities by palatine and\ntransverses\n( = ectopterygoids ?); choanae have been variously placed and actual position unknown; nares placed laterally on rostrum; orbits large; antorbital fenestra present only as unperforated depression; very large mandibular fenestra; sharp angle between dorsal and posterior\nventral\n? !) faces of the occiput (i. e. a very sharp or abrupt angle between the top & back of the head); quadrate strongly curved, with large ventral process, displacing jaw articulation anteriorly; post - cranial skeleton known only from fragments .\nimage: the comparison with hyena skulls is instructive. lycaon sp. hyena skull from skulls unlimited; image of l. from buffetaut (1982); hyena skull © 1998 kronen osteo, by permission .\nnote: as buffetaut (1982) points out, the skull shows numerous adaptations for an exceedingly strong & fast bite .\nactive terrestrial predators. tall, narrow rostrum; sides of rostrum tall and nearly vertical; teeth long, curved, laterally compressed and se (very similar to theropod teeth); 4 teeth on premaxilla; 10 - 11 teeth on maxilla; no enlarged maxillary teeth; teeth widely spaced, intercalate; posterior ends of maxillae meet on palate anterior to palatine; broad maxilla forms sides of rostrum, and narials forms flat dorsal portion, terminating in a premaxilla with substantial diastema; maxilla and premaxilla do not overlap; no maxillary fenestra; nares face antero - laterally or dorso - laterally; maxilla and, especially, premaxilla deeply sculptured with deep pits connected by channels; rostrum widens abruptly in front of orbits; orbit relatively small; angular and surangular large, long and strongly curved dorsally; axial skeleton largely unknown .\nimage: life reconstruction of a juvenile sebecus altered from an image of alligator © john white with permission .\n~ 4m longirostrine forms; external mandibular fenestra reduced; tall neural spines; lateral area of tail expanded by elongated chevrons; appendicular skeleton not reduced; limbs relatively long (~ 1. 5 - 2 times longer than in the image); limbs subequal, with no polydactyly or hyperphalangy; osteoderms reduced; strong swimmers & possibly walkers with lightly built snout, favoring shallow marine and some freshwater habitats .\nlinks: treasures of the earth ltd. dyrosaurus; ambar; ablauf der evolution: mesozoikum; kreide (german); re: k / t impact .\nlinks: an abstract of a paper supporting our phylogenetic placement can be found at terminonaris. very recent finds confirm the placement, as stated at crocs in cjes. other dml entries also touch on some anatomical aspects of the genus. see new in palaeontology, 48, 2 and re - gnathosaurus question. german summaries of some of the most recent work can be found at literaturbericht. we have not been able to locate any other worthwhile links on terminonaris. however, the many links relating to sarchosuchus compare the two, closely - related forms .\nsereno et al. (2001), x - c wu, ap russell & sl cumbaa (2001), j. vert paleontol. 21: 492 .\nnote: synapomorphies of unnamed sarcosuchus + terminonaris clade per [ s + 01 ]: premaxillary palate with circular paramedian depressions; premaxillary teeth and alveolar margin angled postreoventrally; premaxillary tooth row angled posterolaterally; last pmx tooth lateral to 1st mx tooth; premaxillary toothrow ventrally offset; distal dentary transversely expanded. now that' s interesting! almost all the characters joining the two species are, according to sereno' s work, features acquired by sarcosuchus individuals late in ontogeny. this decoupling of dentary and maxillary development might require some significant genetic novelties. see meckel' s cartilage .\nlinks: national geographic supercroc - - sarcosuchus imperator, photos, maps, bios, tour information; african fossil find: 40 - foot crocodile (washingtonpost. com); geological society - news - giant croc and a right load of bulla; rp - online - wissenschaft (german); untitled document. too many good sites to list them all .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\njavascript is required to use this web site. please turn it on before proceeding .\nparent taxon: crocodyliformes according to d. schwarz - wings et al. 2011\nsee also andrade et al. 2011, sereno et al. 2001 and sereno and larsson 2009\n? (tykoski, t. b. rowe, ketcham & m. w. colbert, 2002) ] | '- - + - - †\none is amused to notice that this definition and the tree that goes with it closely correspondens with the tree presented by clark, 1994, the main difference being the splitting of clark' s dyrosauridae - thalattosuchia - clade, which was poorly supported (clark, 1994), and makes a lot of more sense, when one consideries both temporal and paleogeographic distribution of these animals .\naverianov, a. o. , 2000: sunosuchus sp. (crocodylomorpha, goniopholidae) from the middle jurassic of kirghisia. –journal of vertebrate paleontology: vol. 20, # 4, pp. 776 - 779\nbuckley, g. a. , 2001: a skull of mahajangasuchus insignis (crocodyliformes) from the upper cretaceous of madagascar. –journal of vertebrate paleontology: vol. 21, # 3, supplement to # 3, pp. a36\nbuscalioni, a. d. & sanz, j. l. , 1990: montsecosuchus depereti (crocodylomorpha, atoposauridae), new denomination for alligatorium depereti vidal, 1915 (early cretaceous, spain): redescription and phylogenetic relationships. –journal of vertebrate paleontology: vol. 10, # 2, pp. 244 - 254\nbrochu, c. a. 1997: a review of\nleidyosuchus\n( crocodyliformes, eusuchia) from the cretaceous through eocene of north america. –journal of vertebrate paleontology: vol. 17, # 4, pp. 679 - 697\ncarvalho, i. d. s. , ribeiro, l. c. b. & avilla, l. d. s. , 2004: uberabasuchus terrificus sp. nov. , a new crocodylomorpha from the bauru basin (upper cretaceous), brazil. –gondwana research: vol. 7, # 4, pp. 975 - 1002\nclark, j. m. 1994: patterns of evolution in mesozoic crocodyliformes. 84 - 97. in fraser, n. c. & sues, h - d. 1994: in the shadow of the dinosaurs. –cambridge university press, new york, 1994 ,\nortega, f. , gasparini, z. , buscalioni, a. d. & calvo, j. o. , 2000: a new species of araripesuchus (crocodylomorpha: mesoeucrocodylia) from the lower cretaceous of patagonia (argentina). –journal of vertebrate paleontology: vol. 20, # 1, pp. 57 - 76\nsereno, p. c. , larsson, h. c. e. , sidor, c. a. & gado, b. , 2001: the giant crocodyliform sarcosuchus from the cretaceous of africa. –inet: sciencexpress: urltoken; 10. 1126 / science. 1066521\nsereno, p. c. , sidor, c. a. , larsson, h. c. e. & gado, b. , 2003: a new notosuchian from the early cretaceous of niger. –journal of vertebrate paleontology: vol. 23, # 2, pp. 477 - 482\nluo, z, & wu, x - c. , 1994: the small tetrapods of the lower lufeng formation, yunnan, china. 251 - 270 in fraser, n. c. & sues, h. - d. (eds .), 1994: in the shadow of the dinosaurs - early mesozoic tetrapods. –cambridge university press, cambridge, new york, x - 435\nstorrs, g. w. & efimov, m. b. , 2000: mesozoic crocodyliforms of north - central eurasia. 402 - 419 in benton, m. j. , shishkin, m. a. , unvin, d. m. & kurochkin, e. n. , (eds .) 2000: the age of dinosaurs in russia and mongolia. –cambridge university press, cambridge, 2000 xxxix - 696\nwu, x. - c. & brinkman, d. b. , 1993: a new crocodylomorph of\nmesosuchian\ngrade from the upper cretaceous upper milk river formation, southern alberta. –journal of vertebrate paleontology: vol. 13, # 2, pp. 153 - 160\nwu, x. - c. , russell, a. p. & cumbaa, s. l. , 2001: terminonaris (archosauria: crocodyliformes): new material from saskatchewan, canada, and comments on its phylogenetic relationships. –journal of vertebrate paleontology: vol. 21, # 3, pp. 492 - 514\nprior to the war of ruin, calomandria was a home for the only foringean dragon species, the tarascos. based on old depictions it was otherwise like the dahaka, but recognizable for its thickly armored hide and two prominent brow horns unlike any seen in other dragon species. when elves recolonized calomandria at the end of the cold aeon, they were half disappointed, half relieved to find the mighty dragon of old was no more. not long after the tarascos was declared extinct reports of a vaguely similar reptile started arriving from the alphorian colonies in north eibaria. this rarely sighted and reportedly enormous creature gained the name tarrasque in the local parlance. it seemed to roam the arid wilderness of the great nadangi desert far from human habitation, mainly appearing to lost travelers delirious from thrist and hunger. while the stories were widely believed at first, the discovery of petrified remains of several large armor - backed creatures sticking out of the local sandston\nif you know the book but cannot find it on abebooks, we can automatically search for it on your behalf as new inventory is added. if it is added to abebooks by one of our member booksellers, we will notify you !\nby using the web site, you confirm that you have read, understood, and agreed to be bound by the terms and conditions. copyright © 1996 - 2018 abebooks inc. & abebooks europe gmbh. all rights reserved .\nsorry, preview is currently unavailable. you can download the paper by clicking the button above .\nenter the email address you signed up with and we' ll email you a reset link .\npopular: trivia, history, america, cities, world, usa, states, television, ... more\nwe use cookies to enhance your experience on our website. by continuing to use our website, you are agreeing to our use of cookies. you can change your cookie settings at any time .\n* correspondence to be sent to: department of geology and geography, georgia southern university, p. o. box 8149, statesboro, ga 30460, usa e - mail: ewilberg @ urltoken\n“as parsimony analysis attributes character states to the hypothetical stem species of the tree, fixing the position of the root determines the direction of character transformations, and so the relative plesiomorphy of features. ”\nhistorically, longirostry (possession of a long snout) was thought to have arisen multiple times within crocodylomorphs (kälin 1955; langston 1973; buffetaut 1982). morphological phylogenetic analyses of the crown - group consistently support at least three independent derivations of the long - snouted condition (e. g. , norell 1989; brochu 1997a) wheras molecular analyses suggest only two (e. g. , gatesy et al. 2003; mcaliley et al. 2006; meredith et al. 2011; see brochu 2001 for a detailed discussion of this issue) .\ngeneralized phylogeny of crocodylomorpha showing the three potential positions of thalattosuchia. a) sister group to crocodyliformes; b) basal mesoeucrocodyilans; c) derived neosuchians, allied with pholidosaurs / dyrosaurids to form a “longirostrine clade. ”\nprevious work has demonstrated that outgroup sampling can have a great effect on ingroup relationships, particularly for labile clades (e. g. , spaulding et al. 2009). spaulding et al. (2009) showed that mesonychia, an archaic group of carnivorous ungulates sometimes linked with the origin of whales (e. g. , luo and gingrich 1999), is highly labile within the ungulate tree. when few outgroups were sampled, mesonychia was recovered in a derived position (close to cetacea), but when the full suite of outgroups was sampled, mesonychia was recovered in a basal position (spaulding et al. 2009). this conflict, at least superficially, mirrors that seen with thalattosuchia and the longirostrine crocodyliforms—an instance of strong, but conflicting, character support for multiple highly divergent topologies .\n( 1) the three groups of marine crocodylomorphs are indeed monophyletic and thalattosuchians are characterized by multiple character state reversals that, in the absence of evidence from dyrosaurids or pholidosaurs, are mistaken for plesiomorphies .\n( 2) they are not monophyletic, but characters related to convergence on the long - snouted morphotype are pulling them together .\n( 3) character information supporting the noncrocodyliform affinities of thalattosuchians is present, but the lack of proper outgroup sampling forces the reconstruction of plesiomorphic character states as synapomorphies for thalattosuchia .\nthus, a large amount of character and taxon information has not yet been included in previous efforts to address the longirostrine problem. its addition will be an important test of the competing scenarios. this study will address these issues by expanding character information and ingroup and outgroup sampling. i will also test the effects of outgroup sampling on the phylogenetic relationships of crocodylomorphs in general, and the position of thalattosuchia in particular, through modification to the outgroup sampling scheme of this and previously published data sets .\ncnrst - suny, centre national de recherche scientifique et technologique du mali–stony brook university, stony brook, new york, usa; hmn, museum für naturkunde humboldt - universtät, berlin, germany; nhmuk, natural history museum, london, uk; smc, sedgwick museum, cambridge, uk; uomnch, university of oregon museum of natural and cultural history, eugene, oregon, usa .\nnodal support was assessed using jackknife resampling as applied to character data (farris et al. 1996). jackknife support was calculated in tnt using 1000 replicates with the probability of independent character removal set at 0. 37 (∼e −1; as recommended in farris et al. 1996). a heuristic search was employed with each replicate consisting of 10 random addition sequences, saving 10 trees per replicate. the resulting topologies were summarized using gc frequencies (difference between the frequency of recovering a given group and the most frequent contradictory group; goloboff et al. 2003). gc frequencies are preferred over absolute frequencies (the standard method of counting frequencies in bootstrap and jackknife analyses) because they account for the evidence in support of a clade as well as the amount of evidence falsifying that clade .\nparsimony analysis of the ordered study data set resulted in 42 most parsimonious trees (mpts) of length 1691 (fig. 2; consistency index [ ci ] = 0. 306, retention index [ ri ] = 0. 710). the unordered analysis yielded 566 mpts (length = 1648; ci = 0. 312; ri = 0. 703). the strict consensus of the unordered analysis is highly congruent with that of the ordered analysis, but much resolution is lost within notosuchia and neosuchia (fig. s1 available as supplementary material on dryad at urltoken). details of the results discussed below pertain to the ordered analysis unless otherwise noted .\nstrict consensus of 42 mpts of length 1691 (ci = 0. 306, ri = 0. 710). values above nodes represent gc jackknife support scores. thalattosuchia is highlighted in gray .\nsynapomorphies supporting the exclusion of thalattosuchia from crocodyliformes. characters indicated in bold have a ci = 1. 0. character state transformations indicated with an asterisk support this topology only under acctran (accelerated transformation) optimization; transformations indicated with a “ˆ” support this topology only under deltran (delayed transformation) optimization. all other synapomorphies are unambiguous\nkayentasuchus is here recovered as the sister taxon to crocodyliformes + thalattosuchia (consistent with the topology of nesbitt 2011). this differs from the analyses of clark et al. (2004) and pol et al. (2013) which recovered junggarsuchus and almadasuchus, respectively, as the sister taxon to crocodyliformes. however, the position of kayentasuchus is not strongly supported and only two additional steps are required to make the clade of junggarsuchus + almadasuchus sister to crocodyliformes + thalattosuchia. many of the features of the braincase linking junggarsuchus and almadasuchus with crocodyliforms are not preserved in kayentasuchus, thus additional fossil material may be required to resolve this portion of the tree with any confidence .\nthis analysis recovers a monophyletic protosuchia, an uncommon result found in some previous analyses (e. g. , wu et al. 1994, 1997, 2001; jouve et al. 2006). the analysis also recovers a monophyletic notosuchia (including a monophyletic peirosauridae in some mpts), atoposauridae, goniopholididae, dyrosauridae, and pholidosauridae—clades commonly recovered in other published analyses. elosuchus, a longirostrine taxon once proposed to be closely related to stolokrosuchus (lapparent de broin 2002), is recovered as sister to a clade formed by dyrosauridae and pholidosauridae, distant from stolokrosuchus .\nanalysis of the ordered data set excluding gracilisuchus and rooting on postosuchus resulted in 42 mpts (length 1676). analysis of the ordered data set excluding the noncrocodylomorph outgroups (gracilisuchus and postosuchus) and rooting on hesperosuchus resulted in the same 42 mpts (length 1632). the strict consensus for each of these reduced analyses is identical to that of the full data set (fig. s4 available as supplementary material on dryad at urltoken). permutations of the unordered analysis with restricted outgroup sampling yielded results congruent with the ordered analyses and will not be discussed here .\nstrict consensus of 32 mpts of length 1493 when outgroup taxa are excluded and the tree is rooted on orthosuchus stormbergi (ordered analysis). thalattosuchians are highlighted in gray .\ntrees resulting from the reanalysis of the matrix of turner and buckley (2008). a) original analysis: strict consensus of 120 mpts of length 1222 (ci = 0. 320, ri = 0. 706); b) modified analysis including postosuchus: strict consensus of 16 mpts of length 1157 (ci = 0. 310, ri = 0. 692). thalattosuchians are highlighted in gray .\nanalysis of the data set of sereno and larsson (2009) resulted in two mpts of length 984 (fig. 5 a; ci = 0. 34, ri = 0. 66). this result differs slightly from that reported by sereno and larsson (2009). the difference in the number of mpts is merely a result of the stricter collapsing rule employed here. however, the tree length is two steps shorter than in sereno and larsson (2009), and the relationships between sphagesaurus, notosuchus, and malawisuchus are fully resolved. the cause of this discrepancy is unknown; however, the difference is minor and should not affect interpretations drawn from this study .\ntrees resulting from the reanalysis of the matrix of sereno and larsson (2009). a) original analysis: strict consensus of two mpts of length 984 (ci = 0. 340, ri = 0. 660); b) modified analysis including gracilisuchus and postosuchus: strict consensus of 12 mpts of length 1029 (ci = 0. 323, ri = 0. 641). thalattosuchian taxa are highlighted in gray .\naddition of gracilisuchus and postosuchus causes major topological changes (fig. 5 b). this analysis resulted in 12 mpts (length = 1029; ci = 0. 323, ri = 0. 641). thalattosuchia is again sister to crocodyliformes, rather than within. one ambiguous and 19 unambiguous synapomorphies support the exclusion of thalattosuchia from crocodyliformes (table 1). an additional 10 steps are required to place thalattosuchia within crocodyliformes. another major change involves taxa normally allied with notosuchia. araripesuchus becomes polyphyletic and, with the clade formed by uruguaysuchus, simosuchus, and anatosuchus, forms a paraphyletic grade leading to neosuchians .\nclark (in benton and clark 1988) noted that thalattosuchians lack several crocodyliform synapomorphies, and suggested that thalattosuchians might be the sister group to crocodyliforms (though this topology was not among the most parsimonious). the plesiomorphic character states retained by thalattosuchians were reconstructed as secondary losses in topologies in which thalattosuchia fell within crocodyliformes. resolving thalattosuchians as the sister group to crocodyliforms instead reconstructs the lack of these features as plesiomorphic, making several characters perfectly congruent (ci = 1). i shall discuss several of these characters that exclude thalattosuchians from crocodyliformes .\nanother potentially important feature involves the groove on the lateral surface of the squamosal for external ear valve musculature attachment (char. 56 of sereno and larsson). this feature is absent in noncrocodyliform crocodylomorphs (and thalattosuchians) with the possible exception of kayentasuchus, but is present in all crocodyliforms. the ear valve acts to close the otic aperture while submerged and the absence of this feature in highly aquatic thalattosuchians seems counterintuitive (unless they evolved a different solution, or closed off the aperture completely as in cetaceans). however, other highly aquatic crocodyliforms such a dyrosaurids retain the insertion for this musculature. the presence of a squamosal groove in kayentasuchus (the sister taxon to thalattosuchia + crocodyliformes), if truly homologous with that of crocodyliforms, renders ancestral state reconstruction ambiguous in this part of the tree .\ndorsal surface of two crocodylomorph skulls illustrating anatomical differences of similarly shaped and identically coded character states. a) a thalattosuchian - peipehsuchus teleorhinus; b) a dyrosaurid - dyrosaurus maghribensis (redrawn from jouve et al. 2006). nasal bones demonstrating their different contribution to the “tubular” snout; squamosals showing their differential contribution to the elongation of the supratemporal fenestra. anatomical abbreviations: na, nasal; sq, squamosal .\nan elongate “tubular” rostrum is another such feature (char. 3 of turner and buckley 2008; similar to char. 4 of sereno and larsson 2009). the snout is a complex structure composed of several bones. while most thalattosuchians share a tube - shaped snout with pholidosaurs / dyrosaurids, the bones forming the snout are quite different. in thalattosuchians, the snout is composed of the maxillae and premaxillae, whereas in pholidosaurs and dyrosaurids, the nasals extend the length of the snout, forming the dorsal portion (fig. 6). this major anatomical difference suggests these taxa should not be scored the same for this character, and that characters such as this might best be elaborated to include references to the individual bones forming the structure .\ninterpretation of the rostral form character is further clouded because this character is often treated as additive (e. g. , turner and buckley 2008). however, it is unclear to this author how these character states (narrow oreinirostral [ 0 ], broad oreinirostral [ 1 ], nearly tubular [ 2 ], or platyrostral [ 3 ]) form a logical transformation series. is “platyrostral” really more similar to “tubular” than to “broad oreinirostral”? reanalysis of the turner and buckley matrix with character 3 treated as unordered greatly reduces resolution in the strict consensus, but has no effect on the longirostrine clade .\nspecimen photographs demonstrating continuity or discontinuity of the mastoid antra. a) a hemisected teleosaurid braincase (“ teleosaurus macrocephalus ”; smc j35177a) with a solid supraoccipital. b, c) natural endocast of the ear canal region from pholidosaurus meyeri (hmn r. 2066) in anterior (b) and dorsal (c) views showing a large and fully connected mastoid antrum. d) partial braincase of rhabdognathus keinensis (cnrst - suny 277) showing the greatly enlarged otic capsules and a narrow, but continuous tube through the supraoccipital here interpreted as the transverse passage of the mastoid antra. anatomical abbreviations: dvs, dorsal venous sinus; fm, foramen magnum; icc, internal carotid canal; ma, mastoid antrum; mec, middle ear canal; oc, occipital condyle; otc, otic capsules; pf, pituitary fossa; scc, semicircular canals; so, supraoccipital .\nmodification of character 26 (postorbital bar shape) involved the recoding of thalattosuchian taxa, gracilisuchus, terrestrisuchus, dibothrosuchus, and hsisosuchus as inapplicable (though, of course, current computer algorithms treat inapplicable data in the same fashion as missing data). character 63 (continuity of mastoid antrum) was recoded as present in rhabdognathus and pholidosaurus based on evidence presented above. this feature was originally coded as absent for sarcosuchus, terminonaris, and dyrosaurus and these codings were retained in the absence of contradictory evidence .\nthe data set of turner and buckley (2008) was reanalyzed using the original matrix and search parameters, but with modification to the scoring of the three characters mentioned above (the modified taxon - characer matrix is available available as supplementary material on dryad at urltoken). this search resulted in 2038 mpts of length 1121. the strict consensus is largely unresolved (fig. s5 available as supplementary material on dryad at urltoken), but in some of the mpts thalattosuchia is recovered as the sister group to crocodyliformes. these results demonstrate the importance of character formulation and scoring .\nstrict consensus tree showing acctran optimization of the secondary palate character. taxa highlighted in gray possess a secondary palate constructed differently from other taxa possessing the same bones forming the anterior border of the choana. it should be noted that while both “sphenosuchians” and protosuchians possess an internal choana bordered anteriorly by the maxillae, the secondary palate is more extensive among protosuchians .\nthis study also highlights issues related to character construction and state description. existing crocodyliform character sets include only brief state descriptions and are rarely figured. some of the included characters may treat homology at too superficial of a level (e. g. general shapes of complex, multipartite structures). these characters need to be reassessed and their states should be described in a higher level of detail. future work should aim for more clarity in character descriptions as interpretations of these characters are central to the repeatability of phylogenetic analyses. legitimate differences in interpretation of morphology exist, but many differences in character state coding in current published literature are likely due to ambiguity in character state descriptions .\noverall, the phylogenetic results presented here are consistent with numerous previously published phylogenetic hypotheses (with the exception of the position of thalattosuchians). however, while support for several individual clades is high, the backbone of the tree demonstrating the relationships between these groups is only weakly supported. it is these nodes that are of the greatest interest when investigating large - scale patterns and timing of evolution in crocodylomorphs. future efforts at resolving these issues should carefully consider both outgroup sampling and character construction .\nfunding for this project was provided by the national science foundation (doctoral dissertation improvement grant deb - 1011097 to c. brochu) and the university of iowa department of geoscience .\nclark j. m. 1986. phylogenetic relationships of the crocodylomorph archosaurs. unpublished ph. d. dissertation. university of chicago 556 pp .\ndufeau d. l. 2011. the evolution of cranial pneumaticity in archosauria: patterns of paratympanic sinus development. unpublished ph. d. dissertation. ohio university 174 pp .\nmueller - töwe i. j. 2006. anatomy, phylogeny, and palaeoecology of the basal thalattosuchians (mesoeucrocodylia) from the liassic of central europe. unpublished ph. d. dissertation. universität mainz 422 pp .\na new species of shantungosuchus from the lower cretaceous of inner mongolia (china), with comments on s. chuhsienensis young, 1961 and the phylogenetic position of the genus\n© the author (s) 2015. published by oxford university press, on behalf of the society of systematic biologists. all rights reserved. for permissions, please email: journals. permissions @ urltoken\noxford university press is a department of the university of oxford. it furthers the university' s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide\nfor full access to this pdf, sign in to an existing account, or purchase an annual subscription .\nwe use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings .\nvolume 103 issue 3 - 4: the full profession: a celebration of the life a ...\nthis article has been cited by the following publications. this list is generated based on data provided by crossref .\ndelfino, massimo martin, jeremy e. de lapparent de broin, france and smith, thierry 2017. evidence for a pre - petm dispersal of the earliest european crocodyloids. historical biology, p. 1 .\njouve, stéphane sarıgül, volkan steyer, j. - sébastien and sen, sevket 2017. the first crocodylomorph from the mesozoic of turkey (barremian of zonguldak) and the dispersal of the eusuchians during the cretaceous. journal of systematic palaeontology, p. 1 .\ngeorgalis, georgios l. 2017. necrosaurus or palaeovaranus? appropriate nomenclature and taxonomic content of an enigmatic fossil lizard clade (squamata). annales de paléontologie, vol. 103, issue. 4, p. 293 .\nmartin, jeremy e. 2016. new material of the ziphodont mesoeucrocodylian iberosuchus from the eocene of languedoc, southern france. annales de paléontologie, vol. 102, issue. 2, p. 135 .\nbarrios, francisco paulina - carabajal, ariana and bona, paula 2016. a new peirosaurid (crocodyliformes, mesoeucrocodylia) from the upper cretaceous of patagonia, argentina. ameghiniana, vol. 53, issue. 1, p. 14 .\nfaurby, søren and svenning, jens - christian 2016. the asymmetry in the great american biotic interchange in mammals is consistent with differential susceptibility to mammalian predation. global ecology and biogeography, vol. 25, issue. 12, p. 1443 .\njouve, stéphane 2016. a new basal tomistomine (crocodylia, crocodyloidea) from issel (middle eocene; france): palaeobiogeography of basal tomistomines and palaeogeographic consequences. zoological journal of the linnean society, vol. 177, issue. 1, p. 165 .\nwang, yan - yin sullivan, corwin and liu, jun 2016. taxonomic revision ofeoalligator (crocodylia, brevirostres) and the paleogeographic origins of the chinese alligatoroids. peerj, vol. 4, issue. , p. e2356 .\njouve, stéphane bouya, baâdi amaghzaz, mbarek and meslouh, saïd 2015. maroccosuchus zennaroi (crocodylia: tomistominae) from the eocene of morocco: phylogenetic and palaeobiogeographical implications of the basalmost tomistomine. journal of systematic palaeontology, vol. 13, issue. 5, p. 421 .\nturner, alan h. and dodson, peter 2015. a review of shamosuchus and paralligator (crocodyliformes, neosuchia) from the cretaceous of asia. plos one, vol. 10, issue. 2, p. e0118116 .\nrabi, márton and sebők, nóra 2015. a revised eurogondwana model: late cretaceous notosuchian crocodyliforms and other vertebrate taxa suggest the retention of episodic faunal links between europe and gondwana during most of the cretaceous. gondwana research, vol. 28, issue. 3, p. 1197 .\nősi, attila rabi, márton and makádi, lászló 2015. an enigmatic crocodyliform tooth from the bauxites of western hungary suggests hidden mesoeucrocodylian diversity in the early cretaceous european archipelago. peerj, vol. 3, issue. , p. e1160 .\nwu, xiao - chun brinkman, donald b. and gardner, james 2015. a new crocodylian (eusuchia) from the uppermost cretaceous of alberta, canada. canadian journal of earth sciences, vol. 52, issue. 8, p. 590 .\nturner, alan h. and pritchard, adam c. 2015. the monophyly of susisuchidae (crocodyliformes) and its phylogenetic placement in neosuchia. peerj, vol. 3, issue. , p. e759 .\nmartin, jeremy e. smith, thierry de lapparent de broin, france escuillié, francois and delfino, massimo 2014. late palaeocene eusuchian remains from mont de berru, france, and the origin of the alligatoroiddiplocynodon. zoological journal of the linnean society, vol. 172, issue. 4, p. 867 .\nbrochu, christopher a. and jiménez - vázquez, osvaldo 2014. enigmatic crocodyliforms from the early miocene of cuba. journal of vertebrate paleontology, vol. 34, issue. 5, p. 1094 .\nvolume 103, issue 3 - 4 (the full profession: a celebration of the life and career of wann langston, jr. , quintessential vertebrate palaeontologist )\neusuchians with deep snouts and labiolingually compressed teeth are known from the palaeogene of laurasia. these are usually referred to pristichampsinae, but the type species ,\n, is based on insufficiently diagnostic material and should be treated as a nomen dubium. at least two lutetian species formerly referred to\n, new combination, in western north america. material from the middle eocene of italy and texas may represent distinct species. a phylogenetic analysis confirms their close relationship and also supports a relationship with two asian forms – early eocene\nis applied to this group. a distinctive quadrate with a prominent dorsal peak between medial and lateral hemicondyles is known only in\nare flattened, they are not serrated. planocraniids maintain a phylogenetic position as the sister group to crocodyloidea + alligatoroidea, but this part of the tree is unstable and discovery of older, more primitive planocraniids will help resolve conflicts on the phylogenetic relationships of extant crocodylian lineages .\non the lower miocene vertebrates from british east africa, collected by dr. felix oswald\ndie krokodile, insbesondere asiatosuchus und aff. sebecus? , aus dem eozän von messel bei darmstadt / hessen\nsynopsis reptilium; or short descriptions of the species of reptiles. part i: cataphracta. tortoises crocodiles, and enaliosaurians\nmonograph on the fossil reptilia of the wealden and purbeck formations. vi. hylaeochampsa\nstudien an känozoischen krokodilen: 2. taxonomische revision der familie pristichampsidae efimov (crocodilia: eusuchia )\nstudien an känozoischen krokodilen: 1. die paläoökologische bedeutung des eusuchen krokodils pristichampsus rollinatii (gray) für die fossillagerstätte grube messel\nstudien an känozoischen krokodilen: 4. biomechanische untersuchung am schädel und der halswirbelsäule des paläogenen krokodils pristichampsus rollinatii (eusuchia: pristichampsidae )\nstudien an känozoischen krokodilen: 5. biomechanische untersuchung am postkranialen skelett des paläogenen krokodils pristichampsus rollintii (eusuchia: pristichampsidae )\nstudies on cenozoic crocodiles: 8. bergisuchus dietrichbergi kuhn (sebecosuchia: bergisuchidae n. fam) from the middle eocene of germany, some new systematic and biological conclusions\nrelations et position systématique du genre cuisitherium sudre et al. , 1983, le plus dérivé des artiodactyles de l' éocène inférieur d' europe\npaup *. phylogenetic analysis using parsimony (* and other methods), version 4. 0b10\ntrilophosuchus rackhami gen et sp. nov. , a new crocodilian from the early miocene limestones of riversleigh, northwestern queensland\nemail your librarian or administrator to recommend adding this journal to your organisation' s collection .\nfull text views reflects the number of pdf downloads, pdfs sent to google drive, dropbox and kindle and html full text views .\n* views captured on cambridge core between september 2016 - 10th july 2018. this data will be updated every 24 hours .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance. if your browser does not accept cookies, you cannot view this site .\nthere are many reasons why a cookie could not be set correctly. below are the most common reasons :\nyou have cookies disabled in your browser. you need to reset your browser to accept cookies or to ask you if you want to accept cookies .\nyour browser asks you whether you want to accept cookies and you declined. to accept cookies from this site, use the back button and accept the cookie .\nyour browser does not support cookies. try a different browser if you suspect this .\nthe date on your computer is in the past. if your computer' s clock shows a date before 1 jan 1970, the browser will automatically forget the cookie. to fix this, set the correct time and date on your computer .\nyou have installed an application that monitors or blocks cookies from being set. you must disable the application while logging in or check with your system administrator .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance by remembering that you are logged in when you go from page to page. to provide access without cookies would require the site to create a new session for every page you visit, which slows the system down to an unacceptable level .\nthis site stores nothing other than an automatically generated session id in the cookie; no other information is captured .\nin general, only the information that you provide, or the choices you make while visiting a web site, can be stored in a cookie. for example, the site cannot determine your email name unless you choose to type it. allowing a website to create a cookie does not give that or any other site access to the rest of your computer, and only the site that created the cookie can read it .\nthis is an open access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, reproduction and adaptation in any medium and for any purpose provided that it is properly attributed. for attribution, the original author (s), title, publication source (peerj) and either doi or url of the article must be cited .\nthe most relevant material described here consists of an almost complete right premaxilla, the rostral half of a left dentary, and a very large isolated tooth crown. the first two specimens belong to the same individual (see below) and are deposited at the muséum d’histoire naturelle de toulouse under catalogue numbers mhnt. pal. 2012. 6. 1 (dentary) and mhnt. pal. 2012. 6. 2 (premaxilla). they were collected by the assistant director of technical services of société sucrière de la mahavavy (d descouens, pers. comm. , 2012) between 1972 and 1974 in the surroundings of ambondromamy (\n). the specimens were exported from madagascar under authorization no. 1702 and 2547 of the mines and energy directorate, ministry of economy and finance. recent careful preparation allowed the specimens to be recognized as belonging to the enigmatic species\n( catalogued as mhnt. pal. 2012. 6. 3 to 8) that were collected from an indeterminate malagasy locality. of the latter, the largest bone pieces are spongier and more friable, with residual patches of smoothed matrix (possibly due to recent chemical preparation); the smallest pieces are proportionally heavier, denser, whitish, and polished (which suggests prolonged exposure to air and sunlight) .\nmap depicting the triassic and jurassic outcrops of the mahajanga basin (black areas on the left), and geological map of the surroundings of ambondromamy, highlighting the sakaraha fm. (light blue). part of the material described herein (the premaxilla and the dentary) comes from the area marked by the blue asterisk. based on besairie (1968–1969) .\nthe very large isolated tooth crown (catalogue n. msnm v7144) is part of the fossil vertebrate collection at the museo di storia naturale di milano. this specimen was collected several years ago in the mahajanga basin by g cortenova, an italian agronomist living in madagascar. before his death, cortenova gave it to g colombo, an amateur entomologist, who eventually donated the specimen to the museum .\nthe matrix encrusting the nasal attachment of the premaxilla was removed, analyzed, and compared to the matrix of the holotype maxilla. they were found to be similar in aspect and mineralogical composition, supporting the hypothesis that the three specimens came from the same geological age [ i. e. , middle jurassic, bathonian, 167. 7–164. 7 ma (cohen et al. , 2013) ] and stratigraphic horizon [ sakaraha formation sensu geiger, clark & mette (2004), formerly mentioned in the literature as the isalo iiib subunit, ‘faciès mixte dinosauriens’ (besairie, 1972) ] .\ncomputed tomography (ct) of the two most important referred specimens was performed at the radiology department, spedali civili di brescia, italy, with a siemens dual source scanner somatom definition flash ct. analysis and post - processing were performed at siemens milano, italy, with a syngovia post - processing system using the region growing algorithm to segment volumes and visualize internal anatomical structures. the ct data of the right premaxilla and left dentary were also used to print life - size identical counterlateral bones in 3 - d, permitting us to rearticulate them and verify their juxtaposition at jaws closed (\nidentical counterlateral copies, 3 - d printed from ct data, of the left dentary (mhnt. pal. 2012. 6. 1) and right premaxilla (mhnt. pal. 2012. 6. 2) herein described, rearticulated with the original specimens. the perfect occlusion of the two bones, in medial (a) as well as in ventral (b) views, unequivocally demonstrates that mhnt. pal. 2012. 6. 1 and mhnt. pal. 2012. 6. 2 pertain to the same individual. scale bar = 5 cm. abbreviations: see text .\nholotype —msnm v5770, a fragmentary right maxilla bearing three unerupted teeth (maganuco, dal sasso & pasini, 2006: figs. 4–6) .\nspecimen mhnt. pal. 2012. 6. 2 in rostral (r), caudal (c), lateral (l), dorsal (d), ventral (v), and medial (m) views. scale bar = 5 cm. abbreviations: see text .\nspecimen mhnt. pal. 2012. 6. 1 in lateral (l), medial (m) rostral (r), dorsal (d), ventral (v), and caudal (c) views. scale bar = 5 cm. abbreviations: see text .\nright maxillary fragment (mhnt. pal. 2012. 6. 3) in medial (a), dorsal (b), ventral (c), and lateral (d) views; ? left maxillary fragment (mhnt. pal. 2012. 6. 5) in dorsal (e), caudal (f), ventral (g), and medial (h) views; left premaxillary fragment (mhnt. pal. 2012. 6. 4) in medial (i) and lateral (j) views; very large isolated tooth (msnm v7144) in lateral (k) and rostral (l) views. scale bar = 2 cm. abbreviations: see text .\nemended diagnosis — the following characters are synapomorphic to r. sakalavae: tip of dentary edentulous, for a length surpassing the diameter of the first alveolus; alveoli with labiolingual diameter larger than mesiodistal diameter; mesial teeth incisiform, u - shaped in cross - section, with both carinae facing the lingual side; denticles present on both carinae in all teeth, homogeneous, symmetrically convex, and very large (0. 8–1. 4 per mm) .\n13. 5 cm), with the premaxillary symphysis straight in rostral and ventral views. this indicates that the rostrum was rostrocaudally short, dorsoventrally deep, mediolaterally wide, and not pointed. the premaxilla bears five teeth that are sub - vertical and only slightly curved lingually .\nbasic numbers and measurements (in mm) of the teeth of the specimens mhnt. pal. 2012. 6. 2 and mhnt. pal. 2012. 6. 1 .\nin medial and ventral views, two subcircular paramedian depressions are visible, corresponding to the tip of the mesialmost dentary tooth crowns at jaws closed. the bone wall at one depression is damaged, revealing a well - developed replacement tooth. dorsal to these depressions is the surface for contact with the palatal portion of the maxilla, namely the rostral portion of the maxillary bony palate. rostrally, this palatal shelf did not reach the symphysis between the two premaxillae, but instead left an open space in the palate (the incisive foramen) bordered rostrally and laterally by the premaxillae. a subtriangular notch for the premaxillary peg of the maxilla is visible dorsal to the depression hosting the dentary teeth. the rest of the premaxillomaxillary suture is almost flat. there is no lateral groove in the premaxilla for reception of a hypertrophied lower caniniform tooth .\nthe apertura nasi ossea (often improperly called the external naris, which instead refers to the fleshy nostril) is bordered caudolaterally and ventrally by the premaxilla, and dorsally—in all likelihood—by the nasal, whereas rostromedially it clearly lacks any trace of a dorsally directed nasal process along the medial sagittal plane. therefore, the left and right aperturae nasi osseae did not only face rostrally, but were also confluent medially." ]

{ "text": [ "metasuchia is a major clade within the superorder crocodylomorpha .", "it is split into two main groups , notosuchia and neosuchia .", "notosuchia is an extinct group that contains primarily small-bodied cretaceous taxa with heterodont dentition .", "neosuchia includes the extant crocodylians and basal taxa , such as peirosaurids and pholidosaurids .", "it is phylogenetically defined by sereno et al. ( 2001 ) as a clade containing notosuchus terrestris , crocodylus niloticus , and all descendants of their common ancestor . " ], "topic": [ 26, 26, 26, 26, 26 ] }

[ "metasuchia is a major clade within the superorder crocodylomorpha. it is split into two main groups, notosuchia and neosuchia. notosuchia is an extinct group that contains primarily small-bodied cretaceous taxa with heterodont dentition. neosuchia includes the extant crocodylians and basal taxa, such as peirosaurids and pholidosaurids. it is phylogenetically defined by sereno et al. (2001) as a clade containing notosuchus terrestris, crocodylus niloticus, and all descendants of their common ancestor." ]

[ "range the california newt is an endemic to california. the species ranges throughout the coast and coast range mountains from mendocino county to san diego county .\nfor the latest reports, publications, and other resources on coastal resilience around santa barbara visit the coastal resilience resource library on the conservation gateway .\nthe costal range newt (taricha torosa torosa) is a subspecies of the california newt. they live in california coast ranges and san diego, california. [ 1 ]\nthe california newt is one of five members of the newt family salamandridae in california. this newt is endemic to california, occupying a coastal range from humboldt county to the mexican border and the western slope of the sierra nevada mountain range. terrestrial adults are around 4. 9 - 7. 8 inches long, yellowish - brown to dark brown along the back and pale yellow to orange on the belly .\nrange length 7 to 12. 4 cm 2. 76 to 4. 88 in\nthe poison that the roughskin newt produces is similar to that created by the puffer - fish (a tetrodotoxin). the level of toxicity varies in different parts of the newt’s range .\nyou can differentiate a red - bellied newt, t. rivularis, from a coast range newt, t. t. torosa, or a rough - skinned newt, t. granulosa, by looking at the eyes: the red - bellied newt has black eyes with no yellow patches on them .\nthe eastern newt is found from nova scotia in canada south to florida and west to ontario and texas. the red - spotted newt is found from nova scotia south to georgia. the broken - striped newt is found in coastal north and south carolina. the central newt is found from ontario, canada south to the gulf of mexico. the peninsula newt is found in florida. the red - spotted newt is the subspecies of the eastern newt found throughout new hampshire .\ntaricha torosa, the california newt, is likely to be in trouble because under climate change its californian coastal range is becoming climatically unsuitable for it. in order to survive the newt may need to move hundreds of miles inland to the sierra nevada, crossing the agricultural region of the central valley .\nthere are four subspecies of the eastern newt. the red - spotted newt, the broken - striped newt, the central newt, and the peninsula newt. the red - spotted newt has black - bordered orange - red spots when it is a red eft. the broken - striped newt is reddish - brown and has stripes on its back in the red eft stage. the central newt usually has no spots or stripes in the red eft stage .\nthe coast range newt, is yellowish to dark brown dorsally and pale yellow to orange ventrally. the eyelids and snout are not as conspicuously colored as in\nthe santa barbara region maintains a delicate economic balance between residents and tourists, new growth and historic character. as a result of its coastal setting, the county must contend with increased coastal hazards associated with a changing climate .\nhabitat: available habitat data has been collected and displayed along with different sea level rise scenarios. these maps illustrate the coastal habitat’s relative vulnerability to coastal hazards and also show the coastal habitat’s location and relation in protecting human communities. for example, beaches and dunes may protect homes and infrastructure from storm surge and flooding by dissipating wave energy .\ncoastal resilience is a global network of practitioners who are applying an approach and web - based mapping tool designed to help communities understand their vulnerability from coastal hazards, reduce their risk and determine the value of nature - based solutions .\nis found widely throughout northern europe. populations are thought to have declined dramatically throughout the species’ european range .\nshorebirds at leadbetter beach, an important part of the coastal ecosystem. source: rosie dyste, city of santa barbara\nthe red - spotted newt ranges from canada’s maritime provinces and south - central ontario to the montane areas of alabama and georgia in the u. s. the broken - striped newt is restricted to the coastal plain and piedmont areas of the carolinas. the central newt occurs from southwestern ontario to eastern texas, northern florida and southeastern south carolina. the peninsula newt is found only on the florida peninsula .\nhabitats: the county is home to many rare and endangered habitat types including: • coastal sage chapparal scrub • central maritime chapparal • coastal wetlands including estuarine, riverine, and riparian • riparian woodlands • coastal dunes and strand • marine mammal haul - outs • monarch butterfly habitat • raptor nesting and breeding areas • marine ecosystems such as kelp beds, sea grasses, and rocky intertidal zones .\nthe california newt is also known as the orange - bellied newt, thanks to the bright complexion on the underside of its body. istock / mguntow\nwere sampled in april and may of 2004. we sampled from ponds in bella coola, british columbia (within the range of\nred: rough - skinned newt - taricha granulosa granulosa yellow: red - bellied newt - taricha rivularis (the entire range is shared with other species .) green: sierra newt - taricha sierrae dark blue: california newt - taricha torosa stripes: areas where two species of newts can be found gray: areas where three species of newts can be found - t. granulosa, t. rivularis, and t. torosa .\nis the largest native british newt, reaching up to around 17 cm length .\nthis adult striped newt (notophthalmus perstriatus) is from north - central florida .\nvisit the county of santa barbara’s coastal resiliency project website here to see upcoming public workshops and hearings, and to register for notifications of future meetings .\nmodeling future scenarios the first step was modeling the physical processes and projecting changes based on the best available science on sea level rise and included at least three sea level rise scenarios (low, medium, high) and three planning timescales (2030, 2060, 2100). these scenarios and timescales follow the california coastal commission’s guidance on sea level rise as well as a similar range as those used in the coastal resilience ventura project .\n‐resistant predators, we expect to find uniformly low levels of newt toxicity. we characterized\nby filling information gaps, creating maps of projected coastal hazards, and sharing the new information, the nature conservancy is supporting santa barbara’s coastal resiliency program providing accessible ways for staff, decision - makers, and residents to interact with vulnerability data and develop scientifically sound and robust adaptation strategies and management options for the future .\nget an up - close look at these fierce amphibians when you visit aquarium of the bay’s new california newt exhibit, featuring an array of coast range newts. find out more about the animals at aquarium of the bay when you visit\nthe remaining two species of eastern newts are the striped newt (n. perstriatus) of florida and georgia, and the black - spotted newt (n. meridionalis) of texas and northeastern mexico. neither is present in the pet trade. the striped newt is uncommon, and the black - spotted newt is rare and protected in the wild .\nbreeding male red - bellied newt - taricha rivularis with a dark band around the vent .\n) of the eastern and northeastern u. s. and canada, the central newt (\nthe future resilience of santa barbara’s coastal communities depends on analysis and careful planning today. residents and local decision - makers are aware that they need to prepare for rising sea levels and associated coastal storms, but until recently they did not have the tools, information, or funding to do so. by expanding upon the information and models created by the coastal resilience ventura project, the county of santa barbara, in partnership with cities and other stakeholders, have modeled and mapped future coastal hazards due to sea level rise, assessed vulnerabilities, and begun to identify resilience measures and adaptation strategies that can be taken to prepare santa barbara county for the impacts of sea level rise .\nsampling locations in southeastern alaska and western british columbia. the hypothesized geographic range is shown for th. sirtalis (rossman et al. 1996; frost et al. 2015) and ta. granulosa (nussbaum and brodie 1981; amphibiaweb 2016); however, the precise range boundaries of each species are not known .\nthe rough - skinned newt (t. g. granulosa), which actually has smooth skin when it is in breeding condition, may be found in coastal habitats from around san francisco bay to southeastern alaska. a questionably valid subspecies, the crater lake rough - skinned newt (t. g. mazamae), is found only in crater lake, ore .\ncalifornia newt - santa monica mountains national recreation area (u. s. national park service )\nthe black - spotted newt (notophthalmus meridionalis) can be found in texas and northeastern mexico .\nthe broken - striped newt (notophthalmus viridescens dorsalis) inhabits the sandhill areas of the carolinas .\nnewt larvae are aquatic with ragged looking gills. their body and limbs are less stocky looking than those of other salamander larvae within their range. newt larvae are tan - coloured with black flecks, and a pink or salmon abdomen. a key feature of older larvae is the one or two rows of tiny white spots that run along each side of the body .\nthe california newt has an adhesive texture to its tongue and projects it out to capture its prey .\nthe california newt (taricha torosa) is the largest native salamander found in the santa monica mountains .\nif predators decide to attack anyway, the potent tetrodotoxin present in newt skin can cause paralysis, and in some cases even death, to the attacker. one of the few predators of the california newt is the garter snake, a species that has developed a genetic resistance to the newt’s poisonous toxins .\nthe rough - skinned newt (t. g. granulosa) is the most commonly available of the pacific species, but it is often sold in error as the california newt (t. t. torosa). the california red - bellied newt (t. rivularis) is almost never available .\nthe rough - skinned newt (taricha granulosa) is one of three species found in pacific coast states .\nmapping: hazard zones projected from the models have been used to illustrate potential future conditions associated with the projections. the maps will allow planners, decision makers, residents, and other stakeholders to analyze demographic, economic, and coastal resource conditions and their relative vulnerability to coastal hazards. additional fluvial modeling was conducted to examine changes in precipitation and sea level rise and the resulting effects on flood extents .\nfor some unknown reason, a high proportion of male newts on vancouver island remain aquatic year round, while the females are largely terrestrial as they are throughout the rest of their range .\nsierra newts are more stream adapted than coast range newts. relative to coast range newts, and analogous to the stream - breeding red - bellied newts (taricha rivularis), breeding sierra newt males possess a reduced tail fin, and females lay eggs that are larger and commonly placed on the undersides of rocks in running water (twitty, 1942). sierra newts will, however, breed in ditches and other bodies of water with little or no current (twitty, 1942) .\ndungeness in south - east england has the largest shingle expanse in europe and contains a large number of waterbodies within its 2, 000 ha. this extensive site hosts a large and viable great crested newt triturus cristatus population in a range of natural and anthropogenic habitats. these include natural pools and those resulting from gravel extraction and other activities. terrestrial habitat of importance for feeding and shelter is provided by a range of open shingle vegetation with scrub in the vicinity of some of the waterbodies .\nin addition, the analysis utilized a detailed modeling approach to integrate all of the coastal hazards and project the interrelated impacts that may affect critical infrastructure, such as roads, wastewater treatment plants, and hospitals .\nconservation status and history of the california newt, amphibiaweb, by shawn r. kuchta... . link\noriginal distributional range of the newts comprise of europe, asia, north america and north africa. though, nowadays they are being transported and cultured in some other parts of the world also .\nfisher, r. , t. case. january 2001 .\na field guide to the reptiles and amphibians of coastal southern california\n( on - line). accessed january 31, 2001 at urltoken .\nthis newt is capable of locating its home pond through true navigation using its olfaction and light - dependent magnetic compass .\nnewt migration prompts road closure in tilden park, the daily californian, 28 oct, 2012... . link\nadults eat small invertebrates such as worms, snails, slugs, sowbugs, and insects. they also consume amphibian eggs and larvae, including newt larvae and newt eggs. a small nestling bird was found in the stomach of one newt. when feeding on the ground, adults feed by projecting a sticky tongue to capture prey. aquatic adults open their mouth and suck the prey in. larvae eat small aquatic invertebrates, decomposing organic matter, and possibly other newt larvae .\nphysical appearance the average california coast range newt is 5 - 8 inches long, with a stocky, muscular body and legs that bend downward at the elbows. it has four toes on each leg and big eyes that extend past the outline of its head. the newt’s brown color lets it blend in with the leaves and brush it hides in. if you see his yellowish - orange underbody, however, watch out! when threatened, the newt will stick its tail straight out and bend backwards, exposing the bright underbelly as a warning to predators .\nnorthern populations of ta. granulosa generally lacked geographic population structure, particularly in alaska. as predicted, overall population levels of newt toxicity were low outside the geographic range of ttx‐resistant predators. however, we found unexpected among‐ and within‐site variance in toxicity, which suggests that natural selection by resistant predators does not fully explain phenotypic variation in toxicity. first, we assess biogeographic structure in northern populations as context for interpreting geographic patterns of newt toxicity .\nfeeding adult newts eat small invertebrates such as worms, snails, slugs, sowbugs, and insects. they also consume amphibian eggs and larvae, including newt larvae and newt eggs. larvae typically eat small aquatic invertebrates and decomposing organic matter .\nlarvae of california newt - t. torosa and sierra newt - t. sierrae have a dark horizontal stripe along the sides of the body. larvae of t. granulosa and t. rivularis do not have a dark horizontal side stripe .\nat ledson marsh in sonoma county, california. these samples were used in the analysis of geographic population structure to provide a comparison of genetic variation with a population located in the southern portion of the range of\n. red efts eat insects, especially springtails. they also eat snails. the adult eastern newt eats a wide variety of\nwhile it may seem unassuming, the california newt might be one of the most underrated amphibians to inhabit the golden state .\nthe california red - bellied newt (taricha rivularis) is found in damp, redwood - shaded woodlands in northwestern california .\nthe range maps can help to identify a species only in areas where only one species is present. in areas where more than one species is present, some physical characteristics can be used to identify the species .\nthe diet of an adult california newt consists of earthworms, snails, slugs, and sowbugs. adult newts have also been known to cannibalize their own eggs and larvae. there is little known about the diets of the california newt during the larvae stage .\n). thus, a newt with 2. 6 mg of ttx contains enough toxin to kill approximately 13, 000 mice .\nthe eastern newt is a small salamander that has three forms. in the larval stage, the eastern newt has smooth yellowish - brown, olive, or brown skin, and it has gills and a laterally flattened tail. it lives in the water .\nthe terrestrial eft stage of the red - spotted newt (notophthalmus viridescens viridescens) may be found in cool, moist woodlands .\nthe roughskin newt is the most poisonous amphibian in the pacific northwest. it contains enough poison to kill 25, 000 mice .\nroughskin newts are one of the most common amphibians in coastal b. c. owing to the fact that they can occur in dense concentrations, are less vulnerable to predators, and can occupy a variety of habitats. these amphibians are yellow listed in b. c. and are managed at the ecosystem level. the roughskin newt is protected under the british columbia wildlife act .\nconservation status the coastal newt is listed as a species of special concern in california, but has no federal conservation status. its biggest threats are habitat loss and degradation, and predation of eggs and larvae from invasive species. it is illegal in california to have or sell these newts as pets, and they are best left to roam in the leaves and creeks of our watersheds .\nthe sierra newt, is reddish to chocolate brown dorsally and burnt orange to yellow below. the eyelids and snout have conspicuous light coloring .\ninclude birds, mammals, fish, and other amphibians, however many of them are deterred by the newt' s toxic skin secretions .\n). this research found that even in the absence of geographic barriers, climatic fluctuation can lead to gaps in the climate path that will prevent range shifts. short term population persistence under unfavourable conditions can be critically important to achieving range shifts. i am now studying the effects of agricultural and urban habitat fragmentation on the climate paths of vertebrates in the iberian peninsula. the goal is to figure out the best way to protect species affected by climate change – habitat corridors or\nbaby newts look like legged tadpoles, but by early fall, the newborn newts will develop a more warty skin, the orange coloring typical of adults, and will transition fully to living on land. california coast range newts are thought to live 20 years or more, with few natural predators except the common garter snake, which has developed a genetic mutation against the newt’s poison .\ncalifornia tidewater goby the california tidewater goby is a small fish native to california. the species prefers slightly salty or brackish lagoons created by the mixing of coastal streams and seawater. therefore, the goby is vulnerable to changes in salinity and tidal extents, which may bring in water that is too salty for the fish to survive. with a rise in sea level, the goby may experience increases in salt water into their coastal habitats particularly in watersheds where fish passage barriers may hinder migration and further threaten this already federally endangered species .\na related project, the santa barbara area coastal ecosystem vulnerability assessment (sb ceva) investigated future changes to southern santa barbara county climate, beaches, watersheds, wetland habitats, and beach ecosystems. the final sb ceva report has been released and is available here .\nwestern snowy plover the western snowy plover is a shorebird that makes its home on the exposed beaches of santa barbara where it nests and forages in the kelp - strewn sand. their habitat preferences make the plover especially vulnerable to predation and human disturbance. currently, the coastal population of the snowy plover is listed as endangered under the federal endangered species act and its sand dune habitat is vulnerable to flooding and inundation as sea levels change. if beaches narrow as a result of increased coastal armoring, much of this species habitat could be lost .\nthe california newt is not currently listed as an endangered species but there is to be a significant problem in the santa monica mountains with non - native crayfish (procambarus clarkii) and mosquitofish (gambusia affiinis) feeding on the eggs and larvae of the california newt. (petranka, 1998) .\ngenerally lacked population structure in a pattern consistent with northern range expansion after the pleistocene. next, we chose a cluster of sites in alaska, which uniformly lacked genetic divergence, to test for phenotypic divergence in toxicity. as predicted, overall levels of newt toxicity were low; however, we also detected unexpected among‐ and within‐population variation in toxicity. most notably, a small number of individuals contained large doses of\nthe california newt of the northern population prefers the mesic forests as opposed to the southern population newts which prefer a drier climate (petranka, 1998) .\npredators of eastern newts include birds, carnivorous mammals, fish, and other amphibians, but many of them are deterred by the newt' s toxic skin secretions .\nthe california newt is currently a california special concern species (dfg - csc), but does not posses a federal conservation status. its iucn red list status is of least concern. invasive species such as mosquitofish (gambusia affinis) and crayfish (procambarus clarkia) pose a predation threat to newt populations by preying upon larvae .\norton pit in the east midlands contains the largest known population of great crested newt triturus cristatus in the uk and possibly in europe. the extensive pond systems occupy disused ridge and furrow areas created by clay workings, at various successional stages. management of water levels and predatory fish is essential for the maintenance of the newt population. new ponds are created in ways that allow water control, and measures are taken to encourage rapid colonisation by newts in order to maintain the population. the range of habitats found throughout the site, including surrounding areas of grassland and scrub, provide good conditions for feeding and sheltering newts .\na careful look underneath the fallen bark of this dead tree turned up one arboreal salamander, two coast range newts, one yellow - eyed ensatina, and 12 california slender salamanders, illustrating how dead wood and bark on a forest floor is an important microhabitat for salamanders and other wildlife .\nfemale newts repeatedly attack and bite at newt egg sacs, probably in an attempt to eat them. newts have been known to eat the eggs of their own kind .\nriemer (1958) suggests that only rough - skinned newts are known to overwinter as larvae, yet storer (1925) collected four california newt larvae in bailey canyon, los angeles county, in april and may 1909, measuring 52–63 mm that were nearing completion of metamorphosis. nevertheless, it seems that overwintering by california newt larvae is uncommon .\nrichmond, a. 1997 .\nthe red - spotted newt\n( on - line). the connecticut river homepage. accessed 03 / 14 / 06 at urltoken .\nthe third species, the california red - bellied newt (t. rivularis), is restricted in distribution to damp redwood - shaded woodlands in a small area of northwestern california .\ntaricha torosa is a native of the santa cruz mountains and the diablo range. on land you can most easily see them when the rains come. otherwise they can often be seen in ponds and small lakes at various parks like sunol regional wilderness, las trampas regional wilderness, long ridge open space preserve .\nsocio - demographic: census block demographic data has been combined with economic data, such as building replacement costs, to identify the potential economic damage of future sea level rise and floods. adequate information on the risks of coastal hazards and the community’s vulnerability to them enable decision - makers to identify and protect the county’s most at - risk populations .\nvulnerability assessment: now that hazard zones have been modeled and mapped, stakeholders are coming together to assess areas and sectors of vulnerability and plan for future conditions. this vulnerability assessment will enable staff to analyze impacts to the county’s coastal zone under different climate scenarios. critical habitat, at - risk populations, and important resources and infrastructure will be identified .\nthe following status listings come from the special animals list and the endangered and threatened animals list which are published by the california department of fish and wildlife. the ca department of fish and game listing refers to coast range newts from monterey county and south. newts north of monterey county and in the sierra nevada have no listings .\ndudek and assoc. , inc. , 2000 .\nwestern riverside county multiple species habitat conservation plan, california newt species account\n( on - line). accessed 11september 2000 at urltoken .\ncommunity engagement: a crucial piece of the coastal resiliency program is community engagement. the community’s input is critical to identify important resources and recommend policies and adaptation strategies that could have positive impacts for the community and the environment. throughout this project, a stakeholder group has been assembled to provide input and review on scenario selection and modeling results, and to interpret the vulnerabilities .\nthere is no special status listed for eastern newts. populations have declined as a result of habitat degradation, but they are still common in many parts of their range. adult newts will inhabit man - made bodies of water, including those with fish, as their toxic skin may help to reduce their risk of being eaten by fish .\nnewts can be quite poisonous and are thus avoided by most predators. this is why these salamanders are able to routinely forage during the day. many dead birds and fish have been found with roughskin newts in their stomachs, suggesting that eating a newt is a mistake these predators only make once. the common garter snake, however, is apparently unaffected by the newt’s poison and is one of its major predators .\nbelding’s savannah sparrow the belding’s savannah sparrow makes its home in marshes along the santa barbara county coastline and is currently listed as an endangered species under state protection. since it lives and breeds completely in the marsh habitat, this species is especially vulnerable to increased inundation of its coastal marsh habitat by seawater, especially if the habitat is constrained on the inland side by development or flood defenses .\n). the following methods were conducted using an approved institutional animal care and use committee protocol. we removed tail tip tissue from each newt for the genetic analysis and then used a human biopsy skin punch (acuderm\none of the best - studied great crested newt sites in the uk, little wittenham comprises two main ponds set in a predominantly woodland context (broad - leaved and conifer woodland is present). there are also areas of grassland, with sheep grazing and arable bordering the woodland to the south and west. the river thames is just to the north of the site, and a hill fort to the south. large numbers of great crested newts triturus cristatus have been recorded in the two main ponds, and research has revealed that they range several hundred metres into the woodland blocks .\nin addition to the sea level rise impacts predicted along coastal zones throughout the world, santa barbara county’s north and south coastlines experience different exposure from wave conditions. along the south coast, the shoreline is affected by waves coming around point conception and through the channel islands, whereas in the north county the many reefs, beaches, and cliffs north of point conception are exposed to more direct wave energy .\ndiet this “gold belly” newt likes to dine on small invertebrates such as worms, snails, slugs, insects, insect eggs, and amphibian larvae, but has been known to become cannibalistic when other foods are unavailable .\nthe california newt is also known as the orange - bellied newt, thanks to the bright complexion on the underside of its body. these newts vary in color, from a light to dark brown hue on their backs, while their undersides are anywhere from pale yellow to orange. another distinguishing feature of this amphibian is the large eyes that protrude past the edges of its head. fully - grown newts typically reach between five and seven inches in length .\nthe garter snake has evolved a resistance to the lethal poison in the skin of roughskin newts. in the arms race between predator and prey, newts are constantly trying to become too toxic for snakes to eat. scientists found that individual snakes assess their own resistance relative to newt toxicity when they attempt to eat a newt, and reject prey too toxic to consume. newts were able to survive attacks and attempted ingestion by snakes that sometimes lasted over 50 minutes !\nthis site comprises three canal feeder reservoirs and a series of smaller pools. they overlie etruria marls and coal measures of the carboniferous period. the site shows evidence of past industrial activities and includes a wide range of habitats from open water, swamp, fen and inundation communities to unimproved neutral and acidic grassland and scrub. great crested newts triturus cristatus occur as part of an important amphibian assemblage .\nwhile it may seem unassuming, the california newt might be one of the most underrated amphibians to inhabit the golden state. with great survival techniques and a fierce defense mechanism, this tiny creature is a force to be reckoned with .\nspecies interactions, and their fitness consequences, vary across the geographic range of a coevolutionary relationship. this spatial heterogeneity in reciprocal selection is predicted to generate a geographic mosaic of local adaptation, wherein coevolutionary traits are phenotypically variable from one location to the next. under this framework, allopatric populations should lack variation in coevolutionary traits due to the absence of reciprocal selection. we examine phenotypic variation in tetrodotoxin (\nthe eastern newt is one of only a few species of true salamanders native to north america. it is found throughout most of eastern north america, from atlantic coast to the great lakes and south to texas, alabama, georgia, and florida .\nterrestrial adults are found in mesic forests in relatively mountainous areas of northern california. further south, they can be found in drier habitats such as oak woodlands or hilly grasslands. sierran populations are found in habitats dominated by conifers (digger pines - blue oak and ponderosa pine communities) (petranka 1998). breeding sites include ponds, reservoirs, and slow moving streams. sierran populations breed in faster moving streams than coastal populations (stebbins 1985; petranka 1998) .\nintroduction the california newt is the largest native salamander species occurring in the santa monica mountains. like most amphibians, newts spend part of their life history in the water (winter and spring) and the other part on land (summer and fall) .\npeter’s pit is an old chalk quarry situated in the north downs in north kent, with large ponds situated amongst grassland, scrub and woodland. the ponds have widely fluctuating water levels and large great crested newt triturus cristatus populations have been recorded breeding here .\nalmost everyone who sees them agrees that newts are, in general, endearing little creatures. however, the fact that most are seen in tropical - fish stores has given many people misconceptions about the care they require. unlike the tropical fish with which they are often housed, newts are not warm - water creatures. actually, with few exceptions, the black - spotted newt and the peninsula newt of the united states being just two, newts inhabit cool to cold regions, and they need cool water .\nthis is not a scientific key to identifying salamanders found in california. it is meant to be used as a basic tool for the novice who wants identify a salamander primarily by appearance and location. it might help you to look at the list below of what i believe to be the most commonly encountered salamanders in california, based on personal experience and email i have received asking me to identify salamanders. most of these can either be found near heavily - populated areas, or are species that conspicuously crawl in the open either at night or in daylight. you will also find it helpful to look at these pages: california salamanders overview - a general description of the natural history of california' s salamanders. salamander photo index - a picture of every kind of salamander found in the state. salamander range maps page - range maps for every salamander found in the state .\nthis disused quarry in north - west england contains several pools that support a large great crested newt triturus cristatus population which has shown evidence of recruitment in recent years. terrestrial habitat associated with the breeding areas is quarry spoil, early successional vegetation and surrounding pasture .\nlife span of this family of amphibians varies from species to species. their least life span can be 10 years and the longest can be 20 years. they tend to live longer in captivity, be it of any sub - species of the newt family .\na. food. california newt larvae eat small invertebrates, but their diet has not been rigorously studied. ritter (1897) observed that larvae will eat decomposing organic matter, and perhaps conspecifics. storer (1925) reports them feeding on mosquito larvae in captivity .\nmost newt species will thrive as captives as long as their food, temperature, habitat and water - quality requirements are met. newts are carnivorous, feeding upon all manner of tiny invertebrates. captives eat pinhead crickets, chopped earthworms, black worms, bloodworms and daphnia .\nboth adult and larval roughskin newts are carnivores. adult newts eat a variety of organisms, including insects, slugs, worms, and even amphibian eggs and larvae. newt larvae feast upon a variety of aquatic invertebrates and zooplankton (tiny animals suspended in the water) .\neggs develop for 3 to 8 weeks, depending on water temperature. in early fall, 3 to 4 months later, the aquatic larvae lose their gills, develop sac - like lungs, and emerge onto land as an eft. two to 3 years later, the eft develops a powerful, flattened tail and returns to the water to breed. adults remain in their pond or lake for the rest of their life, if the water is permanent, or spend dry seasons on land and move back to the water in the spring (the wet season). some eastern newt populations skip the eft stage and immediately transform into breeding adults. there are some coastal populations of eastern newts that can breed while still in their gilled, larval form or the eft form .\ngreat crested newts triturus cristatus breed in a large pond set in a depression in grazed pasture. this main breeding pond has a water level that fluctuates widely, sometimes leading to pond desiccation. as a result, there is relatively little aquatic vegetation but egg - laying occurs and recruitment is successful intermittently; however, a large population is present, demonstrating this species’ ability to thrive in temporary pond sites. newts range across an area comprising pasture with old hedgerows .\nmating and life span when the rainy season has begun in earnest, the newt focuses on romance. mating season lasts 6 - 12 weeks, when large numbers of the newt move together, often traveling across roadways and highways. right here in contra costa county’s tilden regional park, south park drive is closed between november and march to allow for newts to cross the road to their breeding grounds in wildcat creek. also, dedicated volunteers in el sobrante gather each year to escort newts across a drop structure to reach their breeding grounds along castro creek .\nthe adult eastern newt is yellowish - brown, olive green, or brown on its uppersides, and it has a yellow belly with black spots. its tail is more flattened than the tail of the red eft. adult eastern newts are 2½ - 5½ inches in length .\nthis site, on the outskirts of worcester, is set amongst a recent housing development on former pastoral farmland. the ponds are associated with good - quality terrestrial habitats, and are a remnant of a formerly more widespread newt habitat when large numbers of ponds were maintained for agricultural purposes .\nholnest encompasses around 20 ponds set in a matrix of terrestrial habitats, comprising areas of semi - improved grassland, scrub, associated semi - natural habitats and woodland bounded by fences and hedgerows. the ponds exhibit a range of sizes, profiles and origins, and include some recently - created ornamental ponds as well as traditional farm ponds. a large population of s1166 great crested newts triturus cristatus is present, with over 200 individuals having been recorded at one pond in spring 2003. the woodland areas provide ideal hibernation habitat .\nthe red eft' s bright red color is advertising coloration. it serves as a warning to predators that the red eft produces a poisonous toxin that can kill small predators like mice. the eastern newt produces toxins in all three stages, but the toxin is at its strongest during the red eft stage .\ndescription this species is very similar to the california newt (taricha torosa) but differs in having smaller eyes, yellow irises, a v - shaped palatine tooth pattern, and uniformly dark eyelids. when viewed from above, the eyes of t. granulosa do not protrude beyond the profile of the head .\nyou can help by learning more about these salamanders and other amphibians, and telling others about them. you can find out more about ways to protect habitat through programs such as naturescape, wetlandkeepers, and wild bc. be an ambassador for these salamanders in council meetings and other planning meetings! you can also help biologists learn more about the range, distribution, and habits of these and other amphibians by joining b. c. frogwatch and observing salamander populations near you. the more we learn about salamanders in general, the better we can help protect them .\nin the second stage, the eastern newt lives on land and is called a red eft. red efts can grow to be about three inches in length and can live on land for 3 - 4 years before they change into adult eastern newts. the red eft has rough red to reddish - orange skin and a rounded tail .\nsituated in north - west wales, high counts since the mid - 1980s confirm the presence of a large and viable great crested newt triturus cristatus population occupying water - filled depressions that have resulted from sand extraction from the dune system. glan - traeth is lightly grazed by domestic livestock, thereby maintaining the open terrestrial habitat required for feeding and sheltering of adults .\nassume the “unken reflex” where the head is raised, the tail is turned up and held straight over the body, the limbs are extended, and the eyes are closed (riemer 1958; brodie 1977). this action exposes the bright aposomatic coloration found on the newt' s belly. the exact pattern of this reflex is a species - specific character, distinguishable from sympatric\nthis waterbody in north - east england, created by coal - mining activity, has consistently yielded high counts of great crested newt triturus cristatus in recent years. the pond is surrounded by wooded slopes, with adjacent anthropogenic habitat associated with the previous mining activities. a large new pond was created recently to help support the population, which was previously reliant on a single breeding site .\non the other hand, when their biological needs are adequately met, captives may survive for several decades, and they can be beautiful, rewarding terrarium pets. research the natural history of any newt species you hope to maintain, and be certain that you are able to provide at least its minimum care requirements — including (but certainly not limited to) habitat, temperature and food preferences .\nappearance the california newt is a stocky, medium - sized salamander with rough, grainy skin. adults can vary in length from 2¾ - 3½ inches (snout to vent) and vary in color from yellowish - brown, reddish brown and dark brown above, pale yellow to orange below. adults are toxic. their skin secretes a potent neurotoxin tetrodoxin, the same toxin found in pufferfishes and harlequin frogs .\n). several sites also had a small number of highly toxic individuals. one newt at beaver made hole had an estimated total of 2. 6 mg of ttx and three newts from highbush had doses that exceeded 1 mg. for context, the lethal intraperitoneal dose of ttx required to kill a 20 g laboratory mouse in 30 min (i. e. a “mouse unit”) is roughly 0. 2\nin addition to being well equipped to catch prey, california newts also have an outstanding defense mechanism that leaves them with few natural predators. newts are equipped with glands in their skin that secretes a potent neurotoxin called tetrodotoxin—a toxin hundreds of times more poisonous than cyanide. in order to ward off potential predators, this newt will arch its head back to expose its orange underbelly to warn attackers to stay away .\nit can take several weeks after breeding for females to lay their eggs. they lay a few eggs each day in different places. females lay between 200 and 400 single, jelly - covered eggs on submerged plants each season. as soon as the process is finished, the female newt swims away leaving her eggs to survive on their own. both males and females reach sexual maturity around the age of 3 .\ntheir poisonous skin secrets a neurotoxin called tetrodotoxin for defense against predators; thus, one should exercise great care if handling these creatures. its primary native predator is the common gartersnake (thamnophis sirtalis) which has developed a genetic resistance to tetrodotoxin. to expose its bright orange coloration, a newt will raise its head and point its tail while arching the back and turning the legs upward as a warning to predators .\ntaricha granulosa mazamae: called the mazama or crater lake newt, the darker pigmentation of the dorsum of this subspecies encroaches on the brighter ventral coloration and can also have heavy dark blotches on the belly. it is only found in the waters and nearby woodlands of crater lake, oregon. however, similar animals occur in abundance on gravina island, alaska. because of this, many researchers feel this is not a valid subspecies .\nnewt behavior and physiology is directly related to our rainy season. newts are aquatic breeders, typically breeding in ponds, reservoirs and streams. their breeding season lines up with california’s rainy season—usually starting in december and lasting through early may. during this season, they are almost entirely aquatic. this is quite a contrast to their preferred habitat for the rest of the year, which is mostly spent on land in semi - arid conditions .\nthis site is centred around a glacial hollow or kettle - hole pool and a historic moat. the surrounding farmland is mostly pasture and rough grassland with good hedges and an area of planted broad - leaved woodland and natural willow scrub to provide suitable foraging habitat. the site is located in eastern montgomeryshire at the centre of the welsh distribution of great crested newt triturus cristatus. this is the largest known population of the species in central wales .\nhalkyn mountain is a large area of mostly common land in north - east wales. the landscape is much modified by human activities, with abandoned metalliferous mining and rock quarries a prominent feature of the site. the large great crested newt triturus cristatus population breeds in abandoned quarry workings and various other waterbodies across the site. the terrestrial habitat is very varied, with calcareous grassland, heathland and scrub prominent throughout. the site is grazed mostly by sheep .\nthis pond cluster is situated in a rolling, agricultural landscape of pasture interspersed with stands of semi - natural vegetation. numerous ponds occur in the shallow depressions and provide water for livestock. great crested newt triturus cristatus has been recorded in 20 ponds. the overall site is exceptional by scottish standards and is by far the most important known scottish population, and is also significant in overall uk terms. it is a good representative of a population in an agricultural landscape .\nhow much of the terrarium needs to be devoted to water depends upon the species you keep and whether they are in a terrestrial or aquatic stage. some species can survive for decades in a cool, all - water aquarium. all of the pacific newts are primarily terrestrial, but they can and do enter water periodically, especially during drought and always for breeding. always research the specific newt you wish to keep before purchasing one and setting up an aquarium or terrarium .\noviposition can take several weeks, because the female will only lay a few, widely scattered eggs, each day. it' s still uncertain whether or not females will lay all of their eggs in a breeding season, however they do lay between 200 and 400 single, jelly - covered eggs on submerged vegetation, each season. as soon as the process is finished, the female newt swims away leaving her eggs to survive on their own. both males and females reach sexual maturity around the age of 3 .\nis widespread throughout much of england and wales, but occurs only sparsely in south - west england, mid wales and scotland. it is absent from northern ireland. the total uk population is relatively large and is distributed over sites that vary greatly in their ecological character. one estimate has put the national population at around 400, 000 animals in 18, 000 breeding sites. many of the largest populations are centred on disused mineral - extraction sites, but lowland farmland forms the majority of great crested newt habitat in the uk .\neastern newts move quickly in water, but are slow on land. larvae stay mostly in one place, settling at the bottom of the water to hide. the eft is active at night, especially on rainy nights. in dry, sunny weather, the eft will find a cool, moist place to rest and crawl out to feed when damp, darker weather approaches. the adult newt returns to the water and spends the rest of its life there, often foraging both day and night. winter is spent underground, unless the adults are in permanent water. eastern newts can often be seen foraging in winter beneath the ice." ]

{ "text": [ "the coastal range newt ( taricha torosa torosa ) is a subspecies of the california newt ( taricha torosa ) .", "it is endemic to california , from mendocino county south to san diego county . " ], "topic": [ 15, 0 ] }

[ "the coastal range newt (taricha torosa torosa) is a subspecies of the california newt (taricha torosa). it is endemic to california, from mendocino county south to san diego county." ]

[ "laboratory notebook, 1965 with reports on praya dubia specimens collected by p foxton, ...\nlaboratory notebook, 1965 with reports on praya dubia specimens collected by p foxton, ... | the national archives\njennifer hammock added the english common name\ngiant siphonophore\nto\npraya dubia (quoy & gaimard in de blainville, 1830 )\n.\nmarrus orthocanna is a species of siphonophore — just as the previously mentioned praya dubia is. this species is typically found in the arctic — but in other cold, deep waters elsewhere as well .\nthe giant siphonophore, also called by its binomial name praya dubia, is a 130 - foot - long plankton. it is one of the world' s largest invertebrates and appears in the abyssal regions of both games .\nwhen brought to the surface, the praya dubia tends to burst. this odd manner of perishing is because its skeleton is hydrostatic, meaning that it is essentially held together with water pressure. this means that comparatively low water pressure will cause it to fall apart .\npraya dubia catches its prey by first attracting it with blue bioluminescent light, and then delivering a powerful sting from the bell - like cells that line its body. the sting is powerful enough to cause death often enough, but when it doesn’t paralysis is pretty much a given for its prey .\nthe praya dubia (giant siphonophore) is a “jellyfish” that lives at great depths (700 - 1000 meters below) in the atlantic ocean and the gulf of mexico. said organism — a member of the hydrozoa — isn’t actually an “animal” but instead a “colony made up of numerous small connected individuals, each with a specific function, such as feeding, attack, and defense” .\nthe praya dubia, whose name means “doubted prayer” (which, this is what we call ominous as fuck), is also called the giant siphonophore, which is exactly what they are. in case you didn’t read last monday’s post, a siphonophore is a creature that isn’t actually one organism. instead, it’s a collection of smaller organisms, each of which is an independent living thing, but which are all dependent on each other and each perform a specialized job in the collective–digestion, defense, etc .\n( of diphyes dubia quoy & gaimard, 1833) quoy, j. r. c. ; j. p. gaimard. (1833). zoologie iv: zoophytes. in: zoologie. voyage de la corvette l' astrolabe: exécuté par ordre du roi, pendant les années 1826 - 1827 - 1828 - 1829 / sous le commandement de j. dumont d' urville. pp. 1 - 390. paris, j. tastu. , available online at urltoken page (s): 104, pl. 5 figs 34 - 36) [ details ]\n( of praia dubia blainville, 1830) de blainville h. m. (1830). zoophytes. in: dictionnaire des sciences naturelles, dans lequel on traitre méthodiquement des differéns êtres de la nature, considérés soit en eux - mêmes, d’après l’état actuel de nos connoissances, soit relativement a l’utlité qu’en peuvent retirer la médicine, l’agriculture, le commerce et les arts. edited by f. g. levrault. tome 60. paris, le normat. pp. 548, pls. 68. paris, 1830. 60: 1 - 546. , available online at urltoken page (s): 125 [ details ]\nis said to be one of the longest animals on earth and can stretch for more than 40 meters. this picture shows just one of the two nectophores (swimming bells) and a little fragment of the long chain which it pulls through the water. even this isolated piece is over 10 cm long. scroll down a bit to see a picture of the whole animal taken from an rov. it shows two of the nectophores and a long portion of the stinging curtain trailing behind. like other cnidaria, these creatures can deliver a powerful sting, and they also produce a beautiful blue bioluminescent glow. the lower photo shows\nquoy, j. r. c. ; j. p. gaimard. (1833). zoologie iv: zoophytes. in: zoologie. voyage de la corvette l' astrolabe: exécuté par ordre du roi, pendant les années 1826 - 1827 - 1828 - 1829 / sous le commandement de j. dumont d' urville. pp. 1 - 390. paris, j. tastu. , available online at urltoken page (s): 104, pl. 5 figs 34 - 36 [ details ]\n( of nectocarmen antonioi alvariño, 1983) alvariño, a. 1983. nectocarmen antonioi, a new prayinae, calycophorae, siphonophora from california. proc. biol. soc. wash. 96 (3): 339 - 348. page (s): 339, figs 1 - 5 [ details ]\n( of prayoides intermedia leloup, 1934) leloup e. (1934a). siphonophores calycophorides de l' ocean atlantique tropical et austral. bulletin du musée royal d' histoire naturelle de belgique. 10 (6): 1 - 87. page (s): 11, fig. 4 [ details ]\npugh, p. r. 1992b. the status of the genus prayoides (siphonophora, prayidae). j. mar. biol. assoc. u. k. 72 (4): 895 - 909. page (s): 896, figs 2, 4b, 5, 7, 9 [ details ]\npugh, p. r. (1999). siphonophorae. in south atlantic zooplankton i. edited by d. boltovskoy. backhuys publishers, leiden, the netherlands. pp. 868. page (s): 485, figs 3. 36, 3. 47 [ details ]\npugh, p. r. & gasca, r. (2009). siphonophorae (cnidaria) of the gulf of mexico. pp. 395–402. in: felder, d. l. and d. k. camp (eds .), gulf of mexico–origins, waters, and biota. biodiversity. texas a & m; press, college station, texas. [ details ]\nliu j. y. [ ruiyu ] (ed .). (2008). checklist of marine biota of china seas. china science press. 1267 pp. (look up in imis) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\ncairns, s. d. ; gershwin, l. ; brook, f. j. ; pugh, p. ; dawson, e. w. ; ocaña o. v. ; vervoort, w. ; williams, g. ; watson, j. e. ; opresko, d. m. ; schuchert, p. ; hine, p. m. ; gordon, d. p. ; campbell, h. j. ; wright, a. j. ; sánchez, j. a. ; fautin, d. g. (2009). phylum cnidaria: corals, medusae, hydroids, myxozoans. in: gordon, d. p. (ed .) (2009). new zealand inventory of biodiversity: 1. kingdom animalia: radiata, lophotrochozoa, deuterostomia. pp. 59 - 101. , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nmapstone, g. m. 2009. siphonophora (cnidaria: hydrozoa) of canadian pacific waters. nrc research press, ottawa, ontario, canada. 302 p page (s): 134 - 137, fig 28a - d [ details ]\n( of prayoides intermedia leloup, 1934) kirkpatrick, p. a. ; pugh, p. r. (1984). siphonophores and velellids: keys and notes for the identification of the species. synopses of the british fauna (new series), 29. e. j. brill / w. backhuys: london, uk. isbn 90 - 04 - 07470 - 8. vi, 154 pp. (look up in imis) page (s): 60, fig. 20 [ details ]\n( of prayoides intermedia leloup, 1934) pugh, p. r. 1992b. the status of the genus prayoides (siphonophora, prayidae). j. mar. biol. assoc. u. k. 72 (4): 895 - 909. page (s): 895 [ details ]\n( of nectocarmen antonioi alvariño, 1983) van der land, j. (ed). (2008). unesco - ioc register of marine organisms (urmo). , available online at urltoken [ details ]\npugh, p. r. (2013). confirmed records of siphonophorae found below 500 m depth. (personal database). [ details ]\nluminescent, skeletal animals glow to sound. a rare species discovered deep in the pacific, deep within a petri dish, or perhaps deepdeepdeep in outer space .\na project in collaboration with oscar ramos for the\nfuture\nexhibition at the it - ceum, the swedish computer museum, in linköping, sweden .\nif you come here often, you should tell us (and the whole world, really) about yourself in the bio section of your profile .\nthe ocean is full of bizarre and amazing creatures. some you have to see to believe - - like this rare deep - sea siphonophore (rhizophysa); a relative of the portuguese man - o - war .\nfound something especially freaky? traumatize the world. it' s your duty .\nyes, it’s a real thing. i know, it looks like a bad photoshop. so many of these things do .\nguess how big they are! if you guessed “bigger than they have any fucking right to be, ” gold star for you. they get up to 50m (164ft) in length, even longer than blue whales. their bodies are a long chain trailing behind a pair of dome - like “bells” .\nremember that each one of those tentacles is alive and its own creature and wants you dead. individually .\nthey’re predatory, too. anything dumb enough to get swept up in that tentacle net gets paralyzed by its venom (oh did i forget to mention that? yeah, it’s got stingers. fucking nasty ones too .) and digested .\nthey’re deep - sea creatures, in the abyssal region of the ocean–700 to 1000 meters deep (2300 to 3300 feet). they never come up to the surface, and with very good reason. they have what’s called a hydrostatic skeleton, common in many soft - bodied creatures, which has adapted to the deep and literally pops without its high pressure .\nyou know what else is interesting? technically, they’re plankton! because plankton is anything that can’t really move on its own, regardless of size or place in the food chain! and while they can control their own motion a little bit by expanding and contracting their swimming bell, for the most part they’re at the mercy of ocean currents, drifting sort of aimlessly .\nwhich somehow is not fuckin’ comforting and i suspect they’re faking it to lull us into a false sense of security .\noh yeah and they glow. they bioluminesce, blue and yellow. which has got to be eerie as fuck .\ni love your blog so much you really have no idea. you' re so funny but informative and i love your blog. i seriously light up when i see you have a new post .\nyou know what time it is, kids. that’s right! time for our weekly “that thing has too many legs! !! !! ” session !\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\nscientists aim to describe a single' tree of life' that reflects the evolutionary relationships of living things. however, evolutionary relationships are a matter of ongoing discovery, and there are different opinions about how living things should be grouped and named. eol reflects these differences by supporting several different scientific' classifications'. some species have been named more than once. such duplicates are listed under synonyms. eol also provides support for common names which may vary across regions as well as languages .\nthis creature is made up of an umbrella called a swimming bell and extremely long, thread - like organs. it is not one single animal but is actually made up of a huge number of tiny organisms, making the species a living colony. each individual organism has its own duties, such as feeding, reproducing, attack or defense, so it can cope with anything .\nwhen people talk about plankton, miniscule creatures usually come to mind. however, this 130ft long species is actually a type of plankton. plankton is actually defined as a floating creature that is unable to resist ocean currents and has no swimming ability; it is not related to size .\nit can be found at the depth of 495 ft during the daytime in the abyss .\ntwo are found in the zahhab region depths during both the daytime and the nighttime, only in the south crevasse. however, they are reportedly easier to find at night - and they are also only able to be seen after the cutscene introducing them has triggered, which only occurs at night. as such, it would be wiser to search for them after the sun has set .\nthese creatures are slow - moving and docile, unable to attack the player. they make a circuit from around 400 feet to 500 feet (122 meters to 152 meters) and back again as they swim - rather, drift along. in order to get this creature' s trivia, the player has to take a photograph of it .\nwith a body length averaging out at 130 feet (40 meters) in real life, these creatures are the second - longest sea organism out there - the longest being a creature called the bootlace worm, which doesn' t appear in either game .\nthough this creature is not harmful to the player, they are capable of delivering stings to their prey in order to paralyze and then consume it. in real life, it is unknown if these stings are capable of harming humans .\nthis creature' s existence has been known about since the 1800s, but its appearance (primarily its length) was more specifically categorized in 1987 .\ncan' t find a community you love? create your own and start something epic .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\njellyfish are some of the most strange, interesting — and occasionally beautiful — animals currently living in the world. and they’ve been here for quite a long time — some species are, in many ways, unchanged from the way that there hundreds of millions of years ago .\nowing to these facts, and — more importantly — their striking appearances i’ve created the list below compiling some of the most interesting species of jellyfish. enjoy .\ntima formosa are a type of jellyfish (in common language, not technically so) that are currently classified as being in the family conica — and are actually a colonial species of marine hydrozoa. they are located in the order of leptomedusae .\nthey’re typically found in the northern parts of the atlantic ocean — and most especially in the upper epipelagic zone. they are known to sometimes occur in very large jellyfish blooms .\ndeepstaria enigmatica is a strange deep - sea jellyfish classified as being in the family ulmaridae. it was only just recently (relatively) scientifically described — in 1967 by fs russel. the name means something along the lines of “deep - staring enigma” .\nthe movement of the animal is quite strange — and somewhat hypnotic — for lack of a better description i’d say that it looks like undulating waves in a sheet in the wind, but with a sort of living quality to it .\nthe bell (body) of the deepstaria enigmatica is fairly thin but can be be fairly large — around 2 - feet across. the species is typically found onky in the water around antarctic, or in the near - antarctic seas — but they have occasionally been seen elsewhere. living depths appear to be in 830 - 1830 meter / range .\nthe lion’s mane jellyfish (cyanea capillata) is probably one of the best known jellyfish in the world — largely owing to its large size. the species — also known as the hair jelly — is currently the largest known jellyfish species in the world .\nthe animal’s range is thought to be confined to the relatively cold boreal waters of the arctic, the northern atlantic, and the northern portion of the pacific ocean. it’s actually a fairly common species in the english channel, the irish sea, the north sea and in western scandinavian waters\nthere are also populations that live in the area around australia and new zealand — it’s currently thought that these are of the same species, or a very closely related one .\nthe biggest individual yet recorded scientifically had a body with a diameter of 7’6, and tentacles that stretched out for 120 - feet — this individual was found washed up on the shore of massachusetts bay in 1870 .\nmost populations typically grow to be quite large — with individuals regularly reaching 6’7 in body size. the rule on body size with this species is pretty much the same as with most other animals — the further north you go, the bigger they get. tentacles typically grow to be more than 100 - feet - long .\nthat previously mentioned 120 - foot individual is actually one of the longest known scientifically - documented animals of any type — being exceeded only by a bootlace worm (lineus longissimus) that was found washed up on the shore of the scottish coast back in 1864 — that bootlace worm was ~ 180 feet long .\nit’s one of the largest / longest known organisms in the world — regularly possessing a body - length of around / over 120 - 130 feet .\ntheir bodies don’t do well with relatively low - pressures — such as those at surface - level — and as a result when they are brought to the surface they tend to explode / burst. so no real chance of ever seeing one of these in person — unless you’re a blue whale, a walrus, or a giant squid i guess. or its prey, for that matter. the species has been known of since at least the 1800s .\nthe box jellyfish (class cubozoa) are probably the most infamous jellyfish in the world — though i guess that depends a fair amount on where you live. other than their incredibly potent venom they are perhaps most recognizable via their cube - shaped medusae — owing to the common - name .\nas far as venom goes, the most - potent species are chironex fleckeri, carukia barnesi and malo kingi — all of which are amongst the most - venomous animals in the world. stings are sometimes fatal for humans .\nof these, chironex fleckeri — the sea wasp — is probably the most infamous. said species is found throughout the coastal waters of northern australia and new guinea all the way north to the philippines + vietnam. the species possesses tentacles up to 10 feet in length — all of which are covered in millions of cnidocytes which when touched release microscopic darts that deliver the powerful venom .\nto date, the species is known to have killed at least 63 people in australia since 1884 .\nlike other siphonophores, marrus orthocanna is a colony composed of a number of specialized zooids linked together by a long stem. at the front is the pneumatophore, an orange - colored, gas - filled float. behind this is the nectosome, a region where there are a number of translucent nectophores with red, unlooped radial canals. these are bell - shaped medusae specialized for locomotion. when they contract, water is expelled which causes the colony to move. their contractions are coordinated which enables the animal to swim forwards, sidewards or backwards. the remaining region is the siphosome. most of the zooids here are polyps, specialized for collecting food. they do this for the whole colony, spreading their single long tentacles in the water to snare prey. other zooids in this region undertake digestion and assimilation of food items. reproductive medusae are found among the polyps in the siphosome and also various other specialised zooids. the various forms are all arranged in a repeating pattern .\nthe species can grow to be quite large — often growing to lengths of more than 10 - feet .\nthe organisms is a carnivore, and is thought to feed primarily on small crustaceans. interestingly, the individuals that make up the colonial - animal are all born from a single egg .\ncrossota is a genus of jellyfish in the broader family of rhopalonematidae. there are currently 5 species listed in the genus. the various species of the genus are distributed broadly across the world’s oceans .\nthe portuguese man o’ war (physalia physalis) is a marine cnidarian of the family physaliidae. the species is well known for its powerful sting, and interesting appearance. it’s not actually a “jellyfish” in the scientific meaning of the word though — but instead a siphonophore, just as marrus orthocanna and deepstaria enigmatica are .\nthe tentacles of the species are covered in venom - filled nematocysts, which when touched deliver a powerful enough sting to paralyze the prey of the species. these stinging nematocysts remain viable well after the animal is actually dead — so if you see one on the beach, don’t touch it ,\nthe venom isn’t quite powerful enough to kill humans (ordinarily), but those with prior health - conditions may experience difficulties if stung. also worth noting, if the venom manages to work its way to the lymph nodes then the pain becomes considerably, considerably worse .\nscience heathen is proudly powered by wordpress and buddypress. just another wordpress theme developed by themekraft .\nif you provide contact details, we will be in touch about your request within 10 working days .\nenter the tag you would like to associate with this record and click' add tag'. please ensure the tag is appropriate for the record. read tagging guidelines\nyou need to sign in to tag. if you don' t have an account please register .\nall content is available under the open government licence v3. 0, except where otherwise stated\nyou' re currently viewing our forum as a guest. this means you are limited to certain areas of the board and there are some features you can' t use. if you join our community, you' ll be able to access member - only sections, and use many member - only features such as customizing your profile and voting in polls. registration is simple, fast, and completely free .\n, or the giant siphonophore, is a deep sea siphonophore (living at 700 m to 1000 m below sea level), a member of the hydrozoa. with a body length of 40 m (130 ft) ,\nis the second - longest sea organism. it is actually a colony made up of numerous small connected individuals, each with a specific function, such as feeding, attack and defense. it is distributed through atlantic europe and the gulf of mexico .\nhas a dome - like section (the nectosome), sometimes referred to as the swimming bell, as well as long, thin sensory and stinging organs called siphosomes. its body is whitish and transparent .\nattracts its prey with blue bioluminescent light. they deliver a powerful sting from the long, bell - like cells that make up the majority of the body. their sting can cause paralysis or even death and is used to kill prey .\nwhen raised to the surface these animals burst, as they have a hydrostatic skeleton that normally experiences an average pressure of above 46 mpa (460 bar) .\nhas been known since the nineteenth century, but its length was discovered only after the monterey bay aquarium research institute undertook a systematic study of the water column in 1987 .\ncylindrical definitive nectophores with a baso - ventral extension below the ostium of the nectosac. bifurcating canals on nectosac. somatocyst simple in larval nectophore, but with an ascending (dorsal) and two long, branching lateral canals in the mature definitive one. bract with relatively short dorsal canal, which may bifurcate subterminally. left hydroecial canal not recurved distally .\npress j to jump to the feed. press question mark to learn the rest of the keyboard shortcuts\nbasically i' ve had some interest in the evolution of venom and poison of animals recently and at the moment i' m trying to create a chart interlinking species, but a lot of these species seem to have very little information linked to them online, i was wondering if there was anyone with any experience working with these species or at least good knowledge on them who could shed some light, ld50 would be great. (although i strongly imagine those tests haven' t been carried out. )\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnotice: this website takes advantage of web standards that your browser may be unable to support. this site may not display in the way it was intended in some browsers. however the page content should still be perfectly viewable in any internet capable device .\n© 1999 - 2018 musicians page and virtual sheet music, inc. all rights reserved." ]

{ "text": [ "praya dubia , or the giant siphonophore , is a deep sea siphonophore ( living at 700 m to 1000 m below sea level ) , a member of the hydrozoa .", "with a body length of 40 m ( 130 ft ) , praya dubia is the second-longest sea organism .", "the giant siphonophore is not a single multicellular organism , but a colony of tiny minute organisms called zooids , each with a specific function , such as feeding , attack and defense .", "the zooids are all joined to each other to the extent that they are incapable of independent survival .", "it is distributed through atlantic europe and the gulf of mexico . " ], "topic": [ 18, 0, 4, 17, 6 ] }

[ "praya dubia, or the giant siphonophore, is a deep sea siphonophore (living at 700 m to 1000 m below sea level), a member of the hydrozoa. with a body length of 40 m (130 ft), praya dubia is the second-longest sea organism. the giant siphonophore is not a single multicellular organism, but a colony of tiny minute organisms called zooids, each with a specific function, such as feeding, attack and defense. the zooids are all joined to each other to the extent that they are incapable of independent survival. it is distributed through atlantic europe and the gulf of mexico." ]

[ "a new species of dichelyne (nematoda: cucullanidae) parasitizing acanthistius brasilianus (pisces: serranidae) from argentinean waters .\na new species of dichelyne (nematoda: cucullanidae) parasitizing acanthistius brasilianus (pisces: serranidae) from argentinean waters. - pubmed - ncbi\nacanthistius brasilianus is found only in the southwest atlantic off the coast of brazil, from 15 o to 23 o s (irigoyen et al. 2008) .\na western wirrah, acanthistius serratus, at rottnest island, western australia. source: rick stuart - smith / reef life survey. license: cc by attribution\nan eastern wirrah, acanthistius ocellatus, at fairy bower, sydney, new south wales. source: john turnbull / flickr. license: cc by attribution - noncommercial - sharealike\nthere are no known species - specific conservation measures in place for acanthistius brasilianus, however its distribution may cover a number of marine protected areas. further research on population trends and potential threats is needed .\nthe eastern wirrah, acanthistius ocellatus, is found along the eastern coast of australia from southern queensland through to new south wales and eastern victoria. its range also includes the coast of northern tasmania and lord howe island .\njustification: acanthistius brasilianus has been assessed as data deficient. this species is known from only nine specimens. it is not currently known if this species is being impacted by any major threats, therefore more work into the ecology, biology, population size and trends is needed before a more accurate threat assessment can be made .\nthe seabass acanthistius brasilianus is a benthopelagic species that has a depth range of 15 to 60m. it has been observed over rocky reefs near offshore islands and outcrops (irigoyen et al. 2008). the main food items of this species include fishes, crustaceans, molluscs and worms (irigoyen et al. 2008) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\n, select family and click on' identification by pictures' to display all available pictures in fishbase for the family .\n, select country and click on' identification by pictures' to display all available pictures in fishbase for the country .\n, select ecosystem and click on' identification by pictures' to display all available pictures in fishbase for the ecosystem .\ncfm script by eagbayani, 30. 11. 04, , php script by cmilitante, 05 / 11 / 2010, last modified by cmilitante, 14 / 03 / 2013\ngreek, akantha = thorn + greek, istion = sail (ref. 45335 )\nmarine; brackish; benthopelagic; depth range 30 -? m. subtropical; 30°s - 47°s, 67°w - 50°w (ref. 54258 )\nmaturity: l m? range? -? cm max length: 60. 0 cm tl male / unsexed; (ref. 7392 )\nfound on the continental shelf in colder waters. utilized to some degree for human consumption .\npereiro, s. and a. vásquez, 1988. peces marinos iii. p. 65 - 94. in g. b. cabal, b. marcheti (eds .) fauna argentina: peces. centro editor de américa latina s. a. , junin, buenos aires, brazil, 102 p. (ref. 7392 )\n): 4. 5 - 16. 9, mean 8. 1 (based on 170 cells) .\nphylogenetic diversity index (ref. 82805): pd 50 = 0. 5005 [ uniqueness, from 0. 5 = low to 2. 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight: a = 0. 00933 (0. 00380 - 0. 02291), b = 2. 97 (2. 76 - 3. 18), in cm total length, based on lwr estimates for this (sub) family - body shape (ref. 93245) .\ntrophic level (ref. 69278): 4. 0 ±0. 71 se; based on food items .\nresilience (ref. 69278): medium, minimum population doubling time 1. 4 - 4. 4 years (assuming tm = 2 - 4) .\nvulnerability (ref. 59153): moderate to high vulnerability (52 of 100) .\n: missing argument 2 for checkecotox (), called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary. php on line 1995 and defined in\n: missing argument 3 for checkecotox (), called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary. php on line 1995 and defined in\nmarine; demersal; depth range 46 - 90 m (ref. 9342). subtropical; 33°n - 10°s, 116°w - 78°w (ref. 5222 )\nmaturity: l m? range? -? cm max length: 100. 0 cm tl male / unsexed; (ref. 5222 )\ndorsal spines (total): 11; dorsal soft rays (total): 16 - 18; anal spines: 3; anal soft rays: 8. distinguished by the following characteristics: dark red or brown head and body; darker pectoral fins than body; tips of interspinous dorsal fin membranes darker than the rest of the membranes; prominent black moustache streak occurs above maxilla; depth of body contained 2. 4 - 2. 6 times in sl; head length 2. 3 - 2. 4 times in sl; convex interorbital area; rounded preopercle, finely serrate, enlarged serrae at angle but covered by skin; distinctly convex upper edge of operculum (ref. 89707) .\ncommon in the gulf of california. occasionally encountered in isolated reefs and sandy bottoms near the coast at depths of 46 to 90 m; uncommon in shallow waters (ref. 89707) .\ncraig, m. t. and p. a. hastings, 2007. a molecular phylogeny of the groupers of the subfamily epinephelinae (serranidae) with revised classification of the epinephelini. ichthyol. res. 54: 1 - 17. (ref. 83414 )\n): 17 - 26, mean 19. 9 (based on 16 cells) .\nphylogenetic diversity index (ref. 82805): pd 50 = 0. 5001 [ uniqueness, from 0. 5 = low to 2. 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight: a = 0. 01072 (0. 00610 - 0. 01884), b = 3. 04 (2. 89 - 3. 19), in cm total length, based on lwr estimates for this species & genus - body shape (ref. 93245) .\ntrophic level (ref. 69278): 3. 9 ±0. 7 se; based on size and trophs of closest relatives\nresilience (ref. 69278): very low, minimum population doubling time more than 14 years (preliminary k or fecundity .) .\nvulnerability (ref. 59153): high vulnerability (64 of 100) .\nmaturity: l m? range? -? cm max length: 31. 0 cm sl male / unsexed; (ref. 27363 )\ndorsal spines (total): 12 - 13; dorsal soft rays (total): 15 - 16; anal spines: 2; anal soft rays: 8. caudal fin rounded. brownish, with three to four dark bands on lateral side of body. small irregular shaped dark spots on body and dorsal and anal fins (ref. 27363) .\nnakamura, i. , t. inada, m. takeda and h. hatanaka, 1986. important fishes trawled off patagonia. japan marine fishery resource research center, tokyo. 369 p. (ref. 27363 )\ntrophic level (ref. 69278): 4. 0 ±0. 7 se; based on size and trophs of closest relatives\nresilience (ref. 69278): medium, minimum population doubling time 1. 4 - 4. 4 years (preliminary k or fecundity .) .\nvulnerability (ref. 59153): moderate vulnerability (42 of 100) .\nen - argentine seabass, fr - serran argentin, sp - mero sureño .\nbenthopelagic marine and brackish waters. found on the continental shelf to 100 m (adults 60 - 80 m) in colder waters. feeds on crustaceans (crabs, stomatopods and shrimps), molluscs (bivalves and small cephalopods), fishes and worms. spawning between july to september (males); july to october (females), ocasionally to december. the size for first maturity is (males and females) 29 cm .\ncaugth with bottom trawl. the total catch reported for this species to fao for 1999 was 5 914 t. the countries with the largest catches were argentina (5 895 t) and uruguay (19 t). utilized to some degree for consumption (marketed fresh, frozen; fillet with or without skin) .\nportuguese: garoupa senhor de engenho, senhor de engenho, serrano - argentino .\ncatalog on line. cosseau, m. b. & r. perrotta. - 1998. peces marinos de argentina. biologia distribución pesca. inidep (instituto nacional de investigación desarrollo pesquero). mar del plata, argentina. 163 pp. fishbase: iclarm .\nmenni, r. c. , r. a. ringuelet & r. h. aramburu. - 1984. peces marinos de la argentina y uruguay. editorial hemisferio sur s. a. buenos aires, argentina. 359 pp. .\nnakamura, i. - 1986. serranidae. in: i. nakamura; t. inada; m. takeda; h. hatanaka (eds .). important fishes trawled off patagonia. japan mar. fish. resource res. center: 196 - 197. .\npereiro, s. & a. vasquez. - 1988. peces marinos iii. in: g. b. cabl; b. marcheti (eds .) centro editor de américa latina s. a. , jun buenos aires, brasil. 65 - 94 pp. species 2000 dynamic (checklist query) .\nvera, j. - 1992. diccionario multilingüe especies marinas para el mundo hispanoministerio de agricultura, pesca y alimentación secretaria general tica. 1282 pp .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\nde silva, r. , milligan, h. , lutz, m. , batchelor, a. , jopling, b. , kemp, k. , lewis, s. , lintott, p. , sears, j. , wilson, p. & smith, j. and livingston, f .\n( 2008) noted that this was an uncommon species occurring in brazilian waters from bahia to sao paulo. it is observed rarely on rocky bottoms .\nthis is a rare species. it is not found in areas in which trawling occurs (heemstra pers. comm .). it is not known if this species is being impacted by any major threats but the species could be experiencing negative effects from coastal pollution and development .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\nthe webpage text is licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial 4. 0 license\nfroese, r. & d. pauly (editors). (2018). fishbase. world wide web electronic publication. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of plectropoma brasilianum cuvier, 1828) froese, r. & d. pauly (editors). (2018). fishbase. world wide web electronic publication. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of plectropoma patachonica jenyns, 1840) froese, r. & d. pauly (editors). (2018). fishbase. world wide web electronic publication. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nthe eastern wirrah is a yellow to green colour and is covered by small blue - centred spots. it is often caught by anglers but it is such a poor eating fish, it is often called the old boot .\nthe eastern wirrah is a yellow to green colour and is covered by small blue - centred spots. it has a large mouth, three strong spines on the operculum and a round pupil. juveniles are have a banded pattern .\nthe species has been recorded from southern queensland to eastern victoria, tasmania, and lord howe island. it is common in new south wales .\nthe map below shows the australian distribution of the species based on public sightings and specimens in australian museums. source: atlas of living australia .\nthe eastern wirrah is found in a range of habitats from shallow rocky reefs to at least 100 m depth. juveniles are sometimes seen in rockpools, whereas the adults are usually observed in caves and under overhangs .\nit is often caught by anglers but it is such a poor eating fish, it is often called the old boot .\nhutchins, b. & r. swainston. 1986. sea fishes of southern australia. complete field guide for anglers and divers. swainston publishing. pp. 180 .\nkuiter, r. h. in gomon, m. f, c. j. m. glover & r. h. kuiter (eds). 1994 .\nthe fishes of australia' s south coast. state print, adelaide. pp. 992 .\nkuiter, r. h. 1993. coastal fishes of south - eastern australia. crawford house press. pp. 437 .\nkuiter, r. h. 1996. guide to sea fishes of australia. new holland. pp. 433 .\na pale greenish - brown rockcod with darker irregular bands and blotches, small dark spots, a dark bar from the snout through the eye, another bar from the eye to the preopercular margin, and dark grey fins .\nrecorded in australia from ceduna, south australia, to shark bay, western australia. commonly shelters in caves in southwestern australia. common but shy reef dweller, juveniles often in shallow rock pools .\nplectropoma serratum cuvier, 1828, hist. nat. poiss. 2: 399. type locality: king george sound, wa .\ncoleman, n. 1980. australian sea fishes south of 30ºs. lane cove, nsw: doubleday australia pty ltd 309 pp .\ncuvier, g. l. in cuvier, g. l. & valenciennes, a. 1828 .\n. paris: levrault vol. 2 xxi, 2 + 490 pp. , pls 9 - 40 .\nhutchins, j. b. 1994. a survey of the nearshore reef fish fauna of western australia' s west and south coasts — the leeuwin province .\nkuiter, r. h. 1994. families serranidae, callanthiidae. pp. 528 - 548 figs 469 - 485 in gomon, m. f. , glover, c. j. m. & kuiter, r. h. (eds) .\nbasslets, hamlets and their relatives. a comprehensive guide to selected serranidae and plesiopidae .\na dusky greenish - to yellowish - brown rockcod covered in dark blue - centred spots, sometimes with a faint dark band from the snout tip to the eye, and dusky to blue fins with pale blue margins. juveniles have a banded pattern. the eastern wirrah is also called the\nold boot\ndue to its unpleasant taste .\nknown from temperate waters of southern queensland to port phillip, victoria and tasmania. also at elizabeth and middleton reefs, and lord howe island in the tasman sea. the eastern wirrah is common in new south wales waters, but is rarely seen on the south coast .\ninhabits shallow estuaries, tidepools, and deeper offshore reefs to a depth of 100 m. individuals shelter in caves, crevices and holes when approached .\ndorsal fin xiii, 15–16; anal fin iii, 8–9; caudal fin 17; pectoral fin 19–21; pelvic fin i, 5; lateral line scales 58–67 .\nbody depth 33–40% sl; head length 39–42% sl; eye diameter 7–8% hl .\ndusky yellow with many dark, usually blue - centred spots covering head and body, slightly smaller on head; sometimes with faint dark band from tip of snout to eye; fins dusky to blue, with pale blue margins .\nalthough frequently caught on hook and line, the flesh is of poor eating quality .\nrelatively common on deeper reefs in new south wales, and often caught on hook and line by recreational fishers .\nallen, g. r. , hoese, d. f. , paxton, j. r. , randall, j. e. , russell, b. c. , starck, w. a. , talbot, f. h. & whitley, g. p. 1976. annotated checklist of the fishes of lord howe island .\nfrancis, m. p. 1993. checklist of the coastal fishes of lord howe, norfolk, and kermadec islands, southwest pacific ocean .\ngill, a. c. & reader, s. e. 1992. fishes. pp. 90 - 93, 193 - 228 in hutchings, p. (ed. )\ncatalogue of the fishes in the british museum. catalogue of the acanthopterygian fishes in the collection of the british museum. gasterosteidae, berycidae, percidae, aphredoderidae, pristipomatidae, mullidae, sparidae .\njohnson, j. w. 1999. annotated checklist of the fishes of moreton bay, queensland, australia .\njohnson, j. w. 2010. fishes of the moreton bay marine park and adjacent continental shelf waters, queensland, australia. pp. 299 - 353 in davie, p. j. f. & phillips, j. a. proceedings of the thirteenth international marine biological workshop, the marine fauna and flora of moreton bay .\nkingsford, m. j. , underwood, a. j. & kennelly, s. j. 1991. humans as predators on rocky reefs in new south wales, australia .\nguide to sea fishes of australia. a comprehensive reference for divers and fishermen .\nbasslets, hamlets and their relatives. a comprehensive guide to selected serranidae and plesiopidae\nbrown to brassy colouration, with varying broken dark bars on sides, and scattered broken scribbles over body and on base of fins. tail fin rounded, and rear margin gill cover coming to a point above pectoral fin base .\noccurrence describes how often the species is found on surveys within its distribution. it is calculated as the% of reef sites surveyed by rls divers across all the ecoregions in which the species has been observed\nabundance is calculated as the average number of individuals recorded per rls transect, where present .\nplease use this form only for a single type of error. if you see multiple errors on the page for this species, please report these in separate forms by clicking on this button again after submitting this form\nthank you for highlighting this error. we appreciate your assistance in maintaining high quality control standards\naustralia (lord howe is. , macquarie is. , new south wales, queensland, tasmania, victoria )\nthe eastern wirrah is one of the more common large fishes on deeper new south wales reefs (edgar 2000) .\nthe eastern wirrah is found in a range of reef habitats, in caves and crevices of rocky reefs from near - shore rockpools and estuaries, to further offshore. this species has a depth range of 4 - 100 m .\nwhile the eastern wirrah is not harvested commercially, it is often caught using hook and line by recreational fishermen. it is not known what impact this is having on population numbers of this species, however there are no reports of this species suffering any significant declines and this is therefore unlikely to be acting as a major threat at present .\nthere are no species - specific conservation measures in place for eastern wirrah, however its distribution may cover a number of marine protected areas including the port phillip heads marine national park in victoria, australia .\neschmeyer, w. n. ; fricke, r. ; van der laan, r. (eds). (2017). catalog of fishes: genera, species, references. electronic version. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nwarning: the ncbi web site requires javascript to function. more ...\ndepartamento de biología, facultad de ciencias exactas y naturales, universidad nacional de mar del plata, argentina. jtimi @ urltoken\nmottled brown; dorsal, tail, anal and pelvic fins dark brown; pectorals pinkish; a dark stripe from snout through eye; a dark oblique bar from eye to lower corner of operculum, another similar bar from corner of mouth to lower edge of operculum; a dark oblique blotch with white top & bottom margins on upper edge of operculum between uppermost two spines." ]

{ "text": [ "acanthistius is a genus of fish .", "some authors place the genus in the family serranidae , while some consider it to be incertae sedis , where it is not clear which family it belongs to . " ], "topic": [ 26, 26 ] }

[ "acanthistius is a genus of fish. some authors place the genus in the family serranidae, while some consider it to be incertae sedis, where it is not clear which family it belongs to." ]

[ "an illustration of the new lesula monkey. biologists have traditionally drawn new finds .\ncaptive lesula from the drc. photograph: maurice emetshu / afp / getty images\nresearchers have identified a new species of african monkey, locally known as the lesula .\nclick here to see a terrifying camera trap shot of a lesula on the harts' blog .\nlesula (kingengele, kilanga, kimbole), kifula (kinyamituku), tou (kitetela) .\n), which includes the lesula’s range, was not well explored biologically until recently. the discovery of\nthe lesula, or cercopithecus lomamiensis, is the first new species of monkey found in 28 years .\nwhile the owl face and lesula had similar sized skulls, he says, the lesula had significantly larger orbits and several other small, but statistically significant, differences in the hard anatomy of the skull .\na mother and juvenile lesula caught on one of the camera traps set by mcphee and his team .\n“we were able to capture short video clips of lesula behaving naturally in the wild. fortunately for us, as shy as lesula was in person, they were certainly not camera shy, ” noted mcphee .\nnevertheless, conservation biologists who have studied the lesula have petitioned the iucn to assign the species a classification of vulnerable. these researchers base their assessment on the lesula’s decreased population size, due to unregulated hunting for bushmeat .\nthe primate was discovered in the democratic republic of congo where it is known locally as a\nlesula\n.\nadult male cercopithecus hamlyni, or owl - faced monkey, lesula' s closest relative. credit: noel rowe\na hunter - killed lesula. its bright blue buttocks will soon fade to white. credit: gilbert paluku .\ncaptive adult male lesula, yawende. right: captive subadult female, opala. credit: m. emetshu, john hart\nthe lesula proved so cryptic that despite spending more than two months in the jungle, mcphee never saw a wild individual. he did, however, get an up - close and personal look at a female pet lesula in a local village .\n“this tells us that the lesula populations at both sites are comparable, and that the lesula are coping very well with [ the bushmeat threat ], ” explained mcphee. “what we see is a very healthy lesula population with lots of females, juveniles of all ages, and even two infants. the videos of these infants were the first ones ever taken. ”\nand what of the first lesula they found - - georgette' s pet. after he saw the pictures, hart regularly sent a team to keep track of the young lesula' s progress. at some point georgette let the monkey roam free .\nstill, many questions remained about the lesula, the most pressing of which was how the bushmeat trade was impacting the primate .\nspecies with small ranges like the lesula can move from vulnerable to seriously endangered over the course of just a few years .\ninitially scientists were not sure if the adult male owl face on the left and the lesula on the right were the same species .\nobservations and genetic tests helped clinch the verdict: the lesula was indeed a new species, at least as far as science was concerned .\nchristopher gilbert, an anthropologist based at hunter college in manhattan, says the difference in appearance between the lesula and owl face was striking .\nmcphee believes the lesula has avoided hunting pressure for the very same reason it avoided science for so long: its cryptic and shy nature .\nthe lesula (c. lomamiensis), which inhabits pockets of habitat in rwanda’s nyungwe forest national park, possesses a spot of yellowish brown fur on the tip of its nose. the lesula was first described in 2007 and determined to be a new species in 2012. it has…\nresearchers have identified a new species of african monkey, locally known as the lesula. maurice emetshu, noel rowe / plos one / ap hide caption\nthe lesula, an african primate, only formally discovered in 2007, has a bright blue scrotum and buttocks that turns white when the animal dies .\nhe referred to the animal as a\nlesula\n, a common name among local hunters, and it was taken into care and monitored by scientists .\nthe differences in the skulls of the owl - faced monkey (right) and the lesula (left). the most easily observable differences illustrated by the skulls and the plot below are that the lesula has larger eyes, a narrower distance between the orbits, and a more flexed back of the cranium .\nhe hopes that with proper protection, the lesula, and the rest of lomani' s incredible animal biodiversity, won' t suffer a similar fate .\njohn hart, who helped oversee mcphee’s research, said that even though these findings are heartening, it doesn’t mean conservationists should be complacent about the lesula’s fate .\n“the challenge now is to make the lesula an iconic species that carries the message for conservation for all of congo’s endangered fauna, ” john hart has sagely stated .\ngeorgette, the daughter of a local school director in opala, dr congo, with her pet lesula - - the find that led biologists to identify the new species .\nthe challenge now is to make the lesula an iconic species that carries the message for conservation of all of dr congo' s endangered fauna ,\nsays hart .\nit' s been a long time. meet the lesula. this monkey may be new to human catalogues but its profound and tragic gaze suggests it knows us of old .\n' the lesula looks right back at its beholder, calm and pensive, examining you as you examine it.' photograph: hart ja, detwiler km, gilbert cc / pa\nfor all the hoopla surrounding the lesula’s discovery, the international union for the conservation of nature (iucn) has issued no classification to this monkey with the human - like face. the lesula does not appear on the iucn’s red list of endangered species, nor has the species been granted special status by the convention on international trade in endangered species (cites) .\n– thank god science still keeps the latin language alive in its rules of nomenclature, although if you prefer the vernacular it' s called the lesula – is a heartbreakingly beautiful portrait .\ngeorgette, the girl whose lesula companion started it all, is now 18 .\nthe animal was very attached to her ,\nhart said. but one day the monkey disappeared .\nsurprisingly, the most common species caught on video was not the usual suspects – duikers and bushpigs – but lesula. mcphee and his team compared their findings with another camera trap survey in a non - hunted forest in lomami national park, only to discover that the lesula appeared to be doing as well in the heavily - hunted forest as in the non - hunted one .\nmonkey, new to science, found in central africa: the two - way a scientist discovered the first lesula specimen being kept as a pet in the democratic republic of congo in 2007 .\n“the discovery of lesula highlights the tl2 landscape as a significant forest region for the evolution and diversity of guenons, and suggests that there is more diversity yet to be discovered, ” she said .\ncommunication lesulas greet the dawn with a chorus of loud “booms, ” sounded in bouts of two or three calls with overlapping voices of different individuals. an all - male choir is suspected; a specialized laryngeal air sac enables the males to drop their voices to the low notes in these descending, low - frequency calls. the female lesula is equipped with a significantly smaller air sac, preventing her from emitting this distinctive call; so, no lesula chanteuses. according to researchers, the lesula’s dawn boom chorus is the only call regularly sounded by free - ranging nonhuman animals. lesulas might sound an occasional boom, just after dark. the lesula male’s deep, descending boom is similar to that of the owl - faced monkey’s boom, but with a slightly different sound wave and duration. ​\nskulls of the lesula and owl face monkey were measured with calipers and digitally drawn in 3d .\nwe looked at the difference in shape and a number of landmarks in the skulls ,\nsays gilbert .\nbut the camera traps recorded more than just population data. in all, the team recorded more than 90 minutes of lesula footage – a full - length feature film – giving them insights into the new species’ behaviour like “like group size, diet, and activity patterns, ” according to mcphee. for one thing, the camera traps definitively proved that the lesula was primarily – and oddly – a ground - dwelling monkey .\nthe lesula is one of two new species of monkey to be discovered in africa since the sun - tailed monkey (cercopithecus solatus) was discovered in gabon in 1984. the second new species is the kipunji (rungwecebus kipunji), discovered in tanzania in 2003. some researchers use the common noun “lesula” to refer to both the singular and plural name of the species, much like the word “deer” refers to one or several deer .\nnow that the new species has been formally identified, hart said, the next task is to save it. although the lesula is new to science, it is a well - established sight on the dinner table .\nindeed, pablo ayali, a local conoglese botanist from the university of kisangani who works with the tl2 program, said that lesula are threatened especially by hunting with poison - tipped arrows and snares set for other species. in 2013, ayali and his team stumbled on a female lesula and her baby caught in a trap. they were able to save the pair and release them into the wild, but many may not be so lucky .\nwhile lesula and owl - faced monkeys (cercopithecus hamlyni) have quite similar faces, the lesula' s colourings set it apart from any other species. as an adult, its pink, naked facial skin and muzzle are framed by a long mane of blonde hairs flecked with brown. a pale stripe of yellowish - cream skin runs down its nose, like the more distinctive flash of white running down the dark facial skin of c. hamlyni .\nthe discovery of the lesula has extended our knowledge of the evolution and ecology of african monkeys, and in particular has confirmed the importance of a previously little - known region for primate diversity ,\nhe told bbc nature .\nhart' s teams set up digital sound recorders in the forests to record the morning calls of the owl face and lesula monkeys. they analyzed the ecology of the forest and behavior of the shy and difficult to observe monkey .\nworking with a dozen conoglese research assistants, mcphee set up remote camera traps to hopefully catch a glimpse of lesula. the team would use their data to determine how the continent’s newest primate was faring in a heavily - hunted forest .\nfor example, hart said he would not expect the lesula to fare so well in heavily - logged areas, since scientists believe the species is dependent on primary, untouched forest. unlike many of the world’s tropical forests, the tl2 region has largely avoided industrial logging and mining to date. also, while hunters may now be focused on animals like bushpigs and duikers, that could change if these animals are hunted out. the lesula could become the next target .\nsince 2006, the lukuru foundation has been actively involved in lesula conservation, thanks to the persuasive efforts of husband - and - wife scientist team john and terese hart. the harts serve as lead researchers for the lukuru foundation’s wildlife research project, focused on the remote interior of the drc: lesula habitat. working with local citizens, village chiefs, and government officials, the foundation works to establish protections and cultivate a next generation of conservationists by recruiting local congolese people .\nso, within 18 months of meeting detwiler, mcphee was on the ground in the drc to help determine the conservation status of the lesula. although no stranger to traveling in far - off countries, mcphee described the journey as “gruelling” .\nthe lesula' s range covers an area of about 6, 500 square miles (17, 000 square kilometers) between the lomani and tshuapa rivers. until recently, it was one of the congo' s least biologically explored forest blocks .\n“so while the situation is not great for species living in these heavily hunted zones surrounding the national park, it would seem that in the case of lesula, we’ve stumbled on one of the few ‘good news’ stories in primatology, ” said mcphee .\nshe adopted the young monkey when its mother was killed by a hunter in the forest. her father said it was a lesula, well - known to hunters in that part of the forest. the field team took pictures and showed them to hart .\nresearchers knew the very basics of lesula, whose name is both singular and plural like ‘sheep’ or ‘deer. ’ it was clearly a guenon monkey (in the genus cercopithecus), but distinguished by large eye sockets, distinct vocalisations, and some unusual behaviours .\nit would seem difficult to overlook something as large as a new species of monkey, but scientists had no idea about the lesula until just a few years ago when conservation biologist john hart discovered a specimen being kept as a pet in the democratic republic of congo .\namong other things, the scientists determined that lesula females average about 9 - 10 pounds, while males can reach as much as 16 pounds. also, the animals spend a lot of time on the forest floor, which is unusual for a monkey, hart says .\nthe lesula’s discovery highlights the importance of conservation and biodiversity in the area known as the interfluvial (an area divided by two or more river valleys) “tl2 region, ” named for the tshuapa, lomami, and lualaba (congo) rivers that flow through the landscape .\nhart, detwiler, and their colleagues have recommended that the iucn red list categorise the lesula as vulnerable. hart said the new findings wouldn’t change this recommendation, especially given the leusla’s small range of around 17, 000km (an area just a little larger than northern ireland) .\ndetwiler, who had visited the harts’ project and co - authored the paper, was on the look out for a student who would not only jump at the chance of studying the lesula, but could also handle the rigours of fieldwork in one of the world’s least - explored forests .\nthere is no question, if not for the work of the harts the tl2 region would remain largely forgotten – and the lesula still unknown to the wider world. but, perhaps most important, is the legacy the harts are building by working hand - in - hand with local communities, scientists, and conservationists. after all, protection of this great forest – and its continuing mysteries – will depend on the decisions of the congolese. for, even though the lesula was ‘new to science’ in 2007, local people have been familiar with it for thousands of years .\n“living and going about their daily life on the ground is a really unusual adaptation for this group of african monkeys, ” said mcphee. “almost all other closely related species spend their time in the high tree canopy. lesula is fully capable of getting up there, but apparently, they are quite happy staying down on the ground. this means that they face different challenges than the other monkey species present in this part of the forest. lesula has to interact with other terrestrial species, including predators, but the trade - off seems to be working out well for them. ”\nanimals have occasionally been portrayed with the same degree of empathy and intensity, especially by 18th century british artist george stubbs, whose brown - eyed horse whistlejacket stares passionately at visitors to the national gallery. but when it comes to eliciting human sympathy, the lesula starts with a couple of advantages .\n​ ecological role lesulas contribute to the regeneration of their forest habitat by dispersing seeds, through their feces, from the many fruits that they eat. ​ as prey to native predators, including crowned eagles and leopards, the lesula is linked to the survival of these near - threatened species. ​\nthe only other monkey to share this feature is the lesula' s closest cousin — the owl - faced monkey, a species that lives farther east. at first it was thought the monkeys were close kin, but genetic analysis suggests the two species split from a common ancestor about 2 million years ago .\ncitation: hart ja, detwiler km, gilbert cc, burrell as, fuller jl, emetshu m, et al. (2012) lesula: a new species of cercopithecus monkey endemic to the democratic republic of congo and implications for conservation of congo’s central basin. plos one 7 (9): e44271. urltoken\nfield teams collected lesula specimens from hunters and monkeys freshly killed by leopards and once, a crowned eagle (the field worker had to wait for the eagle to leave its perch, says hart). the specimens were shipped to two research centers in the u. s and the data shared with labs across the country .\nthe species' medium - sized frame is covered in brown fur with a distinct amber patch running down its back, and its legs and most of the length of its tail are a striking black. its large, hooded eyes are also a deep amber. adult males are 47–65 cm long and weigh 4–7. 1 kg, while the females measure 40–42 cm and weigh 3. 5–4 kg. like c. hamlyni, the lesula male also boasts bigger canines and bright blue skin covering the scrotum, buttocks and perineum - the area between the pubic arch and the anus - which reportedly fades to white when a lesula is killed and its skin dried .\n“i actually got to talk to a lot of the local people and village chiefs... i was struck by how proud they are of lesula, ” mcphee said. “they now know that this species is found only there, and are happy that the world is interested in what is going on in their backyard. ”\nin a paper published wednesday in the open - access journal plos one, the scientists describe the new species that they call cercopithecus lomamiensis, known locally as the lesula, whose home is deep in central dr congo' s lomami forest basin. the scientists say it is only the second discovery of a monkey species in 28 years .\nfortunately for him, detwiler had started collaborating with the tl2 project, which was behind the discovery of the lesula (cercopithecus lomamiensis). run by the lukuru foundation, the tl2 project is a conservation and research programme focusing on a vast area between three rivers in the congo: the tshuapa, the lomami, and the lualaba .\nmale old world monkeys—including patas, mandrills, vervets, talapoins, and lesula—sport their, um, accessories in an unusual place. this prompted weird animal question of the week to ask: “why do some monkeys have blue scrota? ” (see\nbeyond testicles and dads: 5 legit studies of male' gear.'\n)\nhas established the importance of the tl2 region for conservation. surveys have confirmed and extended preliminary information on the occurrence of a number of forest taxa in the region, notably anthropoid primates. the tl2 region has 11 species or distinctive subspecies of anthropoid primates. four taxa are endemic to the tl2 region: the lesula, lomami river red colobus (\nsubsequent searches in opala and in the yawende area turned up other male and female captive juvenile lesula; all were photographed and some monitored for several months afterwards. our first observation of the species in the wild was in the obenge area (s 1. 38461°, e 25. 03749°) in december 2007 where the species is well known by local hunters .\nthe lesula had strikingly large, almost human like, eyes, a pink face and golden mane. far to the east, across several large river systems, the owl face is aptly named. its sunken eyes are set deep in a dark face, a white stripe running down from its brow to its mouth, like a line of chalk on a blackboard .\nfor a big mammal to go unnoticed is pretty unusual ,\nsaid kate detwiler, a primatologist and assistant professor at florida atlantic university, and an author on the paper. yet one visit to the area that the lesula calls home reveals why the monkeys escaped scientific notice for so long, detwiler told ouramazingplanet. this region of the drc is remote and vast .\n“ [ they ] permit us to observe the diurnal, nocturnal, and discreet species difficult to [ find through ] direct observation like lesula, congo peafowl, elephants and also dangerous species like leopard. the camera trap also permits [ us ] to discover new species and to confirm some species as golden cats, gigantic pangolin, ratel [ or honey badger ]. ”\nhart decided to get to the bottom of the mystery. fast forward through five years of field work, genetic research and anatomical study, and today (sept. 12) hart and a list of collaborators formally introduced to the world a new primate species, dubbed cercopithecus lomamiensis, and known locally as the lesula. their work is announced in the online journal plos one .\nthe main obstacle in declaring this a new species was distinguishing it from c. hamlyni. a morphological analysis revealed that lesula has larger eyes that sit more closely together in the skull, and larger incisors, both on the upper and lower jaw. the males' deep, descending boom, which is emitted exclusively at dawn, is similar to, but slightly different to that of c. hamlyni, and unlike that of c. hamlyni, can be elicited by imitating eagle calls. lesula is said to occupy a range of around 17, 000 km2 of forests in drc’s eastern central basin, and is separated by both the congo (lualaba) and the lomami rivers from c. hamlyni, which occupies a range of around 180, 000 km2 .\nmore searching in opala resulted in another captive male and female lesula, and these two were monitored for several months. then, in december 2007, the team saw their first wild lesulain the obenge region along the lomami river. they were instructed by hart to collect photos of hunters’ kills of the animal and a snip of skin or a whole carcass to send to specialists for analysis .\nsize, weight, and lifespan a member of the guenon family, the lesula is a slender, medium - sized old world monkey with long limbs and a long, thin tail. males have larger bodies than the females and have larger canine teeth. lesulas are similar in size to owl - faced monkeys, but are equipped with larger incisors and molars than their “daintier” sister species. head - to - body length in adult males is between 18. 5 and 25. 6 in (47 - 65 cm); they weigh between 8. 8 and 15. 65 lb (4 - 7. 1 kg). head - to - body length in adult females is between 15. 75 and 16. 5 in (40 - 42 cm); they weigh between 7. 71 and 8. 81 lb (3. 5 - 4 kg). because scientists discovered the lesula fairly recently, no accurate data is available for the species’ lifespan, either in the wild or in captivity. for its sister species, the owl - faced monkey, with whom the lesula shares several commonalities, the average lifespan in captivity is about 27 years .\nc. lomamiensis is not uncommon over its range of at least 17, 000 km 2. the species likely remained unknown because the tl2 region (fig. 1), which includes the lesula’s range, was not well explored biologically until recently. the discovery of c. lomamiensis has established the importance of the tl2 region for conservation. surveys have confirmed and extended preliminary information on the occurrence of a number of forest taxa in the region, notably anthropoid primates. the tl2 region has 11 species or distinctive subspecies of anthropoid primates. four taxa are endemic to the tl2 region: the lesula, lomami river red colobus (procolobus badius parmentieri), lomami river blue monkey (cercopithecus mitis heymansi), and kasuku river wolf’s monkey (cercopithecus wolfi elegans) (table 2) .\nthe project is headed by the indefatigable husband - and - wife team of john and terese hart, who have made congo their home for 40 years. their work not only resulted in the discovery of lesula but also in the creation of two regional parks protecting around half of the new species’ habitat, as well as bonobos, forest elephants, leopards, and thousands of other lesser - known species .\nreproduction and family because of its “newness” as a primate species, the mating practices and reproductive life of the lesula is largely undocumented. scientific speculation is based on the lesula’s sister species, the owl - faced monkey. owl - faced monkeys share many anatomical and behavioral similarities to lesulas, so researchers conjecture that these two primate species likely share similar reproductive lives. like the blue bottoms of owl - faced monkeys, researchers believe that the brightness of an adult male lesula’s bare, blue bottom might serve as an indicator of his sexual maturity and as a signal to females that he is ready to mate. because owl - faced monkeys engage in polygynous behavior; that is, the males mate with multiple females, lesulas are likely polygynous, too. females reproduce with a single male while rearing their young. the breeding season of owl - faced monkeys is from may to late october or november, fluctuating slightly based on yearly regional rainfall. after a gestation period of 5 to 6 months, a female gives birth to one offspring (twins are rare), every two years. no specific accounts of parenting behavior in lesulas or owl - faced monkeys are available. however, the females of other guenon species, specifically members of the genus cercopithecus, care for their young for approximately six months, the average weaning age. ​\nit all started with georgette’s pet monkey. deep in the democratic republic of congo (drc) rainforest, in the remote village of opala, a team of researchers noticed a little girl with a strange - looking monkey on a leash in 2007. the girl, georgette, told the scientists it was called ‘lesula, ’ but no one had heard of it nor did the animal look like anything found in the drc. they snapped a photo .\nit turned out that the little monkey that hung around georgette' s house had been brought to the area by the girl' s uncle, who had found it on a hunting trip. it wasn' t quite a pet, but it became known as georgette' s lesula. the young female primate passed its days running in the yard with the dogs, foraging around the village for food, and growing up into a monkey that belonged to a species nobody recognized .\nlike us, monkeys have their eyes on the front of their faces. it is an arrangement that evolved to give the best view and distance - calculating abilities to animals that live by swinging and jumping from branch to branch high in the trees. we got our own front - facing eyes, which make for such moving portraits, for the same reason, even though our ancestors eventually decided to come down from the trees. this lesula' s eyes are rounder than ours yet somehow the positioning is incredibly\nhuman\n, like looking in a magical mirror. a painting by el greco compares a monkey' s face with human visages to reveal their comparable character. moist and almost tearful - looking, the lesula' s eyes glisten with what looks like compassion and tenderness. this vulnerable creature appears saddened by its plight as popular prey for hunters seeking bushmeat. it has been observed to be highly social, so perhaps, like us, it uses its face as a crucial means of communication .\n​ daily life and group dynamics lesulas live in small family groups of up to five individuals. they are both arboreal (tree - dwelling) and terrestrial (ground - dwelling) monkeys who are active during daytime hours (making them “diurnal”). camera trap footage from field studies suggests that the species may spend more time on the ground than in trees. their daytime activity includes grooming, foraging feeding, and resting. lesulas are opportunists when it comes to foraging. they are known to eat fruits dropped to the ground by other primate species feeding in the trees above. lesulas travel in the company of other lesulas or sometimes with other primates, including wolf’s guenons (cercopithecus mona wolfi), red - tailed guenons (cercopithecus ascanius katangae), or red colobuses (procolobus badius tholloni). researchers have described lesulas as shy and quiet. these monkeys are particularly wary of encounters with humans, no doubt because they are hunted by humans. if they sense danger, lesulas will immediately flee, whether on the ground or through the forest understory, middle level, or canopy, as reported by researchers on their encounters with lesulas while conducting a field study of the species. these same researchers came upon a wounded lesula, crouched in the crevice tree, just as a crowned eagle (stephanoaetus coronatus) flew off. although the eagle did not eat the lesula after this apparent attack, the young female lesula succumbed to her injuries and fell from the tree. the researchers collected her body as a specimen .\nwe made one exceptional observation of an apparent attack by a crowned eagle (stephanoaetus coronatus) on a lesula. one of our survey leaders saw an eagle fly off at close range in mid story. we approached the site and saw a c. lomamiensis alive but wounded lying in a tree crotch. we watched the site for 37 minutes but the eagle did not return. at that point, the monkey, a subadult female, died and fell out of the tree and the animal was collected (specimen ypm 14192) .\nthe team reports that the lesula is quite common in the tl2 region, and has remained hidden for so long because the forest here has not been well - explored by scientists until recently. while there is so far no logging or mining taking place in the region, hunting represents an immediate threat to the species' survival, according to the researchers .\nfor species with restricted ranges and reliance on primary forest, such as c. lomamiensis, uncontrolled hunting can lead to catastrophic declines over a short period ,\nthe researchers state, calling for heightened conservation efforts and hunting controls to be established .\nthe trees tower overhead, blocking out the sun, and the forest floor — the chief domain of the lesula — is steeped in a permanent gloom. the forest is full of sounds. at first light, the lesulas raise a lilting chorus of booming calls, distinct from the cries of their monkey neighbors who pass their lives in the trees high above the forest floor; at dusk, the cries of african grey parrots echo through the canopy. the earth is wet and soft, and feet sink into the ground with each step. there is a gentle, steady thud as fruit falls from the trees .\nthe conservation of c. lomamiensis urgently requires controls on hunting along with the creation of a protected area. a core zone of 9000 km 2 in the tl2 region is proposed as the lomami national park (see [ 42 ] for documentation of the gazettement process). the proposed protected area, along with the existing réserve naturelle de sankuru, will cover most of the known range of c. lomamiensis. while the establishment of the new protected area is a necessary first step, active protection and monitoring are required to ensure the conservation of the lesula and other unique biodiversity of the eastern rim of congo’s central basin .\nthe photograph captures a sensitivity and intelligence that makes this monkey look like it is sitting for its portrait by rembrandt. it reveals a staggeringly insightful, wise, and melancholy face. like rembrandt' s son titus in the portrait of him by his father that hangs in london' s wallace collection, the lesula looks right back at its beholder, calm and pensive, examining you as you examine it. its eyes have the depth and frankness of those seen in moving portraits on roman - era mummies from the fayoum, or in antonello da messina' s haunting portrait of a man gazing back out of a glassy oil panel .\nin june 2007, a previously undescribed monkey known locally as “lesula” was found in the forests of the middle lomami basin in central democratic republic of congo (drc). we describe this new species as cercopithecus lomamiensis sp. nov. , and provide data on its distribution, morphology, genetics, ecology and behavior. c. lomamiensis is restricted to the lowland rain forests of central drc between the middle lomami and the upper tshuapa rivers. morphological and molecular data confirm that c. lomamiensis is distinct from its nearest congener, c. hamlyni, from which it is separated geographically by both the congo (lualaba) and the lomami rivers. c. lomamiensis, like c. hamlyni, is semi - terrestrial with a diet containing terrestrial herbaceous vegetation. the discovery of c. lomamiensis highlights the biogeographic significance and importance for conservation of central congo’s interfluvial tl2 region, defined from the upper tshuapa river through the lomami basin to the congo (lualaba) river. the tl2 region has been found to contain a high diversity of anthropoid primates including three forms, in addition to c. lomamiensis, that are endemic to the area. we recommend the common name, lesula, for this new species, as it is the vernacular name used over most of its known range .\nhart' s team sought the help of geneticists working at new york university and morphologists at yale university' s peabody museum to analyse information gleaned from 48 individuals, as well as an audiologist who could analyse the lesula' s low frequency' boom' calls. the analysis took over three years to complete .\nour conclusion: this is a new species of monkey ,\nhart' s wife, therese, a member of the team, reported on their blog .\nits home is the tl2 landscape, west of the lomami river [ hence its scientific name ]. it is separated by two major rivers from its closest relative, the owl - faced monkey .\ndescribed in plos one this week by scientists led by conservation biologist john hart from the lukuru wildlife research foundation in the drc, the discovery occurred in 2007 when a pet juvenile female was found at the home of a primary school director in the town of opala. hart and his team had come to a region in central drc called the tshuapa - lomami - lualaba conservation landscape (tl2), which is the land between the tshuapa, lomami and lualaba rivers, to explore the largely unknown, vast and roadless forest within. upon visiting this pet monkey, hart found that the locals identified the animal as' lesula', and the species, although not known to science at the time, was well known by hunters .\nthe scientific discovery of cercopithecus lomamiensis was made in june 2007 when field teams saw a captive juvenile female of an unknown species at the residence of the primary school director in the town of opala (s 0. 50721°, e 24. 22713°). the school director identified the animal as a “lesula” a vernacular name we had not recorded before, and said that it is well known by local hunters. he reported that he acquired the infant about two months earlier from a family member who had killed its mother in the forest near yawende, south of opala and west of the lomami river (s 0. 99772°, e 24. 29810°). we took photographs of the animal and made arrangements for its care. we observed and photographed this animal regularly over the next 18 months .\nwe found no evidence for seasonal variation in calling rates; however, we found marked differences in the occurrence of calling in different portions of the species known range. we recorded vocalizations at 11 of 40 (27. 5 %) listening points in the southern third of the range. in contrast, vocalizing animals were recorded at 16 of 19 listening points in the region of the losekola study area and at 8 of 11 listening points in the northern portion of the species range. these latter two locations are in the tutu river basin, a tributary of the lomami river. these apparent differences in occurrence of c. lomamiensis may be due to habitat differences in the areas surveyed. the southern range has lower rainfall with a pronounced dry season and a higher frequency of savanna ecotone, where lesula were never recorded. closed evergreen forests dominate the northern range of c. lomamiensis, including the tutu river basin .\nthe congolese wildlife authority (institut congolais pour la conservation de la nature, iccn) issued permits to the tl2 (tshuapa, lomami, and lualaba) project for all sites where biological samples and field observations were made. the iccn is the governmental authority that has jurisdiction over the wildlife of this territory. institutional animal care and use committees (iacuc) approval was not required for the noninvasive behavioral observations and biological samples of wild monkeys used in this study. iacuc protocols were followed for the collection of one skin snip specimen from a captive monkey. for the specimens collected from hunted animals, we obtained approval from the hunters to use these samples and no animal was hunted for the purpose of research. we acquired specimens only opportunistically in villages outside of the forest and we did not request samples from all lesula available to avoid targeting this species. when we encountered captive monkeys in villages, we photographed them with permission from the owner. we advised owners on the monkeys’ care and discouraged owners to acquire wild animals as captives. all the necessary exportation and importation permits were acquired by cites, centers for disease control and prevention and the u. s. fish and wildlife services .\nin retrospect, the monkey' s striking, almost humanlike face should have made it hard to miss, and hart, who spoke with all things considered host melissa block, is the first to admit that this new monkey was apparently not such a mystery to the congolese themselves .\nas we talked to the local hunters... we realized that this animal was well - known to the locals ,\nhe says .\nthat was in 2007. the monkey was being kept by the daughter of a school director in the town of opala, in central congo .\nit had become\nquite attached to her, quite attached to living in their little compound ,\nhe says .\nit played with the dogs and the goats and the chickens and ate the same scraps from the kitchen that those other animals were eating .\nafter finding the specimen, hart and his colleagues wanted to make sure it was really a new species before unveiling the primate to the wider scientific community .\nit was a young animal we started with and you can always be fooled by something young, so we wanted to see it grow up ,\nhe says .\nhart' s team then spent a few more years trying to piece together\nits habits, its ecology, its range ,\nhe says. but that wasn' t easy .\nthey are shy, so when we started this study, we were getting relatively brief glimpses of them because they could detect us before we could detect them ,\nhe says .\nthe discovery was published in the journal plos one. the journal says it' s only the second time in 28 years that a new species of african monkey has been identified .\nthe two - way was an npr blog that ran from 2009 to 2018 .\nthe two - way is the place to come for breaking news, analysis and for stories that are just too interesting — or too entertaining — to pass up .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml + rdfa 1. 0 / / en\nurltoken\na new species of monkey has been identified in africa, the second one in 28 years, say scientists .\nthe species is separated from its nearest cousins by two rivers: the congo and the lomami .\nconservationists say the discovery highlights the need to protect the diverse wildlife of the congo basin .\nthe first contact scientists had with the monkey was when they encountered a juvenile female, kept in a cage by a primary school director in the town of opala .\nduring investigations in the local area the team found further captive monkeys and six months later they finally observed the long black limbs of the species in the wild .\nwhen we started our inventories in the [ tshuapa - lomami - lualaba ] landscape we knew it was essentially unexplored but we did not imagine how important the biological discoveries would be ,\nsaid dr john hart of the lukuru foundation, who led the project .\nwe did not expect to find a new species, especially in a group as well known as the african guenons .\nin the paper, the formal description of the species detailed their distinctive facial features :\na mane of long grizzled blond hairs frames a protruding pale, naked face and muzzle, with a variably distinct cream - coloured vertical nose stripe .\nafter genetic analysis identified the species as a member of the guenon group of old world monkeys, scientists named it cercopithecus lomamiensis after the nearby lomami river .\nresearchers estimated the monkeys' range at around 6, 500 sq miles in central dr congo but voiced concerns that this relatively small distribution could make the animals vulnerable to human pressures, such as bushmeat hunting .\nthe challenge for conservation now in congo is to intervene before losses become definitive ,\nsaid dr hart .\nbiologists suggested that the previously unexplored forest could be home to more unidentified species .\nthis discovery may be only the first from this remarkable but poorly known forest, located in the central drc [ dr congo ] ,\nsaid anthropologist andrew burrell from new york university who was also involved in the study .\nrecent surveys have shown that the forest also harbours okapi, bonobos and elephants, as well as 10 other primate species or subspecies .\ndr hart added that the region is now in the final stages of being declared a protected area: the lomami national park .\nthe bbc is not responsible for the content of external sites. read more .\nthis page is best viewed in an up - to - date web browser with style sheets (css) enabled. while you will be able to view the content of this page in your current browser, you will not be able to get the full visual experience. please consider upgrading your browser software or enabling style sheets (css) if you are able to do so .\nmeet cercopithecus lomamiensis, a newly discovered species of african monkey found in central democratic republic of congo (drc). together with the' honk barking' highland mangabeys (lophocebus kipunji) of tanzania, c. lomamiensis is only the second new species of monkey discovered in africa in the past 28 years .\nhe [ the school director ] reported that he acquired the infant about two months earlier from a family member who had killed its mother in the forest near yawende, south of opala and west of the lomami river ,\nthe team reported .\nwe took photographs of the animal and made arrangements for its care. we observed and photographed this animal regularly over the next 18 months .\npre - order my new book, zombie tits, astronaut fish and other weird animals (due for release next month), here .\nthe views expressed are those of the author (s) and are not necessarily those of scientific american .\nbec crew is a sydney - based science writer and award - winning blogger. she is the author of' zombie tits, astronaut fish and other weird animals' (newsouth press) .\ndiscover world - changing science. explore our digital archive back to 1845, including articles by more than 150 nobel prize winners .\nscientific american is part of springer nature, which owns or has commercial relations with thousands of scientific publications (many of them can be found at urltoken). scientific american maintains a strict policy of editorial independence in reporting developments in science to our readers .\nthe face of this animal that was first observed by naturalists in the democratic republic of the congo in 2007 and has now been verified genetically as a distinct species, will surely ensure it instant celebrity status among the planet' s best - loved creatures. it' s adorable. human hearts will go out to this rare african primate, already listed as\nvulnerable\neven as it first enters the annals of science .\na long human - looking nose completes the anthropomorphic sense that we are looking at a close relative. monkeys are not as closely related to humans as chimpanzees or gorillas are but still, we swung together once, a long time ago, assessing the next leap with those keen eyes .\nnoc the beluga is the latest animal to show off its gift of the gab. tell us your talking pet stories\n© 2018 guardian news and media limited or its affiliated companies. all rights reserved .\ndiscover a faster, simpler path to publishing in a high - quality journal. plos one promises fair, rigorous peer review, broad scope, and wide readership – a perfect fit for your research every time .\ncopyright: © hart et al. this is an open - access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited .\nfunding: the research was supported by arcus foundation (urltoken), united states fish and wildlife service (urltoken), a grant from edith mcbean, abraham foundation (urltoken), margot marsh biodiversity foundation grant, and a gaylord donnelley environmental postdoctoral fellowship from the yale institute for biospheric studies (urltoken). the funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript." ]

{ "text": [ "the lesula ( cercopithecus lomamiensis ) is a species of old world monkey in the guenon family , found in the lomami basin of the congo .", "though known to locals , it was unknown to the international scientific community until it was discovered in 2007 and confirmed in a 2012 publication .", "the lesula is the second new species of african monkey to be discovered since 1984 .", "this monkey is described to have human looking eyes and a blue bottom “ and adult males have a huge bare patch of skin in the buttocks , testicles and perianal area , ” said john a. hart , the researcher who described the monkey .", "“ it ’s a brilliant blue , really pretty spectacular . ” the species was listed among the top 10 new species 2013 discovered in 2012 as selected by the international institute for species exploration at arizona state university out of more than 140 nominated species .", "its distinctiveness is its human-like eyes , genital area and booming dawn chorus .", "the selection was declared on 22 may 2013 . " ], "topic": [ 5, 0, 5, 5, 5, 24, 10 ] }

[ "the lesula (cercopithecus lomamiensis) is a species of old world monkey in the guenon family, found in the lomami basin of the congo. though known to locals, it was unknown to the international scientific community until it was discovered in 2007 and confirmed in a 2012 publication. the lesula is the second new species of african monkey to be discovered since 1984. this monkey is described to have human looking eyes and a blue bottom “ and adult males have a huge bare patch of skin in the buttocks, testicles and perianal area, ” said john a. hart, the researcher who described the monkey. “ it ’s a brilliant blue, really pretty spectacular. ” the species was listed among the top 10 new species 2013 discovered in 2012 as selected by the international institute for species exploration at arizona state university out of more than 140 nominated species. its distinctiveness is its human-like eyes, genital area and booming dawn chorus. the selection was declared on 22 may 2013." ]

[ "spaldingiana obraztsov, 1961 (argyrotaenia), am. mus. novit. 2048: 20. tl: usa, utah, utah co. , provo. holotype: usnm. male .\ndigachthes razowski, 1990 (argyrotaenia), ann. zool. 43: 403. no type\noligahthes razowski, 1964 (argyrotaenia), ann. zool. 22: 458. no type\nlignaea razowski & becker, 2000 (argyrotaenia), acta zool. cracov. 43: 316 no type\nochrotona razowski & becker, 2000 (argyrotaenia), acta zool. cracov. 43: 312 no type\ndigahthes razowski & becker, 2000 (argyrotaenia), acta zool. cracov. 43: 311 no type\ntucumana trematerra & brown, 2004 (argyrotaenia), zootaxa 574: 4 tl: argentina, tucumn, ciudad universitaria. holotype: usnm. male .\ncibdela razowski, 1988 (argyrotaenia), acta zool. cracov. 31: 409 tl: peru, cuzco, tambomachay. holotype: usnm. male .\nlobata razowski, 1988 (argyrotaenia), acta zool. cracov. 31: 408 tl: bolivia, cochabamba, incachaca. holotype: usnm. male .\noccultana freeman, 1942 (argyrotaenia), can. ent. 74: 57. tl: canada, quebec, mount lyall. holotype: cnc. male .\nrepertana freeman, 1944 (argyrotaenia), sci. agric. 25: 84. tl: canada, new brunswick, waweig. holotype: cnc. female .\ntabulana freeman, 1944 (argyrotaenia), sci. agric. 25: 87. tl: canada, ontario, constance bay. holotype: cnc. female .\nbrimuncus razowski & becker, 2000 (argyrotaenia), acta zool. cracov. 43: 316 tl: costa rica, braulio carrillo. holotype: vbc. male .\ndearmata razowski & becker, 2000 (argyrotaenia), acta zool. cracov. 43: 312 tl: brazil, paran, curitiba. holotype: vbc. female .\nfragosa razowski & becker, 2000 (argyrotaenia), acta zool. cracov. 43: 317 tl: brazil, paran, curitiba. holotype: vbc. male .\nkearfotti obraztsov, 1961 (argyrotaenia), am. mus. novit. 2048: 27. tl: usa. california, carmel. holotype: amnh. male .\nobvoluta razowski & becker, 2000 (argyrotaenia), acta zool. cracov. 43: 319 tl: brazil, paran, curitiba. holotype: vbc. female .\nparturita razowski & becker, 2000 (argyrotaenia), acta zool. cracov. 43: 313 tl: mexico, veracruz, huatusco. holotype: vbc. male .\njamaicana razowski & becker, 2000 (argyrotaenia), acta zool. cracov. 43: 313 tl: jamaica, greenhills, hardware gap. holotype: cmnh. male .\nlevidensa razowski, 1991 (argyrotaenia), shilap revta. lepid. 19 (1990): 140. tl: brazil, nova teutonia. holotype: umb. female .\nlojalojae razowski & becker, 2010 (argyrotaenia), acta zool. cracov. 53b: 15. tl: ecuador, loja, loja. holotype: vbc. male .\npolvosana obraztsov, 1961 (argyrotaenia), am. mus. novit. 2048: 31. tl: mexico, chihuahua, la polvosa. holotype: amnh. male .\nalbosignata razowski & becker, 2000 (argyrotaenia), acta zool. cracov. 43: 318 tl: brazil, paran, morro de meio. holotype: vbc. male .\nchillana razowski, 1999 (argyrotaenia), acta zool. cracov. 42: 329 tl: ecuador, el oro, 6 km n chilla. holotype: cmnh. male .\nchroeca razowski & becker, 2000 (argyrotaenia), acta zool. cracov. 43: 314 tl: costa rica, cerro de la muerte. holotype: vbc. male .\ncubae razowski & becker, 2010 (argyrotaenia), acta zool. cracov. 53b: 13. tl: cuba, santiago, sierra maestra. holotype: vbc. male .\nfloridana obraztsov, 1961 (argyrotaenia), am. mus. novit. . 2048: 8. tl: usa, florida, port sewall. holotype: amnh. male .\nfortis razowski & becker, 2000 (argyrotaenia), acta zool. cracov. 43: 319 tl: costa rica, cerro de la muerte. holotype: vbc. female .\ngranpiedrae razowski & becker, 2010 (argyrotaenia), acta zool. cracov. 53b: 17. tl: cuba, santiago, gran piedra. holotype: vbc. male .\nmagnuncus razowski & wojtusiak, 2008 (argyrotaenia), genus 19: 533. tl: ecuador, province cotopaxi, via la mana, pilalo. holotype: mzuj. male .\npilalona razowski & wojtusiak, 2008 (argyrotaenia), genus 19: 530. tl: ecuador, province cotopaxi, via la mana, pilalo. holotype: mzuj. male .\npomililiana trematerra & brown, 2004 (argyrotaenia), zootaxa 574: 2 tl: argentina, ro negro province, alto valle de rio negro. holotype: tremc. male .\ntelemacana razowski & becker, 2010 (argyrotaenia), acta zool. cracov. 53b: 16. tl: brazil, parana, telemaco borba. holotype: vbc. male .\nburroughsi obraztsov, 1961 (argyrotaenia), am. mus. novit. 2048: 33. tl: usa, colorado, mesa verde national park. holotype: amnh. male .\ncupreographa razowski & becker, 2000 (argyrotaenia), acta zool. cracov. 43: 311 tl: mexico, veracruz, estacin biologia las tuxtlas. holotype: vbc. male .\nhodgesi heppner, 1989 (argyrotaenia), fla. ent. 72: 102. tl: usa, florida, glade co. , fisheating creek. holotype: usnm. male .\npotosiana razowski & becker, 2010 (argyrotaenia), acta zool. cracov. 53b: 17. tl: mexico, nuevo leon, cerro potosi. holotype: vbc. male .\nsantacatarinae razowski & becker, 2010 (argyrotaenia), acta zool. cracov. 53b: 14. tl: brazil, santa catarina, sao joaquim. holotype: vbc. male .\nvinalesiae razowski & becker, 2010 (argyrotaenia), acta zool. cracov. 53b: 13. tl: cuba, pinar del rio, venales. holotype: vbc. female .\naltera razowski & wojtusiak, 2008 (argyrotaenia), genus 19: 533. tl: ecuador, province carchi, res. forest golondrinas, west cordillera. holotype: mzuj. male .\ncoconinana brown & cramer, 2000 (argyrotaenia), j. lepid. soc. 53: 121: tl: usa, arizona, coconino co. . holotype: usnm. male .\nconfinis razowski & becker, 2000 (argyrotaenia), acta zool. cracov. 43: 310 tl: mexico, chiapas, san cristobal de las casas. holotype: vbc. male .\nglabra razowski & becker, 2000 (argyrotaenia), acta zool. cracov. 43: 320 tl: mexico, chiapas, san cristobal de las casas. holotype: vbc. male .\nhemixia razowski, 1991 (argyrotaenia), shilap revta. lepid. 19 (1990): 139. tl: brazil, santa catarina, nova teutonia. holotype: umb. male .\nchalarostium razowski & becker, 2000 (argyrotaenia minisignaria ssp .), acta zool. cracov. 43: 315 tl: jamaica. blue mt. peak. holotype: cmnh. female .\nhuachucensis obraztsov, 1961 (argyrotaenia montezumae ssp .), am. mus. novit. 2048: 7. tl: usa. arizona, huachuca mountains. holotype: usnm. male .\nsagata razowski & becker, 2000 (argyrotaenia), acta zool. cracov. 43: 311 tl: brazil, rio de janeiro, parque nacional itatiaia. holotype: vbc. male .\nsubcordillerae razowski & wojtusiak, 2008 (argyrotaenia), genus 19: 531. tl: ecuador, province carchi, res. forest golondrinas, west cordillera. holotype: mzuj. male .\ntenuis razowski & wojtusiak, 2008 (argyrotaenia), genus 19: 532. tl: ecuador, province carchi, res. forest golondrinas, west cordillera. holotype: mzuj. male .\natrata razowski & wojtusiak, 2009 (argyrotaenia), acta zool. cracov. 51b: 152. tl: ecuador, prov. tungurahua, banos - runtun. holotype: mzuj. male .\nchiapasi razowski & becker, 2010 (argyrotaenia), acta zool. cracov. 53b: 14. tl: mexico, chiapas, san cristobal de las casas. holotype: vbc. male .\nklotsi obraztsov, 1961 (argyrotaenia), am. mus. novit. 2048: 36 tl: usa, new mexico, panchuela ranger station, near cowles. holotype: amnh. male .\nlautana powell, 1960 (argyrotaenia), pan - pacif. ent. 36: 90. tl: usa, california, san bernardino mountains, camp baldy. holotype: usnm. male .\nochrochroa razowski, 1999 (argyrotaenia), acta zool. cracov. 42: 310 tl: dominican republic, dominican republic (providenciales, erebus hotel area). holotype: cmnh. female .\noctavana brown & cramer, 2000 (argyrotaenia), j. lepid. soc. 53: 121. tl: mexico, puebla, 10 km e esperanza. holotype: eme. male .\nposticicnephaea razowski & wojtusiak, 2009 (argyrotaenia), acta zool. cracov. 51b: 151. tl: ecuador, prov. tungurahua, banos - runtun. holotype: mzuj. male .\nbialbistriata brown & cramer, 2000 (argyrotaenia), j. lepid. soc. 53: 124. tl: mexico, durango, 10 mi w el salto. holotype: cnc. male .\nburnsorum powell, 1960 (argyrotaenia), pan - pacif. ent. 36: 91. tl: usa, texas, jeff davis co. , davis mountains. holotype: cas. male .\ncordillerae razowski & wojtusiak, 2006 (argyrotaenia), shilap revta. lepid. 34: 51. tl: venezuela, cordillera de mrida, mrida, monte zerpa. holotype: mzuj. male .\ncupressae powell, 1960 (argyrotaenia), pan - pacif. ent. 36: 83. tl: usa, california, los angeles co. , los angeles. holotype: cas. female .\nbeyeria powell, 1960 (argyrotaenia cupressae ssp .), pan - pacif. ent. 36: 85. tl: usa. california, alameda co, berkeley. holotype: cas. male .\nferruginea razowski & wojtusiak, 2006 (argyrotaenia), shilap revta. lepid. 34: 51. tl: venezuela, cordillera de mrida, mrida, monte zerpa. holotype: mzuj. male .\ngraviduncus razowski & wojtusiak, 2010 (argyrotaenia), acta zool. cracov. 53b: 118. tl: peru, prov. cusco, cordillera vilcanota, marcapata. holotype: mzuj. male .\nkimballi obraztsov, 1961 (argyrotaenia), am. mus. novit. 2048: 13. tl: usa, florida, highlands co. , archbold biological station. holotype: amnh. male .\nunda brown & cramer, 2000 (argyrotaenia), j. lepid. soc. 53: 119. tl: mexico, mexico, 7 air km wsw juchitepec. holotype: eme. male .\nargyrotaenia octavana brown & cramer, 2000; j. lep. soc. 53 (3): 121, f. 6, 12, 17; tl: mexico, puebla, 10km e esperanza\nbisignata razowski, 1999 (argyrotaenia), acta zool. cracov. 42: 310 tl: dominican republic, dominican republic (pedernales, 5 km ne los arroyos). holotype: cmnh. male .\nceramica razowski, 1999 (argyrotaenia), acta zool. cracov. 42: 309 tl: dominican republic, dominican republic (pedernales, 8 km ne los arroyos). holotype: cmnh. male .\nlignitaenia powell, 1965 (argyrotaenia), proc. biol. soc. wash. 78: 72. tl: usa, california, riverside co. , pinyon flat. holotype: cas. male .\nminisignaria razowski, 1999 (argyrotaenia), acta zool. cracov. 42: 311 tl: dominican republic, dominican republic (pedernales, 8 km ne los arroyos). holotype: cmnh. female .\nnuezana razowski, 1999 (argyrotaenia), acta zool. cracov. 42: 309 tl: dominican republic, dominican republic (la vega, 24 km se constanza). holotype: cmnh. female .\nthamaluncus razowski, 1999 (argyrotaenia), acta zool. cracov. 42: 311 tl: dominican republic, dominican republic (peravia, 3 km sw la nuez). holotype: cmnh. male .\nfuscociliana stephens, 1852 (argyrotaenia), list specimens br. anim. colln. br. mus 10: 68. tl: united kingdom. great britain. syntype (s): bmnh. unknown .\nneibana razowski, 1999 (argyrotaenia), acta zool. cracov. 42: 310 tl: dominican republic, dominican republic (baoruco, sierra de neiba, los guineos). holotype: cmnh. female .\ngraceana powell, 1960 (argyrotaenia), pan - pacif. ent. 36: 93. tl: usa, california, riverside co. , san bernardino mountains, hathaway creek. holotype: usnm. male .\ngriseina razowski & wojtusiak, 2010 (argyrotaenia), acta zool. cracov. 53b: 117. tl: peru, dept. huanuco, via huanuco - tingo maria, carpish. holotype: mzuj. male .\nisolatissima powell, 1964 (argyrotaenia), univ. calif. publ. ent. 32: 212. tl: usa, california, los angeles co. , santa barbara island. holotype: lacm. male .\nnigrorbis razowski & wojtusiak, 2010 (argyrotaenia), acta zool. cracov. 53b: 118. tl: peru, dept. huanuco, via huanuco - tingo maria, carpish. holotype: mzuj. female .\nargyrotaenia ponera; obraztsov, 1961, amer. mus. novit. 2048: 39; brown & cramer, 2000, j. lep. soc. 53 (3): 117, f. 3, 9\ninsulana powell, 1964 (argyrotaenia franciscana ssp .), univ. calif. publ. ent. 32: 201. tl: usa. california, ventura co. , anacapa island. holotype: lacm. male .\nspinacallis brown & cramer, 2000 (argyrotaenia), j. lepid. soc. 53: 119. tl: mexico, veracruz, caon de las minas, 13 km ne perote. holotype: eme. male .\nargyrotaenia unda brown & cramer, 2000; j. lep. soc. 53 (3): 119, f. 5, 10, 16; tl: mexico, mexico, 7 air km wsw juchitepec, 2750m\nargyrotaenia bialbistriata brown & cramer, 2000; j. lep. soc. 53 (3): 124, f. 8, 13, 18; tl: mexico, durango, 10mi w el salto, 9000'\nfelisana razowski, 1999 (argyrotaenia), acta zool. cracov. 42: 309 tl: dominican republic, dominican republic (independentia, sierra de neiba, 5 km wnw angel felis). holotype: cmnh. female .\ncognatana stephens, 1852 (argyrotaenia), list specimens br. anim. colln. br. mus 10: 68. tl: united kingdom. scotland [ united kingdom ]. syntype (s): bmnh. unknown .\nmartini powell, 1960 (argyrotaenia), pan - pacif. ent. 36: 94. tl: usa, arizona, graham co. , pinaleno mountains, mount graham, pine crest. holotype: lacm. male .\nmesosignaria razowski, 1999 (argyrotaenia), acta zool. cracov. 42: 311 tl: dominican republic, dominican republic (la vega, 9 km se constanza, near valle nuevo). holotype: cmnh. female .\npaiuteana powell, 1960 (argyrotaenia), pan - pacif. ent. 36: 87. tl: usa, california, mono co. , rock creek, 1 mi w tom' s place. holotype: cas. male .\nargyrotaenia spinacallis brown & cramer, 2000; j. lep. soc. 53 (3): 119, f. 4, 11, 15; tl: mexico, veracruz, cañon de las minas, 13km ne perote, 2150m\ninterfasciae razowski & wojtusiak, 2010 (argyrotaenia), acta zool. cracov. 53b: 117. tl: peru, dept. pasco, oxapampa, el cedro, yanachaga - chemillen n. p. . holotype: mzuj. male .\nposticirosea razowski & wojtusiak, 2010 (argyrotaenia), acta zool. cracov. 53b: 119. tl: peru, dept. pasco, oxapampa, el cedro, yanachaga - chemillen n. p. . holotype: mzuj. female .\nrufina razowski & wojtusiak, 2010 (argyrotaenia), acta zool. cracov. 53b: 116. tl: peru, dept. pasco, oxapampa, el cedro, yanachaga - chemillen n. p. . holotype: mzuj. male .\nrufescens razowski & wojtusiak, 2009 (argyrotaenia), acta zool. cracov. 51b: 152. tl: ecuador, prov. morona - santiago, n. p. sangay, qda. shillnan, via guamote - macas. holotype: mzuj. male .\nargyrotaenia coconinana brown & cramer, 2000; j. lep. soc. 53 (3): 121, f. 7, 14, 19; tl: usa, arizona, coconico co. , hochderffer hill, 12. 5mi nnw flagstaff, 8500'\nonorei razowski & pelz, 2004 (argyrotaenia), nachrbl. ent. ver. apollo (n. f .) 25: 132. tl: ecuador, morona - santiago province, macas, proao > alshi, 5 km s alshi. holotype: smfl. female .\nscotina razowski & pelz, 2004 (argyrotaenia), nachrbl. ent. ver. apollo (n. f .) 25: 132. tl: ecuador, morona - santiago province, macas, proao > alshi, 5 km s alshi. holotype: smfl. male .\nphotographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed. contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 0 transitional / / en\nalisellana robinson, 1869 (tortrix), trans. am. ent. soc 2: 267. tl: usa, ohio. syntype (s): unknown. unknown .\namatana dyar, 1901 (lophoderus), j. new york ent. soc. 9: 24. tl: usa, florida, palm beach co. , palm beach. syntypes: usnm. 3 males .\nchioccana kearfott, 1907 (tortrix), trans. am. ent. soc 33: 72. tl: usa. florida. lectotype: amnh. male .\nchiococcana meyrick, in wagner, 1912 (argyrotoxa), lepid. cat. 10: 52. no type\nartocopa meyrick, 1932 (tortrix), exotic microlepid. 4: 255. tl: costa rica, orosi. holotype: nhmv. male .\natima walsingham, 1914 (tortrix), biol. centr. - am. lepid. heterocera 4: 292. tl: panama, volcan de chiriqu. holotype: bmnh. female .\ncacaoticaria razowski & wojtusiak, 2006 (bonagota), acta zool. cracov. 49b: 31. tl: ecuador, prov. morona - santiago, gualaceo - limon road, east. holotype: mzuj. male .\ncitharexylana zeller, 1866 (teras), stettin. ent. ztg. 27: 138. tl: colombia, cundinamarca, near umbaque. syntype (s): bmnh. 1 female .\ncoloradanus fernald, 1882 (lophoderus), trans. am. ent. soc 10: 67. tl: usa, colorado. syntypes: usnm. male, female .\ndichotoma walsingham, 1914 (tortrix), biol. centr. - am. lepid. heterocera 4: 291. tl: mexico, guerrero, omilteme. holotype: bmnh. female .\ndichroaca walsingham, 1914 (tortrix), biol. centr. - am. lepid. heterocera 4: 279. tl: mexico and costa rica, mexico (guerrero, amula) and costa rica (ro susio). syntypes: bmnh. 1male, 1female .\ndispositana zeller, 1877 (tortrix), horae soc. ent. ross. 13: 94. tl: colombia, bogot. holotype: bmnh. female .\nspoliana zeller, 1877 (tortrix), horae soc. ent. ross. 13: 96. tl: colombia. bogot. holotype: bmnh. male .\ndorsalana dyar, 1903 (tortrix), proc. ent. soc. wash. 5: 231. tl: usa, arizona, coconino co. , williams. syntype (s): usnm; amnh. 4 males, 2 females .\ndimorphana barnes & busck, 1920 (tortrix), contrib. nat. hist. lepid. n. am 4: 215. tl: canada. british columbia, victoria. holotype: usnm. male .\nfranciscana walsingham, 1879 (tortrix), illust. typical specimens lepid. heterocera colln. br. mus 4: 13. tl: usa, california, san francisco. holotype: bmnh. male .\ncitrana fernald, 1889 (tortrix), ent. am. 5: 18. tl: usa. california. syntype (s): usnm: 1 male. unknown .\ngogana kearfott, 1907 (olethreutes), trans. am. ent. soc 33: 8. tl: canada, british columbia, wellington. holotype: amnh. male .\ncrepuscularis meyrick, 1912 (olethreutes), ent. mon. mag. 48: 35. no type\nguatemalica walsingham, 1914 (tortrix), biol. centr. - am. lepid. heterocera 4: 280. tl: guatemala, totonicapam. holotype: bmnh. female .\nhaemothicta meyrick, 1926 (eulia), exotic microlepid. 3: 257. tl: colombia, monte del eden. lectotype: bmnh. male .\nheureta walsingham, 1914 (tortrix), biol. centr. - am. lepid. heterocera 4: 281. tl: guatemala, quiche mountains. holotype: bmnh. male .\niopsamma meyrick, 1931 (tortrix), exotic microlepid. 4: 150. tl: brazil, so paulo, alto da serra. holotype: nhmv. male .\nivana fernald, 1901 (tortrix), j. new york ent. soc. 9: 51. tl: usa, florida. holotype: usnm. male .\njuglandana fernald, 1879 (tortrix), can. ent. 11: 155. tl: usa, canada, usa, massachusetts / ohio / wisconsin; canada, ontario. syntypes: usnm. male, female .\nlignea meyrick, 1917 (tortrix), trans. ent. soc. lond. 1917: 9. tl: ecuador, chimborazo province, huigra. lectotype: bmnh. male .\nljungiana thunberg, 1797 (tortrix), kngl. svenska vetenskakad. handl. 18: 168. tl: europe, syntype (s): unknown. unknown .\nlepidana herrich - schaffer, 1855 (uninomial), syst. bearbeitung schmett. eur. 4: pl. 58, fig. 413. tl: europe. syntype (s): unknown. unknown .\nmicantana lucas, 1937 (olethreutes), bull. soc. ent. fr. 42: 127. tl: france. ardche, la voulte. holotype: mnhn. male .\nmicanthana razowski, 1961 (olethreutes), acta zool. cracov. 5: 661 no type\npolitana haworth, 1811 (tortrix), lepid. br. (3): 465. tl: united kingdom. great britain. syntype (s): bmnh. unknown .\npulchellana haworth, 1811 (tortrix), lepid. br. (3): 429. tl: united kingdom. great britain. syntype (s): bmnh. unknown .\nsylvana hubner, [ 1796 - 1799 ] (tortrix), samml. eur. schmett. 7: pl. 20, fig. 128. tl: europe. syntype (s): unknown. unknown .\nloxonephes meyrick, 1937 (eulia), exotic microlepid. 5: 128. tl: argentina, pampa. lectotype: bmnh. female .\nmariana fernald, 1882 (lophoderus), trans. am. ent. soc 10: 67. tl: usa, maine / florida. lectotype: usnm. male .\nmontezumae walsingham, 1914 (tortrix), biol. centr. - am. lepid. heterocera 4: 280. tl: mexico, guerrero, amula. holotype: bmnh. male .\nimpositana walsingham, 1914 (tortrix), biol. centr. - am. lepid. heterocera 4: 279. tl: guatemala. senahu, vera paz. holotype: bmnh. female .\nniscana kearfott, 1907 (eulia), trans. am. ent. soc 33: 94. tl: usa, california, carmel. lectotype: amnh. male .\ncamerata meyrick, 1912 (eulia), ent. mon. mag. 48: 35. no type\noligachthes meyrick, 1932 (eulia), exotic microlepid. 4: 257. tl: costa rica, orosi. holotype: nhmv. female .\noriphanes meyrick, 1930 (tortrix), exotic microlepid. 3: 608. tl: peru, agualani. holotype: bmnh. male .\npinatubana kearfott, 1905 (eulia), can. ent. 37: 9. tl: usa, new jersey, essex co. park. lectotype: amnh. male .\npinitubana meyrick, in wytsman, 1913 (eulia), genera insectorum (lepid. heter. tort .) 149: 39. no type\nponera walsingham, 1914 (tortrix), biol. centr. - am. lepid. heterocera 4: 279. tl: mexico, puebla, popocatepetl park. holotype: usnm. male .\nprovana kearfott, 1907 (olethreutes), trans. am. ent. soc 33: 16. tl: canada, british columbia. lectotype: amnh. unknown .\ninvidana barnes & busck, 1920 (tortrix), contrib. nat. hist. lepid. n. am 4: 215: tl: canada. british columbia, vancouver island, duncans. holotype: usnm. male .\npurata meyrick, 1932 (tortrix), exotic microlepid. 4: 254. tl: costa rica, irazu. lectotype: nhmv. male .\nquadrifasciana fernald, 1882 (lophoderus), trans. am. ent. soc 10: 67. tl: usa, maine. syntypes: usnm. 2 males .\nquercifoliana fitch, 1858 (argyrolepia), rep. ins. new york: 826. tl: usa, new york. syntype (s): usnm. 1 male .\ntrifurculana zeller, 1875 (tortrix), verh. zool. - bot. ges. wien 25: 226. tl: usa. texas, dallas. syntypes: bmnh: 1; mcz: 1. unknown .\nsphaleropa meyrick, 1909 (tortrix), trans. ent. soc. lond. 1909: 15. tl: bolivia, sapago. lectotype: bmnh. male .\nfletcheriella khler, 1940 (eulia), an. soc. cient. argent. 128: 371. tl: argentina. tigre. holotype: bourc. male, female .\ntristriata meyrick, 1931 (eulia), exotic microlepid. 4: 151. tl: brazil, so paulo, alto da serra. holotype: nhmv. male .\nurbana busck, 1912 (tortrix), proc. ent. soc. wash. 14: 86. tl: mexico, mexico city. holotype: usnm. male .\nvelutinana walker, 1863 (cacoecia ?), list specimens lepid. insects colln. br. mus 28: 313. tl: north america, holotype: bmnh. male .\nincertana clemens, 1865 (tortrix), proc. ent. soc. philad. 5: 138. tl: usa. virginia. holotype: ansp. female .\nlutosana clemens, 1865 (tortrix), proc. ent. soc. philad. 5: 138. tl: usa. virginia. holotype: ansp. male .\ntriferana walker, 1863 (cacoecia), list specimens lepid. insects colln. br. mus 28: 314. tl: north america. holotype: bmnh. female .\nvenezuelana walker, 1863 (dichelia), list specimens lepid. insects colln. br. mus 28: 319. tl: venezuela, holotype: bmnh. female .\nunless noted, all images on these pages are copyright © 2003 - 14 by todd gilligan. please do not download, copy, print, or otherwise distribute any images from these pages without the permission of the author. contact form .\nponera\n; brown & cramer, 2000, j. lep. soc. 53 (3): 2000\ntotrix ponera walsingham, 1914; biol. centr. - amer. lep. heterocera 4: 279; tl: mexico, popcatepetl park, 13000ft\n[ maps ] warning! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information, and the process does not always produce acceptable result; see about maps for more info .\nwalsingham, 1914 lepidoptera, heterocera. tineina, pterophorina, orenodina and pyralidina and hepialidina (part) biol. centr. - amer. lep. heterocera 4: 1 - 482, pl. 1 - 10\nif you have corrections, comments or information to add into these pages, just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources, and may include many inaccuracies. expert help is welcome .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page: myers, p. , r. espinosa, c. s. parr, t. jones, g. s. hammond, and t. a. dewey. 2018. the animal diversity web (online). accessed at https: / / animaldiversity. org .\ndisclaimer: the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. adw doesn' t cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283, drl 0628151, due 0633095, drl 0918590, and due 1122742. additional support has come from the marisla foundation, um college of literature, science, and the arts, museum of zoology, and information and technology services .\n80x5 - 240x3 - 240x4 - 320x1 - 320x2 - 320x3 - 640x1 - 640x2 set display option above. click on images to enlarge .\npopular: trivia, history, america, cities, world, states, usa, television, ... more\na taxon identifier is composed of name, author, year and attribute, all separated by a blank. these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication. the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words (genus and species) separated by a blank .\nthe author' s name is made up of a string of letters, with no blanks, and multiple authors' names are separated by a comma. spelling of author' s name is based on the original publication. if there are more than three authors, only the names of the first two authors are shown, followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets. this is rarely needed, but to differentiate homo - identifiers, this will contain the page, line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks, hyphens, and apostrophes are eliminated, thus only the following characters are used: a to z, a to z, 0 to 9, blank, comma, and opening and closing square brackets. although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition, it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions (contact information) with supporting references, possibly with pdf or hard copy." ]

{ "text": [ "argyrotaenia spaldingiana is a species of moth of the tortricidae family .", "it is found in the united states , where it has been recorded from utah and nevada .", "the length of the forewings is about 7 mm .", "the forewings are ocherous , with pale pinkish brown suffusion .", "the basal area is brownish orange-ocherous .", "the hindwings are white . " ], "topic": [ 2, 20, 9, 1, 1, 1 ] }

[ "argyrotaenia spaldingiana is a species of moth of the tortricidae family. it is found in the united states, where it has been recorded from utah and nevada. the length of the forewings is about 7 mm. the forewings are ocherous, with pale pinkish brown suffusion. the basal area is brownish orange-ocherous. the hindwings are white." ]

[ "a warbling vireo perches on a branch in the rio grande valley in texas .\nwarbling vireo, illinois, 8 / 18 / 2010 by ken schneider (cc 3. 0 )\nat one time, warbling vireo was lumped with brown - capped vireo, a resident (mostly in the mountains) from eastern mexico south to bolivia. now they’re considered distinct, and many experts think that warbling vireo comprises two species in north america, separating the eastern subspecies from the two western subspecies .\nwarbling vireo on territory in connecticut. singing and eating a moth in an opening in the woodland. ©jimzipp. com - ©wildbirdvideos. com\ndespite being a major host for brown - headed cowbirds, warbling vireos have increased in washington since 1966. forest clearing for logging and development has dramatically increased the amount of warbling vireo habitat in washington, and warbling vireos are probably more common today than they were before european settlement .\ngardali, thomas and grant ballard. 2000. warbling vireo (vireo gilvus), version 2. 0. in the birds of north america (p. g. rodewald, editor). cornell lab of ornithology, ithaca, new york, usa .\nthe songs differ also. the song of the eastern warbling vireo is a musical, continuous warble, usually rising to a high note around the middle and finishing on an equally high note. the song of the western warbling vireo is usually a shorter warble with a more broken or choppy sound, slightly less musical, and usually not ending on a high note .\nthe longest - lived warbling vireo on record—a male that was originally banded in july 1966—was at least 13 years, 1 month old when it was recaptured and rereleased during banding operations in california .\ni have the ibird pro phone app on my mobile phone. ibird pro provides eastern and western version sound clips of warbling vireo. on recent trip to colorado, at one mountain location, with a presumed western warbling vireo singing from ponderosa pines, i played the eastern version song. the songster immediately became interested and flew close and changed the speed of its song to match what was coming out of my mobile phone. out at tamarack ranch in eastern colorado, i played western warbling vireo songs to presumed eastern warbling vireos. same thing, the local songsters slightly changed their tunes. what does this mean? does it mean that perhaps homo sapiens hears and reads more into song differences than vireo gilvus does? this song playback experiment should be tried by birders in other parts of the range of this potential split .\nresearchers speculate that warbling vireo song is at least partially learned rather than hard - wired. they base this supposition in part on observations of one individual whose song more closely resembled that of a red - eyed vireo than that of its parents. the garbled song, they concluded, probably resulted from a flawed learning process during the bird’s development .\nan unmarked vireo, the warbling is most often located by its song, which it delivers for hours. the birds tend to work mid and top parts of broad, leafy trees. polytypic. length 5. 5\n.\ncall: a nasal eahh mobbing call; typical vireo. note commonly uttered in flight. song: eastern gilvus song is delivered in long, melodious, warbling phrases. song of western swainsoni similar but less musical, higher tones .\nacross their wide range, warbling vireos differ from one population to another in several characteristics, including overall size, bill shape, plumage coloring, molt patterns, wintering areas, and vocalizations. the differences are significant enough to lead ornithologists to recognize six separate subspecies of warbling vireo, and at one time divided them into two species .\nkenn kaufman’s column “id tips, ” about bird identification, appears in every issue of birdwatching. in our june 2016 issue, he describes what to look for to identify warbling vireo and explains why the species may soon be split in two :\nthe warbling vireo is a small bird, greenish - gray above, whitish below in spring, lightly washed with yellow below in fall. it has no wing - bars. it has a prominent white line above the eye and a faint grayish line below it .\nbrown - headed cowbirds frequently deposit their own eggs in the nests of warbling vireos. in some instances, the vireo pair incubates the alien egg and raises the young cowbird until it fledges. female vireos in some eastern populations, however, tend to puncture and eject interlopers’ eggs .\nwarbling vireo is among the many widespread north american species with east / west vocal forms that meet on the great plains. along with other examples of this type of song diversity (marsh wren, blue - gray gnatcatcher), eastern (gilvus group) and western (swainsonii group) warbling vireos may represent two species, and if they are ever split, song would be the best way to identify them .\nwarbling vireos forage mostly high in the treetops, where they move along twigs and branches, looking for food among the leaves .\ndespite the fact that the songs of these two types of warbling vireo are fairly well differentiated, very little is known about what goes on in the contact zones. this is where just about any birder visiting the western great plains and eastern rocky mountains can make a difference. pay attention to the warbling vireos! are they eastern, western, undefinable? there are very few recordings available from these areas, so anything you find will be interesting and useful .\nrather plain, but with a cheery warbled song, the warbling vireo is a common summer bird in leafy groves and open woods from coast to coast. because it avoids solid tracts of mature, unbroken forest, it is probably more common and widespread today than it was when the pilgrims landed. some scientists believe that eastern and western warbling vireos may represent two different species; if that is true, then the two are very difficult to tell apart in the wild .\nwarbling vireos eat mainly caterpillars, pupae, and adult moths and butterflies. they also eat ladybugs, beetles, bugs, bees, ants, wasps, and spiders. in fall and winter they add elderberries, poison oak berries, and other fruit to their diet. they forage mainly in treetops, gleaning insects from leaves and sometimes twigs; they also hunt by hovering, stalking, hawking, and flycatching. to subdue caterpillars and other larger prey, a warbling vireo whacks victims forcefully against its perch. breeding pairs forage alone during the breeding season; at other times individual warbling vireos forage in mixed - species flocks. back to top\nthe rich song of the warbling vireo is a common sound in many parts of central and northern north america during summer. it’s a great bird to learn by ear, because its fast, rollicking song is its most distinctive feature. otherwise, warbling vireos are fairly plain birds with gray - olive upperparts and white underparts washed with faint yellow. they have a mild face pattern with a whitish stripe over the eye. they stay high in deciduous treetops, where they move methodically among the leaves hunting for caterpillars .\nthe warbling vireo' s typical habitat is open deciduous or shrubby mixed woodlands, especially where large trees are present. warbling vireos are often found in willow or cottonwood stands along rivers. they are not found in large, unbroken tracts of woods, but prefer smaller patches and edges, including logged areas, rural woodlots, and parks. they do not breed in conifer stands, but can be found in small patches of hardwood trees or shrubs within conifer forests. during migration they can be seen in a variety of lowland habitats, especially in red - osier dogwood .\nthe song of the eastern warbling vireos is what gave the bird its name. it is a pleasant caroling song that rolls along, often ending in an emphatic higher note, transcribed at times as “if i could see it i would seize it and squeeze it til it squirts” or some variation thereof. the song phrases are typically around 2. 5 to 3. 5s long, and are made up of a series rich whistles that are slightly modulated. in the song of eastern warbling vireo, most of the initial notes are near the same pitch, with a few higher notes thrown in towards the end of the song. below are a couple of examples of eastern song :\nmost warbling vireos arrive by late april and can be found in appropriate habitat until the end of august. during spring and fall migration, they are frequently seen in the lowlands. look for warbling vireos feeding on red - osier dogwood berries in late august and early september as they fatten up prior to migration. this is one of the most common species in streamside deciduous forests in the cascades. warbling vireos are also common in the shrubby hillsides east of the cascades and in old higher - elevation clear - cuts (at least 3, 000 feet) that have grown up to mid - successional size .\nwarbling vireos nest in the outer portions of deciduous trees and tall shrubs from 3 to 140 feet above the ground. the female selects the site, sometimes placing nesting material in several locations before making a final choice .\nwarbling vireos have a good name—the males sing a fast, up - and - down, rollicking song that suits the word “warbling. ” the early twentieth century ornithologist william dawson described the song this way: “fresh as apples and as sweet as apple blossoms comes that dear, homely song from the willows. ” the highly variable song usually ends on a high note, leading the birder pete dunne to describe it as sounding “like a happy drunk making a conversational point at a party. ”\nwarbling vireos are numerous and their numbers experienced a slight overall increase between 1966 and 2014, according to the north american breeding bird survey. partners in flight estimates the global breeding population at 51 million, with 44% breeding in canada, 53% spending part of the year in the u. s. , and 87% of the population spending part of the year in mexico. warbling vireos rate an 8 out of 20 on the continental concern score and are not on the 2014 state of the birds watch list. population gains may result from this species’ increasing adaptation to suburban environments. warbling vireos may also benefit from new habitat created when coniferous forests are cleared, leaving large deciduous trees near open spaces. population declines recorded in the mid - twentieth century have been attributed to the spraying of shade trees with chemical pesticides. one study found severe declines in herbicide - thinned deciduous forests, while numbers increased in plots thinned by hand and in control plots. degradation of streamside habitat causes populations to decline. warbling vireos also die from collisions with communications towers and other tall structures during nighttime migration. because warbling vireos crowd into a winter range disproportionately smaller than their breeding range, habitat conservation in their wintering areas is important. back to top\nfall birds greenish above, often with extensive yellow below, and can be confused with the philadelphia. yellow on the warbling restricted to flanks; it lacks dark lores of the philadelphia and is more likely to be heard calling, particularly in flight .\nlook at a range map of warbling vireo and you’ll see that it continues in a pretty much unbroken swathe across north america. the eastern and western song types meet at the great plains / rocky mountains interface, and in at least some of those both occur in a fairly close proximity but remain identifiable to type. for example, warbling vireos singing on the eastern plains of colorado not far from the foothills are typically of the eastern type, while those from the foothills west are of the western type. in the black hills of south dakota eastern types occur in the lower elevations, and are replaced by westerns in the higher ones (birds of south dakota). what is not very well studied, however, is whether there is a cline in song types anywhere in their range, and how the birds react to each others’ song types in areas in / near potential overlap .\nthis highly migratory species winters in western mexico and northern central america, sometimes in shade - grown coffee plantations. warbling vireos begin arriving in washington in late april and continue to arrive throughout may. they start to leave in early august, with the last few remaining until mid - september .\nthe plumage of the two forms is extremely similar. western is often cited as having a darker crown and more defined eyeline, giving it less of the “blank - eyed” look associated with warbling vireo. it is also a bit whiter on the underparts and darker on the back, and the bill is slightly thicker (birds of north america). however, these differences are very subtle, not well studied, and hard to see in the field. a much more reliable way to separate the types is by their primary song, which has consistent (if not always obvious) difference. i’ll first talk about the eastern song type, which many readers should be familiar with it, and then contrast the western form .\nwestern warbling vireo songs differ from that of eastern mostly in terms of pitch. most western songs tend to have more high pitched notes, and these are placed more evenly throughout the song, breaking up the rhythm so that the whole strophe sounds less sing - songy than the song of eastern. while the song of eastern gives the impression of a series of low, caroling notes, the song of western gives a jumbled and less structured feel, with an overall higher pitch. this difference in sound takes a little bit of practice to pick out, and there are some birds (especially in the contact zone ?) that are harder to place as one or the other. a couple of samples of the western song type :\nin the eastern part of their breeding range, you can likely find warbling vireos in almost any sizable deciduous woodland. they are fairly drab and tend to stay high in trees, so find them by listening for their loud, caroling song. because of their habitually slow foraging speed, you can often track down the singer fairly easily. in the west, particularly in mountains where coniferous trees are common, warbling vireos are harder to find. look for them in aspen forests and in woodland (often cottonwood) along streams, where they are a common breeder. again, you will find them most readily by listening for their distinctive song .\nwarbling vireos spend most of their time in the treetops of deciduous woods. males are highly territorial and spend much of their time during the breeding season singing. they usually arrive on their breeding grounds before females, immediately commencing a singing - and - patrolling campaign to establish and defend territory. during courtship, a male approaches his prospective mate head - on, rhythmically weaving his body from side to side. with quivering wings, he closes the gap between them to about an inch, whereupon the female strikes repeatedly at his open bill with her closed one. while their nest is under construction, a male warbling vireo spends about a third of his time guarding the female. during incubation, the female stays on the nest at night while her mate sleeps in a nearby tree. both sexes help raise their young to fledging stage, but females do the lion’s share. when parents are feeding young, one adult often waits at the nest until the returning partner signals with a call—ensuring that one parent is always with the nestlings. as hatchlings mature, feedings become more frequent. at one nest where young were close to fledging, an observer recorded 29 feeding visits within one hour. both sexes ferociously mob jays, grackles, and other birds that approach their nests. other probable nest predators include red and western gray squirrels. back to top\nduring breeding season, warbling vireos occur in mature deciduous woodlands from sea level to an elevation of about 10, 500 feet—especially along streams, ponds, marshes, and lakes, but sometimes in upland areas away from water. they also take up residence in young deciduous stands that emerge after clearcutting. they are rarely found in purely coniferous forests. warbling vireos often nest in around people, including in neighborhoods, urban parks, orchards, and campgrounds. their winter range, which extends through western mexico and northern central america, is much smaller than their breeding range. it includes diverse habitats, from shade - coffee plantations to thorn forests to pine - oak woodland. during the winter in western mexico, this bird almost always hangs out with mixed - species feeding flocks. back to top\nwarbling vireos weave a rough, slightly rounded hanging cup, usually suspending the nest from a horizontally forked twig. the nest may consist of plant matter, cobwebs, lichen, animal hair, and rarely feathers. nests may contain willow down, dry grass, leaves, rootlets, horsehair, cow hair, spider silk, cocoons, cotton, birch bark, paper, thread, and string. females do most of the building, sometimes stealing material from the nests of neighbors. the nest is about 3 inches across and 2 to 3 inches deep, with an inner cup about 2 inches across and 1. 5 inches deep .\nwarbling vireos are monogamous. nests are located in the periphery of deciduous trees and shrubs. birds of the western subspecies place their nest within 30 feet of the ground, lower than those of the eastern subspecies. both members of the pair build the nest, which is suspended from a horizontally forked branch. the nest is made of bark strips, grass, leaves, plant fibers, hair, and lichen. both parents incubate the four eggs for 12 to 14 days. both feed and tend the young for the 13 to 14 days they are in the nest and for up to two weeks after they leave it. some pairs raise a second brood .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\ndel hoyo, j. , collar, n. j. , christie, d. a. , elliott, a. , fishpool, l. d. c. , boesman, p. and kirwan, g. m. 2016. hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world. volume 2: passerines. lynx edicions and birdlife international, barcelona, spain and cambridge, uk .\njustification: this species has an extremely large range, and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion (extent of occurrence < 20, 000 km 2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size, habitat extent / quality, or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation). the population trend appears to be increasing, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion (> 30% decline over ten years or three generations). the population size is extremely large, and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion (< 10, 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10% in ten years or three generations, or with a specified population structure). for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nmap edited: enlarged the shade to reach se alaska and w coast and added a yellow point in the cape region of s baja california (subspecies victoriae; wintering area unknown). eoo updated .\n( amended version of 2016 assessment). the iucn red list of threatened species 2017: e. t22735122a118696277 .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\nhelpless, naked, with dark - yellow skin except for tufts of light - brown down, eyes closed .\nlutmerding, j. a. and a. s. love. longevity records of north american birds. version 2015. 2. patuxent wildlife research center, bird banding laboratory 2015 .\nnorth american bird conservation initiative. 2014. the state of the birds 2014 report. us department of interior, washington, dc, usa .\nsauer, j. r. , j. e. hines, j. e. fallon, k. l. pardieck, jr. ziolkowski, d. j. and w. a. link. the north american breeding bird survey, results and analysis 1966 - 2013 (version 1. 30. 15). usgs patuxtent wildlife research center 2014b. available from urltoken\nsibley, d. a. (2014). the sibley guide to birds, second edition. alfred a. knopf, new york, usa .\nsince it favors open woods and edges, probably increased in some areas initially with clearing and breaking up of forest. now common and widespread .\ndeciduous and mixed woods, aspen groves, poplars, shade trees. breeds in open deciduous or mixed woodland; also in orchards, shade trees of towns. avoids unbroken mature forest. in the east, often in isolated groves near water. in the west, breeds in broad - leaved trees of mountains, canyons, and prairie groves. winters in the tropics in open woods .\nforages mostly in deciduous trees, sometimes in shrubs, hopping along twigs and searching for insects among the leaves. also picks insects off the undersides of leaves while hovering briefly .\n4, sometimes 3 - 5. white with brown or black specks. incubation is by both parents, 12 - 14 days. male frequently sings from nest while incubating. commonly parasitized by cowbirds. young: nestlings are fed and brooded by both parents, leave the nest 12 - 16 days after hatching .\nnestlings are fed and brooded by both parents, leave the nest 12 - 16 days after hatching .\nmostly insects, some berries. in breeding season feeds mainly on insects, including many caterpillars, plus aphids, beetles, grasshoppers, ants, bugs, scale insects, flies, dragonflies; also eats some spiders and snails. takes berries and small fruit from bunchberry, dogwood, pokeweed, sumac, elderberry, poison - oak, and many other plants, especially in late summer and fall .\nmale defends territory by singing. in courtship, male struts and hops around female with his wings spread and tail fanned, usually not far from potential nest site. nest: in the east, usually placed high in tree, up to 90'. in the west, often found in shrub or tree within 30' of ground. generally deciduous tree or shrub. nest (built by both sexes) is a compact, deep cup, suspended by its rim from a forked twig. nest made of bark strips, grass, leaves, and plant fibers .\nmigrates mostly at night. most eastern breeders apparently travel north and south via texas and mexico, rather than flying across gulf of mexico .\ndrowsy, rambling warble, like song of purple finch but slower; ends on rising note .\naudio © lang elliott, bob mcguire, kevin colver, martyn stewart and others .\nan illustrious birder outlines the highs (and lows) of chasing these songbirds of summer .\ntell congress to oppose a harmful rider that threatens sage - grouse and other wildlife .\ntell congress and the department of the interior to uphold the country' s most important bird protection law .\namong the dullest of vireos, lacking wing bars and spectacles; gray with brownish or greenish tones to the upper parts. the face pattern is ill - defined, with a dusky postocular stripe and pale lores; white eyebrow lacks a dark upper border. the underparts are typically whitish. fall: in fresh plumage, greener above with yellow wash on flanks and undertail coverts .\ntwo western subspecies, especially swainsoni, are smaller than the nominate eastern sub - species, have a slighter bill, and tend to be more olive above with a grayer crown. eastern and western birds might represent 2 separate species. two additional subspecies in mexico .\ncommon. breeding: deciduous woodlands, primarily riparian areas. migration: western birds have prolonged spring migration (early march–late may). eastern subspecies a circum - gulf migrant, rare on eastern gulf coast; arrives mid - april in texas, by early may to great lakes. peak fall migration in northern united states late august–mid - september. mostly gone from united states by mid - october; stragglers at southern areas to november, rarely december. winter: mostly mexico and central america. casual to southern california, southern arizona, and southern louisiana. vagrant: western alaska .\ncowbird parasitism implicated in decline of some western populations. ontario population has recently increased .\nif you find the information on birdweb useful, please consider supporting seattle audubon. donate\nmembers of this diverse group make up more than half of the bird species worldwide. most are small. however their brains are relatively large and their learning abilities are greater than those of most other birds. passerine birds are divided into two suborders, the suboscines and the oscines. oscines are capable of more complex song, and are considered the true songbirds. in washington, the tyrant flycatchers are the only suboscines; the remaining 27 families are oscines .\nthis family is found only in the new world. vireos are small birds that move about slowly and deliberately as they glean insects from foliage and twigs. their bills are cylindrical, with a slight hook at the end. these bills are relatively large for birds their size, which enables them to eat fairly large insects. most vireos are drab colored, with olive - green or yellow upperparts and lighter olive or buffy underparts. many have eye - rings, eye - lines, or wing - bars. in washington, vireos with wing - bars have eye - rings, and those without wing - bars have eye - lines. vireos are often hard to see as they forage in high or thick foliage, and when found are generally alone or in pairs rather than in large flocks. most have fairly simple songs that they sing repeatedly, many singing through the entire day and even while on the nest. nests are generally suspended from small horizontally forked branches. pairs are monogamous, and both parents raise the young .\ninsects make up 95% of the diet. spiders and small berries make up the remaining 5% , with most berry - eating confined to the late summer and fall .\n, seattle audubon' s on - line breeding bird atlas of island, king, kitsap, and kittitas counties .\ninteractions between the forms have been studied most closely in alberta, where their breeding ranges overlap. there, in addition to subtle visual cues to identification, there are average differences in habitat: the eastern birds tend to be found in aspen groves in open parklands or on the edges of forests, while the western birds tend to be in aspen groves within mixed forests of coniferous and deciduous trees .\nin central colorado in summer, ace birder ted floyd, editor of birding magazine, has recorded birds singing the western song in the mountains and birds singing the eastern song on the plains, only a few miles away. further studies in colorado, montana, alberta, and elsewhere may give birders a new challenging species pair to identify. — kenn kaufman\nkenn kaufman’s “id tips, ” about bird identification, appears in every issue of birdwatching. the column features the photographs of brian e. small. the article above is an excerpt of a column that ran in our june 2016 issue .\nsign up for our free e - newsletter to receive news, photos of birds, attracting and id tips, descriptions of birding hotspots, and more delivered to your inbox every other week. sign up now .\nlearn how the birds of cozumel were affected by hurricanes emily and wilma in 2005 .\njon barlow who i got to know at u of toronto was the expert on this subject at the time. he had studied the overlap zone and mentioned to me that he had plenty of recordings and notes from the region they came together, and that they acted as species in that part of alberta. after jon passed away, with the help of jim rising and the cornell folks we had his tape collection go to the macauley library of nature sounds. perhaps some of the answers are in those tapes! alvaro." ]

{ "text": [ "the warbling vireo ( vireo gilvus ) is a small north american songbird .", "its breeding habitat is open deciduous and mixed woods from alaska to mexico and the florida panhandle .", "it often nests along streams .", "it migrates to mexico and central america .", "adults are 12 cm ( 4.7 in ) long and weigh 12 g ( 0.42 oz ) .", "they are mainly olive-grey on the head and upperparts with white underparts ; they have brown eyes and the front of the face is light .", "there is a white supercilium .", "they have thick blue-grey legs and a stout bill .", "western birds are generally smaller and have darker grey crowns .", "warbling vireos forage for insects in trees , hopping along branches and sometimes hovering .", "they also eat berries , especially before migration and in winter quarters , where they are – like other vireos – apparently quite fond of gumbo-limbo seeds , though they will not venture into human-modified habitat to get them .", "they make a deep cup nest suspended from a tree branch or shrub , placed relatively high in the east and lower in the west .", "the male helps with incubation and may sing from the nest .", "the warbling vireo 's song is a cheerful warble , similar to that of the painted bunting .", "there are subtle differences in song between eastern and western birds , at least where the ranges meet in alberta .", "some authorities split the eastern and western races of this species into separate species : the western warbling vireo , v. swainsoni , includes v. g. swainsoni , which breeds from southeastern alaska and southwestern northwest territories to the sierra san pedro mártir , baja california , and v. g. brewsteri , which breeds from southern idaho , wyoming , and montana to south-central oaxaca .", "these two subspecies winter in mexico .", "the swainsoni group also includes v. g. victoriae , an isolated population breeding in the sierra de la laguna , baja california sur , and migrating to unknown wintering grounds .", "the eastern warbling vireo , v. gilvus , breeds from central alberta and northern montana east and south through most of the united states and parts of southern canada , outside the range of the previous group .", "it winters south of the isthmus of tehuantepec from south-central chiapas to nicaragua .", "it completes its autumn molt on the breeding grounds , while the swainsonii group completes it after leaving .", "the brown-capped vireo ( vireo leucophrys ) , resident in central america and northern south america , is sometimes considered conspecific with the warbling vireo . " ], "topic": [ 25, 24, 28, 14, 0, 23, 23, 19, 12, 12, 12, 28, 28, 25, 14, 5, 5, 17, 25, 14, 28, 25 ] }

[ "the warbling vireo (vireo gilvus) is a small north american songbird. its breeding habitat is open deciduous and mixed woods from alaska to mexico and the florida panhandle. it often nests along streams. it migrates to mexico and central america. adults are 12 cm (4.7 in) long and weigh 12 g (0.42 oz). they are mainly olive-grey on the head and upperparts with white underparts; they have brown eyes and the front of the face is light. there is a white supercilium. they have thick blue-grey legs and a stout bill. western birds are generally smaller and have darker grey crowns. warbling vireos forage for insects in trees, hopping along branches and sometimes hovering. they also eat berries, especially before migration and in winter quarters, where they are – like other vireos – apparently quite fond of gumbo-limbo seeds, though they will not venture into human-modified habitat to get them. they make a deep cup nest suspended from a tree branch or shrub, placed relatively high in the east and lower in the west. the male helps with incubation and may sing from the nest. the warbling vireo's song is a cheerful warble, similar to that of the painted bunting. there are subtle differences in song between eastern and western birds, at least where the ranges meet in alberta. some authorities split the eastern and western races of this species into separate species: the western warbling vireo, v. swainsoni, includes v. g. swainsoni, which breeds from southeastern alaska and southwestern northwest territories to the sierra san pedro mártir, baja california, and v. g. brewsteri, which breeds from southern idaho, wyoming, and montana to south-central oaxaca. these two subspecies winter in mexico. the swainsoni group also includes v. g. victoriae, an isolated population breeding in the sierra de la laguna, baja california sur, and migrating to unknown wintering grounds. the eastern warbling vireo, v. gilvus, breeds from central alberta and northern montana east and south through most of the united states and parts of southern canada, outside the range of the previous group. it winters south of the isthmus of tehuantepec from south-central chiapas to nicaragua. it completes its autumn molt on the breeding grounds, while the swainsonii group completes it after leaving. the brown-capped vireo (vireo leucophrys), resident in central america and northern south america, is sometimes considered conspecific with the warbling vireo." ]

[ "html public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference (book, 2005) [ worldcat. org ]\nyour web browser is not enabled for javascript. some features of worldcat will not be available .\nyour list has reached the maximum number of items. please create a new list with a new name; move some items to a new or existing list; or delete some items .\nnote: citations are based on reference standards. however, formatting rules can vary widely between applications and fields of interest or study. the specific requirements or preferences of your reviewing publisher, classroom teacher, institution or organization should be applied .\nthe e - mail address (es) field is required. please enter recipient e - mail address (es) .\nthe e - mail address (es) you entered is (are) not in a valid format. please re - enter recipient e - mail address (es) .\ni thought you might be interested in this item at urltoken title: mammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference author: don e wilson; deeann m reeder publisher: baltimore: johns hopkins university press, ©2005. isbn / issn: 0801882214 9780801882210 0801882389 9780801882388 0801882397 9780801882395 oclc: 57557352\nwilson and reeder' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today. the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and, for the first time, common names. each concise entry covers type locality, distribution, synonyms, and major reference sources. the systematic arrangement of\ninformation indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level. this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\n- - publisher' s website .\nplease choose whether or not you want other users to be able to see on your profile that this library is a favorite of yours .\nthis indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\na uniquely valuable compendium of taxonomic and distributional data on the world' s living and historically extinct mammalian species. contributors and editors alike deserve the thanks of all\nadd tags for\nmammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference\n.\nyou may have already requested this item. please select ok if you would like to proceed with this request anyway .\nworldcat is the world' s largest library catalog, helping you find library materials online. learn more ››\ndon' t have an account? you can easily create a free account .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\nthe species includes monodelphis rubida and m. umbristriatus as synonyms (pavan et al. 2014) .\nastua de moraes, d. , cáceres, n. , brito, d. & costa, l. p .\njustification: this species is listed as least concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large population, its occurrence in a number of protected areas, and because it is unlikely to be declining at nearly the rate required to qualify for listing in a threatened category .\nthe species is found in eastern brazil from the states of pará south to santa catarina, and including goias (gardner 2008, astúa 2015) .\ndeforestation and habitat fragmentation of the atlantic forest and cerrado are the major threats to this species .\nastua de moraes, d. , cáceres, n. , brito, d. & costa, l. p. 2016 .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nenglish - german online dictionary developed to help you share your knowledge with others. more information! contains translations by tu chemnitz and mr honey' s business dictionary (german - english). thanks on that account! links to this dictionary or to single translations are very welcome! questions and answers\nkari pihlaviita added the finnish common name\nbrasilianpäästäisopossumi\nto\nmonodelphis americana (müller, 1776 )\n.\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\nsorry, the species or group that you asked for is not on the onezoom tree .\nthe open tree contains additional species not on the onezoom tree (particularly subspecies and fossils). to check if this is why we cannot find your species or group, you can\n, then chances are you have entered a wrong number or a misspelt name .\nnordländer (in), bewohner (in) des nördl. teils eines landes\ncopyright © 2018 langenscheidt digital gmbh & co. kg, all rights reserved .\nenglish french online dictionary term bank, where you can search in more than 2 million words in categories and different pronunciation options .\ndouble - check spelling, grammar, punctuation. translators work best when there are no errors or typos .\nif words are different, search our dictionary to understand why and pick the right word .\nif phrases are different, try searching our examples to help pick the right phrase .\nwe' ve combined the most accurate english to spanish translations, dictionary, verb conjugations, and spanish to english translators into one very powerful search box .\nspanishdict is devoted to improving our site based on user feedback and introducing new and innovative features that will continue to help people learn and love the spanish language. have a suggestion, idea, or comment? send us your feedback." ]

{ "text": [ "the northern three-striped opossum ( monodelphis americana ) is an opossum species from south america .", "it is endemic to atlantic forest ecoregions of coastal brazil . " ], "topic": [ 17, 13 ] }

[ "the northern three-striped opossum (monodelphis americana) is an opossum species from south america. it is endemic to atlantic forest ecoregions of coastal brazil." ]

[ "dr. eckholm points out there is a big difference between a dog with fleas and a flea - allergic dog with fleas .\nfrontline plus for dogs medium dog (23 - 44 pounds) flea ...\nfrontline plus for dogs small dog (5 - 22 pounds) flea ...\nfleas can be very unpleasant for both your dog and your home, and pets at home offers several trusted products for dog flea treatment. for complete flea control, it' s recommended that your dog is treated every four to eight weeks .\nour favorite oral treatment is bayer. unlike most flea medications, your dog might actually want to eat it. these flavored chews look and smell like a regular dog treat, but contain imidacloprid — an insecticide acts through the dog’s bloodstream. when a flea bites the dog, it’s exposed to the insecticide and dies .\nand a solid 4 - star rating, this is our top choice for dog flea collars .\nhow to check your dog for fleas: make it a habit to check your dog’s comb or brush during regular grooming sessions. if you suspect a problem, there are several ways to check your dog for fleas .\nleft untreated, chronic infestations not only make your dog miserable but can lead to infection and more serious flea - related diseases. being aware of the signs and symptoms of flea infestations, along with prompt treatment, will help you keep your dog and her environment a healthy one. symptoms of dog flea allergies :\nwhen fleas bite a dog, their saliva leaves the skin irritated, leading to your dog itching and biting at the location. the irritation is uncomfortable to your dog and could even lead to her scratching to the point of fur loss. fleas can also transmit tapeworms to your dog. tapeworms are parasites that will live in your dog’s gut, leaching important nutrition from your dog’s diet. and then there’s ticks. when they latch onto a dog they can transmit a range of diseases—lyme disease, rocky mountain spotted fever, tularemia and more .\ndoes my dog have fleas? most people know how fleas look like and how to check a dog for fleas. however, it is not easy to see this insect or to detect signs your dog has fleas. to be more precise, it is simple to notice signs that your dog has fleas when your dog has too many fleas, but it is better to avoid such situation .\nif you can’t find any signs of actual fleas on your dog or in your living environment, or if you have done the full flea eradication treatment on your dog and home but your dog is still scratching excessively, it’s time to ask your veterinarian for advice. he or she will help you determine the cause of your dog’s discomfort and suggest treatment options such as flea preventatives .\nwebmd veterinary experts answer commonly asked questions about fleas and ticks on your dog .\nfrontline plus for dogs large dog (45 to 88 pounds) ...\nblack specks on your dog or in your dog' s bed may be\nflea dirt\n- the fecal matter from adult fleas. there are two easy ways to check for black specks :\n7) how can i tell if my pet has fleas - flea excreta (black specks of flea dirt) on the cat or dog' s coat - evidence of flea infestation .\nthe best way to find out if your dog has fleas is to look for symptoms of flea bites on dogs .\n“a dog should never need allergy testing to look for flea allergy, ” dr. eckholm says. “and i would never put flea extract in [ environmental ] allergy shots because flea control is going to work much better with prevention rather than trying to desensitize the dog to it. ”\nitching and scratching: like all parasites, fleas depend upon a host animal for their survival – in this case, your dog’s blood. dogs can be allergic to the protein in flea saliva and will itch or scratch as soon as the flea bites the dog’s skin. even a single flea bite can cause a dog to become nervous or agitated and scratch excessively for several days .\nwaterproof dog flea and tick collar. kills fleas for up to 4 months. for dogs and puppies from 12 weeks old .\n* free dog walk offer is valid for customers who have not previously used wag! .\nthe canine health foundation works to prevent, treat and cure diseases that impact all dogs, while providing professional information and resources for dog owners. your gift helps further research that will impact the dog you love today, and the dog you will love in the future .\nif your dog has irritating flea bites, the first thing you should do is call your vet. flea allergy dermatitis is very uncomfortable for dogs, and your vet will help control the symptoms of flea allergy dermatitis while you come up with a flea removal plan. even if your dog does not have flea allergy dermatitis, the best way to treat flea bites is still, of course, to get rid of fleas .\nif you have already found fleas on your dog, you may want to give him a nice bath with a flea shampoo. flea shampoos are a type of medicated shampoo that can help to kill fleas and cleanse your dog’s coat. keep in mind that some flea shampoos only kill adult fleas while others kill eggs and larvae as well. our top pick for a dog flea shampoo that kills fleas in all life stages and provides a full 28 days of flea prevention is adams plus flea & tick shampoo with precor .\n“it would take a huge number of fleas to cause problems in a dog that is not flea allergic, ” dr. eckholm clarifies. “and if that’s the case, you are going to be seeing them on your dog. ”\nanimology flea & tick dog shampoo has been specially formulated to wash out fleas and ticks and to help keep them off the dogs coat .\nan itching, scratching dog conjures up nightmarish images of fleas hopping everywhere—especially onto our furniture, beds, and carpets. fleas are prime suspects if your dog is scratching without any apparent reason, but before you can blame fleas for your dog’s discomfort you need to do a little more investigating .\ndogs ingest fleas while biting at an itchy spot or grooming themselves or another dog. unfortunately, these flea - sized snacks can contain another unwanted parasite: tapeworms. when a dog eats a flea containing tapeworm eggs, the eggs move into your dog’s small intestines, where they hatch and mature into adults. luckily, tapeworms are easy to treat and are not usually harmful .\nfounded in 1884, the akc is the recognized and trusted expert in breed, health and training information for dogs. akc actively advocates for responsible dog ownership and is dedicated to advancing dog sports .\nhartz offers a complete pest management system designed to prevent fleas from attaching to your dog, and to break the 4 - stage flea life cycle if your dog is already infested. in severe cases, you may need to contact your vet who can treat your dog with creams and antibiotics. either way, prevention and / or prompt treatment are the best ways to ensure that your dog avoids developing a more severe flea - related disease down the road. for more information on flea prevention, visit the hartz® ultraguard® website .\nthis is not an image of a flea infested cat. it is a photo taken of the coat of the dog discussed in the last section of this webpage (the flea allergy dog flea pictures - section 8). the photograph contains a nice image of an adult flea crawling through the dog' s fur. the fur around the flea has tiny black dots or specks that look like small bits of black dirt in the fur. this is not true dirt: these are flea droppings (flea excreta). the' dirt' is what the flea poos out after it has digested the blood of the host animal. these flea droppings form the basic diet of the larval fleas that emerge from the flea eggs .\nnyc subway bans dogs unless they fit into a bag. these big dog owners accepted the challenge .\nit’s important to note, your dog can still have an allergic reaction even if you use flea preventatives. “none of the flea products on the market act as a repellant, ” dr. eckholm confirms. “you can’t repel the flea, they actually have to come in contact with the dog for the medicines to kill them. ”\nif you have not found any flea in your dog, there are some signs dog has fleas which will help you to confirm your suspicions. first of all, look for black crumbs that look like pepper grains. they are flea feces gathering in lumps at the base of the hairs. you can also find whitish translucent “crumbs” which are flea eggs. the more you find, the more numerous is the flea population on your dog. but remember that most eggs fall down, so it is not easy to understand how many fleas on a dog can appear in a while .\nalong with the symptoms of flea bites, the best way to determine if your dog has fleas is to look for fleas themselves or their droppings .\noral chews and tablets use insecticides that transfer to the dog’s bloodstream in under an hour. when a flea bites the dog, it’s exposed to the insecticide and dies. while chews and tablets work faster than any other product, they only last 24 hours — over - the - counter oral medications are only intended to treat an existing flea problem. they won’t protect your dog from a future infestation .\nthis is jemma, a san diego shelter dog who had severe flea allergy dermatitis. today, she’s doing great. her fur has grown back and she’s being treated with a monthly flea preventive .\nflea and tick control products for dogs protect your pet from pests. petsmart has dog flea treatment items including sprays, collars, medicine, ointments and more that kill fleas and ticks fast. for prescription medicine prescribed by your vet, check out our pharmacy. find what works best for your dog !\nwhen a dog has a heightened sensitivity to the saliva of fleas, just one bite of a flea can cause an allergic reaction. this condition is known as flea allergy dermatitis and causes intense itching and discomfort for your dog. signs include generalized hair loss, reddened skin, scabs and hot spots. flea allergy dermatitis often leads to skin infections .\noral medications are useful in that they provide protection for your dog’s entire body, whereas sprays and rinses might leave some areas of your dog vulnerable to fleas and ticks. there are some oral medications that serve to protect your dog solely from ticks, and others that will protect your dog only from fleas. as with all medications, be sure to read the directions carefully, as dosages differ from one medication to the next .\none trick that may help you if the fleas are hard to see is to place a white piece of paper or paper towel on the floor next to or beneath your dog while coming through her hair. flea dirt (flea feces) will fall off of the dog’s skin and land on the paper .\nthe first place the veterinarian will tell you to start is with treatment for your dog. the following methods may be used for flea eradication and control .\nin severe infestations, it’s easy to spot fleas jumping and moving on and off your dog’s body. in less obvious situations, you may notice that your dog is restless and is scratching, licking or chewing more than normal on certain areas of her body. shaking the head often and scratching at the ears is another indication of a possible flea infestation in your dog .\nwhen you run a flea comb through your dog’s fur you have probably seen these little black dark specks of dirt. the trouble is how do you know if this is flea dirt or just dirt ?\nsprays linger in the oils on a dog’s skin. they work similar to spot - ons, but are more diluted and require you to apply the medication all over your dog’s body as often as once a week .\ndog flea collars generally work in one of two ways. the first is to emit a toxic gas that kills or repels fleas, the other type release a substance that is absorbed by the dog and spreads through it’s skin killing fleas anywhere on the animal’s body .\nso what do flea bites look like? fleas leave tiny, red, raised dots on your dog’s skin. they are typically smaller than other insect bites, although they can become inflamed after a dog scratches. some dogs have a stronger reaction to flea bites than others, which creates a much larger red area .\nhopefully, the insect bite that you feared was a flea bite turned out to just be the bite of something harmless, like an ant, giving you time to go to the vet and get your dog on a prescription flea and tick preventative. if it turns out that your dog does have fleas, call your vet and start your flea removal plan today .\nthe best place to start is by removing the fleas and flea eggs from your dog with a flea comb. the best way to do this is by getting a bowl of soapy water and making sure your flea comb is thoroughly wetted at all times .\n“generally, if your dog has fleas, you’re going to see the flea or you’re going to see flea droppings, which looks like black specks, ” dr. eckholm clarifies. “the flea takes a bite of your dog and what you’re seeing is dried - up blood, so if you soak it on a white paper towel, the droppings will turn red. ”\nthis veterinary anatomy model comes with a two - sided education card and base included. ideal for vets looking to explain the effects of flea bites to dog owners .\nthis flea pictures page is designed to give pet owners a visual guide to common cat and dog fleas and answer the commonly - asked question :\nwhat do fleas look like ?\neveryone knows that they need to protect their cats and dogs against flea infestation, but not everyone knows what dog and cat fleas or flea infestation actually looks like. this flea pictures page contains many different photographic and diagrammatic pictures of fleas, including: images of real flea infestation, labeled diagrams of flea anatomy, microscope images of adult fleas and flea larvae, pictures of\nflea dirt\n( flea excreta - evidence of fleas) and pictures of flea allergy dermatitis in the dog. the flea pictures topics are presented in the following order: 1) what do fleas look like? - a description of the adult flea, egg, larva and cocoon (pupa). 2) flea infestation images - a heavy infestation of cat fleas on a cat. 3) diagram images of fleas - an anatomy drawing of a common adult cat or dog flea (ctenocephalides species). 4) flea pictures through the microscope - what do fleas look like under the microscope? 5) echidnophaga gallinacea - stickfast or sticktight flea pictures. 6) flea larvae - pictures of larval fleas under the microscope. 7) how can i tell if my pet has fleas? - flea excreta (black specks of dirt -\nflea dirt\n) on the cat or dog' s coat. 8) how can i tell if my pet has fleas? - flea allergy dermatitis and other telltale flea symptoms in cats and dogs .\noutdoors, you can use sprays, especially in open areas. include the patios, porches, dog houses, and all the places your dog visits. rake everything outdoors to disturb flea habitat. treating the yard requires 7 to 14 days, depending on the product you use .\nwhen you give your dog a flea bath, make sure that you lather it well and wash all of your dog’s fur including the belly. as you rinse you should see fleas coming off your dog. the water and the shampoo will make sure the fleas are dead, so i usually drain the bath and then dry my dogs in the bath as this usually avoids some very wet shakes afterwards !\nfor the prevention and lasting control of flea infestation and the treatment of flea allergic dermatitis in dogs .\n“it takes a very low number of bites to cause a reaction in flea - allergic dogs, ” dr. eckholm explains. “with flea - allergic dogs, you won’t necessarily ever see fleas or flea droppings because those dogs are allergic to the saliva from the flea bite and when the flea injects that saliva under the dog’s skin, it causes a hypersensitivity reaction. ”\nfleas feed on blood and survive by reproducing. when a dog or cat is heavily infested, they show symptoms like :\nit is easy to spot fleas on dogs with light fur. if your dog’s fur is dark, use a lamp ;\npetarmor fastcaps, sentry capguard, and capstar tablets are all identical. bayer advantus soft chews resemble an everyday dog treat .\nbob martin dog flea shampoo kills fleas on dogs and puppies and helps to maintain a glossy, healthy coat. for use on dogs and puppies from 12 weeks of age .\nflea collars are effective for adult fleas. some collars have an igr, or insect growth regulator, to prevent flea egg and flea larval development as well .\nmost flea powders and sprays are only effective for adult fleas, some offer additional flea protection by inhibiting flea egg and larval development (contain an igr) .\nwhy you' ll love them: to stop an existing flea infestation in its tracks, novartis capstar flea tablets are our top choice for oral flea medications .\nto give your dog relief from fleas as quickly as possible, use an oral medication. these medications work through your dog’s bloodstream to start killing fleas in under an hour, but they won’t protect against a future infestation or any other type of pest. you’ll give your dog a dose up to once per day until the infestation is under control, but if you have a persistent flea problem at home, or your dog is regularly exposed to ticks, follow up with a spot - on treatment after a few days. never combine flea medicines at the same time without talking to your vet first .\nyou will need a dedicated flea shampoo to get rid of fleas on your dog. check with your vetenarian for advice before using products on your dog and make sure that you read the instructions as many are unsuitable for younger dogs, pregnant dogs and can be lethal to other animals such as cats !\nq: i know about lyme disease and rocky mountain spotted fever, but now i’m hearing about new diseases my dog can get from ticks. are these diseases rare? how worried should i be about my dog contracting a tick - borne disease ?\na dog’s self - mutilation in reaction to flea bites sets the stage for potentially devastating secondary bacterial skin infections, which can be fatal. many dogs that do not have flea allergies still develop severe flea bite dermatitis as a result of the mechanical skin irritation caused by these biting bugs .\nif you don’t like the idea of using a topical flea preventive and you aren’t sure your dog will tolerate a flea collar, there is still another option – oral medications or flea pills. flea pills can kill adult fleas in as little as 30 minutes, making them a great solution for dogs with flea allergies. our top pick for oral flea medications is novartis capstar tablets. available in two formulas for dogs under and over 25 pounds, these flea pills are fast - acting and highly effective .\nto inspect your dog, turn her onto her back and check the areas that allow fleas to hide best. the armpits and\nspot - ons are a small, concentrated liquid applied to the back of a dog’s neck. within 24 hours, the medication dissipates into the natural oils on the dog’s skin, killing fleas and preventing new generations from developing for up to a month .\nwhen it comes to fleas, prevention is definitely your best option. there are many choices out there, from pills and collars to prescription applications. these preventatives protect your dog and home from flea infestations and are much easier (and cheaper) to deal with than a full - blown flea problem. talk to your vet about the best preventative for your dog, especially if he shows signs of flea allergy dermatitis .\nif you can’t detect any fleas, flea dirt or eggs, but your dog continues to scratch or seems uncomfortable, have your veterinarian check her over. there is a skin test your vet can administer to test for flea allergies. it’s also possible that your dog is suffering from another type of allergy such as a food, atopic or contact allergy which the vet can diagnose during your visit. safely rid your dog and home of fleas adult fleas can continue to reproduce and thrive on your dog and in your home until you break their life cycle. fortunately, there are safe and effective treatment options. from powders and sprays to shampoos and topical liquids, numerous products are available to prevent or eliminate fleas, and treat your dog’s surroundings .\nto face a flea problem, a key question is to estimate the size of the flea population. a sporadic flea infestation of a pet in a cold place ,\nflea allergy dermatitis is the most common skin disease in american dogs. the disease occurs when a dog has an allergic reaction to flea saliva, and leads to itchiness, irritation, hair loss, scaly skin, and secondary skin infections .\nflea and tick shampoo can help rid your dog of pests in about 4 hours for up to 4 weeks of protection. not as long - lasting as a topical or oral medication .\nthis is why it is imperative you treat not just the dog, but also everywhere it likes to go in your home and yard and for every stage of the flea’s life cycle .\nthis is a photo taken of the coat of a dog with a very minor flea burden. the fur of this dog contains tiny black dots or specks that look like small bits of black dirt in the fur. this is not real dirt: this is flea droppings (flea excreta). the droppings are generally situated at the base of the host' s hairs because the flea moves across the skin at the base of the hairs and tends to poop where it runs .\nwhen a flea bites your dog, it deposits a small amount of saliva in the skin. your dog can develop flea allergy dermatitis (fad) in reaction to this saliva, which causes severe itching. in addition to your pet scratching or biting excessively around the tail, groin or backside, scabs or bumps may also appear on your pet' s neck or back .\nfleas are tiny parasites that feed off of the blood of their hosts. there are over 2, 200 species of fleas in the world, but the flea that most frequently infests dogs is not the dog flea, which is relatively rare, but the cat flea, scientifically known as ctenocephalides felis .\ndrontal advantage combo pack for dogs 10 - 25kg. contains drontal dog (pack of 8) advantage 250 (pack of 4 )\ndrontal advantage combo pack for dogs 25kg +. contains drontal dog (pack of 8) advantage 250 (pack of 4) .\ndrontal advantage combo pack for dogs 4 - 10kg. contains drontal dog (pack of 8) advantage 100 (pack of 4 )\nbayer advantus soft chews kills 96% fleas within an hour and comes in a flavored chew that looks like a dog treat. use once per day until your home is flea - free .\nflea removal is tricky, and you need to have a basic knowledge of the flea life cycle to choose the right products for your dog. as gross as it might be to think about, you need to know how fleas feed and reproduce .\nthe pill form of flea protection is the fastest choice as it goes right into your dog’s bloodstream. what’s even cooler is some formulations include de - wormers, heartworm, and tick prevention for a one shot punch to many of dog’s least favorite critters. consult with your veterinarian to see which option is best for your pet .\nrun a flea comb over your dog, making sure the comb reaches the skin through the coat. if black specks are on the comb when you pull it off, they might be flea dirt. if fleas are on the comb, drown them in a bowl of soapy water before they can get away or jump back on your dog. you can get a flea comb from your vet or pet retailer. metal ones are the best .\n: flea cannot fly but they jump about 4 inches when starved. mainly flea are disperse by their host .\nmainly, fleas exist as eggs and larva, waiting protected in their cocoons for the optimal moments to hatch, which is usually when a dog or cat walks by. just a single flea can cause problems, at least in flea - allergic dogs. one flea can bite 20 to 40 times per hour !\nwhereas most flea collars deposit low - dose insecticides into your dog’s skin to poison fleas as they bite, the seresto flea and tick collar utilizes a unique delivery system that distributes the active ingredients in low concentrations over your dog’s hair and skin. as the active ingredients wear off, the collar continuously replenishes them for hassle - free, long - lasting protection. no other flea collar works in quite the same way or offers the same degree of protection .\nnovartis capstar flea tablets are frequently compared to comfortis flea tablets, a prescription flea medication. both medications begin killing adult fleas in as little as 30 minutes but novartis capstar flea tablets do not require a prescription for purchase. a review from\nhello, my dog has been scratching a lot. he seems like he is in pain when he does. i noticed that his skin is irritated, also i believe that due to this he is not active. my dog also doesn' t really want to eat anymore. i wonder if his condition is more than a flea infection .\nanother effective way to treat fleas is dog flea & tick collar, just as long as it is fitted properly. it is vital to get the right degree of snugness by being able to put two hands in between the collar and the neck of your pet dog. know the duration of the collar’s effectiveness as well as the necessary precautions on how to use it. note that there are some collars that can irritate your dog’s skin. if this happens, look for another brand .\n, i had to take photos of the flea in sections and photoshop these flea pictures together to create the whole animal .\nusing a flea comb on your dog and washing his bedding once a week will go a long way toward controlling flea infestation. also, it is important to treat your yard as thoroughly as your house. concentrate on shady areas, where fleas live, and use an insecticide or nematodes, microscopic worms that kill flea larvae .\nflea eggs hatch to produce tiny, grub - like flea larvae that are about 2. 5mm long (depending on the flea species). these newly - hatched larval fleas (called\nthe best way to search for fleas and flea dirt is to comb your pet with a flea comb. these fine - toothed combs pick up fleas and flea dirt, making it easy for you to spot evidence of flea activity on your pet .\nfrequently vacuum the areas your dog frequents, especially carpeted areas in your home, any furniture that is frequented by your dog, and your car (if your pet rides in your car). this will clean up as many immature fleas (eggs, larvae and pupae) as possible .\nalthough frontline plus is our top pick for flea control products, for various reasons laid out in the slides below, you should also consider the adams plus flea & tick shampoo with precor, the vet’s best natural flea and tick spray, the seresto flea and tick collar, and the novartis capstar flea tablets .\nnow since fleas suck blood, that is what gets processed and goes on through to be pooped out in your dogs fur. so if you comb your dog’s fur over a sheet of white paper or an old sheet you should see a good amount of dirt fall out of your dog’s fur .\nonce a suitable host is secured, adult dog fleas usually remain with that host animal for the remainder of the flea' s life. many animal species have been reported to successfully sustain dog fleas including coyotes, wolves, dogs, woodchucks, cats, rabbits, rats, gray foxes, and red foxes (fox 1940, durden and hinkle 2009) .\nwerner a. (2008). flea bite and flea allergic dermatitis. common skin diseases. (no longer available online )\nif you’re looking for an all - in - one solution for adult fleas and their eggs, a flea spray might be the best option. not only can you use a flea spray on your dog, but you can also use it on his bedding and other household surfaces. many flea sprays offer limited efficacy or they are made with dangerous chemicals. our top pick for a safe and effective flea spray for dogs is the vet’s best natural flea and tick spray .\nlet’s face it—fleas are everywhere. they’re so tiny, they can be hard to detect at first, and before you know it, you’ve got a flea infestation on your hands alone with an itchy, unhappy dog .\nif you’re looking for long - lasting protection against fleas that you don’t have to reapply month after month, a flea collar might be the best option for your dog. though there are many flea collars on the market, the seresto flea and tick collar from bayer is far and away the best option. with more than 8, 000 reviews on\nif you' ve discovered that your dog or cat has fleas, there are a few things you can do to provide your pet with immediate relief .\nfleas are the most common external parasites of dogs and cats. dog fleas are nasty and greedy bloodsuckers that are able to deprive your pet of sleep and even seriously harm its health. flea bites hurt and itch. besides, saliva of these parasites is a habitat of pathogens of various diseases. if you have a dog, you must know how to check your dog for fleas to be able to notice flea intrusion on time. since these insects are very small, you should know how to detect signs of fleas on dogs, if the insects hide from you in your pet’s fur .\nwhen all else fails, a flea fogger is your last best hope to end the cycle of a flea infestation in your home .\ns a tropical flea native to central and south america, which occurs also in africa and asia. infections with this flea are called\nflea (the common dog or cat flea). the simple eye (the circular brown disc in the mid - side of the face); three - segmented antennae and sucking mouth parts are marked in blue. the pronotal and genal combs are marked in brown and outlined. the presence of both combs is important if a flea is to be diagnosed as\npro - spot (fenthion) - is a liquid insecticide which is applied to the skin of a dog in between its shoulder blades. (farley 1996 )\nis the\nstickfast\nor\nsticktight\nflea commonly found infesting a range of poultry and chicken species. primarily a bird flea ,\nif you see your dog itching his skin and generally looking uncomfortable, you can check for fleas. better yet, visit the animal clinic and the veterinarian will definitively diagnose a flea infestation. after discussing your pet’s recent medical history and travel of late, the veterinarian will examine your canine family member to look for signs of skin irritation and flea bites. she will also know exactly where to check for fleas, in the warm areas of your dog’s body. the veterinary caregiver may also use a flea comb that will easily remove flea dirt. the flea feces, when placed on a wet paper towel, will turn coppery red, confirming the presence of fleas .\nthe flea’s life cycle goes like this – once they have food (ie blood !) the fleas mate and the females lay eggs. these are small and fall off the host, usually into places like the dog’s bed or the carpet. here the larvae hatch from the eggs and feed on what they find nearby – dead skin cells, dog food and flea dirt, so the cleaner your house, the less there is for them to feed on .\nfleas extract and consume the blood of host animals in order to survive. neither cat nor dog fleas leave the host voluntarily and will typically remain with one host throughout their lifespan. however, if dog fleas are forcibly removed from their host, they will locate a new host or return to the original host if possible .\nof course, cat’s fleas feel more comfortable on a cat, but they can live on a dog or even suck human blood. thus, the species specificity of these insects is rather conventional: dog fleas can be transmitted to humans, and a human can infect a dog or a cat with fleas. fortunately, it does not matter which kind of fleas you face, as you can kill them in the same way and all of them cause similar symptoms of fleas on dogs .\nas with any flea species, hosts and surrounding areas need to be treated in order to effectively eradicate a dog flea population. a veterinarian can discuss safe and effective treatment methods for your pet, but contact your local pest control expert to discuss science - based solutions and extermination options for your home .\n, the common dog or cat flea. it is one of the larger and more common flea species afflicting domestic pets. it will also bite humans. to give you an idea of the relatively large size of this flea, this particular image (unlike all of the other entire flea pictures presented on this page) was unable to be taken all at once, even through a low powered microscope. to provide you with a whole image of\ntalk to your vet about the best flea removal plan for your dog and household. it could take some time for all of the fleas in your home to die off, so don’t wait too long to act. in the meantime, discourage your dog from getting on furniture and especially discourage him from sleeping in your bed, and do some research about the best ways to get rid of fleas .\n“another method you can use to search for flea dirt in the house is to wear white socks and walk through areas frequented by your dog, ” says dr. kvamme. “fleas and / or flea dirt may be picked up by the fibers of the socks and will stand out on the white background. ”\ntips, stories, and reviews for people who love dogs, powered by urltoken, the world' s largest network of 5 - star pet sitters and dog walkers .\nkill newly - arriving adult fleas on your dog. it may take three or flour months to kill all the new adult fleas emerging from pupae in the household environment .\nadult fleas lay their eggs in the hair of their host—your dog. a female flea can lay as many as 50 eggs a day and an average of 27 eggs a day for up to 100 days. as far as i am concerned, that’s 27 eggs a day too many. these eggs fall to the ground every time your dog shakes, scratches, or lies down, infesting your home and yard .\nnames this flea shampoo its top pick, noting that while it may have a somewhat unpleasant odor, it lathers easily and works to remove dandruff and scales while also cleansing and softening your dog’s coat. this product receives an a + rating from\na: the way animals get fleas is some other flea - infested animal - a stray dog or stray cat, or some other neighbors’ dog or cat, or urban wildlife, mainly opossums and raccoons - went through your neighborhood, your yard, and the female flea is laying eggs and the eggs are basically rained off into your environment. we call them a living salt shaker. and then those eggs developed into adults and those fleas jumped onto your pet. that’s how it happened .\nin warm climates, prescription flea treatment for dogs is typically a year round endeavor, but in other climates treatment should begin in early spring before the flea season starts. in addition, these type of products are not a good choice for animals that are allergic to flea saliva (have flea bite\nfleas will not only make you and especially your furry family member miserable, but they can also be the cause of tapeworm (when the flea is ingested), flea - borne typhus (carried by feral cats and wild animals that may frequent your yard), cat flea rickettsiosis, and flea allergic dermatitis. eradicating a flea infestation can be difficult. the veterinarian will be able to advise on how to reduce the risk of flea contraction .\nfrontline homegard is the new household flea spray from the manufacturers of frontline spot on, the uk' s no. 1 flea and tick protection .\neffipro spot on flea treatment for dogs is a smart new fipronil - based alternative flea and tick treatment for small dogs weighing between 2 - 10kg .\nthis is the flea dirt image that most owners would expect to see in a very mildly infested dog or cat. thankfully, this dog had white fur (easy to photograph) - owners of darker furred animals will need to look very closely to see this dirt in their pet' s coat. brushing the darker - haired pet with a fine - toothed comb and examining the brushed - out particles on a white paper background can be a useful way of spotting small amounts of flea excreta .\nthough some of our canine friends may not have a severe reaction to fleas, many will be extremely uncomfortable and irritated. your dog may show the following signs listed here .\nstand your dog over a lightly coloured sheet or towel so you can see what is coming off of them and begin to comb. concentrate on the thickest parts of the fur around the tail and hind legs. you may also find a few on their back and by their neck, even on their bellies depending on how furry your dog is .\nwe have a great range of flea treatment and tick treatments for dogs available in spot - on, tablets and collars including frontline for dogs and advantage for dogs while for the the house we have environmental flea sprays. flea and wormer combo packs are now available and contain either advantage and drontal or our own brands easimax and hyperdrug flea and tick drops flea treatment for dogs .\nflea comb: fine - toothed, metal flea combs are available from your vet or local pet supply store. run the comb along her back or underbelly making sure to apply enough pressure so the comb comes in contact with her skin. adult flea feces – commonly called flea dirt – looks like small black pepper specks. have a small bowl of soapy water handy to drown any adult fleas you may pull up with the comb so they don’t hop back onto your dog .\nyou have probably heard the saying that where there is one flea, there are likely hundreds or thousands more. it doesn’t take long for a few fleas to multiply into a major and fast - spreading infestation. though fleas may not be quite as dangerous as ticks when it comes to transmitting diseases, your dog could still develop an allergic reaction to flea bites and an infestation could cause significant itching, irritation, and even hair loss. luckily, there are many flea control and protection products on the market that are specifically designed to protect your dog against these pesky pests .\ntake your pet to the vet, and then have your home treated professionally by a pest control expert. only then can you control your fleabites and prevent further itchy, scratchy bumps. to prevent your dog from being reinfested, try a flea collar .\nwhen it comes to getting rid of fleas and ticks, you have options. there are flea and tick spot treatment solutions, collars, oral treatments, flea and tick dog shampoos, dog flea sprays and wipes for your pet, as well as spray treatments and foggers for around your home and yard. it’s important to treat your home, yard and pet if you want to end an infestation for good. if your pet already has fleas or ticks, look for a solution that kills fleas and ticks at both the adult life stage and the larvae stage. this is important, because if your pet has fleas or ticks, there’s a good chance larvae are hiding in carpets, furniture, your lawn and even in your pet’s fur. following the manufacturer’s guidelines for use and application will ensure your tick and flea treatment is swift and absolute. if you’d prefer to avoid these headaches all together, take some preventative measures before your dog even becomes a flea or tick host, like with topical or oral preventatives or with a dog flea collar. you can find everything you need right here on chewy, so take the necessary precautions to protect your pet today .\nother forms of chemical control include igr applications to carpets or beddings and treating flea - infested homes with insecticides (durden and hinkle 2009). traditional insecticides and other naturally - occurring materials are commercially available, however, some cat flea populations have expressed insecticide resistance and it is likely that this may occur with the dog flea. professional pest control services are another option for controlling dog flea populations in the home. with all pesticide use, you should consult with your state’s cooperative extension service for approved materials, your veterinarian regarding your animals’ sensitivity, and read and understand each insecticide label prior to its use. these steps will help to preserve your pet’s health .\nwhile it might seem somewhat ironic that the fleas bothering your dog are “cat fleas, ” this flea species is known to infest more than 50 different mammals and birds throughout the world. in the united states, they prefer dogs, cats, wolves, foxes, raccoons, opossums, ferrets, and domestic rabbits. the widespread palette of fleas gives your dog plenty of opportunity to pick them up as she goes about her day .\nbut the biggest distinguishing factor between environmental allergies and flea allergies is the location and distribution of the itching. look for flea dirt as another telltale sign .\nflea are small wingless insects and the body is covered with strong bristles backwardly. the body of flea is divided in to head, thorax and abdomen .\nwhen it comes to traveling in a car with your dog, safety should be paramount for you both. however, a recent study from volvo car usa found some surprising statistics .\n: the chief method of transmission in case of plague is the bite of hungry blocked flea. some flea which ingest plague bacilli become blocked due to the multiplication of plague bacilli in their stomach. flea affected in this way are called blocked flea, so due to this blockage flea are unable to obtain further blood feed. because of hunger, flea begin to bite more forcefully to suck the blood, so instead of sucking blood it injects plague bacilli to the wound. such blocked flea play a great role in the spread of plague .\nif you see your dog scratching or chewing itself a lot, it is a sign your pet has fleas, but how do you know if your dog has fleas? the problem is that fleas are very tiny they move very fast so they are hard to spot. in fact if you actually see a flea your pet, well you’re in trouble as there are probably thousands more lurking in your dogs fur and elsewhere in your home .\nwhen a flea bites its host, blood travels from a blood vessel through the epipharynx and into the flea' s body. this takes a lot of suction, which comes from pumps in the flea' s mouth and gut." ]

{ "text": [ "the dog flea ( ctenocephalides canis ) is a species of flea that lives as an ectoparasite on a wide variety of mammals , particularly the domestic dog and cat .", "it closely resembles the cat flea , ctenophalides felis , which can live on a wider range of animals and is generally more prevalent worldwide .", "the dog flea is troublesome because it can spread dipylidium caninum .", "although they feed on the blood of dogs and cats , they sometimes bite humans .", "they can live without food for several months , but females must have a blood meal before they can produce eggs .", "they can deliver about 4000 eggs on the host 's fur .", "the eggs go through four lifecycle stages : embryo , larva , pupa , and imago ( adult ) .", "this whole life cycle from egg to adult takes from two to three weeks , although this depends on the temperature .", "it may take longer in cool conditions . " ], "topic": [ 27, 13, 11, 4, 4, 11, 8, 19, 11 ] }

[ "the dog flea (ctenocephalides canis) is a species of flea that lives as an ectoparasite on a wide variety of mammals, particularly the domestic dog and cat. it closely resembles the cat flea, ctenophalides felis, which can live on a wider range of animals and is generally more prevalent worldwide. the dog flea is troublesome because it can spread dipylidium caninum. although they feed on the blood of dogs and cats, they sometimes bite humans. they can live without food for several months, but females must have a blood meal before they can produce eggs. they can deliver about 4000 eggs on the host's fur. the eggs go through four lifecycle stages: embryo, larva, pupa, and imago (adult). this whole life cycle from egg to adult takes from two to three weeks, although this depends on the temperature. it may take longer in cool conditions." ]

[ "ptilobactrum bezzi, 1915: 136. type species: ptilobactrum neavei bezzi, 1915: 137, by original designation .\nptilobactrum was erected by bezzi (1915: 136) for a microdon species ...\nfigures 21 – 31. microdon adults and parts. 21, 22, ptilobactrum neavei bezzi. 21 in a generic conspectus of the microdontinae (diptera: syrphidae) with the description of two new genera from africa and china\nfigures 317–324. 317–319 pseudomicrodon biluminiferus male (holotype): 317 habitus dorsal 318 habitus lateral 319 genitalia lateral 320 pseudomicrodon smiti male (holotype), genitalia lateral 321–324 ptilobactrum neavei male (holotype): 321 habitus dorsal 322 habitus lateral 323 head frontal 324 wing .\nfigures 325–331. 325–326 ptilobactrum neavei male (holotype): 325 antennae 326 genitalia lateral 327–328 rhoga sepulchrasilva male (brazil, coll. usnm): 327 head frontal 328 head lateral 329–330 rhoga mellea male (holotype): 329 habitus lateral 330 habitus dorsal 331 rhoga sepulchrasilva male (brazil, coll. usnm), genitalia lateral .\nfigures 21 – 31. microdon adults and parts. 21, 22, ptilobactrum neavei bezzi. 21, antenna, lateral, female. 22, basoflagellomere, lateral, male. 23, microdon (chymophila) fulgens wiedemann, scutellum, dorsal. 24 – 25, rhoga sepulchrasilva (hull). 24, habitus, dorsal. 25, metaleg, lateral. 26, oligeriops chalybeus (ferguson), head, lateral. 27, cervicorniphora alcicornis (ferguson), antenna, lateral. 28 – 31, rhopalosyrphus guntherii (lynch arribalzaga). 28, habitus, dorsal. 29, abdomen, lateral. 30, head, lateral. 31, metaleg, lateral. from hull (1949: 315, ...\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html + rdfa 1. 1 / / en\nexcept where otherwise noted, content on this site is licensed under a creative commons attribution cc by licence .\ncookies help us deliver our services. by using our services, you agree to our use of cookies .\nthis page is derived from the original publication listed below, whose author (s) should always be credited. further contributors may edit and improve the content of this page and, consequently, need to be credited as well (see\n). any assessment of factual correctness requires a careful review of the original article as well as of subsequent contributions .\nif you are uncertain whether your planned contribution is correct or not, we suggest that you use the associated discussion page instead of editing the page directly .\nthis page should be cited as follows (rationale): reemer m, ståhls g (2013) generic revision and species classification of the microdontinae (diptera, syrphidae). zookeys 288: 1–213, doi: 10. 3897 / zookeys. 288. 4095. versioned wiki page: 2013 - 04 - 12, version 33575, urltoken, contributors (alphabetical order): pensoft publishers .\n@ article { reemer2013zookeys288, author = { reemer, menno and ståhls, gunilla }, journal = { zookeys }, publisher = { pensoft publishers }, title = { generic revision and species classification of the microdontinae (diptera, syrphidae) }, year = { 2013 }, volume = { 288 }, issue = { }, pages = { 1 - - 213 }, doi = { 10. 3897 / zookeys. 288. 4095 }, url = { urltoken }, note = { versioned wiki page: 2013 - 04 - 12, version 33575, urltoken, contributors (alphabetical order): pensoft publishers. }\nty - jour t1 - generic revision and species classification of the microdontinae (diptera, syrphidae) a1 - reemer m a1 - ståhls g y1 - 2013 jf - zookeys ja - vl - 288 is - ur - urltoken sp - 1 ep - 213 pb - pensoft publishers m1 - versioned wiki page: 2013 - 04 - 12, version 33575, urltoken, contributors (alphabetical order): pensoft publishers .\n< ref name =\nreemer2013zookeys288\n> { { citation | author = reemer m, ståhls g | title = generic revision and species classification of the microdontinae (diptera, syrphidae) | journal = zookeys | year = 2013 | volume = 288 | issue = | pages = 1 - - 213 | pmid = | publisher = pensoft publishers | doi = 10. 3897 / zookeys. 288. 4095 | url = urltoken | pmc = | accessdate = 2018 - 07 - 10\nvein r4 + 5 with posterior appendix. basoflagellomere with long pile. abdomen oval. tergites 3 and 4 fused .\n( 1915) the syrphidae of the ethiopian region. british museum (natural history), london, 146 pp .\n( 2008) a generic conspectus of the microdontinae (diptera: syrphidae) with the description of two new genera from africa and china. zootaxa 1879: 21 - 48 .\nthis page was last modified on 12 april 2013, at 14: 55 .\n© all copyright remains with the creators of text or media. text without further rights information is available under the conditions of the creative commons attribution - share alike license (cc by - sa) in version 3 or later. see copyrights for details. where selected text is in the public domain or licensed under cc0 or cc by, appropriate information will be given on the page itself. for authors and contributors both the text itself and the list under\nview history\nat the top of each page must be consulted. embedded media objects (images, video, sound, etc .) may have different creators and may be available under different licenses which are either directly visible or available after clicking on the object. these licenses may restrict re - use of the entire content beyond the conditions of cc by - sa. additional terms may apply, see the following links :\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nincrease and dissemination of information about flower flies and bee lice via species pages. last indexed october 17, 2015\ncheng, xin - yue, thompson, christian (2008): a generic conspectus of the microdontinae (diptera: syrphidae) with the description of two new genera from africa and china. zootaxa 1879: 21 - 48, doi: 10. 5281 / zenodo. 184168\nfigures 48 – 49. ceratophya notata wiedemann, habitus, dorsal. from wiedemann (1824, plate, fig. 9; 1830: pl. 9, fig. 5) .\nfigures 42 – 47. microdon adults and parts. 42 – 45, paramixogaster wegneri keiser. 42 in a generic conspectus of the microdontinae (diptera: syrphidae) with the description of two new genera from africa and china\nfigures 42 – 47. microdon adults and parts. 42 – 45, paramixogaster wegneri keiser. 42, metaleg, lateral. 43, head, dorsal. 44, wing, dorsal. 45, abdomen, dorsal. 46 – 47, masarygus sp. figures 42 – 45 from keiser (1964: 85, figs 1 – 4); 46 – 47 new original .\nfigures 36 – 41. microdon adults and parts. 36 in a generic conspectus of the microdontinae (diptera: syrphidae) with the description of two new genera from africa and china\nfigures 36 – 41. microdon adults and parts. 36, paragodon paragoides thompson, head, lateral. 37, paramicrodon delicatula hull, head, lateral. 38, ubristes (hypselosyrphus) triangularis (curran), head, lateral. 39, rhoga sp. , head, lateral. 40 – 41, metasternum and bases of meso - and metalegs, ventral. 40, mixogaster cubensis curran 41. rhopalosyrphus guntherii lynch arribalzaga. figures from thompson (1969: 76, figs 16) .\nfigures 32 – 35. microdon adults and parts. 32, 34. spheginobaccha chillcotti thompson. 32 in a generic conspectus of the microdontinae (diptera: syrphidae) with the description of two new genera from africa and china\nfigures 32 – 35. microdon adults and parts. 32, 34. spheginobaccha chillcotti thompson. 32, habitus, dorsal, male. 34, head, dorsal, male. 33, aristosyrphus primus curran, wing, dorsal. 35, spheginobaccha vandoesburgi thompson, head, dorsal, male. figure 32 from hull (1949: 337, fig. 17 a); 33 from thompson (1969: 82, fig. 11); 34 – 35 from thompson (1974: 260, figs 7 – 8) .\nfigures 11 – 20. microdon adults and parts. 10 – 12 in a generic conspectus of the microdontinae (diptera: syrphidae) with the description of two new genera from africa and china\nfigures 11 – 20. microdon adults and parts. 10 – 12, carreramyia megacephalus (shannon). 10, habitus, dorsal. 11, metaleg, lateral. 12, head, lateral. 13, 15, 19, 20. ubristes (hypselosyrphus) scutellaris (shannon). 13, head, lateral. 15. scutellum, dorsal. 19, head, frontal. 20, metaleg, lateral. 14, 16. ubristes (ubristes) flavitibia walker. 14, metaleg, lateral. 16, abdomen, dorsal. 17, ubristes (stipomorpha) fraudator (shannon). 17, abdomen, dorsal. 18, ceriomicrodon petiolatus hull, habitus, dorsal. from hull (1949: 313, fig. 13) .\nfigures 3 – 9. furcantenna yangi cheng. 3 in a generic conspectus of the microdontinae (diptera: syrphidae) with the description of two new genera from africa and china\nfigures 3 – 9. furcantenna yangi cheng. 3, male, head, frontal view. 4, male, scutellum, dorsal view. 5, male, habitus, posterior view. 6 – 9, male genitalia, lateral view .\nfigures 1 – 2. afromicrodon johannae (van doesburg). 1, male, habitus, lateral view. 2, male, thorax, dorsal view .\nthis dataset contains the digitized treatments in plazi based on the original journal article cheng, xin - yue, thompson, christian (2008): a generic conspectus of the microdontinae (diptera: syrphidae) with the description of two new genera from africa and china. zootaxa 1879: 21 - 48, doi: 10. 5281 / zenodo. 184168\nbezzi, m. (1915) the syrphidae of the ethiopian region based on material in the collection of the british museum (natural history), with descriptions of new genera and species. british museum (natural history), london. 146 pp .\na black species, with the second and third abdominal segments yellow, the third having on each side a broad round black macula .\nhead black, punctate, moderately shining; frons near the eyes, and gena partly of a dark yellowish colour; the dark yellowish hair along the vertex is very long and erect, while on the middle of the frons at the sides the hair is short; pile on face pale yellowish, with silky reflexions; pile on basoflagellomere of a dark grey colour; rudiment of the arista reddish; proboscis pale yellow; head below clothed with long whitish pile .\nabdomen: first segment of the abdomen black, with a narrow yellow posterior border on each side; second entirely yellow; third yellow, with a broad rounded black macula on each side, which reaches the fore border but not the sides; fourth black, with lateral borders narrowly yellow, and also bearing a triangular dark yellow median macula at the distal extremity; abdominal pile very short, whitish, but black along the middle line; venter black, yellowish pilose; genitalia black .\nbody length: 13 mm. length of the basoflagellomere alone: 4. 5 mm (bezzi 1915) .\nholotype collected in kenya, upper nzoia river, 5100 - 5400 ft. , 5 - 7. vi. 1911, by s. a. neave .\nadapted from original description (curran 1938). female. black, the legs mostly ...\npuparium (from laska et al. 2000). puparium oval from dorsal view, ...\nadult flies along the edge of clearings etc. , around bushes and ...\nthis species ranges from finland south to the pyrenees, bulgaria and ...\nadapted from doesburg (1968). male. head seen from above fully twice ...\nadapted from original description (doesburg, 1966) male. head: front and face ...\nfrom original description (carrera, lopes & lane 1947) in portuguese. fronte ...\nfrom original description (doesburg 1957). tête noire, ailes noirâtres; thorax, abdomen, ...\nfrom original description (curran 1941). male. head: black, black pilose, the ...\nfrom original description (wiedemann 1824) in latin. nigra, abdominis segmenlo secundo ...\nfrom original description (brèthes, 1909) in latin. female. omnino breve (haud ...\nfrom original description (mann 1969). male. head: frons at vertex more ...\nfrom original description (wiedemann 1824) in latin. nigra; humeris, scutello, abdominis ...\nfrom original description (wiedemann 1830) in german. viridaureus, alis fuscanis. grüngolden, ...\nmicrodon (hovamicrodon) silvester (keiser, 1971). keiser, f. (1971) syrphidae von madagaskar ...\nfrom original description (keiser 1971) in german. male. kleinere grünlichblaue art ...\nfrom original description (fabricius 1805) in latin. m. feutello bidentato niger, ...\nmicrodon is the nominotypic group, hence, remains some what a catch ...\nfrom original description (linnaeus 1758). m. antennis fetariis elongatis tomentofa, abdomine ...\nadapted from original description (hull 1944). male. characterized by the slender ...\nfrom original description (loew 1864) in latin. ♂ et ♀. gracilis, ...\nfrom original description (hull 1937). head: eyes bare, broadly dichoptic in ...\nmicrodon (syrphipogon) fucatissimus is regarded by its describer as a mimic ...\nfrom original description (macquart 1842) in french. niger. abdominis incisuris flavis... .\nin words of thompson (1969), paragodon forms the plesiomorphic (primitive) sister ...\nfrom original description (sack 1926) in german. schlanke art mit ganz ...\nfrom original description (walker 1852). female. nigra, maculis aureo - pilosis ornata, scutello ...\nfrom original description (meijere 1908) in german. kopf rötlich gelb, ocellendreieck ...\nholotype collected in kenya, upper nzoia river, 5100 - 5400 ft. , 5 - 7. vi. 1911, by ...\nadapted from original description (bezzi 1915). a black species, with the ...\nadapted from original description (thompson 1997). male. head: black; face brownish ...\nadapted from original description (hull 1937). male. face pale yellow, a ...\nspecies described from indonesia: java, tjibodas, mt. gede, 4, 500 ft... .\nfrom original description (hull 1937). male. head rounded in profile; similar ...\nadapted from original description (ferguson 1926). a metallic - blue species with reddish ...\nrhoga are small, delicate, pale yellowish flies, with distinct black pilose ...\nnew description: female. head: face and front yellow, except for a ...\nadapted from vockeroth (1992). species robust with broadly oval moderately convex ...\nadapted from vockeroth (1969). head: eye bare. face yellow with broad ...\nfrom original description (hervé - bazin 1923). male. tête jaune orange. vertex brun ...\nmale: body length 9 mm; wing length: 8 mm. female a ...\nadapted from original publication (bezzi 1928). male. head: occiput black, without ...\nfrom original description (keiser 1964) in german. male. kopf: breiter als ...\nbody length: 13 mm. length of the basoflagellomere alone: 4. 5 mm ...\nbody length: 12 mm. wing length: 8. 8 mm (male) - 10. 5 ...\nlength of the body 12 mm. , of the antennae 4 mm ...\nadapted from original description (bezzi 1915). see original description from bezzi ...\nadapted from original description (thompson 1997). male. head: face tawny brown ...\narchimicrodon was proposed for those australasian species of microdon (microdon digitator) ...\nadapted from original description (hull 1937). weakly chitinized, delicate species, that ...\nhull (1937) designated trigonus as the type - species for his new genus, ...\nbody length: 7 mm, or about 8 mm with the antennae ...\nlength: body, 6 mm; wing, 5 mm (shannon, 1927) .\nlength: body, 7. 5 mm; wing, 8 mm (shannon 1927) .\nadapted from original description (shannon 1927). female. differs considerably from the ...\nlength: body, 8. 5 mm; wing, 6 mm (shannon 1927) .\nadapted from original description (shannon 1927). male. very similar to goettei ...\nstipomorpha was established for those microdon species\nwith the first two ...\nmengual et al. (2008) resolved megasyrphus laxus and m. erraticus as ...\nnearctic species known from alaska to newfoundland, south to california and ...\ntoxomerus apegiensis (harbach, 1974). harbach, r. e. (1974) a new neotropical syrphid ...\nnew description: male. head: face with facial tubercle, very broad, yellow ...\nthe subgenus styxia has spatulate abdomen, metasternum bare, tuberculate face and ...\nsynonym: stenosyrphus (episyrphus) diversifasciatus var. meridionalis fluke, 1950: 446... .\nnew description: female. head: face with facial tubercle, yellow with medial ...\nthe subgenus pseudoscaeva is distinguisehd by metasternum bare, eye bare, antenna ...\nsynonyms: syrphus coromandelensis macquart, 1842: 149. syrphus splendens doleschall, 1856: 410... .\nthis genus has been always related with simosyrphus, as mentioned by ...\ndescribed from tamil nadu (india), ischiodon scutellaris ranges from iran, turkey ...\nsimilar to i. aegyptius, although this species is found in afrotropical, ...\nnew description: male. head: face with facial tubercle, yellow, pale pilose; ...\nallograpta (fazia) micrura (osten sacken, 1877). osten sacken, c. r. (1877) western ...\nnearctic species known from british columbia south to california and texas; ...\nhull (1943) described therantha as a new subgenus of baccha, but ...\nnew description: male. head: face with facial tubercle, yellow, yellow pilose ...\ntherantha is a subgenus of ocyptamus for very large (greater than ...\nrhingia (eorhingia) cuthbertsoni curran, 1939. curran, c. h. (1939) records and descriptions ...\nwe don' t know when or if this item will be back in stock .\nlist & earn rs. 250 * extra. available in bangalore, mumbai, chennai, hyderabad .\nenter your mobile number or email address below and we' ll send you a link to download the free kindle app. then you can start reading kindle books on your smartphone, tablet, or computer - no kindle device required .\nprime members enjoy unlimited free, fast delivery on eligible items, video streaming, ad - free music, exclusive access to deals & more .\nafter viewing product detail pages, look here to find an easy way to navigate back to pages you are interested in." ]

{ "text": [ "ptilobactrum is a genus of hoverflies , with two known species .", "they have very broad heads and their basoflagellomeres are elongate and densely pilose in males . " ], "topic": [ 26, 22 ] }

[ "ptilobactrum is a genus of hoverflies, with two known species. they have very broad heads and their basoflagellomeres are elongate and densely pilose in males." ]

[ "rimatara reed warbler (acrocephalus rimitarae) is a species of bird in the acrocephalidae family .\nalthough previously classified together with the closely related henderson reed - warbler (acrocephalus taiti) and rimatara reed - warbler (acrocephalus rimatarae), the pitcairn reed - warbler is now considered a separate species, based on differences in the amount of white plumage, and on the large distances of open ocean separating the three forms (2) (3) .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below. < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - pitcairn reed - warbler (acrocephalus vaughani )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - pitcairn reed - warbler (acrocephalus vaughani )\ntitle =\narkive species - pitcairn reed - warbler (acrocephalus vaughani )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nto rimatara are in place at the wharf, managed by the agriculture officer with support from sop manu .\nas its common name suggests, the pitcairn reed - warbler is endemic to the tiny volcanic island of pitcairn, in the pitcairn islands of southern polynesia (2) (3) .\nthe are endemic to the island of rimatara but have been overshadowed by the other endemic bird, the spectacular rimatara lorikeet. they are a bit harder to spot but if you walk slowly along the main road, you will probably see them if you are watching carefully .\ndyrcz, a. & sharpe, c. j. (2018). rimatara reed - warbler (acrocephalus rimitarae). in: del hoyo, j. , elliott, a. , sargatal, j. , christie, d. a. & de juana, e. (eds .). handbook of the birds of the world alive. lynx edicions, barcelona. (retrieved from urltoken on 10 july 2018) .\na fairly large warbler with a relatively short beak, the pitcairn reed - warbler is olive - brown above and creamy yellow below, with a dark stripe through the eye, and a pale ‘eyebrow’, or supercilium. the wings and tail bear variable and often irregular amounts of white feathering, while the feathers of the rump have broad creamy - buff tips, and the beak and legs are dark. the male and female pitcairn reed - warbler are similar in appearance, while the juvenile is more reddish - brown above and tawny below, with little white feathering (2) (3). the calls of this species include a rather monotonous chirp and a loud ‘chack, chack’ (2) .\nthe pitcairn reed - warbler feeds on insects, foraging mostly in trees and bushes, and rarely on the ground (2) (3). breeding occurs between august and january (2), and, like the closely related henderson reed - warbler, the pitcairn reed - warbler may breed in small groups, although breeding pairs appear to be more usual (2) (3) (5). the nest is a deep cup, constructed from grass and banana fibres, and situated in a tree or at the base of a rau - ti (cordyline terminalis) leaf. two eggs are normally laid, and hatch after an incubation period of around 14 days, with fledging occurring at around 14 days old (2). both adults help feed the young (2), and it is likely that within breeding groups all adults contribute to incubation of the eggs and care of the young, whether or not they are the parents (5) .\ncritically endangered. restricted - range species: present in rimatara eba. confined to one tiny island, and could become severely threatened, e. g. by introduction of black rat ...\nthe pitcairn reed - warbler is usually found in patches of tall forest, but sometimes also occurs around human habitations and in scrubland. the species tends to avoid cliffs and areas of open ground (2) (3), and is rarely found at ground level, possibly due to the presence of cats and humans on the island (3) (4) .\n17 cm. large warbler with relatively short bill. has yellowish supercilium and dark eyestripe; crown and upperparts dark olive - brown, throat and underparts yellowish - white; ...\nbrooke, m. de l. and hartley, i. r. (1995) nesting henderson reed - warblers (acrocephalus vaughani taiti) studied by dna fingerprinting: unrelated coalitions in a stable habitat? the auk, 112: 77 - 86 .\n17 cm. large warbler with relatively short bill. adult olive - brown above, yellowish - white below, with dark streak through eye and pale supercilium. white feathers variably and often asymmetrically scattered among darker feathers, often producing large blotches .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmelocichla mentalis amauroura (pelzeln) 1883 verh. k. k. zool. - bot. ges. wien 32 [\n1882\n] p. 503\nmelocichla mentalis orientalis (sharpe) 1883 cat. birdsbrit. mus. 7 p. 236, 245\nmelocichla mentalis mentalis (fraser) 1843 pzs pt11 no. 121 p. 16\nsphenoeacus (m .) strickland 1841 pzs pt9 no. 99 p. 28\nsphenoeacus afer (gmelin) 1789 syst. nat. 1 pt2 p. 940\nsphenoeacus afer afer (gmelin) 1789 syst. nat. 1 pt2 p. 940\nachaetops pycnopygius (sclater, pl) 1853 contrib. orn. [ jardine ] 7 [\n1852\n] p. 148\nachaetops pycnopygius pycnopygius (sclater, pl) 1853 contrib. orn. [ jardine ] 7 [\n1852\n] p. 148\nmacrosphenus flavicans cassin 1859 proc. acad. nat. sci. philadelphia 11 p. 42\nmacrosphenus flavicans flavicans cassin 1859 proc. acad. nat. sci. philadelphia 11 p. 42\nmacrosphenus flavicans hypochondriacus (reichenow) 1893 orn. monatsb. 1 no. 2 p. 32\nmacrosphenus concolor (hartlaub) 1857 syst. orn. westafr. p. 62\nmacrosphenus pulitzeri boulton 1931 ann. carnegiemus. nat. hist. 21 p. 47, 50\nmacrosphenus kretschmeri (reichenow & neumann) 1895 orn. monatsb. 3 no. 5 p. 75\nmacrosphenus kretschmeri griseiceps grote 1911 orn. monatsb. 19 no. 10 p. 162\nmacrosphenus kretschmeri kretschmeri (reichenow & neumann) 1895 orn. monatsb. 3 no. 5 p. 75\nsylvietta brachyura carnapi reichenow 1900 orn. monatsb. 8 no. 2 p. 22\nsylvietta whytii loringi mearns 1911 smiths. misc. coll. 56 no. 20 p. 11\nsylvietta rufescens (vieillot) 1817 nouv. dict. hist. nat. 9 p. 407\nsylvietta rufescens adelphe grote 1927 orn. monatsb. 35 no. 4 p. 118\nsylvietta rufescens flecki reichenow 1900 orn. monatsb. 8 no. 2 p. 22\nsylvietta rufescens rufescens (vieillot) 1817 nouv. dict. hist. nat. 9 p. 407\nsylvietta isabellina elliot 1897 pub. fieldcolumb. mus. ornith. 1 p. 44\nsylvietta ruficapilla bocage 1877 j. sci. math. phys. nat. lisboa (1) 6 p. 160\nsylvietta ruficapilla ruficapilla bocage 1877 j. sci. math. phys. nat. lisboa (1) 6 p. 160\nsylvietta ruficapilla rufigenis reichenow 1887 j. orn. 35 no. 178 p. 215, 301, 306\nsylvietta virens cassin 1859 proc. acad. nat. sci. philadelphia 11 p. 39\nsylvietta virens flaviventris (sharpe) 1877 pzs pt1 p. 23 pl. 2 fig. 2\nsylvietta virens virens cassin 1859 proc. acad. nat. sci. philadelphia 11 p. 39\nsylvietta leucophrys chapini schouteden 1947 rev. zool. bot. afr. 40 p. 193\ncryptillas victorini (sundevall) 1860 k. vet. akad. nyahandl. n. s. 2 no. 10 [\n1858\n] p. 29\nthis species is listed as critically endangered because it has an extremely small range on one island and is considered to be undergoing a decline as a result of habitat destruction and invasive species .\nrecommended citation birdlife international (2018) species factsheet: acrocephalus rimitarae. downloaded from urltoken on 10 / 07 / 2018. recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species: birdlife international (2018) iucn red list for birds. downloaded from urltoken on 10 / 07 / 2018 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\ndel hoyo, j. , collar, n. j. , christie, d. a. , elliott, a. , fishpool, l. d. c. , boesman, p. and kirwan, g. m. 2016. hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world. volume 2: passerines. lynx edicions and birdlife international, barcelona, spain and cambridge, uk .\nacrocephalus rimitarae (del hoyo and collar 2016) was previously listed as a. rimatarae .\nderhé, m. , mahood, s. , o' brien, a. , pilgrim, j. , shutes, s. , stattersfield, a. , wheatley, h .\n. population estimates vary widely depending on the methods used: the most recent estimate was 1, 780 - 2, 781 individuals (c. blanvillain in litt. 2017), but other estimates have been much lower: 740 (2002) or 675 (2004) (thibault and cibois 2006 )\n. recent observers consider it to be abundant over much of the island (p. raust\n2015), although (after the initial build at least) suitable breeding habitat remains (j. millett\n. feral cats are likely to cause some mortality (thibault and cibois 2006a, b) and have become increasingly common on the island according to local people (g. dutson\ncontinue regular monitoring of the population to assess trends. implement a programme to ensure that\n. set aside an area of native habitat for protection. consider controlling feral cats in breeding habitat .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\nsonogram images © xeno - canto foundation. sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .\nloud “chack - chack”, and variety of chirping calls; latter recognized as a song by some authors, but ...\nonly subscribers are able to see the bibliography. login or subscribe to get access to a lot of extra features !\nonly members are able to post public comments. to make the most of all of hbw' s features, discover our subscriptions now !\nif you have videos, photographs or sound recordings you can share them on the internet bird collection. it' s free and easy to do .\npreviously included in a broad sylviidae; genetic data place this group as a family apart, perhaps closest to pnoepygidae, with locustellidae, donacobiidae and bernieridae as other near relatives # r # r # r .\nget access to the contents of the hbw including all species accounts, family texts, plates, audiovisual links, updates and related resources .\nalso available: 2 - year subscription package: 55. 90 € (instead of 59. 90 €) 3 - year subscription package: 82 € (instead of 89. 85 € )\nsupporting members help us to develop and update the project more quickly and to reach more people by keeping prices down .\nview more information, tracking references to their source (when available on the internet) .\nalso available: 2 - year subscription package: 82. 5 € (instead of 89. 9 €) 3 - year subscription package: 122. 5 € (instead of 134. 85 € )\nthere is a registration fee of 20€. this is a one - time only fee when you become a subscriber of hbw alive. you won’t pay it again as long as you renew your subscription before it expires .\nif you represent an organization or institution, click here for more information on institutional subscriptions .\nmyavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists, and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .\nthere are more than 12, 000 regional checklists in avibase, offered in 9 different taxonomies, including synonyms more than 175 languages. each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community, and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .\nthere are a few ways by which you can help the development of this page, such as joining the flickr group for photos or providing translations of the site in addition languages .\nhoward and moore 4th edition (incl. corrigenda vol. 1 - 2) :\nyou must be logged in to view your sighting details. to register to myavibase click here .\navibase has been visited 263, 337, 919 times since 24 june 2003. © denis lepage | privacy policy\nthis species is listed as vulnerable because it is confined to one very small island where although it is currently not uncommon, it would have to be uplisted were a decline detected .\nunfortunately, i can’t find a video online. if i do, i will update this post .\nclassified as endangered (en) on the iucn red list (1) .\nauthenticated (08 / 10 / 10) by dr michael brooke, department of zoology, university of cambridge .\nendemic a species or taxonomic group that is only found in one particular country or geographic area. incubation the act of incubating eggs; that is, keeping them warm so that development is possible .\ndel hoyo, j. , elliott, a. and christie, d. (2006) handbook of the birds of the world. volume 11: old world flycatchers to old world warblers. lynx edicions, barcelona .\nterms of use - the displayed portlet may be used as a link from your website to arkive' s online content for private, scientific, conservation or educational purposes only. it may not be used within apps .\nmyarkive offers the scrapbook feature to signed - up members, allowing you to organize your favourite arkive images and videos and share them with friends .\nteam wild, an elite squadron of science superheroes, needs your help! your mission: protect and conserve the planet’s species and habitats from destruction .\nthis species is affected by global climate change. to learn about climate change and the species that are affected, visit our climate change pages .\nwildscreen is a registered charity in england and wales no. 299450 wildscreen usa is a registered 501 (c) (3) non - profit organisation in the usa\nenglish spanish online dictionary term bank, where you can search in more than 2 million words in categories and different pronunciation options." ]

{ "text": [ "the rimatara reed warbler ( acrocephalus rimitarae ) is a species of old world warbler in the family acrocephalidae .", "it is found only in french polynesia .", "its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry forests and swamps . " ], "topic": [ 28, 20, 24 ] }

[ "the rimatara reed warbler (acrocephalus rimitarae) is a species of old world warbler in the family acrocephalidae. it is found only in french polynesia. its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry forests and swamps." ]

[ "the north african gerbil (dipodillus campestris) is a species of rodent in the family muridae .\nnorth african gerbil - gerbillus campestris the north african gerbil is found in algeria, egypt, libya, mali, morocco, niger, sudan, and tunisia. source: arkive intended audience: general reading level: middle school teacher section: yes\n. the gerbil uses its long tail to help the gerbil balance when the gerbil is standing on its hind legs .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below. < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - north african gerbil (gerbillus campestris )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - north african gerbil (gerbillus campestris )\ntitle =\narkive species - north african gerbil (gerbillus campestris )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nthe north african gerbil is found in algeria, egypt, libya, mali, morocco, niger, sudan, tunisia, and possibly chad and mauritania .\nthe north african gerbil lives in palm groves, stone houses, fig groves, barley fields, dunes beneath nitraria retusa, vegetated rocky slopes and limestone cliffs .\nthe north african gerbil is primarily nocturnal, a behaviour that enables the gerbil not only to avoid the heat of the day, but also to feed at night when its favoured foods may be covered in dew, thus increasing its water intake. in addition, the north african gerbil produces extremely concentrated urine and dry faeces in order to minimise water loss in its arid environment (8) .\ncarleton m. d. and van der straeten e. 1997. morphological differentiation among subsaharan and north african populations of the\nwhich the gerbil is able to shed should the tail get trapped. this self defense mechanism allows the gerbil to escape\nthis species ranges throughout north africa and the sahara desert. in north africa, it ranges eastwards from morocco through algeria, tunisia, libya and egypt .\nrange occidental gerbil gerbillus occiduus is a medium - sized gerbil species (muridae: gerbillinae) endemic to morocco and atlantic sahara. the type specimen wa\nseven species from 3 gerbilline genera were examined. these include 5 southern african taxa\npale gerbil - gerbillus perpallidus the pale gerbil is found in egypt. source: arkive intended audience: general reading level: middle school teacher section: yes\nlataste’s gerbil - gerbillus latastei lataste’s gerbil is found in libya and tunisia. source: arkive intended audience: general reading level: middle school teacher section: yes\npleasant gerbil - gerbillus amoenus the pleasant gerbil is found in egypt and libya. source: arkive intended audience: general reading level: middle school teacher section: yes\nvivacious gerbil, gerbillus vivax (may be g. amoenus or g. nanus )\n( rodentia, muridae, gerbillinae), with characterization of an additional west african species .\ncockrum, e. l. and setzer, h. w. (1976) types and type localities of north african rodents. mammalia, 40 (4): 633 - 670 .\ngreenland, the world’s largest island, lying in the north atlantic ocean. greenland is noted for its…\nthe north african gerbil lives mainly in arid, rocky areas (1) (7), but may also be found in desert environments and on arable land (1). like most gerbils, this species digs burrows in sandy soil, but also shelters in rock crevices (8) .\ndobigny g, aniskin v, volobouev v. explosive chromosome evolution and speciation in the gerbil genus\nsetzer h. w. and ranck g. l. 1971. a new gerbil (genus\nthe north african gerbil is considered to be a pest in agricultural areas, as seed crops are an ideal and abundant food source for this species. farmers have been known to poison gerbils and dig up, flood or burn gerbil burrows in an effort to protect their crops (9). however, this is not currently considered to be a major threat to the survival of this species (1) .\nthe north african gerbil is able to breed continuously throughout the year (4), giving birth to litters of two to four pups after a gestation period of 20 to 23 days (6). the pups open their eyes after 17 to 20 days and are weaned off milk after 4 weeks (4) .\ndobigny g, aniskin v, granjon l, cornette r, volobouev v. recent radiation in west african\nlourie b, nakano jh, kemp ge, setzer hw. isolation of poxvirus from an african rodent .\nkingdon, j. 1997. the kingdon field guide to african mammals. academic press. london, uk .\ncolangelo p, granjon l, taylor pj, corti m. evolutionary systematics in african gerbilline rodents of the genus\nqumsiyeh mb. phylogenetic studies of the rodent family gerbillidae: i. chromosomal evolution in the southern african complex .\ngreater egyptian gerbil - gerbillus pyramidum the greater egyptian gerbil is found in chad, egypt, mali, niger, and sudan. source: arkive intended audience: general reading level: middle school teacher section: yes\nanderson' s gerbil - gerbillus andersoni anderson' s gerbil is found in egypt, israel, jordan, libyaa, and tunisia. source: arkive intended audience: general reading level: middle school teacher section: yes\nthe north african gerbil is not currently considered to be at risk of extinction due to its large and relatively stable population and wide distribution (1). as it is not known whether this species naturally occurs in any legally protected areas (1), further research could be conducted to give a better understanding of its presence or absence in these areas .\n—a semiarid region that forms a transitional zone between the sahara to the north and the belt of humid savannas to the south .\nwild gerbils are well known for building extensive networks of tunnels that the gerbils are able to hide and breed in. the gerbil only really comes to the surface of the ground when the gerbil needs to find food and water .\nchromosome paints were successfully hybridized onto metaphase chromosomes of all gerbil taxa analyzed, enabling detailed comparisons among them (figs .\nhappold d. c. d. 2001. ecology of african small mammals. recent research and perspectives [ in: african small mammals. c. denys, l. granjon and a. poulet, eds ]. ird editions, paris: 377–414 .\nfat - tailed gerbil - pachyuromys duprasi the fat - tailed gerbil is found in algeria, egypt, libya, mauritania, morocco, tunisia, and western sahara. source: arkive intended audience: general reading level: middle school teacher section: yes\nvolobouev v, aniskin vm, sicard b, dobigny g, granjon l. systematics and phylogeny of west african gerbils of the genus\ncheesman’s gerbil - gerbillus cheesmani cheesman’s gerbil is found in iran, iraq, jordan, kuwait, oman, saudi arabia, syria, united arab emirates, and yemen. source: arkive intended audience: general reading level: middle school teacher section: yes\nsource / reference article learn how you can use or cite the gerbil article in your website content, school work and other projects .\nnocturnal species. burrows in loose sand. mainly herbivorous, but occasion­ally feeds on insects, especially in summer. the breeding season of the north african gerbil occurs throughout the year especially from november to march after rainfall when plants bloom and female gives birth to litters of two to four naked young after a gestation period of 20 to 23 days. the young open their eyes after 17 to 20 days and are weaned after 4 weeks .\nwagner’s gerbil - gerbillus dasyurus wagner’s gerbil is found in egypt, iraq, israel, jordan, lebanon, oman, saudi arabia, syria, turkey, united arab emirates, and yemen. source: arkive intended audience: general reading level: middle school teacher section: yes\nlesser egyptian gerbil - gerbillus gerbillus the lesser egyptian gerbil is found in algeria, chad, egypt, israel, jordan, libya, mali, mauritania, morocco, niger, sudan, tunisia, and western sahara. source: arkive intended audience: general reading level: middle school teacher section: yes\nmeriones unguiculatus, the mongolian jird or mongolian gerbil, is the most widely known species of the gerbil subfamily and is the usual gerbil species to be kept as a pet or experimental animal, when it is known as the\ndomesticated gerbil .\nlike the syrian or golden hamster, it was first brought to the united states in 1954 by dr. victor schwentker for use in research. dr. schwentker brought 20 breeding pairs to the united states from eastern mongolia for scientific testing. almost all pet gerbils today are descended from these 40. gerbils were brought to the united kingdom in 1964 from the united states .\nreferences barnes, r. f. w. , g. c. craig, h. t. dublin, g. overton, w. simons, and c. r. thouless. 1999. african elephant database 1998. iucn / ssc african elephant specialist group. iucn, gland, switzerland and cambridge, uk .\neast, r. (comp .) 1999. african antelope database 1998. iucn / ssc antelope specialist group. icn, gland, switzerland and cambridge, uk .\npygmy gerbil - gerbillus henleyi the pygmy gerbil is found in algeria, burkina faso, chad, egypt, israel, jordan, libya, mali, mauritania, morocco, niger, oman, saudi arabia, senegal, sudan, tunisia, and yemen. source: arkive intended audience: general reading level: middle school teacher section: yes\ntaylor p. j. , rautenbach i. l. , gordon k. and lotter p. 1995. diagnostic morphometrics and southern african distribution of two sibling species of tree rat ,\none of the best studied chordopoxvirus genera is orthopoxvirus (opxv), which includes variola virus, the causative agent of smallpox, and vaccinia virus, the principal source of smallpox vaccine. additionally, several opxv species are zoonotic, including cowpox virus, monkeypox virus, and some vaccinia - like virus species. the distribution of most described opxv species is outside of north america. those viruses presumed to be endemic to north america currently include only raccoonpox virus, skunkpox virus, and volepox virus. the host range, geographic distribution, and precise taxonomic position of these north american orthopoxviruses (na opxv) remain largely undetermined .\ngranjon l. and dobigny g. 2003. the importance of chromosomally - based identifications for correct understanding of african rodent zoogeography: lake chad murids as an example. mammal review 33: 77–911 .\nthe burrow, in which the gerbil spends the daytime, tends to be very simple with just a single entrance, which the gerbil blocks up with sand when it is inside to protect it from predators (5). it uses the burrow to raise young and store food, which includes nuts, seeds, roots, young shoots of plants and grasses and some insects (4) .\nnicolas v. , barrière p. and colyn m. 2003. impact of removal pitfall trapping on the community of shrews (mammalia: soricidae) in two african tropical forest sites. mammalia 67: 133–138 .\ndue to the threat they pose to indigenous ecosystems and existing agricultural operations, it is illegal to purchase, import, or keep a gerbil as a pet in the us state of california. [ 1 ] in new zealand, the mongolian gerbil is classed as a\nprohibited new organism\nunder new zealand' s hazardous substances and new organisms act 1996, preventing it from being imported into the country .\nthe word\ngerbil\nis a diminutive form of\njerboa\n, though the jerboas are an unrelated group of rodents occupying a similar ecological niche and somewhat similar appearance. the genus meriones, which includes the gerbil most commonly kept as a pet (meriones unguiculatus) contains many animals that also are known by the common name of jird. however, members of the genera sekeetamys, brachiones, and sometimes pachyuromys are also known as jirds .\nhouse mouse - mus musculus the house mouse is found on all continents, except for antarctica. it is an introduced species in north america, south america, and australia. source: arkive intended audience: general reading level: middle school teacher section: yes\nwoodroffe, r. , j. r. ginsberg, d. w. macdonald, and the iucn / ssc canid specialist group. 1997. the african wild dog – status survey and conservation action plan. iucn, gland, switzerland .\nas the name suggests, this species occurs in north africa and the sahara desert (6). it is most abundant in morocco, algeria, and tunisia, and has a patchier distribution in libya, mali, niger, sudan, and egypt (1) .\nthe algerian sahara may be divided roughly into two depressions of different elevation, separated from one another by a central north - south rise called the mʾzab (mzab). each zone is covered by a vast sheet of sand dunes called an erg. the great eastern erg…\n…vast region north of the sahara and the atlas mountains was also secured (c. 25) after a series of punitive raids against native tribes and the annexation of one client kingdom (numidia) and the creation of another (mauretania). three legions, two in egypt and one in africa (a senatorial province), …\nlocation and general description this ecoregion occupies the majority of the horn of africa to the east of the ethiopian highlands, including the ogaden desert and northeast kenyan semi - deserts. a narrow corridor of the ecoregion penetrates the floor of the ethiopian section of the rift valley, separating the northern and southern ethiopian highlands, and a finger extends north to the eritrean / sudanese border. the ecoregion is mainly flat and low - lying (over half lies below 500 m) rising towards the west and north. however, it is defined more by rainfall and vegetation type than by altitude, and thus extends from sea level on the coast of somalia to over 1, 500 m in the rift valley and sidamo region of southern ethiopia .\n( skpv, vpxv) sister grouping. the relative branch lengths between the na opxv and leading to other orthopoxviruses illustrates the considerable distance between the two clades (na opxv and other opxv) and that the na opxv have much greater distances between species than is seen among the recognized african and eurasian opxv species. outside of the opxv clade a monophyletic\njustification of ecoregion delineation this ecoregion is delineated from white' s (1983) ‘regs, hamadas and wadis’ and ‘desert dunes with perennial vegetation’ units north and west of the sahara desert. although these vegetation types surround the sahara desert, the northern habitats were delineated as a distinct ecoregion from the southern unit due to different rainfall regimes and the presence of mediterranean plant and vertebrate species .\n, it measures approximately 3, 000 miles (4, 800 km) from east to west and between 800 and 1, 200 miles from north to south and has a total area of some 3, 320, 000 square miles (8, 600, 000 square km); the actual area varies as the desert expands and contracts over time. the sahara is bordered in the west by the\nthe first known mention of gerbils was that of the mongolian gerbil in 1866, by father armand david, who sent\nyellow rats\nto the museum of natural history (musée d' histoire naturelle) in paris, from northern china. they were named meriones unguiculatus by the scientist milne - edwards in 1867. this latin name means\nclawed warrior\nin english, partly from the greek warrior meriones in homer' s iliad .\nthe threats to the remaining populations of larger animals adapted to desert conditions are intense. the populations of many species have been greatly reduced by hunting for food, and also through hunting for sport and recreation (e. g. , houbara bustard and nubian bustard). some species listed above have been entirely removed from the ecoregion in the last 100 years. over a period of 2, 000 years this list could be expanded to include other large african mammals .\ndescription location and general description this ecoregion extends across northern africa and covers parts of western sahara, mauritania, morocco, algeria, tunisia, libya, and egypt. it is generally found inland of the coast, but stretches to the shore in areas where there is low rainfall. in morocco, algeria and tunisia, this ecoregion forms a transition between the mediterranean domain towards the north and the true desert in the south. the saharan halophytics ecoregion is also found scattered through this ecoregion in areas of suitable saline conditions .\n. posterior probabilities were consistently high (≥. 90) for all depicted clades on the phylogram, only (the two) values less than 1. 00 are shown. these values indicate that there is very strong support for the relationships depicted. the avipoxviruses (cnpv and fwpv) are sister to a clade containing all other chordopoxvirus taxa. among taxa of the genus opxv, a monophyletic european and african opxv clade is depicted and is joined by the species of the na opxv. within the na opxv clade ,\nthe mongolian gerbil has long legs for jumping and running from predators, teeth to deal with hard seeds and plant matter, and water conservation techniques that allow them to survive in the arid climate, such as the ability to use dry food or stores of fat to generate metabolic water. mongolian gerbils do not have many natural enemies due to the harsh climate. most predators are birds of prey or snakes. mongolian gerbils are diurnal, but return to their burrows for the coldest and hottest parts of the day .\n—and many of the important regional aquifers are identified with them. in the northern sahara, these formations are also associated with a series of basins and depressions extending from the oases of western egypt to the chotts of algeria. in the southern sahara, downwarping of the african shield created large basins occupied by cenozoic lakes and seas, such as the ancient mega - chad. the serirs and regs differ in character in various regions of the desert but are believed to represent cenozoic depositional surfaces. a prominent feature of the plains is the dark patina of ferromanganese\nwater is a serious constraint in this ecoregion. in the northern sahara, the climate is hot and dry in the summer, and cooler with rain in the winter. rains come from the mediterranean and are associated with powerful depressions, which sometimes reach half - way across the sahara. these occur mostly from october to april. average annual rainfall varies from 50 mm in the south to 100 mm in the north, although there may be years where there is no rain at all (especially in the southern parts of the ecoregion). the highest temperature ranges between 40 and 45°c, creating evaporation that far exceeds the amount that falls as rain .\nharvest mouse - micromys minutus the harvest mouse is found in armenia, austria, azerbaijan, belarus, belgium, bosnia and herzegovina, bulgaria, china, croatia, czech republic, denmark, estonia, finland, france, georgia, germany, greece, hungary, india, italy, north korea, south korea, latvia, lithuania, luxembourg, macedonia, moldova, mongolia, montenegro, myanmar, netherlands, poland, romania, the russian federation, serbia, slovakia, slovenia, spain, switzerland, taiwan, turkey, ukraine, united kingdom, and vietnam. source: arkive intended audience: general reading level: middle school teacher section: yes\nin the wild, gerbils provide many values for the ecosystem. in food chains, gerbils consume nuts, seeds, fruits, grasses, insects, and bird eggs and are preyed upon by snakes, birds of prey such as owls, and small mammals. they also can play a role as pollinators of certain plants and likely in seed dispersal. gerbillines, and in particular meriones unguiculatus, the mongolian gerbil, also provide a particular value to humans as a popular house pet and experimental animal, used for medical, psychological, and physiological research. some species of gerbillines are considered major agricultural pests .\nethical clearance for this project was approved by sub committee b of the university of stellenbosch (ethics clearance certificate no. 10np _ kni01). this study was supported by the south african national research foundation (to l. i. k. and r. v. r .) and wellcome trust (grant number wt098051) to b. l. n. , w. c. , b. f. and f. y. the authors thank drs l. granjon, dr. t wassennar, g. dobigny and phillipe gauthier and profs. v. volobouev and k. bâ for specimens collected outside south africa. prof. t. j. robinson and dr. g. dobigny are thanked for comments on earlier drafts of the manuscripts, and 2 anonymous reviewers for the insightful comments .\ngerbils are small to medium - sized rodents, generally slender, and with tails making up about half of their total length. the body length of gerbils ranges from 50 to 200 millimeters (2 to 8 inches), while the tail lengths range from 56 to 245 millimeters (2. 2 to 9. 6 inches). the great gerbil, or rhombomys opimus, originally native to turkmenistan, can grow to more than 400 millimeters (16 inches) in total length. weights of gerbils may range from 10 grams to 227 grams. they tend to have long, narrow hind feet and long claws. ears may be long or short and fur also may be long or short, with the color of the pelage varying widely, including such colors as reddish, gray, olive, yellowish, dark brown, orangish and so forth (poor 2005) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\nalternatively considered as belonging to the genus dipodillus or gerbillus according to authors, but convincingly maintained in gerbillus by ndiaye et al. (2016) .\njustification: listed as least concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large population, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category .\nthis is an abundant species that is considered to be an agricultural pest in some countries (e. g. morocco) .\nit is present in arid habitats in rocky areas, often on gravel and hardened soils. also found on arable land .\nno specific measures are known. the species probably occurs in protected areas of its distribution range, as souss - massa national park in morocco (ndiaye et al. 2012) .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\nclassified as least concern (lc) on the iucn red list (1) .\nchecked (24 / 08 / 10) by dr francis gilbert, associate professor, university of nottingham. urltoken\ngestation the state of being pregnant; the period from conception to birth. nocturnal active at night .\ngranjon, l. , aniskin, v. m. , volobouev, v. and sicard, b. (2002) sand - dwellers in rocky habitats: a new species of gerbillus (mammalia: rodentia). journal of zoology, 256: 181 - 190 .\ncockrum, e. l. , vaughan, t. c. and vaughan, p. j. (2009) gerbillus andersoni de winton, a species new to tunisia. mammalia, 40 (3): 467 - 474 .\nosborn, d. j. and helmy, i. (1980) the contemporary land mammals of egypt (including sinai). fieldiana zoology, 5: 1 - 579 .\nmusser, g. g. and carleton m. d. (2005) superfamily muroidea. in: wilson, d. e. and reeder, d. m. (eds .) mammal species of the world a taxonomic and geographic reference. the johns hopkins university press, baltimore. available at: urltoken\nwolff, j. o. and sherman, p. w. (2007) rodent societies: an ecological and evolutionary perspective. the university of chicago press, chicago .\nhoath, r. (2003) a field guide to the mammals of egypt. the american university in cairo press. cairo, egypt .\nfiedler, l. a. (1994) rodent pest management in eastern africa. food and agriculture organisation of the united nations, colorado .\nflpa - images of nature pages green house wetheringsett stowmarket suffolk ip14 5qa united kingdom tel: + 44 (0) 1728 861 113 fax: + 44 (0) 1728 860 222 pictures @ urltoken http: / / www. urltoken\nterms of use - the displayed portlet may be used as a link from your website to arkive' s online content for private, scientific, conservation or educational purposes only. it may not be used within apps .\nmyarkive offers the scrapbook feature to signed - up members, allowing you to organize your favourite arkive images and videos and share them with friends .\nteam wild, an elite squadron of science superheroes, needs your help! your mission: protect and conserve the planet’s species and habitats from destruction .\nwildscreen is a registered charity in england and wales no. 299450 wildscreen usa is a registered 501 (c) (3) non - profit organisation in the usa\nclassification from integrated taxonomic information system (itis) selected by c. michael hogan - see more .\nkari pihlaviita added the finnish common name\nkalliogerbiili\nto\ngerbillus campestris (loche, 1867 )\n.\nc. michael hogan marked\nrange description\nas visible on the\ngerbillus campestris (loche, 1867 )\npage .\nc. michael hogan marked\nrange description\nas trusted on the\ngerbillus campestris (loche, 1867 )\npage .\nc. michael hogan marked\nrange description\nas unreviewed on the\ngerbillus campestris (loche, 1867 )\npage .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\nbody length: 86–125 mm. tail length: 118–153 mm. weight: 21–44 gm .\ntype for dipodillus campestris catalog number: usnm 302180 collection: smithsonian institution, national museum of natural history, department of vertebrate zoology, division of mammals sex / stage: male; adult preparation: skin; skull collector (s): h. setzer year collected: 1955 locality: derna [ = darnah ], 5 km se, cyrenaica, libya, africa\ntype: ranck, g. l. 1968 oct 02. united states national museum bulletin. 275: 133 .\nmaximum longevity: 7. 3 years (captivity) observations: one 7. 3 year old animal was still alive in captivity (richard weigl 2005) .\namori, g. (small nonvolant mammal red list authority) & temple, h. (global mammal assessment team )\nlisted as least concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large population, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category .\nno specific measures are known. it is not known if the species occurs in any protected areas .\niucn lists gerbillus quadrimaculatus, a synonym of dipodillus campestris, as critically endangered .\nits natural habitats are arable land and rocky areas of the maghreb, and hot saharan deserts .\ngranjon, l. 2004. dipodillus campestris. 2006 iucn red list of threatened species. downloaded on 19 july 2007 .\nmusser, g. g. and m. d. carleton. 2005. superfamily muroidea. pp. 894–1531 in mammal species of the world a taxonomic and geographic reference. d. e. wilson and d. m. reeder eds. johns hopkins university press, baltimore .\na curated database of candidate human ageing - related genes and genes associated with longevity and / or ageing in model organisms .\na curated database of genes associated with dietary restriction in model organisms either from genetic manipulation experiments or gene expression profiling .\nprojects focused on gene expression profiling of ageing and of dietary manipulations of ageing, such as caloric restriction .\nsoftware for ageing research, including the ageing research computational tools (arct) perl toolkit .\na curated database of ageing and life history information in animals, including extensive longevity records .\nthe benchmark genome assembly and annotation of the long - lived, cancer - resistant naked mole - rat (heterocephalus glaber) .\na high - coverage genome of the bowhead whale (balaena mysticetus), the longest - lived mammal .\nanalyses using the anage database to study the evolution of longevity and ageing in vertebrate lineages .\na portal of ageing changes covering different biological levels, integrating molecular, physiological and pathological age - related data .\nthe whosage database contains people and biotech companies that are contributing to increase our understanding of ageing and life - extension .\ncomments, suggestions, ideas, and bug reports are welcome. please contact us .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference, 2nd ed. , 3rd printing\nwith contributions by bernadette n. graham, adam p. potter, and mariana m. upmeyer\ndisclaimer: itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available, and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties. however, it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes. while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available, ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party, wildlife statutes, regulations, and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register. for further information on u. s. legal requirements with respect to protected taxa, please contact the u. s. fish and wildlife service .\nenglish - german online dictionary developed to help you share your knowledge with others. more information! contains translations by tu chemnitz and mr honey' s business dictionary (german - english). thanks on that account! links to this dictionary or to single translations are very welcome! questions and answers\n< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation, e. g. an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature, an orthologous protein, a record from another database, etc. < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences\n> more... < / a > < / p >\nhelp pages, faqs, uniprotkb manual, documents, news archive and biocuration projects .\nyou are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website. please consider upgrading your browser .\n< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins, you can use the ‘basket’ to save them, so that you can back to find or analyse them later. < p > < a href =' / help / basket' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ help / sequence - searches\n> more. . < / a > < / p >\nwe' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe’s new general data protection regulation (gdpr) that applies since 25 may 2018 .\nas rodents (order rodentia), gerbils are characterized by dentition specialized for gnawing, with a single pair of upper incisors and single pair of lower incisors that grow continuously throughout their life and must be worn down by gnawing. the incisors have enamel on the outside and exposed dentine on the inside, so they self - sharpen during gnawing. rodents lack canines and first premolars, which creates a space between their incisors and their grinding teeth (molars) .\nwithin rodentia, the gerbils belong to the superfamily muroidea a vary large taxon that also includes hamsters, voles, true mice and rats, and many other relatives. they are the most populous group of rodents in the northern hemisphere and occupy a vast variety of habitats on every continent except antarctica. they are often found in fossil occlusions of bones cached by past predators such as owls and other birds of prey .\ngerbls, along with true mice and rats, spiny mice, and the crested rat belong to the family muridae. murids are the largest family of mammals, containing over 700 species. murids typically have slender bodies with scaled tails, and pointed snouts with prominent whiskers, but there is wide variation in these broad traits. the dental formula of murids is .\ngerbils comprise the murid subfamily gerbillinae, which is the most diverse of the murid subfamilies (( dewey 2004). gerbillines have 12 thoracic and 7 lumbar vertebrae and have very thin layers of enamel on the incisors compared to the other murids. the dental formula of gerbillines is = 16, with the ecceptoin of the genus desmodilliscus, whose members only have two lower molars on each side. (poor 2005) .\ngerbils have large eyes and good vision. they have enlarged hind limbs and most are saltatorial and capable of leaping a large distance (poor 2005; dewey 2004) .\ngerbils are terrestrial; some are good climbers. depending on the species, gerbils may be diurnal, nocturnal, crespuscular, or active day and night. they build burrows for habitation, which can range from simple structures with a single entrance to elaborate networks of tunnels and multiple entrances and chambers, with different chambers for food storage, nesting, and excrement (poor 2005) .\ngerbils are primarily omnivorous or herbivorous. their diet includes seeds, nuts, roots, fruits, grasses, insects, bulbs, and bird eggs, among other items. some store large amounts of plant matter in their burrows, including up to 60 kilograms (poor 2005) .\namong predators of gerbils are snakes, birds of prey such as owls, and small mammals. some utilize camouflage for protection or block their burrow entrances (poor 2005) .\ngerbils were first introduced to the pet industry in 1964. these were the mongolian gerbils, meriones unguiculatus. gentle, sociable, clean, and hardy animals, their value as pets was soon appreciated .\nseveral reasons for the popularity of gerbils as household pets include: the animals are typically not aggressive, and they rarely bite unprovoked or without stress. they are small and easy to handle, since they are sociable creatures that enjoy the company of humans and other gerbils. gerbils also have adapted their kidneys to produce a minimum of waste to conserve body fluids, which makes them very clean with little odor .\na common misunderstanding when purchasing a home for pet gerbils is they can live in housing designed for hamsters and mice. however, they have a drive to dig tunnel systems, rather than have them created for them, and the commonly plastic structure of hamster and mouse cages is inappropriate for gerbils due to their ability to gnaw through it very quickly. plastic has the potential to cause serious health issues for the animal if ingested, therefore many owners refrain from having any plastic in the tank and rely entirely on wooden toys .\nmeriones unguiculatus evolved on the semideserts and steppes of mongolia. its habitat there is mainly semideserts and steppes. soil on the steppes is sandy and is covered with grasses, herbs, and shrubs. the steppes have cool, dry winters and hot summers. the temperature can get up to 50 °c (122 °f), but the average temperature for most of the year is around 20 °c (68 °f) .\nin the wild, these gerbils live in groups generally consisting of one parental pair, the most recent litter, and a few older pups. only the dominant female will produce pups, but she will mate with multiple males while in estrus (heat) .\none group of gerbils generally ranges over 325–1, 550 square meters (template: convert / dual / loffna). a group lives in a central burrow with 10–20 exits. some deeper burrows with only one to three exits in their territory may exist. these deeper burrows are used to escape from predators when they are too far from the central burrow. a group' s burrows often interconnect with other groups .\namong health problems encountered by mongolian gerbils are misalignment of incisors due to injury or malnutrition, resulting in overgrowth and possible injury to the roof of the mouth; injuries from being dropped or falling, often while inside a hamster ball; and problems caused by neglect, including not giving adequate food and water .\n↑ see 14 cal. code regs. § 671 (c) (2) (j). the prohibition imposed by the california fish and game commission also applies to all other members of order rodentia, except for\ndomesticated races\nof rats, mice, golden hamsters, guinea pigs, and chinchillas .\ndewey, t. a. 2004. rats, mice, and relatives v. pages 281 - 298 in b. grzimek et al. , grzimek' s animal life encyclopedia, 2nd edition, vol. 16, mammals v. detroit, mi: thomson / gale, 2004. isbn 0787657921 .\nmckenna, m. c. , and s. k. bell. 1997. classification of mammals above the species level. new york: columbia university press. isbn 0231110138 .\nmusser, g. g. and m. d. carleton. 1993. family muridae. pages 501–755 in d. e. wilson and d. m. reeder, (eds .), mammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference. washington, dc: smithsonian institution press. isbn 1560982179 .\nnowak, r. m. 1999. walker' s mammals of the world, 6th edition. johns hopkins university press. isbn 0801857899\npoor, a. 2005. gerbillinae. animal diversity web. retrieved july 25, 2016 .\nnew world encyclopedia writers and editors rewrote and completed the wikipedia article in accordance with new world encyclopedia standards. this article abides by terms of the creative commons cc - by - sa 3. 0 license (cc - by - sa), which may be used and disseminated with proper attribution. credit is due under the terms of this license that can reference both the new world encyclopedia contributors and the selfless volunteer contributors of the wikimedia foundation. to cite this article click here for a list of acceptable citing formats. the history of earlier contributions by wikipedians is accessible to researchers here :\nnote: some restrictions may apply to use of individual images which are separately licensed .\nthis page was last modified on 25 july 2016, at 22: 34 .\ncontent is available under creative commons attribution / share - alike license; additional terms may apply. see terms of use for details .\nthe extreme climate and varied geomorphologic conditions have assisted, nevertheless, to develop a significant diversity of landscapes and habitats adapted to drought. the ecoregion contains a number of geomorphologic features with different origins :\nhuman populations are concentrated around water sources in oases that are characterized by particular models of water use (as foggaras), and palm agriculture (940 varieties have been listed in algeria). livestock is complementary to agriculture (e. g. camels, sheep\ndaman race\n, and goats). over recent decades the population has expanded greatly in the area. now, some of the oases support moderate sized towns that are involved with oil exploration and production. these areas may also support tourist industries .\ncurrent status the habitat is largely intact in drier areas, but can be quite badly degraded close to the coast or where there is higher rainfall and more grazing animals. however, the ecoregion is extensive, with habitat in good condition over vast areas .\nthe ecoregion is poorly protected officially, with one protected area in mauritania (iriki permanent hunting reserve, 100 km2). one other area in algeria (taghit) is proposed to be classified as a nature reserve, but the area is not yet delineated. there are also two national parks in tunisia: jebil national park created in 1993 (1, 500 km2) and the sidi toui national park created in 1993 (63 km2) (chaieb and boukhris 1998) .\nrecently undp / gef approved a 3 - year project on\nnature resources management in semi - arid and arid zones .\none of the proposed sites in this project is taghit in algeria. the project will be implemented by a network of 26 ngos (comité national des ongs algériennes - cnoa) belonging to the riod (international ngos network to combat desertification). the main project objectives are to develop a management plan for nature resources, legally gazette the nature reserve, and build capacity of grass - roots organizations in co - management of the reserve through training and pilot demonstration activities .\ntypes and severity of threats in general, the drier parts of this ecoregion are not threatened by human activities. threats are concentrated in areas with more rainfall, or around water sources, where the local pressure on resources can be intense. overgrazing by livestock is a serious problem that has resulted in severe environmental degradation in many areas. the cutting of woody vegetation for fire - wood is also a problem .\nwater pollution is also major threat in this ecoregion, as many cities have been developed in this part of the desert. development of tourism (mostly in tunisia) also poses a threat to water systems .\nreferences chaieb, m. and m. boukhris. 1998. parcs nationaux de la tunisie aride et saharienne. in flore succinte et illustrée des zones arides et sahariennes de tunisie. edition l’or du temps. pages 242 - 249 .\nle houérou, h. n. 1990. recherches écoclimatique et biogéographique sur les zones arides de l’afrique du nord. cepe / cnrs, montpellier, 600pp .\nle houérou, h. n. 1991. outline of a biological history of the sahara. pp. 146 - 174. in. mcneely, j. a. , and v. m. neronov, editors. mammals in the palaearctic desert: status and trends in the sahara - gobian region. the russian acedemy of sciences, and the russian committee for the unesco programme on man and the biosphere (mab) .\nquézel, p. , 1965. la végétation du sahara, du tchad à la mauritanie. fisher verlag, stuttgart .\nzahoran, m. a. and a. j. willis. 1992. the vegetation of egypt. chapman and hall, london\nwhite, f. 1983. the vegetation of africa: a descriptive memoir to accompany the unesco / aetfat / unso vegetation map of africa. unesco, paris, france .\nworld wildlife fund 1250 24th street, n. w. washington, dc 20037\nto fully enjoy the a - z animals website, please enable javascript in your web browser .\n. the gerbils are also able to use these underground burrows to get away from danger by quickly disappearing under the sand .\nmeaning that pet gerbils tend to be awake during night time hours more than day time hours .\nplease enter a nickname which you can use to identify your comment, but which others cannot use to identify you. please do not use your online usernames / handles which you use for social networking .\nsources: 1. david burnie, dorling kindersley (2008) illustrated encyclopedia of animals [ accessed at: 02 dec 2008 ] 2. david burnie, kingfisher (2011) the kingfisher animal encyclopedia [ accessed at: 01 jan 2011 ] 3. david w. macdonald, oxford university press (2010) the encyclopedia of mammals [ accessed at: 01 jan 2010 ] 4. dorling kindersley (2006) dorling kindersley encyclopedia of animals [ accessed at: 02 dec 2008 ] 5. richard mackay, university of california press (2009) the atlas of endangered species [ accessed at: 01 jan 2009 ] 6. tom jackson, lorenz books (2007) the world encyclopedia of animals [ accessed at: 02 dec 2008 ]\nare you safe? is an online safety campaign by a - z - animals. com. if something has upset you, the are you safe? campaign can help you to speak to someone who can help you .\nthe sahara is the world' s largest desert; it extends across most of the northern part of africa .\noverview of the sahara, including a discussion of the impact of climate change on the desert .\noverview of desert sand' s effects on the climate, with particular focus on the sahara .\n, which is composed of heavily folded and denuded precambrian rocks. because of the stability of the shield, subsequently deposited paleozoic formations have remained horizontal and relatively unaltered. over much of the sahara, these formations were covered by mesozoic deposits—including the limestones of\n, that forms on the surfaces of weathered rocks. the plateaus of the sahara, such as the tademaït plateau of algeria, are typically covered with angular, weathered rock. in the central sahara, the monotony of the plains and plateaus is broken by prominent volcanic massifs—including mount ʿuwaynat and the tibesti and\nthe ahaggar plateau rises from the barren landscape of the sahara in southern algeria .\ncover approximately 25 percent of the sahara’s surface. the principal types of dunes include tied dunes, which form in the lee of hills or other obstacles; parabolic blowout dunes; crescent - shaped barchans and transverse dunes; longitudinal seifs; and the massive, complex forms associated with sand seas. several pyramidal dunes in the sahara attain heights of nearly 500 feet, while\n, the mountainous sand ridges that dominate the ergs, are said to reach 1, 000 feet. an unusual phenomenon associated with desert sands is their “singing” or booming. various\n…of the central and western sahara by approximately 5, 000 feet (1, 500 metres). each emergence resulted in the creation of valleys that became flooded when the continent subsided. toward the end of the period, the sahara became glaciated, and tillites and sandstones filled the valleys. a complete change of sedimentation characterized…\nin the sahara a rock stratum called the continental intercalary series, which dates from the early cretaceous period and which includes the nubian sandstones of southern egypt, is the most important water - bearing layer. it extends over very large areas and reaches a thickness of more than 3, 000…\nin the sahara such arab peoples as the shuwa live side by side with such berber peoples as the tuareg. see also islamic world. …\nwe welcome suggested improvements to any of our articles. you can make it easier for us to review and, hopefully, publish your contribution by keeping a few points in mind .\nencyclopædia britannica articles are written in a neutral objective tone for a general audience .\nyou may find it helpful to search within the site to see how similar or related subjects are covered .\nat the bottom of the article, feel free to list any sources that support your changes, so that we can fully understand their context. (internet urls are the best. )\nyour contribution may be further edited by our staff, and its publication is subject to our final approval. unfortunately, our editorial approach may not be able to accommodate all contributions .\nour editors will review what you' ve submitted, and if it meets our criteria, we' ll add it to the article .\nplease note that our editors may make some formatting changes or correct spelling or grammatical errors, and may also contact you if any clarifications are needed .\nhawaii, constituent state of the united states of america. hawaii (hawaiian: hawai‘i) became the 50th…\ncorrections? updates? omissions? let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login) .\nif you prefer to suggest your own revision of the article, you can go to edit mode (requires login) .\nour editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwarning: the ncbi web site requires javascript to function. more ...\nl. i. knight, a b. l. ng, b w. cheng, b b. fu, b f. yang, b and r. v. rambau a, *" ]

{ "text": [ "the north african gerbil ( dipodillus campestris ) is a species of rodent in the family muridae .", "it is found in north africa where its natural habitats are arable land and rocky areas of the maghreb , and hot saharan deserts . " ], "topic": [ 29, 24 ] }

[ "the north african gerbil (dipodillus campestris) is a species of rodent in the family muridae. it is found in north africa where its natural habitats are arable land and rocky areas of the maghreb, and hot saharan deserts." ]

[ "a one - pound container of surrender fire ant killer can treat up to 108 fire ant mounds. surrender fire ant killer is an agricultural fire ant insecticide. surrender fire ant killer (acephate 75 %) is an effective fire ant control .\nwatch what happens when a fire ant nest is disturbed: disturbing a fire ant mound .\nthe southern fire ant is attracted to a variety of foods including protein, greases, and sweet foods .\nthe southern fire ant is a generalist predator. therefore, the presence of the ant may be beneficial when consuming certain pest species. however, the southern fire ant is viewed as a pest based on other negative impacts they may have on agricultural operations .\ndon’t let fire ants bite at your heels and ruin your outdoor fun. call a southern pest control specialist for fire ant service today, in order to take care of your fire ant problem for good .\nhistorically the most common native fire ant in the southern us, this species has been significantly reduced by the expansion of s. invicta .\nfire ant service will remove the fire ants from your yard, with an on contact “stop in your tracks” method providing immediate results. don’t let fire ants take over your yard. leave the summer sun and sprinkler fun to your family, and the fire ants service to southern pest control. feel free to run through the yard barefoot, or lay out a blanket for a picnic because southern pest control has a proven and effective fire ant service for eliminating those painful and annoying fire ants .\ndorsal view of fire ant showing two petiole nodes between the thorax and gaster (abdomen). these petioles are a fire ant characteristic. photo credit: josh basham\nred imported fire ant. photo credit: russ ottens, university of georgia, urltoken\nsometimes the red imported fire ant will nest inside buildings during the winter months under bathtubs (when on a slab), or next to hot water heaters. the southern fire ant usually nests in loose soil, but at times they can be found in woodwork or masonry. their nests may be seen as large crevices in the ground that spread out from 2 - 4 feet. southern fire ant nests can also be found under houses, under boards or stones, or in cracks in the concrete .\naccurate identification of fire ants can be especially important in the southwestern states, where native fire ant species are common and imported fire ants are rare. although native fire ants are common urban pests, if they are controlled unnecessarily, especially in very dry climates, imported fire ants are more likely to invade new areas. for information about suspected fire ant invasions in west texas and beyond, see the publication living on the edge: management considerations for imported fire ants in western texas, near or in recently infested areas .\nadvion fire ant bait advion ant bait is a fast - acting bait, killing the entire colony quickly. it does not, however, have an igr to prevent new ant generations; you will need to repeat treatment with this bait .\ni am found burrowing in the ground, under structures, around fireplaces and in the foundations of homes. there are many species of fire ants, commonly found throughout the southern part of the united states .\ndrenching the mound ensures red fire ant killer. feel free to call if you have further questions that we may answer .\nfire ant head showing reddish brown coloration and elbowed antennae. red imported fire ants have a reddish colored head and thorax. there may be gradations in color. photo credit: matt yoder\nsouthern fire ants should be handled by a trained, licensed pest management professional, because of the aggressive and dangerous nature of these ants. your clark technician will know the best course of action. in this case, it’s advisable to call in a professional rather than try to handle the problem yourself. schedule your fire ant inspection today .\nwe recommend conquer insecticide or bifen it for drenching fire ant mounds. the low vapor pressure forms a great quantity of fumes, quickly killing the red fire ants. use at a low dilution rate since you need a fairly large quantity of liquid. you will use several gallons for large colonies. completely drenching the mound ensures red fire ant colony extermination .\nsouthern pest control and its affiliated companies provide quality termite and pest control services each year to over 40, 000 homeowners in virginia, maryland, georgia, texas, and tennessee .\nextinguish plus comes in threes sizes: 1 lb, 4. 5 lb, and 25 lb containers. extinquish plus fire ant bait has two active ingredients for its killing power: one is an insect growth regulator (igr), preventing all new ant generations, and the other kills the existing colony. this is a slower bait than the advion fire ant bait .\nsince extinquish plus fire ant bait is a slower acting bait, it is recommended that you use it with martin' s surrender acephate - fire insecticide to kill the mounds as arise, waiting for extinquish' s igr to complete its action. we have two kits with this combination at discounted pricing called the texas 2 step fire ant kits, small size and large size .\nthe red imported fire ant can have huge colonies with 300 - 500, 000 workers foraging at distances of 100 yards. fire ant activity ranges from the spring into fall months. during the spring and summer months, the active mounds send out winged swarmer ants whose sole job is to start new colonies .\n: the broadcasting method is the first step. broadcast a fire ant bait over the entire area. we recommend treating at a couple times a year during the warm months. this will solve 80 - 90 percent of your fire ant infestation. if there are still troublesome mounds, treat the individual mounds .\nwhere imported fire ants are common, most homeowners recognize them by the mounds they build or the stings they inflict. their aggressive nature compared to other ant species is one such trait. if a mound is disturbed, usually hundreds of fire ant workers will swarm out and run up vertical surfaces to sting .\nyou can use ant bait insect plates to put the granulated ant bait inside to keep it dry and make it difficult for children and pets to get into .\nin the united states, imported fire ants currently inhabit all or parts of alabama, arkansas, california, florida, georgia, louisiana, missouri, mississippi, new mexico, north carolina, oklahoma, puerto rico, south carolina, tennessee, texas, and virginia. they are discovered sporadically in maryland. the red imported fire ant has also been accidentally introduced to other countries. imported fire ants will likely continue to spread throughout much of the southern portion of the u. s, and other parts of the world where climate conditions are suitable .\nboth native and red imported fire ants can sting. red imported fire ants are very aggressive and their sting can cause reactions ranging from irritation and nausea to even more severe reactions .\nimported fire ants in comparison to other ants (photo by s. b. vinson )\nfire ants have elbowed antennae with 10 segments on each antennae. photo credit: josh basham\nworker ants bite with chewing mouthparts and inject venom with their stingers aggressively and repeatedly. if you get stung, you may feel burning or tingling at the site. a day or so later, the imported fire ant' s unique venom forms a characteristic white fluid - filled pustule or blister at the sting site. for more information, see fire ant stings .\nfire ants are small, only about 1 / 8 to 1 / 4 - inch long. variation in size is a distinguishing feature. many other ant species are uniform in size .\nif you are unsure of the ant species you have, contact your county extension office for identification help. properly identifying ant species is the first step in determining the need and approach for control .\nvelvet ant discover the world of insects desert animals & wildlife links to info. about insects & spiders\nworker fire ants are dark, small, highly variable in size, aggressive, and sting relentlessly .\nthe red imported fire ant builds mounds in almost any type of soil, but prefers open, sunny areas such as pastures, parks, lawns, meadows, and cultivated fields. colonies can also be located in or under buildings .\nimported fire ants (hymenoptera) can be collected at almost anytime of the year on warm days from their mounds .\ncalifornia fire ant range from 1 / 8 to 1 / 4 inches long, with queens slightly larger than 1 / 4 inches. the head and thorax are yellowish - red to brown and the abdomen, or gaster, is black .\nthe mound has no opening in the center like most ant mounds. red imported fire ants enter and exit the mound through underground tunnels. when their mounds are disturbed, the workers will come out of the ground and sting the intruder very aggressively .\nmanaaki whenua - landcare research new zealand. 2012. invasive ant threat: solenopsis xyloni. information sheet # 29. (urltoken) .\nthe mound has no opening in the center like most ant mounds. imported fire ants leave and enter the mound through underground tunnels, radiating from the mound. in hard compact soils, these tunnels become visible on the surface. they also have tunnels extending down to the water table when no surface water is available .\nred fire ants are also known to attack animals that intrude on their nests. besides attacking people and animals they can also cause damage to plants, buildings, air - conditioning units, and telephone wires. the reason is not clear, but fire ants seem to be attracted to electrical currents, and they cause damage by nesting in places such as electrical junction boxes. there are two kinds of red imported fire ants; the single - queen and multiple - queen types .\napply ant baits on a fairly sunny day, when there is a good amount of activity around the mound, so that the ants can begin to forage for the bait .\nidentification of fire ants in the genus solenopsis is difficult and requires evaluating a series of different - sized workers. in addition, members of this genus are known to interbreed .\nmaxforce fc ant bait contains the active ingredient fipronil. workers take it back to their queens to feed. does not contain an igr to stop newer generations, but will kill the existing colony .\nred imported fire ants will not only forage for food (such as small insects, dead animals, and sweet materials such as plant secretions) but will kill insects and small animals to feed .\ni have four stages of development: egg, larva, pupa and adult. the queen lays her eggs in the nest and the worker ants care for them. the queen can lay up to 800 eggs a day. it takes 30 to 35 days for my egg to develop into an adult. the queen ant can live for up to seven years. a worker ant lives an average of five weeks .\ncalifornia fire ants will nest in the ground, but also outdoors in close proximity to a kitchen, in wood, soil, masonry, at the base of trees or shrubs, and in clumps of grass. they can gain access to indoor areas through hvac systems, power inputs, and outlets and pipes. these ants may also nest in breaker panels, electrical junctions, and water boxes, as they seem attracted to electricity. fire ants typically prefer a high - protein diet, but will feed on almost everything – dead animals, insects, plant material, honeydew. they have been known to eat electrical and phone lines after seeking out the wire insulation, they also are known to dine on soiled clothing. the california fire ant is highly aggressive, and will make unprovoked attacks on docile human targets – the elderly, infants – and pets, inflicting injury .\nthe red imported fire ant, also known as solenopsis invicta, is a formidable foe wherever it establishes a colony. since invading the southeastern united states in the late 1920s, the pest has become widespread in 11 southeastern states: alabama, arkansas, florida, georgia, louisiana, mississippi, north carolina, oklahoma, south carolina, tennessee and texas. in these regions, the pest has caused billions of dollars in damage to agriculture and has had a major impact on public safety and the environment. for more information click here .\nareas infested with single - queen colonies contain 40 - 150 mounds per acre (rarely more than 7 million ants per acre). in areas with multiple - queen colonies, there may be 200 or more mounds and 40 million red imported fire ants per acre .\nmartinez - ferrer, m. t. , e. e. grafton - cardwell, and h. h. shorey. 2003. disruption of parasitism of the california red scale (homoptera: diaspididae) by three ant species (hymenoptera: formicidae). biological control 26 (3): 279 - 286. (doi: 10. 1016 / s1049 - 9644 (02) 00158 - 5) .\nmating flights are the primary means of ant colony propagation. colonies generally contain a few large workers (major workers), many medium - sized workers (media workers), and a majority of small workers (minor workers). the three types of workers are all sterile females and serve to perform tasks necessary to maintain the colony. the queen (or queens) is the single producer of eggs. the diet of foraging workers consists of dead animals, including insects, earthworms, and vertebrates. workers also collect honeydew and store seeds. larvae are fed only a liquid diet until they reach the third instar. when the larvae reach the fourth instar, they are able to digest solid foods. worker ants will bring solid food rich in protein and deposit it in a depression in front of the mouth of the larvae. the larvae will secrete digestive enzymes that break down the solid food and regurgitate it back to worker ants .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nunited states: alabama, arizona, california, georgia, kansas, louisiana, mississippi, nevada, new mexico, north carolina, south carolina, tennessee, and texas .\n). they may also be completely orangeish - red or brownish - black .\n- secreting insect pests from natural enemies. this protection can disrupt biological control programs targeting\n- secreting insects and result in larger populations of pest species including scales, aphids, whiteflies, etc .\nshown to preferentially attack some parasitized pest species, resulting in disruption of biological control programs of pest species like the california red scale .\nweeks, j. a. , a. c. hodges, and n. c. leppla\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nstatewide ipm program, agriculture and natural resources, university of california all contents copyright © 2017 the regents of the university of california. all rights reserved .\nfor noncommercial purposes only, any web site may link directly to this page. for all other uses or more information, read legal notices. unfortunately, we cannot provide individual solutions to specific pest problems. see our home page, or in the u. s. , contact your local cooperative extension office for assistance .\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29: registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin, july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia, june 4 - 7. photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona, july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell, iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\ngenerally similar to s. invicta in color and morphology. differentiation is based on the lack of median tooth on the clypeus .\ndue to variation within colonies, several major workers should be examined in order to ensure that this feature is absent .\nmounds are not as large as s. invicta, often not seen at all .\ncontributed by eric r. eaton on 25 october, 2007 - 3: 30pm additional contributions by beatriz moisset, mike quinn, john carlson last updated 29 may, 2014 - 10: 21am\ndisclaimer: dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service. we strive to provide accurate information, but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world. if you need expert professional advice, contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content. click the contributor' s name for licensing and usage information. everything else copyright © 2003 - 2018 iowa state university, unless otherwise noted .\nworkers in single - queen colonies are territorial, foraging only within their territory. workers from multiple - queen colonies are not territorial; they freely move from one mound to another, which has resulted in a dramatic increase in the number of mounds per acre .\nmounds containing colonies can reach 18 inches in height, depending on the type of soil. many times mounds are located in rotting logs and around stumps and trees .\ncolonies frequently migrate from one site to another. the queen only needs a few workers to start a new colony. they can develop a new mound several hundred feet away from their previous location in a matter of hours .\nflooding causes colonies to leave their mounds and float until they can reach land to establish a new mound. .\nworkers of all sizes have the same body proportions: head width never exceeds the abdomen width, even in the largest workers .\ntotal time from egg to adult averages 30 days. workers live up to 180 days, and queens live two to six years .\ntreating the mounds individually, without doing a broadcast treatment for the whole yard first may be a uphill battle .\nyou can use the drench method of a liquid insecticide poured into the mound; make sure that the whole mound is treated. pour enough volume of the liquid insecticide into the mound to kill the queens .\nbroadcast treatment: 1. 5 - 5 lbs. per acre, mounds: 4 level tablespoons around mound. do not apply immediately before or after irrigation or rain .\ndo not put out the bait on extremely hot and rainy days; there is not as much activity to begin to source the bait .\nwhen using a liquid insecticide killing the queen is the goal. you will want to drench the mound with the insecticide. the most effective way is to use a rod to form vertical tunnels in the mound to facilitate the liquid mixture reaching the queens .\nconquer can be used inside for flea control as well and works well on various insects .\nbifen it has the same active ingredient and percentage as talstar, but more economical. a great around product for outside pests, and works well on mosquitoes, ticks, fleas in the yard. has a limited label to spray inside .\nbe sure to ask about our full line of specialty services: mosquitoes, outdoor party service, stinkbug - box elderbugs, bee nest removal, fly prevention, pantry pests, and cicada killers .\nyou see a mound of fluffy, worked soil, particularly a few days after a heavy rain .\nmost mounds in turfgrass are just a few inches tall, but undisturbed mounds can reach 18 inches in height .\nsoil type can also affect mound size. mounds in clay soil are often larger than sandy soils .\nmounds are often built up against structures or may be located at sites with less disturbance (e. g. , fence rows) .\nthe white objects seen in the mound are the brood—the eggs, larvae and pupae of developing ants .\nbe aware of where you are standing and move away from mounds if ants crawl on your shoes. this must be done carefully so you do not get stung .\ndust baby powder on dishwashing gloves and wear them because the ants cannot crawl up dusted surfaces (hold hands upright) and have adult supervision .\nplace rubbing alcohol in a vial and stick it into the top of an undisturbed mound. worker ants will climb up and drop into the vial and drown .\nquickly remove the vial and cap it with gloved hands and rub off ants by rolling vial in grass .\ntry collecting 30 or so ants and submit them for identification to your local county extension agent or qualified insect taxonomist .\nthis work is supported by the usda national institute of food and agriculture, new technologies for ag extension project .\nmy menu includes; plants, nectar, seeds, other insects and meat from dead animals .\ni can come in several sizes. worker ants can be 1 / 16 to 1 / 3 of an inch in size. winged and queen ants are slightly larger. my body is reddish brown and my abdomen is black .\nsome of the contents of this website, including the pdf downloads, are excerpts from the publication bug facts a young explorer' s guide. all contents are copyright © 2008 - 2018 bugfacts. net. all rights reserved .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthe information provided on this web site and by this web site through content provided by authors or third party providers, and in other sources to which it refers, is provided for informational purposes only and should not be used to diagnose or treat a health problem or disease .\ninformation provided at and by desertusa is not a substitute for professional medical care. if you have a medical concern, or suspect you have a health problem you should consult your primary doctor or specialist .\nif you cannot agree to this health and medical disclaimer, you are not permitted to use this web site and should exit immediately .\ndesertusa newsletter - - we send articles on hiking, camping and places to explore, as well as animals, wildflower reports, plant information and much more. sign up below or read more about the desertusa newsletter here. (it' s free. )\ncopyright © 1996 - 2018 urltoken and digital west media, inc. - -" ]

{ "text": [ "the southern fire ant ( solenopsis xyloni ) , also known as the californian fire ant or cotton ant , is a stinging fire ant native to southern parts of the united states .", "its behaviour is similar to the red imported fire ant ( s. invicta ) , although its sting is less painful .", "it has a broad and opportunistic diet , and will store seeds in its nest and eat honeydew collected from other insects .", "the southern fire ant shares its range with the red imported fire ant ( s. invicta ) , the golden fire ant ( s. aurea ) and s. amblychila .", "the southern fire ant has the widest distribution of these , occurring from the carolinas to california , including georgia , lowland tennessee , arkansas , and southern kansas . " ], "topic": [ 25, 10, 12, 10, 13 ] }

[ "the southern fire ant (solenopsis xyloni), also known as the californian fire ant or cotton ant, is a stinging fire ant native to southern parts of the united states. its behaviour is similar to the red imported fire ant (s. invicta), although its sting is less painful. it has a broad and opportunistic diet, and will store seeds in its nest and eat honeydew collected from other insects. the southern fire ant shares its range with the red imported fire ant (s. invicta), the golden fire ant (s. aurea) and s. amblychila. the southern fire ant has the widest distribution of these, occurring from the carolinas to california, including georgia, lowland tennessee, arkansas, and southern kansas." ]

[ "jenyns (pisces, galaxiidae). ecology of freshwater fishes 17: 394–405 .\n( pisces, galaxiidae) in northern patagonian lakes. journal of applied ichthyology 23: 25–33 .\n( teleostei: galaxiidae) at the falkland islands. new zealand journal of zoology 32: 23–27 .\n( teleostei: galaxiidae) from the falkland islands. new zealand journal of zoology 32: 17–22 .\nfrankenberg, r. s. (1966a) fishes of the family galaxiidae. australian natural history, 15, 161–164 .\nfrankenberg, r. s. (1966b) fishes of the family galaxiidae. the fisherman nsw, 2, 20–23 .\nscott, e. o. g. (1966) the genera of the galaxiidae. australian zoologist, 13, 244–258 .\n( jenyns) (teleostomi, galaxiidae) en un embalse norpatagónico. ciclo de vida, ciclo gonadal y fecun - didad .\nmcdowall, r. m. 1999. caudal skeleton in galaxias and allied genera (teleostei: galaxiidae). copeia 1999: 932–939 .\n( pisces: galaxiidae) in a lake in the south american andes. new zealand journal of marine and freshwater research 36: 345–359 .\na review of galaxiella pusilla (mack) (teleostei: galaxiidae) in south - eastern australia with a description of a new species .\nextreme intraspecific mitochondrial dna sequence divergence in galaxias maculatus (osteichthys: galaxiidae), one of the world' s most widespread freshwater fish .\nwhat made you want to look up galaxiidae? please tell us where you read or heard it (including the quote, if possible) .\nthreatened species section (2006) recovery plan: tasmanian galaxiidae 2006 – 2010. department of primary industries, water, hobart, 85 pp .\nogilby (teleostei: galaxiidae), in a south - western australian river. 1. reproductive biology. hydrobiol. 211: 77 - 88 .\nmcdowall, r. m. (1999) caudal skeleton in galaxias and allied genera (teleostei: galaxiidae). copeia, 4, 932–929. urltoken\na review of galaxiella pusilla (mack) (teleostei: galaxiidae) in south - eastern australia with a description of a new species. - pubmed - ncbi\nextreme intraspecific mitochondrial dna sequence divergence in galaxias maculatus (osteichthys: galaxiidae), one of the world' s most widespread fre... - pubmed - ncbi\nwhitebaiting; fishing for a new zealand delicacy; in nz, whitebait describes the juvenile forms (around 4–5 centimetres long) of five species of the fish family galaxiidae .\nmcdowall (teleostei: galaxiidae), including a comparison of the reproductive strategies of this and three other local species. j. fish biol. 39: 717 - 731 .\nkoster, w. (2003) threatened species of the world: galaxiella pusilla (mack 1936) (galaxiidae). environmental biology of fishes, 68, 268. urltoken\nandrews, a. p. (1976) a revision of the family galaxiidae (pisces) in tasmania. australian journal of marine and freshwater research, 27, 297–349. urltoken\nwhitebaiting; fishing for a new zealand delicacy; in nz, whitebait describes the juvenile forms (around 4–5 centimetres long) of five species of the fish family galaxiidae. : fishing\nmcdowall, r. m. 1978a. a new genus and species of galaxiid fish from australia (salmoniformes: galaxiidae). journal of the royal society of new zealand 8: 115–124 .\nmcdowall, r. m. 1997. afinities, generic classification and biogeography of the australian and new zealand mudfishes (salmoniformes: galaxiidae). rec. aust. mus. 49: 121–137 .\nandrews, a. p. (1991) observations on the tasmanian mudfish, galaxias cleaveri (pisces: galaxiidae). papers and proceedings of the royal society of tasmania, 125, 55–59 .\nmcdowall, r. m. (1973) limitation of the genus brachygalaxias eigenmann, 1928 (pisces: galaxiidae). journal of the royal society of new zealand, 3, 193–197. urltoken\nstokell, g. (1945) the systematic arrangement of the new zealand galaxiidae. part i. generic and subgeneric classification. transactions of the royal society of new zealand, 75, 124–137 .\nmcdowall, r. m. & r. s. frankenberg. 1981. the galaxiid fishes of australia (pisces: galaxiidae). rec. aust. mus. 33: 443 - 605 .\nmcdowall, r. m. 1998. phylogenetic relationships and ecomorphological divergence in sympatric and allopatric species of paragalaxias (teleostei: galaxiidae) in high elevation tasmanian lakes. environmental biology of fishes 53: 235–237 .\nmcdowall, r. m. 2003. variation in vertebral number in galaxiid fishes (teleostei: galaxiidae): a legacy of life history, latitude and length. environmental biology of fishes 66: 361–381 .\ndixon, j. m. (1972) catalogue of galaxiid types (pisces: galaxiidae) in the national museum of victoria, australia. memoirs of the national museum of victoria, 33, 121–122 .\nmcdowall, r. m. (1978a) a new genus and species of galaxiid fish from australia (salmoniformes: galaxiidae). journal of the royal society of new zealand, 8, 115–124. urltoken\nmcdowall, r. m. & w. fulton. 1978. a revision of the genus paragalaxias scott (salmoniformes: galaxiidae). aust. j. mar. freshw. res. 29: 93–108 .\nwaters, j. m. & wallis, g. p. 2001. cladogenesis and loss of the marine life - history phase in freshwater galaxiid fishes (osmeriformes: galaxiidae). evolution 55: 587–597 .\nhumphries, p. (1986) observations on the ecology of galaxiella pusilla (mack) (salmoniformes: galaxiidae) in diamond creek, victoria. proceeding of the royal society of victoria, 98, 133–137 .\nwestbury, t. (1995) conservation ecology of the dwarf galaxias, galaxiella pusilla (galaxiidae), with implications for management. bsc (hons) thesis, la trobe university, bundoora, 84 pp .\nsakurai, s. , ali, m. a. & collin, s. p. (1990) adaptive radiation of the retina in galaxiidae (salmoniformes). australian journal of zoology 38: 173 - 186\nhumphries, p. (1983) aspects of the biology of the dwarf galaxiid, galaxiella pusilla (mack) (salmoniformes: galaxiidae). bsc (hons) thesis, monash university, clayton, 94 pp .\nbackhouse, g. n. & vanner, r. w. (1978) observations on the biology of the dwarf galaxiid, galaxiella pusilla (mack) (pisces: galaxiidae). victorian naturalist, 95, 128–132 .\nwaters, j. m. & r. w. g. white. 1997. molecular phylogeny and biogeography of the tasmanian and new zealand mudfishes (salmoniformes: galaxiidae). aust. j. zool. 45: 39–48 .\nwaters, j. m. & white, r. w. g. 1997. molecular phylogeny and biogeography of the tasmanian and new zealand mudfishes (salmoniformes: galaxiidae). australian journal of zoology 45: 39 - 48 .\nbeck, r. g. (1985) field observations upon the dwarf galaxiid galaxiella pusilla (mack) (pisces: galaxiidae) in the south - east of south australia, australia. south australian naturalist, 60, 12–22 .\nmcdowall, r. m. (1980) 10 family galaxiidae galaxiids. in: mcdowall, r. m. (ed .), freshwater fishes of south - eastern australia. reed books, sydney, pp. 55–69 .\nraadik, t. a. (2011) systematic revision of the mountain galaxias, galaxias olidus günther, 1866 species complex (teleostei: galaxiidae) in eastern australia. phd thesis, university of canberra, canberra, 494 pp .\nmcdowall, r. m. & wallis, g. p. (1996) description and redescription of galaxias species (teleostei: galaxiidae) from otago and southland. journal of the royal society of new zealand, 26, 401–427. urltoken\ndespite the large number of species in the galaxiidae family, they have some features in common that distinguish them from the other families. perhaps the most obvious feature is that they do not have any scales. their skin is smooth and slippery, but thankfully they do not produce copious amounts of slime like eels. the galaxiidae have only one dorsal fin and this is located near the tail (posteriorly) so that it appears to be directly above the anal fin. there is no adipose fin .\nmcdowall, r. m. & fulton, w. (1996) family galaxiidae. in: mcdowall, r. m. (ed .), freshwater fishes of south - eastern australia. reed books, sydney, pp. 52–77 .\nscott, e. o. g. (1971) on the occurrence in tasmania and on flinders island of brachygalaxias eigenmann, 1928 (pisces: galaxiidae) with descriptions of two new subspecies. records of the queen victoria museum, 37, 1–14 .\ncoleman, r. a. (2014) conservation of the dwarf galaxias, galaxiella pusilla (mack 1936) (teleostei: galaxiidae), a threatened freshwater fish from south - eastern australia. phd thesis, university of melbourne, parkville, 262 pp .\nraadik, t. a. 2014. fifteen from one: a revision of the galaxias olidus günther, 1866 complex (teleostei, galaxiidae) in south - eastern australia recognises three previously described taxa and describes 12 new species. zootaxa 3898 (1): 1 - 198 .\nraadik, t. a. (2014) fifteen from one: a revision of the galaxias olidus günther, 1866 complex (teleostei, galaxiidae) in south - eastern australia recognises three previously described taxa and describes 12 new species. zootaxa, 3898 (1), 1–198 .\nberra, t. m. & allen, g. r. (1989) clarification of the differences between galaxiella nigrostriata (shipway, 1953) and galaxiella munda mcdowall, 1978 (pisces: galaxiidae) from western australia. records of the western australian museum, 14, 293–297 .\nthe galaxiidae family is the largest family of freshwater fishes in new zealand; there are about 26 species present here which have been divided into two genera, the galaxiids (galaxias spp .) and the mudfish (neochanna spp .). galaxiidae occur throughout the southern hemisphere - in new zealand, australia, south africa, chile, and argentina. the family contains some species that are widespread and familiar to most new zealanders, e. g. the 5 whitebait species, but other species are less well known with very restricted distributions, e. g. eldons galaxias .\nwaters, j. m. , lopez, j. a. & wallis, g. p. (2000) molecular phylogenetics and biogeography of galaxiid fishes (osteichthyes: galaxiidae): dispersal, vicariance, and the position of lepidogalaxias salamandroides. systematic biology, 49, 777–795. urltoken\nwaters, j. m. , j. a. lópez & g. p. wallis. 2000. molecular phylogenetics and biogeography of galaxiid fishes (osetichthyes: galaxiidae): dispersal, vicariance, and the position of lepidogalaxius salamandroides. systematic biology 49 (4): 775 - 795 .\njohnson, c. r. , ratowsky, d. a. & white, r. w. g. (1983) multivariate analysis of the phenotypic relationships of the species of paragalaxias and galaxias (pisces: galaxiidae) in tasmania. journal of fish biology, 23, 49–63. urltoken\ngaleotti, d. m. , mccullough, c. d. & lund, m. a. (2010) black - stripe minnow galaxiella nigrostriata (shipway 1953) (pisces: galaxiidae), a review and discussion. journal of the royal society of western australia, 93, 13–20 .\ncoleman, r. a. , raadik, t. a. , pettigrove, v. & hoffmann, a. a. (2015) taking advantage of adaptations when managing threatened species within variable environments: the case of the dwarf galaxias galaxiella pusilla (teleostei, galaxiidae). [ in review ]\ngaleotti, d. m. , castalanelli, m. a. , groth, d. m. , mccullough, c. & lund, m. a. (2015) genotypic and morphological variation between galaxiella nigrostriata (galaxiidae) populations: implications for conservation. marine and freshwater research, 66, 187–194. urltoken\nit is thought that the non - diadromous species of galaxiidae have evolved from the diadromous species, probably after geological events caused them to become land - locked. gradually, these species have developed separate populations and distinguishing characteristics. in recent years, seven new galaxiid species have been described from the lower south island and it now appears that even more new inland species are awaiting recognition. previously these were thought to be the same species as the canterbury galaxias. in addition, new mudfish species have been discovered on chatham island and in northland. although much taxonomic work remains to be done on this family, at present the galaxiidae species that are found in new zealand are :\ncoleman, r. a. , weeks, a. r. & hoffmann, a. a. (2013) balancing genetic uniqueness and genetic variation in determining conservation and translocation strategies: a comprehensive case study of threatened dwarf galaxias, galaxiella pusilla (mack) (pisces: galaxiidae). molecular ecology, 22, 1820–1835. urltoken\nmost native freshwater fish species are called galaxiids (from the family name galaxiidae). there are seven genera in the family and two (galaxias and neochanna) occur in new zealand. the name refers to their profusion of small, silvery - gold spots, which were compared to the stars in a galaxy by those who first identified them .\nit might still be a surprise to some that one of new zealand' s national delicacies is made up of threatened species. these threatened species' are known collectively as whitebait and are the juveniles of five different native freshwater fish species in the galaxiidae family, mostly only found in new zealand. they are: īnanga, kōaro, banded kōkopu, ... continue reading →\naustralian species of the family galaxiidae were reviewed and figured by mcdowall & frankenberg (1981). the family comprises about 40 species in eight genera, with 22 species in four genera found in australia. begle (1991) has combined the aplochitonidae with the galaxiidae, which is followed by nelson (1994). the aplochitonins were reviewed by mcdowall (1971), who recognised two genera for two species of peladillos from south america (aplochiton) and one species of tasmanian whitebait from australia (lovettia). tarmo raadik is currently revising the galaxias olidus complex and is describing a number of new species. debate continues as to the placement of lepidogalaxias salamandroides. recent studies by li et al (2010) and mcdowall and burridge (2011) suggest that lepidogalaxias is the sister group to all other euteleostean fishes .\ncoleman, r. a. , pettigrove, v. , raadik, t. a. , hoffmann, a. a. , miller, a. d. & carew, m. e. (2010) microsatellite markers and mtdna indicate two distinct groups in dwarf galaxias, galaxiella pusilla (mack) (pisces: galaxiidae), a threatened freshwater fish from south - eastern australia. conservation genetics, 11, 1911–1928. urltoken\nthe\npuyen\ngalaxias maculatus (galaxiidae, salmoniformes) is a small autochthonous fish (total asymptotic growth length = 97 mm in ezquerra pond, near lake nahuel huapi), (cervellini et al. 1993) that inhabits southern south america and oceania (quaggiotto & valverde 1993) and may be predated by salmonids whereby transmission of parasites may occurr (revenga 1993). studies in new zealand (mcdowall 1968) and australia (pollard 1971) agree that most of each population dies during its first year, immediately after spawning, but a small proportion might reach 3 years of age .\ngalaxiidae come in many shapes and sizes, but most species rarely exceed 150 mm in length. however, the giant kokopu can grow to over 400 mm in length and 1 kg in weight. different species have adopted different life cycle strategies; five species are diadromous and usually must go to the sea. this group of species is commonly known as whitebait. other species are non - diadromous and live their whole lives in fresh water. they are probably less familiar to the general public. even less well known are the mudfish, a species that are able to aestivate during dry conditions and thus survive in ephemeral waterways .\nwhitebait are the juveniles of five different new zealand native freshwater fish species in the galaxiidae family, mostly found only in new zealand. they are: īnanga, kōaro, banded kōkopu, giant kōkopu and shortjaw kōkopu. four of these five species (all except banded kokopu) have been classified by the department of conservation (doc) in 2013 as at risk or threatened with extinction (urltoken). that means they have the same threat ranking as some species of kiwi; selling whitebait is like selling kiwi. new zealanders are often against other countries decimating or hunting their native wildlife, but we allow it right here in our own country .\nyet it will not be easy to save the world’s fish. many a species lives only in one particular place. australia, for example, is the principal home of the galaxiidae, a species very roughly equivalent to the salmon and trout of the northern hemisphere. one fairly typical galaxiid now lives only on the upper reaches of the swan river in western australia. it used to live in the lower reaches, too, until brown trout were introduced and outcompeted it. but the brown trout cannot get past one of the swan river waterfalls, and the galaxiid hangs on by its fins to life above. rivers in general are particularly threatened, not only by invasions of fish from other countries brought in to improve the angling, but also, more radically, by dams, diversion and general drying up, all in the name of economic development .\nwithin the galaxiids (galaxiidae), an austral family of cold - temperate freshwater and putative diadromous fishes, the small genus aplochiton stands out for its phylogenetic distinctiveness, body shape (trout - like), and relatively large body size (360 mm maximum total length) [ 1 ] – [ 3 ]. aplochiton is endemic to patagonia and the falkland islands [ 4 ], and recent accounts suggest shrinking distributions due to the detrimental effects of invasive trout and habitat degradation [ 5 ], [ 6 ]. unfortunately, the understanding of species - specific ecological needs and threats of aplochiton, as well as the designation of appropriate conservation statuses have been hampered by poor species delineation and insufficient or misleading knowledge about their distribution and biology [ 7 ], [ 8 ]. revising the taxonomy of aplochiton shall enable the implementation of more effective conservation strategies [ 9 ] .\nup until recently it was thought that only one member of the galaxiidae occurs in south africa, i. e. galaxias zebratus (cape galaxias). a team from the south african institute for aquatic biodiversity is currently investigating the taxonomy of this species, and it seems as though several cryptic species have been confused with the cape galaxias. the taxon at voorhoede in caledon appears to be one of the new and as yet undescribed species within this complex. as such it is not possible to provide specifics on its biology or the extent of its distribution. the cape galaxias was originally described from the cape flats near cape town by the french count castelnau in 1861. since then it has been recorded from coastal streams and rivers from the keurbooms on the south coast to the clanwilliam / olifants system on the west coast. in 1995 it was also discovered in the krom river and gamtoos river systems .\nthe dwarf galaxias, galaxiella pusilla (mack), is a small, threatened freshwater fish from coastal south - eastern australia. recent genetic studies, using multiple nuclear and mitochondrial dna markers, found substantial differences between populations in western victoria and south australia (‘west region’) compared to eastern victoria, flinders island, and tasmania (‘east region’) that suggest the presence of a cryptic species. morphological measurements and meristic counts from multiple populations within each region were undertaken to investigate potential differences between regions. several characters, found to discriminate between individuals in the regions and to be diagnostic for two taxa, were used to describe a new species, galaxiella toourtkoourt, for the west region. this is only the second species in the galaxiidae to exhibit sexual dimorphism. the original description of galaxiella pusilla, based on five specimens, is revised following examination of a large number of individuals. both species are considered nationally threatened and are categorised as ‘endangered’; the revised distribution of g. pusilla s. s. is reduced by approximately 60% . a number of inconsistencies in the most recent revision of the genus galaxiella are also corrected .\nthe dwarf galaxias, galaxiella pusilla (mack), is a small, threatened freshwater fish from coastal south - eastern australia. recent genetic studies, using multiple nuclear and mitochondrial dna markers, found substantial differences between populations in western victoria and south australia (' west region') compared to eastern victoria, flinders island, and tasmania (' east region') that suggest the presence of a cryptic species. morphological measurements and meristic counts from multiple populations within each region were undertaken to investigate potential differences between regions. several characters, found to discriminate between individuals in the regions and to be diagnostic for two taxa, were used to describe a new species, galaxiella toourtkoourt, for the west region. this is only the second species in the galaxiidae to exhibit sexual dimorphism. the original description of galaxiella pusilla, based on five specimens, is revised following examination of a large number of individuals. both species are considered nationally threatened and are categorised as' endangered'; the revised distribution of g. pusilla s. s. is reduced by approximately 60% . a number of inconsistencies in the most recent revision of the genus galaxiella are also corrected .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ngreek, galaxías, - ou = a specie of fish (ref. 45335) .\nthe list below must not be used as an authority reference synonymy list like those found in scientific published revisions, which must be the source to be used and cited eventually when they exist .\nrather, it reflects the current content of fishbase, and the progress with respect to synchronization with the catalog of fishes. however, we think it can be useful for users to assess the quality of information in fishbase, to start new work on the family, or to cross - check with other lists .\nbut we appreciate to be cited in publications when this list has been of any working value. in particular, for published scientific, we suggest then to cite it in the material and method section as a useful tool to conduct the research, but again, not as a taxonomic or nomenclatural authority reference .\nunless it is explicitly precised, the list is not complete, please search all original names published for the family in the catalog of fishes (genera, species), including those with uncertain or unknown status, that are not included in fishbase when they are not attached to a valid species .\nthis list uses some data from catalog of fishes (not shown but used to sort names) .\nin the column coff, the digit indicates the status of synchronization with coff: 0: not checked; 1: same status; 2: different status; 3: other combination; 4: synonym in coff; 5: species / subspecies issue; 6: synonym of another species in coff; 7: not in coff; 8: should not be in coff. the coff version currently used is the one published on 23 - 07 - 2014 (ref. 97102) .\nwhen subfamilies are recognized, nominotypical subfamily first then other subfamilies by alphabetical order .\ntype genus of the family first (or of subfamily when subfamilies are recognized) then other genera by chronological order of description (and alphabetical order) .\ntype species of the genus first by chronological order (and alphabetical order), with last listed misapplied names in a light gray font .\nall of the mudfish (neochanna spp .) except the chatham and canterbury mudfish lack pelvic fins, and this distinguishes them from the galaxias spp. in canterbury mudfish, the pelvic fins are small and have fewer rays (4 or 5 in the canterbury mudfish vs. 6 or 7 for most of the galaxias species) .\ntelling the other species apart using a key is more difficult as it relies on very technical characteristics such as fin ray and vertebral counts, the length of the gill rakers, and whether teeth are present or not. using the photographs and the distribution maps will at least narrow down your possibilities to just a few species. if you do want to try and count the caudal fin rays, a characteristic that distinguishs many of the non - diadromous galaxiids from one another, read the article by r. m. mcdowall in water & atmosphere 4 (3): 27 to be sure you are counting the rays correctly. if you are still unsure of the identification, seek assistance from an expert .\nlove words? you must — there are over 200, 000 words in our free online dictionary, but you are looking for one that’s only in the merriam - webster unabridged dictionary .\nthe story of an imaginary word that managed to sneak past our editors and enter the dictionary .\ntake this quiz and discover 12 words for things you didn' t know had words .\nrestricted to temperate waters of the southern hemisphere, with species in australia, new zealand, new caledonia, south america and south africa. although galaxiids primarily freshwater fishes, some species are diadromous with marine post larval and juvenile stages. some species are pelagic, whereas others are live on or near the bottom .\nmost galaxiids have no fin spines, scales or adipose fins, the dorsal and anal fins are posterior and opposite and the body is elongate and tubular. aplochitonins have a short - based, anterior dorsal fin, posterior ventrals and an adipose fin. lepidogalaxias is scaled .\ngenerally species reach less than 250 mm, although one species attains 600 mm .\ngalaxiids feed on a wide variety of invertebrates, including insects, crustaceans, polychaetes and molluscs .\nat least one south american species of aplochitonin apparently breeds in either marine or fresh water, while the australian species is anadromous, living most of its life in the sea, but spawning in freshwater rivers .\nduring their return to fresh water, galaxiids are known as whitebait, and are of minor commercial importance in tasmania .\nallen, g. r. , h. midgley & m. allen. 2002. field guide to the freshwater fishes of australia. i - xiv + 1 - 394 pp .\nbegle, d. p. 1991. relationships of the osmeroid fishes and the use of reductive characters in phylogenetic analysis. syst. zool. 40 (1): 33–53 .\nfrankenberg, r. 1969. studies on the evolution of galaxiid fishes with particular reference to the australian fauna. ph. d. thesis. univ. of melbourne, melbourne .\nli, j, r. xia, r. m. mcdowall, j. a. lopez, g. lei & c. fu. 2010. phylogenetic position of the enigmatic lepidogalaxias salamandroides with comment on the orders of lower euteleostean fishes. molecular phylogenetics and evolution 57: 932 - 936 .\nmcdowall, r. m. 1971. fishes of the family aplochitonidae. j. r. soc. n. z. 1 (1): 31–52 figs 1–12 .\nmcdowall, r. m. 1978. sexual dimorphism in an australian galaxiid. australian zoologist 19: 309–314 .\nmcdowall, r. m. 1979. fishes of the family retropinnidae (pisces: salmoniformes) – a taxonomic revision and synopsis. journal of the royal society of new zealand 9: 85–121 .\nmcdowall, r. m. 1984. southern hemisphere freshwater salmoniforms: development and relationships. american society of ichthyologists and herpetologists special publication 1: 150–153 .\nmcdowall, r. m. 1988. diadromy in fishes: migrations between freshwater and marine environments. croom helm, london .\nmcdowall, r. m. 1997. the evolution of diadromy in fishes (revisited) and its place in phylogenetic analysis. reviews in fish biology and fisheries 7: 443–462 .\nmcdowall, r. m. 2001. the principal caudal fin ray count – a fundamental character in the galaxioid fishes. new zealand journal of zoology 28: 395–405 .\nmcdowall, r. m. 2001. diadromy, diversity and divergence: implications for speciation processes in fishes. fish and fisheries 2: 278–286 .\nmcdowall, r. m. 2002. the origin of the salmonid fishes: marine, freshwater... or neither. reviews in fish biology and fisheries 11: 171–179 .\nmcdowall, r. m. 2007. on amphidromy, a distinct form of diadromy in aquatic organisms. fish and fisheries 8: 1–13 .\nmcdowall, r. m. & burridge, c. p. 2011. osteology and relationships of the southern freshwater lower euteleostean fishes. zoosystematics and evolution 87 (1): 7 - 185 .\nmcdowall, r. m. & frankenberg, r. s. 1981. the galaxiid fishes of australia. rec. aust. mus. 33 (10): 443–605 figs 1–47 .\nmcdowall, r. m. & nakaya, k. 1988. morphological divergence in the two species of aplochiton: a generalist and a specialist. copeia 1988: 233–236 .\nmerrick, j. r. & g. e. schmida. 1984. australian freshwater fishes. biology and management. john r. merrick. pp. 409 .\nnelson, j. s. 2006. fishes of the world. new jersey: john wiley & sons 4th edn 601 pp .\nwaters, j. m. , l. h. dijkstra & g. p. wallis. 2000. biogeography of a southern hemisphere freshwater fish: how important is marine dispersal? mol. ecol. 49 .\nwaters, j. m. & mcdowall, r. m. 2005. phylogenetics of the australasian mudfishes: evolution of an eel - like body plan. molecular phylogenetics and evolution 34: 417–425 .\nwilliams, r. r. g. 1997. bones and muscles of the suspensorium in the galaxioids and lepidogalaxias salamandroides (teleostei: osmeriformes) and their phylogenetic significance. records of the australian museum 49 (2): 139 - 166 .\nwilliams, r. r. g. 1996. jaw muscles and suspensorium in the aplochitonidae (teleostei: salmoniformes) and their possible phylogenetic significance. marine and freshwater research 47: 913–917 .\nin new zealand there are at least 25 species in this family. new species are still being discovered, with eight recognised since the early 1990s. galaxiids are a fascinatingly diverse group. most are shy creatures that few people ever see. a small number of enthusiasts find them appealing and keep them in captivity .\ngalaxiids have no scales, and their dorsal fin lies toward the rear of the body. the main fins form a propulsion unit towards the tail, making them adept at rapid acceleration and short bursts of speed, though not so well designed for long - distance swimming .\nthe most widespread and best known of the galaxiids is īnanga (galaxias maculatus). unlike most of its relatives, it is the one galaxias species that lives in the open waters of pools. it swims in smallish, roving shoals, in pools and runs of lowland rivers and in wetlands .\nmany new zealanders consider whitebait a delicacy, with its sweet, tender flavour. often lightly cooked in fritters, the tiny fish are eaten head and all. they fetch a high price in the netting season .\nin their juvenile form, īnanga are well known as the chief species in the whitebait fishery, which is made up of juvenile fish of five different galaxias species. they are conspicuous to fishermen, especially towards the end of the whitebait season, because they have grown larger and developed pigmentation .\nthey are robust, silvery - green fish, easily kept captive but rather subdued as aquarium specimens. they commonly grow to around 10 centimetres and are most abundant in rivers over summer .\nmost īnanga live for just one year. large shoals of adults gather and migrate downstream at about the time of autumn tides, spawning when these higher tides flood the grasses that line estuary shores .\nonce fertilised, the eggs settle down into the grass. when the tide recedes they are exposed to the humid atmosphere among the grasses, and develop there over the following weeks. some hatch at the next set of high tides (around two weeks later). in cool weather, development may take longer, and they may not hatch until there have been two sets of high tides (around four weeks after being spawned) .\ntiny larvae hatch when re - immersed in the rising tide. as the tide falls again, they are swept into estuaries and carried out to sea. there they spend winter, returning to fresh water in spring as the familiar whitebait .\nsome other species of galaxias are fairly well - known. the banded kōkopu (g. fasciatus) is another of the whitebait species, with adults commonly growing to around 20 centimetres. it is known as ‘native trout’ or ‘māori trout’ – but it is no trout .\nit is greyish - brown with vertical pale bands across its sides – providing camouflage in the dappled light on small bush streams. banded kōkopu inhabit pools in the smallest streams, some of which are only half a metre wide with scarcely enough room for the bigger fish to turn round. when people live nearby, the fish can be quite tame, taking food from the surface of pools, and even jumping to take it from your hand .\nthey are beautiful fish, but successfully keeping them is difficult as they suffer from a fungus growth that develops if their body’s mucus layer is damaged. it is best to catch juveniles at the whitebait stage and rear them. to achieve this you have to know what a banded kōkopu whitebait looks like, and that is a skill in itself .\nall text licensed under the creative commons attribution - noncommercial 3. 0 new zealand licence unless otherwise stated. commercial re - use may be allowed on request. all non - text content is subject to specific conditions. © crown copyright .\nmcdowall and frankenberg, 1981, rec. aust. mus. 33 (10): 443–605\nvan der laan, r. ; eschmeyer, w. n. ; fricke, r. (2014). family - group names of recent fishes. zootaxa. 3882 (1): 1 - 230. , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\neschmeyer, w. n. ; fricke, r. ; van der laan, r. (eds). (2017). catalog of fishes: genera, species, references. electronic version. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\ndiversity of aplochiton fishes (galaxiidea) and the taxonomic resurrection of a. marinus\ndiscover a faster, simpler path to publishing in a high - quality journal. plos one promises fair, rigorous peer review, broad scope, and wide readership – a perfect fit for your research every time .\ncitation: alò d, correa c, arias c, cárdenas l (2013) diversity of aplochiton fishes (galaxiidea) and the taxonomic resurrection of a. marinus. plos one 8 (8): e71577. urltoken\ncopyright: © 2013 alò et al. this is an open - access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited .\nfunding: this research was possible thanks to the financial support from national geographic society (cre grant no. 8624 - 09), international development research centre (lacreg grant), fondo de investigación científica y técnica (fondecyt no. 11080068), and mcgill school of environment. during the course of this study, da received a doctoral fellowship from mejoramento calidad y equidad de la educación superior (mecesup, project aus0703), cc held a scholarship from comisión nacional de investigación científica y tecnológica (conicyt), and ca received fellowships from stri and the biology department of mcgill university. the funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript .\nthe third aplochiton species, a. marinus eigenmann 1928 (am), has been rarely recorded, and its taxonomic validity has been questioned ever since its original description [ 13 ]. morphological identification has been tenuous (but see results and discussion: morphology and ecology), and, on the basis of apparent allometric growth, specimens of am have been regarded as possible breeding adults of diadromous (sic) at, which led to am been considered a synonym of at [ 10 ] – [ 12 ]. some authors have shown reluctance to accept this synonymisation because the life history and ontogenetic development of the two species are yet to be studied in sufficient detail [ 5 ], [ 14 ], [ 15 ]. vanhaecke et al. [ 7 ] did not find evidence in support of am, presumably because of the lack of samples for this species .\nherein we adopt the integrative taxonomy framework outlined in puillandre et al. [ 16 ] to test the existence of the three nominal species within aplochiton. essentially, this framework consists of a four - step methodology that combines traditional taxonomy with modern dna taxonomy in a workflow optimized to generate robust species inferences [ 17 ] – [ 19 ]. in particular, (i) aplochiton was sampled in diverse habitat types from a broad geographical range; (ii) primary species hypotheses were proposed based on analyses of the diversity of the mtdna barcode region (cytochrome oxidase i gene; coi); (iii) genetic affinities were visualized amongst individuals and taxa; and (iv) secondary species hypotheses were consolidated considering additional evidence from ndna markers [ 7 ], morphological analyses, distribution, and ecology .\ndna taxonomy is of central importance in this framework [ 16 ], [ 17 ], [ 19 ]. it provides efficient and generally accurate means for species identification, as well as a theoretical framework for inferential species delineation and discovery [ 17 ], [ 18 ], [ 20 ]. this discipline has evolved substantially since the proposition of dna barcoding a decade ago [ 21 ], [ 22 ]. a critical issue has been to objectively delineate species limits based on single - locus mtdna sequence data. previous heuristic criteria involved the graphical identification of, or making assumptions about, a barcode gap threshold – or species cutoff point – which was used to differentiate intraspecific from interspecific diversity [ 21 ] – [ 24 ]. however, generalizations of these criteria have been problematic, especially for closely related species whose barcode gap may be unclear [ 25 ] – [ 27 ] .\nfor more objective criteria, here we used model - based, single - locus species delineation tools; specifically, the automatic barcode gap discovery method (abgd) [ 28 ], and the general mixed yule - coalescent method (gymc) [ 29 ], [ 30 ]. these methods deliver species circumscriptions based on patterns of pairwise genetic distance (abgd), or patterns of gene - genealogy branching attributed to either speciation or coalescence processes (gmyc). because rationales (target criteria) are fundamentally different between these methods, it is advisable to use them in conjunction and challenge each of the resulting primary species hypotheses in light of additional evidence (e. g. , ndna, morphology, and distribution [ 16 ]) .\ndna taxonomy is especially insightful when morphological identification is tenuous or equivocal [ 20 ], [ 31 ] – [ 33 ]. we showed that this is also the case with aplochiton by attempting the discrimination of species hypotheses on the basis of traditional morphological characters .\noverall, our study reexamined aplochiton diversity from an integrative taxonomy perspective and demonstrated controversial nominal species that have caused much confusion in the systematics and biology of the group. finally, we discuss misleading knowledge about the ecology of aplochiton, as well as evolutionary perspectives that emerged from our data .\nour results revealed the existence of three haplogroups within aplochiton highlighting for the first time the high distinctiveness of am. specimens were found in rivers, lakes, and estuaries from a broad range in western patagonia (figure 1), and featured substantial morphological variation (see below). we examined the mitochondrial coi gene (677 base pairs) of our samples (n = 60), and the published aplochiton haplotypes (n = 10) [ 7 ], including haplotypes of galaxias platei (n = 1) and g. maculatus (n = 1) as outgroups. the published haplotypes originated from samples collected in north - western patagonia (39. 6–42. 2°s) and the falkland islands (in spanish, islas malvinas; 51. 5–52. 2°s) [ 7 ]. these 72 coi sequences formed the basis for the construction of primary species hypotheses that were then subjected to further scrutiny considering additional evidence .\ndistribution ranges of a. taeniatus (at) and a. zebra (az) have been confused due to equivocal morphological identification, and herein are displayed together (insert, dark area). a. marinus (am) is easier to identify, however, it has been recorded only in a few regions (insert, filled circles). the sampling sites of this study (main map) are indicated with cytochrome oxidase i (coi) haplogroup symbols (legend); in brackets, the sample size followed by haplotype richness. approximate maximum patagonian ice sheet extent and shorelines during the pleistocene were modified from references [ 82 ] and [ 83 ], respectively .\nfifty - one polymorphic sites and three aplochiton haplogroups were observed. relationships in barcode gene diversity were illustrated using phylogenetic trees (gene genealogies) constructed using different analytical methods to assess congruence and robustness [ 18 ]. the results of parsimony (p), maximum likelihood (ml) and bayesian inference (bi) consistently showed three well - supported aplochiton clades (posterior probability (bi) and bootstrap (p, ml) > 78% for the three haplogroups; figure 2). two clades matched the sequences retrieved from genbank identified as haplogroups a and b [ 7 ], and the third corresponded to a new group identified as haplogroup c. nucleotide diversity was higher for haplogroup a (π = 0. 00206) whereas similar estimates were obtained for haplogroups b and c (π = 0. 00095 and π = 0. 00085, respectively). the minimum mean (se) genetic distance (kimura 2 - parameter; k2p) between aplochiton haplogroup pairs was 7. 32 (2. 03)% observed between a–b (table 1). heuristically, coi divergences of this magnitude strongly suggest that the observed haplogroups correspond to good biological species [ 22 ], [ 27 ], [ 33 ], [ 34 ], although more objective quantitative criteria provided further confirmation .\ninter - (off - diagonal) and intra - specific (diagonal) pairwise genetic distances .\nfurther evidence supporting the haplogroup - species correspondence came from quantitative single - locus methods specifically tailored for the delineation of species boundaries. these methods can be divided in two complementary classes: one based on the analysis of pairwise genetic - distance distributions, and the other based on evolutionary models given a genealogic tree topology. for the first class, we used the abgd method, which estimates a maximum limit for intraspecific genetic divergence and uses this limit to group sequences belonging to the same species (with smaller divergences) from sequences belonging to different species (with higher divergences) [ 28 ]. the results showed a multimodal pairwise genetic distance (k2p) distribution with a clear, wide barcode gap located in the range 0. 6–6. 4% distance (figure s1a). furthermore, the method detected three stable candidate species with estimated prior maximum divergence of intraspecific diversity (p) as large as 5. 2% (one - tail 95% confidence interval; figure s1b). notably, the results matched the three aplochiton haplogroups described above (a, b, and c) .\nfor the second class of methods, we implemented the gmyc. this approach uses pre - defined gene genealogies and implements a model - based analysis to locate threshold points (or nodes) on the genealogy where there are transitions in branching rates reflecting either inter - (speciation) or intra - specific (coalescence) evolutionary processes [ 29 ], [ 30 ]. given the estimated transition points, genetic clusters that likely correspond to biological species can be identified. we performed a likelihood implementation of the gmyc model using the maximum clade credibility tree obtained from beast and compared models with varying numbers of transition points. models with single (likelihood = 73. 08939) or multiple transition points (l = 74. 68891) were superior to a null model with constant branching rate (l = 65. 74721; χ 2 single = 14. 6844, df = 2; χ 2 multiple = 17. 8834, df = 5; p < 0. 01). nevertheless, the single threshold model was selected over the multiple threshold model because the latter did not significantly reduce deviance (χ 2 = 3. 19904, df = 3, p = 0. 3619). consistent with the abgd method, the selected single - threshold gmyc model also proposed the same three primary species hypotheses of aplochiton (speciation - coalescent transition, t = 0. 0855 substitutions per site) .\nin order to account for uncertainty in genealogy estimation, we also used a bayesian extension of the gmyc model (bgmyc) [ 35 ]. this was performed in a subset of 100 trees sampled from the beast' s posterior distribution. the results once again clearly corresponded with the three primary species hypotheses or haplogroups (mean speciation - coalescent transition, t = 0. 0899±0. 0086 substitutions per site). accordingly, posterior probabilities of conspecificity within aplochiton clusters were always high (p > 0. 89, see klee diagram in figure s2) .\nnext, we challenged each of these mtdna - based primary species hypotheses (a, b and c hereafter for short) in light of additional evidence. we began by providing additional (existing) evidence in support of a and b as good biological species. it can be misleading to use single - gene approaches to infer evolutionary relationships for example, due to historic events of introgressive hybridization [ 36 ], [ 37 ]. in this context, congruent patterns between mtdna and ndna markers would be valuable evidence in support of diverging phylogenies, particularly of closely related species [ 16 ], [ 18 ], [ 34 ]. vanhaecke et al. [ 7 ] provided just such evidence: they genotyped 367 aplochiton individuals (collected from a broad range) for both mtdna (coi and cytochrome b) and ndna markers (11 microsatellites), and confirmed a congruence between the genetic structure of both mtdna and ndna. we are thus confident that at least haplogroups a and b are representative of distinct lineages within the aplochiton phylogeny [ 7 ], and, hence, these groups should be promoted to secondary species hypotheses according to puillandre' s framework [ 16 ] .\nevidence in support of c as a third distinct lineage, as well as links between species hypotheses and nominal species, came from morphological analyses .\nwe assessed the usefulness of the most used traditional diagnostic morphological characters, both in a univariate and multivariate context, to differentiate amongst species hypotheses or haplogroups. haplogroup c was the only species hypothesis featuring unique categorical (but not morphometric) diagnostic characters, namely, dorsal spots and elongated stomach (figure 2). these unique features are strong evidence that c represents a distinct clade within aplochiton, and, therefore, its status was also upgraded to secondary species hypothesis [ 16 ] .\nit is now opportune to make the link between c and the nominal species am. following eigenmann' s [ 13 ] original description of am, and his taxonomic key, individuals of c were identified as am. moreover, we examined photographs of am' s holotype (cas 51274, ex iu 15535), and, aside from obvious differences due to specimen preservation, its general morphology and dorsal spots still visible resembled the individuals we collected. also there was a clear habitat similarity between c and am that has always been reported as occurring in locations influenced by the sea (see further discussion below) .\nhowever, linking a and b to nominal species proved more challenging. b featured substantial phenotypic variation and often resembled a both in categorical and morphometric characters (figure 2). the high phenotypic variability of b was clearly illustrated by the head length to head depth ratio. while c and a were slender - and deep - headed, respectively, b embodied either morph (figure 3a). other morphometric characters showed varying degrees of overlap among species (figure 3b–c) .\nkernell density distributions by species / haplogroup of the three morphometric characters analyzed (%) .\n( a) post - orbital head depth to head length ratio. (b) caudal peduncle depth to standard length ratio. (c) pre - dorsal length to standard length ratio .\nin spite of these difficulties, we agreed with vanhaecke et al. [ 7 ] that individuals of a should be identified as az due to their generally deeper body and chevron bands, while individuals of b should be identified as at due to their slenderness (e. g. , lower head depth ratio) and absence of color patterns in many individuals. these differences are in line with jenyns' original species descriptions [ 38 ]. however, morphological diagnoses are still problematic and future work should focus on the development of field - compatible identification criteria. in the interim, we enhanced the resolution of morphological identification of these species through multivariate discriminant analyses .\nwe conducted smoothed heteroscedastic linear discriminant analysis [ 39 ] to assess to what extent it is possible to discriminate at from az on the basis of overlapping categorical (color pattern) and morphometric (those plotted in figure 3) traditional morphological characters. species (haplogroup) membership of 52 out of 62 fish (83. 9 %) was correctly predicted based on morphology, and prediction accuracy was even (symmetric) between at and az (figure 4; also see identification results in the last column of figure 2). the discriminative space was dominated by the influence of color pattern (component 1), head depth ratio (component 2), and caudal peduncle depth ratio (component 3) (table 2)." ]

{ "text": [ "the galaxiidae , also known by the anglicised name as galaxiids , are a family of mostly small freshwater fish in the southern hemisphere .", "the majority of species live in southern australia or new zealand , but some are found in south africa , southern south america , lord howe island , new caledonia , and the falkland islands .", "one of the galaxiid species , the common galaxias ( galaxias maculatus ) , is probably the most widely naturally distributed freshwater fish in the southern hemisphere .", "they are coolwater species , found in temperate latitudes , with only one species known from subtropical habitats .", "many specialise in living in cold , high-altitude upland rivers , streams , and lakes .", "some galaxiids live in fresh water all their lives , but many have a partially marine lifecycle .", "in these cases , larvae are hatched in a river , but are washed downstream to the ocean , later returning to rivers as juveniles to complete their development to full adulthood .", "this pattern differs from that of salmon , which only return to fresh water to breed , and is described as amphidromous .", "freshwater galaxiid species are gravely threatened by exotic salmonid species , particularly trout species , which prey upon galaxiids and compete with them for food .", "exotic salmonids have been recklessly introduced to many different land masses ( e.g. australia , new zealand ) , with no thought as to impacts on native fish , or attempts to preserve salmonid-free habitats for them .", "numerous localised extinctions of galaxiid species have been caused by the introduction of exotic salmonids , and a number of freshwater galaxiid species are threatened with overall extinction by exotic salmonids . " ], "topic": [ 6, 10, 6, 27, 13, 13, 13, 23, 6, 6, 6 ] }

[ "the galaxiidae, also known by the anglicised name as galaxiids, are a family of mostly small freshwater fish in the southern hemisphere. the majority of species live in southern australia or new zealand, but some are found in south africa, southern south america, lord howe island, new caledonia, and the falkland islands. one of the galaxiid species, the common galaxias (galaxias maculatus), is probably the most widely naturally distributed freshwater fish in the southern hemisphere. they are coolwater species, found in temperate latitudes, with only one species known from subtropical habitats. many specialise in living in cold, high-altitude upland rivers, streams, and lakes. some galaxiids live in fresh water all their lives, but many have a partially marine lifecycle. in these cases, larvae are hatched in a river, but are washed downstream to the ocean, later returning to rivers as juveniles to complete their development to full adulthood. this pattern differs from that of salmon, which only return to fresh water to breed, and is described as amphidromous. freshwater galaxiid species are gravely threatened by exotic salmonid species, particularly trout species, which prey upon galaxiids and compete with them for food. exotic salmonids have been recklessly introduced to many different land masses (e.g. australia, new zealand), with no thought as to impacts on native fish, or attempts to preserve salmonid-free habitats for them. numerous localised extinctions of galaxiid species have been caused by the introduction of exotic salmonids, and a number of freshwater galaxiid species are threatened with overall extinction by exotic salmonids." ]

[ "nick hope marked the english common name\ncloudy scorpionfish\nfrom\nsebastapistes strongia (cuvier, 1829 )\nas trusted .\nnick hope marked the english common name\nfingertip scorpionfish\nfrom\nsebastapistes strongia (cuvier, 1829 )\nas trusted .\na barchin scorpionfish, sebastapistes strongia, at ba, fiji, march 2015. source: mark rosenstein / inaturalist. org. license: cc by attribution - noncommercial - sharealike\ncitation :\nbarchin scorpionfishes, sebastapistes strongia ~ marinebio. org .\nmarinebio conservation society. web. accessed tuesday, july 10, 2018. < urltoken >. last update: 1 / 14 / 2013 2: 22: 00 pm ~ contributor (s): marinebio\n( of scorpaena strongia cuvier, 1829) froese, r. & d. pauly (editors). (2018). fishbase. world wide web electronic publication. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of sebastapistes oglinus (smith, 1947) ) froese, r. & d. pauly (editors). (2018). fishbase. world wide web electronic publication. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of sebastapistes tristis (klunzinger, 1870) ) froese, r. & d. pauly (editors). (2018). fishbase. world wide web electronic publication. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nresearch sebastapistes strongia » barcode of life ~ bioone ~ biodiversity heritage library ~ cites ~ cornell macaulay library [ audio / video ] ~ encyclopedia of life (eol) ~ esa online journals ~ fishbase ~ florida museum of natural history ichthyology department ~ gbif ~ google scholar ~ itis ~ iucn redlist (threatened status) ~ marine species identification portal ~ ncbi (pubmed, genbank, etc .) ~ ocean biogeographic information system ~ plos ~ siris ~ tree of life web project ~ unep - wcmc species database ~ worms\n( of sebastapistes oglinus (smith, 1947) ) smith, j. l. b. & smith, m. m. (1963). the fishes of seychelles. department of ichthyology, rhodes university. grahamstown. [ details ]\ndescription common in areas with mixed sand and rubble in reef flats, shallow lagoons and channels to a depth of at least 18 m... .\ndescription common in areas with mixed sand and rubble in reef flats, shallow lagoons and channels to a depth of at least 18 m. venomous spines. a nocturnal species. [ details ]\nthe webpage text is licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial 4. 0 license\nmacnae, w. & m. kalk (eds). (1958). a natural history of inhaca island, mozambique. witwatersrand univ. press, johannesburg. i - iv, 163 pp. [ details ]\nfroese, r. & d. pauly (editors). (2018). fishbase. world wide web electronic publication. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of scorpaena oglinus (smith, 1947) ) froese, r. & d. pauly (editors). (2018). fishbase. world wide web electronic publication. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of scorpaena tristis klunzinger, 1870) froese, r. & d. pauly (editors). (2018). fishbase. world wide web electronic publication. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of phenacoscorpius nebulosus smith, 1958) froese, r. & d. pauly (editors). (2018). fishbase. world wide web electronic publication. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of kantapus oglinus smith, 1947) froese, r. & d. pauly (editors). (2018). fishbase. world wide web electronic publication. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\ngreek, sebastes = august, venerable + greek apistia, - as = distrust (ref. 45335 )\nmarine; reef - associated; depth range 0 - 37 m (ref. 90102), usually 0 - 3 m (ref. 90102). tropical; 27°n - 26°s\nindo - pacific: red sea and east africa (ref. 4313) to the society islands, north to taiwan, south to queensland, australia .\nmaturity: l m? range? -? cm max length: 9. 5 cm tl male / unsexed; (ref. 90102 )\ndorsal spines (total): 12; dorsal soft rays (total): 8 - 9; anal spines: 3; anal soft rays: 5. lachrymal spines 2 (ref. 37816) .\ncommon in areas with mixed sand and rubble in reef flats, shallow lagoons and channels. feeds on small fishes and crustaceans (ref. 89972). a nocturnal species. solitary and cryptic (ref 90102) .\nmyers, r. f. , 1991. micronesian reef fishes. second ed. coral graphics, barrigada, guam. 298 p. (ref. 1602 )\n): 25. 4 - 29. 3, mean 28. 4 (based on 2793 cells) .\nphylogenetic diversity index (ref. 82805): pd 50 = 0. 5010 [ uniqueness, from 0. 5 = low to 2. 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight: a = 0. 01230 (0. 00590 - 0. 02567), b = 3. 02 (2. 85 - 3. 19), in cm total length, based on lwr estimates for this (sub) family - body shape (ref. 93245) .\ntrophic level (ref. 69278): 3. 8 ±0. 7 se; based on size and trophs of closest relatives\nresilience (ref. 69278): high, minimum population doubling time less than 15 months (preliminary k or fecundity .) .\nvulnerability (ref. 59153): low vulnerability (25 of 100) .\ncommon in areas with mixed sand and rubble in reef flats, shallow lagoons and channels. feeds on small fishes and crustaceans (ref. 89972). a nocturnal species. solitary and cryptic (ref 90102) .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ncheck - list of the fishes of the north - eastern atlantic and of the mediterranean (clofnam), vol. 1\ndisclaimer: itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available, and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties. however, it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes. while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available, ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party, wildlife statutes, regulations, and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register. for further information on u. s. legal requirements with respect to protected taxa, please contact the u. s. fish and wildlife service .\n< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation, e. g. an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature, an orthologous protein, a record from another database, etc. < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences\n> more... < / a > < / p >\nhelp pages, faqs, uniprotkb manual, documents, news archive and biocuration projects .\nyou are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website. please consider upgrading your browser .\n< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins, you can use the ‘basket’ to save them, so that you can back to find or analyse them later. < p > < a href =' / help / basket' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ help / sequence - searches\n> more. . < / a > < / p >\nwe' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe’s new general data protection regulation (gdpr) that applies since 25 may 2018 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis home page section for this species is currently being developed and will be completed asap! if you would like to help out or know of a great video, photo or site about this species, let us know and we' ll notify you as soon as it is finished. our current project plan is to have all marine species home pages finished before christmas this year. if you' d like to find out more about our ongoing projects here at marinebio, check out our marinebio projects page .\nstart or join a discussion about this species below or send us an email to report any errors or submit suggestions for this page. we greatly appreciate all feedback !\nhelp us protect and restore marine life by supporting our various online community - centered marine conservation projects that are effectively sharing the wonders of the ocean with millions each year around the world, raising a balanced awareness of the increasingly troubling and often very complex marine conservation issues that affect marine life and ourselves directly, providing support to marine conservation groups on the frontlines that are making real differences today, and the scientists, teachers and students involved in the marine life sciences .\nwith your support, most marine life and their ocean habitats can be protected, if not restored to their former natural levels of biodiversity. we sincerely thank our thousands of members, donors and sponsors, who have decided to get involved and support the marinebio conservation society .\ndeep music digitally imported urltoken proton radio * radio paradise radiotunes somafm wers 88. 9 fm\n~ sharing the wonders of the ocean to inspire conservation, education, research, and a sea ethic ~ marinebio. org, inc. is a u. s. 501 (c) 3 charitable, nonprofit organization. contact: info @ urltoken all marinebio conservation society memberships and donations are tax deductible in the united states. > < (( (( ° > © 1998 - 2017 marinebio copyright & terms of use. privacy policy. > - < °° > - <\nfor all at last returns to the sea — to oceanus, the ocean river, like the everflowing stream of time, the beginning and the end .\n- rachel carson\nthese small scorpionfish are common but often hidden in algae or coral rubble during the day. the are highly variable in color, but most individuals have an often branched supraocular tentacles above each eye that may be longer than the eye itself. there are many photos posted below to show the color variations, although it is possible some may represent other species." ]

{ "text": [ "sebastapistes strongia , the barchin scorpionfish , is a scorpionfish from the indo-pacific .", "the species is commonly seen in areas with mixed sand and rubble in reef flats , shallow lagoons , and channels .", "the species is nocturnal and can grow to a maximum length of 60 mm ( 2.4 in )" ], "topic": [ 15, 18, 0 ] }

[ "sebastapistes strongia, the barchin scorpionfish, is a scorpionfish from the indo-pacific. the species is commonly seen in areas with mixed sand and rubble in reef flats, shallow lagoons, and channels. the species is nocturnal and can grow to a maximum length of 60 mm (2.4 in )" ]

[ "román i, jiménez je, vergara pm, rozzi r. magellanic woodpecker (\n), the magellanic woodpecker is the largest remaining member of the campephilus genus .\nthe magellanic woodpecker (campephilus magellanicus) is found along the andes of ...\nmorphological and foraging behavioral differences between sexes of the magellanic woodpecker (campephilus magellanicus) .\ninformation on the magellanic woodpecker is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly .\nyan wong changed the thumbnail image of\nfile: female magellanic woodpecker. jpg\n.\nchazarreta l, ojeda v, lammertink a. 2012. morphological and foraging behavioral differences between sexes of the magellanic woodpecker\ni am conducting research on the magellanic woodpecker (campephilus magellanicus, fig. 1), which is the largest woodpecker in south america (fig. 2), listed as\nshort, l. l. 1970. the habits and relationships of the magellanic woodpecker. wilson bulletin 82: 115–129 .\nshort ll. the habits and relationships of the magellanic woodpecker. wilson bulletin. 1970; 82 (2): 115–129 .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below. < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive photo - magellanic woodpecker showing pecking behaviour\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive photo - magellanic woodpecker showing pecking behaviour\ntitle =\narkive photo - magellanic woodpecker showing pecking behaviour\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nmorphological features (table) were obtained from preserved specimens of male and female magellanic woodpecker in the collections of several museums in argentina and chile .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below. < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - magellanic woodpecker (campephilus magellanicus )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - magellanic woodpecker (campephilus magellanicus )\ntitle =\narkive species - magellanic woodpecker (campephilus magellanicus )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nthe magellanic woodpecker can be found in a number of locations including: south america. find out more about these places and what else lives there .\na first - year male (top) and adult male magellanic woodpecker foraging together on a dead branch of a lenga tree in nahuel ...\nojeda, v. 2009. management strategies for keystone bird species: the magellanic woodpecker in nahuel huapi national park, argentina. park science. urltoken\nleo shapiro marked\nfile: magellanic woodpecker (campephilus magellanicus). jpg\nas trusted on the\ncampephilus magellanicus (king, 1827 )\npage .\nthe following habitats are found across the magellanic woodpecker distribution range. find out more about these environments, what it takes to live there and what else inhabits them .\nif the data collected support my hypothesis, i can provide further support for the protection of the magellanic woodpecker and particularly, its habitat. this large woodpecker may also serve as an umbrella species for biodiversity conservation because it has a relatively large home range. therefore, by protecting this woodpecker and its habitat, many other co - inhabitants will be protected. the conservation of magellanic woodpeckers will further allow the development of ecotourism in this unique ecoregion, contribute to local economy, and provide education of the ecological importance of this large woodpecker. this study will also unravel the role of the magellanic woodpecker in maintaining the diversity of endemic birds in the world' s southernmost forests .\nleo shapiro marked\nfile: magellanic woodpecker (campephilus magellanicus) (5536073255). jpg\nas trusted on the\ncampephilus magellanicus (king, 1827 )\npage .\nojeda, v. , and l. chazarreta. 2006. provisioning of magellanic woodpecker (campephilus magellanicus) nestlings with vertebrate prey. wilson j. ornithol. 118: 251–254\nposterior estimates derived from bayesian tree - use state models accounting for the trees selected by magellanic woodpeckers .\nare the random effect parameters for each individual woodpecker (see below for prior distributions) .\nojeda, valeria, breeding biology and social behaviour of magellanic woodpeckers (campephilus magellanicus) in argentine patagonia .\ninvasive american minks may threaten the largest woodpecker species in south america, according to new research .\nlet us see now what woodpecker species are found in the patagonian forests of argentina and chile .\nchazarreta, l. , v. ojeda, and m. lammertink 2012. morphological and foraging behavioral differences between sexes of the magellanic woodpecker (campephilus magellanicus). ornitología neotropical 23: 529 - 544 .\nvergara, p. , and r. p. , schlatter. 2004. magellanic woodpecker (campephilus magellanicus) abundance and foraging in tierra del fuego, chile. j. ornithol. 145: 343 - 351\nschlatter, r. , and p. vergara. 2005. magellanic woodpecker (campephilus magellanicus) sap feeding and its role in the tierra del fuego forest bird assemblage. j. ornithol. 146: 188 - 190\nthe magellanic woodpecker — a relative of the extinct ivory - billed woodpecker — lives throughout the andes of chile and argentina. the large birds only produce one offspring per year and maintain broad territorial boundaries of about 1 square kilometer (0. 4 square miles) per male - female pair, limiting the density and growth of their population .\nwalk through the southern beech forests of chilean patagonia and listen closely for a reverberating “toc toc toc. ” that’s the pecking of the largest known woodpecker in south america, the magellanic woodpecker. these birds, endemic to austral temperate forests, are extremely territorial: they claim their territories with sounds, most commonly knocking their beaks against trees. check out the fascinating video below about bbc’s david attenborough’s encounter with a woodpecker duo, fighting for their territory .\nwe used a three - state bayesian hierarchical model to account for the tree selection pattern of magellanic woodpeckers. at each foraging period\nchazarreta, l. , v. ojeda, and a. trejo. 2010. division of labour in parental care in the magellanic woodpecker campephilus magellanicus. j. ornithol. doi: 10. 1007 / s10336 - 010 - 0570 - 4\n) (the latter most likely a predator only of young). when they encounter these potential predators while not nesting, magellanic woodpecker usually respond by being quiet and staying still. however, raptorial birds are often aggressively attacked during the nesting season .\n) is biggest woodpecker in south america and one of the largest in the world. this iconic bird inhabits exclusively on mature\nlima sl. downy woodpecker foraging behavior: efficient sampling in simple stochastic environments. ecology. 1984; 65: 166–174 .\nsoto ge, vergara pm, smiley a, lizama me, moreira - arce d, vásquez ra. lethal agonistic behavior between two male magellanic woodpeckers\n, as described above. thus, this circular normal function assigns the probability that a tree is locally available for the woodpecker during the period\nmoore, w. s. , l. c. overton, and k. j. miglia. 2011. mitochondrial dna based phylogeny of the woodpecker genera colaptes and piculus, and implications for the history of woodpecker diversi¿cation in south america. molecular phylogenetics and evolution 58: 76–84\nsantos mj, greenberg ja, ustin sl. using hyperspectral remote sensing to detect and quantify southeastern pine senescence effects in red - cockaded woodpecker (\nmagellanic woodpeckers are an extremely important species in the future patagonia national park. they act as keystone habitat modifiers within this region. the large holes they create while feeding and nesting in trees are eventually abandoned and then provide nesting, roosting, hiding and feeding sites for other birds, small mammals, reptiles, amphibians and invertebrates. we hope magellanic woodpecker will prosper in the future park, and that generations of bird lovers will walk through the forests, listening for that signature tapping .\nblendinger pg (1999) facilitation of sap - feeding birds by the white - fronted woodpecker in the monte desert, argentina. condor 101: 402–407\nojeda, v. 2004. breeding biology and social behaviour of magellanic woodpeckers (campephilus magellanicus) in argentine patagonia. eur. j. wildl. res. 50: 18–24\nmorrissey ca, dods pl, elliot je. pesticide treatments affect mountain pine beetle abundance and woodpecker foraging behavior. ecological applications. 2008; 18: 172–184. pmid: 18372564\nnot globally threatened. a common and conspicuous woodpecker, widespread within its range. common to abundant in costa rica and panama; common in colombia; common in ...\n36–38 cm; male 312–363 g, female 276–312 g. large, distinctive woodpecker. male has entire head and long crest red, normally some black and white bars of ...\nthe team believes this predation could result in a significant decline in the bird population on the island, which could result in other indirect ecological consequences, including a spike in insect populations that the birds would otherwise feed on. other birds, including owls and parakeets, also use the magellanic' s vacated holes as breeding grounds, and may lose this important habitat if the woodpecker populations decline, jimenez told livescience .\nsoto ge, vergara pm, lizama me, celis c, rozzi r, duron q, et al. do beavers improve the habitat quality for magellanic woodpeckers? bosque. 2012; 33 (3): 271–274 .\ni report observations of fruit consumption by magellanic woodpeckers (campephilus magellanicus) and an opportunistic predation on a lizard (liolaemus sp .) by an adult male. during normal feeding activities, the woodpecker snatched from a bark crevice of a lenga (nothofagus pumilio) tree a lizard, which he then beat until stunned or dead, before flying off carrying the reptile. frugivory, ... [ show full abstract ]\nnesting and social roosting of the ochre - collared piculet (picumnus temminckii) and white - barred piculet (picumnus cirratus), and implications for the evolution of woodpecker (picidae) breeding biology .\nwinkler, h. & christie, d. a. (2018). magellanic woodpecker (campephilus magellanicus). in: del hoyo, j. , elliott, a. , sargatal, j. , christie, d. a. & de juana, e. (eds .). handbook of the birds of the world alive. lynx edicions, barcelona. (retrieved from urltoken on 10 july 2018) .\nthough the team did not make direct observations of a mink attacking a woodpecker, they collected several pieces of evidence to argue their case, which they detailed earlier this month in the journal biological invasions .\nseveral excavated cavities indicated use by other avian species including a down - feathered nest (n = 1), grass nests (n = 2), avian excrement (n = 1), non - woodpecker feathers (n = 3), and twigs (n = 1). cavities also contained evidence of woodpecker use, including fresh woodchips from excavations (n = 34) and woodpecker feathers (n = 8). other cavities were empty (n = 13), contained water (n = 1), and unknown contents (n = 8). eighteen woodpecker excavations were shallow and incomplete; therefore, they were considered platforms and not cavities. similarly, nine natural cavities were platforms, but two natural cavities contained austral parakeet (enicognathus ferrugineus) nests (fig. 3) .\n... as in other social woodpeckers, a large proportion of young birds may postpone breeding and act as non - breeding helpers (koenig and mumme, 1987; conner et al. , 2001). breeding of great slaty woodpecker occurs in highly variable months of the year (lammertink, 2004b), and, as in for instance the large magellanic woodpecker (campephilus magellanicus), breeding attempts might occur at intervals > 1 year (ojeda, 2004). for all of these reasons, mean age at first breeding is unlikely to be 1 year; most likely it falls in the 2–3 years range... .\nthey may have become naïve by not having been exposed to terrestrial carnivores ,\njimenez told livescience .\nit' s very easy for a carnivore to pounce on a woodpecker and kill it .\nazevedo jcm, jack sb, coulson rn, wunneburger df. functional heterogeneity of forest landscapes and the distribution and abundance of the red - cockaded woodpecker forest ecology and management. 2000; 127: 271–283 .\nlike several other species of large woodpeckers, the magellanic woodpecker exhibits a black and white plumage pattern. males have a red straight crest and females a black face with a curly crest and red around the bill. the rest of the bird, both sexes alike, is black except for a white patch on the tertials, and inner webs of the secondaries and primaries, with black spots through the white in juvenile and sub - adult birds .\non a separate occasion, the team observed a mink creep up on a woodpecker, looking ready to pounce at about 1 foot away (30 centimeters) until a student scared it off to prevent the attack .\n). cox models were used to analyze the probability per unit time that a woodpecker would leave a tree, with this stochastic decision rule being influenced by ecological factors (see below). the rate of leaving the\nthe magellanic woodpeckers are the only woodpecker in its range, resulting in little intraspecific competition. however, these woodpeckers do compete with austral parakeets, along with a few other birds, for sap. they feed on sap flowing from pecked trees, along with grubs, beetles, eggs, spiders, fruit, smaller species’ nestlings and small vertebrates. insects make up the majority of their diet– their genus, camepephilus, does mean “lover of grubs, ” after all .\nfor instance, the team found an adult magellanic woodpecker — which they had outfitted with a radio - tag for an unrelated study — dead within a mink den. while it' s possible a mink had found the bird already dead and scavenged it in the den, this type of behavior would be atypical of carnivores that tend to hunt live prey, said jaime jimenez, a researcher at the university of north texas and a co - author on the paper .\n... magellanic woodpeckers live and forage in family groups (ojeda 2004; chazarreta et al. 2012), in con - trast to other woodpecker species in which the mates forage in different locations throughout their home - ranges (hogstad 2009 (hogstad, 2010czeszczewik 2010). in spite of their strong pair and family bond throughout the year, our results show that male and female mag - ellanic woodpeckers differ in their foraging beha - viour (see also chazarreta et al. 2012)... .\ncitation: vergara pm, soto ge, moreira - arce d, rodewald ad, meneses lo, pérez - hernández cg (2016) foraging behaviour in magellanic woodpeckers is consistent with a multi - scale assessment of tree quality. plos one 11 (7): e0159096. urltoken\nthese woodpeckers often travel with their mate or in a family group of about three to five birds. magellanic woodpecker mates are monogamous and share equal roles when breeding: both excavate nests, incubate eggs, brood, clean nests, and feed nestlings. most nests are hollowed out in trees and the common clutch size is just one egg. if the couple produces two eggs, generally only one will nest successfully. offspring usually stay with the family group for up to two years and are fed by their parents during this period .\ndelayed - informed foragers (df) make decisions based on the trees available near previously visited trees, using delayed information (i. e. , during t - 1, t - 2, t - 3… t - δ periods, with δ being the lag period at which the woodpecker assesses quality of available trees). thus, depending on how tree quality varies spatially, df woodpeckers can select considerably different trees from those selected by a lf woodpecker, as graphically shown in fig 1b .\n... although more life history data are needed on large woodpeckers to accurately address each of these assumptions, we can justify them or provide some potential consequences for violating each. the first assumption may be violated, because the magellanic woodpecker delays breeding until the third year (ojeda 2004), but both black woodpeckers (christensen 2006) and pileated woodpeckers (bull and jackson 1995) normally breed in their second year. rather than relaxing this assumption directly, we instead investigated how predicted extinction rate changed in response to variation in mean fecundity... .\nthere have been many wonderful moments between sir david and the animals being filmed, but this doctor doolittle moment is one of the most charming. when he taps on a tree, the resident woodpecker pair comes closer to see off their rival to the territorial claim .\nthe stripped woodpecker (veniliornis lignarius) is the smallest woodpecker of the patagonian forest, with just 15 to 18 cm. it is chunky and with a short chisel - shaped bill. its plumage is mainly black and white, barred on the back and the tail and stripped on the chest and the belly. the head and the face are blackish, with two thick white stripes, one above and the other under the eyes, which are dark. the male has also variable - sized red patch on the nape that the female lacks .\nmagellanic woodpeckers selected trees with a higher decay stage than available trees, as measured with the decay index (fig c in s1 file; fig 3a). consistent with this woodpecker’s selectivity pattern, the decay index ratio (dir) relative to the trees available at the route - level and over different lags (0 ≤ δ t ≤ 4) tended to be larger than unity (i. e. , dir r ∧ dir δ t ≥0 > 1; fig 3b). however, there were quantitative differences among these dir estimates, as being inferred from the supported models described below (see fig 3b) .\nmagellanic woodpeckers are ivory - billed woodpeckers that are found in argentina and chile. whilst the chicks are being brought up, the females tend to catch small prey such as spiders and insects, whilst the males catch larger beetle larvae, lizards and even the chicks of other birds. this behaviour allows both parents to forage in the same area without competing .\nwe have been working in tierra del fuego for over fifteen years. we are experts in nature - oriented programs. our focus is on hiking and interpreting our flora and fauna, particularly magellanic wildlife (regional birds, plants and mammals). our activities include birding or hiking tours, or using any means of transportation that allow us to come close to nature .\nwe characterized trees in terms of their decay stage using categories established by vergara and schlatter [ 32 ], from healthy trees to dead trees (i. e. rotten with no bark). for each route, we randomly selected trees during behavioral observations (n = 135) and other independent observations from a parallel study (n = 120). earlier research has established that foraging preferences of magellanic woodpeckers in southern beech forest are strongly related to decay stage ([ 32, 34 – 36 ]. we also measured other attributes of trees that might affect woodpecker preferences, including the diameter at breast height (measured with a diameter - tape), height (measured with a hypsometer) and species .\nthey breed in springtime (october to january), excavating a nest on a tree trunk or taking advantage of a previous one. they are monogamous, sharing all duties in nest - building, incubation, territorial and predator defense and young rearing. females lay up to four eggs, and incubation last 15 to 17 days. after 2 to 3 years of being raised and assisted by their parents the young magellanic woodpeckers become sexually mature .\nthis species is mainly pure black, with a white wing patch and a grey, chisel - like beak. males have a crimson head and crest. females have a mainly black head, but there is an area of red coloration near the base of the bill. juvenile magellanic woodpeckers resemble females of the species, but have a smaller crest and have a browner tinge to their plumage. in its range, this bird is unmistakable in appearance .\na) decay index (di) of the trees used by the woodpecker, quantified through their transformed values of plant senescence reflectance index (psri). these values are compared with the confidence intervals (ci) of the di values for all trees available at the current tree' s location. b) decay index ratio (dir) of used trees estimated as the ratio between the di of the tree and the mean di for all trees available over different periods and spatial scales. dir were estimated at the route - level (dir r) and at different lags (dir δ t, with 0≤ δ t ≤4). c) the residence time spent by the woodpecker in each used tree (trt). the inserted scatter plot shows the positive association observed between dir and trt .\n... in old - growth forests, woodpecker territories average between 40 and 60 ha, depending on season, and sometimes shift spatially among years (ojeda & chazarreta 2014). the breeding season lasts for ~ 65 days, between mid - to late - spring and early - to mid - summer (ojeda 2004). parents share duties in nest excavation, incubation, and chick rearing... .\nwinkler, h. & christie, d. a. (2018). powerful woodpecker (campephilus pollens). in: del hoyo, j. , elliott, a. , sargatal, j. , christie, d. a. & de juana, e. (eds .). handbook of the birds of the world alive. lynx edicions, barcelona. (retrieved from urltoken on 10 july 2018) .\nwinkler, h. & christie, d. a. (2018). red - crowned woodpecker (melanerpes rubricapillus). in: del hoyo, j. , elliott, a. , sargatal, j. , christie, d. a. & de juana, e. (eds .). handbook of the birds of the world alive. lynx edicions, barcelona. (retrieved from urltoken on 10 july 2018) .\nthe magellanic woodpecker is 36 to 45 cm (14 to 18 in) in length. males of this species weigh 312 - 363 g (11 - 13 oz), and females weigh 276 - 312 g (9. 7 - 11 oz). among standard measurements, the wing chord is 20. 5 to 23 cm (8. 1 to 9. 1 in), the tail is 13. 9 to 16. 8 cm (5. 5 to 6. 6 in), the bill is 4. 3 to 6 cm (1. 7 to 2. 4 in) and the tarsus is 3. 3 to 3. 9 cm (1. 3 to 1. 5 in). they are the largest south american woodpeckers and one of the largest woodpeckers in the world. among the species known to be extant, only the non - neotropical members of the dryocopus genus and the great slaty woodpeckers\nhowever, to our knowledge, this hypothesis has never been tested. therefore, as a first step towards testing this hypothesis, i examined the contents of woodpecker - excavated and natural cavities on navarino island, chile (55°04' 60\ns, 67°40' 00\nw) to determine cavity preference by secondary cavity - nesters. as part of a pilot study from january - march 2015, i examined the contents of 90 excavated and 11 natural cavities using a wireless camera and monitor, and an extendable pole .\n... hence, given the fact that woodpeckers live at low densities (ca. one family / km 2, j. e. j. et al. unpublished data), reproduce slowly (only one chick per brood in the best years, ojeda 2004), and show weak anti - predatory behavior, may lead to a population decline in navarino island. these facts recommend broadening the current management actions to control the spread of mink population, to reduce its impacts on the coastal fig. 1 camera - trap pictures showing the occurrence of magellanic woodpeckers and american minks recorded at the same two camera trap stations in navarino island during february and ...\nthe best - supported models comparing the importance of tree quality at local (dir δ t = 0) and route (dir r) levels indicated that magellanic woodpeckers behaved as locally - informed (lf) rather than route - informed foragers (rf; table 1). however, when compared with the quality relative to trees available at previous periods (1≤ δ t ≤ 4), we found support (δ dic ≤ 2) only for the models that included dir r (table 1). no models that included both the effects of standardized residuals and uncorrected values of dir estimated with lags ≥ 1 (dir i, δ t ≥1) were supported by data (table 1) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\nsacc. 2005 and updates. a classification of the bird species of south america. available at: urltoken .\njustification: this species has a very large range, and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion (extent of occurrence < 20, 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size, habitat extent / quality, or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation). despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing, the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion (> 30% decline over ten years or three generations). the population size has not been quantified, but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion (< 10, 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10% in ten years or three generations, or with a specified population structure). for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nthe global population size has not been quantified, but this species is described as' uncommon' (stotz et al. 1996). trend justification: the population is suspected to in decline owing to ongoing habitat loss, recent fires in the north of its range destroyed large areas of suitable habitat (del hoyo et al. 2002) .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\n), version 1. 0. in neotropical birds online (t. s. schulenberg, editor). cornell lab of ornithology, ithaca, ny, usa .\nestimados. les agradeceriá me enviaran noticias sobre su emprendimiento, estaré muy agradecido. atte. jorge .\nexcelente ficha de información del pájaro carpintero, sin embargo me gustaría saber si se esta instaurando algún proyecto o programa para conservarlo, por que sabemos que en la zona sur austral se encuentra en estado vulnerable, y acá en el sur, de donde soy yo, esta en peligro. yo soy estudiante de ingeniería forestal universidad austral de chile, valdivia y tengo una asignatura en la cual se nos pidió crear un proyecto faunistico para alguna especie en peligro, a mi me encantaría trabajar con el carpintero negro en los alrededores de la ciudad, por lo mismo les escribo para ver si ustedes tienen algo ya realizado como para yo tener una idea de que es lo principal para poder conservarlo (ya sea educación a personas de los alrededores con respecto a este, preocupación y mayor control con las empresas forestales, etc) espero su respuesta y de antemano muchas gracias .\nmuy estimados, soy editora externa de editorial pearson chile y en estos momentos estamos realizando unas correcciones solicitadas por el ministerio de educación para el texto escolar ciencias naturales 3° básico. entre ellas, nos han solicitado incluir una fotografía del carpintero negro. al respecto quisiera consultarles si nos sería posible incluir unas de sus fotografías en nuestro texto y si existe algún requerimiento que debiéramos cumplir. agradezco de antemano su pronta respuesta. un cordial saludo, pamela raffo\nsupongo que es un error que nadie vio, los carpinteros no se alimentan de ramas ni troncos! !! comen larvas que sacan con su larga lengua una vez perforada la corteza del arbol que atacan. porfavor tengan mas cuidado con sus articulos !\nclassified as least concern (lc) on the iucn red list (1) .\nthis information is awaiting authentication by a species expert, and will be updated as soon as possible. if you are able to help please contact: arkive @ urltoken\nterms of use - the displayed portlet may be used as a link from your website to arkive' s online content for private, scientific, conservation or educational purposes only. it may not be used within apps .\nmyarkive offers the scrapbook feature to signed - up members, allowing you to organize your favourite arkive images and videos and share them with friends .\nteam wild, an elite squadron of science superheroes, needs your help! your mission: protect and conserve the planet’s species and habitats from destruction .\nthis species is affected by global climate change. to learn about climate change and the species that are affected, visit our climate change pages .\nwildscreen is a registered charity in england and wales no. 299450 wildscreen usa is a registered 501 (c) (3) non - profit organisation in the usa\nthis species has a very large range, and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion (extent of occurrence < 20, 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size, habitat extent / quality, or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation). despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing, the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion (> 30% decline over ten years or three generations). the population size has not been quantified, but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion (< 10, 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10% in ten years or three generations, or with a specified population structure). for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nrecommended citation birdlife international (2018) species factsheet: campephilus magellanicus. downloaded from urltoken on 10 / 07 / 2018. recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species: birdlife international (2018) iucn red list for birds. downloaded from urltoken on 10 / 07 / 2018 .\ne male has a crimson hood and crest, while the female entirely black with a red are on the base of the bill and more conspicuous crest. both have white patches on the remiges feathers .\nthey feed mainly on wood - boring grubs, beetles and spiders that parasite both living and dead trees. commonly they forage on pairs or small groups, they are very active, spending most of the daytime looking for prey. usually they set at half the height of the tree and from there keep moving up, looking meticulously for parasites. once those are found they hit the wood violently to get to them. the sight of this is an amazing spectacle by itself, as you can see here .\nenter your email address to subscribe to this blog and receive notifications of new posts by email .\npillan mahuiza geopark pillán mahuiza geopark, in san martín de los andes, patagonia, argentina, spans ...\nbirds of patagonia: silvery grebe (podiceps occipitalis) this sublime diver and swimmer is found in almost all argentina, ...\nwoodpeckers in patagonia woodpeckers are a group of birds of the picidae familiy found in almost all forest ...\nruta 40, north and cuyo sectors ruta 40 (\nroute 40\n), or national route 40 is the longest and most spectacular road ...\na tour to the marble chapels the\nmarble chapels\n, in general carrera lake, chile, are mineral formations made ...\nthe pehuen region the pehuén region or pehuén route is a touristic route that covers the mountain ...\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml + rdfa 1. 0 / / en\nurltoken\nin order to see this content you need to have an up - to - date version of flash installed and javascript turned on .\ntake a trip through the natural world with our themed collections of video clips from the natural history archive .\nwatch the most memorable moments from an incredible career watching wildlife, chosen by sir david from the bbc archive .\nadult female. the wing flaps were very deliberate and seemingly done to create noise .\npreviously published on avocet as av7573. certainty: 100% . id determined by: seen. gps: estimate from google earth. habitat: trees in rather flat land with a lot of clearings with cows. digitized from cassette\nthis was a male, female and dependent juvenile foraging together. most of the calls are emanating from the juvenile and appear to be begging type calls and halfway through the video that the audio was pulled from the mother comes and feeds the juv and appears to also make a few calls. the male can be heard tapping on the tree in the background. the birds were about 15 - 20ft from me .\nsonogram images © xeno - canto foundation. sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .\nhbw alive contains information on descriptive notes, voice, habitat, food and feeding, breeding, movements, status and conservation plus a list of bibliographical references for this species account .\nno flash player has been set up. please select a player to play flash videos .\njosep del hoyo, max roth, mkennewell, paul clarke, d. j. fisher, frank witebsky, trekman .\nbill benish, christophe gouraud, rémi bigonneau, samantha klein, sam shaw, miriam bauman, ken havard, jorgeschlemmer, fernando farias, greg griffith, chicuco, luca boscain, dusan m. brinkhuizen, paul bartlett, yoann blanchon, lars petersson, gaston bretti, jacob. wijpkema, markus lilje, jorge ok, leandro herrainz, juanjaimemg, kevinzaouali, tomas grim, martjan lammertink .\ndata are from chazarreta et al. (2009. dimorfismo sexual en tamaño y su relación con el comportamiento de alimentación y el uso del hábitat en el carpintero gigante. rao, ornithological conference, tucumán, argentina) and short (1970) .\nmass: mean adult males 338. 4 g (range 312 - 363 g, n = 7); mean adult females 291. 3 g (range 276 - 312 g, n = 6) .\nthe species inhabits mostly old - growth, mature, pure or mixed nothofagus spp. forests in chile and argentina (short 1970) .\nhowever, it can be found inhabiting second growth forest and in managed forests. in the case of burnt areas, the woodpeckers can feed off larvae soon after the fire, but not much longer when the trees further decay, and thus birds vacate the area. the species feeds mostly on native trees, although some records indicate that the woodpeckers would use exotic trees such as dead pines or birches for sap .\nthe species has been affected by the reduction of forest cover, having disappeared from a great part of its original geographic range, especially in the northern and central parts of its distribution in chile (glade 1993). in the vi, vii y viii chile regions the species is considered as endangered (glade 1993, see conservation status). there are almost no records regarding its current distribution in the north limit of its chilean range .\nthe following is a representative barcode sequence, the centroid of all ...\nbarcode of life data systems (bolds) stats public records: 4 specimens ...\nson solitarios o forman parejas. en ocasiones acosan a gavilanes grandes ...\nthe earliest fossils attributed to falconids were found in england, and ...\nblue - throated macaws’ cautiousness is one of their behavioral adaptations to prevent ...\nthis taxon is found in the baja california desert ecoregion, located on ...\nbrazilian guinea pigs are medium - sized rodents that are important prey for ...\nthe northern crested caracara (caracara cheriway), also called the northern caracara, ...\nwe noticed that you' re using an unsupported browser. the tripadvisor website may not display properly. we support the following browsers :\npatagonia birdwatching is a travel agency founded by local tour guides. we offer a big variety of birding and nature expeditions, photography trips and trekking adventures with a wildlife and naturalist emphasis. local culture and cuisine plays also an essential role in our programs. in our trips we guaranty window seats, in order to enjoy the best way your trip. we work with naturalists guides, enthusiast and prepared to share their knowledge and their passion for nature with you, through amazing traveling experiences along the most interesting regions of patagonia. protecting the wilderness is essential for conservation of the ecosystems, we keep high environmental standards following the philosophy of leaving no trace. contact us and we will be pleased to provide all the information regarding patagonia. if you need a taylor made trip, we can organize it according to your interests .\n* tripadvisor llc is not a booking agent and does not charge any service fees to users of our site... (\ntripadvisor llc is not responsible for content on external web sites. taxes, fees not included for deals content .\nwe have been working in tierra del fuego for over fifteen years. we are ...\nsorry, we just need to make sure you' re not a robot. for best results, please make sure your browser is accepting cookies .\nit' s easy to apply online. join us and discover why we' re the choice of over 37, 000 students .\n( winkler et al. 1995 and references therein; winkler and christie 2002 and references therein; del hoyo et al. 2014 and references therein )\nleo shapiro added text to\nbrief summary\non\ncampephilus magellanicus (king, 1827 )\n.\nleo shapiro marked\nfile: museo de la plata - campephilus magellanicus. jpg\nas trusted on the\ncampephilus magellanicus (king, 1827 )\npage .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance. if your browser does not accept cookies, you cannot view this site .\nthere are many reasons why a cookie could not be set correctly. below are the most common reasons :\nyou have cookies disabled in your browser. you need to reset your browser to accept cookies or to ask you if you want to accept cookies .\nyour browser asks you whether you want to accept cookies and you declined. to accept cookies from this site, use the back button and accept the cookie .\nyour browser does not support cookies. try a different browser if you suspect this .\nthe date on your computer is in the past. if your computer' s clock shows a date before 1 jan 1970, the browser will automatically forget the cookie. to fix this, set the correct time and date on your computer .\nyou have installed an application that monitors or blocks cookies from being set. you must disable the application while logging in or check with your system administrator .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance by remembering that you are logged in when you go from page to page. to provide access without cookies would require the site to create a new session for every page you visit, which slows the system down to an unacceptable level .\nthis site stores nothing other than an automatically generated session id in the cookie; no other information is captured .\nin general, only the information that you provide, or the choices you make while visiting a web site, can be stored in a cookie. for example, the site cannot determine your email name unless you choose to type it. allowing a website to create a cookie does not give that or any other site access to the rest of your computer, and only the site that created the cookie can read it .\nstill, the charismatic birds maintain stable populations by holing up in branchless, dead trees that carnivores struggle to climb. until now, there have been no records of predation on the birds .\nand, finally, the team stationed cameras around the island, revealing footage of minks and woodpeckers feeding in the same areas of the forest floor — on separate occasions, but sometimes within minutes of each other — suggesting the animals share the same habitat. this would make the woodpeckers vulnerable to predation, if the minks had this intent .\nthe team thinks the woodpeckers have adapted to feed on the forest floor, rather than holing up more cautiously in trees, because they historically have had no natural predators on the island .\nthe team next plans to attach gps units to the woodpeckers to better assess their distribution across the island and understand the ecological consequences of their potential decline, in an effort to develop management plans in response to the invasive mink population .\neditor' s note: this article has been updated to correct jaime jimenez' s affiliation. he is a researcher at the university of north texas, not the university of texas .\nfollow laura poppick on twitter. follow livescience on twitter, facebook and google +. original article on livescience .\nlaura poppick is a contributing writer for live science, with a focus on earth and environmental news. laura has a graduate certificate in science communication from the university of california, santa cruz, and a bachelor of science degree in geology from bates college in lewiston, maine. laura has a good eye for finding fossils in unlikely places, will pull over to examine sedimentary layers in highway roadcuts, and has gone swimming in the arctic ocean .\ndiscover a faster, simpler path to publishing in a high - quality journal. plos one promises fair, rigorous peer review, broad scope, and wide readership – a perfect fit for your research every time .\ncopyright: © 2016 vergara et al. this is an open access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited .\nfunding: this study was funded by fondecyt (comisión nacional de investigación científica y tecnológica) grant # 1131133, urltoken. the funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript .\ntheoretical models of habitat selection and optimal foraging predict that animals should make foraging decisions, such as patch selection and patch residence time, based on information about resources within “available” habitat patches [ 1 ], [ 2 ]. depending on the accuracy and amount of information gathered, foragers should select and remain in high quality patches until their instantaneous gain rate falls to the average rate for all patches available [ 3 – 5 ]. such decisions assume that foragers consider the potential fitness benefit (e. g. , the harvest rate) of using available patches while also considering the costs associated with the presence of conspecifics, competitors and predators [ 6 – 8 ] .\nthis study was conducted in a ca. 60 km 2 area located on navarino island (54° 57’ s, 67° 39’ w), chile (fig 2). the landscape is dominated by mature southern beech (nothofagus spp .) forest with patches of shrubland, wetlands, peat bogs, and meadows produced by the introduced castor canadensis [ 53, 54 ]. forests in dry and semi - humid areas are comprised of nothofagus betuloides and n. pumilio with n. antarctica also occurring in moist and flooded areas. other evergreen broadleaved trees, such as drimys winteri and embothrium coccineum, occur in low densities [ 35 ] .\nwe determined the “foraging quality” of the trees used by focal woodpeckers and the trees available along each foraging route. tree quality was estimated by combining field - measurement of georeferenced trees and data extracted from remote sensing imagery, according to the following steps :\nbased on a parallel study, the crowns of individual tree were delimited by subdividing the worldview - 2 scene through multiresolution image segmentation. this approach involved grouping neighboring pixels into regions based on similarity criteria [ 60 ]. image segmentation analysis was based on scale and homogeneity criteria for shape and compactness, respectively, using the software ecognition developer 64 version 8. 7 (trimble germany gmbh, munich, germany) .\nprsi values were assigned and averaged over the crown of each tree identified in the segmentation process using spatial analysis in arcmap v. 10. 1 (esri, redlands, ca). these scaled values represent our main habitat quality estimate, which we term the “decay index” (di) .\n), as described in the tree quality subsection (see above). thus, the expected\n) at which the estimation was based (see below). in this case δ\n≥ 1, representing a tree whose quality is equal, or larger, than the expectations for available trees .\n), was directly proportional to its probability of not being used during the previous period (i. e. to 1—\n) was modeled as a uniformly distributed latent variable, varying from 0 to 1 during each foraging period. the selection probability of the\n), and an exponential function combining the effects of a set of explanatory variables. thus, the leaving tendency in the\n), which represents the quality of each tree relative to the mean decay stage of all trees available at different time lags (δt = 0, 1, 2, 3 and 4) and spatial - scales (route vs. local - scale), as explained in the main text .\nmodel selection was carried out for each period independently, with models being ranked according their dic values. models with δ dic < 2 were considered to be supported. the model with intercept - only (β 0) was considered as a' baseline' or' null' model .\na) boxplot showing the fixed - effect coefficients (β) associated to dir estimated at different time lags (δt = 0, 1, 2, 3 and 4) and spatial - scales (route vs. local - scale; see details in table 2). b) the increase in the tree selection probability (w) as a function of dir estimated over different periods and spatial scales\n, inclu0064ing standard deviations (sd), 95% bayesian credible interval (bci) and inclusion probability (p, with larger values indicating greater confidence) and the potential scale reduction factor (psrf) for convergence diagnostic (with values close to 1 indicating approximate convergence) .\ncoefficients include the effects of the decay index ratio (dir), estimated at different time lags (δt = 0, 1, 2, 3 and 4) and spatial - scales (route vs. local - scale). coefficients associated with the\nstandardized residuals\nof dir refer to the residuals of the corresponding covariate obtained after regressing on the covariate (see model variables in eqs 2, 3 and 4 and the main text) .\nresults from the cox proportional hazards models analyzing the association between the tree residence time of foraging woodpeckers and attributes of individual trees." ]

{ "text": [ "the magellanic woodpecker ( campephilus magellanicus ) is a very large woodpecker found along the andes of chile and southwestern argentina ; it is resident within its range .", "this species is the southern-most example of the genus campephilus , which includes the famous ivory-billed woodpecker ( c. principalis ) . " ], "topic": [ 6, 6 ] }

[ "the magellanic woodpecker (campephilus magellanicus) is a very large woodpecker found along the andes of chile and southwestern argentina; it is resident within its range. this species is the southern-most example of the genus campephilus, which includes the famous ivory-billed woodpecker (c. principalis)." ]

[ "asia: india and sri lanka. often misidentified as aplocheilus panchax or as aplocheilus blockii .\nplio - pleistocene phylogeography of the southeast asian blue panchax killifish, aplocheilus panchax .\naplocheilus spp. are surface - dwelling predators preying on both aquatic and terrestrial invertebrates .\nplio - pleistocene phylogeography of the southeast asian blue panchax killifish, aplocheilus panchax. - pubmed - ncbi\nthe name aplocheilus is composed of the greek words aploe meaning\nsimplicity\n, and cheilos meaning\nlip\n.\naplocheilus: from the greek απλός (apló) meaning ‘simple, plain’, and χείλος (cheílos), meaning ‘lip’ .\nwhat made you want to look up aplocheilus? please tell us where you read or heard it (including the quote, if possible) .\nseegers, l. 1997 killifishes of the world: old world killis ii: (aplocheilus, epiplatys, nothobranchius). aqualog, verlag: a. c. s. gmbh, germany. 112 p .\nesox panchax hamilton, 1822, fishes of the ganges, p. 221. haplochilus panchax day, 1878, fishes of india. p. 523. panchax panchax weber and de beaufort, 1922, fishes of the indo - australian archipelago. 4, p. 374. aplocheilus panchax smith, 1945, fishes of siam or thailand. p. 422. aplocheilus panchax sterba, 1962, freshwater fishes of the world. p. 480 .\n{ author1, author2... }, (n. d .). aplocheilus parvus (sundara raj, 1916). [ online ] india biodiversity portal, species page: { name of species field } available at: urltoken [ accessed date jul 10, 2018 ] .\nroberts (1998) demonstrated that mcclelland’s description of aplocheilus melastigmus, later renamed o. melastigma, does not correspond with any known oryzias species from the indian subcontinent or myanmar since it’s said to have a dark spot in the dorsal - fin and an excessively slim body, among other anomalies .\npethiyagoda, r. 1991 freshwater fishes of sri lanka. the wildlife heritage trust of sri lanka, colombo. 362 p. seegers, l. 1997 killifishes of the world: old world killis ii: (aplocheilus, epiplatys, nothobranchius). aqualog, verlag: a. c. s. gmbh, germany. 112 p .\nusually inhabits shallow, heavily shaded forest streams with a silt substrate. also occurs in brackish mangrove swamps, often together with aplocheilus parvus. feeds on small insects, insect larvae and fish fry. cultivated as a larvicidal fish (ref. 4833). 10 cm max tl (ref. 6028). not a seasonal killifish. is easy to maintain in the aquarium (ref. 27139) .\nwhat struck me immediately was the large number of fish in this “temporary” habitat, which contained no moving water. there were large and small aplocheilus killies, as well as lots of silver rasboras, large danios, rosy barbs, and small catfish at the bottom. the nooks and crannies in the walls harbored a small colorful anabantoid, the spiketail paradisefish pseudosphromenus cupanus, which displayed a deep red color .\nas i collected this species in somewhat brackish water, i added half a teapsoon of salt per 5 gallons of water. if more than one male is kept in a tank, they will display to one another and a loose hierarchy can be observed in the tank. in these situations, the dominant male chases and even occasionally nips the fins of the other males, but i have not seen the sort of aggression that i’ve seen with the larger aplocheilus species that i have maintained (a. lineatus and a. panchax), where the dominant male will harass and eventually kill any other males in the tank if there is inadequate cover .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\n, select family and click on' identification by pictures' to display all available pictures in fishbase for the family .\n, select country and click on' identification by pictures' to display all available pictures in fishbase for the country .\n, select ecosystem and click on' identification by pictures' to display all available pictures in fishbase for the ecosystem .\ncfm script by eagbayani, 30. 11. 04, , php script by cmilitante, 05 / 11 / 2010, last modified by cmilitante, 14 / 03 / 2013\ngreek, aploe, - es = simplicity + greek, cheilos = lip (ref. 45335 )\nfreshwater; brackish; benthopelagic; ph range: 6. 0 - 8. 0; dh range: 5 - 12; non - migratory. tropical; 20°c - 25°c (ref. 1672 )\nasia: pakistan, india, bangladesh, myanmar and the indo - malaysian archipelago. reported from nepal (ref. 9496) cambodia, viet nam (ref. 27139) and sri lanka (ref. 6028) .\nmaturity: l m? range? -? cm max length: 9. 0 cm tl male / unsexed; (ref. 41236); common length: 5. 0 cm tl male / unsexed; (ref. 41236 )\noccurs in lowland wetlands to estuaries and peats (ref. 57235). found in ponds and ditches (ref. 4835) canals (ref. 1479), reservoirs and mangrove creeks (ref. 13061). prefers clear water in areas with dense growth of rooted or floating macrophytes (ref. 12693). sometimes occurring in hypersaline waters. feeds mainly on insects (ref. 13061). utilized for mosquito control. is difficult to maintain in aquarium (ref. 27139). rarely caught by commercial fishermen and not seen in markets (ref. 12693). popular aquarium fish (ref. 57235) .\na perennial breeder (ref. 27139), both in fresh and brackish waters, particularly from november to march (ref. 7020) .\nhuber, j. h. , 1996. killi - data 1996. updated checklist of taxonomic names, collecting localities and bibliographic references of oviparous cyprinodont fishes (atherinomorpha, pisces). société française d' ichtyologie, muséum national d' histoire naturelle, paris, france, 399 p. (ref. 27139 )\nphylogenetic diversity index (ref. 82805): pd 50 = 0. 5079 [ uniqueness, from 0. 5 = low to 2. 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight: a = 0. 01122 (0. 00514 - 0. 02450), b = 3. 04 (2. 87 - 3. 21), in cm total length, based on all lwr estimates for this body shape (ref. 93245) .\ntrophic level (ref. 69278): 3. 2 ±0. 40 se; based on food items .\nresilience (ref. 69278): high, minimum population doubling time less than 15 months (tm < 1) .\nvulnerability (ref. 59153): low vulnerability (10 of 100) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\nkottelat, m. 2013. the fishes of the inland waters of southeast asia: a catalogue and core bibiography of the fishes known to occur in freshwaters, mangroves and estuaries. raffles bulletin of zoology supplement no. 27: 1 - 663 .\nthe species is in need of taxonomic review due to its apparent wide range .\njustification: a widespread species with no known major widespread threats, aplocheillus panchax is assessed as least concern .\nreported from pakistan (lower indus plain and adjoining hilly areas), india (mainly northeastern and northern), and from bangladesh, myanmar, sri lanka, and nepal. the taxonomic status of records from viet nam, cambodia and the indo - malayasian archipelago must be verified. it been introduced in some areas for mosquito control (r. britz pers. comm .) .\nis a larvivorous fish and its utility for mosquito control has been established. a profile perennial breeder with a spawning maximum in the monsoon months (june - august). breeds at 8 cm & attains a length of 9 cm. maturity is attained in 4 - 5 months. the eggs, when laid, are attached to submerged vegetation and hatch out in 9 to 14 days depending on temperature, aeration and other physio - chemical conditions of the water. selective breeding has led to the production of very beautiful varieties, some of which have been dignified with scientific names (\n, etc). although not very colourful, this medium - sized fish gets along well with other species of its size or longer, and breeds readily .\nit is included in the aquarium trade, and is used in the preparation of fish paste in myanmar .\nconservation not required; research into the species taxonomy is required, as it may be a species complex .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\nfreshwater; brackish; benthopelagic; non - migratory. tropical; 22°c - 25°c (ref. 1672 )\nasia: widely distributed in peninsular india (ref. 41236). reported from sri lanka (ref. 1739) .\nmaturity: l m? range? -? cm max length: 10. 0 cm tl male / unsexed; (ref. 27139); common length: 7. 0 cm male / unsexed; (ref. 4833 )\nlives in streams and reservoirs at high altitudes, and in rivers, wells of the plains, low - lying paddy fields, swamps and brackish waters (ref. 4833). utilized for mosquito control (ref. 1672). not a seasonal killifish. is easy to maintain in the aquarium (ref. 27139). aquarium keeping: minimum aquarium size 80 cm (ref. 51539) .\nbayesian length - weight: a = 0. 00389 (0. 00180 - 0. 00842), b = 3. 12 (2. 94 - 3. 30), in cm total length, based on all lwr estimates for this body shape (ref. 93245) .\ntrophic level (ref. 69278): 3. 8 ±0. 5 se; based on size and trophs of closest relatives\n: missing argument 2 for checkecotox (), called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary. php on line 1995 and defined in\n: missing argument 3 for checkecotox (), called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary. php on line 1995 and defined in\nfreshwater; brackish; benthopelagic; non - migratory. tropical; 20°c - 25°c (ref. 1672 )\nasia: endemic to sri lanka. reported from india and malay peninsula (ref. 4833) .\nmaturity: l m? range? -? cm max length: 9. 0 cm tl male / unsexed; (ref. 27139); common length: 7. 0 cm male / unsexed; (ref. 4833 )\ntrophic level (ref. 69278): 3. 5 ±0. 43 se; based on food items .\nresilience (ref. 69278): high, minimum population doubling time less than 15 months () .\nwarning: the ncbi web site requires javascript to function. more ...\nbeck sv 1, 2, carvalho gr 3, barlow a 4, rüber l 5, 6, hui tan h 7, nugroho e 8, wowor d 9, mohd nor sa 10, herder f 11, muchlisin za 12, de bruyn m 3, 13 .\nhólar university college, department of aquaculture and fish biology, háskólinn á hólum, sauðárkrókur, iceland .\ninstitute of life and environmental sciences, university of iceland, reykjavík, iceland .\nmolecular ecology and fisheries genetics laboratory, school of biological sciences, environment centre wales, bangor university, bangor, united kingdom .\ninstitute for biochemistry and biology, university of potsdam, karl - liebknecht - strasse, potsdam (golm), germany .\ninstitute of ecology and evolution, university of bern, baltzerstrasse, bern, switzerland .\nresearch center for biology (puslit biologi), indonesian institute of sciences (lipi), cibinong, indonesia .\ndepartment of aquaculture, marine & fishery sciences, syiah kuala university, banda aceh, indonesia .\nschool of life and environmental sciences, university of sydney, sydney, new south wales, australia .\npmid: 28742862 pmcid: pmc5526567 doi: 10. 1371 / journal. pone. 0179557\ntamil nadu (tn), kolkotta (kk), cambodia (cb), vietnam (vt), krabi (kb), sungai batu pahat (sbp), aceh (ac), penang (pn), dungun (dg), pulau laut (pl), singapore (sp), pekanbaru (pk), west sumatra (ws), jambi (jb), bogor (bg), surabaya (sr), banjarmasin (bj), bali (bl) and sulawesi (sl). points are coloured according to which of the three major mitochondrial clades they correspond to (see ‘‘ ,), and stars for locations where nuclear loci were also sampled. shaded areas indicate the four biodiversity hotspots in southeast asia: sundaland, wallacea, philippines and indo - burma. wallace’s line, huxley’s modification of wallace’s line (based on zoological data; [ ]) and the isthmus of kra are demonstrated by the red dashed lines .\nbayesian posterior probabilities displayed for each major clade: western (w), eastern (e) and central (c), and node heights showing 95% highest posterior densities. colours correspond to the three major clades and dark grey shaded areas in se asia indicate pleistocene palaeodrainages (9). individuals with missing data are still included in the mitochondrial tree (indicated by black circles). see for sampling location abbreviations .\nmismatch distribution curves for the central (a) and eastern (b) mitochondrial clades showing the expected (thin line) and the observed (bold line) values under the population expansion model .\ncolours correspond to mitochondrial clades (see). node size is proportional to allele frequency and numbers indicate the number of mutations. black sections are those alleles not included in the mitochondrial analyses (a single sample from west sumatra). a) ap44, b) ap50 and c) ap70 .\n, in the waterways of india’s west coast, bringing his aquatic gems home to breed and raise successive generations—and learning more about them every step of the way .\nthey say that great things come in little packages. i’ve always been a fan of the dwarf panchax\ngroup from southern india and sri lanka, but encounters with these little asian jewels are few and far between in the aquarium hobby. they do not appear to be imported on a regular basis, nor are they bred commercially, unlike their larger relative, the golden wonder killie\n. according to accounts in published aquarium literature, these dwarf panchaxes are quite easy to maintain and breed, but if you decide to look for a pair or a trio, you’ll find very few killifish hobbyists keeping them. however, they could be considered the perfect occupants for small 5 - gallon planted aquariums because they have beautiful colors and are relatively peaceful. in my opinion, a small group of them makes as flashy a display as some of the more sought - after tetras, danios, or rasboras .\ngroup and named after the aquarist j. kirchmayer, the original collector. recently, it has been considered by some killifish authorities to be no more than a subspecies of\n, which it closely resembles. it was described in 1986 by the ichthyologists berkenkamp and etzel, from specimens collected in the margao area of goa. goa is a small indian state located on the west coast of india. collection of this species has been few and far between, since the fish does not appear to be collected commercially .\na. blockii is also only offered occasionally in the aquarium trade in europe, with most of the imported fish coming from kerala in southern india. the situation is similar with the related a. parvus from sri lanka, with few recent importations or collections. to the best of my knowledge, there have been no recent studies or papers to clarify the status of this group of fish .\nmy search for a. kirchmayeri began in late 2002. after several unsuccessful attempts to obtain this fish, i came to the conclusion that they were as scarce as gold dust. very few pairs showed up at killifish shows and conventions, and there were no breeders i knew of (at least in the united states) maintaining them over the long term. i decided that the only way to obtain some would be to collect the fish myself, and this would also allow me to learn more about their habitats and increase my collecting experience .\n). goa, a former portugese colony on the west coast of india, is considered a paradise that draws large numbers of tourists, both local and foreign. it has unspoiled beaches, busy markets, and beautiful churches and temples. my grandparents were from goa, and i consoled myself with the thought that in the event i might not be able to find my fish, i would still be able to sample the local cuisine and enjoy the culture .\ni found myself on the plane to goa via mumbai in the early morning hours of october 11, 2003. i was fortunate to find a small hotel in candolim quickly, and i booked a tourist trip for the next day. throughout the tour, it became evident that there were lots of tourist development projects everywhere, and that it might be a challenge to find the fish or even the quiet streams where they are said to occur. when the tour passed through the margao area, my heart sank—it looked like the place was almost completely developed, and it would be unlikely that i would find a. kirchmayeri in the area .\nboldly swimming in the open at colva beach, and that gave me a little hope that i just might find the little dwarf panchax in goa. during my trip back to the hotel that evening, i visited a taxi stand near the hotel. the young driver, rupesh, told me that he knew of a place where i could go fishing. i had not brought any of my killifish reference books with me, so i drew a picture of the fish. he immediately recognized it as having a light - colored spot on the head and said he knew a place where i could find it. based on faith alone, i chartered his taxi for the following morning in search of\ni rushed off from the hotel with my dipnet and collecting bottles at 8 a. m. to meet rupesh at the taxi stand. it was hot and humid, but the air conditioning provided some relief. we traveled about 25 miles and came to a temple, beside which was a manmade public bath that measured about 15 by 15 feet. it appeared to be 7 to 8 feet deep, with three rows of slippery steps around the perimeter leading down to the water .\nbut how did these fish come to be in this place? there was no visible water inlet to the bath. apparently they were trapped when a nearby stream overflowed during the rainy season. the presence of many flying insects left little doubt in my mind that the fish were well fed. my dipnet proved to be very useful because, in a short time, rupesh and i managed to collect all the\nat the surface of the water without much difficulty and transferred them successfully to the collecting bottles. a closer inspection showed that we had collected two species—the larger fish were\ni attempted to collect some spiketail paradisefish, which presented a major challenge because the fish were quick and swam into the almost inaccessible nooks and crannies in the bath’s walls. i finally caught one after a half hour of intense effort. since i wasn’t interested in fishing for anything other than the killies and anabantoid fish, i decided to visit the nearby stream, which was the source of these fish .\nwalking barefoot into this fast - flowing stream, i felt the schools of danios and rasboras nibbling at my feet as i searched for more killies and spiketail paradisefish. i found only a few\nthat were concentrated at the sides of the stream, since they disliked the strong current in the middle and were intent on avoiding it. there were no spiketail paradisefish or\nto be found in this area, but the fishing trip was certainly not a total failure. when measured, the stream’s parameters were as follows: temperature 30°c (86°f), ph 7, and hardness 8 gh .\ni decided that we should check other places for killifishes, so we left the temple and drove past a few slow - flowing streams and sampled them. there wasn’t much success here, as all we were collecting were danios and rosy barbs. we finally went along the road leading to my hotel, because rupesh mentioned that there was a large swampy area on the way .\nwe arrived at this area near noontime and started looking for fish. i spotted some small puddles and almost immediately collected a number of small\njuveniles. there were hundreds of them swimming around in the shallow waters at the edges of the swamp. also collected were some juvenile\nand more spiketail paradisefish, which were in the overgrown areas surrounding the swamp .\nthe water here was tidal in that it flowed into the sea and was no doubt influenced by the action of the tides. so i suspect that, in nature, both\ncan also live in brackish water if the need arises. the water parameters here were similar to the previous collection site, but the temperature was a little higher 32°c (90°f), and hardness was 9 gh. overall, it turned out to be a successful collecting trip for\nas traveling fish tourists know, collecting wild fish is one thing, and bringing them back home safely and breeding them is a totally different adventure. it was almost another week before i left india and arrived home. during this time i had a few losses, even though i carried out daily water changes and separated the larger fishes from the smaller ones to prevent aggression in the small collection bottles (i had noticed a few nipped fins). i arrived back home with four healthy trios and hoped that i would have some success with them. as i discovered, they acclimated to my tap water, which was soft, and had no problems. i added half a teaspoon of salt to every 5 gallons of their water to help keep them free from disease .\nis a study in color. it features brassy green scales that provide a brilliant contrast on its silvery body, red lips, and three or four rows of bright red spots on the sides, making it a very eye - catching fish. the unpaired fins are a yellow - green color with lots of red spots, and in common with other members of the\ngroup, there is a black blotch at the base of the dorsal fin. the adult males can reach 1½ inches. in comparison, the females are a drab olive brown with few—if any—of the sparkling green scales on the body. if well fed, they rapidly fill up with eggs, particularly when fed live foods .\na 5 - to 10 - gallon aquarium is adequate for maintaining a trio (one male and two females) or quartet of this species if the intention of the aquarist is to propagate them. a varied diet of small foods like newly hatched brine shrimp, frozen bloodworms, daphnia, and chopped blackworms can be provided, but they are surface feeders that prefer to go for small insects like wingless fruit flies (small pellets are a good substitute for such live insects) .\nas with other non - annual toothcarps in the aquarium, the small eggs are deposited in either floating mops (made by the aquarist) or java moss. the eggs are small, clear, and round, and they are found in the upper regions of the mops or the java moss. they are around 1 mm in diameter and develop continously in water. depending on the storage temperature, they hatch in 10 to 15 days .\ndue to the rapid development rate, i have found it impossible to send eggs in peat to friends during the summer because the eggs would invariably hatch in transit. i have since found a safer method of shipping, which consists of putting them in a little water in a breathable bag. this has worked very well for me—i’ve even started using this technique for other non - annual\nthe newly hatched fry are approximately 1 mm in size and can immediately take infusoria and paramecium. growth is slow, with the young fish only being sexable at 2 to 3 months after their characteristic yellow band in the anal fin of the males can be detected (the anal fins of the females remain clear). they reach adult size between 5 and 6 months, and by this time they are spawning and i am already collecting eggs .\ni had an interesting experience while raising the fry. i found that fry raised below 24°c (75°f) typically develop into females, but at 26°c (78°f), i get almost equal numbers of males and females, and at 27°c (80°f), i get more males than females. it has been interesting to see this happen through two successive generations in my fishroom. i’ve also experimented with keeping this species in small planted tubs (my version of a mini water garden) outdoors during the warm summer months, and found that the fish developed better colors and helped keep the local mosquito population down. in 2005 i obtained lots of fry in such setups, and these grew rapidly with the parents until i scooped them up and grew them out separately .\nthis is a beautiful species that surely deserves to be more popular among killifish hobbyists. it is colorful and quite easy to spawn, although raising the tiny fry for the first couple of weeks does present a challenge. but if you are able to produce infusoria in a reasonable quantity, it is not impossible to raise these fish. i’m hopeful that hobbyists reading this article might be inspired to go out in search of these small asian jewels !\nscheel, jorgen. 1990. atlas of killifishes of the old world. t. f. h. publications. neptune city, nj. 448 pp. d\noops! it appears that you have disabled your javascript. in order for you to see this page as it is meant to appear, we ask that you please re - enable your javascript !\ndescription of the species: head depressed but tail compressed. jaws are equal, maxilla reaches near front margin of eye. mouth is moderate and anterior in position. tongue rounded. head 3. 2 - 3. 6 in standard and 4. 2 - 4. 8 in total length, height 4. 0 - 4. 8 in standard and 5. 4 - 6. 2 in total length (rahman, 1989). dorsal fin situated well back, originates from above posterior base of anal. origin of pelvic fins is from below middle of pectoral and reach anal. anal fin reaches caudal. caudal fin is rounded in mature specimens, somewhat pointed in young. origin of anal is nearer to caudal base than to tip of snout. lateral line is absent upper surface of head scaled. upper surface of body is greenish, dull white beneath. fins are yellowish. margin of vertical fins is orange. a white spot is found at the occiput .\nhabit and habitat: this fish is seen at the surface in schools in marginal water and abundant in ditches, ponds, canals, rivers and other water areas throughout bangladesh .\neconomic importance: this species is freely reared in aquaria as an ornamental fish and should be kept only with fishes of its own size. breeding of the species is best accomplished in a small tank .\necological role: this is a valuable larvivorous fish and its utility for mosquito control has been established .\nstatus and conservation: this species is available in study area (barnai river, rajshahi) and not listed in iucn red list as threatened .\nday, f. 1878. fishes of india, being a natural history of fishes known to inhabit the seas and freshwaters of india, burma and ceylon. william dawson & sons ltd. , london, vol. i: 778 pp .\nhamilton, f. , 1822. an account of the fishes found in the river ganges and its branches, edinburgh & london, fishes ganges, 405 p .\nrahman, a. k. a. 1989. freshwater fishes of bangladesh. the zoological society of bangladesh, department of zoology, university of dhaka, dhaka - 1000. 364 pp .\nrahman, a. k. a. 2005. freshwater fishes of bangladesh (second edition). the zoological society of bangladesh, department of zoology, university of dhaka, dhaka - 1000. 394 pp .\nsmith, h. m. 1945. the freshwater fishes of siam or thailand. united states national bulletin - 188. 422 p .\nsterba, g. 1963. the freshwater fishes of the world. translated and revised by d. w. tucker. london. 878 pp .\nweber, m. and de beaufort, l. f. 1922. t he fishes of the indo - australian archipelago. vol. iv. publ. e. brill. leiden. 374 p .\nex - student, department of fisheries, university of rajshahi, rajshahi - 6205, bangladesh. more ...\nthis site uses akismet to reduce spam. learn how your comment data is processed .\nlicense. you may use any content (of this site) only non - commercial purpose with proper citation under the same license at your own caution. | the contents and opinions expressed herein are those of the author (s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of bdfish. |\nwild specimen collected in the vicinity of chennai, tamil nadu state, southern india .\nspecimen from the netravati / nethravathi river system in karnataka state, southern india .\nnative to sri lanka and southern india with records in the latter existing from the states of goa, kerala, tamil nadu, and more recently, karnataka .\nreports from pakistan may be erroneous while the species’s distribution in certain parts of the western ghats mountains in india requires confirmation .\nthis species is euryhaline and mostly inhabits lowland, often coastal, habitats containing still or slow - moving brackish or freshwater .\nit displays a preference for habitats with surface vegetation or overhanging cover and is commonly found in mangrove swamps and rice paddies .\nin the aquarium they will learn to accept dried foods in most cases but should also be offered regular meals of small live or frozen fare such as artemia, daphnia, chironomid larvae (bloodworm), etc .\nnot difficult. this species will deposit eggs in woollen mops, fine - leaved plants or mosses, or filamentous algae depending on what is available .\nincubation is 10 - 15 days and the fry will initially require infusoria - grade food until large enough to accept artemia nauplii, microworm, etc .\nriehl, r. and h. a. baensch, reprint 2004 - mergus verlag gmbh, melle, germany: 1 - 992 aquarium atlas, volume 1. sixth revised english edition .\nmissing information here? our knowledge base is an ever - evolving work in progress, which naturally means that some species profiles contain more information than others. we' re working on a daily basis to fill in all the gaps, so please have patience. this site relies heavily on the help of hundreds of people without whose valuable contributions it simply wouldn' t exist. information and photos regarding any freshwater or brackish fish species, its natural history or captive care is always much appreciated, so if you' ve anything you' d like to share please leave a comment below or email us .\nmin. tank size: 150, 0 l (39, 6 g) size: 3 - 4\n( 7. 6 - 10. 2 cm) ph: 6. 5 - 7. 0 temp: 20 - 25 °c (68 - 77°f) water hardness: 7 - 13 °d diet: carnivore, pellet foods, flake foods e live foods life span: 2 - 3 years sexing: males are more brightly coloured than female. tank compatibility: not an ideal community fish, males are territorial (not in my aqua: - p) font: urltoken\nlove words? you must — there are over 200, 000 words in our free online dictionary, but you are looking for one that’s only in the merriam - webster unabridged dictionary .\nthe story of an imaginary word that managed to sneak past our editors and enter the dictionary .\ntake this quiz and discover 12 words for things you didn' t know had words .\nmaturity: l m? range? -? cm max length: 7. 0 cm tl male / unsexed; (ref. 27139 )\ninhabits small, shallow, slow - flowing, heavily shaded streams and rivulets with a silt or clay substrate. feeds on insects and fish fry. 9 cm max tl (ref. 6028). not a seasonal killifish. is easy to maintain in the aquarium (ref. 27139) .\ntrophic level (ref. 69278): 3. 6 ±0. 45 se; based on food items .\nspecimen from' pulau' pangkor (pangkor island), western peninsular malaysia .\noryzias: from the greek ὄρυζα (oryza), meaning ‘rice’, in reference to the tendency of some members of the genus to inhabit rice paddy fields .\njavanicus: ‘of java’, in reference to the type locality of this species .\nthis species is widely - distributed throughout peninsular thailand, malaysia (malay peninsula plus the states of sabah and sarawak, borneo), singapore and indonesia, with records from the riau archipelago, sumatra, java, borneo, bali, lombok, and sulawesi existing in the latter .\ntypically found in coastal, normally brackish, streams and pools including mangrove swamps and forests, but has also been recorded in freshwater habitats and is known to be tolerant of a wide salinity range .\nthis species has no special requirements in terms of décor though it tends to be less colurful when maintained in a sparsely - decorated set - up .\nit arguably looks best in a display inspired by its natural habitat which could consist of a sandy substrate, some water - worn tree roots and branches plus a few handfuls of leaf litter .\nplanted aquaria are also suitable and may offer fry a more favourable chance of survival alongside the adults, though the majority of aquarium plant species will fail to thrive under brackish conditions .\ntry to find out the origin of your fish as some populations will do best in freshwater but if in doubt the addition of marine salt in the ratio of 1 - 3 g / l is recommended .\nph: 7. 0 – 9. 0 will probably fail to thrive if maintained long term in acidic water .\na micropredator feeding on small insects, worms, crustaceans and other zooplankton in nature .\nin the aquarium it will accept dried foods of a suitable size but should be offered daily meals of small live and frozen fare such as daphnia, artemia, chopped bloodworm, etc. , along with good quality, suitably - sized flakes and granules .\ngenerally peaceful but does not make an ideal addition to many communities due to its small size .\nshould you wish to maintain it alongside other fishes diminutive species enjoying similar conditions such as some dermogenys, pseudomugi and brachygobius spp. constitute the best options, while many neritid snails are also suitable .\nif the intention is breeding then it should ideally be maintained alone, and we don’t recommend keeping it with other oryzias spp. due to the potential of hybridisation, already proven in laboratory experiments .\nit’s mostly non - aggressive towards congeners although rival courting males can be aggressive towards one another, and tends to look most effective and behave more confidently in a group of 8 or more .\nadult males have yellow submarginal bands in both caudal - fin lobes, possess elongate, filamentous rays in the dorsal and anal fins, and have a slimmer body shape than females .\nthe anal - fin in males has a series of bony contact organs plus a convex convex distal margin, and the genital papilla forms a short tube, while in females the anal - fin margin is slightly concave and the genital papilla bilobed .\nquite easy to breed and fairly prolific, with females capable of producing batches of eggs every few days or even on a daily basis when in good condition .\nspawning normally occurs in the early morning, with males darkening in colouration and defending small, temporary territories against one another while attempting to entice females .\nthe adhesive eggs are typically expelled as a single mass and fertilised simultaneously, after which they continue to hang from the genital pore of the female for a period before eventually being deposited singly or in small clumps among vegetation or other suitable media .\nfine - leaved plants such as cabomba, ceratophyllum or taxiphylum spp. are ideal, but synthetic spawning mops or other artificial alternatives also work .\nthe incubation period is temperature dependant to an extent but typically 1 - 3 weeks, and while the adults tend to ignore the eggs they do predate free - swimming fry, though if the tank is densely - planted some will usually survive .\nalternatively the eggs or fry can be removed to a separate rearing container filled with water from the adults tank. once free - swimming the fry are able to accept microworm, artemia nauplii, etc .\nthis species is infrequently seen in the hobby but is exported on occasion and sometimes referred to as the ‘blue - eyed ricefish’ .\nit has a truncate, rather than lunate or emarginate, caudal - fin which distinguishes it from the congeners o. bonneorum, o. nebulosus, o. nigrimas, o. orthognathus, and o. sarasinorum, and in this respect appears to be a member of a large, unnamed clade or ‘ species group’ containing all other members of the genus .\nit’s further distinguishable from congeners by the following combination of characters: 10 - 13 pectoral - fin rays; 18 - 25 (usually 23) anal - fin rays; anal - fin rays in males with bony contact organs; 6 - 8 (usually 7) dorsal - fin rays; caudal - fin with yellow submarginal bands in both lobes; premaxillary with enlarged teeth on posterior side; relatively deep body .\nmembers of the family adrianichthyidae are often referred to collectively as ‘ricefishes’ and were traditionally considered to be members of the family cyprinodontiformes and thus closely - related to toothcarps .\nthis misconception is sometimes still upheld despite the fact that rosen and parenti reclassified them within the cyprinodontiform sister group beloniformes as long ago as 1981 .\nthe best - known member of the family is the medaka or japanese ricefish, oryzias latipes, which has been widely used as a model organism in genomic and experimental biology for well over a century and was the first vertebrate animal to mate in space during the mid - 1990s .\nthere are currently just two genera included in the family, oryzias and adrianichthys, with the historically - recognised groupings xenopoecilus and horaichthys having been synonymised with oryzias by parenti (2008) .\nof the three species previously included in the paraphyletic xenopoecilius, x. oophorus and x. poptae were moved into adrianichthys with the third, x. sarasinorum currently recognised as oryzias sarasinorum .\nin addition the formerly monotypic indian species horaichthys setnai is currently classified as o. setnai .\nherder, f. and s. chapuis, 2010 - the raffles bulletin of zoology 58 (2): 269 - 280 oryzias hadiatyae, a new species of ricefish (atherinomorpha: belonifornes: adrianichthyidae) endemic to lake masapi, central sulawesi, indonesia .\nmagtoon, w. , 2010 - tropical natural history 10 (1): 107 - 129 oryzias songkhramensis, a new species of ricefish (beloniformes; adrianichthyidae) from northeast thailand and central laos .\nmagtoon, w. and a. termvidchakorn. 2009 - the natural history journal of chulalongkorn university 9 (1): 35 - 68 a revised taxonomic account of ricefish oryzias (beloniformes; adrianichthyidae), in thailand, indonesia and japan .\nparenti, l. r. , 2008 - zoological journal of the linnean society 154 (3): 494 - 610 a phylogenetic analysis and taxonomic revision of ricefishes, oryzias and relatives (beloniformes, adrianichthyidae) .\nparenti, l. r. and b. soeroto, 2004 - ichthyological research 51 (1): 10 - 19 adrianichthys roseni and oryzias nebulosus, two new ricefishes (atherinomorpha: beloniformes: adrianichthyidae) from lake poso, sulawesi, indonesia .\nparenti, l. r. and r. k. hadiaty, 2010 - copeia 2010 (2): 268 - 273 a new, remarkably colorful, small ricefish of the genus oryzias (beloniformes, adrianichthyidae) from sulawesi, indonesia .\nroberts, t. r. , 1998 - ichthyological research 45 (3): 213 - 224 systematic observations on tropical asian medakas or ricefishes of the genus oryzias, with descriptions of four new species .\nrosen, d. e. and l. r. parenti, 1981 - american museum novitates 2719: 1–25 relationships of oryzias, and the groups of atherinomorph fishes .\ntakehana, y. , k. naruse k and m. sakaizumi, 2005 - molecular phylogenetics and evolution 36 (2): 417–428 molecular phylogeny of the medaka fishes genus oryzias (beloniformes: adrianichthyidae) based on nuclear and mitochondrial dna sequences .\nuwa, h. and l. parenti, 1998 - japanese journal of ichthyology 35 (2): 159 - 166 morphometric and meristic variation in ricefishes, genus oryzias: a comparison with cytogenetic data .\nhabitat in the cauvery river basin, near muthati, karnataka state, southern india .\ndescribed from ‘the estuary below calcutta’, which presumably refers to the mouth of the hooghly river south of kolkata, west bengal state, eastern india .\ncurrent knowledge suggests it to be widely - distributed throughout eastern and southern india, sri lanka, bangladesh and myanmar .\nthere also exist records from the western slope of the malay peninsula including ranong province in southern (peninsular) thailand and penang state, northern peninsular malaysia .\ntends to occur in coastal waters but is adaptable and has been collected in a range of habitat - types, from strongly brackish, tidally - influenced mangrove swamps to acidic, freshwater forest streams, major river basins, pools and oxbows .\nbest maintained in a heavily planted set - up, ideally with a dark substrate, patches of dense vegetation, and some open areas .\nother décor can consist of twisted roots and pieces of bogwood, while surface vegetation is also appreciated by the fish .\nwhen maintained under such conditions they’re more likely to display their best colours, and planted aquaria also offer fry a more favourable chance of survival alongside the adults .\ngenerally peaceful but doesn’t make an ideal addition to many communities due to its small size .\nshould you wish to maintain it alongside other fishes diminutive species enjoying similar conditions such as microdevario, trigonostigma, pseudomugi and some danio spp. constitute the best options, while freshwater shrimp of the genera caridina and neocaridina are also suitable .\nif the intention is breeding then obviously it should ideally be maintained alone, and we don’t recommend keeping it with other oryzias spp. due to the potential of hybridisation, already proven in laboratory experiments .\nit’s mostly non - aggressive towards conspecifics, and tends to look most effective and behave more confidently in a group of 8 or more .\nadult males possess elongated, filamentous rays in the dorsal and anal fins, some of them tipped with a white marking, and have a slightly slimmer body shape than females .\nthe distal margin of the anal - fin is convex in males, straight or slightly concave in females, and the blue distal band is more intensely - coloured in males .\nthe genital papilla in males forms a short tube, while in females it is bilobed .\nalternatively the eggs or fry can be removed to a separate rearing container filled with water from the adults tank .\nonce free - swimming the fry are able to accept microworm, artemia nauplii, etc .\ncaution is recommended when housing juveniles of different ages together as the older will predate on the younger if there is a large enough discrepancy in size .\nthis species continues to be misidentified as o. melastigma, a name considered invalid by the majority of recent workers, or o. javanicus, a valid but distinct taxon .\no. dancena is only seen infrequently in the aquarium trade. it has a truncate, rather than lunate or emarginate, caudal - fin which distinguishes it from the congeners o. bonneorum, o. nebulosus, o. nigrimas, o. orthognathus, and o. sarasinorum, and in this respect appears to be a member of a large, unnamed clade or ‘ species group’ containing all other members of the genus .\nit’s further distinguishable from congeners by the following combination of characters: dorsal, anal and pelvic fins with white distal band; anal - fin with additional, blue submarginal band which is more intensely - coloured in males; males with some anal - fin rays extended as white - tipped filaments; anal - fin rays in males without bony contact organs; relatively deep body (body depth 24 - 34% of standard length (sl); females with relatively small bilobed urogenital papilla; lacrimal sensory canals closed; needle - like, elongate lateral strut on pelvic bone; 10 - 11 pectoral - fin rays; 19 - 24 anal - fin rays; 6 - 8 dorsal - fin rays .\nmagtoon, w. and a. termvidchakorn, 2009 - the natural history journal of chulalongkorn university 9 (1): 35 - 68 a revised taxonomic account of ricefish oryzias (beloniformes; adrianichthyidae), in thailand, indonesia and japan .\nparenti, l. r. and b. soeroto. 2004 - ichthyological research 51 (1): 10 - 19 adrianichthys roseni and oryzias nebulosus, two new ricefishes (atherinomorpha: beloniformes: adrianichthyidae) from lake poso, sulawesi, indonesia .\nuwa, h. and l. parenti, 1988 - japanese journal of ichthyology 35 (2): 159 - 166 morphometric and meristic variation in ricefishes, genus oryzias: a comparison with cytogenetic data .\npopular: trivia, history, america, cities, world, states, usa, television, ... more\nabraham, r. , krishna, k. k. , cox, n. a. & madhusoodana kurup, b .\nis assessed as least concern as this species enjoys a wide distribution in the indian sub - continent from sri lanka to pakistan, with no known threats .\nknown from the indian subcontinent with records of its presence in india (menon 1999), sri lanka (arnold 1911) and pakistan (mirza 2003). in peninsular india, it has been recorded from southern tamil nadu (indra 1993, remadevi and ilango 1993, indra 1994, remadevi et al. 1999), valapatanam river in northern kerala (kurup et al. 2004) and goa (tilak 1972) .\nfound under the surface in still waters, mainly coastal and often brackish, especially where there is surface vegetation or cover, such as mangrove swamps and rice fields (anon 2010) .\nlocalized threats include sand mining, pollution, water abstraction, sedimentation and collection for the international pet trade .\nno conservation actions are in place. there is a need to document the distribution of the species in the western ghats and confirm its taxonomic identity. genetic characterization using molecular techniques has been undertaken. this species has not been recorded from any protected areas. research on taxonomy, population, life history and threats is essential .\nthe species is widespread and locally declining in parts of its range due to introduced species (for mosquito control). however, this decline is not thought to be at a rate to qualify the species for a threatened category or near threatened .\npeninsular india (central and south) where it is widely distributed. it has been reported from sri lanka, but its presence there requires confirmation. the species is present in two disjunct populations in india. it has been lost from some parts of its range in southern india due to the introduction of\nit is locally abundant in many parts of its distributional range. however, in some areas the species is locally extirpated .\nthis fish lives in streams and reservoirs at high altitudes, and in rivers, wells of the plains, low - lying paddy fields, swamps and brackish waters (talwar and jhingran 1991)." ]

{ "text": [ "aplocheilus is a genus of killifish in the family aplocheilidae .", "their native range is in south and southeast asia , from pakistan to vietnam and malaysia , and from nepal to sri lanka .", "several species , especially the striped panchax , a. lineatus , are important aquarium fishes . " ], "topic": [ 26, 13, 3 ] }

[ "aplocheilus is a genus of killifish in the family aplocheilidae. their native range is in south and southeast asia, from pakistan to vietnam and malaysia, and from nepal to sri lanka. several species, especially the striped panchax, a. lineatus, are important aquarium fishes." ]

[ "super # fossilfriday today: the holotype of argonauta absyrtus. miocene of cyprus. urltoken\nhave a fact about argonauta absyrtus? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for argonauta absyrtus? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nnhm _ cephalopoda on twitter :\nsuper # fossilfriday today: the holotype of argonauta absyrtus. miocene of cyprus. urltoken\n- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - species: argonauta absyrtus martill & g. m. barker, 2006 † - id: 6070000001\nbelongs to argonauta according to d. m. martill and m. j. barker 2006\nfull reference: d. m. martill and m. j. barker. 2006. a paper nautilus (octopoda, argonauta) from the miocene pakhna formation of cyprus. palaeontology 49 (5): 1035 - 1041\ncopyright © 1999 - 2018 john wiley & sons, inc. all rights reserved\nenter your email address below. if your address has been previously registered, you will receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password. if you don' t receive an email, you should register as a new user\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\njavascript is required to use this web site. please turn it on before proceeding .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 0 transitional / / en\nsign in to disable all ads. thank you for helping build the largest language community on the internet .\nhave a better pronunciation? upload it here to share it with the entire community .\nsimply select a language and press on the speaker button to listen to the pronunciation of the word. leave a vote for your preferred pronunciation .\nwe' ve detected that javascript is disabled in your browser. would you like to proceed to legacy twitter ?\ntweets about all things cephalopod, brought to you by @ zehughes, curator of brachiopods and fossil cephalopods at the natural history museum, london .\nyou can add location information to your tweets, such as your city or precise location, from the web and via third - party applications. you always have the option to delete your tweet location history. learn more\nhere' s the url for this tweet. copy it to easily share with friends .\nby embedding twitter content in your website or app, you are agreeing to the twitter developer agreement and developer policy .\nnot on twitter? sign up, tune into the things you care about, and get updates as they happen .\nthis timeline is where you’ll spend most of your time, getting instant updates about what matters to you .\nhover over the profile pic and click the following button to unfollow any account .\nwhen you see a tweet you love, tap the heart — it lets the person who wrote it know you shared the love .\nthe fastest way to share someone else’s tweet with your followers is with a retweet. tap the icon to send it instantly .\nadd your thoughts about any tweet with a reply. find a topic you’re passionate about, and jump right in .\ntwitter may be over capacity or experiencing a momentary hiccup. try again or visit twitter status for more information." ]

{ "text": [ "argonauta absyrtus is an extinct species of octopus assigned to the genus argonauta .", "a. absyrtus was described in 2006 based on fossil material from the serravallian ( middle miocene ) pakhna formation of southern cyprus .", "it represents the first argonaut fossil reported from the eastern mediterranean . " ], "topic": [ 26, 5, 15 ] }

[ "argonauta absyrtus is an extinct species of octopus assigned to the genus argonauta. a. absyrtus was described in 2006 based on fossil material from the serravallian (middle miocene) pakhna formation of southern cyprus. it represents the first argonaut fossil reported from the eastern mediterranean." ]

[ "ceryx; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 171, 332\nchionodes ceryx hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 172, 332, pl. 3, f. 13 - 14; tl: n key largo, florida\nholotype for chionodes ceryx hodges, 1999 catalog number: usnm collection: smithsonian institution, national museum of natural history, department of entomology sex / stage: male; preparation: pinned collector (s): d. ferguson year collected: 1976 locality: n. key largo, monroe, florida, united states\nchionodes borzella bidzilya, 2000; beitr. ent. 50 (2): 391\nchionodes soella huemer & sattler, 1995; beitr. ent. 45 (1): 21\nchionodes aprilella huemer & sattler, 1995; beitr. ent. 45 (1): 24\nchionodes flavipalpella huemer & sattler, 1995; beitr. ent. 45 (1): 33\nchionodes flavipalpella; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 333\nchionodes caucasiella huemer & sattler, 1995; beitr. ent. 45 (1): 34\nchionodes caucasiella; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 333\nchionodes frigidella huemer & sattler, 1995; beitr. ent. 45 (1): 50\nchionodes frigidella; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 333\nchionodes tantella huemer & sattler, 1995; beitr. ent. 45 (1): 64\nchionodes tantella; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 333\nchionodes attonita; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 333\nchionodes ermolaevi bidzilya, 2012; shilap revta lepid. 40 (160): 422; tl: sakhalin\nchionodes grandis clarke, 1947; j. wash. acad. sci. 37: 253; tl: silverton, colorado\nchionodes tundra bidzilya, 2012; shilap revta lepid. 40 (160): 421; tl: jamalo - nenetskiy ar\nchionodes pereyra clarke, 1947; j. wash. acad. sci. 37: 253; tl: vero beach, florida\nchionodes stefaniae; landry & roque - albelo, 2010, revue suisse zool. 117 (4): 699 (list )\nchionodes salicella sattler, 1967; can. ent. 99: 82; tl: skeena crossing, cassiar dist. , british colombia\nchionodes acerella sattler, 1967; can. ent. 99: 78; tl: izman creek, kamloops distr. , british columbia\nchionodes tessa clarke, 1947; j. wash. acad. sci. 37: 246; tl: petaluma, sonoma co. , california\nchionodes canofusella clarke, 1947; j. wash. acad. sci. 37: 248; tl: encantada, brooks co. , texas\nchionodes bicolor clarke, 1947; j. wash. acad. sci. 37: 250; tl: petaluma, sonoma co. , california\nchionodes meridiochilensis king & montesinos, 2012; acta zool. cracov. 55 (1): 47; tl: chile, region de biobio\nchionodes stefaniae schmitz & landry, 2007; rev. suisse zool. 114: 177; tl: galapagos, isabela, volcan darwin, 630m\nchionodes iridescens clarke, 1947; j. wash. acad. sci. 37: 244; tl: american lake, pierce co. , washington\nchionodes pleroma; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 32 (note), 331\nchionodes scotodes; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 32 (note), 331\nchionodes whitmanella clarke, 1942; proc. u. s. nat. mus. 92 (3149): 271; tl: pullmann, washington\nthe moths of america north of mexico including greenland. fascicle 7. 6. gelechioidea, gelechiidae (part), gelechiinae (part - chionodes )\nthe lepidoptera of white sands national monument, otero county, new mexico, usa 10. a remarkable new white species of chionodes hübner (gelechiidae )\nchionodes sabinianae powell, 1959; ent. news 70 (5): 127; tl: russelman park, mt diablo, contra costa co. , california\nchionodes soella; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 333; [ me3 ], 139, 31; [ fe ]\nchionodes aprilella; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 333; [ me3 ], 141, 31; [ fe ]\n= chionodes psilopterus; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 201; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 18\nchionodes cusor hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 204, 333, pl. 4, f. 75; tl: alamosa, colorado\nchionodes offectus hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 219, 333, pl. 3, f. 57; tl: boulder, colorado\nchionodes fimus hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 204, 333, pl. 4, f. 76; tl: schrader lake, alaska\nchionodes is a genus of moths of the family gelechiidae. it is distributed throughout much of the world. the larvae of many species use the douglas fir as a host plant .\nchionodes tragicella; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 333; [ me3 ], 139, 31; [ fe ]\nchionodes luctuella; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 333; [ me3 ], 140, 31; [ fe ]\nchionodes molitor hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 210, 333, pl. 3, f. 36; tl: putnam co. , illinois\nchionodes boreas hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 211, 333, pl. 3, f. 43 - 44; tl: nordegg, alberta\nchionodes holosericella; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 333; [ me3 ], 143, 31; [ fe ]\nchionodes histon hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 221, 333, pl. 3, f. 61; tl: penticon creek, british columbia\nchionodes perpetuella; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 333; [ me3 ], 146, 31; [ fe ]\nchionodes apolectella; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 333; [ me3 ], 147, 31; [ fe ]\nchionodes hayreddini; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 333; [ me3 ], 149, 31; [ fe ]\nchionodes hinnella; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 333; [ me3 ], 149, 31; [ fe ]\nchionodes bastuliella; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 333; [ me3 ], 150, 32; [ fe ]\nchionodes nebulosella; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 333; [ me3 ], 152, 32; [ fe ]\nchionodes sagayica; huemer & sattler, 1995, beitr. ent. 45 (1): 63; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 333\nchionodes nitor hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 84, 331, pl. 1, f. 59; tl: berkeley, alameda co, california\nchionodes oecus hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 89, 331, pl. 1, f. 63 - 64; tl: palm springs, california\nchionodes lacticoma; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 32 (note), 331; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nchionodes icriodes; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 32 (note), 331; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nchionodes litigiosa; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 32 (note), 331; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nchionodes pentadora; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 32 (note), 331; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nchionodes dryobathra; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 106 (note), 332; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nchionodes argosema; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 165 (note), 332; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nchionodes consona; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 165 (note), 332; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nchionodes eburata; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 165 (note), 332; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nchionodes salva; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 172 (note), 332; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nchionodes sepultor hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 220, 333, pl. 3, f. 60; tl: 6 mi nw newcastle, wyoming\nchionodes percultor hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 58, 331, pl. 4, f. 1; tl: washington mtns, near nogales, arizona\nchionodes plutor hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 91, 331, pl. 1, f. 69; tl: sanderson, terrell co. , texas\nchionodes nepos hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 92, 331, pl. 1, f. 71; tl: indio, riverside co. , california\nchionodes thyotes hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 96, 331, pl. 2, f. 1; tl: southmost, cameron co. , texas\nchionodes soter hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 128, 332, pl. 2, f. 39 - 41; tl: putnam co. , illinois\nchionodes rabula hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 59, 331, pl. 1, f. 16; tl: parker island, highlands co. , florida\nchionodes cacula hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 61, 331, pl. 5, f. 1; tl: archbold biologial station, lake placid, florida\nchionodes emptor hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 62, 331, pl. 1, f. 17; tl: archbold biologial station, lake placid, florida\nchionodes drapeta hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 63, 331, pl. 1, f. 18; tl: key largo, monroe co. , florida\nchionodes paean hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 93, 331, pl. 1, f. 72; tl: jacumba, san diego co. , california\nchionodes cibus hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 98, 331, pl. 2, f. 6; tl: laguna atascosa, cameron co. , texas\nchionodes occlusus; [ nacl ], # 2101; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 333; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 18\nchionodes suasor hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 57, 331, pl. 1, f. 14; tl: huntsville state park, walker co. , texas\nchionodes esor hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 62, 331, pl. 1, f. 19; tl: big pine key, monroe co. , florida\nchionodes tarmes hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 66, 331, pl. 4, f. 5; tl: t2n r14w s31, allegan co. , michigan\nchionodes macor hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 88, 331, pl. 1, f. 62; tl: saratoga springs, san bernardino co. , california\nchionodes irreptor hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 143, 332, pl. 2, f. 53; tl: garner state park, uvalde co. , texas\nchionodes restio hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 148, 332, pl. 2, f. 58 - 59; tl: sonoma, sonoma co. , california\nchionodes ludio hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 152, 332, pl. 2, f. 64; tl: new lisbon, burlington co. , new jersey\nchionodes obelus hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 186, 332, pl. 3, f. 16; tl: hayfork ranger station, trinity co. , california\nchionodes kubai hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 188, 332, pl. 4, f. 43; tl: pne hill, el dorado co. , california\nchionodes rectifex hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 199, 333, pl. 3, f. 23 - 24; tl: pensacola, escambia co. , florida\nchionodes aleo hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 202, 333, pl. 4, f. 71; tl: cedar pass campground, modoc co. , california\nchionodes rupex hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 203, 333, pl. 4, f. 74; tl: green river lake, wind river range, wyoming\nchionodes fictor hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 219, 333, pl. 3, f. 58; tl: atigun pass & below, brooks range, alaska\nchionodes praecia hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 222, 333, pl. 3, f. 63 - 64; tl: vineyard, utah co. , utah\nchionodes pulvis hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 69, 331, pl. 1, f. 30; tl: san bruno mtns, san mateo co. , california\nchionodes bios hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 191, 332, pl. 4, f. 47; tl: 4 mi n prescott, yavapai co. , arizona\nchionodes tannuolella; [ nhm card ]; huemer & sattler, 1995, beitr. ent. 45 (1): 32; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 333\nchionodes lictor hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 222, 333, pl. 3, f. 62; tl: mt. shasta city, shasta co. , california\nchionodes procus hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 92, 331, pl. 1, f. 70; tl: gran quivira national monument, socorro co. , new mexico\nchionodes lector hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 121, 332, pl. 2, f. 25 - 26; tl: woodwardia canyon e, riverside co. , california\nchionodes sevir hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 137, 332, pl. 4, f. 24; tl: highlands, 3865', macon co. , north carolina\nchionodes baro hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 144, 332, pl. 2, f. 54; tl: highlands, 3865', macon co. , north carolina\nchionodes popa hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 167, 332, pl. 3, f. 6 - 7; tl: mint canyon, los angeles co. , california\nchionodes donatella; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 169, 332, pl. 3, f. 9; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 16\nchionodes petro hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 169, 332, pl. 3, f. 10; tl: 2 mi ne lakeside, san diego co. , california\nchionodes dolo hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 198, 333, pl. 3, f. 22; tl: dempster highway, km 155, 1050m, yukon, canada\nchionodes praeco hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 209, 333, pl. 3, f. 34 - 35; tl: ocqueoc lake, presque isle co. , michigan\nchionodes manabiensis schmitz & landry, 2007; rev. suisse zool. 114: 180; tl: ecuador, manabi, parque nacional machalilla, los frailes, s 01°29. 340', w 80°46. 868 40m\nchionodes hapsus hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 55, 331, pl. 1, f. 12; tl: devil' s den state park, washington co. , arkansas\nchionodes volo hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 75, 331, pl. 1, f. 38; tl: fort davis, 5000', jeff davis co. , texas\nchionodes landryi hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 95, 331, pl. 1, f. 76; tl: lost river valley, 10 km s onefour, alberta, cadana\nchionodes factor hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 196, 333, pl. 4, f. 60; tl: big bear lake, 6800, san bernardino co. , california\nchionodes trico hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 211, 333, pl. 3, f. 45 - 46; tl: hardy work center, lawrence co. , south dakoa\nchionodes impes hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 227, 333, pl. 3, f. 70, pl. 5, f. 4; tl: kamiak butte, washington\nchionodes sannio hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 70, 331, pl. 1, f. 31; tl: 2. 5 mi west fort simcoe, yakima co. , washington\nchionodes stator hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 71, 331, pl. 1, f. 32; tl: 2. 5 mi west fort simcoe, yakima co. , washington\nchionodes meddix hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 73, 331, pl. 1, f. 35; tl: clear creek camp, se camp verde, yavapai co. , arizona\nchionodes pavor hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 80, 331, pl. 1, f. 49; tl: camp baldy, san bernardino mtns, san bernardino co. , california\nchionodes pacator hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 82, 331, pl. 1, f. 53; tl: mt lowe, san gabriel mtns, los angeles co. , california\nchionodes regens hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 85, 331, pl. 1, f. 61; tl: hackberry lake, valenine national wildlife refuge, cherry co. , nebraska\nchionodes morus hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 103, 331, pl. 4, f. 22; tl: ciervo hills, 18 mi sw medota, fresno co. , califoria\nchionodes cautor hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 142, 332, pl. 2, f. 52; tl: green gulch, big bend national park, brewster co. , texas\nchionodes mikkolai hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 208, 333, pl. 3, f. 33; tl: carmacks, 62°05' n, 136°20' w, yukon, canada\nchionodes franclemonti hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 65, 331, pl. 4, f. 2 - 4; tl: wrangle brook road, lakehurst, ocean co. , new jersey\nchionodes sanator hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 85, 331, pl. 1, f. 60; tl: sw res sta, 5400, chiricahua mts, cochise co. , arizona\nchionodes repertor hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 89, 331, pl. 1, f. 65; tl: 7 mi e jacob lake, coconino co. , 6800', arizona\nchionodes adamas hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 150, 332, pl. 2, f. 61 - 63; tl: devil' s den state park, washington co. , arkansas\nchionodes elainae hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 192, 332, pl. 4, f. 50; tl: onion saddle, 7600', chiricahua mtns, cochise co. , arizona\nchionodes hospes hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 196, 333, pl. 4, f. 61 - 62; tl: 9 mi sw atascadero, san luis obispo co. , california\nchionodes sponsus hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 207, 333, pl. 4, f. 81; tl: sierra diable wildlife management area, 6400', culberson co. , texas\nchionodes theurgis hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 213, 333, pl. 3, f. 47; tl: 4 mi sw buean vista, 8700', chaffee co. , colorado\nchionodes imber hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 71, 331, pl. 1, f. 33 - 34; tl: hackberry lake, valentine nationa wildlife reserve, cherry co. , nebraska\nchionodes naevus hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 77, 331, pl. 1, f. 41; tl: cave creek canyon, 5400', chiricahua mtns, cochise co. , arizona\nchionodes davisi hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 78, 331, pl. 1, f. 42; tl: southwest research station, 5400', chiricahua mtns, cochise co. , arizona\nchionodes delitor hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 83, 331, pl. 1, f. 58; tl: k bar ranch, chisos mtns, 3400', brewster co. , texas\nchionodes bardus hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 99, 331, pl. 4, f. 10; tl: santa barbara island, channel island national park, santa barbara co. , california\nchionodes metoecus hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 125, 332, pl. 2, f. 32 - 34; tl: snake creek, 3 mi nw midway, wasatch co. , utah\nchionodes optio hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 154, 332, pl. 4, f. 32; tl: mt locke, davis mtns, 6700', jeff davis co. , texas\nchionodes agriodes; [ nacl ], # 2059; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 202, 333; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 15\nchionodes bustosorum metzler, 2016; zootaxa 4109 (3): 373; tl: new mexico, otero co. , white sands nat. mon. , 106°1. 38' w; 32°46. 60' n 4, 000'\nchionodes powelli hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 52, 331, pl. 1, f. 2; tl: snake lake, 4 mi nw quincy, 4000', plumas co. , california\nchionodes abavus hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 64, 331, pl. 1, f. 20; tl: madera canyon, santa rita mts, 4880', santa cruz co. , arizona\nchionodes obex hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 75, 331, pl. 1, f. 39; tl: madera canyon, santa rita mtns, 4880', santa cruz co. , arizona\nchionodes munifex hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 76, 331, pl. 1, f. 40; tl: madera canyon, santa rita mtns, 4880', santa cruz co. , arizona\nchionodes sabinianae; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 79, 331, pl. 1, f. 48; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 19\nchionodes rector hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 83, 331, pl. 1, f. 56 - 57; tl: 5 mi n buena vista, 8200', chaffee co. , colorado\nchionodes fremor hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 128, 332, pl. 2, f. 38; tl: madera canyon, santa rita mtns, 4880', santa cruz co. , arizona\nchionodes lusor hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 130, 332, pl. 2, f. 42; tl: madera canyon, santa rita mtns, 4880', santa cruz co. , arizona\nchionodes erro hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 134, 332, pl. 4, f. 23; tl: madera canyon, santa rita mtns, 4880', santa cruz co. , arizona\nchionodes altor hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 141, 332, pl. 4, f. 30; tl: madera canyon, santa rita mtns, 4880', santa cruz co. , arizona\nchionodes pinax hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 149, 332, pl. 2, f. 60; tl: hart prairie, 10 mi nnw flagstaff, 8500', coconino co. , arizona\nchionodes messor hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 153, 332, pl. 2, f. 65; tl: 1 mi ne san marcos pass, 1500', santa barbara co. , california\nchionodes magirus hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 157, 332, pl. 4, f. 34; tl: madera canyon, santa rita mtns, 4880', santa cruz co. , arizona\nchionodes gestor hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 159, 332, pl. 2, f. 74; tl: madera canyon, santa rita mtns, 4880', santa cruz co. , arizona\nchionodes bibo hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 162, 332, pl. 3, f. 3; tl: madera canyon, santa rita mtns, 5600', santa cruz co. , arizona\nchionodes luror hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 193, 332, pl. 4, f. 51; tl: west fork, 6500', 16 mi sw flagstaff, coconino co. , arizona\nchionodes gratus hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 203, 333, pl. 3, f. 28; tl: big timber canyon, 6500', half moon park, crazy mts. , montana\nchionodes senica hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 206, 333, pl. 4, f. 79; tl: hart prairie, 8500', 10 mi nnw flagstaff, coconino co. , arizona\nchionodes dator hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 206, 333, pl. 4, f. 80; tl: louis lake, 28 mi sw lander, 8600', fremont co. , wyoming\nchionodes ustor hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 207, 333, pl. 3, f. 32; tl: bridger forest camp, 7500', wind river mtns, sublette co. , wyoming\nchionodes rogator hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 208, 333, pl. 4, f. 82 - 83; tl: mosca creek, great sand dunes national monument, alamosa co. , colorado\nchionodes veles hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 212, 333, pl. 4, f. 84; tl: castles, 8 mi e buena vista, 8800', chaffee co. , colorado\nchionodes gerdius hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 214, 333, pl. 4, f. 87; tl: oso flaco lake, 5 mi s oceano, san luis obispo co. , california\nchionodes latro hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 224, 333, pl. 3, f. 68 - 69; tl: lake delancy, ocala national forest read 75, mario co. , florida\nchionodes rhombus hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 105, 331, pl. 2, f. 9; tl: fort valley, 7. 5 mi nw flagstaff, 7350ä, coconino co. , arizona\nchionodes tributor hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 214, 333, pl. 3, f. 48; tl: ozena camp, cuyama river, 1 mi e hiway 33, ventura co. , california\nchionodes ensis hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 216, 333, pl. 3, f. 50 - 51; tl: head of ephraim canyon, 10000 - 10300', sanpete co. , utah\nchionodes nubilella; huemer & sattler, 1995, beitr. ent. 45 (1): 35; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 333; [ me3 ], 145, 31; [ fe ]\nchionodes donahueorum hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 68, 331, pl. 1, f. 28 - 29; tl: mt washington district, 840', los angeles, los angeles co. , california\nchionodes parens hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 136, 332, pl. 2, f. 50 - 51; tl: madera canyon, santa rita mtns, 4880', santa cruz co. , arizona\nchionodes adam hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 140, 332, pl. 4, f. 28 - 29; tl: madera canyon, santa rita mtns, 4880', santa cruz co. , arizona\nchionodes nubis hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 156, 332, pl. 2, f. 67 - 68; tl: hart prairie, 10 mi nnw flagstaff, 8500', coconino co. , arizona\nchionodes innox hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 158, 332, pl. 2, f. 69 - 73; tl: madera canyon, santa rita mtns, 5600', santa cruz co. , arizona\nchionodes canofusella; [ nacl ], # 2066; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 189, 332, pl. 3, f. 17; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 15\nchionodes psilopterus; [ nacl ], # 2111; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 201, 333, pl. 3, f. 26; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 18\nchionodes metallicus; [ nacl ], # 2094; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 220, 333, pl. 3, f. 59; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 17\nchionodes canor hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 221, 333, pl. 3, f. 25; tl: fort valley, 7. 5 mi nw flagstaff, 7350', coconino co. , arizona\nchionodes abitus hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 56, 331, pl. 1, f. 13; tl: cold creek, 5 mi s buck creek ranger station, 6300', modoc co. , california\nchionodes lactans hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 74, 331, pl. 1, f. 36 - 37; tl: sierra diablo, 20 mi nnw van horn, 6000', culberson co. , texas\nchionodes fructuarius; [ nacl ], # 2078; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 97, 331, pl. 2, f. 4 - 5; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 16\nchionodes luteogeminatus; [ nacl ], # 2091; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 100, 331, pl. 4, f. 11 - 12; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 17\nchionodes helicostictus; [ nacl ], # 2083; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 102, 331, pl. 4, f. 16 - 18; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 16\nchionodes pallor hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 197, 333, pl. 3, f. 20 - 21; tl: fort valley, 7350', 7. 5 mi nw flagstaff, coconino co. , arizona\nchionodes nigrobarbatus; [ nacl ], # 2097; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 223, 333, pl. 3, f. 65 - 66; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 17\nchionodes praetor hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 224, 333, pl. 3, f. 67, pl. 4, f. 90; tl: head ephraim canyon, 10300', sanpete co. , utah\nchionodes permactus; [ nacl ], # 2106; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 228, 333, pl. 5, f. 5 - 8; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 18\nchionodes violacea; [ nhm card ]; huemer & sattler, 1995, beitr. ent. 45 (1): 25; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 333; [ me3 ], 142, 31; [ fe ]\nchionodes distinctella; [ nhm card ]; huemer & sattler, 1995, beitr. ent. 45 (1): 42; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 333; [ me3 ], 148, 31; [ fe ]\nchionodes clarkei hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 228, 333, pl. 3, f. 71, pl. 5, f. 9; tl: steens mt. , fish lake, 7100, harney co. , oregon\nchionodes electella; [ nhm card ]; huemer & sattler, 1995, beitr. ent. 45 (1): 52; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 333; [ me3 ], 150, 32; [ fe ]\nchionodes fumatella; [ nhm card ]; huemer & sattler, 1995, beitr. ent. 45 (1): 59; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 333; [ me3 ], 153, 32; [ fe ]\nchionodes ignorantella; [ nhm card ]; huemer & sattler, 1995, beitr. ent. 45 (1): 65; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 333; [ me3 ], 154, 32; [ fe ]\nchionodes argentipunctella; [ nacl ], # 2061; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 55, 331, pl. 1, f. 11; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 15\nchionodes gilvomaculella; [ nacl ], # 2080; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 59, 331, pl. 1, f. 15; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 16\nchionodes periculella; [ nacl ], # 2105; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 80, 331, pl. 1, f. 49; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 18\nchionodes xanthophilella; [ nacl ], # 2125; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 90, 331, pl. 1, f. 66; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 19\nchionodes sistrella; [ nacl ], # 2116; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 93, 331, pl. 1, f. 73; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 19\nchionodes hodgesorum metzler, 2014; j. lep. soc. 68 (2): 81; tl: new mexico, otero co. , white sands nat. monument, edge of dunes habitat, 106°11. 32' w, 32°45. 72' n, 4000'\nchionodes paralogella; [ nacl ], # 2103; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 100, 331, pl. 4, f. 13; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 18\nchionodes salicella; [ nacl ], # 2114; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 120, 331, pl. 2, f. 22; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 19\nchionodes acerella; [ nacl ], # 2057; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 124, 332, pl. 2, f. 31; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 15\nchionodes terminimaculella; [ nacl ], # 2117; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 132, 332, pl. 2, f. 46; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 19\nchionodes pastor hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 155, 332, pl. 2, f. 66, pl. 4, f. 33; tl: great basin exp staion nr ephraim, 8850', sanpete co. , utah\nchionodes fondella; [ nacl ], # 2076; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 160, 332, pl. 3, f. 1; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 16\nchionodes pseudofondella; [ nacl ], # 2110; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 161, 332, pl. 3, f. 2; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 18\nchionodes mariona; [ nacl ], # 2092; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 168, 332, pl. 3, f. 8; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 17\nchionodes halycopa; [ nacl ], # 2082; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 171, 332, pl. 2, f. 12; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 16\nchionodes hibiscella; [ nacl ], # 2084; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 190, 332, pl. 4, f. 46; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 16\nchionodes aristella; [ nacl ], # 2062; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 195, 333, pl. 4, f. 56; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 15\nchionodes mongolica; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 333; [ me3 ], 142, 31; park & ponomarenko, 2006, shilap revta. lepid. 34 (135): 280; [ fe ]\nchionodes hostis hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 122, 332, pl. 2, f. 23 - 24; tl: major' s flat near ephraim canyon, oak / pinyon junipre zone, 7100', sanpete co. , utah\nchionodes fuscomaculella; [ nacl ], # 2079; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 53, 331, pl. 1, f. 3 - 6; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 16\nchionodes bicostomaculella; [ nacl ], # 2064; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 54, 331, pl. 1, f. 7 - 9; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 15\nchionodes lophosella; [ nacl ], # 2089; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 67, 331, pl. 1, f. 21 - 23; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 17\nchionodes nanodella; [ nacl ], # 2095; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 68, 331, pl. 1, f. 24 - 27; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 17\nchionodes abella; [ nacl ], # 2055; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 79, 331, pl. 1, f. 43 - 47; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 15\nchionodes kincaidella; [ nacl ], # 2086; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 87, 331, pl. 4, f. 6 - 9; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 17\nchionodes pinguicula; [ nacl ], # 2109; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 90, 331, pl. 1, f. 67 - 68; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 18\nchionodes dentella; [ nacl ], # 2071; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 95, 331, pl. 1, f. 74 - 75; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 16\nchionodes abdominella; [ nacl ], # 2054; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 97, 331, pl. 2, f. 2 - 3; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 15\nchionodes dammersi; [ nacl ], # 2070; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 101, 331, pl. 4, f. 14 - 15; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 16\nchionodes notandella; [ nacl ], # 2098; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 102, 331, pl. 4, f. 19 - 21; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 17\nchionodes ochreostrigella; [ nacl ], # 2102; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 104, 331, pl. 2, f. 7 - 8; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 18\nchionodes thoraceochrella; [ nacl ], # 2119; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 117, 331, pl. 2, f. 13 - 17; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 19\nchionodes chrysopyla; [ nacl ], # 2068; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 119, 331, pl. 2, f. 18 - 21; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 15\nchionodes obscurusella; [ nacl ], # 2099; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 123, 332, pl. 2, f. 27 - 30; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 18\nchionodes occidentella; [ nacl ], # 2100; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 127, 332, pl. 2, f. 35 - 37; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 18\nchionodes trichostola; [ nacl ], # 2120; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 135, 332, pl. 2, f. 47 - 49; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 19\nchionodes acrina; [ nacl ], # 2058; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 139, 332, pl. 4, f. 25 - 27; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 15\nchionodes secutor hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 146, 332, pl. 2, f. 55, pl. 4, f. 31; tl: davis mnts, 5 mi se livermore, 6000', jeff davis co. , texas\nchionodes trophella; [ nacl ], # 2121; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 147, 332, pl. 2, f. 56 - 57; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 19\nchionodes discoocellella; [ nacl ], # 2072; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 170, 332, pl. 3, f. 11 - 12; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 16\nchionodes ceanothiella; [ nacl ], # 2067; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 187, 332, pl. 4, f. 41 - 42; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 15\nchionodes aruns hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 189, 332, pl. 3, f. 18, pl. 4, f. 44; tl: sierra diablo, 20 mi nnw van horn, 6000', culberson co. , texas\nchionodes retiniella; [ nacl ], # 2112; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 192, 332, pl. 4, f. 48 - 49; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 19\nchionodes arenella; [ nacl ], # 2060; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 193, 332, pl. 4, f. 52 - 53; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 15\nchionodes figurella; [ nacl ], # 2073; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 194, 333, pl. 4, f. 54 - 55; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 16\nchionodes braunella; [ nacl ], # 2065; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 225, 333, pl. 4, f. 91 - 93; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 15\nchionodes flavicorporella; [ nacl ], # 2074; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 229, pl. 3, f. 72 - 73, 333; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 16\nchionodes sattleri hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 218, 333, pl. 3, f. 54 - 56, pl. 4, f. 89; tl: bog e of big indian lake, halifax watershed, halifax co. , nova scotia\nchionodes (gelechiini); [ me3 ], 137, 31; [ sangmi lee ]; landry & roque - albelo, 2010, revue suisse zool. 117 (4): 704, 699 (list); lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 15; [ fe ]\nchionodes johnstoni; brown, adamski, hodges & bahr, 2004, zootaxa 510: 76; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 81, 331, pl. 1, f. 51 - 52; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 17\nchionodes formosella; [ nacl ], # 2077 (rev. stat .); [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 50, 331, pl. 1, f. 1; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 16\nchionodes praeclarella; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 200, 333, pl. 4, f. 64 - 67; [ me3 ], 144, 31; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 18; [ fe ]\nchionodes mediofuscella; [ nacl ], # 2093; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 131, 332, pl. 2, f. 43 - 45; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 17\nchionodes iridescens; brown, adamski, hodges & bahr, 2004, zootaxa 510: 75; [ nacl ], # 2085; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 54, 331, pl. 1, f. 10; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 17\nchionodes pereyra; brown, adamski, hodges & bahr, 2004, zootaxa 510: 109; [ nacl ], # 2104; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 163, 332, pl. 3, f. 4; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 18\nchionodes grandis; brown, adamski, hodges & bahr, 2004, zootaxa 510: 64; [ nacl ], # 2081; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 195, 333, pl. 3, f. 19; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 16\nchionodes tessa; brown, adamski, hodges & bahr, 2004, zootaxa 510: 137; [ nacl ], # 2118; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 82, 331, pl. 1, f. 54 - 55; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 19\nchionodes petalumensis; brown, adamski, hodges & bahr, 2004, zootaxa 510: 111; [ nacl ], # 2107; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 164, 332, pl. 4, f. 36 - 38; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 18\nchionodes bicolor; brown, adamski, hodges & bahr, 2004, zootaxa 510: 24; [ nacl ], # 2063; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 205, 333, pl. 3, f. 29 - 30; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 15\nchionodes whitmanella; brown, adamski, hodges & bahr, 2004, zootaxa 510: 147; [ nacl ], # 2124; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 205, 333, pl. 3, f. 31, pl. 4, f. 77 - 78; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 19\nchionodes viduella; [ nacl ], # 2123; [ nhm card ]; huemer & sattler, 1995, beitr. ent. 45 (1): 54; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 215, 333, pl. 3, f. 49; [ me3 ], 32; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 19; [ fe ]\nchionodes continuella; [ nacl ], # 2069; [ nhm card ]; huemer & sattler, 1995, beitr. ent. 45 (1): 37; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 216, 333, pl. 3, f. 52 - 53, pl. 4, f. 88; [ me3 ], 145, 31; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 16; [ fe ]\n=; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 15; [ sangmi lee ]; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 15\nformosella; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 32, 331\nformosella; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 50, 331\nnova scotia, sw. manitoba, north carolina, missouri. see [ maps ]\n= gelechia vernella; busck, 1903, proc. u. s. nat. mus. 25 (1304): 884\n=; [ nacl ], # 2077; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 50, 331; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 16\nlarva on quercus imrbricaria? q. rubra, q. velutina, q. alba, ostrya virginiana hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 52\ncalifornia, oregon, washington, texas, oklahoma, arkansas, louisiana, mississippi, florida. see [ maps ]\nlarva on quercus lobata, q. kelloggii, q. garryana hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 52\nnova scotia, quebec - florida, sw. wisconsin, e. texas, e. oklahoma. see [ maps ]\n=; [ nacl ], # 2079; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 53, 331; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 16\nlarva on quercus macrocarpa, q. rubra, fagus grandifolia, carya hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 53\n=; busck, 1903, proc. u. s. nat. mus. 25 (1304): 879; [ nacl ], # 2064; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 54, 331; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 15" ]

{ "text": [ "chionodes ceryx is a moth in the gelechiidae family .", "it is found in north america , where it has been recorded from florida .", "the wingspan is about 15 mm .", "adults have been recorded on wing nearly year round . " ], "topic": [ 2, 20, 9, 8 ] }

[ "chionodes ceryx is a moth in the gelechiidae family. it is found in north america, where it has been recorded from florida. the wingspan is about 15 mm. adults have been recorded on wing nearly year round." ]

[ "ornithoptera goliath oberthür, 1888 = troides goliath oberthür, 1888 = ornithophera goliath = ornithoptera (schoenbergia) goliath = schoenbergia goliath huebneri rumbucher, 1973 .\ngoliath birdwing, ornithoptera goliath, close - up. florida museum photo by eric zamora\nhere you can see some photos of ornithoptera goliath supremus (male above / female below). ornithoptera goliath is a member of the\nthe spicher and company accessories large ornithoptera goliath supremus is available from brashears at select locations .\nornithoptera goliath procus form jeromiae male habitat: ceram is. , indonesia | butterfly | pinterest | indonesia, butterfly and moth\nkatja schulz selected\nornithoptera meridionalis\nto show in overview on\nornithoptera meridionalis (rothschild, 1897 )\n.\nthis is one of six subspecies of ornithoptera goliath. procus has the most green on the hindwings. goliath is the second largest butterfly in the world superceded only by ornithoptera alexandrae. the wingspan of the female (bottom) pictured here is 8. 5 inches. o. goliath procus is from the island of ceram, indonesia .\nhere you can see the subspecies ornithoptera goliath samson (male left / female right). the wingspan is about 12 - 16 cm .\nornithoptera goliath is a butterfly from the australasia / indomalaya (australia) ecozone. the distribution is restricted on new guinea and other islands in the neighbourhood .\nornithoptera goliath is, like all other birdwings a true miracle of nature. this butterfly is strictly protected. it is listed in the appendix ii from cites .\n? titan grose - smith, 1900 (see notes under s. goliath titan )\ncopulating pair of ornithoptera euphorion (female above, male below). the sexes are quite different in appearance, as is typical of species in the genus ornithoptera\na monograph of the birdwing butterflies. the systematics of ornithoptera, troides and related genera\nnamed in honour of mr. ukihide tateishi, who rediscovered o. goliath in yapen is .\nin february, environment and forestry ministry (klhk) investigators arrested a french national, identified as dl, in papua for allegedly attempting to smuggle a rare butterfly species named ornithoptera goliath, which is widely known as goliath birdwing and is the second - largest butterfly on the planet .\nmale (left) and female (right) representative of each birdwing genus: trogonoptera brookiana (top), troides oblongomaculatus papuensis (middle), ornithoptera goliath samson (bottom) .\nstraatman, raymond; & schmid, f. , 1975 notes on the biology of ornithoptera goliath and o. chimaera (papilionidae). journal of the lepidopterists' society 29: 85 - 88. pdf\nпетя спасова added text to\nsouthern tailed birdwing\non\nornithoptera meridionalis (rothschild, 1897 )\n.\ngoliath supremus pair (10\nx 13\nx 1 1 / 2\n) - $ 229. 00 product # 527\nat present i am completing 4 different series each depicting the 11 recognized species, and some subspecies, of ornithoptera butterflies .\nthese massive goliath supremus birdwings are very similar to the goliath samson that we' ve offered for years. most notable difference is in the female with its striking black upperwings and gold lower wings. very stunning! the males are simply incredible and measure about 5 + inches wide x 5 inches long .\nthe southern tailed birdwing (ornithoptera meridionalis) is the smallest species of the genus ornithoptera. it is known from a handful of localities in southeast papua, new guinea (o. meridionalis meridionalis) and several localities along the south coast of irian jaya (o. meridionalis tarunggarensis) .\nthe fore wings are black. the wing leading edge is green. in back side of wing there is a large, triangular, green area. the underside of ornithoptera goliath is yellow and greenish. the veins and the edge are black. at the outer edge there are some small, black spots .\nkatja schulz marked\nsouthern tailed birdwing\nas hidden on the\nornithoptera meridionalis (rothschild, 1897 )\npage. reasons to hide: duplicate\ngondwanan evolution of the troidine swallowtails (lep. : pap .): cladistic reappraisals using mainly immature stage characters, with focus on the birdwings ornithoptera boisduval\nthe chimaera birdwing (ornithoptera chimaera) is a birdwing butterfly of the papilionidae family. it is found in mountain areas of new guinea, 1000 meters asl .\nschoenbergia goliath seems to occupy most of new guinea, although its distribution in central new guinea is unknown. in addition the species is also found in some of the neighbouring islands .\n. the first description was in? ?? by oberthür. the wingspan is about 18 – 23 cm. this butterfly is a member of the family papilionidae. ornithoptera goliath is black. it has green and golden areas on the wings. the females are brown and have some white spots. they are significant - larger than the males .\nthe hind wings of ornithoptera goliath are golden. the edge is black. between the golden core of the wing and the black edge there is a thin green line. there are some green spots in the golden area. the underside is a copy from upside, but the edge is green. the spots in the golden area are black .\ns. goliath flies in secondary and primary forests from the lowlands up to 2, 300 m in irian jaya. in papua most populations are known from 400 - 700 m altitude .\npossible delivery methods: customer pickup, shipment to germany, shipment frames for destination eu country (exept switzerland), ornithoptera etc. / big butterflies shipment eu (exept switerland )\nhaugum, j. & low, a. m. 1978 - 1979\na monograph of the birdwing butterflies\n. vol. 1 the genus ornithoptera. scandinavian science press ltd .\nmales of o. meridionalis are remarkable in that they have an extremely small amount of wing area relative to its rather bulky body. in particular, the hindwings are very reduced and tetragonal in shape, tapering into a single pair of filamentous tails that are easily broken. the only other tailed ornithoptera is ornithoptera paradisea. specimens of this sex are weak fliers and tend to spend most of the day resting. females are more normally proportioned and have a flight characteristic more typical of the genus ornithoptera. both sexes have been recorded feeding at flowers in numbers early in the morning .\ns. goliath is among the world' s largest butterflies, second only to a. alexandrae. its eggs can reach a diameter of 4. 7 mm, making them the world' s largest insect ova .\ngoliath is a biblical giant famous for his combat with the young david, the future king of israel and his exceptional body size. the subspecific names atlas, titan and samson refer to other giants namely atlas, titan and samson .\ndeslisle, g. (2004) a taxonomic revision of the “birdwing butterflies of paradise”, genus ornithoptera based on the adult morphology (lepidoptera, papilionidae). l ambillionea, 104 (4): 1 - 151 .\nthomas graham howarth, 1977 a list of the type - specimens of ornithoptera (lepidoptera: papilionidae) in the british museum (natural history) bulletin of the british museum (natural history). entomology series 36: 153 - 169 pdf\nssp. goliath (oberthür, 1888) [ endemic ] ssp. ukihidei hanafusa, 1994 [ endemic ] ssp. samson niepelt, 1913 [ endemic ] joiceyi noakes & talbot, 1915 ssp. atlas (rothschild, 1908) [ endemic ] sorongensis morita & sugiyama, 1998 ssp. supremus (röber, 1896) schönbergi (röber, 1896 )\nfor the past thirty years i have been interested in plant structures and growth patterns and recently spent a fair bit of time studying and photographing tropical plants and leaves in borneo and malaysia. i have occasionally painted from photographs but i prefer to design imagined leaf structures knowing that somewhere in the jungle canopy there is probably a tree that looks like my invention. i have only once tried to paint the aristolocia vines on which the ornithoptera caterpillars feed .\npapua localities: ssp. goliath: waigeo island; ssp. ukihidei: japen island; ssp. samson: new guinea: arfak mts. : anggi lakes, bikela, manokwari, meni, minyambow, mt. mebo, sirjio; ssp. atlas: enarotali, etna bay, fakfak, jayawijaya mts. , katimin, kobowre mts. , manokwari, mapia, lake paniai), tembagapura, wamena, wandammen peninsula, yamur lake; ssp. supremus: jayapura, mist camp. details in gazetteer .\nfemale: ornithoptera chimaera is sexually dimorphic. the female is larger than the male. the general colour of the female is dark - brown. there is a chain of white postdiscal spots on the fore wings, a discal chain and white subcostal spots. in the discal part of the hind wings there is a large, white area. the outer edge of this white area is yellow. between the white part and the yellow part there is a chain of black spots .\nit is strictly a lowland species, favouring primary rainforest. a very few specimens have also been collected at altitude in irian jaya by jan pasternak, however these specimens were reared from immature stages and emerged crippled (deslisle, 2004), suggesting that high altitude forests are not favoured habitats. o. meridionalis has also recently been found in close promimity to its sister species, ornithoptera paradisea, near timika in irian jaya (gotts, 2003). host plants for this species are all vines of the genus pararistolochia (aristolochiaceae), including the species p. meridionalis in papua new guinea. larvae typically ringbark the host before pupating on nearby plants .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml + rdfa 1. 0 / / en\nurltoken\ncites is an international agreement between governments, aimed to ensure that international trade in specimens of wild animals and plants does not threaten their survival .\na) by the name of the species; or b) as being all of the species included in a higher taxon or designated part thereof .\nthe abbreviation “spp. ” is used to denote all species of a higher taxon .\nother references to taxa higher than species are for the purposes of information or classification only. the common names included after the scientific names of families are for reference only. they are intended to indicate the species within the family concerned that are included in the appendices. in most cases this is not all of the species within the family .\na) “ssp. ” is used to denote subspecies; and b) “var (s). ” is used to denote variety (varieties) .\nas none of the species or higher taxa of flora included in appendix i is annotated to the effect that its hybrids shall be treated in accordance with the provisions of article iii of the convention, this means that artificially propagated hybrids produced from one or more of these species or taxa may be traded with a certificate of artificial propagation, and that seeds and pollen (including pollinia), cut flowers, seedling or tissue cultures obtained in vitro, in solid or liquid media, transported in sterile containers of these hybrids are not subject to the provisions of the convention .\nthe names of the countries in parentheses placed against the names of species in appendix iii are those of the parties submitting these species for inclusion in this appendix .\nwhen a species is included in one of the appendices, all parts and derivatives of the species are also included in the same appendix unless the species is annotated to indicate that only specific parts and derivatives are included. the symbol # followed by a number placed against the name of a species or higher taxon included in appendix ii or iii refers to a footnote that indicates the parts or derivatives of plants that are designated as' specimens' subject to the provisions of the convention in accordance with article i, paragraph (b), subparagraph (iii) .\nthe terms and expressions below, used in annotations in these appendices, are defined as follows: extract any substance obtained directly from plant material by physical or chemical means regardless of the manufacturing process. an extract may be solid (e. g. crystals, resin, fine or coarse particles), semisolid (e. g. gums, waxes) or liquid (e. g. solutions, tinctures, oil and essential oils). finished products packaged and ready for retail trade products, shipped singly or in bulk, requiring no further processing, packaged, labelled for final use or the retail trade in a state fit for being sold to or used by the general public. powder a dry, solid substance in the form of fine or coarse particles woodchips wood that has been reduced to small pieces\n( only the populations of bhutan, india, nepal and pakistan; all other populations are included in appendix ii .\n[ except the species included in appendix i. excludes specimens of the domesticated form, which are not subject to the provisions of the convention. for\n( african populations): a zero annual export quota is established for specimens of bones, bone pieces, bone products, claws, skeletons, skulls and teeth removed from the wild and traded for commercial purposes. annual export quotas for trade in bones, bone pieces, bone products, claws, skeletons, skulls and teeth for commercial purposes, derived from captive breeding operations in south africa, will be established and communicated annually to the cites secretariat. ]\n( annual export quotas for live specimens and hunting trophies are granted as follows: botswana: 5; namibia: 150; zimbabwe: 50. the trade in such specimens is subject to the provisions of article iii of the convention )\n( except the species included in appendix i. a zero annual export quota has been established for live specimens from the black sea population of\n( a zero annual export quota has been established. all specimens shall be deemed to be specimens of species included in appendix i and the trade in them shall be regulated accordingly )\n( only the populations of south africa and swaziland; all other populations are included in appendix i. for the exclusive purpose of allowing international trade in live animals to appropriate and acceptable destinations and hunting trophies. all other specimens shall be deemed to be specimens of species included in appendix i and the trade in them shall be regulated accordingly )\ncuora aurocapitata, c. bourreti, c. flavomarginata, c. galbinifrons, c. mccordi, c. mouhotii, c. pani, c. picturata, c. trifasciata, c. yunnanensis and c. zhoui\n( except the species included in appendix i. a zero annual export quota has been established for\n( brazil and the plurinational state of bolivia. in addition, the following countries have listed their national populations: colombia, guatemala and peru )\n) and their derivative products, only if the fibre comes from the shearing of live vicuñas. trade in products derived from the fibre may only take place in accordance with the following provisions :\na) any person or entity processing vicuña fibre to manufacture cloth and garments must request authorization from the relevant authorities of the country of origin (countries of origin: the countries where the species occurs, that is, argentina, bolivia, chile, ecuador and peru) to use the\nvicuña country of origin\nwording, mark or logo adopted by the range states of the species that are signatories to the convention for the conservation and management of the vicuña .\nmade from live - sheared vicuña fibre, whether the cloth was produced within or outside of the range states of the species, the wording, mark or logo must be used so that the country of origin can be identified. the vicuña [ country of origin ] wording, mark or logo has the format as detailed below :\nthis wording, mark or logo must appear on the reverse side of the cloth. in addition, the selvages of the cloth must bear the words vicuña [ country of origin ] .\nmade from live - sheared vicuña fibre, whether the garments were produced within or outside of the range states of the species, the wording, mark or logo indicated in paragraph b) i) must be used. this wording, mark or logo must appear on a label on the garment itself. if the garments are produced outside of the country of origin, the name of the country where the garment was produced should also be indicated, in addition to the wording, mark or logo referred to in paragraph b) i) .\nd) if live - sheared vicuña fibre from various countries of origin is used for the production of cloth and garments, the wording, mark or logo of each of the countries of origin of the fibre must be indicated, as detailed in paragraphs b) i) and ii) .\nb) trade in live animals to appropriate and acceptable destinations, as defined in resolution conf. 11. 20 (rev. cop17), for botswana and zimbabwe and for\nii) only to trading partners that have been verified by the secretariat, in consultation with the standing committee, to have sufficient national legislation and domestic trade controls to ensure that the imported ivory will not be re - exported and will be managed in accordance with all requirements of resolution conf. 10. 10 (rev. cop17) concerning domestic manufacturing and trade ;\nh) no further proposals to allow trade in elephant ivory from populations already in appendix ii shall be submitted to the conference of the parties for the period from cop14 and ending nine years from the date of the single sale of ivory that is to take place in accordance with provisions in paragraphs g) i), g) ii), g) iii), g) vi) and g) vii). in addition such further proposals shall be dealt with in accordance with decisions 16. 55 and 14. 78 (rev. cop16) .\non a proposal from the secretariat, the standing committee can decide to cause this trade to cease partially or completely in the event of non - compliance by exporting or importing countries, or in the case of proven detrimental impacts of the trade on other elephant populations .\nall other specimens shall be deemed to be specimens of species included in appendix i and the trade in them shall be regulated accordingly .\nii) when shipped in flowering state, with at least one fully open flower per specimen, no minimum number of specimens per shipment is required but specimens must be professionally processed for commercial retail sale, e. g. labelled with printed labels or packaged with printed packages indicating the name of the hybrid and the country of final processing. this should be clearly visible and allow easy verification .\nplants not clearly qualifying for the exemption must be accompanied by appropriate cites documents .\nare not subject to the provisions of the convention. however, the exemption does not apply to such specimens traded as dormant tubers .\nlive, in pots or other small containers, each consignment being accompanied by a label or document stating the name of the taxon or taxa and the text' artificially propagated', are not subject to the provisions of the convention .\nwhole and sliced roots and parts of roots, excluding manufactured parts or derivatives, such as powders, pills, extracts, tonics, teas and confectionery .\na) seeds (including seedpods of orchidaceae), spores and pollen (including pollinia). the exemption does not apply to seeds from cactaceae spp. exported from mexico, and to seeds from\nunderground parts (i. e. roots, rhizomes): whole, parts and powdered .\nspp. material obtained through controlled harvesting and production under the terms of an agreement with the relevant cites management authority of [ botswana under agreement no. bw / xxxxxx ] [ namibia under agreement no. na / xxxxxx ] [ south africa under agreement no. za / xxxxxx ] ” .\nlogs, sawn wood, veneer sheets, including unfinished wood articles used for the fabrication of bows for stringed musical instruments .\nlogs, sawn wood, veneer sheets, plywood, powder and extracts. finished products containing such extracts as ingredients, including fragrances, are not considered to be covered by this annotation .\nlogs, sawn wood, veneer sheets, plywood and extracts. finished products containing such extracts as ingredients, including fragrances, are not considered to be covered by this annotation .\nthe kernel (also known as' endosperm',' pulp' or' copra') and any derivative thereof .\nf) finished products packaged and ready for retail trade, this exemption does not apply to wood chips, beads, prayer beads and carvings .\nb) non - commercial exports of a maximum total weight of 10 kg. per shipment ;\nspp. originating and exported from mexico, which are covered by annotation # 6 .\nthe body (abdomen) is yellow. head and thorax are black. the underside of thorax has a red hair - coat .\nsex differences: the female covers the upper range of the wing - span. it is significant - larger than the male. the basic colour of the female is dark - brown. at the outer edge there is a chain of white spots. at the wing leading edge there is a white spot, like an\ne\n. on the hind wings there is a big yellow area. this yellow area covers a chain of dark - brown circles. the underside is a copy from upside, but all colours are stronger .\nthe first description of this butterfly was in? ?? by oberthür. there are six subspecies .\ncites: (convention on international trade in endangered species of wild fauna and flora): - appendix ii - (as at 12. 02. 2008 )\neu regulation on trading with species of wild fauna and flora: - appendix b - (as at 19. 08. 2005 )\nscientists aim to describe a single' tree of life' that reflects the evolutionary relationships of living things. however, evolutionary relationships are a matter of ongoing discovery, and there are different opinions about how living things should be grouped and named. eol reflects these differences by supporting several different scientific' classifications'. some species have been named more than once. such duplicates are listed under synonyms. eol also provides support for common names which may vary across regions as well as languages .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nto learn how purchasing our butterflies helps save the rainforest & butterfly species. our butterflies are treated for potential parasites, reinforced twice with glue, and then\nfor detailed reasons why acrylic frames are the best way to display butterflies. feel free to email us with any custom order ideas. to pay via credit card, paypal, or check or money order, simply add items to your shopping cart and checkout when you' re done. payments are processed on a secure, encrypted server and we offer a 30 day money back guarantee .\nyou will receive a confirmation email when you place your order (check your junk mail folder !) email us if you don' t receive confirmation .\nto check your order status (if it hasn' t shipped yet the status will read\nordered\n). if already shipped, it will tell you the date your order shipped and provide your ups or usps tracking number which you can track at urltoken or ups. com. you may want to check our\nare also available. shipping is a flat fee of $ 5. 99 per order, no matter how many items you order. choose the\nregular w / signiture\noption for $ 3. 00 more ($ 8. 99 total) and this will require someone to sign for the package upon delivery. non - u. s. residents ,\nstatus: a widely distributed species in new guinea with seven subspecies, five of which in papua, two in papua new guinea. furthermore known from seram .\nexternal distribution: seram with ssp. procus, papua new guinea with ssp. supremus and ssp. titan .\ndata sources: ksp, nbc (zman & rmnh). literature (see below) .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page: myers, p. , r. espinosa, c. s. parr, t. jones, g. s. hammond, and t. a. dewey. 2018. the animal diversity web (online). accessed at https: / / animaldiversity. org .\ndisclaimer: the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. adw doesn' t cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283, drl 0628151, due 0633095, drl 0918590, and due 1122742. additional support has come from the marisla foundation, um college of literature, science, and the arts, museum of zoology, and information and technology services .\naureus butterflies & insects jens jakusch ringstraße 12 54329 konz germany phone. de: 06501 / 8098362 internatonal: + 49 6501 8098362 business hours: mo - fr 11. 00 - 18. 00 e - mail: aureus - butterflies @ urltoken\nif is associated with an alamy account you' ll receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password .\nenter your log in email address and we’ll send you a link to reset your password .\nsorry, this image isn' t available for this licence. please refer to the license restrictions for more information .\non the alamy prints site (powered by art. com) choose your frame, the size and finish of your photo .\nenter your log in email address and we' ll send you a link to reset your password .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nprague - etymology and other names... however, is also related to the modern czech word práh (threshold) and a legendary etymology connects the name of the city with princess libuše, prophetess and a wife of mythical founder of the přemyslid... the same etymology is associated with the praga district of warsaw ...\nalgae - etymology and study... the etymology is obscure... the etymology is uncertain, but a strong candidate has long been some word related to the biblical פוך (pūk) ,\npaint\n( if not that word itself), a ...\nkennesaw, georgia - history - etymology... the name kennesaw is derived from the cherokee indian word gah - nee - sah meaning cemetery, or burial ground... .\npassenger pigeon - taxonomy and systematics - etymology... in the 18th century, the passenger pigeon in europe was known to the french as tourtre but, in new france, the north american bird was called tourte... in modern french, the bird is known as the pigeon migrateur ...\nzarphatic language - etymology... zarphatic was written using a variant of the hebrew alphabet, and first appeared in the 11th century, in glosses to texts of the hebrew bible and talmud written by the great rabbis rashi and rabbi moshe hadarshan... constant expulsions and persecutions, resulting in great waves of jewish migration, brought about the extinction of this short - lived, but important, language by the end of the 14th century ...\nin all languages: words are carried over from bodies and from the properties of bodies to express the things of the mind and spirit. the order of ideas must follow the order of things .\nas odd and interesting as that of “style. ” but while style—deriving from the stylus or pointed rod which roman scribes used to make marks on wax tablets—suggests activity, taste is more passive... . etymologically, the word we use derives from the old french, meaning touch or feel, a sense that is preserved in the current italian word for a keyboard, tastiera .\n, british historian, art critic. “taste: the story of an idea, ” taste: the secret meaning of things, random house (1991 )\nencyclo. co. uk, online since 2007, is a search engine for english meanings and definitions. the website aims to publish all wordlists, big and small, on the internet, making it much easier to find the word you need. follow us on facebook\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 0 transitional / / en\nit is assumed to be somewhat more common in the western part of new guinea than in the eastern parts of the island .\nthe most striking subspecies is perhaps s. g. procus from ceram, where it inhabits the mountainous interior of the island .\ntip: to view the images of this species, click on the name of the species. to go direct to the images of a specific subspecies, click on the name of the subspecies. to go direct to the image of a specific form, click on the name of the form .\nthe taxon was based on two females. the male was described by deslisle in 1995 .\nf. edouardei deslisle, 1995 (golden spot within the radial band) .\natlas, a giant in greek mythology, carried the world on his shoulders .\nsorry, we just need to make sure you' re not a robot. for best results, please make sure your browser is accepting cookies .\nsee an error on this page? please report it so that we may correct it .\nbrashears furniture features a large selection of quality living room, bedroom, dining room, home office, and entertainment furniture as well as mattresses, home decor and accessories. brashears furniture has a store location in berryville, ar. brashears furniture serves the surrounding areas of berryville, ar. if you' re looking for the perfect furniture to suit your needs as well as your lifestyle, stop by brashears furniture in berryville, ar today !\nthis translation tool is powered by google. fao is not responsible for the accuracy of translations .\nthe adult chimaera birdwing feeds upon the nectar of hibiscus plants and african tulip trees, and groups of this species can be seen circling the tops of these trees. the female lays up to 20 eggs on the food plant and once hatched, the caterpillars consume the leaves of the plant before pupating. the pupa undergoes metamorphosis and emerges some weeks later as the adult butterfly (4) .\nthe chimaera birdwing is restricted to montane areas of papua new guinea and irian jaya, indonesia (4) .\nthis striking butterfly inhabits primary rainforest from 1, 200 to 2, 800 metres above sea level, but it is most frequently encountered between 1, 600 and 2, 000 metres (3). adult chimaera birdwing are most commonly encountered flying over ridges several metres above the ground or feeding at the flowers of tall forest trees, occasionally in large numbers (5) .\nthe following is a representative barcode sequence, the centroid of all available sequences for this species. there are 2 barcode sequences available from bold and genbank .\nbelow is a sequence of the barcode region cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (coi or cox1) from a member of the species .\nthe chimaera birdwing is currently classified as lower risk / near threatened (lr / nt) on the iucn red list (1) and is listed on appendix ii of cites (2). this species has been reassessed and will soon be classified as least concern (lc) (3) .\nhabitat loss is the main threat to this species as forests are destroyed for agriculture, tree plantations, and urbanisation (1) .\nthe' chimaera' portion of both the scientific and vernacular name, is named after the chimaera, greek: χίμαιρα, khimaira, from χίμαρος, khimaros, a creature in greek mythology, composed of the parts of three animals .\nmale: the fore wings are ground colour black. there are two green areas. the underside of the fore wing is green. the margin of the wing is black. the veins are black. there is a chain of little postdiscal internervular black spots on the wing. the hind wing inner part and the edge are black. the other part of the wing is green and contains some large, golden spots and two or more black spots. the underside of the hind wing is green. there are large, golden spots and three black spots. the inner edge is very hairy .\nthe abdomen is bright yellow. head and thorax are black. the underside of thorax has two red tufts .\no. chimaera is a montane species found in the central range montane rainforests. the larvae feed on species of the genus aristolochia including aristolochia momandul. the female lays up to 20 eggs on the leaves. adults feeds upon the nectar of spathodea (an invasive species) and hibiscus. groups of both sexes can be seen circling the tops of these trees in the canopy .\nappendix ii, restricting international trade to those who have been granted a permit .\nd' abrera, b. (1975) birdwing butterflies of the world. country life books, london .\nhaugum, j. & low, a. m. 1978 - 1985. a monograph of the birdwing butterflies. 2 volumes. scandinavian press, klampenborg; 663 pp .\nyour browser is out of date, and may not be compatible with our website. a list of the most popular web browsers can be found below. just click on the icons to get to the download page .\ntree - kangaroo as seen in this picture is one of the endemic animals in papua. activists have blamed the plantation business for the rapid loss of papua’s biodiversity. (courtesy of mighty asia tenggara / file )\nthough it may sound like a conspiracy theory, the indonesian government has taken seriously allegations that foreign researchers have used all kinds of ways — including disguising themselves as tourists — to steal the nation’s genetic resources .\nindonesia is home to some of the richest biodiversity in the world and government officials are concerned that foreign parties are developing and exploiting local genetic resources without obtaining consent from or providing fair compensation to indonesia as stipulated in the nagoya protocol, which jakarta has ratified .\nthe research and technology and higher education ministry, therefore, has recently issued a regulation to prevent this suspected biopiracy .\nthe 2017 ministerial regulation, released in february, stipulates that the government will no longer provide recommendations for foreign researchers to conduct research in less - explored regions prone to natural resources theft such as papua and maluku islands. while the regulation does not impose a total ban on research in those areas, it makes it more difficult for foreign scientists to obtain a permit for research there .\nthe jakarta post recently. sri said the threat of biopiracy in indonesia was real. he argued that the government’s free - visa policy for 169 countries, aimed to boost foreign tourist arrivals to indonesia, had made it easier for foreigners to access local biodiversity resources .\n“right now, the common modus operandi includes ecotourism, where foreigners come to indonesia with a visa on arrival to visit our protected forest areas and sanctuaries. some of them have been caught red - handed [ stealing resources ]. ”\nusing a tourist visa, dl arrived at manokwari in papua on feb. 25 and then continued his journey to mokwam village in arfak mountain where he allegedly collected the species. “the butterfly is one of the rarest species [ of butterfly ] and was about to be smuggled to france, ” said klhk investigator adrianus mosa .\nit has not been confirmed yet if dl has made an attempt to commit biopiracy, but the government is treating it as such, saying dl was not the first. as an example, sri cited a 2012 case where several teenagers from the uk were caught collecting samples without permission at the murung raya protected forest in central kalimantan .\nvisa abuse aside, indonesia has seen an increase in the number of foreign researchers visiting the country to conduct cutting - edge science projects, including those that have huge economic potential. “in the past, indonesia only issued around 200 research permits per year. since 2010, we issued around 500 permits. the interest is growing, especially in biodiversity, such as zoology, botany and marine biology, ” sri said .\nthe regulation thus also aims to fight a subtler and more controversial form of biopiracy: unfair research cooperation agreements between local and foreign scientists .\nrosichon ubaidillah, the head of zoology at the indonesian institute of sciences (lipi) biology research department, claimed to have evidence showing that many agreements signed by indonesian universities and their foreign counterparts tend to benefit the latter. “foreign researchers may have collected research materials legally, but what they have been doing is not always ethical, ” rosichon said .\nlipi, he said, had to cancel scientific cooperation with a german institution last year because the latter refused to change a material transfer agreement (mta) lipi deemed as disadvantaging indonesia .\ndominique roubert, press officer for the french embassy in jakarta, said they could not give any comment regarding this issue and would let indonesian authorities continue the investigation process .\n“we will fully abide by indonesian law, ” dominique said. (hol )\njokowi has decided on his running mate. who is it going to be ?\nwarning: the ncbi web site requires javascript to function. more ...\nfabien l. condamine, a, 1 emmanuel f. a. toussaint, 2 anne - laure clamens, 3 gwenaelle genson, 3 felix a. h. sperling, 1, * and gael j. kergoat 3, *\nthis work is licensed under a creative commons attribution 4. 0 international license. the images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s creative commons license, unless indicated otherwise in the credit line; if the material is not included under the creative commons license, users will need to obtain permission from the license holder to reproduce the material. to view a copy of this license, visit urltoken\n“ [ … ] for the purpose of investigating the phenomena of geographical distribution and of local or general variation, [ … ] several groups differ greatly in their value and importance. [ … ] preeminent among such groups are the diurnal lepidoptera or butterflies, whose extreme beauty and endless diversity have led to their having been assiduously collected in all parts of the world [ … ] ” alfred russel wallace 1 .\n( 14 species) is endemic to the melanesian region, where species diversity peaks in new guinea, although a few species are found on the other side of lydekker’s line (e. g. the wallace’s golden birdwing\ndistributional pattern of birdwing butterflies originally described by wallace showing species richness west and east of wallace’s and lydekker’s lines, and in each important biogeographical unit of the indomalayan - australian archipelago used here .\npictures of birdwing butterflies made by fabien condamine. map drawn with powerpoint by fabien condamine .\ndespite his difficulties in disentangling species boundaries 25, wallace 1 used estimates of species richness to hypothesize that the greater sunda islands (especially borneo) were the ancestral area of this clade from which it later dispersed towards australia (a similar pattern has also been found in other clades 3). wallace postulated that ‘settling down’ was a strong factor in island speciation (here referred to as founder - event speciation), especially for these good dispersers, and further argued that island features and environmental factors subsequently fostered morphological variation and eventually contributed to speciation (corresponding to the hypothesis of wallacea acting as a species pump). yet the main triggers responsible for the diversification of these emblematic butterflies remain equivocal .\nbuilding on the pioneering work of wallace, we revisit some of his conclusions. here we rely on a dated phylogeny of a comprehensive sampling of birdwings to estimate what processes shaped their current biogeographical pattern, using novel approaches 26, 27. we also implement distinct sets of diversification analyses in order to: (i) estimate the influence of wallacea on birdwing speciation and extinction rates; (ii) test whether their species richness is still expanding today or has reached an equilibrium suggesting that birdwing diversification may have been influenced by diversity - dependent processes; and (iii) assess the impact of palaeo - environmental variables (temperature and sea level) on diversification rates .\nbayesian phylogenetic estimations yielded resolved trees indicating that all three genera and most species are monophyletic with high support (supplementary text s1 and supplementary fig. s2). the only marked exception was troides haliphron that was recovered as paraphyletic, suggesting that two molecular lineages with different evolutionary trajectories may be recognised (t. h. haliphron plus t. h. purabu occurring in south sulawesi, and t. h. socrates plus t. h. naias in sumbawa to alor islands, supplementary fig. s2). this pattern was independently recovered using different molecular datasets and as a result we provisionally recognize two species within t. haliphron. the first putative haliphron species would include the subspecies in the sulawesi region, i. e. t. h. haliphron (southwest sulawesi), t. h. purabu (batuata island), t. h. pistor (bonerate, jampea, kalaotoa, and madu islands), t. h. pallens (selayar island) and t. h. eleonorae (buton island). the second putative haliphron species would comprise the two subspecies t. h. naias and t. h. socrates, occurring in the lesser sunda islands (alor, flores, solor, sumba, sumbawa, and wetar islands), and possibly t. h. bellwoni (lucipara islands, moluccas) .\nwe assembled a species - level dataset comprising 4, 395 nucleotides (five genes) for 34 birdwing species and 31 outgroups that was used to conduct simultaneous inferences of species - level phylogenetics and divergence time estimates. the species - level phylogenetic tree yielded by the beast analysis was fully resolved and presented robust node supports (\n, who only used the mitochondrial gene nd5. despite some previous studies that lumped\n. we inferred an origin of birdwings in the oligocene around 25. 8 myr ago (95% hpd 22. 2–29. 9 myr ago) .\ndiverged in the early miocene around 19. 3 myr ago (95% hpd 16. 3–22. 8 myr ago). both genera diversified in the middle miocene around 11. 5 myr ago (95% hpd 8. 4–15. 3 myr ago), and 13. 6 myr ago (95% hpd 10. 8–16. 4 myr ago), respectively. these results are independent of the speciation tree prior used (\ndated bayesian phylogeny of the birdwing butterflies radiation and palaeo - tectonic evolution of the indomalayan - australian archipelago .\ncoloured squares on nodes indicate biogeographical location as in the inset map, with triangles indicating colonizations. a timescale is shown spanning the full evolutionary history of the group. panels at the bottom include maps of the distribution of land and sea at respectively 25, 15 and 5 myr ago sensu 13, 15. the asterisk next to terminal taxon names indicates those not figured. pictures of birdwing butterflies made by fabien condamine. maps drawn with powerpoint by fabien condamine using various sources (e. g. ref. 13, 15) .\n, indicating that the birdwing ancestor originated in the vicinity of proto - halmahera, new guinea and the philippines. the results of diversification rate analyses are summarized in\n. we found that a growing species diversity that progressively reached diversity equilibrium influenced the overall rates of birdwings diversification. diversity - dependence models estimated a carrying capacity similar to the current species richness of the clade (this pattern is also recovered for\n). a diversity - dependent extinction model was recovered as the best best - fitting diversity - dependence model (δaicc ranged between 2. 5 and 17), despite having received little empirical support in other comparable studies\n. we found that wallacea did not promote speciation rates but rather triggered dispersal (increased transition rates) towards other areas, as the best - fitting geosse model was one in which only transition rates varied and both speciation and extinction remained equal among the two areas (δaicc ranged between 2. 2 and 8. 4 ,\n). the analyses indicated that temperature and sea - level changes have had similar impacts on the diversification of birdwing butterflies (δaicc ranged between 1. 9 and 2. 6 ,\nevaluation of the effect of environmental changes on diversification processes in the evolutionary history of birdwing butterflies .\nwe keep in mind that the data do not distinguish strongly between the models, especially for the palaeo - environment models. the ∆aicc and akaike weights are in the category ‘barely worth mentioning’ according to commonly - used scales, but models where δaicc is in the 2–7 range have some support and should rarely be dismissed. it is interesting that the tests for an effect of the palaeo - environment provide some support to models with varying extinction, although this cannot be considered a very confident conclusion given the available phylogenetic data .\nalthough wallace did not provide a formal hypothesis for the origin of birdwing butterflies, our biogeographical estimations tend to support the hypothesis of a complex ancestral origin lying between the philippines, the moluccas and new guinea. the complexity of the geological history of the iaa region makes it difficult to reliably know the past distribution of land and sea at a given point in time\nwas convinced that settling down (dispersal and establishment into a new island) was the main process of diversification in the region. yet, recent studies showed that dispersal does not appear to have played a major role in avian diversification in the iaa\n. however, we found strong evidence indicating that birdwing distribution is mostly explained by founder - event speciation with wallacea as a main source or pathway. this result seems very likely given the dispersal abilities of many species and the nature of the iaa, a complex assemblage of thousands of islands that have almost all been colonized by these butterflies\n, vicariance had a lower impact on diversification. only three vicariant events were inferred, the divergences :\nspecies in the pleistocene. the timeframe of the two first vicariant events corresponds well with the build - up of sulawesi\n). this result suggests a higher permeability to dispersal across wallacea. interestingly, this pattern was also recovered in other groups of butterflies\n) for variation in speciation and extinction rates that can be attributed to geological changes or the crossing of wallace’s and lyddeker’s lines. founder - event speciation, likely accounted for by the strong dispersal abilities of birdwing butterflies, has probably allowed these insects to continuously colonize remote islands whenever they appeared and to establish insular radiations as wallace predicted. for instance ,\n, a hypothesis also known as the museum model of diversity. recent work proposed that geologically dynamic regions play a major role in diversification" ]

{ "text": [ "ornithoptera goliath , the goliath birdwing , is a birdwing butterfly found in new guinea .", "it is the second largest butterfly in the world , after the queen alexandra 's birdwing . " ], "topic": [ 20, 20 ] }

[ "ornithoptera goliath, the goliath birdwing, is a birdwing butterfly found in new guinea. it is the second largest butterfly in the world, after the queen alexandra's birdwing." ]

[ "kento furui added the japanese common name\nサケスズキ目\nto\npercopsiformes\n.\nbody plans of representative members of the orders gobiesociformes, lophiiformes, percopsiformes, and polymixiiformes .\npercopsiformes (troutperches and relatives) .\ngrzimek' s animal life encyclopedia. . retrieved july 10, 2018 from urltoken urltoken\ndewey, t. .\npercopsiformes\n( on - line), animal diversity web. accessed july 10, 2018 at urltoken\npercopsiformes (troutperches and relatives) .\ngrzimek' s animal life encyclopedia. . encyclopedia. com. (july 10, 2018). urltoken\narmbruster jw, niemiller ml, hart pb (2016) morphological evolution of the cave -, spring - and swampfishes of the amblyopsidae (percopsiformes). copeia 104: 763–777\ndillman cb, bergstrom de, noltie db, holtsford tp, mayden rl (2011) regressive progression, progressive regression or neither? phylogeny and evolution of the percopsiformes (teleostei, paracanthopterygii). zool sci 40: 45–60\norder percopsiformes (trout - perches, pirate perches, and cave fishes) mouth gape and buccal dentition reduced; median fin spines reduced or lost; head with spine ornamentation; scale covering of the adipose fin lost. length 8–13 cm (roughly 3–5 inches). 3 extant families, 1 fossil family, about 9 living…\nmembers of this order are opportunistic predators that eat a variety of food items; at least one species is cannibalistic. percopsiformes are preyed upon by other fishes, water snakes, and fish - eating birds. fish larvae may be preyed upon by aquatic insects. cavefishes are not generally preyed upon since they are the top predators in their habitats .\nthe oldest fossils date back to the paleocene paskapoo formation (between 60 and 62 million years ago) in western canada. the percopsiformes may be related remotely to the codfishes (gadiformes) and toadfishes (batrachoidiformes). one point of controversy about their phylogeny is that they show primitive conditions, such as the presence of an adipose fin, which suggests character reversal in their evolutionary history. the monophyly of this group has been questioned. murray and wilson proposed removal of the amblyopsid family from the group and created a new order: amblyopsiformes .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ncarroll, r. , 1988 | helfman, g. , b. collette and d. facey, 1997\npremaxilla nonprotractile; ectopterygoid and palatine with teeth; pelvic fins, if present, behind pectorals and with 3 - 8 soft rays; spines (normally weak) usually present in dorsal fin; many species with ctenoid scales; six branchiostegal rays; 16 branched caudal rays; orbitosphenoid, basiphenoid, and suborbital shelf absent; vertebrae 28 - 35 .\ngreek aktis = ray, thunderbolt, beam + greek pterygion, diminutive of pteryx = wing, fin. ref. 45335 .\ngreek, perké = perch + greek, opsis = look, appearance + latin, forma = shape (ref. 45335) .\nthis is a directory page. britannica does not currently have an article on this topic .\n…are about 9 species of percopsiforms, or trout - perches, and about 385 species of ophidiiforms (that is, the pearlfishes and cusk - eels) .\nanimal, (kingdom animalia), any of a group of multicellular eukaryotic organisms (i. e. , as distinct from…\nvan der laan, r. ; eschmeyer, w. n. ; fricke, r. (2014). family - group names of recent fishes. zootaxa. 3882 (1): 1 - 230. , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\neschmeyer, w. n. ; fricke, r. ; van der laan, r. (eds). (2017). catalog of fishes: genera, species, references. electronic version. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nresearch curator of fishes, north carolina state museum of natural sciences, research laboratory, 4301 reedy creek rd. , raleigh, nc, 27607, usa\nbanks, r. c. , r. w. mcdiarmid, a. l. gardner, and w. c. starnes\nchecklist of vertebrates of the united states, the u. s. territories, and canada\nmecklenburg, catherine w. , t. anthony mecklenburg, and lyman k. thorsteinson\nnelson, joseph s. , edwin j. crossman, h. espinosa - pérez, l. t. findley, c. r. gilbert, et al. , eds .\nfull author list: nelson, joseph s. , edwin j. crossman, héctor espinosa - pérez, lloyd t. findley, carter r. gilbert, robert n. lea, and james d. williams\ndisclaimer: itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available, and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties. however, it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes. while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available, ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party, wildlife statutes, regulations, and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register. for further information on u. s. legal requirements with respect to protected taxa, please contact the u. s. fish and wildlife service .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page: myers, p. , r. espinosa, c. s. parr, t. jones, g. s. hammond, and t. a. dewey. 2018. the animal diversity web (online). accessed at https: / / animaldiversity. org .\ndisclaimer: the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. adw doesn' t cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283, drl 0628151, due 0633095, drl 0918590, and due 1122742. additional support has come from the marisla foundation, um college of literature, science, and the arts, museum of zoology, and information and technology services .\n, is one of the most fascinating stygobionts of the amblyopsidae because of its undescribed diversity. previous molecular analysis suggests the presence of at least ten distinct lineages in the southeastern united states. morphological variation for this group has not been quantified previous to this study. we quantified differences in body shape within the southern cavefish utilizing landmark - based geometric morphometrics. we found significant allometry of body shape (relative warps) across all putative lineages. we then performed an allometric correction to develop a size - independent morphospace. principal components analysis indicated that the major axes of size - independent shape explained variation in relative head length to predorsal length, as well as head size and shape in both lateral and dorsal views. we examined if morphological variation corresponded to putative genetic lineages and three geographic variables (aquifer, huc subregion, and ecoregion). we found shape differences among groups within some variables, but generally, body shape variation was not well explained by these variables. instead, the dramatic body shape diversity among individuals was explained by ontogeny. poor agreement between morphology and lineages, as well as multiple geographic variables may be explained by convergent evolution of cave - adapted morphologies or cryptic morphology (i. e. , no morphological characters to define diversity) .\nfunding was provided by the american museum of natural history theodore roosevelt memorial grant, birmingham audubon society walter f. coxe research grant, the auburn university cell and molecular biology peaks of excellence program, and the alabama department of natural resources. we would like to acknowledge several institutions for museum specimen loans: auburn university museum of natural history, canadian museum of nature fish collection, illinois natural history survey, national museum of natural history smithsonian institution, tulane university collections, university of alabama ichthyological collection, university of michigan museum of zoology, yale university peabody museum ichthyological collection. we thank the following individuals for their assistance: m. niemiller and c. stephen for collection help and support, s. ferdous for gm software help. this paper is contribution no. 745 of the auburn university museum of natural history. we are grateful to the two anonymous reviewers who helped improve our manuscript .\nthis research is not in consideration or published elsewhere. accession numbers of all specimens used in the analyses are provided in the supplementary material. all co - authors approve the submission of this manuscript. the authors declare that they have no conflict of interest. specimens were collected in accordance with the alabama department of conservation and natural resources alabama conservation license (2016087218468680 - 8823) and the georgia department of conservation of natural resources scientific collecting permit (29 - wjh - 14 - 120), and auburn university iacuc prn 2014 - 2451 .\narmbruster jw (2012) standardized measurements, landmarks, and meristic counts for cypriniform fishes. zootaxa 3586: 8–16\nbetancur - r r, broughton re, wiley eo, carpenter k, lópez ja et al. (2013) the tree of life and a new classification of bony fishes. plos curr tree life\nbirch jm (1997) comparing wing shape of bats: the merits of principal - components analysis and relative - warp analysis. j mammal 78: 1187–1198\nborden wc, grande t, smith wl (2013) comparative osteology and myology of the caudal fin in the paracanthopterygii (teleostei: acanthomorpha). in: arratia g, schultze h - p, wilson mvh (eds) mesozoic fishes 5—global diversity and evolution. verlag dr. friedrich pfeil, munich, pp 419–455\nboschung ht, mayden rl (2004) fishes of alabama. smithsonian books, washington, pp 366–367\ncharlton hh (1933) the optic tectum and its related fiber tracts in blind fishes. a .\nchristiansen k (2012) morphological adaptations. in: white wb, culver dc (eds) encyclopedia of caves, 2nd edn. elsevier academic press, amsterdam, pp 517–528\nculver cc, master ll, christman mc, hobbs hh iii (2000) obligate cave fauna of the 48 contiguous united states. conserv biol 14: 368–401\neigenmann ch (1905) divergence and convergence in fishes. biol bull 8: 59–66\neigenmann ch (1909) cave vertebrates of america: a study in degenerative evolution. carnegie institution of washington, washington, d. c .\n) from the floridian aquifer and florida and georgia. ircf reptil amphib 20: 97–111\ngibert j, deharveng l (2002) subterranean ecosystems: a truncated functional biodiversity. bioscience 52: 473–481\ngirard cf (1859) ichthyological notices. proc acad nat sci phila 11: 56–68\ngrande t, borden wc, smith wl (2013) limits and relationships of paracanthopterygii: a molecular framework for evaluating past morphological hypotheses. in: arratia g, schultze h - p, wilson mvh (eds) mesozoic fishes 5—global diversity and evolution. verlag dr friedrich pfeil, munich, pp 385–418\nhubbs cl (1938) fishes from the caves of the yucatan. carnegie inst wash publ 491: 261–295\nklingenberg cp (1998) heterochrony and allometry: the analysis of evolutionary change in ontogeny. biol rev 73: 79–123\nklingenberg cp, zimmermann m (1992) static, ontogenetic, and evolutionary allometry: a multivariate comparison in nine species of water striders. am nat 140: 601–620\nnear tj, eytan ri, dornburg a, kuhn kl, moore ja, davis mp, wainwright pc, friedman m, smith wl (2012) resolution of ray - finned fish phylogeny and timing of diversification. proc nat acad sci usa 109: 13698–13703\n): implications for conservation and management. national cave and karst management symposium, pp 79–89\nniemiller ml, poulson tm (2010) subterranean fishes of north america. in: trajano e, bichuette me, kapoor bg (eds) biology of subterranean fishes. crc press, new york, pp 168–280\nniemiller ml, fitzpatrick bm, shah p, schmitz l, near tj (2013) evidence for repeated loss of selective constraint in rhodopsin of amblyopsid cavefishes (teleostei: amblyopsidae). evolution 67: 732–748\n) from the appalachians karst region in the eastern united states. sub biol 20: 39–50\no’meara bc (2010) new heuristic methods for joint species delimitation and species tree inference. syst biol 59: 1–15\ncharlton, 1933, an available name for a blind cavefish (teleostei: amblyopsidae), differentiated on the basis of characters of the central nervous system. zootaxa 1374: 55–59\npost dm (2002) the long and short of food - chain length. trends ecol evol 17: 269–277\npost dm, takimoto g (2007) proximate structural mechanisms for variation in food - chain length. oikos 116: 775–782\npoulson tl (1963) cave adaptation in amblyopsid fishes. am midl nat 70: 257–291\npoulson tl, lavoie kh (2000) the trophic basin of subterranean ecosystems. in: wilkens h, culver dc, humphries wf (eds) ecosystems of the world 30: subterranean ecosystems. elsevier science, amsterdam, pp 231–249\nroach ka, tolber m, winemiller ko (2001) hydrogen sulfide, bacteria, and fish: a unique, subterranean food chain. ecology 92: 2056–2062\nrohlf fj (2010) tpsdig2 version 2. 16. department of ecology and evolution, state university of new york, stony brook\nrohlf fj (2013a) tpsrelw version 1. 53. department of ecology and evolution, state university of new york, stony brook\nrohlf fj (2013b) tpsutil version 1. 58. department of ecology and evolution, state university of new york, stony brook\ngroup (characiformes: anostomidae) with description of a new species from suriname. zool j linn soc lond 162: 103–130\nspringer vg, johnson gd (2004) study of the dorsal gill - arch musculature of teleostome fishes, with special reference to the actinopterygii. bull biol soc wash 11: 1–235\nswofford dl (1982) genetic variability, population differentiation, and biochemical relationships in the family amblyopsidae. ms thesis, eastern kentucky university\nwoods lp, inger rf (1957) the cave, spring, and swamp fishes of the family amblyopsidae of central and easter united states. am midl nat 58: 232–245\nkento furui added the japanese common name\nサケスズキ科\nto\npercopsidae\n.\nkento furui added the japanese common name\nドウクツギョ科\nto\namblyopsidae\n.\nkento furui added the japanese common name\nカイゾクスズキ科\nto\naphredoderidae\n.\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\nthere are two recognized suborders. the first, the percopsoidei, is characterized by the presence of an adipose fin and a complete lateral line. the suborder is represented by one family: percopsidae, or troutperches, with one genus and two species. the second, the aphredoderoidei, is characterized by the absence of an adipose fin and includes two families: aphredoderidae (pirate perch, one species) and amblyopsidae (swampfishes and cavefishes, four genera and six species) .\nthese are small fishes (less than 8 in, or 20 cm) with a mosaic of primitive characters, such as an adipose fin, and advanced characters, such as a pelvic girdle located farther back from the cranium compared with most other fishes. they also have fewer fin spines and ray - supported dorsal and anal fins, each usually with one to four anterior soft spines. if pelvic fins are present, they are located in a position below the abdomen and behind the pectorals, with three to eight soft rays. the body is covered with cycloid or ctenoid scales .\nthe troutperches are distributed in north america from alaska and the great lakes drainage to the southern and eastern united states .\nall species are freshwater, with two species found in swamps, one as a facultative cave dweller. four species are obligatory cavernicoles (cave dwellers) .\nbesides the fact that all species are solitary, little is known about their behavior. the exception is certain types of behavior studied among cavefishes. at least two of the noncavernicolous species are nocturnal .\nthey are oviparous, but nothing else is known at the family level. spawning (at least for the noncavernicolous species) takes place in the spring. fecundity tends to be low .\nthe iucn red list includes four species from this order, all of which are cave - dwelling species from the family amblyopsidae. speoplatyrhinus poulsoni is listed as critically endangered, while amblyopsis rosae, a. spelaea, and typhlichthys subterraneus are listed as vulnerable .\nsome species can be found in both the commercial trade and public aquaria. cave species have been important in understanding evolutionary issues .\ngrows to 2. 56 in (6. 5 cm). pinkish - white in coloration. the eyes are not externally visible because they have only vestigial tissue under the skin. this fish also lacks pelvic fins .\nthis species can be found at 41 sites on the springfield plateau, over seven counties in three states: southwest missouri (20 sites), northwest arkansas (10 sites), and northeast oklahoma (11 sites). (the verified historic range was larger. )\nindividuals of this species are found mostly in small cave streams with a chert or rubble bottom, in pools over a silt and sand bottom, or in karst windows or wells, but never too deep .\nwas primarily small salamanders, crayfish, isopods, amphipods, and young of their own species. most individuals grow between april and october. cannibalism does not always occur in this species .\nbreeding habits are not well understood. they have an extended spawning season, with a peak in late summer. the maximum life span is four to five years. growth is sporadic .\nclassified as vulnerable by the iucn and as threatened by the u. s. fish and wildlife service .\nthe species grows to 4. 33 in (11. 0 cm). they are pink - white in coloration. the eyes are not externally visible because they have only vestigial tissue under the skin. the pelvic fins are rarely absent; when present, they are always very small. they have a large, broad head .\nindividuals of this species are found in about 100 caves in kentucky and southern indiana. based on field observations, keith suggested that the species distribution may be limited by competition with the southern cavefish, typhlichthys subterraneus .\ntheir typical habitats are caves and subterranean passages of well - developed karst terrain. can be found on consolidated mud - rock substrates in shoals and silt - sand substrates in pools but more often in caves with uniform silt - sand substrates .\nthey feed on benthic crustaceans and worms but can live for two years without food because of their low metabolic rate. they are considered a top predator .\nthese fish have external fertilization, and spawning takes place during high water between february and april. they have a low reproduction rate. the females brood eggs in the gill cavity for about two to five months. the young appear in late summer and early fall .\nthis species is classified as vulnerable by the iucn. it occupies a highly restricted habitat and is susceptible to any disturbance in the water, such as groundwater pollution, sedimentation, runoff, impoundment, quarrying, and overcollecting .\nchologaster cornutus agassiz, 1853 ,\nditches of the rice fields in south carolina .\ngrows to 2. 86 in (6. 8 cm). these fish are strongly bicolored— dark brown above and white to yellow (creamy white) below. they also have three narrow black stripes on each side and an orange or yellow cast to the head. the head is depressed, with small eyes. pink gills are visible through the unpigmented gill covers. the cycloid scales are embedded, and the fish lack pelvic fins .\nthis species is found in north america on the atlantic coastal plain from the roanoke river drainage in virginia to the altamaha river drainage in georgia (united states) .\nthey occur year - round on vegetation and debris in low - lying swamps, ponds, ditches, sloughs, and quiet pools and backwaters of streams, usually in well - shaded, small bodies of waters. the chemical nature of these waters is acidic and boglike. often this species does not show in many faunal surveys; its sensitive response to touch (thigmotaxis) makes it difficult to find in the roots and debris of its preferred habitat along the edges of submerged weed banks .\nfeeds on midge larvae, ostracods, and copepods. vulnerable to dragonfly nymphs, larger fishes, water snakes, and fish - eating birds .\nthey spawn between early march and mid - april and usually die after spawning. they lay up to 430 eggs and may live as long as two years .\nthis species originally was described under two names: chologaster agassizii and forbesella agassizi putnam, 1872, a well in lebanon, wilson county, tennessee, united states. the genus forbesichthys was eventually adopted since forbesella was already in use for marine animals known as tunicates .\ngrows to 3. 54 in (9. 0 cm). this species is dark brown to nearly black on the dorsum, grading to lighter brown laterally; it is cream yellow ventrally, often with a thin yellow stripe along each side. these fish have minute scales embedded under the skin. they lack pelvic fins and have triads of sensory papillae midlaterally and scattered clusters called neuromasts on the head .\nfound in central and western kentucky (west to the tennessee river) to southern central tennessee and west across southern illinois to southeastern missouri. when the mississippi river changed its course, the missouri population may have been isolated from the others for about 2, 000 years. it was intentionally stocked from southern illinois sites to establish a population near quincy college. this population was intended to serve as a nearby source of fish for research .\nindividuals of this species are active in springs at night, almost always near the surface; they usually retreat underground during the day .\nthe few individuals that venture into the spring portions of their habitat may have a strong tendency to move against the current (rheotaxist) for periods of half a minute to one minute, but they typically show strong thigmotaxis and hide under rocks or debris. they prefer highly oxygenated over less oxygenated water but respond to light by moving away (scotophilia). they tolerate a wide range of temperatures .\nthey feed at night on amphipods, midge larvae, tiny worms, and microcrustaceans .\nit has no particular significance except for its ecological and scientific value in researching the process of cave colonization .\nspeoplatyrhinus poulsoni cooper and kuehne, 1974, key cave, alabama, united states .\ngrows to 2. 83 in (7. 2 cm). this species has an extremely elongated and anteriorly depressed head that makes up one - third of the standard length in adults. the snout is laterally compressed, with a terminal mouth. the species is white in coloration and lacks externally visible eyes as well as pelvic fins .\nits distribution is restricted to key cave, lauderdale county, on the north bank of the tennessee river .\nlittle is known about the reproductive biology of this species, and what is known is not encouraging about its future potential for survival. it appears that only a small percentage of females reproduce, producing only a few eggs, and reproduction does not take place every year .\nits total population size is estimated to be less than 100 individuals, which would make it one of the most endangered fish species in the world. it is classified as critically endangered by the iucn and endangered by the u. s. fish and wildlife service. it is being threatened by groundwater pollution from agricultural runoff .\ntyphlichthys subterraneus girard, 1859, a well near bowling green, warren county, kentucky, united states .\ngrows to 3. 54 in (9. 0 cm). they are pinkish in coloration and have a large, broad head. the eyes are not visible, being only vestigial in nature and covered by skin. other defining characters include seven to 10 dorsal soft rays, seven to 10 anal soft rays, 10 to 15 caudal rays, and 28 to 29 vertebrae .\nthis species is found in the subterranean waters of two major disjunct ranges separated by the mississippi river: the ozark plateau of central and southeastern missouri and northeastern arkansas and the cumberland and interior low plateaus of northwestern alabama, northwestern georgia, central tennessee and kentucky, and southern indiana .\nbreeding probably occurs in late spring in association with rising water levels, and spawning takes place between april and may. the females lay fewer than 50 eggs each. they grow slowly and can live up to four years .\nscolopsis sayanus (gilliams, 1824), fishponds, harrowgate ,\nnear philadelphia .\ntwo subspecies have been proposed .\ngrows to 5. 51 in (14. 0 cm). a short, deep body, with a large head and mouth and a protruding jaw. they lack an adipose fin, and the lateral line is either absent or incomplete. the head is covered by ctenoid scales on the sides .\nthis species is found in waters of the atlantic and gulf slopes, the mississippi valley, and scattered parts of the eastern great lakes basin in the united states from minnesota south through the mississippi valley across the gulf coast to florida and north along the atlantic coast to new york. it also can be found in the southeastern corner of oklahoma, in the easternmost tributaries of the red river, and throughout the coastal plain of arkansas (but not in the ozark mountains). there are isolated populations in the lake ontario and lake erie drainages in new york, and the species has been reported in wisconsin outside what is considered their native range, which suggests introduction. populations on the atlantic slope have been considered a subspecies (aphredoderus sayanus sayanus) distinct from the subpopulation of the mississippi valley (a. s. gibbosus). the populations from the gulf of mexico drainage have been termed intermediate .\nthey usually occur over mud in quiet bodies of water, such as swamps, vegetated sloughs, ponds, oxbow lakes, ditches, backwaters, and pools of creeks and in small to large rivers on mud and silt bottoms. adults most frequently are found at sites whose bottoms are overlain with leaf litter. the larvae of this species can be quite abundant in some areas .\nthey feed on insects, blue - green algae, and small crustaceans and fishes, which suggests that, like other members of this order, they are an opportunistic species that goes after almost any food item. vulnerable to dragonfly nymphs, larger fishes, water snakes, and fish - eating birds .\nthe major spawning period for pirate perch in the atchafalaya river basin, louisiana, is february through march. it appears that adult pirate perch are not branchial brooders but rather release their adhesive eggs over leaf litter and woody debris. they can live up to four years or longer .\nthis species is considered a water quality indicator species by the arkansas department of environmental quality for the gulf coastal ecoregion .\nenglish: silver chub; finnish: lohiahven; french (canada): omisco .\ngrows to 7. 87 in (20 cm). coloration can vary from yellowish to silvery to almost transparent, depending on the sexual state. there is a row of about 10 dark spots along the midline of the back and 10 or 11 spots along the lateral line, with another row of spots high on the sides and above the lateral line. the fins are always transparent. the most distinguishing characteristic is an adipose fin with small, weak spines on the dorsal and anal spines. other characters include short gill rakers and rough ctenoid scales. the lateral line is nearly straight .\nthe original distribution was the atlantic and arctic basins throughout most of canada, from quebec to the yukon and british columbia, and south to the potomac river drainage in virginia; the yukon river drainage, the yukon and alaska; and the great lakes and mississippi river basins south to west virginia, eastern kentucky, southern illinois, central missouri, north dakota, and northern montana. it has been introduced in the housatonic river drainage of connecticut and massachusetts and into willard bay reservoir and utah lake, utah .\nthey occur in lakes, deep - flowing pools of creeks, and rivers and usually are found over sand .\nindividuals of this species move into the shallows of lakes at night to feed and then move back to deeper water as dawn approaches. some populations spawn exclusively at night .\nfeeds on smaller fish, benthic crustaceans, insects, and phytoplankton. vulnerable to larger fish, water snakes, and fish - eating birds .\nspawning takes place between april and august. two or more males compete for a single female by chasing her near the surface, often breaking the surface of the water. eggs and milt then are released. death has been recorded after spawning. they can live up to four years .\ncolumbia transmontana eigenmann and eigenmann, 1892, near the mouth of the umatilla river, umatilla county, oregon, united states .\ngrows to 3. 78 in (9. 6 cm). like the troutperch, this species has a large and naked head and chambers in the lower jaws and cheeks known as\npearl organs .\nthis species is found in the columbia river system and some tributaries from the middle columbia river in washington downstream to within 25 mi (40 km) above its mouth, including western idaho, southern washington, and northern and western oregon, united states .\nthey occur in slow - moving portions of streams and rivers, such as backwaters and marginal pools. they prefer mud - sand bottoms, although they have been reported over rubble substrate with considerable aquatic vegetation .\nfeeds on small aquatic invertebrates. vulnerable to dragonfly nymphs, larger fishes, water snakes, and fish - eating birds .\nnot listed by the iucn, but the species may have disappeared from idaho waters .\netnier, d. a. , and w. c. starnes. the fishes of tennessee. knoxville: university of tennessee press, 1993 .\nlee, d. s. , c. r. gilbert, c. h. hocutt, r. e. jenkins, d. e. mcallister, and j. r. stauffer, jr. atlas of north american freshwater fishes. raleigh: north carolina state museum of natural history, 1980 .\nmorrow, james e. the freshwater fishes of alaska. anchorage: alaska northwest publishing, 1980 .\nmurray, a. m. , and m. v. h. wilson .\ncontributions of fossils to the phylogenetic relationships of the percopsiform fishes (teleostei: paracanthopterygii): order restored .\nin mesozoic fishes. 2. systematics and fossil record, edited by g. arratia and h. - p. schultze. munich: dr. friedrich pfeil verlag. 1999 .\npage, lawrence m. , and brooks m. burr. a field guide to freshwater fishes of north america north of mexico. boston: houghton mifflin company, 1997 .\npatterson, c. , and d. e. rosen\nthe paracanthopterygii revisited: order and disorder .\nin papers on the systematics of gadiform fishes, edited by d. m. cohen. science series no. 32. los angeles: natural history museum of los angeles city, 1989 .\nromero, aldemaro, ed. the biology of hypogean fishes. dordrecht: kluwer academic publishers, 2001 .\nwhitworth, w. r. freshwater fishes of connecticut. state geological and natural history survey of connecticut bulletin 114. hartford: connecticut department of environmental protection, 1996 .\nadams, ginny l. , and james e. johnson .\nmetabolic rate and natural history of ozark cavefish, amblyopsis rosae, in logan cave, arkansas .\nenvironmental biology of fishes 62 (2001): 97–105 .\nboltz, j. m. , and j. r. stauffer .\nsystematics of aphredoderus sayanus (teleostei, aphredoderidae) .\ncopeia 1993, no. 1 (1993): 81–98 .\nboschung, herbert t .\ncatalogue of freshwater and marine fishes of alabama .\nbulletin of the alabama museum of natural history 14 (1992): 1–266 .\nbrown, j. z. , and j. e. johnson .\npopulation biology and growth of ozark cavefish in logan cave national wildlife refuge, arkansas .\nenvironmental biology of fishes 62 (2001): 161–169 .\nfontenot, q. c. , and d. a. rutherford .\nobservations on the reproductive ecology of pirate perch aphredoderus sayanus .\njournal of freshwater ecology 14 (1999): 545–549 .\ngreen, s. m. , and a. romero .\nresponses to light in two blind cave fishes (amblyopsis spelaea and typhlichthys subterraneus) (pisces: amblyopsidae) .\nenvironmental biology of fishes 50 (1997): 167–174 .\nkeith, j. h .\ndistribution of northern cavefish, amblyopsis spelaea dekay, in indiana and kentucky and recommendation for its protection .\nnatural areas journal 8 (1988): 69–79 .\nkillgore, k. j. , and j. a. baker .\npatterns of larval fish abundance in a bottomland hardwood wetland .\nwetlands 16 (1996): 288–295 .\nkuhajda, b. r. , and r. l. mayden .\nstatus of the federally endangered alabama cavefish, speoplatyrhinus poulsoni (amblyopsidae), in key cave and surrounding caves, alabama .\nenvironmental biology of fishes 62 (2001): 215–222 .\nmonzyk, f. r. , w. e. kelso, and d. a. rutherford .\ncharacteristics of woody cover used by brown madtoms and pirate perch in coastal plain streams .\ntransactions of the american fisheries society 125, no. 4 (1997): 665–675 .\nmurray, a. m. , and m. v. h. wilson .\nnew paleocene genus and species of percopsiform (teleostei: paracanthopterygii) from the paskapoo formation, smoky tower, alberta .\ncanadian journal of earth sciences 33, no. 3 (1996): 429–438 .\npoulson, t. l .\ncave adaptation in amblyopsid fishes .\namerican midland naturalist 70 (1963): 257–290 .\nromero, a .\nthreatened fishes of the world: amblyopsis rosae (eigenmann, 1897) (amblyopsidae) .\nenvironmental biology of fishes 52 (1998): 434 .\n—— .\nthreatened fishes of the world: typhlichthys subterraneus (girard, 1860) (amblyopsidae) .\nenvironmental biology of fishes 53 (1998): 74 .\n—— .\nthreatened fishes of the world: speoplatyrhinus poulsoni cooper and kuehne, 1974 (amblyopsidae) .\nenvironmental biology of fishes 53 (1998): 293–294 .\nromero, a. , and l. bennis .\nthreatened fishes of the world: amblyopsis spelaea dekay, 1842 (amblyopsidae) .\nenvironmental biology of fishes 51, no. 4 (1998): 420 .\nrosen, d. e .\nan essay on euteleostean classification .\namerican museum novitates, no. 2782 (1985): 1–57 .\nscott, w. b. , and e. j. crossman .\nfreshwater fishes of canada .\nbulletin of the fisheries research board of canada 184 (1973): 1–966 .\nfuller, pam. percopsis omiscomaycus. nonindigenous aquatic species. 17 april 2000 (20 march 2003). < urltoken >\nromero, aldemaro. guide to hypogean fishes. (20 march 2003). < urltoken >\nurltoken gives you the ability to cite reference entries and articles according to common styles from the modern language association (mla), the chicago manual of style, and the american psychological association (apa) .\nwithin the “cite this article” tool, pick a style to see how all available information looks when formatted according to that style. then, copy and paste the text into your bibliography or works cited list .\nbecause each style has its own formatting nuances that evolve over time and not all information is available for every reference entry or article, urltoken cannot guarantee each citation it generates. therefore, it’s best to use urltoken citations as a starting point before checking the style against your school or publication’s requirements and the most - recent information available at these sites :\nmost online reference entries and articles do not have page numbers. therefore, that information is unavailable for most urltoken content. however, the date of retrieval is often important. refer to each style’s convention regarding the best way to format page numbers and retrieval dates .\nin addition to the mla, chicago, and apa styles, your school, university, publication, or institution may have its own requirements for citations. therefore, be sure to refer to those guidelines when editing your bibliography or works cited list .\nthe trout - perches, pirate perch, and cave fishes is a small group of small, north america, freshwater fish. there are 9 species in 3 families: 1 pirate perch, 2 trout - perches, and 6 species of north american cave fishes. the cave fishes are particularly fascinating, they have all become blind and eyeless, as they cannot see in their utterly dark cave environments .\nbiokids is sponsored in part by the interagency education research initiative. it is a partnership of the university of michigan school of education, university of michigan museum of zoology, and the detroit public schools. this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation under grant drl - 0628151. copyright © 2002 - 2018, the regents of the university of michigan. all rights reserved .\nformerly, department of biological sciences, university of alabama, tuscaloosa, alabama .\nan order of the paracanthopterygii, a fish superorder of questionable monophyly. percopsiforms are identifiable by the following combination of characters: nonprotractile premaxilla; tooth - bearing ectopterygoid and palatine bones; absence of a suborbital shelf, orbitosphenoid, and basisphenoid bones; weak spines usually present in the dorsal fin; and pelvic fins, if present, behind the pectoral fins. there are three families, seven genera, and nine species, all confined to freshwaters of north america .\nto learn more about subscribing to accessscience, or to request a no - risk trial of this award - winning scientific reference for your institution, fill in your information and a member of our sales team will contact you as soon as possible .\nlet your librarian know about the award - winning gateway to the most trustworthy and accurate \u0003scientific information .\nrecognized as an award - winning gateway to scientific knowledge, accessscience is an amazing online resource that contains high - quality reference material written specifically for students. its dedicated editorial team is led by sagan award winner john rennie. contributors include more than 9000 highly qualified scientists and 42 nobel prize winners .\ncopyright © mcgraw - hill global education holdings, llc. all rights reserved .\nprivacy notice. any use is subject to the terms of use. additional credits and copyright information." ]

{ "text": [ "the percopsiformes are a small order of ray-finned fishes , comprising the trout-perch and its allies .", "it contains just ten extant species , grouped into seven genera and three families .", "five of these genera are monotypic they are generally small fish , ranging from 5 to 20 cm ( 2.0 to 7.9 in ) in adult body length .", "they inhabit freshwater habitats in north america .", "they are grouped together because of technical characteristics of their internal anatomy , and the different species may appear quite different externally .", "order percopsiformes berg 1937 genus † lateopisciculus murray & wilson1996 genus † percopsiformorum [ otolith ] suborder percopsoidei berg 1937 family † libotoniidae wilson & williams 1992 genus † libotonius wilson 1977 family percopsidae regan 1911 [ percopsides agassiz 1850 ; erismatopteridae jordan 1905 ] genus † massamorichthys murray 1996 genus † amphiplaga cope 1877 genus † erismatopterus cope 1870 genus percopsis agassiz 1849 [ columbia eigenmann & eigenmann 1892 non rang 1834 ; columatilla whitley 1940 ; salmoperca thompson 1850 ] suborder aphredoderoidei berg 1937 [ amblyopsoidei regan 1911 ; aphredoderoidea ; amblyopsoidea ] family aphredoderidae bonaparte 1832 ( pirate perches ) genus † trichophanes cope 1872 genus aphredoderus lesueur 1833 ex cuvier & valenciennes 1833 [ sternotremia nelson 1876 ; asternotremia nelson ex jordan 1877 ; scolopsis gilliams 1824 non cuvier 1814 ] family amblyopsidae bonaparte 1832 [ hypsaeidae storer 1846 ] ( cavefishes ) genus typhlichthys girard 1859 ( southern cavefish ) genus speoplatyrhinus cooper & kuehne 1974 ( alabama cavefish ) genus forbesichthys jordan 1929 [ forbesella jordan & evermann 1927 non herdman 1891 non lacaze-duthiers & delage 1892 ] ( spring cavefish ) genus chologaster agassiz 1853 ( swampfish ) genus amblyopsis de kay 1842 [ troglichthys eigenmann 1899 ; poecilosomus swainson 1839 ]" ], "topic": [ 22, 26, 0, 24, 10, 27 ] }

[ "the percopsiformes are a small order of ray-finned fishes, comprising the trout-perch and its allies. it contains just ten extant species, grouped into seven genera and three families. five of these genera are monotypic they are generally small fish, ranging from 5 to 20 cm (2.0 to 7.9 in) in adult body length. they inhabit freshwater habitats in north america. they are grouped together because of technical characteristics of their internal anatomy, and the different species may appear quite different externally. order percopsiformes berg 1937 genus † lateopisciculus murray & wilson1996 genus † percopsiformorum [ otolith ] suborder percopsoidei berg 1937 family † libotoniidae wilson & williams 1992 genus † libotonius wilson 1977 family percopsidae regan 1911 [ percopsides agassiz 1850; erismatopteridae jordan 1905 ] genus † massamorichthys murray 1996 genus † amphiplaga cope 1877 genus † erismatopterus cope 1870 genus percopsis agassiz 1849 [ columbia eigenmann & eigenmann 1892 non rang 1834; columatilla whitley 1940; salmoperca thompson 1850 ] suborder aphredoderoidei berg 1937 [ amblyopsoidei regan 1911; aphredoderoidea; amblyopsoidea ] family aphredoderidae bonaparte 1832 (pirate perches) genus † trichophanes cope 1872 genus aphredoderus lesueur 1833 ex cuvier & valenciennes 1833 [ sternotremia nelson 1876; asternotremia nelson ex jordan 1877; scolopsis gilliams 1824 non cuvier 1814 ] family amblyopsidae bonaparte 1832 [ hypsaeidae storer 1846 ] (cavefishes) genus typhlichthys girard 1859 (southern cavefish) genus speoplatyrhinus cooper & kuehne 1974 (alabama cavefish) genus forbesichthys jordan 1929 [ forbesella jordan & evermann 1927 non herdman 1891 non lacaze-duthiers & delage 1892 ] (spring cavefish) genus chologaster agassiz 1853 (swampfish) genus amblyopsis de kay 1842 [ troglichthys eigenmann 1899; poecilosomus swainson 1839 ]" ]

[ "“nothing’s come to light. looking at faugheen’s work last week we couldn’t see faugheen being beaten by nichols canyon .\nsuper - fit faugheen can put on a fast show in christmas ...\nfaugheen has won the 3: 20 champion hurdle at the 2015 cheltenham festival .\nfaugheen was just awesome today and we know he' s still improving .\nfaugheen and walsh take the final flight ahead of blue fashion and david bass .\nfaugheen: had been 5 / 4 favourite for the champion hurdle at cheltenham .\nfaugheen will not be taking part in sunday’s irish champion hurdle. photograph: inpho\nfaugheen spearheads nine possible runners in the urltoken christmas hurdle at kempton on saturday .\nan astonishing win for champion hurdler faugheen at leopardstown. in a race billed as a rematch between himself and nichols canyon, faugheen put on a superb display .\nthe biggest threat to faugheen appears to be his former stable companion petit mouchoir .\nderek sheils leads derek mcgee and michael sweeney at the faugheen 50 road races .\npaul jordan won the supersport race at faugheen on the imr evolution camping yamaha .\nsatisfy due diligence requirments on faugheen restaurant limited in one single' time - saving' search. run full background checks for fitness and probity on the directors of faugheen restaurant limited and anti - money laundering checks (aml checks) on faugheen restaurant limited\nap thought he may have been a bit to close to faugheen early on. ap has blamed himself for trying to take faugheen at the top of the hill .\nhe said: “faugheen was very impressive. he’s a brilliant horse, for sure .\nap thought he may have been a bit too close to faugheen early on. ap has blamed himself for trying to take faugheen at the top of the hill .\nfaugheen lived up to the hype with a flawless display in the punchestown champion hurdle .\nfaugheen and annie power are among 10 entries for the bhp insurance irish champion hurdle .\nfaugheen 50: derek sheils sets new record of 106. 464mph at tipperary racing spectacle\n“it was a surprise. maybe the work just brought on nichols canyon more than faugheen .\nwilliam hill eased faugheen to 7 - 4 from evens to retain his champion hurdle crown .\nemail “faugheen' s cheltenham in doubt as he' s pulled from irish champion hurdle” .\nfaugheen is expected to make his seasonal return in sunday' s bhp irish champion hurdle .\nthere was no let up as faugheen stormed clear in the straight to win in impressive fashion .\nruby walsh has opted to ride faugheen in tuesday' s stan james champion hurdle at cheltenham .\nfaugheen destroyed the opposition under ruby walsh in the grade 1 herald champion novice hurdle at punchestown .\nante - post champion hurdle favourite faugheen toyed with his rivals in the coral hurdle at ascot .\nfaugheen ‘the machine’ has been ruled out of the cheltenham festival. photograph: reuters / eddie keogh\nfeedback on “faugheen' s cheltenham in doubt as he' s pulled from irish champion hurdle” .\ngiven the length of time he has been off, that price has no appeal, particularly given there’s no guarantee post - injury faugheen will be the same horse as a pre - injury faugheen .\nowner rich ricci has suggested that champion hurdle favourite faugheen could head straight for cheltenham without another run .\nfaugheen is a wonderful horse. he has jumped better, he missed the second - last .\n# faugheen wins the irish champion hurdle. could well be the first of many. emphatic. urltoken\nwillie mullins has rejected claims a back condition was to blame for faugheen’s disappointing comeback defeat at punchestown .\nwillie mullins has won the irish champion hurdle for the last six years with faugheen. photograph: inpho\nfaugheen 50: derek sheils sets new record of 106. 464mph at tipperary racing spectacle - the nationalist\namong a raft of racing pullouts the daily mail claims, ‘faugheen can be the mullins dream machine’, and the daily express’s stuart brodkin agrees, writing: “faugheen can justify ruby walsh’s decision to opt for him over hurricane fly. ” ‘faugheen’s a jolly good fellow’ is a headline in the times above rob wright’s analysis .\nthe same jockey partnered hurricane fly to finish third to stable companion faugheen in the stan james champion hurdle .\nthats why the nh will always be more popular than the flat. unbelievable scenes at punchestown. # faugheen\nhearing the news of faugheen’s injury live on itv, jockey and regular partner ruby walsh was visibly disappointed .\nruby walsh and faugheen on the way to winning the punchestown champion hurdle. photo: morgan treacy / inpho\nlike faugheen, she hasn’t been seen this season and while it would be brilliant to see her and faugheen do battle come march, the chances look slim, given both are under the ownership of rich ricci .\n# faugheen update this is a real head scratcher! the vet has examined faugheen and states the horse is 100% healthy, fit and well! i guess that is superb news in it' s own right .\nfaugheen is very, very well and i was very taken with his work recently ,\nsaid mullins .\nwilliam hill eased faugheen to 7 - 4 from evens to retain his champion hurdle crown, as did racebets .\nasked to compare faugheen with his supreme victor vautour, mullins added :\nvautour is a different level .\nwalsh made his intentions clear as he took faugheen to the head of the line before the tapes went up .\nwillie mullins remains “surprised” by faugheen’s defeat by stablemate nichols canyon in the urltoken morgiana hurdle at punchestown on sunday .\nnichols canyon leads faugheen to the line in the morgiana hurdle at punchestown. picture credit: matt browne / sportsfile\nprevious winners faugheen and annie power star among 28 entries for the stan james champion hurdle at cheltenham in march .\nbut mullins confirmed this afternoon that faugheen has picked up an injury and has been pulled out of sunday’s race .\nfaugheen will try to repair his reputation in the urltoken christmas hurdle at kempton on st stephen' s day .\nthis weekend the road race action stays south yet again for the 2007 faugheen 50 road races in the small village of faugheen carrick - on - suir co tipperary ireland in what promises to be another action packed weekend of racing .\njohn codd, who rides faugheen all the time, is very happy with him and he looks really well .\nwalsh continued :\nfaugheen is a wonderful horse. he has jumped better, he missed the second - last .\nfaugheen gave willie mullins a sixth successive triumph in the bhp insurances irish champion hurdle with an emphatic performance at leopardstown .\nlast year' s winner faugheen is the star turn among 19 entries for the stan james champion hurdle at cheltenham .\nwillie mullins and ruby walsh celebrate after faugheen won the 2015 champion hurdle at cheltenham. photograph: hugh routledge / rex\nfaugheen is one of three runners for the closutton team as mullins bids for a sixth successive irish champion hurdle success .\nat least faugheen lives to fight another day, unlike vautour who lost his life in a freak accident last autumn .\nchampion hurdle hero faugheen remains unbeaten with an effortless success at punchestown. can anything beat him at cheltenham next year ?\nfaugheen, winner of the 2015 champion hurdle at cheltenham, was brilliant in the irish equivalent at leopardstown last january .\ntrainer willie mullins has had several small setbacks with faugheen who has been forced to miss several engagements as a result .\n“he is a horse for the future – he was only a handicapper here last year and second to faugheen this year – and you would definitely be happy with him going forward. you wouldn’t mind taking on faugheen again next year. ”\n”we had hoped faugheen had just tweaked a muscle but we’ve had it checked out and it’s a stress fracture, ” confirmed willie mullins. “it’s a real shame with faugheen. we needed everything to go right and obviously it hasn’t. ”\nregular jockey ruby walsh echoed those sentiments as faugheen has his first outing since he won the punchestown champion hurdle in may .\nfaugheen made a smooth transition to hurdling when cantering home under ruby walsh in the two mile six maiden hurdle at punchestown .\nmaria o' sullivan is a company director of faugheen restaurant limited since 2015 and a listed director of 1 other companies .\n“we were lucky to see two potential champions in al ferof and faugheen winning and putting down real markers for the future .\nsponsor stan james makes faugheen its 2 / 1 favourite, with annie power next best at 5 / 1. both horses are yet to run this season with faugheen a possible for the bhp insurances hurdle at leopardstown in two weeks’ time. .\nneither runner has been seen yet this term, although faugheen is pencilled in for leopardstown at the end of the month .\nwhen asked about tackling faugheen, mullins said: “he only has 20lb to improve, but he is a novice. ”\nirish champion trainer willie mullins is a targeting a return for faugheen in the irish champion hurdle at leopardstown later this month .\nfaugheen gave willie mullins and ruby walsh another cheltenham festival winner with an impressive success in the neptune investment management novices' hurdle .\nswan, who steered istabraq to all of his 23 hurdling triumphs, is better qualified than most to assess faugheen’s dazzling talent .\nfaugheen’s victory stretched his unbeaten run to nine and gives mullins and walsh an 8 / 1 treble on the card so far .\nfaugheen spearheads eight declarations for the stan james champion hurdle, the highlight on the first day of the cheltenham festival on tuesday .\nit is a plum opportunity for mullins to add to a single career grade 1 success to date which came when nichols canyon became the only horse ever to beat faugheen in the 2015 morgiana hurdle. now he hopes to upset faugheen again on petit mouchoir .\nowner rich ricci said he was delighted with the performance and pointed out that the horses faugheen beat were\nno mugs\n.\nfaugheen has been off the track 12 months, so hopefully we might catch him out for a bit of fitness .\nbased on that it could be faugheen festival friday at punchestown in @ betdaq champion hurdle .\nthat was fantastic\n@ williepmullins\nfaugheen has been ruled out of his reappearance in the bhp insurance irish champion hurdle at leopardstown on sunday with a pulled muscle .\nfaugheen could be joined in the line - up by stablemates arctic fire and nichols canyon, the surprise winner of the morgiana .\nderek sheils clinched a superbike double as paul jordan secured his maiden supersport victory at the faugheen 50 road races in co tipperary .\nfaugheen' s recent work on the curragh gallops convinced willie mullins the champion hurdle hero is ready for action at punchestown on sunday .\ndes mcdonogh trained monksfield to successive champion hurdles at cheltenham in 1978 and 1979 and believes faugheen deserves to be mentioned amongst the greats .\nruby walsh is confident faugheen will claim his second bhp insurance irish champion hurdle if he can reproduce his recent home work at leopardstown .\nthe latest documents filed with the companies registration office for faugheen restaurant limited (which can include the account details) are listed below .\nlog - in now to run due diligence checks and compliance checks on faugheen restaurant limited or click join - up to get started .\nfaugheen' s not slow, no one else wanted to make it and i was going to go my fractions not theirs .\nall the opposition will have a race - fitness edge over him that' s for sure, but faugheen is top class .\nconsequently, the online firm have shortened faugheen to 4 - 6 favourite (from 8 - 11) to retain his cheltenham crown .\nmullins admitted that faugheen’s swift elevation to being regarded as one of the most exciting horse in jump racing has wrong - footed him .\nrich ricci is' very hopeful' that faugheen will make his seasonal reappearance in the bhp insurance irish champion hurdle on january 29 .\nfaugheen was imperious as he led home a willie mullins - trained one - two - three in the stan james champion hurdle at cheltenham .\nathe stan james champion hurdle had all the ingredients to be a cracker and so it worked out with a new unbeaten champion in faugheen .\nfavourite faugheen, ridden by ruby walsh, won the champion hurdle on an amazing first day at the cheltenham festival for trainer willie mullins .\nthe 2015 champion hurdler faugheen impressed greatly from the front when upped to three miles in the grade 1 ladbrokes champion stayers hurdle at punchestown .\nafter winning in hugely impressive style, faugheen was immediately slashed to 5 - 1 joint - favourite for the 2015 champion hurdle at cheltenham .\nruby walsh was motionless in the saddle as willie mullins’ unbeaten star faugheen got his season off to a perfect start in the ascot hurdle .\nkempton racing: faugheen was a hugely impressive winner of the urltoken christmas hurdle at kempton to strengthen his grip on the champion hurdle market .\n2015 champion hurdle hero faugheen is now set to return at christmas, with connections keen to wait until he' s' sparkling' .\nhe inflicted a shock defeat on faugheen in last season' s morgiana hurdle and successfully defended his crown in that punchestown contest in november .\nannie power and faugheen are among seven willie mullins entries for the irish champion hurdle at leopardstown onjanuary 29th. photograph: inpho / crispin rodwell\nfaugheen could make his long - awaited seasonal debut in the bhp insurance irish champion hurdle later this month, trainer willie mullins has revealed .\nnichols canyon clears the last ahead of ruby walsh on faugheen and paddy mullins on wicklow brave to win the morgiana hurdle. morgan treacy: inpho\n“faugheen was a little disappointing. ruby said he hung, but horses hang when they get tired. maybe he just met a good horse .\nfaugheen was fantastic, ruby was fantastic. he dictated the pace, did what he did when he wanted and quickened when he wanted .\nformer jockey charlie swan expects the “brilliant” faugheen to win his second champion hurdle at cheltenham in march following his stunning display at leopardstown on sunday .\nhowever, a mistake at the second - last put paid to his chances and faugheen went on to win as he liked by 15 lengths .\nruby walsh remains tight - lipped on whether he will partner faugheen or hurricane fly in next week' s stan james champion hurdle at cheltenham .\nmorgiana hurdle at punchestown. faugheen has never been beaten, and odds of 1 / 6 tell you that he will probably win today too .\nfaugheen, 11 - 4 favourite for the champion hurdle, has not run since winning the grade one champion novice hurdle at punchestown in april .\nstiffer tasks await faugheen and, though walsh believes his mount can mix it with the best, he still has a bit to prove yet .\nfaugheen was also entered in the bar one racing hatton' s grace hurdle at fairyhouse on sunday, but connections will instead bide their time .\nfaugheen has won the christmas hurdle at kempton for the past two seasons, while there is also the option of the ryanair hurdle at leopardstown .\na muscle problem that ruled faugheen out of his intended comeback at leopardstown just over a week ago was instead established to be a stress fracture .\nwhile faugheen is long odds - on to repeat his win of 12 months ago, he will have to bounce back from that unexpected defeat .\nwith a dearth of new talent around, faugheen may not have to be at his best to regain crown, writes tommy lyons ...\nit won’t be ideal, should faugheen miss the irish champion hurdle, on sunday - week, but neither will it make the task impossible .\nfaugheen has been off the racetrack since routing his rivals in last year’s irish champion hurdle, the title he was due to defend on sunday .\nspokesman jon ivan - duke said: “faugheen’s crown has slipped and while he is still champion hurdle favourite, his air of invincibility has gone. ”\nfaugheen, pictured with his groom john codd, is greeted by fans around the paddock after winning the irish champion hurdle at leopardstown. photograph: urltoken\ntop owner rich ricci runs through his squad for 2015 / 16 including plans for faugheen, douvan, annie power, vautour and several dark horses .\nthe reigning champion hurdler and odds on favourite for this year' s renewal at the cheltenham festival, faugheen, has been ruled out through injury .\nfaugheen tasted defeat for the first time when upstaged by stablemate nichols canyon on his return to action in the grade one urltoken morgiana hurdle at punchestown .\n“faugheen will hopefully come back 100% next season. we have a very good record, i think, with putting that type of injury back .\nwillie mullins' superstars faugheen and annie power feature in a 47 - strong entry for the sun bet stayers' hurdle at cheltenham on march 16 .\ni can' t remember exactly what nicky said but he wanted to go back hurdling before any of the doubts about faugheen and annie power .\nwillie mullins has stated that the bhp insurance irish champion hurdle represents the\nlast chance\nfor faugheen to get a run before the cheltenham festival .\nwillie mullins reports faugheen is on course to make his long - awaited return to action in the bhp insurance irish champion hurdle at leopardstown next weekend .\nruby walsh steers faugheen to an easy victory on the opening day of the punchestown festival on tuesday. photograph: pat healy / racingfotos. com / rex\n“whoever wins, whether it be hurricane fly [ also trained by willie mullins ] or faugheen, i don’t mind because it’s great for the yard. ”\nfollowing on from cadmium and faugheen earlier footpad made it three on the day for willie mullins at punchestown when superb in the grade 1 ryanair novice chase .\nformer jockey charlie swan expects the\nbrilliant\nfaugheen to win his second champion hurdle at cheltenham in march following his stunning display at leopardstown on sunday .\njessica harrington rates willie mullins' young pretender faugheen as the biggest threat to jezki retaining his crown in the stan james champion hurdle at cheltenham next month .\nconnections of faugheen feel the long - absent champion faces a\nbig ask\nto defend his crown in the bhp insurance irish champion hurdle at leopardstown .\nnichols canyon inflicted a shock defeat on faugheen in last season' s morgiana hurdle at punchestown, but the tables were turned spectacularly here a year ago .\nthe precariously fragile nature of the thoroughbred can rarely have been better illustrated than by how both faugheen and min were ruled out of next month’s cheltenham festival .\nfaugheen, the short - priced favourite for the champion hurdle at cheltenham, will not run at leopardstown this weekend, throwing his festival chances into doubt .\nfaugheen, with ruby walsh up, jumps the last flight on his way to winning the punchestown champion hurdle. photograph: matt browne / sportsfile / corbis\nhowever for a horse capable of mixing it meaningfully with faugheen and ‘the fly’ in their pomp, this looks to represent a good opportunity for arctic fire .\nfaugheen is good. whether he did too much in his gallop beforehand or the tactics were wrong i' m not sure ,\nsaid mullins .\nfaugheen will face a maximum of five rivals if making his long - awaited return to action in the bhp insurance irish champion hurdle at leopardstown on sunday .\n. it’s the smallest field for more than 30 years, partly because of the scary reputation built up by the favourite, faugheen. can anything beat him ?\nchampion hurdle hero faugheen was beaten for the first time in his career as his stable mate nichols canyon made all to win the grade 1 urltoken morgiana hurdle .\nfaugheen will head straight for the cheltenham festival after willie mullins decided against letting him line up in this weekend' s red mills trial hurdle at gowran park .\nfaugheen has been ruled out of his reappearance in the bhp insurance irish champion hurdle at leopardstown on sunday with a pulled muscle, trainer willie mullins has announced .\njezki and faugheen have been the last two winners and the role of honour reads like a who' s who. the very impressive supreme novices' hurdle winner\nwillie mullins could fire a formidable twin assault on ascot’s major saturday prizes after faugheen and ballycasey were confirmed for the coral ascot hurdle and the amlin 1965 chase .\nfaugheen (2015) and annie power (2016), headline 28 entries, the highest level since 2013. there are 13 irish - trained runners engaged .\nrich ricci has good news for punters as he has indicated that faugheen is on course to make his long awaited return to the track at leopardstown this month .\nin his latest blog for betbright, ricci revealed that he is\nvery hopeful\nfaugheen will compete in the irish champion hurdle at leopardstown on january 29 .\nannie power and faugheen, the last two winners of the stan james champion hurdle, headline a 28 - strong entry for the cheltenham feature on march 14 .\nwalsh added: “as paul townend pulled up there, he was making the sound of a jet and that is what faugheen is. he is incredible. ”\nfaugheen' s absence has unsurprisingly caused a major shake - up in the ante - post betting for the champion hurdle, but mullins retains a formidable hand .\nlast year' s runner - up arctic fire was initially installed as the new favourite by some bookmakers, having chased home faugheen in the irish champion hurdle .\nfaugheen is 4 - 9 to win the christmas hurdle and 2 - 1 to win the champion hurdle despite the impressive performances of the new one in britain .\nsheils’ manner of victory was even more commanding in the eight - lap grand final, when he set the fastest ever lap at faugheen at 106. 464mph .\nwillie mullins raises his arm in triumph as he celebrates with ruby walsh after faugheen won the 2015 champion hurdle at cheltenham. photograph: hugh routledge / rex / shutterstock\n“we had hoped faugheen had just tweaked a muscle, but we’ve had it checked out and it’s a stress fracture, ” the trainer said on monday. “min has a bruise. hopefully both will still make the track this season. it’s a real shame with faugheen, we needed everything to go right and obviously it hasn’t .\nfaugheen was sent off as the 4 / 5 favourite after opening at 11 / 10 in the morning with late support coming once willie mullins took the first two g1 races on the card. faugheen was again forced into the role of front runner but was allowed to set a moderate pace in the early stages of the race .\nfaugheen' s performance in punchestown' s herald champion novice hurdle was of such transparent quality that trainer willie mullins may have been prompted into a change of plan .\nante - post champion hurdle favourite faugheen turned on the style as ruby walsh made most of the running aboard the cheltenham festival - winning six - year - old .\nruby walsh admits faugheen will need to win the urltoken christmas hurdle at kempton on boxing day if he is to confirm himself a serious stan james champion hurdle player .\nracing fans at leopardstown were treated to an absolute masterclass as faugheen blitzed the five horse field to take the big feature at leopardstown this afternoon, the champion hurdle .\nwillie mullins, left, and ruby walsh celebrate after winning the champion hurdle with faugheen on the first day of the cheltenham festival. photograph: hugh routledge / rex\nwillie mullins made no excuses for faugheen after the champion hurdle hero tasted defeat for the first time, upstaged by stablemate nichols canyon in the urltoken morgiana hurdle at punchestown .\nthe seven - year - old faugheen remains unbeaten in nine starts and lines up today (tuesday 10 march) as favourite for the champion hurdle at the cheltenham festival .\nruby walsh insists the 2014 cheltenham festival showed the future is bright for his partnership with willie mullins, with the jockey particularly excited by the exploits of vautour and faugheen .\ngigginstown house stud, owner of don cossack, was represented by eddie o’leary, while rich ricci collected the award on behalf of his wife susannah, who owns faugheen .\nfaugheen was the star of the show in the stan james champion hurdle as he headlined an amazing willie mullins four - timer on the opening day of the cheltenham festival .\nfaugheen maintained his unbeaten record in devastating fashion at punchestown today when justifying 1 / 2 favouritism to win the grade 1 herald champion novice hurdle by 12 lengths eased down .\nfaugheen' s price as favourite for the champion hurdle at prestbury park in march contracted earlier this week following the news his stable companion annie power will miss the festival .\npetit mouchoir, a former mullins inmate, was hugely impressive over the festive period and jockey david mullins hopes his fitness advantage gives him a real chance of toppling faugheen .\nshe’s ruby walsh’s pick leaving paul townend to again team up with arctic fire who tries to go one better than his second to faugheen in this race two years ago .\njust like faugheen, he made all the running and the result was never in any doubt as he landed his fourth grade one of the season for owner graham wylie .\nhe said: ‘faugheen suffered a little mouth cut at punchestown. rumours of a back problem are untrue. he is 100 per cent now — keep the faith! ’\nfaugheen' s groom, john codd, who was taking care and rode him every day at willie mullins yard, commented about the task lying ahead in the champion hurdle\nfaugheen’s got plenty of good horses to beat but he’s done nothing wrong and nothing’s beaten him yet\n[ 39 ] and reported that faugheen\nstarted to pick up work about three weeks before the festival. he gives you a great feeling to ride. i used to ride big zeb and he’s a very similar type .\n[ 39 ]\nfaugheen did have something to prove despite his flawless record. most of his wins, including the neptune investment management novices’ hurdle at last season’s festival, had been over further .\ncole harden and creepy had taken the field along until the third - last, where faugheen was going ominously well with his main market rival red sherlock hot on his heels .\nwillie is a genius and has a great team of staff around him. faugheen is a wonderful horse. he has jumped better, he missed the second - last .\ndouvan and faugheen are now top - priced 4 - 7 and 2 - 5 respectively to win at the festival, for the second year running in the case of douvan and third in a row when it comes to faugheen. both set off at even shorter prices on sunday and produced flawless dress rehearsals for their return to the sport’s biggest stage .\nwillie mullins expects faugheen to return\nas good as new\nnext season following the shock news he will not defend his title in the stan james champion hurdle at cheltenham .\nlast year' s winner faugheen, who is due to run in sunday’s irish champion hurdle, heads the 19 entries for the stan james - sponsored british equivalent at cheltenham .\nin his last race of the 2014 / 2015 campaign, faugheen competed in the punchestown champion hurdle against the smallest field he ever encountered with only 3 rivals opposing him. the former champion hudlers hurricane fly and jezki were routed to the staying division after failing to make an impression against faugheen last time out at cheltenham, while the runner - up that day arctic fire was the only credible danger in this race. faugheen once again had to make his own pace upfront but unlike cheltenham where ruby walsh made it a tactical affair, this time around he applied a much faster pace early on which left arctic fire no hiding place and finished 8 lengths behind faugheen who was still on the bridle at the business end. ruby walsh described faugheen as\nmy idea of perfection\n[ 47 ] and upped his career record at 11 wins from 11 starts (10 under rules) .\nunbeaten hurdler faugheen gave trainer willie mullins and jockey ruby walsh their third winner of the day when running out a commanding winner of the stan james champion hurdle at cheltenham this afternoon .\nvery little has gone according to plan at leopardstown this week, and that continued in the ryanair hurdle, with the 2 / 11 favourite faugheen pulling up before the second last .\nfaugheen maintained his unbeaten record in the style you would expect of a 1 / 9 shot when coming home under a tight rein in the two and a half miles meath novice .\n“he’s way more efficient jumping than faugheen ever was, or is, even. that from a novice is extraordinary, i think. i can’t wait to get him over a fence but we’ll have to go and chat to connections to see what they want to do. rich has faugheen there for the champion hurdle, so it’s a nice problem to have .\nhe said: “i am very hopeful we will see faugheen in the bhp insurance irish champion hurdle... we are not there yet, but the signs are positive. ”\nannie power proved an able deputy in 2016, despite her own less - than - ideal preparation, but the bare form leaves her upwards of 10lbs shy of what faugheen achieved .\nclearly, he didn’t sparkle to willie mullins’ satisfaction as christmas came and went without the festive treat of faugheen’s return. this week the trainer said faugheen is “definitely on course for cheltenham” and expressed the hope he’d make it to the irish champion hurdle before that. however, the fact so many planned returns this season have been aborted can only be a negative .\nthe wait to see 2015 champion hurdle hero faugheen goes on after he was not among the seven declarations for the bar one racing hatton' s grace hurdle at fairyhouse on sunday .\nearlier this week mullins had raised the possibility of annie power and faugheen going up against each other in the champion hurdle but that decision has now been taken out of his hands .\nstar mare annie power completed her cheltenham preparations with an easy success at punchestown on wednesday and could now head for the champion hurdle following the shock news of faugheen' s injury .\nnews of a season - ending injury to stablemate faugheen had emerged just before the race, heaping significance on annie power' s performance on what was her first start since may .\n“that worked out completely different from the way they worked on tuesday, ” willie mullins said. “faugheen left nichols for dead – maybe he left his race behind, i don’t know .\nfaugheen with paul townend up for the first time in a race, returned in style off a 665 day break to land more grade 1 honours in the unibet morgiana hurdle at punchestown .\nowner rich ricci believes faugheen represents his best chance of winning one of the championship events at the cheltenham festival ahead of his bid for glory in the stan james champion hurdle on tuesday .\nwhile faugheen had promised to do something like this and was sent off the 4 / 5 favourite, the seven - year - old still had to prove himself at the highest level .\nmullins said: “that worked out completely different from the way they worked on tuesday. faugheen left nichols for dead - maybe he left his race behind, i don' t know .\nwillie mullins has indicated faugheen is on course to defend his crown in the €110, 000 grade 1, which had been previously dominated for five years running by the legendary hurricane fly .\nfaugheen has not been seen since winning the irish champion hurdle by 15 lengths in january, after which he suffered an injury and missed the defence of his title at cheltenham in march .\nwillie mullins has issued an upbeat bulletin on faugheen and is hopeful the horse can return to action in time to defend his bhp irish champion hurdle crown at the end of the month .\ndespite that faugheen remains a 5 - 2 favourite to reclaim his cheltenham crown in march and is 4 - 7 “with a run” with paddy power for the leopardstown race in two weeks .\n“coming round the last bend, danny [ mullins ] still hadn’t gone for arctic fire and i was wondering, had they [ faugheen and nichols canyon ] taken too much out of each other, but faugheen just opened up again. he put in a round of champion hurdle jumping, and at the pace they went as well it was a proper irish champion hurdle. ”\nowner rich ricci says he is relishing the prospect of faugheen running in cheltenham’s champion hurdle after his gelding extended his unbeaten record to eight races with an effortless victory in the urltoken christmas hurdle .\nwith faugheen likely to be kept apart from stablemate hurricane fly, who runs in the december hurdle at leopardstown on monday, ricci did not rule out another foray to britain before the festival .\nleading from flag - fall under ruby walsh, faugheen was taken on at halfway by his stablemate nichols canyon, who had beaten him in the morgiana hurdle at punchestown earlier in the campaign .\nfaugheen, the willie mullins - trained winner of the neptune investment novices’ hurdle at the cheltenham festival, is in line to make his seasonal debut in the coral hurdle at ascot on saturday .\nin faugheen’s absence, annie power was supplemented for a tilt at the two - mile hurdling showpiece at cheltenham and ran out an all - the - way winner before following up at aintree .\nfaugheen has bypassed entries in the morgiana, the hatton’s grace and the christmas hurdle at kempton this season, with mullins admitting the horse has at times failed to impress him in his work .\nmullins, who prior to striking gold with faugheen won five consecutive renewals of the irish champion hurdle with the great hurricane fly, has also left in footpad, ivan grozny and nichols canyon .\nit' s a massive loss to a yard of our size. willie mullins mentioned when he lost faugheen that he' s got loads of good substitutes. i haven' t .\nfaugheen was up against only 3 opponents, of which the former champion hurdler jezki who won last time out the istabraq hurdle and two improving young hurdlers that were up in class but were coming on back of good runs. faugheen' s usual rider ruby walsh was injured the previous day and was replaced with former irish champion jockey paul townend who never ridden him in public. he set off a good gallop on faugheen from the start and showed his ability was intact by winning hard held 16 lengths back to jezki who was also well clear of the rest. [ 74 ]\nfaugheen, the 6 - 4 favourite, passed the post four and a half lengths in front of ballyalton, with the winner' s stablemate, rathvinden, half a length away in third .\n“faugheen’s got plenty of good horses to beat but he’s done nothing wrong and nothing’s beaten him yet. he still needs every bit of luck though. but he’s in his prime right now. ”\n“when ruby (walsh on faugheen) made a bit of a mistake at the second last, i thought that i had a chance but i was flat to the boards when i straightened up .\nfaugheen’s victory was emblematic of mullins’ year as a whole, as he set off in front and then steadily poured on the power all the way to the line, his complete dominance apparent throughout .\nnot seen since winning the irish champion hurdle in january, faugheen was expected to make his seasonal debut in the morgiana hurdle a couple of weeks ago but missed that outing with a bruised foot .\n' faugheen the machine' is a headline we had better start getting used to as willie mullins' former pointer extended his unbeaten total to nine in all competition with a demolition of his rivals in the grade one christmas hurdle. it is hard to believe this horse just 12 short months ago was winning a three - mile hurdle in heavy at limerick, and if anyone had suggested then that faugheen would be as tight as even - money ante - post favourite for a champion hurdle, you would have been calling for the white coats. yet such has been faugheen' s trajectory in the meantime .\ngordon elliott’s stable star don cossack and faugheen, trained by willie mullins, were the first joint winners of the horse of the year award after today' s horse racing ireland awards at leopardstown racecourse .\npetit mouchoir was trained by mullins until his split with the leading owner michael o’leary last autumn, as was apples jade, last year’s outstanding juvenile hurdler and another possible runner against faugheen on sunday week .\nbookmakers sky bet make faugheen the 4 / 9 favourite to win the kempton race, ahead of irving at 4 / 1 and the nicky henderson - trained sign of a victory at 7 / 1 .\nruby walsh has ridden faugheen in 11 races, including at cheltenham last year, and looked visibly shaken by the news of his enforced absence - moments after riding stablemate annie power to victory at punchestown .\n“i always thought a lot of faugheen and he was very good – he did it the hard way and made all the running. i can’t name the last horse to do that in a champion hurdle .\n“yes, that was old faugheen, ” said a somewhat relieved ruby walsh. “i caught hold of him going to the second last, he pinged it and then he quickened really, really well. ”\nfaugheen won by a carefree three and three - quarters of a length to give walsh and trainer willie mullins back - to - back victories in the grade two after annie power had struck 12 months ago .\nwillie mullins could fire a formidable twin assault on ascot' s major saturday prizes after the unbeaten faugheen was confirmed for the coral ascot hurdle, while ballycasey remains in the reckoning for the amlin 1965 chase .\nirving was very good in the fighting fifth and has course form around kempton and faugheen will have to be a good bit more forward than he was at ascot to beat him in his back yard .\non monday afternoon, quotes appeared from ruby walsh via his column for racing uk about faugheen being on course for the festival, and how the horse required “the bit of luck he needs and deserves. ”\nfaugheen claimed the two - mile blue riband in 2015 for willie mullins but could not defend his title 12 months ago, after suffering an injury following victory in the irish version of the race last january .\narctic fire and paul townend loomed up coming out of the back straight, but as soon as walsh gave faugheen (1 - 6 favourite) a squeeze the response was immediate and the race was over .\nall the headlines will be about whether faugheen runs or not later this month. if he does make it to the course, will he be as good as the horse which won the 2015 champion hurdle ?\nfaugheen, whose opponents include fighting fifth hurdle winner irving, won the two - mile grade one novices’ hurdle at punchestown in april but every other time he has raced over hurdles it has been over further .\nsunshine, a wedding, lap records, a new course record, were the high points of the handy man / kilmeadan tyres faugheen 50 at the weekend, but the low points, saw two serious crashes, one on saturday and the other on sunday. it was a weekend of mixed emotions that started off with free practice, and an unusual stoppage, to allow a wedding to take place in the church in faugheen village. it was also a weekend that saw our brilliant medical teams stretched to the limit, but yet they coped with impeccable co - ordination and expertise, as did the organising faugheen club .\nfaugheen' s future is also seen over fences but he is also rated a contender for the champion hurdle and the world hurdle in 2015, as well as the rsa chase should connections go down that route .\npossible rivals for faugheen in the irish champion hurdle on sunday week include petit mouchoir, who was an impressive winner of the grade one ryanair hurdle at leopardstown’s christmas meeting with nichols canyon seven lengths adrift in second .\nin the absence of a rival proven at the level and until such time, should it come, that he is ruled out of the race, faugheen remains the most likely winner of the 2017 champion hurdle .\nwillie mullins, who prior to faugheen’s triumph 12 months ago saddled the great hurricane fly to win a record five successive renewals, has also entered clondaw warrior, diakali, ivan grozny, nichols canyon and footpad .\nannie power took her chance in the champion hurdle in 2016 because of the injury to faugheen. she beat the field which was headed by my tent of yours by over four lengths in an impressive performance against the opposite sex. the daughter of shirocco remains in the 2017 champion hurdle in case faugheen suffers another setback but an announcement on her plans is likely to be made by her connections as close to the festival as possible .\nfaugheen was just awesome today and we know he' s still improving. there' s no reason to go novice chasing when you have a hurdler as good as this. he will definitely go to punchestown .\n“it’s very hard to judge the two of them against each other (faugheen and istabraq), but it was an amazing performance the other day and he’s going to be very hard to beat in cheltenham again. ”\nruby walsh decsribed faugheen as “my idea of perfection” after the brilliant seven - year - old had galloped three rivals into submission in the queally group punchestown champion hurdle yesterday, the highlight on day four of the festival .\nwillie mullins' star hurdler faugheen confirmed the form of march' s champion hurdle win when maintaining his eleven race unbeaten record in the grade 1 queally group celebrating 35 years in naas punchestown champion hurdle at punchestown today .\nfaugheen and annie power are the last two winners of the champion hurdle and are currently top - priced at 9 - 4 and 5 - 1 for this year’s race on 14 march. faugheen is unraced since suffering an injury in the run - up to last year’s festival, while annie power has not seen a track since following up her champion hurdle success in march 2016 with victory in the aintree hurdle at liverpool the following month .\nfaugheen, the champion hurdle winner, concluded his novice campaign with a victory in the same race 12 months ago, but all options remain open for douvan, who races in the same pink colours of rich ricci .\nblue fashion at least attempted to make a race of it, but a swift jump at the last from the 1 - 4 favourite confirmed the inevitable and faugheen won by a carefree three and three - quarter lengths .\nracing fans will be hoping the wait to see annie power and / or faugheen will end in the bhp insurance irish champion hurdle on january 29, with both among willie mullins’ seven entries for the leopardstown grade 1 .\nthe champion hurdle picture could look very different by the end of the month but, as things stand, yanworth at 5 / 1 and petit mouchoir at 8 / 1 look far more appealing betting propositions than faugheen .\ni am very hopeful we will see faugheen in the bhp insurance irish champion hurdle on january 29th. we are not there yet, but the signs are positive ,\nsaid the chairman of the online bookmakers .\nwe all get our fair share of bad luck. we' ve seen it happen to willie mullins with the likes of annie power and faugheen, and of course oliver sherwood after what happened to many clouds .\nhowever, both are big ifs. faugheen has not been seen since his imperious display in last year’s irish champion hurdle and that has to be a concern. a suspensory ligament injury suffered last february denied faugheen the chance to defend the crown he had won so impressively at cheltenham 11 months previously. at the time willie mullins was bullish about the horse’s long - term future, predicting he would return as “as good as new” next season .\n“they went a good gallop and nichols did it the hard way out in front, he jumped fantastic. maybe he has improved more. until he tells me something wasn’t right, i’m not making any excuses for faugheen .\nthe feature event at limerick today, the grade 3 liberty insurance novice hurdle, was a race of some merit with victory going to unbeaten 8 / 13 favourite faugheen for trainer willie mullins and his nephew jockey emmet mullins .\nthe drop back to the minimum trip didn' t inconvenience neptune hero faugheen as he ran out an easy 12 - length winner of the 2014 herald champion novice hurdle for ruby walsh and willie mullins. urltoken urltoken / punchestown" ]

{ "text": [ "faugheen ( foaled 2 may 2008 ) is an irish thoroughbred racehorse best known for winning the 2015 champion hurdle and back-to-back christmas hurdles in 2014 and 2015 .", "his best performance on a racecourse came in the 2016 irish champion hurdle for which he was rated the best two-mile hurdler of the 21st century .", "his career started over point-to-point fences as a four-year-old and was sent racing under national hunt rules in the 2013/2014 season where he emerged as a leading novice hurdler , winning all of his races including the dorans pride novice hurdle , cheltenham novices ' hurdle and herald champion novice hurdle acquiring the nickname \" the machine \" in the process .", "faugheen continued his undefeated run in the next season out of novices company when he was kept over hurdles , winning his first three races in britain with victories at ascot and a month later in the christmas hurdle , followed with a win at the highest level in the champion hurdle , defeating a strong field that included 2 previous champions .", "he finished the 2014/2015 national hunt campaign with a perfect record by taking the punchestown champion hurdle and was marked by the anglo-irish and timeform handicappers as the highest rated hurdler in training .", "faugheen faced the first defeat of his career on his seasonal reappearance in the 2015/2016 national hunt campaign but bounced back with victories in the grade 1 christmas hurdle by 7 lengths in december 2015 and in the next month he took the irish champion hurdle by 15 lengths , the widest winning margin in the race 's history .", "shortly thereafter he suffered a small injury when resuming training for the cheltenham festival and missed the rest of the season . " ], "topic": [ 22, 14, 14, 14, 14, 14, 14 ] }

[ "faugheen (foaled 2 may 2008) is an irish thoroughbred racehorse best known for winning the 2015 champion hurdle and back-to-back christmas hurdles in 2014 and 2015. his best performance on a racecourse came in the 2016 irish champion hurdle for which he was rated the best two-mile hurdler of the 21st century. his career started over point-to-point fences as a four-year-old and was sent racing under national hunt rules in the 2013/2014 season where he emerged as a leading novice hurdler, winning all of his races including the dorans pride novice hurdle, cheltenham novices' hurdle and herald champion novice hurdle acquiring the nickname \" the machine \" in the process. faugheen continued his undefeated run in the next season out of novices company when he was kept over hurdles, winning his first three races in britain with victories at ascot and a month later in the christmas hurdle, followed with a win at the highest level in the champion hurdle, defeating a strong field that included 2 previous champions. he finished the 2014/2015 national hunt campaign with a perfect record by taking the punchestown champion hurdle and was marked by the anglo-irish and timeform handicappers as the highest rated hurdler in training. faugheen faced the first defeat of his career on his seasonal reappearance in the 2015/2016 national hunt campaign but bounced back with victories in the grade 1 christmas hurdle by 7 lengths in december 2015 and in the next month he took the irish champion hurdle by 15 lengths, the widest winning margin in the race's history. shortly thereafter he suffered a small injury when resuming training for the cheltenham festival and missed the rest of the season." ]

[ "information on the american marten is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly .\nduring a 1985 study to evaluate the american marten population in the nicolet national forest, researchers live - trapped 17 marten. the population was estimated to be 100 - 150 marten, but was still centered within the release sites in marten restoration area\ngreater yellowstone' s american marten or pine marten as they are colloquially know around here is a north american member of the family mustelidae (martes americana). the name\npine marten\nis derived from the common but distinct eurasian species of martes .\nthe american marten is classified as secure in the current general status of alberta wild species report. see :\nnichols, melissa j. ,\namerican marten denning behavior in michigan\n( 2016). masters theses. 794. urltoken\nmaintain american marten as a furbearer with a closed season until it is determined by ndgfd biologists that the population can sustain harvest .\namerican marten is a mammal that belongs to the family of weasels. there are 13 subspecies of american marten that are native to north america. american martens inhabit coniferous and mixed forests. these animals were extensively hunted during the 19th and 20th century because of their fur. habitat loss (as a result of deforestation) is the greatest threat for the survival of american martens in the wild today. despite these factors, american martens are still numerous in the wild .\nworldwide distribution of subgenus martes (except stone marten). green shows north american distribution of martes americana (powell, 1994) .\ndumyahn, joseph b. ; zollner, patrick a. 2007. winter home - range characteristics of american marten (martes americana) in northern wisconsin. american midland naturalist. 158: 382 - 394 .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below. < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive video - american marten - overview\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive video - american marten - overview\ntitle =\narkive video - american marten - overview\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nthe marten is known for having weasel - like characteristics, a long, bushy tail and thick, yellowish to dark brown fur that is valuable in the fur trade. the american marten is often referred to by the name of its european relative, the pine marten. another variation of the marten is the stone marten, also found in europe and asia. fur marketers often refer to the marten as ‘sable’, which is its given name in russia .\ncolwell, l. (2003) .\namerican marten (photo )\n. larry colwell' s main page. permission granted .\nvolunteering: observations of american marten can be submitted to the wildlife division at nh fish and game via email at: wildlife @ urltoken .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below. < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - american marten (martes americana )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - american marten (martes americana )\ntitle =\narkive species - american marten (martes americana )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nbehavior and distribution of american marten (martes americana) in relation to snow and forest cover on the kenai peninsula, alaska (12. 96mb )\nto cite this page for personal use: “american marten”. [ online ]. natural history notebooks. canadian museum of nature. last updated (web site consulted\nresearchers investigating the impact of wind farm construction on american marten found that during the construction phase, marten were periodically displaced and used the study area less. although proximity did not return to that of the pre - construction period, it did gradually increase after construction ended, suggesting that marten were adjusting to the new site conditions .\ncarr, s. m. 2000. “distribution of american pine marten (martes americana & m. caurina) ” [ online ] urltoken [ november 8, 2003 ]\namerican martens live up to 15 years in the captivity and much shorter in the wild .\nthe extirpated american marten has been reintroduced to wisconsin at several locations. all within the north central forest. recovery has been slow and success of the reintroduction efforts remains uncertain .\nthe table below lists the natural communities that are associated with american marten. only natural communities for which american marten is\nhigh\n( score = 3) or\nmoderate\n( score = 2) associated are shown. see the key to association scores for complete definitions. please see the wildlife action plan to learn how this information was developed .\nnatural enemies of american martens are wolves, coyotes, bobcats, foxes and birds of prey .\namerican marten (martes americana), a state endangered mammal, lives in mature, dense conifer forests, mixed conifer - hardwood, and hardwood dominanted forests. american martens prefer forests with a mixture of conifers and deciduous trees including hemlock, white pine, yellow birch, maple, fir and spruce. marten young are born in tree dens in late march and april and are weaned when about 6 weeks old. to avoid potential take of dependent kits in suitable habitat, within american marten range, do not cut trees between march 15 and may 31 .\nthe animal on display at the park is a captive bred marten, which was part of the park' s captive breeding marten program. it is unreleasable to the wild .\namerican martens are able to dig tunnels and move through the snow during the winter to find food .\nin my opinion, marten are probably the most enjoyable animal to trap. i’ll go through a few basics on marten trapping, which is fairly simple and can be very rewarding .\nthe marten populations was studied as part of a master’s thesis by penn st. university .\ngebo, t. 1976. the pine marten (martes american) in the adirondacks: distribution of habitat affinities. m. s. thesis, univ. of idaho, moscow, 39pp .\nbuskirk s. w. , & w. j. zielinski. 1998 (?) american marten (martes americana) ecology and conservation. [ online ] urltoken [ october 15, 2003 ]\nas predators, american martens may have significant impact on prey populations, helping to structure the forest community .\n. washington d. c. : the smithsonian institution press in association with the american society of mammologists .\namerican martens are agile climbers and good swimmers, but they spend most of their lives on the ground .\namerican martens communicate via sounds (huffs, chuckles and screams) and visual cues (body postures) .\npercentage of habitat types within marten home ranges (n = 39) in the study area .\nthe fisher is twice the size of a marten, and usually lacks the buff chest patch .\namerican marten occurs across most of north america from alaska through much of forested canada, into the north - eastern united states, and south along northern california, south in the sierra nevada and rocky mountains .\nin 2017, as a result of all this work, american marten were removed from the list of threatened species in new hampshire. ongoing monitoring will be done to ensure the continued recovery of this species .\nmarten are pretty small animals, and are caught humanely and effectively in small traps. trappers use footholds, conibears, and sometimes even snares to capture marten, but nowadays the most popular marten traps are probably the 110 and 120 conibear. these are humane bodygripper traps that usually result in a quick, humane kill. another popular marten trap is the # 1 longspring, a foothold trap .\nkelly, j. 2005. recent distribution and population characteristics of american marten in new hampshire and potential factors affecting their occurrence thesis. master of science in wildlife and fisheries conservation. university of massachusetts. amherst .\nidentification: american martens are small, rare members of the weasel family. the american marten is sometimes referred to as pine marten due to the similarities shared with their european pine marten relatives. their fur is soft and thick, varying in color from pale buff or yellow to reddish or dark brown. the animals' throats are pale buff to orange; their tails and legs are dark brown. two vertical black lines run above the inner corners of their eyes. in winter, long hairs grow between the toe pads on the american martens' feet. these keep the feet warm and enable the animals to travel on deep, soft snow .\nin 2013, new research with the university of new hampshire was completed which investigated the impacts of wind farm development on american marten. marten require large blocks of unfragmented forests and are often considered an umbrella species because their territories can cover many different forest types which also provides habitat for a variety of other wildlife species .\nhome range sizes vary considerably with habitat and prey densities. american martens do not hibernate and is active all winter .\nin wisconsin, male marten territories average about 2 square miles, while female' s average about 1. 0 square mile. martens generally cover their entire territory every 8 - 10 days as they hunt. martens are highly territorial and neither males nor females will tolerate another american marten of the same sex in their territory .\nthe most basic idea behind trapping marten is the understanding that they’re forest dwellers that require thick canopy cover and adequate woody debris. find areas with these features, and it’s a safe bet that you’ll find marten .\nwhen i’m scouting for marten, i usually scout for habitat as opposed to looking specifically for sign. the reason for this is that in the absence of snow to record their tracks, marten typically leave little sign. also, marten are almost primarily nocturnal, so the odds of seeing them when scouting in the forest are pretty slim. the occasional scat and scratch marks on trees are about all you’ll find for marten sign. but with the right snow, you’ll be able to locate marten by their tracks, shown here :\nmarriot, j. 2003 .\namerican marten (photo )\nwilderness photography of banff and jasper national park. permission granted. [ online ] urltoken. photo obtained from wildlife of the rockies. [ online ] urltoken .\nthe dnr' s bureaus of endangered resources, wildlife management, and integrated science services, in cooperation with the u. s. forest service and other agencies and stakeholders, implemented an american marten recovery plan in 1986. the recovery plan established a self - sustaining population goal of 300 marten on the nicolet side and a reintroduction goal of 100 marten on the chequamegon side of the national forest by 1990. it appears these goals were achieved. presently, the dnr is updating the recovery plan based on recent information collected and an improved marten knowledge base .\nmarten are sensitive to cold temperatures and normally rely on an insulating snow - pack and sufficient forest structure for thermal protection in winter. low densities of marten on the western kenai peninsula, alaska have commonly been attributed to shallow snow and habitat conditions that may not be conducive to supporting stable marten populations. this research examined the interactions between marten behavior in relation to available snow and habitat conditions at forest stand, home range, and landscape scales. marten were radio - collared and back - tracked in three study areas in the kenai ...\nkurcera, thomas e. ; zielinski, william j. ; barrett, reginald h. 1996. current distribution of the american marten, martes americana, in california. california fish and game 81 (3): 96 - 103\nmarten are woodland animals. american marten are sometimes confused with the european pine marten and the russian sable, both of which are different species of martens. uncontrolled fires, clear cutting lumber practices and trapping pressures caused a significant decline in marten populations from the late 1800' s to the 1940' s when trapping seasons for martens were closed in most states and canadian provinces. since that time protection and the reintroduction of martens into acceptable habitats has proven to be a great success. martens are currently present in 17 states and harvested by trapping in 10 states .\nunlike muskrats or mink, marten are not effectively trapped using blind sets because they don’t usually establish regular travel routes. the best way to catch marten is with a baited set. baited sets include ground and tree sets .\nthe pine marten (martes martes) is an animal in the weasel family, native to britain northern europe .\nsiren, a. 2013. population ecology of american marten in new hampshire: impact of wind farm development in high elevation habitat thesis. master of science in natural resources: wildlife and conservation biology. university of new hampshire. durham .\namerican martens are long, slender animals. eyes are large and ears are cat - like. claws are sharp and curved .\nreintroduction attempts took place in 1953 and again in 1975 however, marten sightings remained scarce. a lack of surveys to evaluate the success or failure of these reintroduction attempts combined with a general lack of observations led to american marten being one of the first species added to the state’s newly adopted list of threatened and endangered species in 1979 (kelly, 2005) .\nthe marten is one of few land mammals native to newfoundland, and the sub - species is endemic to canada .\nmarten are habitat dependent, and the species only thrives in coniferous forest or mixed forest of conifers and hardwood trees .\nwork with the north dakota forest service and private landowners to use to implement marten friendly guidelines for land management activities .\nthe american marten (martes americana), or marten, often incorrectly called the pine marten because of their close resemblance to their european relative, is a member of the mustelid family. the name mustelid came from the fact that members of this family have developed anal scent glands which produce a strong repellent smell that are often used to mark territories. other members of this family that can be found in new york include fisher, ermine, weasel, mink, and the river otter .\nthis member of the weasel family has such long, lustrous fur that in the fur trade the american marten has been called the canadian or american sable. their fur varies in colour between individuals and by season. in summer it tends to be a tawny to dark brown, and in winter it is darker. most individuals sport a paler (yellowish - orange) throat and bib .\nthe table below lists the ecological landscape association scores for american marten. the scores correspond to the map (3 = high, 2 = moderate, 1 = low, 0 = none). for more information, please see the wildlife action plan .\nthe american marten inhabits large tracts of intermediate to mature softwood, hardwood and mixed forests in new york and northern new england. close relatives of weasels and fishers, martens prefer an interconnected tree canopy where they can climb and move from tree to tree .\nthe american marten lives in the cold northern pine forests of canada, ranging from newfoundland in the east to the us state of alaska in the west. martens also live in the high - altitude mountain areas of the continental united states, where conditions are similar to the cold north. the fur of the american marten is highly valued, and although the species is not endangered, hunting and the destruction of its conifer - forest habitat have caused a severe decline in numbers in many parts of its range .\nthe american (or pine) marten is a predator (meat eater) species that belongs to the weasel family. before the late 1800s, the marten was common in northern minnesota. because of logging, most of its wooded habitat was lost. by 1920 pine martens had almost disappeared from minnesota. the full recovery of the population by 1990 is a dnr management success story .\namerican marten - newfoundland population, is found only on the island of newfoundland. most of the population occurs in the area of little grand lake, with other, smaller populations located at red indian lake, glover island, main river, and terra nova national park. scattered pockets of animals are found in adjacent areas. historically, marten were found throughout most of the island .\nthough global populations of the pine marten are unthreatened, they are endangered or locally extinct in some parts of their range .\nthe marten' s only natural enemies are the equally agile fisher as well as lynx, great horned owl and wolf .\namerican marten were live - trapped, radio - collared and marked with small ear tags to allow researchers to study their habitat use, movements and home range sizes. trail cameras were set up to document the presence of additional marten and snow track surveys were conducted to document the presence of other wildlife within the study area before, during and after wind tower construction (siren, 2013) .\nthe american marten was once present in all of the atlantic provinces. since the early 1900s, however, only remnant populations remain. the decline in numbers is blames on loss of habitat and on over - trapping. national parks offer protected areas where there is neither logging nor trapping and park staff hoped that habitat suitable for the reintroduction of marten would be available. if nucleus populations could be established in and around some of atlantic canada' s national parks, marten could once again become more common in atlantic canada .\nthe american marten was once found in a broad belt across forested northern north america. excessive trapping and destruction of their boreal forest habitat has depleted their numbers. today, american martens remain only in scattered pockets, although much effort is being made to reintroduce martens to areas they formerly inhabited. their insatiable curiosity and appetite, often mistaken for tameness, has made them rather easy victims for all sorts of traps .\nmarten have been moved from\nendangered\nstatus to\nthreatened\nstatus in 2007 due to an increase in their population .\nthe marten is one of only 14 native mammal species on the island of newfoundland. it was once trapped for its fur .\nthe american marten has a long, slender body, and large eyes and ears. the fur on the head is light brown or grey, while the legs, tail and upper surface of the body are dark brown or black. the underside is pale yellow or cream .\nmarten are territorial animals. males occupy territories of about 1 - 3 square miles, which rarely overlap with other male territories. female territories are usually smaller (0. 5 - 1 square mile) and often overlap with those of males. in areas where fisher and marten are both present, their territories rarely overlap. fisher often kill marten whenever they come in contact with each other .\n• male marten average 3 pounds and are 30 inches long, including the tail. • they have 38 teeth, including four canine teeth. • mating season is in july, with gestation of 220 - 275 days due to delayed implantation. litter sizes are from 1 to 4 young. • except during breeding season, marten are not sociable with other marten, and live solitary lives .\npredators have not been reported for american martens. however, it is likely that young martens may be vulnerable to large carnivores like wolves or owls .\namerican martens are long, slender animals. the eyes are large, the ears are cat - like, and the claws are sharp and curved .\namerican martens are widespread around northern part of north america. habitat of martens stretches from the northernmost forests of alaska and canada to northern new mexico, from california to newfoundland. however, some small populations of american martens are estimated in the american midwest – wisconsin and minnesota. nevertheless, the major area of martens’ habitat is dense northern forest. these animals live on shore pines, fir trees and douglas firs. american martens are more frequently found in mature and impassable forests, at all altitudes. they build their dens in empty hollows, burrows left by former dwellers and clefts in trees .\n) will have 3 molars, a marten will have 4. a marten also differs from similar - sized fishers by a smaller skull length (typically 80 to 90 mm). the dental formula of a marten is incisor 3 / 3, canine 1 / 1, premolar 4 / 4, and molar 1 / 2; a total of 38 teeth (chapman & feldhamer, 1982) .\nthe american marten (martes americana) is a cat - sized member of the weasel family that inhabits the forests of northern north america as well as high - elevation forests in the western united states. marten hotspots include the forests of alaska and canada, as well as northeastern u. s. states like maine, new hampshire and new york, and rocky mountain states like montana, idaho, wyoming and utah .\noutcomes: american marten are now known to occur from the white mountain national forest north to the canadian border. research has confirmed the presence of both males and females of various age classes indicating natural reproduction taking place in the wild. an estimate of the population size is still unknown .\namerican martens are small animals, living on trees. they belong to the same group as skunks and weasels. the body of marten is slim and legs are short. american marten has curved claws that help it to climb easily. the head is wide and tapers to a pointed nose. it has black eyes and big, rounded ears. the fluffy tail is half - length of it body. its coat is velvety and stiff, having different shades, from pale buff to dark brown, in different part of its body. meanwhile, summer coat of the marten is light - colored and shorter in length hair. it has also a creamy to orange - colored “breastplate” on its chest and throat .\nalso called the american marten, the pine marten ranges in forests and woodlands across alaska, canada and the northern united states. they prefer mixed conifer and hardwood forests that supply their prey, dens and protection. though they average 21 - 26 inches from nose to the tip of their tail, their bushy tails comprise about a third of their total length. their soft fur ranges from a pale buff to dark brown .\nkucera t. e. , w. j. zielinski, & r. h. barrett. 1995 “current distribution of the american marten, martes americana, in california”. california fish and game 81 (3): 96 - 103. [ online ] urltoken [ october 11, 2003 ]\nmarten are obligate forest dwellers, meaning that they need to live in areas with adequate tree canopy cover, which protects them from predators. marten also need to live in areas with adequate woody debris and open cavities on the forest floor, because these places provide important denning locations .\nconsidered tree dwellers, american martens have semi - retractable claws to help them climb. they also spend considerable time on the ground, and are excellent swimmers .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below. < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive video - pine marten hunting bank vole\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive video - pine marten hunting bank vole\ntitle =\narkive video - pine marten hunting bank vole\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\namerican marten are omnivores. they do prey heavily on small mammals, especially red squirrels, but they are known to eat just about anything - birds, fish, frogs, insects, and carrion. their diet also includes seasonal fruit, seed, and nut crops like berries, and especially beech nuts .\nthe key to successfully trapping marten in large numbers is locating plenty of marten habitat prior to the trapping season. remember, they have relatively large home ranges, so you’ll have to locate traplines where you’ll encounter lots of different home ranges. since marten are at their highest densities in areas with extensive forests that are difficult to access, it may pay off to do some foot work and walk into areas where other trappers won’t go .\nmammal species of the world (opens in a new window). mammalian species, american society of mammalogists' species account (opens in a new window) .\namerican martens have triangular head with pointed muzzle, large eyes and cat - like ears. they have slender body, short legs with curved claws and bushy tail .\nthe ndgfd uses a sighting reporting system to monitor trends of american marten. if a more detailed survey is needed the ndgfd could repeat techniques produced in evaluating the distribution and abundance of river otters and other meso - carnivores in eastern north dakota drainage: applications of gis, genetic and digital technologies for conservation planning .\nsince the 1990' s the great lakes indian fish and wildlife commission has conducted radio telemetry research on marten in the chequamegon - nicolet national forest .\nthe pine marten has lived to 18 years in captivity, however, in the wild a life span of 8 to 10 years is more typical .\nif you are a trapper or a person who spends considerable time in the woods and are fortunate enough to observe a marten or its tracks, please report it to the warden service at kejimkujik national park, 242 - 2798 or 242 - 2770 (collect calls accepted). such information is vital to the success of this project. in time, with the support and cooperation of people like yourself, we hope the american marten will again reside in our forests .\namerican martens can reach 1. 5 to 2. 2 feet in length and 1. 1 to 3. 1 pounds of weight. males are larger than females .\nover a long period of time, american martens have been killed and persecuted within their home range because of their pelts having huge demand in the market. another threat is deforestation of coniferous woods, which is the major component of american martens’ habitat. forest fires and human intervention are among the factors, threatening martens’ population in north america .\nas a result of the 1980 - 81 feasibility study by the canadian wildlife service, environment canada - parks undertook several marten reintroductions. the first was at terra nova national park, newfoundland in 1982 - 83, where eight marten were relocated from western newfoundland. this reintroduction had limited success - three of the marten were caught in traps the following winter. in 1984 - 85 in fundy national park, new brunswick, a more successful reintroduction was carried out. twenty - five marten were released and to date, through radio - telemetry and winter tracking, 19 have been located in the park and surrounding area .\nfrostburg state university conducted survey efforts for river otter and other meso - carnivores from 2006 - 2009 where the initial discovery of a marten population was made .\nbiologists are conducting studies of existing populations, habitat quality and other factors. currently, the dnr and the university of wisconsin at stevens point are conducting a mark - recapture study to estimate the population size on nicolet side of the national forest. in addition, telemetry data from radio - collared juveniles will provide information on dispersal, survival, and habitats being used. the findings of this two year study will help guide management decisions. the dnr provides trapper education courses and a trapping pamphlet that discussed the trapping regulations for marten. knowledge about the marten restoration areas, live - trapping methods, and marten ecology help to limit the number of marten accidentally trapped. additionally, the dnr has developed an informational pamphlet about the marten to improve the understanding and awareness of this state endangered species .\nmarten usually start breeding at about 2 years old, during mid to late summer. despite the summer breeding season, female marten exhibit a unique reproductive strategy called ‘delayed implantation’, where the eggs do not fasten to the wall of the uterus until january or february. depending on the conditions of the female, this implantation may or may not occur. if the female is in good physical condition, implantation will usually happen, but reproduction will not be successful if she is unhealthy. this reproductive strategy allows marten populations to remain in balance with their environment. if the marten population is low and food availability is high, many females will implant, resulting in a large crop of marten the following season. in severe conditions, however, fewer females will implant, reducing the threat of overpopulation .\nthe pine marten pre - breeding season population is estimated to be 3, 300 (only 120 in england, 60 in wales, rest in scotland) .\namerican martens are omnivores (they eat plants and meat). their diet is based on mice, squirrels, hares, small birds, reptiles, insects, fruit and nuts .\namerican martens kill their prey with a quick, powerful bite to the back of the prey animal' s neck. they sometimes have fast - paced chases in trees with red squirrels .\nhamilton, w. j. , jr. 1958. past and present distribution of marten in new york. journal of mammalogy, 39: 589 - 591 .\nthe marten is the most arboreal member of the weasel family, spending much of its time hunting in trees. it may travel for miles without touching the ground .\n* * * updated * * * in the first iteration of this video we mistook the marten for a mink. (our thanks to the wildlife biologist who caught the error !) the endgame of a lengthy pursuit by a marten after a snowshoe hare around a campsite in the boundary waters canoe area wilderness in northern minnesota .\nis an opportunistic feeder. the diet consists primarily of small mammals, including squirrels and rodents. occasionally birds, fruit, nuts, insects, and carrion are eaten as well. american martens usually kill their prey with a quick, powerful bite to the back of the prey animal' s neck. american martens sometimes have fast - paced chases in trees with a favorite prey item ,\namerican martens are territorial animals. males live on a territory of 0. 04 to 6. 1 square miles, while females occupy territory of 0. 04 to 3. 1 square miles .\nin august nine marten, seized from an illegal animal farm, were received from the new brunswick department of natural resources and energy. three were collared and are being monitored .\nlife is full of surprises; you will rarely find a grizzly bear photographer as thrilled as when they get the opportunity to photograph a pine marten or long tail weasel during the course of their pursuit of photographing grizzlies. grizzlies are easy for them to find, to get the opportunity to photograph a pine marten or a weasel it is a rare event .\namerican martens measure 320 to 450 mm, with the tail adding 135 to 230 mm more. these animals weigh between 280 and 1, 300 g. females are slightly smaller and lighter than males .\namerican martens are solitary animals except during the mating season which takes place from june to august. males aggressively fight for the attention of females (their heads and shoulders are often covered with scars) .\nthe marten' s foot has very large foot pads in relation to their body weight. this gives them a big advantage of being able to walk on deep snow that is very common in the central adirondacks. they grow longer hair between their foot pads in the winter which aids in keeping their feet warm. this hair often distorts the marten' s track size. when snow tracking, you may find where a marten will travel\nsubnevean ,\nor below the surface of the snow, in order to hunt small prey that have taken winter refuge in downed trees. it is often difficult to tell the difference between a marten track and that of their close relative the fisher, especially in poor snow conditions .\namerican martens are most active at night. they hunt most at dawn and dusk when prey animals are most active. males and females are sometimes seen together, but they prefer to spend their time alone .\nbetween 1975 and 1983, the dnr bureau of wildlife management and the u. s. forest service obtained 172 american martens from ontario and colorado and released them in the nicolet national forest in northeastern wisconsin .\nbabies are naked, blind and helpless at birth. mother takes care of the babies on her own. young american martens depend on the mother' s milk during the first 42 days of their life .\npine martens are cat - size and slender with long, dark, chestnut - brown fur and a bushy tail with a distinctive creamy - yellow throat. the tail is long and fluffy and is about half the length of its body. their head is usually lighter in color than the rest of their body it has large rounded ears, a roughly triangular head and sharp nose. a big male american marten will be 20 or so inches long and weigh around two to three pounds. compared to other carnivores, pine marten population density is low for their body size .\nalthough the iucn lists the pine marten as lower risk, they are endangered or locally extinct in some parts of their range. global populations, however, appear to be largely unthreatened .\ngeneral description: a small predator with golden brown fur and a yellow chest. its long body and small rounded ears make the marten one of the\ncutest\npredators in minnesota .\ncollection of pelts has reduced populations in many parts of the species range. the destruction of coniferous forest habitat has also led to decreased numbers. in spite of these threats, american martens are not considered endangered .\nliving in the nearctic biogeographic province, the northern part of the new world. this includes greenland, the canadian arctic islands, and all of the north american as far south as the highlands of central mexico .\nmarten sets come in all shapes and sizes. these are just a few basics to get you started. feel free to experiment with different sets and find out which work best for you .\namerican martens lead a solitary life. generally, they avoid other martens, but as mating season comes, they come out of dens, looking for mates. being tree - dwelling animals, martens move deftly on trees. they possess odorous glands, which they use for marking their trail ways on trees. however, they climb down trees to hunt. martens can be both nocturnal and diurnal. hunting time is sunrise and sunset – the time of increased activity of all prey species. american marten is an excellent swimmer, being able to swim even under water. they are not dormant and are active during winter months .\namerican martens eat mostly meat. they are willing to eat any animal they can catch. most of the time, they catch squirrels and micebut can sometimes eat birds, fruit, nuts, insects, and carrion .\namerican martens are widely distributed in northern forests across canada and into alaska. only 200 years ago, they were also abundant in the southeastern united states. smaller than the fisher and larger than the ermine, martens are\namerican marten is polygynous, which means that one male mates a number of females. males fiercely defend their territory against unwanted guests such as other males. breeding season takes place in summer and lasts 3 months (june - august). gestation period lasts 28 days, after which a female gives birth to 1 - 5 babies. females give birth in “natal” dens, moving then babies to maternal dens. young grow up rapidly, being weaned at 43 days old. thereafter, the mother leaves young by themselves, tending to breed again in the next season. american martens reach sexual maturity at 15 - 24 months old .\nthe american marten was added to the species of conservation priority list in the 2015 update of the wildlife action plan. the population was discovered as part of swg t - 12 - r evaluating the distribution and abundance of river otters and other meso - carnivores in eastern north dakota drainage: applications of gis, genetic and digital technologies for conservation planning. continued funding through that grant developed information on distribution and habitat use .\namerican martens can live for up to 17 years in captivity. although martens in the wild probably do not live as long as those in captivity, wild females are still able to breed at the age of 12 years .\n... cwd provides subnival spaces that can be used by marten [ 69 ]. subnival spaces are particularly important for prey accessibility and provide protection against predation, together with resting sites for thermoregulation [ 70 ] [ 71 ] [ 72 ] [ 73 ]. consequently, habitat use by marten is mainly dependent upon the internal structure of the forest [ 74, 75 ]... .\nguidelines for managing habitat for regional species of greatest conservation need describe landscape and stand - level conditions needed by the american marten, bicknell’s thrush, canada warbler, rusty blackbird, scarlet tanager and wood thrush. the guidelines, which range in length from 12 to 20 pages, also identify co - occurring species, such as the new england cottontail and golden - winged warbler, that may also benefit from the recommended management practices .\nmanagement guidelines: efforts to reestablish american martens in wisconsin began in 1953, when the wisconsin conservation department imported five animals from montana and released them on stockton island in ashland county. there were no known survivors from this group .\nrationale for species listing and threats: the mature conifer forests that covered northern wisconsin before the 1800s provided prime habitat for american martens, which lived throughout the northern part of the state. with the arrival of european settlers, trappers and lumbermen who cut forests and trapped martens without any regulations, marten populations declined. trapping was banned in 1921, but by 1940 martens had been extirpated from the state (reintroductions would later occur) .\namerican martens spend a lot of their time in the trees, but they do most of their hunting on the ground. they mark scent trails from tree to tree with their strong scent glands. they also swim and dive well .\nmarten appear to prefer habitat with a structure oftern associated with an over - mature forest. there they find older trees with a number of dying or dead trees scatted on the forest floor or leanting on other trees. they appear to prefer thick shady woods with a dense canopy and may avoid large openings or clearings. for denning and nesting sites, marten use hollow trees, stumps, logs and rock crevices .\nhargis, c. d. , and d. r. mccullough. 1984. winter diet and habitat selection of marten in yosemite national park. journal of wildlife management, 48: 140 - 146 .\nglobal distribution: historically, american martens inhabited mature conifer forests of the northern united states north to tree line in canada. populations extended southward along the sierra nevada mountains in california, the rocky mountains to new mexico, the great lakes and the ohio river valley to northern ohio. today, american martens live across canada and alaska and in the sierra nevada mountains, the rocky mountains south to colorado and the northern parts of minnesota, wisconsin, michigan, and the east coast states of maine, new york and new hampshire. as a species, american martens are not endangered in the u. s. or canada. in some parts of their range, however, martens have been extirpated or are endangered .\n... mammals not exhibiting winter sleep can also have significant reductions in t b during winter. for instance, the t b of the american marten (martes americana) decreased by 2. 98c from active t b during daily resting episodes (buskirk et al. , 1988). according to spectral analysis, the t b oscillations of the raccoon dogs were more pronounced during winter sleep than during the snow - free period... .\na marten' s fur is long and shiny. the head is gray, legs and tail are very dark brown or black, the chest has a cream colored patch, and the back is light brown .\namerican martens have long, bushy tails that are one - third of their total length. like other species in the weasel family, they differ in size according to sex. the female is about two - thirds the size of the male .\namerican martens reach adult size at the age of 3. 5 months, but they stay with their mother few more months. they reach sexual maturity at the age of one year. males start to reproduce at the age of 2 years .\nrecently (december, 2007) the pine marten was credited with reducing the population of the invasive eastern grey squirrel in the uk. where the range of the expanding pine marten population meets that of the grey squirrel, the population of the squirrels quickly retreats. it is theorised that because the grey squirrel spends more time on the ground than the endangered red squirrel, they are far more likely to come in contact with this predator .\njohn w. gosse, rodney cox, shawn w. avery; home - range characteristics and habitat use by american martens in eastern newfoundland, journal of mammalogy, volume 86, issue 6, 14 december 2005, pages 1156–1163, urltoken; 2\nthe table below provides information about the protected status - both state and federal - and the rank (s and g ranks) for american marten (martes americana). see the working list key for more information about abbreviations. counties shaded blue have documented occurrences for this species in the wisconsin natural heritage inventory database. the map is provided as a general reference of where occurrences of this species meet nhi data standards and is not meant as a comprehensive map of all observations .\namerican martens are found primarily in mature, northern forests dominated by pines, firs, spruce, birch, and aspen. they like mature forests, which can provide hollow trees, crevices, or vacant ground burrows in which they can make their homes .\nusually shy and curious, pine martens are also solitary and territorial. neither sex will allow another marten of the same sex in their home territory, though males will tolerate the presence of multiple females. an average male defends a territory of approximately 1 - 3 square miles. females are somewhat less enterprising, occupying territories of up to one square mile. an adult marten will usually cover its entire territory in 8 - 10 days, hunting as it goes .\nthe marten lives in mature coniferous or mixed forests in alaska and canada, the pacific northwest of the united states and south into northern new england. for all their apparent lushness, the boreal and subalpine forests actually have a low net primary productivity; a fancy way of saying that food is not plentiful for predators like the marten. the greater yellowstone ecosystem is the largest intact ecosystem in the lower 48 states hence we have a healthy population of pine martens .\n... both reasons may contribute to the apparent lack of habitat selection exhibited by marten in young habitat (poole et al. 2004). marten are likely to be highly selective of habitat elements, especially during cold weather, because they are small animals with high metabolic rates (buskirk et al. 1988; harlow 1994) and limited fat reserves (). specifically, they require accumulations of coarse woody debris for foraging and resting activities... .\nthe male pine marten has a body length of 51 – 54 centimetres, a tail length of 26 – 27 centimetres and weigh 1. 5 – 2. 2 kilograms. the female pine marten has a body length of 46 – 54 centimetres, a tail length of 18 – 24 centimetres and weighs 0. 9 – 1. 5 kilograms. they are about the size of a domestic cat, with males being slightly larger and they have long bushy tails .\nroger a. baldwin, louis c. bender; distribution, occupancy, and habitat correlates of american martens (martes americana) in rocky mountain national park, colorado, journal of mammalogy, volume 89, issue 2, 18 april 2008, pages 419–427, urltoken\nthe total population number of american martens is not currently known, but it is presumed to be at least several hundred thousand individuals. although their numbers are decreasing today, the iucn has listed them as least concern, due to their wide distribution in north america .\nmarten are carnivores, or meat - eaters, whose main food consists of small animals such as meadow voles, shrews, snowshoe hares, red squirrels and birds. they also feed on berries, bird eggs, insects and carrion when available .\nplymouth, n. h. (april 24, 2017) – a team of four environmental biology students from plymouth state university (psu) contributed important research and field work to a recently - released series of guidelines for six species of wildlife in the northeastern united states. guidelines for managing habitat for regional species of greatest conservation need details the best ways to create and manage habitat for the american marten, bicknell’s thrush, canada warbler, rusty blackbird, scarlet tanager and wood thrush, all of which are under environmental stress .\namerican martens, martes americana, are found in the northern parts of north america. martens are found from newfoundland and nova scotia to alaska. they are found sporadically in parts of california and in northern states, although loss of forests in these areas have reduced populations of martens since colonial times .\n... a good den can provide protection from predators and substantially reduce thermoregulatory costs in cold weather (buskirk 1984). marten are reported to conserve energy by increasing the amount of time spent in their dens as the ambient temperature drops (buskirk et al. 1988; thompson and colgan 1994). at our site, marten selected resting sites with more shrubby ground cover and shrubby trees (alder (alnus spp .) and willow (salix spp .) ), which may perform three similar functions... .\n... our study was based on marten data collected during the leaf - on season (1 may–31 october), because trappers killed most radio - collared marten during november. the leaf - on season is less stressful than winter, when food scarcity and cold temperatures create additional energetic demands (raine, 1983; buskirk et al. , 1988) that may increase the value of ground and understory structure (buskirk and ruggiero, 1994). some structural features may therefore be used more intensively during winter... .\nwe estimated home - range size for american marten (martes americana) in northern wisconsin during the winter months of 2001 - 2004, and compared the proportion of cover - type selection categories (highly used, neutral and avoided) among home - ranges (95% fixed - kernel), core areas (50% fixed - kernel) and the study area. average winter homerange size was 3. 29 km 2 with home - ranges of males (n = 8, mean = 4. 25 km 2) significantly larger than females (n = 5, mean = 2. 32 km 2). composition of cover - type selection categories in home - ranges differed significantly from what was available in the study area (x 2 = 6. 9145, df = 2, p > 0. 0315) with more highly used habitat and less avoided habitat than expected. consistent with research in other regions, 72% of an american marten home - range contained highly used cover - types and 18% of a home - range contained avoided types with the remainder of the average home - range composed of neutral cover - types." ]

{ "text": [ "the american marten or american pine marten ( martes americana ) is a north american member of the family mustelidae , sometimes referred to as the pine marten .", "the name \" pine marten \" is derived from the common but distinct eurasian species of martes .", "it differs from the fisher ( martes pennanti ) in that it is smaller in size and lighter in colour . " ], "topic": [ 21, 25, 23 ] }

[ "the american marten or american pine marten (martes americana) is a north american member of the family mustelidae, sometimes referred to as the pine marten. the name \" pine marten \" is derived from the common but distinct eurasian species of martes. it differs from the fisher (martes pennanti) in that it is smaller in size and lighter in colour." ]

[ "wallago attu (helicopter catfish): species profile\n. seriously fish .\njennifer hammock chose to hide data on\nwallago attu (bloch & schneider, 1801 )\n.\nwallago: after its telugu and tamil names walaga (telugu and tamil are both dravidian languages of south india) .\nprevious record and locality: padhan, wallago attu (bloch & schneider). (siluriformes: siluridae) from .\nwallago attu occurs all across india, pakistan, sri lanka, nepal, bangladesh, myanmar, thailand, vietnam, cambodia and java in indonesia .\nthe pa khoun “ wallago leerii ” project is a local conservation initiative to conserve this valuable fish species in the khui and saan rivers in the ngum river basin of hom district .\nredescription of two species of thaparocleidus (monogenea: dactylogyridae), with the description of t. armillatus sp. n. from wallago attu and a ph... - pubmed - ncbi\nredescription of two species of thaparocleidus (monogenea: dactylogyridae), with the description of t. armillatus sp. n. from wallago attu and a phylogenetic analysis based on 18s rdna sequences .\npa khoun “wallago leerii” is a freshwater migratory catfish species, listed as a category 1 endangered species by the ministry of agriculture and forestry and as a highly endangered species in lao wildlife law no. 07 / lna\nwallago: after its telugu and tamil names walaga (telugu and tamil are both dravidian languages of south india). attu: after its malayalam name attu vaalay (malayalam is another dravidian language south india) .\nwallago; bleeker, in 1851, took the indian fish name, gave it generic range and used it connection with a new species. the name is\nwalaga\nin telugu / tamil (ref. 45335 )\n{ author1, author2... }, (n. d .). wallago attu (bloch & schneider, 1801). [ online ] india biodiversity portal, species page: { name of species field } available at: urltoken [ accessed date jul 10, 2018 ] .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance. if your browser does not accept cookies, you cannot view this site .\nthere are many reasons why a cookie could not be set correctly. below are the most common reasons :\nyou have cookies disabled in your browser. you need to reset your browser to accept cookies or to ask you if you want to accept cookies .\nyour browser asks you whether you want to accept cookies and you declined. to accept cookies from this site, use the back button and accept the cookie .\nyour browser does not support cookies. try a different browser if you suspect this .\nthe date on your computer is in the past. if your computer' s clock shows a date before 1 jan 1970, the browser will automatically forget the cookie. to fix this, set the correct time and date on your computer .\nyou have installed an application that monitors or blocks cookies from being set. you must disable the application while logging in or check with your system administrator .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance by remembering that you are logged in when you go from page to page. to provide access without cookies would require the site to create a new session for every page you visit, which slows the system down to an unacceptable level .\nthis site stores nothing other than an automatically generated session id in the cookie; no other information is captured .\nin general, only the information that you provide, or the choices you make while visiting a web site, can be stored in a cookie. for example, the site cannot determine your email name unless you choose to type it. allowing a website to create a cookie does not give that or any other site access to the rest of your computer, and only the site that created the cookie can read it .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndisclaimer: itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available, and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties. however, it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes. while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available, ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party, wildlife statutes, regulations, and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register. for further information on u. s. legal requirements with respect to protected taxa, please contact the u. s. fish and wildlife service .\nspecial publication of the center for biodiversity research and information, no. 1, vol 1 - 3\nrobins, richard c. , reeve m. bailey, carl e. bond, james r. brooker, ernest a. lachner, et al .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\nkottelat, m. 2013. the fishes of the inland waters of southeast asia: a catalogue and core bibiography of the fishes known to occur in freshwaters, mangroves and estuaries. raffles bulletin of zoology supplement no. 27: 1 - 663 .\nthis species was described from malabar, southern india (bloch and schneider 1801) and is reported to be widely distributed eastwards to the mekong river drainage and southwards to java, indonesia. the conspecificity of the populations from the indian subcontinent, myanmar and southeast asia await verification and require further study .\nit is widely distributed and hence has a very large population. however the species is overfished causing considerable decline in the population in southern west bengal of 26. 7% over four decades from 1960 to 2000 (mishra et al. 2009). in another study in northeastern sunderbans, the species is known to have declined by 99% in four years (1997 - 2001) (patra et al. 2005) .\nthis species is heavily utilized as food fish. juveniles occasionally are caught and exported as ornamental fish. it is also targeted by recreational fisherman as it is considered a good sport fish (h. h. ng pers. comm .) .\noverexploitation of this species for food is a major threat and has resulted in population declines (mishra et al. 2009; patra et al. 2005). the effects of other potential anthropogenic threats such as habitat destruction and competition from alien species need to be further ascertained (h. h. ng pers. comm .) .\nthe conspecificity of populations from within and outside of the indian subcontinent requires critical evaluation. empirical data on exploitation levels for this species throughout the rest of its range (other than southwestern bengal) is needed. the effects of other anthropogenic threats such as pollution and habitat destruction on population declines need to be further ascertained .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\nrecorded from the mekong river drainage between southern viet nam and luang prabang in northern lao pdr, as well as in the middle chao phraya river drainage in thailand. there is little information available on the species, it is considered vulnerable to loss of habitat, but is assessed as data deficient at present .\nrecorded from the mekong river drainage between dau tieng in southern viet nam and luang prabang in northern lao pdr; also the middle chao phraya river drainage in thailand .\nfound in rivers and smaller streams. adults feed strictly on fishes. enters flooded forest during high water and stays near the edge of the forest during low water (roberts 1993). migrates into smaller streams to spawn (sokheng 1999) .\nlikely to be found in subsistence fisheries. may occur in very small numbers in the aquarium trade .\nthe species is likely to have been impacted by the loss of riverine forests, and could be impacted by changes to flow regimes arising from dam development .\nresearch into population and habitat trends and threats to the species and is needed .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\nscientists aim to describe a single' tree of life' that reflects the evolutionary relationships of living things. however, evolutionary relationships are a matter of ongoing discovery, and there are different opinions about how living things should be grouped and named. eol reflects these differences by supporting several different scientific' classifications'. some species have been named more than once. such duplicates are listed under synonyms. eol also provides support for common names which may vary across regions as well as languages .\n, select family and click on' identification by pictures' to display all available pictures in fishbase for the family .\n, select country and click on' identification by pictures' to display all available pictures in fishbase for the country .\n, select ecosystem and click on' identification by pictures' to display all available pictures in fishbase for the ecosystem .\ncfm script by eagbayani, 30. 11. 04, , php script by cmilitante, 05 / 11 / 2010, last modified by cmilitante, 14 / 03 / 2013\nsmallest 2000mm, largest 2000mm, average 2000mm, most commonly 2000mm. all sl .\nhas this page been useful? please donate to our monthly hosting costs and keep us free for everyone to enjoy! explore our youtube channel, facebook page or follow us on twitter .\n© 1996 - 2018 urltoken, part of the aquatic republic network group of websites. all rights reserved. cite this website. by accessing this site you agree to our terms and conditions of use. our privacy policy .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page: myers, p. , r. espinosa, c. s. parr, t. jones, g. s. hammond, and t. a. dewey. 2018. the animal diversity web (online). accessed at https: / / animaldiversity. org .\ndisclaimer: the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. adw doesn' t cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283, drl 0628151, due 0633095, drl 0918590, and due 1122742. additional support has come from the marisla foundation, um college of literature, science, and the arts, museum of zoology, and information and technology services .\nfreshwater; brackish; demersal; potamodromous (ref. 37770). tropical; 22°c - 25°c (ref. 2060); 38°n - 10°s\nasia: pakistan to viet nam and indonesia. reported from afghanistan (ref. 39701). lower risk - near threatened status in western ghats, india (ref. 44149) .\nmaturity: l m? range? -? cm max length: 240 cm tl male / unsexed; (ref. 6028); common length: 75. 0 cm tl male / unsexed; (ref. 6028 )\ndorsal soft rays (total): 5; anal soft rays: 77 - 97. head broad, snout depressed. body elongate, strongly compressed. mouth very deeply cleft, its corner reaching far behind eyes. teeth in jaws set in wide bands; vomerine teeth in two small patches. barbels two pairs; maxillary barbels extending to anterior margin posterior of anal fin, mandibulary barbels to angle of mouth. eyes small, with a free orbital margin. dorsal fin small, anal fin very long (ref. 4792). mandibular barbel longer than pelvic fin; 24 - 30 gill rakers on the first arch (ref. 12693). eye in front of vertical through corner of mouth (ref. 43281) .\ntalwar, p. k. and a. g. jhingran, 1991. inland fishes of india and adjacent countries. volume 2. a. a. balkema, rotterdam. (ref. 4833 )\nphylogenetic diversity index (ref. 82805): pd 50 = 0. 5312 [ uniqueness, from 0. 5 = low to 2. 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight: a = 0. 00617 (0. 00492 - 0. 00772), b = 3. 00 (2. 94 - 3. 06), in cm total length, based on lwr estimates for this species (ref. 93245) .\ntrophic level (ref. 69278): 3. 7 ±0. 56 se; based on food items .\nresilience (ref. 69278): high, minimum population doubling time less than 15 months (fec = 66, 070; k = 0. 6 ;) .\nvulnerability (ref. 59153): very high vulnerability (85 of 100) .\n: missing argument 2 for checkecotox (), called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary. php on line 1995 and defined in\n: missing argument 3 for checkecotox (), called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary. php on line 1995 and defined in\nfroese, r. and d. pauly. editors. 2011. fishbase. world wide web electronic publication. < a href =' urltoken' target =' _ blank' > www. fishbase. org, version (10 / 2011). < / a >\n< a target =' _ blank' href =' urltoken' > iucn 2011. iucn red list of threatened species. version 2011. 2. exported on 12 january 2012 < / a >\nfroese, r. and d. pauly. editors. 2013. fishbase. world wide web electronic publication. ; urltoken version (12 / 2013) .\na general description, with any kind of information about the taxon. its main goal is summarize the most relevant or attractive characteristics of this taxon to the general public .\ntaki, y. 1974 fishes of the lao mekong basin. united states agency for international development mission to laos agriculture division. 232 p .\nhead broad, snout depressed. body elongate, strongly compressed. mouth very deeply cleft, its corner reaching far behind eyes. teeth in jaws set in wide bands; vomerine teeth in two small patches. barbels two pairs; maxillary barbels extending to anterior margin posterior of anal fin, mandibulary barbels to angle of mouth. eyes small, with a free orbital margin. dorsal fin small, anal fin very long. mandibular barbel longer than pelvic fin; 24 - 30 gill rakers on the first arch. eye in front of vertical through corner of mouth .\ntaki, y. 1974 fishes of the lao mekong basin. united states agency for international development mission to laos agriculture division. 232 p .\npotamodromous. migrating within streams, migratory in rivers, e. g. saliminus, moxostoma, labeo. migrations should be cyclical and predictable and cover more than 100 km .\nsokheng, c. , c. k. chhea, s. viravong, k. bouakhamvongsa, u. suntornratana, n. yoorong, n. t. tung, t. q. bao, a. f. poulsen and j. v. jã¸rgensen 1999 fish migrations and spawning habits in the mekong mainstream: a survey using local knowledge (basin - wide). assessment of mekong fisheries: fish migrations and spawning and the impact of water management project (amfc). amfp report 2 / 99. vientiane, lao, p. d. r .\ndescribes the periodic movement of organisms from one locality to another (e. g. , for breeding). usually includes locality, timing, and hypothesized purpose .\npethiyagoda, r. 1991 freshwater fishes of sri lanka. the wildlife heritage trust of sri lanka, colombo. 362 p .\ndescribes average size, max, range; type of size (perimeter, length, volume, weight ...) .\nroberts, t. r. 1993 artisanal fisheries and fish ecology below the great waterfalls of the mekong river in southern laos. nat. hist. bull. siam soc. 41: 31 - 62 .\nsummary of general nature of feeding interactions. for example, basic mode of nutrient uptake (autotrophy, heterotrophy, coprophagy, saprophagy), position in food network (top predator, primary producer, consumer), diet categorization (detritovore, omnivore, carnivore, herbivore). specific taxa are treated under associations (specifying predators or prey) and associatedtaxa .\ncontracaecum disease. parasitic infestations (protozoa, worms, etc .); epizootic ulcerative syndrome. viral; genarchopsis infestation 7. parasitic infestations (protozoa, worms, etc .); gnathostoma infestation. parasitic infestations (protozoa, worms, etc .); goezia disease. parasitic infestations (protozoa, worms, etc .); isoparorchis infestation. parasitic infestations (protozoa, worms, etc .); procamallanus infection 6. parasitic infestations (protozoa, worms, etc .); spinitectus infestation 2. parasitic infestations (protozoa, worms, etc. )\narthur, j. r. and a. b. a. ahmed 2002 checklist of the parasites of fishes of bangladesh. fao fish. tech. paper (t369 / 1), 77 p. $\npathiratne, a. , g. s. widanapathirana and w. h. s. chandrakanthi 1994 association of aeromonas hydrophila with epizootic ulcerative syndrome (eus) of freshwater fish in sri lanka. j. appl. ichthyol. 10: 204 - 208. $\ndescription of diseases that the organism is subject to. disease - causing organisms can also be listed under associations .\ngeneral description of the sites where the species is found (ecosystem, forest, environment or microhabitat). includes realm (e. g terrestrial etc) and climatic information (e. g boreal); also includes requirements and tolerances; horizontal and vertical (altitudinal) distribution. also includes information referring to territorial extension of the individual or group in terms of its activities (feeding, mating, etc .), associated mostly to vertebrates .\ndr. chandra barooah & lani sarma (2016) assam science technology and environment council .\nenumerates geographic entities where the taxon lives. covers ranges, e. g. , a global range, or a narrower one; may be biogeographical, political or other (e. g. , managed areas like conservencies); endemism; native or exotic. does not include altitudinal distribution, which is covered under habitat .\nasia: pakistan to viet nam and indonesia. reported from afghanistan. lower risk - near threatened status in western ghats, india .\ntalwar, p. k. and a. g. jhingran 1991 inland fishes of india and adjacent countries. volume 2. a. a. balkema, rotterdam .\ndescribes the likelihood of the species becoming extinct in the present day or in the near future. population size is treated under population biology, and trends in population sizes are treated under trends. however, this is the preferred element if an object includes all of these things and details about conservation listings .\n2006 iucn red list of threatened species. www. iucnredlist. org. downloaded july 2006 .\ntalwar, p. k. and a. g. jhingran 1991 inland fishes of india and adjacent countries. volume 2. a. a. balkema, rotterdam. talwar, p. k. and a. g. jhingran 1991 inland fishes of india and adjacent countries. volume 2. a. a. balkema, rotterdam .\nknown or potential benefits of the species for humans, at a direct economic level, as instruments of education, prospecting, eco - tourism, etc. it includes published material or suggestions from the author or others. in any event, the source must be explicitly quoted. can include ecosystem services. however, benefits to ecosystems not specific to humans are best treated under risk statement (what happens when the organism is removed )\na study was carried out from march 2016 to february 2017 to investigate the diversity of fishes and ...\ndiversity of wetland fish and its impact on the income of fishermen community of assam ...\na survey on the fish diversity with special referen ce to the classified ornamental fishes and their ...\ndiversity and present status of fish species in three floodplain we tlands of central assam, india ...\na study on fish diversity, conservation status and anthropogenic stress of chandubi tectonic lake, as ...\nthe chandubi tectonic lake is located in the west kamrup district of assam. the present study ...\nthe present paper discusses about the diversity of fish fauna in udayasamudram reservoir in nalgond ...\nsatara district of maharashtra state is a part of northern western ghats and deccan plateau biogeog ...\nindigenous ornamental freshwater ichthyofauna of the sundarban biosphere reserve, india: status and pr ...\nornamental fishes are the most popular pet throughout the world and high demand for these fishes ha ...\na checklist of the fishes of kerala state is presented, along with their scientific and common name ...\ndiversity, threats and conservation of catfish fauna of the krishna river, sangli district, maharashtr ...\nthe diversity of freshwater catfish species of the krishna river, sangli district was studied from ...\nmost parts of the adyar wetland complex—chembarampakkam tank, adyar river, adyar estuary and adyar ...\na study was conducted on the distribution of catfishes in selected wetlands in kancheepuram and kan ...\nwe studied the fish fauna of raigad district for two years from august 2008 to august 2010. sixty ...\nfish diversity and assemblage structure in relation to habitat variables were studied in 15 sites i ...\nfreshwater fish fauna of the ashambu hills landscape, southern western ghats, india, with notes on som ...\na systematic, updated checklist of freshwater fish species of the west - flowing drainages of the ash ...\nthe paper incorporates the faunistic profile of pocharam lake (medak and nizamabad districts of and ...\ncatfish (teleostei: siluriformes) diversity in karala river of jalpaiguri district, west bengal, india ...\nthe diversity of fresh water catfish fauna of the karala river in jalpaiguri district of west benga ...\nunregulated aquaculture and invasive alien species: a case study of the african catfish < i > clarias gar ...\nindiscriminate and illegal farming of the african catfish clarias gariepinus, in central kerala has ...\nreply to “need for further research on the freshwater fish fauna of the ashambu hills landscape: a resp ...\nalien fish find their way into newer habitats and ecosystems opportunistically. once in a new habi ...\na study was conducted at seven important markets of imphal valley, manipur in northeastern india, w ...\nloss of habitat is one of the prime reasons for species extinction. it is generally established tha ...\na note on the ichthyofauna of solapur district, with first report of a cyprinid fish < i > rasbora caveri ...\na list of 41 species of fishes from solapur district housed at the western regional station of the ...\nwetlands, known as beels in assam, harbour rich fish fauna. documentation of fish fauna in two b ...\na study has been conducted on the freshwater fishes of ernakulam district, kerala. fishes were coll ...\nfish diversity was explored in two rivers of the northeastern godavari basin: the adan, tributary o ...\n| | best supported on google chrome, firefox 3. 0 +, internet explorer 8. 0 +, safari 4. 0 +, opera 10 +. powered by the open source biodiversity informatics platform. technology partner strand life sciences\nwarning: the ncbi web site requires javascript to function. more ...\nis incomplete, as it is primarily based on illustration of hard parts alone. some were misidentified at generic and specific level based on minor morphological variations, demanding further examination of type specimens. also, in almost all the cases, the type - material was either in poor condition or not available. in addition, (lim et al .\nis characterized by the presence of three pairs of hooks with dilated proximal handles (henceforth referred to as large hooks) others of larval types (henceforth referred to as small hooks) and two additional rodlike sclerites one on either side of dorsal anchors; two dorsal anchors without roots, stout base, long shaft, long recurved patches; two ventral anchor without roots, with stout base, dorsal connective bar almost straight, fenestrated in middle and, ventral bar paired (lim et al .\nlist of indian species of the genus bychowskyella (lim et al. 2001 )\nbychowskyella bagariusi sharma, 1987. 2 dorsal anchor. 3 patch. 4 ventral anchor. 5 ventral bar. 6 dorsal bar. 7 hooks. 8 onchium. 8a sclerite. 8b copulatory complex\nprevious host record and locality: host: the devil catfish or dwarf goonch, bagarius bagarius (hamilton) (siluriformes: siluridae), locality: river yamuna, etawah, u. p. , india .\nspecimens deposited: voucher specimens w9370 / 1, w9376 / 1 - w9378 / 1 in zsi, kolkata .\nredescription: body length370 (350–380; n = 10); maximum width 120 (110–125; n = 10) at mid - length of body. cephalic region well developed; four cephalic lobes. two pairs of eye spots, posterior pair larger, accessory granules absent. pharynx spherical, 22 (20–25; n = 10) in diameter; oesophagus short to non - existent .\ntestis 30 (25–35; n = 8) long, 12 (10–14; n = 8) wide; vas deferens loops left intestinal caecum; two seminal vesicle, a sigmoid dilation of vas deferens, present. two prostatic reservoirs present. copulatory complex consists of a copulatory tube, proximally articulating accessory piece. copulatory tube sclerotised, 45 (40–47; n = 10) long. accessory piece, divided into two pieces, 60 (55–65; n = 10) long. ovary round to oval, long, intercaecal; oviduct, ootype, uterus not observed. seminal receptacle, vaginal armament not observed. vitellaria dense, throughout trunk, except in regions of reproductive organs .\nhaptor 120 (110–125; n = 10) long, 140 (135–145; n = 10) wide. dorsal anchor, inner length 60 (55–65; n = 10), recurved point 22 (20–25; n = 10) long, patch 50 (46–54; n = 10), ventral anchor: inner length 34 (30–36; n = 10), recurved point 22 (20–25; n = 10) long, outer and root having facets. dorsal connective bar fenestrated 72 .\n( 70–75; n = 10) long, ventral bar, 57 (55–58; n = 10) long. serrated onchium, 30 (28–32; n = 10) long. sclerite, 35 (32–36; n = 10) long. seven pairs hooks. three pairs with dilated proximal handles, others are of larval type with dimensions as follows -: pair 2, 6, 5 and 7 larval types: 10 long, pairs 1 and 4: 50 long; pair 3: 38 long .\nthaparocleidus indicus (kulkarni 1969) lim, 1996. 10 dorsal anchor. 11 ventral anchor. 12 dorsal bar. 13 ventral bar. 14 vagina. 15 hooks. 16 copulatory complex\npresent record and locality: w. attu (bloch & schneider), river gomti, lucknow, india (26°45′ 84– .\nspecimens deposited: voucher specimens w9371 / 1, w9379 / 1 & w9380 / 1 in zsi, kolkata .\nhaptor 75 (72–77; n = 10) long, 125 (122–127; n = 10) wide. dorsal anchor: outer length 45 (43–46; n = 10) dorsal anchor: inner length 35 (33–36; n = 10), recurved point 15 (13–16; n = 10) long, patch 11 (8–13; n = 10), ventral anchor: inner length 30 (26–33; n = 15), recurved point 14 (12–16; n = 10) long, ventral anchor: outer length 40 (35–45; n = 10). dorsal connective bar, transverse shaft like, lacking a fenestration, 43 (40–45; n = 14) long, ventral bar, “v - shaped”, 25 (22–27; n = 13) long, seven pairs of similar shape and size 14 (12–16; n = 10) hooks .\nthe work was supported by grant (no c. s. t. / aas / d - 03) from the council of state & technology, u. p .\nfroese r. d and pauly (2007) fish base, world wide web electronic publication. available from: urltoken, version (accessed: 2007 mar )\nkritsky dc, thatcher ve, boeger wa. neotropical monogenea. 8. revision of\nlim lhs, timofeeva ta, gibson di. dactylogyridean monogeneans of the siluroform fishes of the old world .\nsharma rk (1983) a new monogenetic trematode bychowskyella bagarius n. sp. from a fresh - water fish, bagarius bagarius (ham .) from etarwah, utta r pradesh. kanpur univ research j (science), 4: 77–79\nmany people know organisms only by the common names, or\nvernacular\nnames. unlike scientific names, common names are almost always different for speakers of different languages. they may also vary regionally within a language. this tab shows all the common names provided to eol for this organism from a variety of providers, including eol curators. currently we can only set one preferred common name per language on a given eol page, but all the names should be searchable .\nswim to their natural breeding and spawning site along the khui and saan rivers in hom district of vientiane province. this area plays an important role in the\nwith this financial support, iucn lao pdr’s office and larrec provided technical assistance to the hom district agriculture and fisheries in setting up conservation zones and monitoring teams, drafting and approving rules and regulations, and building the capacity to enforce them. efficient conservation enforcement around the breeding and spawning areas is especially important .\nenhancing the capacity of local institutions for reproducing this species. all of these conservation initiatives were conducted in 12 villages of hom district as they agreed to address the great population decline and threats by banning fishing of\nasia: pakistan to viet nam and indonesia. reported from afghanistan (ref. 39701). lower risk - near threatened status in western ghats, india (ref. 44149) .\nsouth central and southeastern asia: pakistan, india, sri lanka, nepal, bangladesh, myanmar, thailand, indonesia and east indies .\nhead broad, snout depressed. body elongate, strongly compressed. mouth very deeply cleft, its corner reaching far behind eyes. teeth in jaws set in wide bands; vomerine teeth in two small patches. barbels two pairs; maxillary barbels extending to anterior margin posterior of anal fin, mandibulary barbels to angle of mouth. eyes small, with a free orbital margin. dorsal fin small, anal fin very long (ref. 4792). mandibular barbel longer than pelvic fin; 24 - 30 gill rakers on the first arch (ref. 12693). eye in front of vertical through corner of mouth (ref. 43281) .\nthe following is a representative barcode sequence, the centroid of all available sequences for this species. there are 5 barcode sequences available from bold and genbank .\nbelow is a sequence of the barcode region cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (coi or cox1) from a member of the species .\n. the species can reach 2. 4 m (8 feet) total length. it ranges mainly across\n. in northern india it is known as buari. it is also known as wallagonia attu, boal fish etc. other names of the sareng include the mully catfish, and freshwater shark due to its ferocity; and helicopter catfish .\nit is common to find huge frogs and fishes inside its stomach, when cut open for cooking. it has been claimed that in some areas of\nthe natives fear the species because of its believed habit of eating small chickens and ducks, dogs, and small children. it is thought the tapah became this aggressive due to natives laying to rest their dead in the water. the catfish would then see this as a ready supply of food .\njust like salmon, these fish do their annual upstream journey to lay their eggs during the monsoon season before returning to the deeper part of the river for the rest of the year. this is the time they fall prey to the local fishermen who set a special fish net across the river to trap the homecoming school. it was a common story amongst local iban native of sarawak that they speared several fishes weighing more than 50 kg each .\nthe shodhganga @ inflibnet centre provides a platform for research students to deposit their ph. d. theses and make it available to the entire scholarly community in open access .\nitems in shodhganga are protected by copyright, with all rights reserved, unless otherwise indicated .\n2000mm or 78. 7\nsl. find near, nearer or same sized spp .\n1) mouth extends back beyond eye. 2) maxillary barbels longer than pelvic fin. 3) 24 - 30 gill rakers on the first arch. 4) 77 - 96 anal - fin rays. 2000mm is the maximum recorded length, due to over fishing and habitat destruction, specimens over 1800 mm are nowadays very rare .\nsouth and southeast asia, including pakistan, india, sri lanka, nepal, bangladesh, myanmar, thailand, laos, vietnam, cambodia, malaysia and indonesia .\nnot important, a large migratory fish found everywhere but highland streams. resistant to poor water quality, including high levels of heavy metals .\naccording to smith (1945) in his freshwater fishes of siam,'' their great size, large mouth, and formidable teeth enable them to kill and devour almost every kind of fish.'' their diet in the wild is consists of mainly cyprinids (barbs, rasboras, etc) .\nnot a suitable aquarium fish. in nature, inhabits grassy margins of deep, still or slow - flowing ponds or pools with a mud or silt substrate near the banks of rivers .\nin nature, spawns during the pre - monsoon season, from june to august. normally a bottom dweller, it rises to the surface to breed. unluckily for the fish, the courting pairs are so absorbed in each other that they readily fall prey to fishermen. has been bred commercially in fish farms in malaysia .\n( 1) arapaimag, (2) krabbypatty12, (3) thebobbyvee, (4) angerygrover. click on a username above to see all that persons registered catfish species. you can also view all\nmy cats\ndata for this species .\nget or print a qr code for this species profile, or try our beta label creator." ]

{ "text": [ "wallago is a genus of catfishes order siluriformes of the family siluridae , or sheatfish .", "they are found in rivers throughout southern and southeastern asia .", "the only extant species of this genus is wallago attu . " ], "topic": [ 26, 20, 26 ] }

[ "wallago is a genus of catfishes order siluriformes of the family siluridae, or sheatfish. they are found in rivers throughout southern and southeastern asia. the only extant species of this genus is wallago attu." ]

[ "this is the place for dentipara definition. you find here dentipara meaning, synonyms of dentipara and images for dentipara copyright 2017 © urltoken\nthis is the place for mourecochylis definition. you find here mourecochylis meaning, synonyms of mourecochylis and images for mourecochylis copyright 2017 © urltoken\nhere you will find one or more explanations in english for the word dentipara. also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word dentipara and, of course, dentipara synonyms and on the right images related to the word dentipara .\nhere you will find one or more explanations in english for the word mourecochylis. also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word mourecochylis and, of course, mourecochylis synonyms and on the right images related to the word mourecochylis .\nhave a fact about mourecochylis mimosina? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for mourecochylis mimosina? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nsign in to disable all ads. thank you for helping build the largest language community on the internet .\nhave a better pronunciation? upload it here to share it with the entire community .\nsimply select a language and press on the speaker button to listen to the pronunciation of the word. leave a vote for your preferred pronunciation .\nhave a fact about mourejarei? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for mourejarei? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a fact about mourits? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for mourits? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a fact about mourejavas? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for mourejavas? write it here to share it with the entire community .\npopular: trivia, history, america, cities, world, usa, states, television, ... more\nthe words on encyclo are taken from more than 1, 000 online wordlists, written by a variety of groups working together to find definitions and keep the lists up to date. in the wordlists you can find meanings and definitions from a number of areas of interest including local authorities, businesses, organisations, charities, social network sites, commercial websites and even private lists made by people as a hobby or to ensure older words no longer in everyday use are not forgotten .\nmany of the saved wordlists which are in the unusual or specialised word lists have been changed or removed as businesses have closed or re - organised in the last eight years and can no longer be found on the internet. these lists of words, definitions and meanings have been saved in our archive and are still available in the search results .\nencyclo. co. uk, online since 2007, is a search engine for english meanings and definitions. the website aims to publish all wordlists, big and small, on the internet, making it much easier to find the word you need .\npopular: trivia, history, america, cities, world, states, usa, television, ... more" ]

{ "text": [ "mourecochylis dentipara is a species of moth of the tortricidae family .", "it is found in carchi province , ecuador .", "the wingspan is about 12 mm .", "the ground colour of the forewings of the males is creamy ochreous , suffused with brownish , especially in the basal area and at the apex .", "the hindwings are grey creamy .", "the ground colour of the female forewings is ochreous brownish , but paler postmedially .", "the hindwings are pale brownish grey . " ], "topic": [ 2, 20, 9, 1, 1, 1, 1 ] }

[ "mourecochylis dentipara is a species of moth of the tortricidae family. it is found in carchi province, ecuador. the wingspan is about 12 mm. the ground colour of the forewings of the males is creamy ochreous, suffused with brownish, especially in the basal area and at the apex. the hindwings are grey creamy. the ground colour of the female forewings is ochreous brownish, but paler postmedially. the hindwings are pale brownish grey." ]

[ "antaeotricha scapularis is a moth in the depressariidae family. it was described by edward meyrick in 1918. it is found in french guiana .\nantaeotricha scapularis is a moth in the family depressariidae. it was described by edward meyrick in 1918. it is found in french guiana. [ 1 ]\nantaeotricha zeller, 1854\nat markku savela' s lepidoptera and some other life forms .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthe source code for the wiki 2 extension is being checked by specialists of the mozilla foundation, google, and apple. you could also do it yourself at any point in time .\nwould you like wikipedia to always look as professional and up - to - date? we have created a browser extension .\nit will enhance any encyclopedic page you visit with the magic of the wiki 2 technology .\ni use wiki 2 every day and almost forgot how the original wikipedia looks like .\nof perfecting techniques; in live mode. quite the same wikipedia. just better .\nthis page was last edited on 18 february 2018, at 22: 22 .\nbasis of this page is in wikipedia. text is available under the cc by - sa 3. 0 unported license. non - text media are available under their specified licenses. wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation, inc. wiki 2 is an independent company and has no affiliation with wikimedia foundation .\na taxon identifier is composed of name, author, year and attribute, all separated by a blank. these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication. the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words (genus and species) separated by a blank .\nthe author' s name is made up of a string of letters, with no blanks, and multiple authors' names are separated by a comma. spelling of author' s name is based on the original publication. if there are more than three authors, only the names of the first two authors are shown, followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets. this is rarely needed, but to differentiate homo - identifiers, this will contain the page, line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks, hyphens, and apostrophes are eliminated, thus only the following characters are used: a to z, a to z, 0 to 9, blank, comma, and opening and closing square brackets. although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition, it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions (contact information) with supporting references, possibly with pdf or hard copy .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nagonoxeninae amblytenes meyrick, 1930 lunatica meyrick, 1930 anchimompha clarke, 1965 melaleuca clarke, 1965 auxotricha meyrick, 1931 ochrogypsa meyrick, 1931 homoeoprepes walsingham, 1909 homeoprepes hodges, 1978, missp. felisae clarke, 1962 sympatrica clarke, 1962 trochiloides walsingham, 1909 microcolona meyrick, 1897 transennata meyrick, 1922 nanodacna clarke, 1964 ancora clarke, 1964 indiscriminata clarke, 1965 logística (meyrick, 1931) (colonophora) vinacea (meyrick, 1922) (homaledra) nicanthes meyrick, 1928 rhodoclea meyrick, 1928 pammeces zeller, 1863 albivitella zeller, 1863 citraula meyrick, 1922 crocoxysta meyrick, 1922 lithochroma walsingham, 1897 pallida walsingham, 1897 phlogophora walsingham, 1909 problema walsingham, 1915 panclintis meyrick, 1929 socia meyrick, 1929 prochola meyrick, 1915 aedilis meyrick, 1915 agypsota meyrick, 1922 basichlora meyrick, 1922 catacentra meyrick, 1917 chloropis meyrick, 1922 euclina meyrick, 1922 fuscula forbes, 1931 holomorpha meyrick, 1931 obstructa meyrick, 1915 ochromicta meyrick, 1922 oppidana meyrick, 1915 orphnopa meyrick, 1922 orthobasis meyrick, 1922 pervallata meyrick, 1922 prasophanes meyrick, 1922 revecta meyrick, 1922 semiabata meyrick, 1922 sollers meyrick, 1917 subtincta (meyrick, 1922) (syntetrernis) syntentrernis meyrick, 1922 neocompsa meyrick, 1933 xiphodes meyrick, 1922 tocasta busck, 1912 priscella busck, 1912 zaratha walker, 1864 macrocera r. felder & rogenhofer, 1875 mesonyctia meyrick, 1909 pterodactylella walker, 1864 nivelventris r. felder & rogenhofer, 1875\nelachistinae elachista treitschke, 1833 aphelosetia stephens, 1834 cycnodia herrich - schäffer, 1853 phigalia chambers, 1875, preocc. (duponchel, 1829 [ geometridae ]) atachia wocke, 1876 neaera chambers, 1880, preocc. (robineau - desvoidy, 1830 [ diptera ]) hecista wallengren, 1881 aphigalia dyar, 1903 irenicodes meyrick, 1919 euproteodesviette, 1954 albisquamella zeller, 1877 luciliella zeller, 1877 tersectella zeller, 1877\nthioscelis meyrick, 1909 directrix meyrick, 1909 fuscata duckworth, 1967 geranomorpha meyrick, 1932 lipara duckworth, 1967 whalleyi duckworth, 1967 timocratica meyrick, 1912 lychnocrates meyrick, 1926 agramma becker, 1982 albella (zeller, 1839) (depressaria) albitogata becker, 1982 amseli duckworth, 1962, repl. name albella amsel, 1956, preocc. (not zeller, 1839) anelaea (meyrick, 1932) (stenoma) argonais (meyrick, 1925) (stenoma) argonias clarke, 1955, missp. bicornuta becker, 1982 butyrota (meyrick, 1929) (stenoma) syndicastis (meyrick, 1929) (stenoma) constrictivalva becker, 1982 effluxa (meyrick, 1930) (lychnocrates) fraternella (busck, 1910) (stenoma) fuscipalpalis becker, 1982 grandis (perty, [ 1833 ]) (yponomeuta) guarani becker, 1982 isarga (meyrick, 1925) (stenoma) leucocapna (meyrick, 1926) (lychnocrates) leucorectis (meyrick, 1925) (stenoma) longicilia becker, 1982 loxotoma (busck, 1909) (stenoma) macroleuca (meyrick, 1932) (stenoma) major (busck, 1911) (stenoma) maturescens (meyrick, 1925) (stenoma) megaleuca (meyrick, 1912) (stenoma) melanocosta becker, 1982 melanostriga becker, 1982 meridionalis becker, 1982 monotonia (strand, 1911) (cryptolechia) isographa meyrick, 1912 claudescens meyrick, 1925 crassa meyrick, 1925 nivea becker, 1982 palpis (zeller, 1877) (cryptolechia) auxoleuca (meyrick, 1925) (stenoma) haywardi busck, 1939 parvifusca becker, 1982 parvileuca becker, 1982 philomela (meyrick, 1925) (stenoma) pompeiana meyrick, 1925 spinignatha becker, 1982 subovalis (meyrick, 1932) (stenoma) stomatocosma (meyrick, 1932) (stenoma) titanoleuca becker, 1982 venifurcata becker, 1982 xanthosoma (dognin, 1913) (stenoma) a. xanthosoma (dognin, 1913) (stenoma) sacra (meyrick, 1918) (stenoma) b. leucocephala becker, 1982 xanthotarsa becker, 1982\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation under grant no. deb 416078. any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the national science foundation .\nauthor - richard l. brown uploaded on 4 july 2009; last upsdated on 19 august 2015\npopular: trivia, history, america, cities, world, states, usa, television, ... more" ]

{ "text": [ "antaeotricha scapularis is a moth in the depressariidae family .", "it was described by edward meyrick in 1918 .", "it is found in french guiana .", "the wingspan is about 32 mm .", "the forewings are glossy light leaden-grey with the costa towards the base narrowly yellow-ochreous , then the costal edge finely white to near the apex .", "there is a spot of blackish-grey suffusion above the middle of the dorsum , another above and slightly anterior to this , and a third more obscure beneath the lower angle of the cell .", "the hindwings are grey . " ], "topic": [ 2, 5, 20, 9, 1, 1, 1 ] }

[ "antaeotricha scapularis is a moth in the depressariidae family. it was described by edward meyrick in 1918. it is found in french guiana. the wingspan is about 32 mm. the forewings are glossy light leaden-grey with the costa towards the base narrowly yellow-ochreous, then the costal edge finely white to near the apex. there is a spot of blackish-grey suffusion above the middle of the dorsum, another above and slightly anterior to this, and a third more obscure beneath the lower angle of the cell. the hindwings are grey." ]

[ "haikouella fossils are found in association with haikouichthys and myllokunmingia that by consensus are considered to be the oldest known true craniates and probably the oldest fishes .\nhelp for street kids. 10% of haikouella profits go to street kids in jakarta, indonesia. we want to help to give less fortunate children a chance for education and a better future .\nlinks: haikouella and myllokunmingia; an early cambrian craniate - like chordate; titulo spanish); das kambrium (german); m - hydrate - nov99; sciencenow; taipei times - archives newspaper article on recent work); haikouella wikipedia article); chinese science bulletin issn - 1001 - 6538 2003 vol. 48 no. 8 725 - 735... abstract of article arguing that it' s a stem deuterostome) .\nhaikouella lanceolata haikouella is known from 305 specimens mostly from a single bed in the maotianshan shales of yunnan province. the animal is 20 to 30 mm (40 mm max) in length and has a head, gills, brain, notochord, well developed musculature, heart and circulatory system. it has a bent caudal projection of the notochord that might be a primitive tail fin. it might have a pair of lateral eyes. very small (0. 1 mm) structures that are probably pharyngeal teeth are present in the body cavity. a few specimens display dorsal and ventral fins. there are two known species, h. lanceolata (chen, huang, lii), the type species, and h. jianshanensis .\nsince the identification of the lower cambrian yunnanozoon as a chordate in 1995 (ref. 1), large numbers of complete specimens of soft - bodied chordates from the lower cambrian maotianshan shale in central yunnan (southern china) have been recovered. here we describe a recently discovered craniate - like chordate, haikouella lanceolata, from 305 fossil specimens in haikou near kunming. this 530 million - year - old (myr) fish - like animal resembles the contemporaneous yunnanozoon from the chengjiang fauna (about 35 km southeast of haikou) in several anatomic features. but haikouella also has several additional anatomic features: a heart, ventral and dorsal aorta, an anterior branchial arterial, gill filaments, a caudal projection, a neural cord with a relatively large brain, a head with possible lateral eyes, and a ventrally situated buccal cavity with short tentacles. these findings indicate that haikouella probably represents a very early craniate - like chordate that lived near the beginning of the cambrian period during the main burst of the cambrian explosion. these findings will add to the debate on the evolutionary transition from invertebrate to vertebrate 2 .\nnote: the description given above is only slightly more conservative than given in the reference. haikouella, unlike most other early paleozoic species, is known from over 300 well - preserved specimens, and chen' s description therefore has very high credibility, despite the great age and small size of the organism. chen suggests that haikouella may actually be a craniate, and this may well be correct in the sense that it has of the features typically listed as synapomorphies of craniata. however, it seems unlikely that it is a member of the crown group subtended by hagfish and hogs. in any case, with the addition of conodonts to the chordates and the wealth of new information from south china, it is no longer very certain exactly what the synapomorphies of craniata are going to be. atw040314 .\ncraniata (meaning animals with a hard bone or cartilage skull, or more simply, chordates with heads) is a huge animal clade containing lampreys and armored jawless fishes, armored fish, sharks, skates, and rays, spiny sharks, bony fish, reptiles, birds and mammals. the earliest craniates are thus of obvious importance to our understanding of evolution, with haikouella a prime candidate to be an ancestor to all vertebrates that have followed, including you .\nhaikouella is conjectured by some scientists (i. e. , chen et al. , nature 402) to be the oldest member of the craniata in the fossil record. their studies purport a phenotype having many vertebrata - like traits, including brain putative circulatory system, gills, heart, notochord, musculature, heart with dorsal and ventral aorta, a posterior projection that might be a proto tail fin, possibly a pair of lateral eyes and probable pharyngeal teeth, and some evidence of dorsal and ventral fins .\nthis exceptional specimen is a multiple example of haikouella lanceolata, thought by its describers to be the earliest craniate - like chordate. this fish - like animal has many similarities to the contemporaneous yunnanozoon lividum, but differs in several aspects: it has a discernible heart, dorsal and ventral aorta, gill filaments (see the closeup), and a neural chord. for all these reasons, it was identified by chen, huang, and li in the seminal nature paper (nature 402, 518 - 522, 02 december 1999) as a chordate .\nit is similar to the form yunnanozoon, which is possibly a hemichordate. still, there are anatomical differences from yunnanozoon, including a larger stomach and smaller (0. 1 mm) pharyngeal teeth. haikouella does not have bones or a movable jaw, but it otherwise resembles vertebrates. almost certain fish haikouichthys and myllokunmingia have been found in the same beds. suspected hemichordates are also known from these deposits as well as from the middle cambrian burgess shale of british columbia. other than possible fish scales / plates from the upper cambrian of wyoming, these chinese fish - like chordates are one of the only known pre - ordovician craniates .\nyunnanozoans are a distinctive clade of lower cambrian metazoans. although widely accepted as deuterostomes, their exact placement within this superphylum is controversial. here we describe a new species of haikouella (h. jianshanensis) from the chengjiang lagerstätte (yunnan, china) with exceptional preservation of a number of features. these include external gills, which suggest that the origin of the pharyngeal clefts was independent of the gills. the diagnostic branchial arches of chordates may, therefore, be composite structures. no evidence was found for the chordate - like structures that have been described in other yunnanozoans. we propose that yunnanozoans are stem - group deuterostomes, allied to the vetulicolians .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml + rdfa 1. 0 / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for visiting nature. com. you are using a browser version with limited support for css. to obtain the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser (or turn off compatibility mode in internet explorer). in the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles and javascript .\nthe chengjiang fossil lagerstätte is one of the earliest and most important palaeontological sites from the phanerozoic era 1, 2, about 530 million years ago 3. it yields extremely abundant and remarkably preserved soft - bodied fossils and shells with soft parts of various kinds, including bradoriids 4–6, trilobites 7, 8, crustaceans 9, brachiopods, worms, sponges, algae and many unknown forms 10–13. one of these fossils is yunnanozoon 14, which we reinterpret here as the earliest known hemichordate. possessing half of the characteristic chordate features and providing an anatomical link between invertebrates and chordates 15, hemichor - data is a minor but important phylum in evolutionary biology. hemichordates comprise two main groups: the enteropneusts, or' acorn worms', and the pterobranchs. apart from the presumable inclusion of graptolites in pterobranchs 16–19, there are very few hemichordate fossils 2, 17, 20. although yunnanozoon is superficially similar to the chordates 21, its typical tripartite body plan is broadly consistent with that of living balanoglossid hemichor - dates (enteropneusts) .\nall prices are net prices. vat will be added later in the checkout .\nconway morris, s. (ed .) atlas for the burgess shale (palaeontological association, london, 1982) .\nby submitting a comment you agree to abide by our terms and community guidelines. if you find something abusive or that does not comply with our terms or guidelines please flag it as inappropriate .\nnature is part of springer nature. © 2018 springer nature limited. all rights reserved .\n( eds chen, j. - y. , cheng, y. - n. & van iten, h .) ;\nstudien zur urgeschte des wirbelthierkoerpers. v. zur entstehung und differenzierung der viscceralbogen bei petromyzon planeri .\n( eds chen, j. - y. , edgecombe, g. & ramsköld, l .) 7–9 (early life research center, nanjing, 1995) .\ndetails of the evolutionary history from invertebrates to vertebrates, as deduced from the sequence of 18srdna .\nwe thank n. holland, e. davidson, and d. walossek for discussions and comments, and f. gao for technical assistance. this work was supported by national department of science and technology, national foundation of natural sciences, jiangsu provincial committee of science and technology. the research of l. c. w. is supported by national science council .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\na new species of yunnanozoan with implications for deuterostome evolution. - pubmed - ncbi\nwarning: the ncbi web site requires javascript to function. more ...\nshu d 1, morris sc, zhang zf, liu jn, han j, chen l, zhang xl, yasui k, li y .\nearly life institute and department of geology, northwest university, xi' an 710069, china. elidgshu @ urltoken\ncomment on\na new species of yunnanozoan with implications for deuterostome evolution\n.\nsee the articles recommended by f1000prime' s faculty of more than 8, 000 leading experts in biology and medicine. - faculty of 1000\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 / / en\nurltoken\nfossil site: chengjiang maotianshan shales, : quiongzhusi section, yu’anshan member, heilinpu formation, anning, yunnan province, china .\nthe debate rages on, but whatever the outcome, this creature was much like the ancestor of all the vertebrates. it derives its generic name from its resemblance to the modern day lancet amphioxus .\nbody 25 - 30 mm, broadly triangular anteriorly, narrowly triangular posteriorly [ c + 99 ]; brain present and bi - or tri - partite, but degree of integration with cranial sensory structures unclear [ c + 99 ] (contra [ sm03 ]: brain is absent); rostral\nskirt\nsimilar to larval lamprey & also present in haikouichthyes [ m + 03 ]; lateral eyes or eyespots [ m + 03 ] (contra [ sm03 ]: eyes are rare artifacts); ventral buccal (?) cavity with tentacular structure [ c + 99 ]; probable mineralized pharyngeal teeth [ c + 99 ]; 6 pairs of branchial arches [ c + 99 ] (compare [ sm03 ]: gills are external); gill slits between arches, covered by folds of body [ c + 99 ]; unclear if gills open to exterior or atrial cavity [ c + 99 ]; notochord extending well into anterior [ c + 99 ]; dorsal nerve cord present [ c + 99 ] [ sm03 ]; body segmented dorsally with segmental blocks of muscle fibers (hence myomeres) [ m + 03 ] (contra [ sm03 ]: no evidence of\ncone - in - cone\nstructure); muscle fibers & segmentation extend well dorsal to notochord [ m + 03 ]; about 24 myomeres not in v - or w - shape [ c + 99 ]; postanal tail present [ m + 03 ] (compare [ sm03 ]: tail is quite variable and is probably an artifact); heart, plus branchial, ventral & dorsal aortae present [ c + 99 ]; gut differentiated into esophagus, spiral mid - gut and straight intestine [ c + 99 ] .\nreference: chen et al. (1999) [ c + 99 ]; mallatt et al. 2003) [ m + 03 ]; shu & morris (2003) [ sm03 ] .\nfossil site: chengjiang maotianshan shales, : quiongzhusi section, yu’anshan member, heilinpu formation, anning, yunnan province, china .\nreference: chen, j. - y. ; huang, d. - y. ; li, c. - w. (1999) .\nan early cambrian craniate - like chordate\n. nature 402 (6761): 518–522 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwe’ve updated our privacy policy to give you more control over your information and support new european data protection laws. you can review the changes here .\nincludes high - quality download in mp3, flac and more. paying supporters also get unlimited streaming via the free bandcamp app .\nlimited run of 100 (50 remaining) - the dream, the big divide cd, hand - assembled with original linoleum print artwork by anthony saracino in a recycled cardstock sleeve. album art by anthony saracino, digital design by paul puiia .\nvia the free bandcamp app, plus high - quality download in mp3, flac and more .\nreleased december 21, 2015 original compositions performed and recorded by anthony saracino, and featuring performances by: joel helander - keys on tracks 4 and 11; jonathan dana - drums on track 8; nick pagan - flute on track 8; and lydia berry - vocals on track 9. mixed by mike tierney urltoken album design by paul puiia urltoken\nwordless and super evocative music from a brilliant guy .\nuncle' s bench !\nlovely people, remarkable songwriting. lyrics from\nhome is ...\nmove me big time .\nthe soulful folk troubadour from philadelphia opens his newest album with a single inspired by the parkland students .\ndelicate, plangent indie rock from this toronto singer - songwriter, who here explores the many aspects of depression .\nis a probable chordate from the lower cambrian maotianshan shales of chengjiang county in yunnan province, china .\ncan' t find a community you love? create your own and start something epic .\nprogressive folk musician based in northampton, massachusetts. check out my recent release here! : urltoken my 2017 ep is growing into a longer album - stay tuned for new material !\nyour current browser isn' t compatible with soundcloud. please download one of our supported browsers. need help?" ]

{ "text": [ "haikouella is an agnathan chordate from the lower cambrian maotianshan shales of chengjiang county in yunnan province , china .", "it is similar to the form yunnanozoon , which is possibly a hemichordate .", "still , there are anatomical differences from yunnanozoon , including a larger stomach and smaller ( 0.1 mm ) pharyngeal teeth .", "haikouella does not have bones or a movable jaw , but it otherwise resembles vertebrates .", "almost certain fish haikouichthys and myllokunmingia have been found in the same beds .", "suspected hemichordates are also known from these deposits as well as from the middle cambrian burgess shale of british columbia .", "other than possible fish scales/plates from the upper cambrian of wyoming , these chinese fish-like chordates are one of the only known pre-ordovician craniates .", "haikouella is known from 305 specimens mostly from a single bed in the maotianshan shales of yunnan province .", "the animal is 20 to 30 mm ( 40 mm max ) in length and has a head , gills , brain , notochord , well developed musculature , heart and circulatory system .", "it has a bent caudal projection of the notochord that might be a primitive tail fin .", "it might have a pair of lateral eyes .", "very small ( 0.1 mm ) structures that are probably pharyngeal teeth are present in the body cavity .", "a few specimens display dorsal and ventral fins .", "there are two known species , h. lanceolata ( chen , huang , lii ) , the type species , and h. jianshanensis . " ], "topic": [ 21, 11, 16, 23, 18, 21, 21, 5, 23, 23, 23, 28, 23, 29 ] }

[ "haikouella is an agnathan chordate from the lower cambrian maotianshan shales of chengjiang county in yunnan province, china. it is similar to the form yunnanozoon, which is possibly a hemichordate. still, there are anatomical differences from yunnanozoon, including a larger stomach and smaller (0.1 mm) pharyngeal teeth. haikouella does not have bones or a movable jaw, but it otherwise resembles vertebrates. almost certain fish haikouichthys and myllokunmingia have been found in the same beds. suspected hemichordates are also known from these deposits as well as from the middle cambrian burgess shale of british columbia. other than possible fish scales/plates from the upper cambrian of wyoming, these chinese fish-like chordates are one of the only known pre-ordovician craniates. haikouella is known from 305 specimens mostly from a single bed in the maotianshan shales of yunnan province. the animal is 20 to 30 mm (40 mm max) in length and has a head, gills, brain, notochord, well developed musculature, heart and circulatory system. it has a bent caudal projection of the notochord that might be a primitive tail fin. it might have a pair of lateral eyes. very small (0.1 mm) structures that are probably pharyngeal teeth are present in the body cavity. a few specimens display dorsal and ventral fins. there are two known species, h. lanceolata (chen, huang, lii), the type species, and h. jianshanensis." ]

[ "brenthia confluxana is a moth of the choreutidae family. it is known from brazil, trinidad, cuba, jamaica and dominica. [ 1 ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthe source code for the wiki 2 extension is being checked by specialists of the mozilla foundation, google, and apple. you could also do it yourself at any point in time .\nwould you like wikipedia to always look as professional and up - to - date? we have created a browser extension .\nit will enhance any encyclopedic page you visit with the magic of the wiki 2 technology .\ni use wiki 2 every day and almost forgot how the original wikipedia looks like .\nof perfecting techniques; in live mode. quite the same wikipedia. just better .\nthe length of the forewings is 3. 9–4. 1 mm for males and 4 - 4. 8 mm for females .\nthis page was last edited on 19 february 2018, at 20: 30 .\nbasis of this page is in wikipedia. text is available under the cc by - sa 3. 0 unported license. non - text media are available under their specified licenses. wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation, inc. wiki 2 is an independent company and has no affiliation with wikimedia foundation .\nscientists aim to describe a single' tree of life' that reflects the evolutionary relationships of living things. however, evolutionary relationships are a matter of ongoing discovery, and there are different opinions about how living things should be grouped and named. eol reflects these differences by supporting several different scientific' classifications'. some species have been named more than once. such duplicates are listed under synonyms. eol also provides support for common names which may vary across regions as well as languages .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\nkeyword search - try again, but check your spelling, and / or use fewer search terms .\nif we don' t have it today, create a' want' and receive an automated email when the item is listed for sale .\nfind books from over 100, 000 booksellers worldwide, for easy searches and price comparison .\nby using the web site, you confirm that you have read, understood, and agreed to be bound by the terms and conditions. copyright © 1996 - 2018 abebooks inc. & abebooks europe gmbh. all rights reserved .\npopular: trivia, history, america, cities, world, usa, states, television, ... more\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page: myers, p. , r. espinosa, c. s. parr, t. jones, g. s. hammond, and t. a. dewey. 2018. the animal diversity web (online). accessed at https: / / animaldiversity. org .\ndisclaimer: the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. adw doesn' t cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283, drl 0628151, due 0633095, drl 0918590, and due 1122742. additional support has come from the marisla foundation, um college of literature, science, and the arts, museum of zoology, and information and technology services .\n> stream h‰œ–ytsw\u0016ço鞐•°ãc [ €°\u00065la‘ \u0004q\bi\b\u0001\u0012bhø\u0005ad\u0005\u0014ed„ª•2ömtfoe. ®c­\u000eö } êò\u0003õ0êè8´\u0016׎\u00178gng¦óï ï÷9÷wïïýß½÷ó\u0000' ¥ªµõ0 \u0000ö ïjŒå\u0016\u0015\u0014b¤ \u0000\u0003 \u0002\u0011\u00002y­. -; ! \u0007à’æk°zü ü‹ž ^ \u0007i½\nlêà0ðÿ‰ - ×é \u0000 @ \u00198\u0007 (”µrœ; q®ª7èlö\u0019œy¥• & †q\u0013ëñ\u0004q¶4±jž½ç | æ9úä v³) gb£0ñiœw×\u0019•8 # ©8wõ©•õ8 _ åù¥ê¨qãüü\u0014«qêj\u0001 @ é & »a) / çù\u000fgº >' k‚ó\u0002\u0000ètõ; \\ ú\u000e\u001b” \u0006ó¥ $ õºf½zunàüå ˜ (4tŒ %) 뫔\u0006ƒ0c & ¯”é\u0015˜¤z£“i\u001b\u0001˜¿óœ8¦úbx‘ƒe¡ááb ñ; ú¯›¿p¦þîó“칞aü om? 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{ "text": [ "brenthia confluxana is a moth of the choreutidae family .", "it is known from brazil , trinidad , cuba , jamaica and dominica .", "the length of the forewings is 3.9 – 4.1 mm for males and 4-4.8 mm for females . " ], "topic": [ 2, 27, 9 ] }

[ "brenthia confluxana is a moth of the choreutidae family. it is known from brazil, trinidad, cuba, jamaica and dominica. the length of the forewings is 3.9 – 4.1 mm for males and 4-4.8 mm for females." ]

[ "eupithecia karenae is a moth in the family geometridae. it is found in coastal california and arizona .\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num: 16601 genus: eupithecia species: karenae sex: location: inverness county: marin collector: wm. patterson coll _ date: oct 16 98 specimen _ loc... more\nash pug (angle - barred pug) (eupithecia innotata f. fraxinata )\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num: 16619 genus: eupithecia species: interruptofasciata sex: location: inverness county: marin collector: r. h. leuschner coll _ date: jul 14 66... more\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num: 28261 genus: eupithecia species: intricata taylorata sex: location: golden gate park county: san francisco collector: r. m. brown coll _ date... more\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num: 5869 genus: eupithecia species: macrocarpata sex: location: berkeley county: alameda collector: r. h. leuschner coll _ date: in july specimen... more\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num: 545 genus: eupithecia species: absinthiata sex: f location: inverness park county: marin collector: j. powell coll _ date: sep 19 98 specimen... more\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num: 5882 genus: eupithecia species: acutipennis sex: location: berkeley county: alameda collector: r. l. langston coll _ date: mar 24 62 specimen... more\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num: 5865 genus: eupithecia species: maestosa maestosa sex: location: 2135 ca. st berkeley county: alameda collector: f. sperling coll _ date: sep... more\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num: 3034 genus: eupithecia species: ravocostaliata sex: m location: inverness park county: marin collector: j. powell coll _ date: feb 4 95 speci... more\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num: 5875 genus: eupithecia species: tripunctaria sex: location: berkeley county: alameda collector: j. powell coll _ date: apr 12 61 specimen _ lo... more\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num: 7999 genus: eupithecia species: nevadata nevadata sex: location: las trampas reg park county: contra costa collector: r. m. brown coll _ date... more\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num: 16622 genus: eupithecia species: purpurissata sex: location: inverness county: marin collector: r. h. leuschner coll _ date: apr 7 60 specime... more\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num: 33651 genus: eupithecia species: agnesata sex: location: stebbins cold cyn res. county: solano collector: j. debenedictis coll _ date: apr 4... more\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num: 7990 genus: eupithecia species: annulata sex: location: kensington county: contra costa collector: r. l. langston coll _ date: nov 8 96 specim... more\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num: 2067 genus: eupithecia species: bryanti sex: m location: point molate, richmond county: contra costa collector: j. powell coll _ date: apr 10... more\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num: 5884 genus: eupithecia species: graefii graefii sex: location: piedmont pines, ne oakland county: alameda collector: p. d. hurd coll _ date: ... more\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num: 29679 genus: eupithecia species: perfusca perfusca sex: location: costanea cg county: san mateo collector: v. albu coll _ date: sep 2 2007 s... more\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num: 5883 genus: eupithecia species: subapicata sex: location: berkeley county: alameda collector: j. powell coll _ date: mar 19 61 specimen _ loc: ... more\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num: 5881 genus: eupithecia species: gilvipennata sex: location: berkeley, 2135 calif. st. county: alameda collector: f. sperling coll _ date: ma... more\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num: 5886 genus: eupithecia species: implorata sex: location: berkeley county: alameda collector: r. h. leuschner coll _ date: feb 21 55 specimen _... more\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num: 5878 genus: eupithecia species: macdunnoughi sex: location: strawberry cyn county: alameda collector: j. a. powell coll _ date: mar 3 61 spec... more\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num: 5879 genus: eupithecia species: cognizata sex: location: berkeley county: alameda collector: r. h. leuschner coll _ date: feb 21 55 specimen _... more\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num: 5867 genus: eupithecia species: longipalpata sex: location: 2135 ca. st berkeley county: alameda collector: f. sperling coll _ date: oct 12 96... more\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num: 7996 genus: eupithecia species: scabrogata sex: location: kensington county: contra costa collector: r. l. langston coll _ date: mar 24 97 spe... more\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num: 33652 genus: eupithecia species: rindgei sex: location: stebbins cold cyn res. county: solano collector: j. debenedictis coll _ date: 1989 - 9... more\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num: 16623 genus: eupithecia species: mystiata sex: location: inverness county: marin collector: coll _ date: in may 71 specimen _ loc: url: http... more\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num: 29684 genus: eupithecia species: shirleyata sex: location: montara, mcnee ranch county: san mateo collector: v. albu coll _ date: mar 21 97... more\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num: 20852 genus: eupithecia species: multiscripta sex: location: diamond mtn county: napa collector: j. powell coll _ date: may 21 - 23 93 specime... more\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num: 3033 genus: eupithecia species: mutata (columbrata) sex: m location: inverness ridge county: marin collector: c. e. griswold coll _ date: may... more\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num: 16602 genus: eupithecia species: columbiata sex: location: inverness county: marin collector: w. r. bauer coll _ date: mar 13 47 specimen _ loc... more\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num: 16618 genus: eupithecia species: lachrymosa georgii sex: location: red hill county: marin collector: w. r. bauer coll _ date: may 2 47 specim... more\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num: 5871 genus: eupithecia species: unicolor sex: location: berkeley county: alameda collector: r. l. langston coll _ date: nov 13 62 specimen _ lo... more\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num: 5877 genus: eupithecia species: sierrae sex: location: 2135 ca. st berkeley county: alameda collector: f. sperling coll _ date: sep 18 96 spec... more\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num: 5876 genus: eupithecia species: rotundopuncta sex: location: berkeley (s of uc campus) county: alameda collector: r. l. langston coll _ date: ... more\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num: 5874 genus: eupithecia species: bivittata sex: location: berkeley county: alameda collector: j. powell coll _ date: jun 4 55 specimen _ loc: u... more\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num: 5866 genus: eupithecia species: subvirens sex: location: 2135 ca. st berkeley county: alameda collector: f. sperling coll _ date: sep 5 96 spe... more\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num: 5868 genus: eupithecia species: sabulosata sex: location: albany county: alameda collector: r. a. belmont coll _ date: may 22 71 specimen _ loc... more\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num: 16632 genus: eupithecia species: cestata sex: location: inverness county: marin collector: r. h. leuschner coll _ date: apr 7 60 specimen _ loc... more\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num: 20856 genus: eupithecia species: appendiculata sex: location: spring mtn county: napa collector: w. r. bauer coll _ date: aug 12 47 specimen _... more\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num: 16614 genus: eupithecia species: behrensata sex: location: mill valley county: marin collector: h. b. leech coll _ date: may 1 58 specimen _ lo... more\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num: 5870 genus: eupithecia species: placidata sex: location: oakland county: alameda collector: w. r. bauer coll _ date: oct 17 45 specimen _ loc: ... more\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num: 5880 genus: eupithecia species: segregata sex: location: berkeley (s of uc campus) county: alameda collector: r. l. langston coll _ date: apr... more\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num: 7993 genus: eupithecia species: zelmira sex: location: clayton county: contra costa collector: r. m. brown coll _ date: mar 11 72 specimen _ lo... more\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num: 1888 genus: eupithecia species: olivacea sex: m location: berkeley county: alameda collector: r. l. langston coll _ date: mar 11 63 specimen _ l... more\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num: 20863 genus: eupithecia species: plumasata sex: location: spring mtn, st helena county: napa collector: r. h. leuschner coll _ date: dec 29 8... more\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num: 16629 genus: eupithecia species: gilata sex: location: mill valley county: marin collector: h. b. leech coll _ date: feb 27 52 specimen _ loc: ... more\na taxon identifier is composed of name, author, year and attribute, all separated by a blank. these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication. the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words (genus and species) separated by a blank .\nthe author' s name is made up of a string of letters, with no blanks, and multiple authors' names are separated by a comma. spelling of author' s name is based on the original publication. if there are more than three authors, only the names of the first two authors are shown, followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets. this is rarely needed, but to differentiate homo - identifiers, this will contain the page, line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks, hyphens, and apostrophes are eliminated, thus only the following characters are used: a to z, a to z, 0 to 9, blank, comma, and opening and closing square brackets. although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition, it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions (contact information) with supporting references, possibly with pdf or hard copy .\nphotographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed. contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\nferris, c. d. , 2018. geometridae: larentiinae: eupitheciini (part). lepidoptera of north america, part 14. contributions of the c. p. gillette museum of arthropod diversity colorado state university (over 116 color plates of adult moths w / genitalia - accessed 3 / 9 / 2018 )\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthe source code for the wiki 2 extension is being checked by specialists of the mozilla foundation, google, and apple. you could also do it yourself at any point in time .\nwould you like wikipedia to always look as professional and up - to - date? we have created a browser extension .\nit will enhance any encyclopedic page you visit with the magic of the wiki 2 technology .\ni use wiki 2 every day and almost forgot how the original wikipedia looks like .\nof perfecting techniques; in live mode. quite the same wikipedia. just better .\nthe wingspan is 19–22 mm. the forewings are rich golden or red brown. the hindwings are paler. [ 3 ] it was the first new species identified by the hobby lepidopterist ronald leuschner, and named for his eldest daughter, karen .\nthis page was last edited on 23 february 2018, at 07: 22 .\nbasis of this page is in wikipedia. text is available under the cc by - sa 3. 0 unported license. non - text media are available under their specified licenses. wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation, inc. wiki 2 is an independent company and has no affiliation with wikimedia foundation .\nto date 683 species of macro - moth along with 1159 species of micro - moth have been recorded in norfolk since records began in victorian times. this site aims to provide full details of all the species that occur (or once occurred) in norfolk, with photographs, descriptions, flight graphs, latest records, distribution maps and more !\nif you have photos of any moths featured on this site, and would like them displayed along with your name and comments... please send them in (any size. jpg images) .\nplease consider helping with the running costs of norfolk moths. thank you: - )\nunderlying maps using digital map data © norfolk online lepidoptera archive - nola™ 2018. © james wheeler - n o r f o l k m o t h s 2007 - 2018. data © nola™ 2018\ncompiled from kelly richers' california moth specimen database. kelly has been compiling the database since 1996 from literature sources, museum collections, and (i believe) novel collections. these lists are probably not comprehensive (if such a thing is possible for such a diverse group of organisms), but given kelly' s dedication and the degree of sampling in the state, it' s probably pretty close at the state and regional level, and approaching that degree at the county level, and thus i have marked them as comprehensive on inat. all errors are my own, and if you find any, please let me know .\nmany of the names in the cmsd have not bee included in the inat lists i' ve created. i have tried to import every name from the catalogue of life, bugguide, and ubio, so any names that are still missing are not present in those sources. i have also tried to manually check the remainder against urltoken, i' ve tried to manually add any taxa that have a species page on mpg, and i' ve checked for simple misspellings of the kind the google can catch. for the remainder, here are some of the reasons the names are missing :\ntaxonomic ambiguity: sometimes a name was clearly in use in the past but i can' t tell how it maps to a current name .\nmany names in the cmsd have specific epithets that exist in other, unrelatd genera, e. g .\nacrolophus inquinatus ,\nwhich may be mistaken entry for hellinsia inquinatus. i have not included these names in an effort to minimize assumptions about the collectors' intents .\na full listing of all the names i was not able to import can be found here .\nsource: richers, k. (2015). california moth specimen database. essig museum of entomology, berkeley, ca. accessed 24 22 2015. (link )\ncheck lists for individual taxa that live here, e. g .\nbirds of san francisco bay area\n.\nfile should be in the following format: taxon name, description, occurrence status, establishment means. csv should not contain a header row. allowed occurrence status values: present, common, uncommon, irregular, doubtful, absent allowed establish means values: native, endemic, introduced" ]

{ "text": [ "eupithecia karenae is a moth in the geometridae family .", "it is found in coastal california and arizona .", "the wingspan is 19 – 22 mm .", "the forewings are rich golden or red brown .", "the hindwings are paler .", "it was the first new species identified by the hobby lepidopterist ronald leuschner , and named for his eldest daughter , karen . " ], "topic": [ 2, 20, 9, 1, 1, 5 ] }

[ "eupithecia karenae is a moth in the geometridae family. it is found in coastal california and arizona. the wingspan is 19 – 22 mm. the forewings are rich golden or red brown. the hindwings are paler. it was the first new species identified by the hobby lepidopterist ronald leuschner, and named for his eldest daughter, karen." ]

[ "barnard’s rock - catfish is classified as endangered (en) on the iucn red list (1) .\nbills, i. r. (1999) biology and conservation status of the clanwilliam rock catfish and spotted rock catfish. investigational report no. 60. j. l. b. smith institute of ichthyology, grahamstown .\nthe common rock catfish prefers rocky areas in fast flowing water or in rapids where they stay close to the rocks where they find their main prey, small crabs and insects. the larger rock catfish have also been known to prey on small fish. as most catfish species are this fish is opportunistic and will take anything that comes their way .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below. < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive photo - barnard' s rock - catfish\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive photo - barnard' s rock - catfish\ntitle =\narkive photo - barnard' s rock - catfish\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below. < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - clanwilliam rock - catfish (austroglanis gilli )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - clanwilliam rock - catfish (austroglanis gilli )\ntitle =\narkive species - clanwilliam rock - catfish (austroglanis gilli )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below. < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - barnard' s rock - catfish (austroglanis barnardi )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - barnard' s rock - catfish (austroglanis barnardi )\ntitle =\narkive species - barnard' s rock - catfish (austroglanis barnardi )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nanother major threat to barnard’s rock - catfish is the introduction of predatory invasive alien species, such as the smallmouth bass (micropterus dolomieu) (1) (3) .\nbarnard’s rock - catfish has short, rounded fins with relatively weak, curved spines on the dorsal and pectoral fins. it is golden brown in colour with large, dark brown blotches (3) .\nthe common rock catfish (austroglanis sclateri - klipbarber) can be identified by its weird appearance, downwards pointing mouth, whiskers, big pectoral fin, and its olive green colouration with spots present on the fish .\nthe common rock catfish can be caught on fly fishing methods, baits; such as worms, grasshoppers and crabs and occasionally the common rock catfish will take small carp baits. if you are trying to catch this fish a small hook with earthworms under a big float fished in the rapids or amongst rocks in fast moving water will be the key to success. they are very aggressive feeders and will often swallow the bait / hook .\ndischarge levels down the river and associated tributaries should be monitored to maintain the essential habitat for species such as barnard’s rock - catfish (4). further recommendations include a captive breeding programme in order to re - stock populations in the future (3) .\nonly discovered in 1981, little is known about the biology of barnard’s rock - catfish. however, species of the austroglanis genus appear to be completely dependent on shallow stretches of fast flowing water for breeding and feeding (4). they are thought to feed on aquatic insects, benthic invertebrates and small fishes (5) .\nbarnard’s rock - catfish is endemic to south africa where it has only been reported from three tributary streams of the olifants river system (1). it has also been recorded in the mainstream of the olifants river, near to the heks tributary, but the water there frequently dries up and its presence is therefore dependent upon suitable water flow (1) .\nthe clanwilliam catfish has been recorded from only 15 headwater streams of the olifants river, in the cedarberg mountains, western cape province, south africa (2) (3) (4) .\nalthough no estimates have been made of the overall barnard’s rock - catfish population size, it is believed to be decreasing (1). agricultural development in the form of stream channelisation and water extraction for crops is destroying the shallow and fast - flowing habitat required by this species for feeding and breeding (3). unsustainable water extraction has caused the river to completely dry up in some areas (1) .\noccurs in rocky habitats in flowing water, favoring rapids. feeds on invertebrates, especially insects, taken from rock surfaces; larger specimens also take small fish. rarely caught by anglers (ref. 7248) .\nbarnard’s rock - catfishis known to favour fast moving water with a preferred depth of 10 to 60 centimetres (1) (4). it inhabits riffles along stream beds that largely made up of loose rocks and sand (3) .\nas this species prefers riffles and rapids with an abundance of rock cover and good water quality, sedimentation, particularly because of erosion in the upper orange, caledon and some vaal catchments, is a major threat. a further threat is instream dams and weirs, which are common in the orange river system. there are increasing levels of pollution in several rivers, especially those in the heavily industrialised gauteng province and a. sclateri is likely to have disappeared from several rivers (e. g. klip river) where it was once common .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\nformerly placed in family bagridae, but recognized in a separate family by mo (1991) and de pinna (1998) (nelson 2006) .\nthis species is occasionally caught by anglers fishing faster flowing parts of rivers and using earthworm for bait. being small and spiny (sharp pectoral and dorsal spines) the fish is usually returned to the water. we are not aware of this species being targeted by subsistence anglers .\nthere are no conservation measures specifically for this species. the species however probably obtains some benefit from the augrabies and richtersveld national parks which straddle sizable sections of excellent habitat in the middle and lower orange river .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\noccurs among rocks and cobbles and under banks in clear, flowing streams (3). juveniles live in riffle habitats and then move into regions of deeper water as they mature (4) .\nclassified as vulnerable (vu) on the iucn red list 2007 (1) .\nthe olifants river system is one of the most heavily impacted in africa (4). the river system, and therefore the species which inhabit it, are under threat from human activities and infestation by alien species. damming, pesticide pollution, excessive extraction of water, the presence of alien fish such as bass, and infestation by invasive plants such as black wattle and blue gum have contributed to a dramatic decline in the quality of the riverine environment (7) .\nauthenticated (11 / 04 / 08) by roger bills, curator freshwater fishes, south african institute for aquatic biodiversity (saiab). urltoken\ndorsal fin the unpaired fin found on the back of the body of fish, or the raised structure on the back of most cetaceans. invertebrates animals with no backbone. nocturnal active at night. pectoral fins the pair of fins that are found one on each side of the body just behind the gills. they are generally used for balancing and braking .\nskelton, p. h. (1993) a complete guide to the freshwater fishes of southern africa. southern book publishers, bergvlei .\nnelson, j. s. (1999) fishes of the world. third edition. john wiley & sons ltd, new york .\nterms of use - the displayed portlet may be used as a link from your website to arkive' s online content for private, scientific, conservation or educational purposes only. it may not be used within apps .\nmyarkive offers the scrapbook feature to signed - up members, allowing you to organize your favourite arkive images and videos and share them with friends .\nteam wild, an elite squadron of science superheroes, needs your help! your mission: protect and conserve the planet’s species and habitats from destruction .\nwildscreen is a registered charity in england and wales no. 299450 wildscreen usa is a registered 501 (c) (3) non - profit organisation in the usa\nthis information is awaiting authentication by a species expert, and will be updated as soon as possible. if you are able to help please contact: arkive @ urltoken\nbruton, m. n. (1996) threatened fishes of the world: austroglanis barnardi (skelton, 1981) (austroglanididae). environmental biology of fishes, 45: 382 .\ngore, j. a. , king, j. m. and hamman, k. c. d. (1991) application of the instream flow incremental methodology to southern african rivers: protecting endemic fish of the olifants river. water sa, 17: 225 - 236 .\nberra, t. m. (2007) freshwater fish distribution. the university of chicago press, chicago .\nsaiab south african institute for aquatic biodiversity (saiab) somerset street private bag 1015 grahamstown 6140 south africa tel: + 27 (46) 6035800 fax: + 27 (46) 6222403 saiab @ urltoken http: / / www. urltoken /\ncomposed from austro = the south + greek, glanis = a fish that can eat the bait without touching the hook; a cat fish (ref. 45335 )\nafrica: orange - vaal system, south africa. also found in lesotho (ref. 7248) and namibia (ref. 33857) .\nmaturity: l m? range? -? cm max length: 30. 0 cm sl male / unsexed; (ref. 7248 )\nskelton, p. h. , 1993. a complete guide to the freshwater fishes of southern africa. southern book publishers. 388 p. (ref. 7248 )\nphylogenetic diversity index (ref. 82805): pd 50 = 0. 7500 [ uniqueness, from 0. 5 = low to 2. 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight: a = 0. 01000 (0. 00244 - 0. 04107), b = 3. 04 (2. 81 - 3. 27), in cm total length, based on all lwr estimates for this body shape (ref. 93245) .\ntrophic level (ref. 69278): 3. 5 ±0. 37 se; based on food items .\nvulnerability (ref. 59153): low to moderate vulnerability (27 of 100) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\noccurs in the major tributaries and the mainstream of the orange river system and it has been translocated through inter - basin transfer schemes to the great fish river system and the olifants catchment of the limpopo river system (skelton 2001, skelton and cambray 1981, cambray 1984, laurenson and hocutt 1984), and may also establish in other river systems that have been connected .\njennifer hammock added an association between\norange river habitat\nand\naustroglanis sclateri (boulenger, 1901 )\n.\nc. michael hogan marked\ndistribution\nas visible on the\naustroglanis sclateri (boulenger, 1901 )\npage .\nc. michael hogan marked\ndistribution\nas hidden on the\naustroglanis sclateri (boulenger, 1901 )\npage .\nc. michael hogan selected\nrange description\nto show in overview on\naustroglanis sclateri (boulenger, 1901 )\n.\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\nlake biwa museum, 1091 oroshimo - cho, kusatsu, shiga 525 - 0001, japan (e - mail: maehata @ lbm. go. jp )\ngreek, glyptes = carver + greek, thorax = breast (ref. 45335 )\nnamed for its type locality, elankadu (manimala river, kerala, india) .\nmaturity: l m? range? -? cm max length: 11. 5 cm sl male / unsexed; (ref. 93434 )\nplamoottil, m. and n. p. abraham, 2013. glyptothorax elankadensis (order - siluriformes: family - sisoridae), a new fish species from manimala river, kerala, india. biosystematica 6 (2): 17 - 25. (ref. 93434 )\nphylogenetic diversity index (ref. 82805): pd 50 = 0. 5000 [ uniqueness, from 0. 5 = low to 2. 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight: a = 0. 00724 (0. 00336 - 0. 01560), b = 3. 06 (2. 88 - 3. 24), in cm total length, based on lwr estimates for this genus - body shape (ref. 93245) .\ntrophic level (ref. 69278): 3. 2 ±0. 4 se; based on size and trophs of closest relatives\nresilience (ref. 69278): medium, minimum population doubling time 1. 4 - 4. 4 years (preliminary k or fecundity .) .\nvulnerability (ref. 59153): moderate vulnerability (39 of 100) .\n: missing argument 2 for checkecotox (), called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary. php on line 1995 and defined in\n: missing argument 3 for checkecotox (), called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary. php on line 1995 and defined in\nfirst, try refreshing the page and clicking current location again. make sure you click allow or grant permissions if your browser asks for your location. if your browser doesn' t ask you, try these steps :\nat the top of your chrome window, near the web address, click the green lock labeled secure .\nin the window that pops up, make sure location is set to ask or allow .\nyou' re good to go! reload this yelp page and try your search again .\nif you' re still having trouble, check out google' s support page. you can also search near a city, place, or address instead .\nat the top of your opera window, near the web address, you should see a gray location pin. click it .\nif you' re still having trouble, check out opera' s support page. you can also search near a city, place, or address instead .\nclick safari in the menu bar at the top of the screen, then preferences .\nunder website use of location services, click prompt for each website once each day or prompt for each website one time only .\nmacos may now prompt you to enable location services. if it does, follow its instructions to enable location services for safari .\nclose the privacy menu and refresh the page. try using current location search again. if it works, great! if not, read on for more instructions .\nback in the privacy dialog, click manage website data... and type urltoken into the search bar .\nyou' re good to go! close the settings tab, reload this yelp page, and try your search again .\nif you' re still having trouble, check out safari' s support page. you can also search near a city, place, or address instead .\nat the top of your firefox window, to the left of the web address, you should see a green lock. click it .\nin the window that pops up, you should see blocked or blocked temporarily next to access your location. click the x next to this line .\nyou' re good to go! refresh this yelp page and try your search again .\nif you' re still having trouble, check out firefox' s support page. you can also search near a city, place, or address instead .\nclick the gear in the upper - right hand corner of the window, then internet options .\nuncheck the box labeled never allow websites to request your physical location if it' s already checked .\nyou' re good to go! click ok, then refresh this yelp page and try your search again .\nat the top - right hand corner of the window, click the button with three dots on it, then settings .\nclick show more, then make sure only the box labeled location permissions is checked .\noops! we don' t recognize the web browser you' re currently using. try checking the browser' s help menu, or searching the web for instructions to turn on html5 geolocation for your browser. you can also search near a city, place, or address instead .\nsomething broke and we' re not sure what. try again later, or search near a city, place, or address instead .\nwe couldn' t find you quickly enough! try again later, or search near a city, place, or address instead .\nwe couldn' t find an accurate position. if you' re using a laptop or tablet, try moving it somewhere else and give it another go. or, search near a city, place, or address instead .\nclaim this business to view business statistics, receive messages from prospective customers, and respond to reviews .\nrespond to reviews and customer messages. claiming is free, and only takes a minute .\nwe calculate the overall star rating using only reviews that our automated software currently recommends." ]

{ "text": [ "the rock-catfish , austroglanis sclateri , is a species of catfish in the austroglanididae family .", "this freshwater fish is endemic to the vaal river in south africa .", "it is also found in lesotho and namibia . " ], "topic": [ 27, 6, 20 ] }

[ "the rock-catfish, austroglanis sclateri, is a species of catfish in the austroglanididae family. this freshwater fish is endemic to the vaal river in south africa. it is also found in lesotho and namibia." ]

[ "the adult moth has fawn wings, each with a faint pattern of zigzag lines. the wingspan is about 2 cms .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia, please upload using the upload tools .\nwalker, f. 1859 ,\npyralides\n, list of the specimens of lepidopterous insects in the collection of the british museum, vol. 18, pp. 509 - 798\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: 1d2dbe49 - ed63 - 457e - 933b - 225e3dc5eff8\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: 41d9f898 - 53c6 - 4b05 - 9c08 - b2f4f3fb2072\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: a36b50a1 - d7b4 - 4e53 - b8b7 - 6963138f8e75\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: ff948d25 - de7b - 4d30 - 82dd - 3987fba19890\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: 708d0aad - 23cf - 4034 - af66 - 3ce65653ab0a\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. name: 314782\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment. find records and model species distributions. export reports, maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area, or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something? photograph something? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities. we honour and celebrate the spiritual, cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\nencyclo. co. uk, online since 2007, is a search engine for english meanings and definitions. the website aims to publish all wordlists, big and small, on the internet, making it much easier to find the word you need. follow us on facebook\nthis sighting hasn' t been described yet! be the first to describe this sighting .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\naustralian moths represent a diverse fauna of between 20, 000 and 30, 000 species. they have been studied nowhere near as much as have their butterflies of australia - of which there are less than 400 species. it can be extremely difficult to associate the larval and adult stages of moths as so little is known of there lifecycles. hopefully, this project with attract moth enthusiasts to share their images and knowledge .\na taxon identifier is composed of name, author, year and attribute, all separated by a blank. these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication. the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words (genus and species) separated by a blank .\nthe author' s name is made up of a string of letters, with no blanks, and multiple authors' names are separated by a comma. spelling of author' s name is based on the original publication. if there are more than three authors, only the names of the first two authors are shown, followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets. this is rarely needed, but to differentiate homo - identifiers, this will contain the page, line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks, hyphens, and apostrophes are eliminated, thus only the following characters are used: a to z, a to z, 0 to 9, blank, comma, and opening and closing square brackets. although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition, it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions (contact information) with supporting references, possibly with pdf or hard copy .\ncopyright © 2000 - 2018 dave' s garden, an internet brands company. all rights reserved .\nuse of this web site constitutes acceptance of the urltoken terms of use, rules, privacy policy, and cookie policy." ]

{ "text": [ "metasia dicealis is a moth of the crambidae family .", "it is known from australia , where it has been recorded from new south wales , the australian capital territory and australia .", "the wingspan is about 20 mm .", "the wings are fawn with a faint pattern of zigzag lines . " ], "topic": [ 2, 8, 9, 23 ] }

[ "metasia dicealis is a moth of the crambidae family. it is known from australia, where it has been recorded from new south wales, the australian capital territory and australia. the wingspan is about 20 mm. the wings are fawn with a faint pattern of zigzag lines." ]

[ "breeding interval: white - striped free - tailed bats breed once per year .\nthe white - striped free - tailed bat can be found throughout most of australia, excluding tasmania. its echolocation is audible to humans !\nthe white - striped free - tailed bat can be found throughout most of australia, excluding tasmania. its echolocation is audible to humans! : batfacts\ninsectivorous bats, such as white - striped free - tailed bats, can limit populations of agricultural insect pests. bat guano is also valuable as fertilizer .\nmay be found in small groups of ten. white - striped free - tailed bats do not hibernate, but do enter torpor .\n( white - striped free - tailed bats) occurs naturally in australia. these bats range through the entire continent, excluding the northern coastal area .\nellis, m. 1993. unexplained behaviour in the white - striped mastiff - bat tadarida australis .\nlittle research has been done on communication in white - striped free - tailed bats. as in most mammals, chemical and auditory communication is likely to be important .\nthe white striped free - tail bat is an unusual bat because humans can hear their echolocation calls. they make a high - pitched “ting - ting - ting”, making the “ting” sound 1 - 2 times per second .\nkitchener, d. , c. hudson. 1982. reproduction in the female white - striped mastiff bat, tadarida australis (gray) .\nfur color varies from chocolate brown to dark brown dorsally and lighter ventrally. the common name, white - striped free - tailed bat, refers to a characteristic symmetrical pattern of white fur on the body. this runs from the front to the back where the wings fold against the torso. as a member of the family\nwhite - striped free - tailed bats can be found in lowland, tropical and scrub forests. they roost in dead, hollow trees or tree stumps and in attics of buildings, barns, and silos in human - dominated landscapes .\nellis, m. 1993. unexplained behaviour in the white - striped mastiff - bat tadarida australis. australian zoologist, 29 / 1 - 2: 103 - 104 .\nwhite - striped free - tailed bats fly fast and high above tree canopies as they forage and travel. their high and fast flight makes them difficult to capture and study. they are nocturnal, hunting at night and roosting during the day. unlike some other bats ,\nthe white - striped freetail bat is the largest of all the free - tail bats and is one of the few microbats with echolocation calls that can be heard by humans. they are known as freetail bats because part of their bony tail extends beyond the tail membrane .\nkitchener, d. , c. hudson. 1982. reproduction in the female white - striped mastiff bat, tadarida australis (gray). australian journal of zoology, 30: 1 - 14 .\nfemale white - striped free - tailed bats synchronize copulation and ovulation. mating occurs in august, as females are monoestrous, and birth occurs in december or january. females give birth to a solitary offspring. males attain sexual maturity after one and a half years, whereas females reach maturity at nine months .\nwhite - striped freetail bats feed on flying insects above the tree canopy. they fly quickly and eat their prey as they fly .\nsmallest bat in the world! the conservation files - ep. 6: animalbytestv\ndescription: the white striped free - tail bat is the largest of the free - tail bats with a wingspan up to 40 cm. it has brown fur all over and the fur on its underside is a lighter brown. it has wide white stripes which give it its name. its ears are ribbed and forward - pointing ears. it has a distinctive bony tail about 5 cm long, with the end part poking out past its tail membrane .\nwhite - striped freetail bats are vulnerable to loss of tree hollows and loss of feeding grounds by forestry activities, clearing for agriculture and housing .\na subreddit dedicated to facts about bats! a new bat fact is posted each weekday .\nchiroptera species on kangaroo island include the yellow - bellied pouched bat (saccolaimus flaviventris), which species is rather widespread in australia and also occurs in papua new guinea. another bat found on the island is the southern forest bat (eptesicus regulus), a species endemic to southern australia (including tasmania) .\nwhite - striped freetail bats roost in hollows in old trees and under loose bark, in dead stumps and the ceilings of buildings. up to several hundred bats live together in a colony .\nvery cool! i wasn' t aware of any audible bats besides the spotted bat and the occasional hoary. thanks for posting this .\nparental investment is not well documented, however, as in most bat species, females are likely to be the sole caregivers for their offspring .\nwhite striped free - tail bats fly above the tree canopy at night catching insects. they are very fast and agile and so feed in the air but will sometimes come down to the ground to look for ground insects. they are mainly solitary but can roost together in groups up to ten. they like to roost in tree hollows, under lose bark, in dead stumps and the ceilings of buildings .\nuses echolocation to detect flying insects, and is one of the few bat species with calls audible to human ears. they mainly use constant frequency echolocation but some frequency modulated components have been recorded as well. the constant frequency calls range in bandwidth from 10. 5 to 15 khz. tactile sense has developed to detect when prey come into contact with the\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\ngregorin, r. and cirranello, a. 2015. phylogeny of molossidae gervais (mammalia: chiroptera) inferred by morphological data. cladistics early view .\nlamoreux, j. (global mammal assessment team), racey, p. a. , medellín, r. & hutson, a. m. (chiroptera red list authority )\njustification: listed as least concern in view of its wide distribution, occurrence in a number of protected areas, tolerance of a broad range of habitats, large population, and because it is currently unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a threatened category .\nthis species is endemic to australia, occurring across southern and central australia and heading northwards in the southern winter. it is known from sea level to 1, 400 m, in victoria at least (l. lumsden pers. comm .) .\nthere appear to be no major threats to this species in the short term. global warming may be a serious threat to this species in the future because the species is tied to temperate australia - in 70 years, the species' range is expected to have disappeared from south australia (n. mckenzie pers. comm .) .\nthis species is known to occur in a number of protected areas. further studies are needed into possible threats to this species .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\nduring australia' s coldest months (june through august), these bats migrate north to areas with warmer nighttime temperatures and, therefore, higher insect populations .\nindividuals weigh up to 40 g and have a maximum length of 100 mm. forearm length ranges from 57mm to 63mm and the tail extends 55mm from the body. the large, forward pointed ears can be 25mm in length. a short tragus is present. the upper lip is deeply wrinkled, and these bats have single incisors on each premaxilla. both sexes have a throat pouch .\nsocial behavior in this species has not been reported. they are considered mainly solitary, but they may roost together in small groups of up to ten. maternity roosts can reach numbers up to one hundred. ellis (1993) suggested that these bats may fly into each other as some type of courtship .\n, a related species, female lifespans have been documented at about seven years .\nhas adequate ground mobility and doesn’t seem to have difficulty “running .\nconsidered mainly solitary ,\nspecies reflexively close their mouths when insect prey brush the hairs near their jaws. although\nis insectivorous. these bats mainly capture insects in flight but may also walk on the ground and foliage to capture insects on surfaces .\nas at lower risk for endangerment. deforestation results in loss of roosting and foraging sites. also, pesticides can accumulate in the bodies of these insectivorous bats and threaten many species of bats .\nnathaniel minnick (author), university of michigan - ann arbor, phil myers (editor, instructor), museum of zoology, university of michigan - ann arbor .\nliving in australia, new zealand, tasmania, new guinea and associated islands .\nyoung are born in a relatively underdeveloped state; they are unable to feed or care for themselves or locomote independently for a period of time after birth / hatching. in birds, naked and helpless after hatching .\nhaving body symmetry such that the animal can be divided in one plane into two mirror - image halves. animals with bilateral symmetry have dorsal and ventral sides, as well as anterior and posterior ends. synapomorphy of the bilateria .\nthe process by which an animal locates itself with respect to other animals and objects by emitting sound waves and sensing the pattern of the reflected sound waves .\nanimals that use metabolically generated heat to regulate body temperature independently of ambient temperature. endothermy is a synapomorphy of the mammalia, although it may have arisen in a (now extinct) synapsid ancestor; the fossil record does not distinguish these possibilities. convergent in birds .\nforest biomes are dominated by trees, otherwise forest biomes can vary widely in amount of precipitation and seasonality .\nhaving a body temperature that fluctuates with that of the immediate environment; having no mechanism or a poorly developed mechanism for regulating internal body temperature .\noffspring are produced in more than one group (litters, clutches, etc .) and across multiple seasons (or other periods hospitable to reproduction). iteroparous animals must, by definition, survive over multiple seasons (or periodic condition changes) .\nthe area in which the animal is naturally found, the region in which it is endemic .\nrainforests, both temperate and tropical, are dominated by trees often forming a closed canopy with little light reaching the ground. epiphytes and climbing plants are also abundant. precipitation is typically not limiting, but may be somewhat seasonal .\nthat region of the earth between 23. 5 degrees north and 60 degrees north (between the tropic of cancer and the arctic circle) and between 23. 5 degrees south and 60 degrees south (between the tropic of capricorn and the antarctic circle) .\nthe region of the earth that surrounds the equator, from 23. 5 degrees north to 23. 5 degrees south .\nliving in cities and large towns, landscapes dominated by human structures and activity .\nreproduction in which fertilization and development take place within the female body and the developing embryo derives nourishment from the female .\nbernard, r. , g. cumming. 1997. african bats: evolution of reproductive patterns and delays .\nbullen, r. , n. mckenzie. 2005. seasonal range variation of tadarida australis (chiroptera: molossidae) in western australia: the impact of enthalpy .\nhall, l. , g. richards. 1972. notes on tadarida - australis chiroptera molossidae .\nherr, a. 1998 .\naspects of the ecology of insectivorous forest - dwelling bats (microchiroptera) in the western slopes of the australian alps\n( on - line pdf). accessed march 21, 2006 at urltoken .\nlumsden, l. , a. bennett. 1995. bats of a semi - arid environment in south - eastern australia: biogeography, ecology and conservation .\nlumsden, l. , a. bennett. 2005. scattered trees in rural landscapes: foraging habitat for insectivorous bats in south - eastern australia .\ntidemann, c. , s. flavel. 1987. factors affecting choice of diurnal roost site by tree - hole bats (microchiroptera) in south - eastern australia .\ntilley, s. 1982. the diet of the powerful owl, ninon strenua, in victoria .\nto cite this page: minnick, n. 2006 .\ntadarida australis\n( on - line), animal diversity web. accessed july 10, 2018 at urltoken\ndisclaimer: the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. adw doesn' t cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283, drl 0628151, due 0633095, drl 0918590, and due 1122742. additional support has come from the marisla foundation, um college of literature, science, and the arts, museum of zoology, and information and technology services .\nas bats are active at night in the treetops, they are heard rather than seen. they are ‘partial migrants’. this means that some individual bats migrate but some don’t and live on the island all year round .\nnot listed under iucn (2016). all rottnest island’s fauna is protected under the rottnest island authority act 1987 .\nsomething went wrong. please check that you have entered a valid email address .\nbullen, r. , n. mckenzie. 2005. seasonal range variation of tadarida australis (chiroptera: molossidae) in western australia: the impact of enthalpy. australian journal of zoology, 53: 145 - 156 .\nhall, l. , g. richards. 1972. notes on tadarida - australis chiroptera molossidae. australian mammalogy, 1: 46 - 47 .\nstrahan, r. 1995. the mammals of australia. australia: reed books .\nmenkhorst, p. , f. knight. 2001. a field guide to the mammals of australia. oxford: oxford university press .\nlumsden, l. , a. bennett. 1995. bats of a semi - arid environment in south - eastern australia: biogeography, ecology and conservation. wildlife reserve, 22: 217 - 240 .\nmonotremes are also represented on the island. there is also an introduced population of the duck - billed platypus (ornithorhynchus anatinus) in the western part of the island in flinders chase national park. the short - beaked echidna (tachyglossus aculeatus) is also found moderately widespread on kangaroo island .\nseveral anuran species are found on kangaroo island: brown tree frog (litoria ewingii), spotted marsh frog (limnodynastes tasmaniensis), painted spadefoot frog (neobatrachus pictus), brown toadlet (pseudophryne bibroni) and brown froglet (crinia signifera) .\nthe heath monitor (varanus rosenbergi) is a lizard that grows up to a metre in length, preying on smaller reptiles, juvenile birds and eggs; it is frequently observed on warmer days basking in the sunlight or scavenging on roadkill. the black tiger snake (notechis ater) is found on kangaroo island. another reptile particularly associated with this locale is the kangaroo island copperhead (austrelaps labialis) .\nthe glossy black cockatoo (calyptorhynchus lathami) is found on the island, especially in the western part, where its preferred food, fruit of the drooping sheoak, is abundant. the kangaroo island emu (dromaius baudinianus) became extinct during the 1820s from over - hunting and habitat destruction due to burning .\nmarine mammals that are observed on the island include the australian sea lion (neophoca cinerea) and new zealand fur seal (arctocephalus forsteri), each species of which is native to kangaroo island, and abundant at admiral' s arch as well as at seal bay .\nkangaroo island is not so adversely impacted by alien species grazers as parts of the mainland. no rabbit species are present on the island, and introduced (but escaped) domestic goats (capra hircus) and pigs (sus scrofa) have generated only minor issues. however, a koala (phascolarctos cinereus) population introduced to the island in the 1920s has caused significant damage to certain woodland communities, especially to manna gum trees .\nwalton, d. , b. richardson. 1989. fauna of australia volume 1b: mammalia. canberra: australian government publishing service .\nrange age at sexual or reproductive maturity (female): 8 to 9 months .\nrange age at sexual or reproductive maturity (male): 16 to 22 months .\nsome taxonomists classify the species in the genus austronomus, distinct from all other tadarida species .\nchiroptera specialist group 1996. tadarida australis. 2006 iucn red list of threatened species. downloaded on 30 july 2007 .\nchurchill, s. 2008. australian bats. allen and unwin, nsw .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\npress j to jump to the feed. press question mark to learn the rest of the keyboard shortcuts\nbig browns are audible until you get too old. i can still hear them so i am not there yet, but it may only be a few years .\ni could hear rafs making calls all the time when i studied them. i didn' t know you couldn' t hear calls of other bats, lol .\ni feel so old now! although i never surveyed in an area that had them." ]

{ "text": [ "the white-striped free-tailed bat ( austronomus australis ) is a species of bat in the family molossidae .", "it is found in all states of australia except tasmania , migrating to the north in winter .", "the species was formerly classified as tadarida australis . " ], "topic": [ 25, 20, 17 ] }

[ "the white-striped free-tailed bat (austronomus australis) is a species of bat in the family molossidae. it is found in all states of australia except tasmania, migrating to the north in winter. the species was formerly classified as tadarida australis." ]

[ "the killer whale is often confused with the false killer whale and also the melon headed whale, because of its body shape .\na pygmy killer whale calf with shark bite wounds. photo by dan mcsweeney .\nthe name “pygmy killer whale” comes from fact that this dolphin shares certain physical characteristics with killer whale; however regardless of its physical appearance this marine mammal is not closely related to the killer whale species .\npygmy killer whale is always seen in groups of 15 - 30, sometimes even more .\nanother view of the pygmy killer whale calf with shark bite wounds. photo by robin baird .\n(\nferesa attenuata, pygmy killer whale\n, 1998; ward, et al. , 2001 )\nzerbini, a. , m. de oliveira santos. 1997. first record of the pygmy killer whale\nlittle is known about this species as it is rarely seen in the wild anywhere throughout its range. although widespread in its distribution, the pygmy killer whale is thought to be naturally rare. despite the name, the pygmy killer whale is actually a dolphin and bears no physical resemblance to the killer whale .\ncascadia research and the wild whale research foundation are continuing studies of this species in hawai‘i. in early december 2008 the first - ever satellite tag was deployed on a pygmy killer whale off the island of hawai‘i to examine movements, and another satellite tag was deployed on a pygmy killer whale in april 2009 .\nthe pygmy killer whale inhabits deep, warm waters, and is rarely seen close to shore except around oceanic islands (6) .\nsatellite tagged pygmy killer whale with companions (including hifa006, photo above), december 7, 2008. photo by robin baird .\nthe pygmy killer whale inhabits deep, warm waters, and is rarely seen close to shore except around oceanic islands (6) .\nthey have a rounded skull with large canonical teeth but unlike other species of dolphin the pygmy killer whale lacks a snout or beak .\nfalse killer whale - though this is darker, larger and has no white on lips .\nthe pygmy killer whale, feresa attenuata, is a small, rarely - seen cetacean of the oceanic dolphin family delphinidae. it derives its common name from the fact that it shares some physical characteristics with the orca or\nkiller whale\nand it is the smallest species referred to as a\nwhale\nin it' s common name. in fact ,\nkiller\nmay be a more apt name in the case of the pygmy killer whale than its larger genetic cousin. when a number of pygmy killer... more »\n1998 .\nferesa attenuata, pygmy killer whale\n( on - line). marinebio. accessed august 15, 2011 at urltoken .\nan inquisitive pygmy killer whale off the bow of our research vessel, off o‘ahu in october 2010. photo by robin w. baird .\npygmy killer whale with healing injury on mouth - line, probably due to an interaction with a line fishery. photo by russ andrews .\ncompared to other species the pygmy killer whale appears to prefer living in deeper offshore oceanic waters rather than near coastal areas or onshore waters .\nscientific name: feresa attenuata common name: pygmy killer whale the pygmy killer whale was first described as feresa attenuata by gray, 1874 (not 1875, as usually cited; see rice 1998 for comments). the two skulls known until the 1950s were assigned to different species but subsequent specimens obtained have shown that the pygmy killer whale represents one species with a wide distribution (bannister et al. 1996) .\nobtain information on pygmy killer whale diet to determine their trophic level and assess any possible impact of the fishing industry on odontocete food resources .\nlittle is known about longevity of pygmy killer whales. in a study in the hawaiian islands that lasted over 21 years, scientists identified at least one individual pygmy killer whale throughout the entire study (mcsweeney et al, 2008) .\nthe pygmy killer whale is known to eat a variety of fish, octopus and squid; however its hunting methods have not been well researched .\nearly sightings of the pygmy killer whale (feresa attenuata) off the brazilian coast: a correction to rossi - santos et al. ()\nuntil the early 1950s the pygmy killer whale was known only from two skulls kept at the british museum. it had been described by john gray in 1874. in 1954, japanese cetologist munesato yamada published accounts of a\nrare porpoise\ndiscovered in 1952 by whale hunters working from honshū. he wrote that the individuals he examined had skulls matching those in the museum and that the body had features similar to the killer whale, and proposed the common name lesser (or pygmy) killer whale. despite its name and features, the pygmy killer whale is not closely related to the orca .\npygmy killer whales are aggressive and don' t have many natural predators. some potential predators include\nobtain basic biological information (including diet, pollutant levels and tissue samples for genetic analysis) from incidentally - caught and stranded pygmy killer whale specimens .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below. < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - pygmy killer whale (feresa attenuata )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - pygmy killer whale (feresa attenuata )\ntitle =\narkive species - pygmy killer whale (feresa attenuata )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nearly sightings of the pygmy killer whale (feresa attenuata) off the brazilian coast: a correction to rossi - santos et al. () - proquest\ndownload the above for information on how to distinguish between pygmy killer whales and melon - headed whales .\nkiller whale near cabo pulmo, gulf of california. note the white patch near the eye .\nthe pygmy killer whale (feresa attenuata) is a small, rarely - seen cetacean of the oceanic dolphin family (delphinidae). it derives its common name from sharing some physical characteristics with the orca (\nkiller whale\n.) it is the smallest species that has\nwhale\nin its common name. in fact ,\nkiller\nmay be more apt in the case of the pygmy killer whale than its larger cousin. when a number of pygmy killers were brought into captivity in hawaii and south africa they were extremely aggressive—even killing one another. a pod captured in japan did not display such aggression .\nas expected for a little known and understudied species, the red list of the international union for the conservation of nature classifies the pygmy killer whale as “data deficient. ”\npygmy killer whales were first documented in 1827 by j. gray, using a skull. gray gave them an alternate name. pygmy killer whales were subsequently documented again in 1874 by gray, at which time he called them\npygmy killer whales are small members of the dolphin family. it is also known as the “slender blackfish” or “slender\ntoothed whale, (suborder odontoceti), any of the odontocete cetaceans, including the oceanic dolphins, river dolphins, porpoises, pilot whales, beaked whales, and bottlenose whales, as well as the killer whale, sperm whale, narwhal, and beluga whale. the ancestors of present - day odontocetes…\nwhile in captivity, the pygmy killer whale learned to feed readily on mackerel and it consumed as much as 5 kg of such food a day. it also accepted squid .\nin terms of size the pygmy killer whale can reach an average size of 6 – 8. 5 ft in length and weigh between 250 – 400 lbs when fully matured .\nthe pygmy killer whale, feresa attenuata, is a small, rarely - seen cetacean of the oceanic dolphin family delphinidae. it derives its common name from the fact that it shares some physical characteristics with the orca or\nkiller whale\nand it is the smallest species referred to as a\nwhale\nin it' s common name. in fact ,\nkiller\nmay be a more apt name in the case of the pygmy killer whale than its larger genetic cousin. when a number of pygmy killer whales were brought into captivity in hawaii and south africa they were extremely aggressive - - even killing one another. despite its name and features, the pygmy killer whale is not closely related to the orca. the scientific species descriptor attenuata is latin for' tapering' and refers to the gradual narrowing from the head to the tail fin of the dolphin. « less\npygmy killer whale rolling at the surface, december 2008. photo by robin baird. note the scarring on the mouth - line, probably due to interaction with a line fishery .\nwhy are killer whales called killer whales? they are called killer whales due to the fact that they feed largely on warm blooded prey. they hunt even whales occasionally, therefore the name\nkiller (of) whales\n.\nwhile the pygmy killer whale is not believed to be seriously threatened at present, its naturally low abundance means that even small takes could have a significant impact on local populations (7). pygmy killer whales are captured intentionally in fisheries in st vincent and indonesia (2), where the whale meat may be consumed and the oil used for cooking and medicinal purposes (8), and in sri lanka, pygmy killer whales are harpooned and used as bait in long - line fisheries for sharks, billfish and other oceanic fishes. pygmy killer whales are also caught incidentally in many areas (2) .\nwhile the pygmy killer whale is not believed to be seriously threatened at present, its naturally low abundance means that even small takes could have a significant impact on local populations (7). pygmy killer whales are captured intentionally in fisheries in st vincent and indonesia (2), where the whale meat may be consumed and the oil used for cooking and medicinal purposes (8), and in sri lanka, pygmy killer whales are harpooned and used as bait in long - line fisheries for sharks, billfish and other oceanic fishes. pygmy killer whales are also caught incidentally in many areas (2) .\n(\nferesa attenuata, pygmy killer whale\n, 1998; madsen, et al. , 2004; mcsweeney, et al. , 2008; williams, et al. , 2002 )\nszymanski md, bain de, kiehl k, pennington s, wong s, et al. (1999) killer whale (\ndistinctive characteristics. the curvature of its dorsal fin, its gray skin, white lips and the lack of a pronounced snout are the features that make the pygmy killer whale different from other species .\nunlike the killer whale this species is much smaller in size and weight (about the size and weight of an average dolphin) .\nbryden, m. m. (1976). observations on a pygmy killer whale, feresa attenuata, stranded on the east coast of australia. australian wildlife research. 3: 21 - 28 .\nthis situation changed in 1954 when a japanese cetacean scientist munesato yamada published his observations based on parts of the body of a specimen. this researcher also proposed the name “pygmy killer whale” for the species .\n(\nferesa attenuata, pygmy killer whale\n, 1998; mcsweeney, et al. , 2008; perrin, 2010; ward, et al. , 2001; williams, et al. , 2002 )\npygmy killer whales prey on fish, mollusks, and small cetaceans. little research has been done to determine the potential parasites or diseases of\nanother common feature this dolphin shares with the killer whale is its long angular dorsal fin, which can often be seen leaning to one side .\nwhat is the difference between dolphins and whales? there is a difference between what we call a whale and what biologically is a whale. we tend to use whale for larger mammals living in the sea. whales have baleen whereas dolphins have teeth. killer whales for instance therefore are technically dolphins .\nbaird, r. w .\npygmy killer whale\nencyclopedia of marine mammals. ed bernd würsig, j. g. m. thewissen, kit kovacs. 3rd edition. elsevier inc. 2018. download pdf copy\nlittle is known about the predators of pygmy killer whales. their large size and aggressiveness makes them invulnerable to many predators, but perhaps not to large sharks or larger cetaceans, such as orca (killer whales) .\npygmy killer whales are closely related to false killer whales, short - finned pilot whales and melon - headed whales, all of which are found in hawaiian waters. the are most frequently confused with melon - headed whales .\non average, pygmy killer whales weigh 150 kg and are 2. 3 meters in length (madsen, kerr, and payne, 2004; williams et al. , 2002; marinebio, 1998; iucn red list of threatened species, 2009). pygmy killer whales are easily misidentified as either juvenile\nboth the sexual maturity and lifespan for the pygmy killer whale is unknown, however most species of dolphin reach sexual maturity between the ages of 6 and 12 with a few dolphins waiting until around the age of 15 to begin reproducing offspring .\n. the false killer whale is a lively, fast - swimming cetacean, which often behaves more like the spritely smaller dolphins than other mid - sized cetaceans .\npygmy killer whales have a sub - triangular, long based, high dorsal fin with a tip that points backward. the dorsal fin is located near the center of the body and lacks rigidity, often inclining to the side. the flippers of pygmy killer whales are moderate in length and have rounded tips .\nmontie, e. , c. manire, d. mann. 2011. live ct imaging of sound reception anatomy and hearing measurements in the pygmy killer whale, feresa attenuata. the journal of experimental biology, 214: 945 - 955 .\nothers: the following delphinid species are rarely seen in baja, but there are some records of their occurrence: rough - toothed dolphin, pantropical spotted dolphin, spinner dolphin, striped dolphin, melon - headed whale, and pygmy killer whale. in 2016 the searcher encountered a few dolphins that may have been rough - toothed dolphins .\ndorsal body view of a pygmy killer whale (feresa attenuata) april 1994 vera cruz beach, mongaguá, são paulo, brazil. note the rounded pointed flipper tip. photo courtesy m. c. de o. santos and a. zerbini .\nan overview of beaked whales, particularly true' s beaked whale (mesoplodon mirus) .\n15 species found worldwide, all possessing a single pair of teeth. bahamonde’s beaked whale (\ncontrary to its name, the little - known pygmy killer whale is actually a member of the dolphin family (2). until 1952 the pygmy killer whale was only known from two skulls collected in the 19th century, and while more specimens have been collected since it remains one of the least known of the small cetaceans (2). it has a slender, cigar - shaped body that tapers to the tail fin, with a round, blunt head that lacks the beak of many dolphin species (2) (4). the pygmy killer whale is dark grey to black, with lighter sides and a dark ‘cape’ that extends down the back. its lips are edged with white and the moderately long flippers are rounded at the tips (2) .\ncontrary to its name, the little - known pygmy killer whale is actually a member of the dolphin family (2). until 1952 the pygmy killer whale was only known from two skulls collected in the 19th century, and while more specimens have been collected since it remains one of the least known of the small cetaceans (2). it has a slender, cigar - shaped body that tapers to the tail fin, with a round, blunt head that lacks the beak of many dolphin species (2) (4). the pygmy killer whale is dark grey to black, with lighter sides and a dark' cape' that extends down the back. its lips are edged with white and the moderately long flippers are rounded at the tips (2) .\nthe other known data on the reproduction of the pygmy killer whale is about the birth of the single offspring. the length of the calf is around 0. 8 meters, but more studies and observations are needed to support this data and get conclusive information .\npygmy killer whales prior to deployment of a suction - cup attached time - depth recorder / vhf radio tag, used to study diving behavior. photo by robin baird .\nhead view of a pygmy killer whale (feresa attenuata) april 1994 vera cruz beach, mongaguá, são paulo, brazil. note the bulbous head in comparison to p. electra. photo courtesy m. c. de o. santos and a. zerbini .\nchantrapornsyl, s. the first record of a pygmy killer whale (feresa attenuata) from thailand. phuket mar. biol. cent. res. bull. , vol. 61, n. 1, p. 29 - 37, 1996. [ links ]\nthe pygmy killer whale despite its name, is not closely related to the orca (orcinus orca), the so - called “killer whale, ” but it has similar features which gave it this name. the naturalist john gray described this species in 1874, but previously in 1827, the report of another scientist included it. despite these works, scientists did not take much notice of this dolphin, which remained almost unknown for many years .\nhunts collectively and predates on predatory fish and sometimes other dolphins and young of small whale species .\nzerbini, a. , m. de oliveira santos. 1997. first record of the pygmy killer whale feresa attenuata (gray, 1874) for the brazilian coast. aquatic mammals, 23. 2: 105 - 109. accessed august 15, 2011 at urltoken .\nthe false killer whale is one of several species of delphinids that some fishermen call blackfish. it has a long slender body, a rounded overhanging forehead, and no beak. the\nthese species of killer whales have sounds similar to whistles and clicks of bottlenose dolphins .\nalthough there is very little data on the mating system of the pygmy killer whale, scientists believe that at lengths greater than 2. 16 meters, males become sexually mature, and at lengths greater than 2. 21 meters females become sexually mature (marinebio, 1998) .\nof similar size birth in the summer months, usually producing one calf (marinebio, 1998). pygmy killer whale calves measure roughly 0. 8 meters (32 inches) at birth (ward et al. , 2001). one calf is born with each pregnancy .\n(\nferesa attenuata, pygmy killer whale\n, 1998; madsen, et al. , 2004; mcsweeney, et al. , 2008; ward, et al. , 2001; williams, et al. , 2002; zerbini and de oliveira santos, 1997 )\nmontie, e. 2011. how pygmy killer whales hear. the journal of experimental biology, 214. i: 1 - 3. accessed august 17, 2011 at urltoken .\nwhile not much is known about the pygmy killer whales breeding habits it can be estimated that the average gestation period for these marine mammals is likely to be 10 – 12 months .\npygmy killer whales inhabit warm tropical and subtropical waters, generally 18 °c or warmer. it is unknown whether pygmy killer whales are pelagic (open ocean) or neritic (over the continental shelf), but it is thought that they are the former (ross 2006). they are rarely seen close to shore unless around oceanic islands (culik 2003g) .\nfood items collected from only three stomachs show that squid and fish are both eaten by this species. sardines were eaten by a captive animal (bannister et al. 1996; ross 1984). santos and haimovici (1998) found mainly squids of the families onychoteuthidae and, especially, ommastrephidae in the stomach contents of pygmy killer whales. limited behavioural observations suggest that the pygmy killer whale is a predator of other cetaceans including stenella species and the common dolphin (delphinus delphis). pygmy killer whales have been observed to take dolphins as they try to escape from tuna nets in the eastern tropical pacific (jefferson et al. 1993) .\noccurs in tropical and subtropical waters worldwide, generally not ranging north of 40°n or south of 35°s (2) (5). sightings of the pygmy killer whale have been most frequent in the eastern tropical pacific, the hawaiian archipelago and off the coasts of japan (2) .\noccurs in tropical and subtropical waters worldwide, generally not ranging north of 40°n or south of 35°s (2) (5). sightings of the pygmy killer whale have been most frequent in the eastern tropical pacific, the hawaiian archipelago and off the coasts of japan (2) .\n”. till the 1950’s the pygmy killer whale was only known by the skulls that were preserved at the british museum. it is one of the least frequently encountered species of oceanic dolphins in the world. they are the world’s rarest cetaceans, hard to find and hard to study .\n(\nferesa attenuata gray, 1874\n, 2003 ;\nferesa attenuata, pygmy killer whale\n, 1998; madsen, et al. , 2004; mcsweeney, et al. , 2008; ward, et al. , 2001; williams, et al. , 2002 )\nhowever, some species like killer whales and pygmy killer whales can become aggressive. they are much less aggressive than their names imply though. if you go diving with whales, the danger is mostly because of their size. they might harm you without intending to do so .\nthe pygmy killer whale has a relatively small and slender body. it has a rounded head with no beak, and a tall falcate dorsal fin. the upper jaw contains 16 - 24 sharply pointed teeth, and the lower jaw 20 - 26, often with a distinctive white chin and lips. the flippers are long with rounded tips. body colour is predominantly black or dark grey with a fairly distinct, yet narrow black dorsal cape. some individuals may have white scratches and scars on the body. the snout and lips are more often than not white and there is also a white ventral band on the belly which widens towards the genital area. the pygmy killer whale may be confused with the false killer whale and the melon - headed whale, but the former has a more rounded head and flippers and a darker cape. it is also found in smaller groups, the dorsal cape is absent in false killer whales and scars are generally absent in melon - headed whales .\nthese (bottlenose) dolphins often engage in acrobatic behavior, making them favorites among whale watchers .\nmelon - headed whale (peponocephala electra) and pygmy killer whale (feresa attenuata) are very poorly known species and are often confused with each other. we examined in detail figure 3 in marigo and giffoni (2010) who reported that two melon - headed whales were taken in a surface driftnet about 90 nm off santos, brazil. we concluded they were in fact pygmy killer whales and explain our reasoning. to aid in future identifications, we illustrate and describe some of the main differences between these two species of small cetaceans. the incident reported by marigo and giffoni (2010) might represent the' tip of the iceberg' regarding the incidental catches of cetaceans by pelagic drift nets off brazil. offshore driftnetting operating along the south - southeastern coast of brazil may threaten pygmy killer whales .\npygmy killer whales resting underwater off kona. photo by deron verbeck. the individual in the foreground, hifa006, is an adult female seen 21 times since 1994 (as of august 2010) .\nzerbini, a. n. ; santos, m. c. o. first record of the pygmy killer whale feresa attenuata (gray, 1874) for the brazilian coast. aquat. mam. , v. 23, n. 2, p. 105 - 109, 1997. [ links ]\nthe morphology of the pygmy killer whale abr resembled that of the bottlenose and common dolphins (ridgway et al. , 1981). the pygmy killer whale abr was composed of seven waves (fig. 6a). peak amplitudes of abr waves matched the very high amplitudes that characterize cetaceans (ridgway et al. , 1981; dolphin, 2000). these increased amplitudes are due to the large neural tracts and abundant neurons involved in processing auditory information (ridgway et al. , 1981; dolphin, 2000). despite the large brain in the pygmy killer whale (i. e. 918 cm 3) and, hence, longer conduction pathways, the response latency of the abr waves were short, a characteristic of cetaceans (ridgway et al. , 1981; dolphin, 2000). the reduced latencies in cetacean abrs are most likely due to high axonal conduction velocities that are typical of large - diameter axons found in the cetacean auditory pathway (ridgway et al. , 1981; dolphin, 2000). functions of abr wave amplitudes and sound intensity in the pygmy killer whale (fig. 6b) were typical of cetaceans (dolphin, 2000). the latency / sound intensity functions of the abr waves were flat in pygmy killer whales (fig. 6c), another characteristic of cetaceans (dolphin, 2000). the latency / sound intensity relationships for the abr waves in the pygmy killer whale were –1. 7 to –4. 3 μs db –1, typical of cetaceans and much smaller than other mammals (dolphin, 2000). in summary, these data provide additional support that temporal processing by cetaceans is quick and not sensitive to variation in the intensity of the acoustic signal (dolphin, 2000) .\nfalse killer whale: the false killer whale is another large species of delphinid, with males reaching lengths of almost 20 feet (6 m) and females 16 feet (5 m). they have a slender body, no beak, a melon that overhangs the mouth, and pectoral flippers with a distinctive s - shape. they are black to dark gray in color, with some areas of lighter gray .\nalmost nothing is known of the natural history of pygmy killer whales in australia. in other regions, pygmy killer whales reach physical maturity at 2. 31 m in length, however the associated age at physical maturity is unknown (ross 2006). sexual maturity is reached slightly earlier, at lengths of 2. 16 m for males and less than 2. 21 m for females (bannister et al. 1996; perrin & reilly 1984; ross 1984; ross & leatherwood 1994). the maximum age of pygmy killer whales is more than 14 years, while the maximum length is about 2. 6 m (jefferson et al. 1993). the natural mortality rate is unknown, but pygmy killer whales are known to strand singly. necropsies of stranded pygmy killer whales indicate that heavy infestations of stomach nematodes and stomach ulcers can occur. respiratory infections are also common in stranded individuals (ross 2006). stalked barnacles are known to attach to flukes, flippers and the dorsal fins (bannister et al. 1996), but are thought to be unlikely to substantially affect healthy individuals. very little data exists for any of the breeding parameters of pygmy killer whales. the length at birth is about 0. 8 m, but there are no data on weaning or calving intervals. similarly, no information exists regarding a pygmy killer whale mating season, gestation period, calving season or calving areas (bannister et al. 1996; perrin & reilly 1984; ross 1984; ross & leatherwood 1994) .\nthe pygmy killer whale doesn’t appear to face many threats other than accidental catches in fishing nets, which can occur when a dolphin sees a large group of fish and goes in for the kill assuming its easy prey or in cases where the dolphin did not notice the fishing net that was casted in the ocean .\npygmy killer whales do not approach close to shore areas except where there is clear water. they love to stay near deep, warm waters. they are found in tropical and sub tropical waters worldwide .\nthe pygmy killer whale, a small toothed whale found in tropical oceanic waters world - wide, is one of the least - frequently encountered species of delphinids (oceanic dolphins) in the world. more is known about pygmy killer whales in hawai‘i than anywhere else in the world, based primarily on a long - term photo - identification study undertaken by researcher dan mcsweeney of the wild whale research foundation, a non - profit group based on the island of hawai‘i. dan' s observations have been combined with additional photo - identification effort since 2000 by researchers from cascadia research collective, and results published in marine mammal science in 2009. additional photos were also provided by tori cullins of the wild dolphin foundation, deron verbeck, and beth goodwin .\nthe pygmy killer whale is listed on appendix ii of the convention on international trade in endangered species (cites), meaning that any international trade in this species should be carefully regulated (3). there are not known to be any other measures in place at present to protect this enigmatic and intriguing ocean mammal .\nthe pygmy killer whale is listed on appendix ii of the convention on international trade in endangered species (cites), meaning that any international trade in this species should be carefully regulated (3). there are not known to be any other measures in place at present to protect this enigmatic and intriguing ocean mammal .\nmelon - headed whale - this is by far the most similar species but the only record in the transect area is of two stranded animals near la rochelle in 2005. confusingly their melon is smaller than that of pygmy killer, they have no white on their chin and are likely to be seen in much larger groups .\nbaird, r. w. pygmy killer whales (feresa attenuata) or false killer whales (pseudorca crassidens)? identification of a group of small cetaceans seen off ecuador in 2003. aquat. mam. , v. 36, n. 3, p. 326 - 327, 2010. [ links ]\ndonahue, m. a. and perryman, w. l. (2002) pygmy killer whale. in: perrin, w. f. , würsug, b. and thewissen, j. g. m. (eds) encyclopedia of marine mammals. academic press, san diego, california and london, uk .\nlateral view of the head and anterior body of a female pygmy killer whale (feresa attenuata) april 1994 vera cruz beach, mongaguá, são paulo, brazil. note white areas around the lips and extending on to the front of the head. photo courtesy m. c. de o. santos and a. zerbini .\ndonahue, m. a. and perryman, w. l. (2002) pygmy killer whale. in: perrin, w. f. , würsug, b. and thewissen, j. g. m. (eds .) encyclopedia of marine mammals. academic press, san diego, california and london, uk .\nas stated earlier one of the resembling features these marine animals share with the killer whale is skin coloring, which is black to dark grey with lighter colored (whitish) markings on the under - body and lower jaw .\nthe pygmy killer whale, feresa attenuata, is a pelagic species found in subtropical and tropical waters of the atlantic, indian and pacific oceans (ross and leatherwood, 1994). these whales are seldom seen and are one of the most poorly understood toothed whales (mcsweeney et al. , 2009). much of what is known about the ecology and biology of pygmy killer whales comes from stranded specimens (reviewed by mignucci - giannoni et al. , 1999). however, no studies have focused on hearing of this rarely observed pelagic species .\ndonahue, m. a. & w. l. perryman (2002). pygmy killer whale - feresa attenuata. in: perrin w. f. , wursig b. & j. g. m. thewissen, eds. encyclopedia of marine mammals. page (s) 1009 - 1010. san diego, academic press .\nventral view of pygmy killer whale (feresa attenuata) april 1994 vera cruz beach, mongaguá, são paulo, brazil. note the rounded flipper tip and the distinctive ventral grove which runs from around a mid - point between the flippers to the urinogenital groove. photo courtesy m. c. de o. santos and a. zerbini .\nmoura, j. f. ; di dario, b. p. s. ; lima, l. m. ; siciliano, s. a stranded pygmy killer whale on the coast of rio de janeiro state, brazil. mar. biodivers. rec. , v. 3, p. e27, 2010. [ links ]\nbaird, r. w. 2010. pygmy killer whales (feresa attenuata) or false killer whales (pseudorca crassidens)? identification of a group of small cetaceans seen off ecuador in 2003. aquatic mammals 36: 326 - 327. doi 10. 1578 / am. 36. 3. 2010. download pdf copy\nthe diet of feresa attenuata includes squids, octopus, and large fishes, e. g. , tunas and dolphinfishes. pygmy killer whales are also known to occasionally attack groups of small cetaceans, for instance other dolphins .\nmorphology. the pygmy killer whale has a thin body, a rounded head, and a narrow tail. it lacks the long snout that many people associate with dolphins. its dorsal fin is high and curved at the tip just like its pectoral flippers. the lower jaw has 20 - 26 teeth while the upper jaw has only 16 - 24 .\nsiciliano, s. ; moreno, i. b. ; silva, e. early sightings of the pygmy killer whale (feresa attenuata) off the brazilian coast: a correction to rossi - santos et al. (2006). mar. biodivers. rec. , v. 1, p. 1 - 3, 2007. [ links ]\ndepartment of the environment and heritage (2005e). australian national guidelines for whale and dolphin watching. available from: urltoken .\npygmy killer whales are described as aggressive animals that have been seen snapping their jaws, beating their flippers and flukes on the surface of the water, and growling. in captivity they elicit fear reactions from other cetaceans. they will charge, bite, and snap their jaws at other cetaceans as well as their trainers. they will often kill all other cetaceans that are in the tank with them. though aggressive toward other animals pygmy killer whales are shy of vessels .\nthere are also reports on the presence of hydrocarbon residues, including ddt, dieldrin and pcbs in various tissues of three pygmy killer whales from the gulf and atlantic coasts of florida .\n- convention on migratory species (cms )\nauditory evoked potential (aep) hearing thresholds measured for stranded pygmy killer whales (feresa attenuata) mml0802 and mml0803 on 19 june 2008. background noise is presented as spectrum level (db re. 1 μpa 2 hz –1) .\ndonahue, m. a; perryman, w. l. pygmy killer whale (feresa attenuata). in: perrin, w. f. ; würsig, b. ; thewissen. j. g. m. (eds .). encyclopedia of marine mammals. san diego: academic press, p. 1009 - 1010, 2002. [ links ]\nthe quick and lively pygmy killer whale is most commonly found in herds of 12 to 50 individuals, although great herds of 100 or more have also been encountered (2). they are known to be playful, having been observed riding the waves around the bow of a boat, leaping high out the water and spyhopping, the act of raising the head and sometimes the upper body vertically out of the water (2). pygmy killer whales can also be wary of boats and will cluster together when fleeing a disturbance (4). their feeding habits are not well known but the remains of small fish and cephalopods have been found in the stomachs of stranded pygmy killer whales and, in behaviour that lends a little truth to their name, they are suspected to occasionally chase, attack and even eat dolphins (2) .\nthe quick and lively pygmy killer whale is most commonly found in herds of 12 to 50 individuals, although great herds of 100 or more have also been encountered (2). they are known to be playful, having been observed riding the waves around the bow of a boat, leaping high out the water and spyhopping, the act of raising the head and sometimes the upper body vertically out of the water (2). pygmy killer whales can also be wary of boats and will cluster together when fleeing a disturbance (4). their feeding habits are not well known but the remains of small fish and cephalopods have been found in the stomachs of stranded pygmy killer whales and, in behaviour that lends a little truth to their name, they are suspected to occasionally chase, attack and even eat dolphins (2) .\ncms: feresa attenuata, pygmy killer whales jefferson, t. a. , s. leatherwood, and m. a. webber, fao species identification guide, marine mammals of the world, rome, fao. 1993. 320 p. 587 figs. whale and dolphin conservation society (wdcs) ross g. j. b. , leatherwood s. (1994) pygmy killer whales - feresa attenuata. in: handbook of marine mammals (ridgway sh, harrison sr eds .) vol. 5: the first book of dolphins. academic pres, london, pp. 387 - 404 .\npygmy killer whales depend on their hearing for communication, hunting, and interacting with the marine world around them (montie, 2011). rarely kept captive, they have only been studied during the few chance observations in the wild (iucn red list of threatened species, 2009). while normally occupying warm, deep waters, pygmy killer whales have been spotted near shallower oceanic islands as well (ward, moscrop, and carlson, 2001). a 21 year study in the hawaiian islands focused on whales at depths up to 500 meters; little is known about pygmy killer whales at depths greater than 500 meters, although they have been recorded at depths greater than 2500 meters (mcsweeney et al, 2008) .\naep hearing thresholds measured for the stranded pygmy killer whale (feresa attenuata) mml0802 on 19 june and 29 september 2008. amikacin sulfate was administered every other day from 14 to 22 july 2008 and from 15 to 24 september 2008 at a dose of 21 mg kg –1 intramuscularly. background noise is presented as spectrum level (db re. 1 μpa 2 hz –1) .\nno data is available on pygmy killer whale movements in australian waters, but limited evidence suggests this species does not migrate (bannister et al. 1996; ross & leatherwood 1994). some local movements are possible however. off the coast of wollongong, nsw, for example, the species has only been reported for the period august through to february (ross 2006) .\nlópez - suárez, p. ; oujo, c. ; acre, m. ; hazevoet, c. j. a stranding of pygmy killer whale feresa attenuata gray, 1874 on boavista during february 2012: first record for the cape verde islands. zool. caboverdiana, vol. 3, n. 1, p. 52 - 55, 2012. [ links ]\nthe bone structure of pygmy killer whales is fairly distinctive; not only is the mandible hollow, but the left side is larger and usually contains one more tooth than the right. this difference in size makes the skull asymmetrical, common in many\nross, g. j. b. & s. leatherwood, s (1994). pygmy killer whale - feresa attenuata gray, 1874. in: ridgway, s. h. & r. harrison, r. , eds. handbook of marine mammals vol. 5: the first book of dolphins. page (s) 387 - 404. london, academic press .\nthe distribution of the pygmy killer whale includes the tropical and subtropical waters of the pacific ocean, atlantic ocean and the indian ocean between latitudes 40° north and 35° south. encounters with this species are extremely rare and are less than 1 percent of the total sightings of toothed cetaceans. nevertheless, there are more sightings in the eastern tropical pacific and the southern atlantic ocean than everywhere else .\ncastro, c. encounter with a school of pygmy killer whales (feresa attenuata) in ecuador, southeast tropical pacific. aquat. mam. , v. 30, n. 3, p. 441 - 444, 2004. [ links ]\n(\nferesa attenuata gray, 1874\n, 2003 ;\nferesa attenuata, pygmy killer whale\n, 1998 ;\niucn red list of threatened species\n, 2009; de magalhaes, et al. , 2007; madsen, et al. , 2004; mcsweeney, et al. , 2008; williams, et al. , 2002; zerbini and de oliveira santos, 1997 )\nkiller whale: the killer whale is the largest member of the family delphinidae, with males reaching 32 feet in length (9. 7 m); females are about a meter shorter than males. in addition to their large size, their dramatic black and white color pattern makes them instantly recognizable. the underside of the whale is white, with a lobe of white extending onto the flank. there is also a white oval patch near the eye and a gray “saddle” behind the dorsal fin. the pectoral flippers are large and paddle - shaped. the dorsal fin is quite tall and straight in males. as with all apex predators, the numbers of killer whales are always much fewer than animals lower in the food web, which helps explain why we rarely see them on our baja trips .\nthere isn’t much information about the reproduction of the pygmy killer whale. the researchers think that they reach sexual maturity according to its length, that is, when males reach more than 2. 16 meters and when females exceed 2. 21 meters. in other regions, this cetacean reach maturity with a length of 2. 31 meters, however, the age at which this occurs is entirely unknown .\npygmy killer whales are not well surveyed within australian waters. their distribution is primarily assumed from incidental sightings, plus beach - cast animals, for all areas. albeit from limited data, these methods are believed to result in reliable distributional information for the species .\njeyabaskaran, r. ; paul, s. ; vivekanandan, e. ; yousuf, k. s. s. m. first record of pygmy killer whale feresa attenuata gray, 1874 from india with a review of their occurrence in the world oceans. j. mar. biol. ass. india. , vol. 53, n. 2, p. 208 - 217, 2011. [ links ]\npygmy killer whales are found in tropical and subtropical waters in all the world' s oceans. they are rarely found near the coast except in areas where deep waters come close to the shore, for example in oceanic islands like hawaii. this species is at risk from a substantial number of human - induced threats, which are compounded by the fact that it is thought to be a naturally uncommon species. overfishing has led to severe population reductions of some prey species of the pygmy killer whale. it is taken in drive hunts in japan, the caribbean, indonesia and sri lanka, and several hundred are killed annually as a result of bycatch in gillnets. they are vulnerable to loud anthropogenic noises, may be affected by climate change and have been known to ingest marine debris. the only existing population estimate for pygmy killer whales, approximately 39, 000, is for the eastern tropical pacific population. the iucn lists this species as ‘data deficient' .\npygmy killer whales are found around japan, hawaii and in the warmer eastern areas of the north pacific ocean. it is also found in the west indian area and around tropical western africa in the atlantic ocean as well as in the indian ocean and the gulf of mexico .\nthe pygmy avoids human contact. some spy - hopping, breaching and other active behavior has been recorded but it is not an acrobatic animal .\npygmy in particular means “short” or “lesser” and is used to describe smaller versions of cetaceans that appear similar in physical appearance to their larger relatives .\ncitation :\npygmy killer whales, feresa attenuata ~ marinebio. org .\nmarinebio conservation society. web. accessed tuesday, july 10, 2018. < urltoken >. last update: 1 / 14 / 2013 2: 22: 00 pm ~ contributor (s): marinebio\nin australia, pygmy killer whales are known from strandings in nsw and western australia. sighting records include five sightings of between three to more than 45 individuals at the shelf edge off wollongong, nsw, between august 2001 to february 2002 (ross 2006). additional sightings have been reported in the north - east of australia (bannister et al. 1996; bryden 1976). the current extent of occurrence for pygmy killer whales is estimated to be greater than 20 000 km² (based on the australian exclusive economic zone (eez) (200 nautical mile (nm) and north of 35° s), (peddemors & harcourt 2006, pers. comm .). increasing ocean temperatures predicted by climate change scenarios could potentially increase the extent of occurrence, with warmer water extending southwards. the area of occupancy of pygmy killer whales cannot be calculated due to the paucity of records for australia. however, it is likely to be greater than 2000 km² (peddemors & harcourt 2006, pers. comm .). future expansion of high - seas pelagic fisheries may result in increased interactions with pygmy killer whales, potentially increasing the rate of incidental catches and injury and leading to a decrease in the area of occupancy (peddemors & harcourt 2006, pers. comm .). pygmy killer whales are considered to occur in one location, as deep water is not a barrier to movement in this species, and there are no known unsurpassable ocean boundaries .\nsome of the potential threats to this species include fishing and harvesting (intentionally killing for subsistence by humans or accidental mortality from bycatches), pollution, such as solid waste and garbage, noise pollution from sonar, and climate change that can alter habitat (iucn red list of threatened species, 2009). although it is not known for certain, the thyroid system of the pygmy killer whale (much like other marine species) could be negatively affected by some man - made pollutants (montie, 2011). studies show that estimated population size of pygmy killer whales is 817 in hawaiian waters, 408 in the northern gulf of mexico, and 38, 900 in the tropical pacific (iucn red list of threatened species, 2009) .\nsome of the potential threats to this species include fishing and harvesting (intentionally killing for subsistence by humans or accidental mortality from bycatches), pollution, such as solid waste and garbage, noise pollution from sonar, and climate change that can alter habitat (iucn red list of threatened species, 2009). although it is not known for certain, the thyroid system of the pygmy killer whale (much like other marine species) could be negatively affected by some man - made pollutants (montie, 2011). studies show that estimated population sizes of pygmy killer whales are 817 in hawaiian waters, 408 in the northern gulf of mexico, and 38, 900 in the tropical pacific (iucn red list of threatened species, 2009) .\nmadsen, p. , i. kerr, r. payne. 2004. source parameter estimates of echolocation clicks from wild pygmy killer whales (feresa attenuata) (l). acoustical society of america, 116 (4): 1909 - 1912. accessed august 12, 2011 at urltoken." ]

{ "text": [ "the pygmy killer whale ( feresa attenuata ) is a poorly known and rarely seen oceanic dolphin .", "it derives its common name from sharing some physical characteristics with the killer whale .", "it is the smallest species that has \" whale \" in its common name .", "although the species has been known to be extremely aggressive in captivity , this aggressive behavior has not been observed in the wild .", "the species had been described by john gray in 1874 , based on two skulls identified in 1827 and 1874 .", "the next recorded sighting was in 1952 which led to its formal naming by japanese cetologist munesato yamada in 1954 . " ], "topic": [ 19, 25, 25, 15, 5, 17 ] }

[ "the pygmy killer whale (feresa attenuata) is a poorly known and rarely seen oceanic dolphin. it derives its common name from sharing some physical characteristics with the killer whale. it is the smallest species that has \" whale \" in its common name. although the species has been known to be extremely aggressive in captivity, this aggressive behavior has not been observed in the wild. the species had been described by john gray in 1874, based on two skulls identified in 1827 and 1874. the next recorded sighting was in 1952 which led to its formal naming by japanese cetologist munesato yamada in 1954." ]

[ "( of sargocentron coruscus (poey, 1860) ) froese, r. & d. pauly (editors). (2018). fishbase. world wide web electronic publication. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of holocentrus coruscum poey, 1860) froese, r. & d. pauly (editors). (2018). fishbase. world wide web electronic publication. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of holocentrum coruscum poey, 1860) froese, r. & d. pauly (editors). (2018). fishbase. world wide web electronic publication. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\neschmeyer, w. n. (ed .). 2014. catalog of fishes. updated 31 october 2014. available at: urltoken. (accessed: 31 october 2014) .\nproposed changing the genus of this species to neoniphon, however, this has not yet been generally accepted .\nmoore, j. , polanco fernandez, a. , russell, b. & mceachran, j. d .\njustification: this species is widely distributed where it occurs over reef habitat. there are no known major threats, therefore, it is listed as least concern .\nthis species is distributed in the western atlantic from cape canaveral, florida south along the u. s. coast, bermuda, the bahamas, in the gulf of mexico from the florida keys to st. petersburg (florida), terrebonne bay (louisiana) to corpus christi (texas), and from campeche, mexico along the northern yucatan to northwestern cuba, and throughout the caribbean sea including the aves islands (greenfield 2002, r. robertson pers. comm. 2014). its depth range is 0 - 30 m .\nanguilla; antigua and barbuda; aruba; bahamas; barbados; belize; bermuda; bonaire, sint eustatius and saba; cayman islands; colombia; costa rica; cuba; curaçao; dominica; dominican republic; grenada; guadeloupe; guatemala; haiti; honduras; jamaica; martinique; mexico; montserrat; nicaragua; panama; puerto rico; saint barthélemy; saint kitts and nevis; saint lucia; saint martin (french part); saint vincent and the grenadines; sint maarten (dutch part); trinidad and tobago; turks and caicos islands; united states; venezuela, bolivarian republic of; virgin islands, british; virgin islands, u. s .\nthis species may be common where it occurs; there are 296 nominal records in fishnet2, with up to 72 individuals in a single lot .\nthis reef - associated species is a nocturnal predator that inhabits sandy, rocky and coral bottoms (cohen et al. 1973, lieske and myers 1994). it is secretive during the day and found deep in crevices between branches of live corals (smith 1997). it is more often found in low profile sand or carbonate pavement habitats at night, but in the reef by day and is more common on seaward reefs than on protected reefs (lieske and myers 1994, greenfield 2002). it forages at night on the bottom, sometimes in small schools. it feeds mainly on shrimp, but also takes crabs (greenfield 2002). it is oviparous, with planktonic eggs and larvae (thresher 1984) .\nthere are no known major threats. it has been identified as a prey item of the invasive lionfish in the bahamas, caribbean mexico, and likely through the remainder of its range (green et al. 2012, valdez - moreno et al. 2012, green and cote 2014). further research is needed on this topic .\nmoore, j. , polanco fernandez, a. , russell, b. & mceachran, j. d. 2015 .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\ngreek, sargos = sargus + greek, kentron = sting (ref. 45335 )\nmarine; reef - associated; depth range 1 - 30 m (ref. 9710), usually? - 22 m (ref. 3156). tropical; 33°n - 8°n, 98°w - 59°w\nmaturity: l m? range? -? cm max length: 15. 0 cm tl male / unsexed; (ref. 26340 )\ndorsal spines (total): 11; dorsal soft rays (total): 12; anal spines: 4; anal soft rays: 8. body slender, sides compressed. snout spinules prominent, spine extending into the posterior narial opening. white stripes on upper sides narrow, separated by broader dark bands (ref. 37108). body with alternate stripes of red and silvery white; spinous dorsal fin red, white at tips, with a large black spot between the first 3 or 4 spines (ref. 13442) .\ninhabit sandy, rocky and coral bottoms (ref. 5521). more common on seaward reefs than on protected reefs. retreat into recesses when alarmed (ref. 9710). nocturnal (ref. 37108). secretive, found deep in crevices between branches of live corals (ref. 26938). oviparous, with planktonic eggs and larvae (ref. 240) .\nsmith - vaniz, w. f. , b. b. collette and b. e. luckhurst, 1999. fishes of bermuda: history, zoogeography, annotated checklist, and identification keys. american society of ichthyologists and herpetologists special publication no. 4. 424 p. (ref. 35505 )\n): 25. 3 - 28. 1, mean 27 (based on 158 cells) .\nphylogenetic diversity index (ref. 82805): pd 50 = 0. 5000 [ uniqueness, from 0. 5 = low to 2. 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight: a = 0. 01479 (0. 00933 - 0. 02344), b = 2. 97 (2. 84 - 3. 10), in cm total length, based on lwr estimates for this species & genus - body shape (ref. 93245) .\ntrophic level (ref. 69278): 3. 6 ±0. 5 se; based on diet studies .\nresilience (ref. 69278): high, minimum population doubling time less than 15 months (preliminary k or fecundity .) .\nvulnerability (ref. 59153): low vulnerability (12 of 100) .\nthe webpage text is licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial 4. 0 license\nfroese, r. & d. pauly (editors). (2018). fishbase. world wide web electronic publication. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nmceachran, j. d. (2009). fishes (vertebrata: pisces) of the gulf of mexico, pp. 1223–1316 in: felder, d. l. and d. k. camp (eds .), gulf of mexico–origins, waters, and biota. biodiversity. texas a & m; press, college station, texas. [ details ]\n( of holocentrus coruscus poey, 1860) froese, r. & d. pauly (editors). (2018). fishbase. world wide web electronic publication. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of holocentrus puncticulatus barbour, 1905) froese, r. & d. pauly (editors). (2018). fishbase. world wide web electronic publication. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of holocentrus tortugae jordan & thompson, 1905) froese, r. & d. pauly (editors). (2018). fishbase. world wide web electronic publication. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of adioryx coruscus (poey, 1860) ) froese, r. & d. pauly (editors). (2018). fishbase. world wide web electronic publication. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\ninhabit sandy, rocky and coral bottoms (ref. 5521). more common on seaward reefs than on protected reefs. retreat into recesses when alarmed (ref. 9710). nocturnal (ref. 37108). secretive, found deep in crevices between branches of live corals (ref. 26938). oviparous, with planktonic eggs and larvae (ref. 240) .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\nnatural environment: inhabits crevices and coral branches on seaward reefs at depths between 3 - 50 feet (1 - 15 m) during daylight hours and feeds at night mainly on crabs and shrimp .\ngeneral husbandry: somewhat common in the trade, having a reddish colored body with whitish horizonal stripes and black patche on the forward area of the dorsal fin .\nbest maintained in aquariums with several caves / hiding areas large enough to house the adult - sized specimen, as those in this family grow to adulthood quite fast. the aquarium should also be dimly lit, as this is a nocturnal species, preferring to hide throughout daytime hours and feed at night. if maintained in a brightly lit aquarium, i. e. , reef aquarium, it should also have sufficient caves as noted above, but will be far less visible in daylight hours. tankmates must be large enough not to be eaten, as they will also consume smaller fishes .\nrequires a meaty diet such as enriched chopped fish or shrimp flesh, mysis, frozen brine shrimp, and / or frozen carnivore foods with one or two feedings per day .\nmay be difficult to feed in the early days in the aquarium due to its nocturnal feeding habits, and if so, live foods, e. g. , live enriched brine shrimp, grass shrimp, black worms (lumbriculus variegatus), baby mollies and / or guppies should be offered. over time, it will learn to accept frozen foods like mysis, krill and brine shrimp more readily when offered to others in the aquarium .\nhas spines on their head and gills, which can come entangled in nets and also a large preopercular spine, which can inflict a wound if mishandled by the aquarist .\nthe material on this site may not be reproduced, distributed, transmitted, cached or otherwise used, except with the prior written permission of bob goemans .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nclaro, rodolfo, and lynne r. parenti / claro, rodolfo, kenyon c. lindeman, and l. r. parenti, eds .\nfao species identification guide for fishery purposes and american society of ichthyologists and herpetologists special publication, no. 5: the living marine resources of the western central atlantic, vol. 2: bony fishes, part 1 (acipenseridae to... )\nnelson, joseph s. , edwin j. crossman, h. espinosa - pérez, l. t. findley, c. r. gilbert, et al. , eds .\nfull author list: nelson, joseph s. , edwin j. crossman, héctor espinosa - pérez, lloyd t. findley, carter r. gilbert, robert n. lea, and james d. williams\ndisclaimer: itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available, and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties. however, it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes. while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available, ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party, wildlife statutes, regulations, and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register. for further information on u. s. legal requirements with respect to protected taxa, please contact the u. s. fish and wildlife service .\nsometimes taxonomists create new names for groups that already have a name. they may do this because they are unaware of the original name, or they may think the organism before them belongs to a different group when in fact it does not. if two or more names are found to apply to the same group, they are considered synonyms. in most cases, the first name takes priority and is considered to be the valid or accepted name. however, there can be exceptions, and it' s not always easy to determine which of a series of synonyms should be considered valid or accepted. here we list the synonyms provided to eol by our classification partners. we also include other versions of the name that most likely refer to the same group, for example, misspellings in the literature or different variations of the authorship associated with the name .\n< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation, e. g. an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature, an orthologous protein, a record from another database, etc. < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences\n> more... < / a > < / p >\nhelp pages, faqs, uniprotkb manual, documents, news archive and biocuration projects .\nyou are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website. please consider upgrading your browser .\n< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins, you can use the ‘basket’ to save them, so that you can back to find or analyse them later. < p > < a href =' / help / basket' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ help / sequence - searches\n> more. . < / a > < / p >\nwe' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe’s new general data protection regulation (gdpr) that applies since 25 may 2018." ]

{ "text": [ "sargocentron coruscum , more commonly known as the reef squirrelfish , is a member of the family holocentridae native to the western atlantic ocean from florida , usa to northern south america .", "it lives over sandy and rocky substrates , as well as coral reefs , generally between 1 and 30 metres ( 3.3 and 98.4 ft ) deep .", "it is a nocturnal predator , feeding primarily on shrimps , but will also eat crabs .", "it searches for food alone or in small schools .", "it can reach sizes of up to 15.0 centimetres ( 5.9 in ) tl .", "when alarmed , it will hide in crevices between corals . " ], "topic": [ 27, 18, 8, 15, 0, 18 ] }

[ "sargocentron coruscum, more commonly known as the reef squirrelfish, is a member of the family holocentridae native to the western atlantic ocean from florida, usa to northern south america. it lives over sandy and rocky substrates, as well as coral reefs, generally between 1 and 30 metres (3.3 and 98.4 ft) deep. it is a nocturnal predator, feeding primarily on shrimps, but will also eat crabs. it searches for food alone or in small schools. it can reach sizes of up to 15.0 centimetres (5.9 in) tl. when alarmed, it will hide in crevices between corals." ]

[ "the little swan island hutia (geocapromys thoracatus) is an extinct species of rodent that lived on the swan islands, off north - eastern honduras in the caribbean. it was a slow - moving, guinea - pig - like rodent and probably emerged from caves and limestone crevices to forage on bark, small twigs and leaves .\ntype for geocapromys thoracatus catalog number: usnm 15897 collection: smithsonian institution, national museum of natural history, department of vertebrate zoology, division of mammals sex / stage: male; adult preparation: skin; skull; partial skeleton collector (s): c. townsend year collected: 1887 locality: gulf of honduras, entrance, little swan island, swan islands, caribbean sea, north america\nit may have been a subspecies of the jamaican hutia (geocapromys browni), whose ancestors were carried to the island from jamaica, 5000 - 7000 years ago. it was fairly common in the early 20th century, but disappeared after a severe hurricane (hurricane janet) in 1955, followed by the introduction of house cats to the island .\non the island. in game, it is a small, brown animal with a light underside. it eats fruit and does not fear predators .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\nmcknight, m. (global mammal assessment team) & amori, g. (small nonvolant mammal red list authority )\njustification: listed as extinct. this species has not been found since the early 1950s .\ndriven to extinction through predation by introduced cats, which were released onto the islands prior to 1960. local people report a very strong a hurricane in 1955 which may have added to the population decline .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\ntype: true, f. w. 1889 sep 03. proceedings of the united states national museum. 11: 469 .\nlisted as extinct. this species has not been found since the early 1950s .\nturvey, s. & helgen, k. (2008). geocapromys thoracatus. in: iucn 2008. iucn red list of threatened species. retrieved 5 january 2009 .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\ncan' t find a community you love? create your own and start something epic .\ndouble - check spelling, grammar, punctuation. translators work best when there are no errors or typos .\nif words are different, search our dictionary to understand why and pick the right word .\nif phrases are different, try searching our examples to help pick the right phrase .\nwe' ve combined the most accurate english to spanish translations, dictionary, verb conjugations, and spanish to english translators into one very powerful search box .\nspanishdict is devoted to improving our site based on user feedback and introducing new and innovative features that will continue to help people learn and love the spanish language. have a suggestion, idea, or comment? send us your feedback .\njavascript has been deactivated in your browser. reactivation will enable you to use the vocabulary trainer and any other programs .\nyou are not signed in. please sign in or register for free if you want to use this function .\nwe are using the following form field to detect spammers. please do leave them untouched. otherwise your message will be regarded as spam. we are sorry for the inconvenience .\nthank you! your message has now been forwarded to the pons editorial department .\ncollect the vocabulary that you want to remember while using the dictionary. the items that you have collected will be displayed under\nvocabulary list\n.\nif you want to copy vocabulary items to the vocabulary trainer, click on\nimport\nin the vocabulary list .\nplease note that the vocabulary items in this list are only available in this browser. once you have copied them to the vocabulary trainer, they are available from everywhere .\nunique: the editorially approved pons online dictionary with text translation tool now includes a database with hundreds of millions of real translations from the internet. see how foreign - language expressions are used in real life. real language usage will help your translations to gain in accuracy and idiomaticity !\nenter a word (“newspaper”), a word combination (“exciting trip”) or a phrase (“with all good wishes”) into the search box. the search engine displays hits in the dictionary entries plus translation examples, which contain the exact or a similar word or phrase .\nthis new feature displays references to sentence pairs from translated texts, which we have found for you on the internet, directly within many of our pons dictionary entries .\na click on the tab “usage examples” displays a full inventory of translations to all of the senses of the headword. usage examples present in the pons dictionary will be displayed first .\nthe pons dictionary delivers the reliability of a dictionary which has been editorially reviewed and expanded over the course of decades. in addition, the dictionary is now supplemented with millions of real - life translation examples from external sources. so, now you can see how a concept is translated in specific contexts. you can find the answers to questions like “can you really say … in german? ” and so, you will produce more stylistically sophisticated translations .\nthe “examples from the internet” do, in fact, come from the internet. we are able to identify trustworthy translations with the aid of automated processes. the main sources we used are professionally translated company, and academic, websites. in addition, we have included websites of international organizations such as the european union. because of the overwhelming data volume, it has not been possible to carry out a manual editorial check on all of these documents. so, we logically cannot guarantee the quality of each and every translation. this is why they are marked “not verified by pons editors” .\nwe are working on continually optimizing the quality of our usage examples by improving their relevance as well as the translations. in addition, we have begun to apply this technology to further languages in order to build up usage - example databases for other language pairs. we also aim to integrate these usage examples into our mobile applications (mobile website, apps) as quickly as possible .\nthe examples come from the entire data collection of the pons dictionary and are all editorially certified." ]

{ "text": [ "the little swan island hutia ( geocapromys thoracatus ) is an extinct species of rodent that lived on the swan islands , off north-eastern honduras in the caribbean .", "it was a slow-moving , guinea-pig-like rodent and probably emerged from caves and limestone crevices to forage on bark , small twigs and leaves .", "it may have been a subspecies of the jamaican hutia ( geocapromys browni ) , whose ancestors were carried to the island from jamaica , 5000 – 7000 years ago .", "it was fairly common in the early 20th century , but disappeared after a severe hurricane ( hurricane janet ) in 1955 , followed by the introduction of house cats to the island . " ], "topic": [ 27, 18, 15, 10 ] }

[ "the little swan island hutia (geocapromys thoracatus) is an extinct species of rodent that lived on the swan islands, off north-eastern honduras in the caribbean. it was a slow-moving, guinea-pig-like rodent and probably emerged from caves and limestone crevices to forage on bark, small twigs and leaves. it may have been a subspecies of the jamaican hutia (geocapromys browni), whose ancestors were carried to the island from jamaica, 5000 – 7000 years ago. it was fairly common in the early 20th century, but disappeared after a severe hurricane (hurricane janet) in 1955, followed by the introduction of house cats to the island." ]

[ "habitat: the reticulated dragonet usually occurs on coarse sand or gravel from the low shore to 40m depth .\nfigure 3. seasearch ireland records for the common dragonet up to june 2014 .\nhowever, these two species also highlight one of the issues with citizen science recording. as many identification books contain only the common dragonet, dragonets that have not been identified to species are often recorded erroneously as common, whereas the reticulated dragonet appears in books that state the difficulties in identifying dragonets in the field. thus distribution maps show the common dragonet as being far more widespread than the reticulated despite them occurring in similar habitats and often at the same sites together .\ndescription: the reticulated dragonet has a similar body shape to the common dragonet (callionymus lyra) but tends to be much smaller, 8 - 10cm in length compared with 20 - 30cm. both males and females have numerous pale blue spots on their sides and four dark saddle - like markings across the back. the saddle markings are surrounded by a clearly defined darker outline .\nthis common inshore fish can be difficult to identify in the wild due to the presence of 2 other similar dragonet species in irish inshore waters, the common (callionymus lyra) and spotted (callionymus maculatus) both of which have much larger dorsal fins. the short black dorsal fin on a reticulated dragonet makes the species very easy to identify when extended (fig 1 .). additionally, there is a distinctive saddle patterning on adult fish that can appear reddish with blue spots underwater (fig 2) .\nsimilar species: this species is similar to the common dragonet (callionymus lyra) but can be distinguished by the sharply defined outline surrounding the saddle markings on the back .\nmarine; brackish; demersal; non - migratory; depth range 0 - 110 m (ref. 35388). temperate; 60°n - 35°n, 11°w - 8°e\nnortheast atlantic: southern north sea, irish sea, and southwestern ireland to portugal. mediterranean sea: málaga, spain .\nmaturity: l m? range? -? cm max length: 11. 0 cm tl male / unsexed; (ref. 3397); 6. 5 cm (female )\ndorsal spines (total): 4; dorsal soft rays (total): 10; anal soft rays: 8 - 10. preopercular spine present. antrorse (forward - pointing) spine at base very small, rudimentary or absent. second dorsal in males with dark blotches in vertical or oblique rows, in females colorless (ref. 232). gill cover with 3 spines. snout slightly longer than the eye diameter (ref. 35388) .\noccurs in inshore waters, even intertidally, on sandy shores (ref. 6444) .\nbauchot, m. - l. , 1987. poissons osseux. p. 891 - 1421. in w. fischer, m. l. bauchot and m. schneider (eds .) fiches fao d' identification pour les besoins de la pêche. (rev. 1). méditerranée et mer noire. zone de pêche 37. vol. ii. commission des communautés européennes and fao, rome. (ref. 3397 )\n): 7. 7 - 12. 5, mean 10. 5 (based on 484 cells) .\nphylogenetic diversity index (ref. 82805): pd 50 = 0. 5000 [ uniqueness, from 0. 5 = low to 2. 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight: a = 0. 00851 (0. 00504 - 0. 01437), b = 2. 68 (2. 54 - 2. 82), in cm total length, based on lwr estimates for this species & genus - body shape (ref. 93245) .\ntrophic level (ref. 69278): 3. 3 ±0. 39 se; based on food items .\nresilience (ref. 69278): high, minimum population doubling time less than 15 months (preliminary k or fecundity .) .\nvulnerability (ref. 59153): low vulnerability (16 of 100) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\njustification: callionymus reticulatus is widely distributed in the northeastern atlantic ocean, from the north sea to portugal and the azores. it is also found in the western mediterranean sea, though little information is available as to the distribution and population status in the mediterranean. populations are considered stable. callionymus reticulatus is caught incidentally in demersal fisheries, but this is not considered a major threat at this time. there are no other known widespread threats. therefore, c. reticulatus is assessed as least concern .\nthere are no recent estimates of population trends available, but it is assumed to be stable .\ncallionymus reticulatus is a demersal species that occurs in inshore waters, even inter - tidally, on sandy shores (wheeler 1979). its preferred habitat is shallow, soft substrata within estuaries, but it has been recorded to 110 m (fricke 1986). in a survey comparing seagrass beds and unvegetated habitats, it was not found in seagrass beds and was present in low numbers in the unvegetated habitat (ribeiro et al. 2012). the eggs and larvae of c. reticulatus are pelagic. the maximum recorded size is 11 cm (fricke 1986) .\nthere is no species - specific use and trade information available for c. reticulatus. dragonets are taken as by - catch in bottom trawls and sometimes marketed locally. some species are commercially used in the aquarium trade (fricke in press) .\nthere have been no confirmed population declines and there are no known threats across its range. it is taken as bycatch in a number of demersal fisheries, including the scallop dredge fishery (craven et al. 2013) .\nthere are no species - specific conservation measures in place for this species. it is found in marine protected areas throughout its range. callionymus reticulatus was assessed as data deficient in the mediterranean in 2007 as little information was available regarding the population status and distribution in the mediterranean (abdul malak et al. 2011, iucn 2011) .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\ndistribution: in the british isles this species is restricted to southern and western coasts and the irish sea .\ndistribution map from nbn: interactive map: national biodiversity network mapping facility, data for uk .\npicton, b. e. & morrow, c. c. (2016). callionymus reticulatus (valenciennes, 1837). [ in ] encyclopedia of marine life of britain and ireland. urltoken accessed on 2018 - 07 - 10\noccurs in inshore waters, even intertidally, on sandy shores (ref. 6444) .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\nrory o' callaghan is currently the national coordinator for seasearch' s citizen science site monitoring scheme. he originally completed a b. sc. in applied freshwater and marine biology in gmit before undertaking a m. sc. in animal behaviour in anglia ruskin university cambridge. his primary research interests are on the use of citizen science for species monitoring, competition theory, invasive species and anything shiny that crosses his path .\nyour data will only be used by urltoken to contact you about the newsletter. it will not be shared with any third parties .\na look at the role of elephants in south africa, and the potential effects of ecotourism that need to be [... ]\nwho doesn’t want a little bit (or a lot) more wildlife around? these 5 ideas are easy, budget - friendly and look [... ]\ni’ve recently returned from my first visit to my field site here in south africa, the ndumo game reserve. this [... ]\nsome of you may be aware of the blog i wrote back in 2015 about a project that i was [... ]\nsome amphibians stay in an eternal state of childhood much like the fictional character peter pan, this is known as [... ]\non the morning of november 30th 195 national leaders of the world gathered in the french capital to discuss climate [... ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nenglish - german online dictionary developed to help you share your knowledge with others. more information! contains translations by tu chemnitz and mr honey' s business dictionary (german - english). thanks on that account! links to this dictionary or to single translations are very welcome! questions and answers\nonly three well developed points on the cheek spine, with none forward pointing. the first dorsal fin has four membrane bound spines, with the second dorsal fin having ten rays. in males the dorsal fins have dark bluish edged spots running in oblique rows, along with pale blue spots and lines. all the fins are large and extended .\nthe overall colouration is a dark brown on the back, with bluish spots, whilst the sides and cheeks are a yellowish brown. in addition the cheeks and gill covers have black edged, blue lines running across them. there are also four yellow / orange saddle marks running from the back .\nrange: found mainly on western shores, although recorded as far north as scotland, and into the southern north sea. additional notes :\ncopyright © 1999 - 2018 john wiley & sons, inc. all rights reserved\nenter your email address below. if your address has been previously registered, you will receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password. if you don' t receive an email, you should register as a new user\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with nbn atlas, please upload using the upload tools." ]

{ "text": [ "callionymus reticulatus , the reticulated dragonet , is a species of dragonet native to the northeastern atlantic ocean and the mediterranean sea where it is found at depths of from 0 to 110 metres ( 0 to 361 ft ) .", "this species grows to a length of 11 centimetres ( 4.3 in ) tl . " ], "topic": [ 18, 0 ] }

[ "callionymus reticulatus, the reticulated dragonet, is a species of dragonet native to the northeastern atlantic ocean and the mediterranean sea where it is found at depths of from 0 to 110 metres (0 to 361 ft). this species grows to a length of 11 centimetres (4.3 in) tl." ]

[ "this is the place for pelochrosta definition. you find here pelochrosta meaning, synonyms of pelochrosta and images for pelochrosta copyright 2017 © urltoken\nhere you will find one or more explanations in english for the word pelochrosta. also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word pelochrosta and, of course, pelochrosta synonyms and on the right images related to the word pelochrosta .\nodites anasticta meyrick, 1930; exotic microlep. 4 (1): 18\nodites anisocarpa meyrick, 1930; exotic microlep. 4 (1): 17\nodites circiformis meyrick, 1930; exotic microlep. 4 (1): 18\nodites crossophanta meyrick, 1930; exotic microlep. 4 (1): 17\nodites hemigyna meyrick, 1930; exotic microlep. 4 (1): 18\nodites semisepta meyrick, 1930; exotic microlep. 4 (1): 18\nodites siccinervis meyrick, 1930; exotic microlep. 4 (1): 17\nodites exterrita meyrick, 1937; exotic microlep. 5 (4 - 5): 152\nodites malagasiella viette, 1967; bull. soc. ent. fr. 72: 294\nodites metascia meyrick, 1937; exotic microlep. 5 (4 - 5): 151\nodites repetita meyrick, 1932; exotic microlep. 4 (8 - 9): 286\nodites citromela meyrick, 1923; bull. mus. hist. nat. paris 29: 564\nodites perfusella viette, 1958; rev. franc. ent. 25 (2): 118\nodites tinactella viette, 1958; rev. franc. ent. 25 (2): 116\nodites armilligera meyrick, 1922; ent. mitt. 11 (2): 45; tl: amani\nodites concava meyrick, 1922; zool. meded. leiden 7: 88; tl: java, batavia\nodites praefixa meyrick, 1921; zool. meded. leyden 6: 174; tl: java, batavia\nodites arenella legrand, 1965; mém. mus. hist. nat. paris (a) 37: 54\nodites atomosperma meyrick, 1933; exotic microlep. 4 (13 - 14): 433; tl: madagascar\nodites consecrata meyrick, 1917; exotic microlep. 2 (2): 57; tl: madagascar, antananarivo\nodites lioxesta meyrick, 1933; exotic microlep. 4 (13 - 14): 434; tl: madagascar\nodites ochrodryas meyrick, 1933; exotic microlep. 4 (13 - 14): 434; tl: madagascar\nodites thesmia meyrick, 1917; exotic microlep. 2 (2): 57; tl: madagascar, antananarivo\nodites balsamias meyrick, 1911; ann. transv. mus. 3 (1): 75; tl: moorddrift\nodites cataxantha meyrick, 1915; exot. microlep. 1 (12): 379; tl: madagascar, antananarivo\nodites collega meyrick, 1927; exot. microlep. 3 (12): 364; tl: china, mokanshan\nodites diacentra meyrick, 1921; zool. meded. leyden 6: 174; tl: java, preangor, 5000ft\nodites fotsyella viette, 1972; bull. soc. ent. fr. 77 (9 - 10): 284\nodites haplonoma meyrick, 1915; exot. microlep. 1 (12): 379; tl: madagascar, antanosy\nodites hermatica meyrick, 1915; exot. microlep. 1 (12): 378; tl: comoro is .\nodites laconica meyrick, 1927; exot. microlep. 3 (12): 365; tl: transvaal, modderpoort\nodites malivora meyrick, 1930; exot. microlep. 3 (18 - 20): 555; tl: manchuria\nodites meloxantha meyrick, 1927; exot. microlep. 3 (12): 364; tl: rhodesia, salisbury\nodites metaclista meyrick, 1915; exot. microlep. 1 (12): 379; tl: madagascar, antananarivo\nodites prosedra meyrick, 1915; exot. microlep. 1 (12): 378; tl: nigeria, ogrugu\nodites sucinea meyrick, 1915; exot. microlep. 1 (12): 378; tl: natal, pinetown\nodites typota meyrick, 1915; exot. microlep. 1 (12): 379; tl: madagascar, antananarivo\nodites analogica meyrick, 1917; exotic microlep. 2 (2): 57; tl: comoro is. , anjouan\nodites atonopa meyrick, 1918; exotic microlep. 2 (7): 197; tl: nw. india, abbottabad\nodites carcharopa meyrick, 1914; ann. transv. mus. 4 (4): 198; tl: comoro islands\nodites citrantha meyrick, 1908; proc. zool. soc. lond. 1908: 729; tl: natal, durban\nodites diopta meyrick, 1917; exotic microlep. 2 (2): 57; tl: french congo, fort crampel\nodites hemipercna meyrick, 1914; exot. microlep. 1 (9): 282; tl: nyassaland, mt mlanje\nodites heptastica meyrick, 1914; exot. microlep. 1 (9): 281; tl: nyassaland, mt mlanje\nodites pedicata meyrick, 1914; ann. transv. mus. 4 (4): 198; tl: comoro islands\nodites assidua meyrick, 1914; ann. transv. mus. 4 (4): 199; tl: sarnia, natal\nodites bambusae walsingham, 1900; cat. het. mus. oxford (2): 544; tl: india, ootacamund\nodites consignata meyrick, 1921; ann. transv. mus. 8 (2): 107; tl: natal, karkloof\nodites fessa meyrick, 1921; ann. transv. mus. 8 (2): 107; tl: natal, umkomaas\nodites fructuosa meyrick, 1915; exot. microlep. 1 (12): 380; tl: comoro is. , mayotte\nodites fruticosa meyrick, 1915; exot. microlep. 1 (12): 380; tl: coorg, dibidi, 3500ft\nodites hederae walsingham, 1900; cat. het. mus. oxford (2): 544; tl: india, ootacamund\nodites incusata meyrick, 1921; ann. transv. mus. 8 (2): 107; tl: rhodesia, umtali\nodites nubeculosa meyrick, 1918; ann. transv. mus. 6 (2): 54; tl: natal, durban\nodites aspasta meyrick, 1908; j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 18 (3): 632; tl: khasis\nodites diakonoffi kuznetsov & arutjunova, 1991; izv. akad. nauk tadzhik ssr 2 (2): (19 - 23 )\nodites emensa meyrick, 1921; ann. transv. mus. 8 (2): 106; tl: cape colony, nelspruit\nodites eriopa meyrick, 1908; j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 18 (3): 633; tl: khasis\nodites glaphyra meyrick, 1908; j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 18 (3): 632; tl: sikkim\nodites oligectis meyrick, 1917; exotic microlep. 2 (2): 56; tl: s. india, shevaroys, 4500ft\nodites practoria meyrick, 1908; j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 18 (3): 631; tl: khasis\nodites procellosa meyrick, 1908; proc. zool. soc. lond. 1908: 729; tl: s. nigeria, wari\nodites sphenidias meyrick, 1914; j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 22 (4): 781; tl: khasis\nodites superscripta meyrick, 1926; ann. s. afr. mus. 23: 337; tl: sw. africa, nuragas\nodites atomosperma; viette, 1955, ann. nat. mus. wien 60: 283; [ nhm card ]; [ afromoths ]\nodites crocota meyrick, 1912; ann. s. afr. mus. 10 (3): 62; tl: zululand, mfongosi\nodites incallida meyrick, 1915; exot. microlep. 1 (12): 381; tl: s. india, caddapah, 4000ft\nodites insons meyrick, 1912; ann. s. afr. mus. 10 (3): 62; tl: zululand, mfongosi\nodites inversa meyrick, 1914; ann. s. afr. mus. 10 (8): 250; tl: zululand, mfongosi\nodites lioxesta; viette, 1955, ann. nat. mus. wien 60: 283; [ nhm card ]; [ afromoths ]\nodites metaphracta meyrick, 1909; ann. s. afr. mus. 5 (7): 354; tl: natal, durban\nodites odumbrata meyrick, 1925; exot. microlep. 3 (5 - 7): 156; tl: s. rhodesia, mazoe\nodites obvia meyrick, 1914; ann. s. afr. mus. 10 (8): 250; tl: zululand, mfongosi\nodites ochrodryas; viette, 1955, ann. nat. mus. wien 60: 283; [ nhm card ]; [ afromoths ]\nodites (oditini); lvovsky, 1996, ent. obozr. 75 (3): (650 - 659); [ fe ]\nodites atmopa meyrick, 1914; j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 22 (4): 780; tl: kandy, ceylon\nodites brachyclista meyrick, 1928; exot. microlep. 3 (14 - 15): 434; tl: philippines, mt makiling, luzon\nodites brachyclista; diakonoff, [ 1968 ], bull. u. s. nat. mus. 257: 124; [ nhm card ]\nodites orthometra meyrick, 1908; j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 18 (3): 634; tl: maskeliya, ceylon\nodites pancyclia meyrick, 1928; exot. microlep. 3 (14 - 15): 434; tl: philippines, mt makiling, luzon\nodites pancyclia; diakonoff, [ 1968 ], bull. u. s. nat. mus. 257: 123; [ nhm card ]\nodites periscias meyrick, 1928; exot. microlep. 3 (14 - 15): 434; tl: philippines, mt makiling, luzon\nodites periscias; diakonoff, [ 1968 ], bull. u. s. nat. mus. 257: 123; [ nhm card ]\nodites agraula meyrick, 1908; j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 18 (3): 632; tl: palni hills, 6000ft\nodites metaclista; meyrick, 1921, ann. transv. mus. 8 (2): 107; [ nhm card ]; [ afromoths ]\nodites sucinea; meyrick, 1921, ann. transv. mus. 8 (2): 106; [ nhm card ]; [ afromoths ]\nodites actuosa meyrick, 1914; j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 22 (4): 780; tl: n. coorg, 3500ft\nodites apicalis diakonoff, [ 1968 ]; bull. u. s. nat. mus. 257: 122; tl: luzon, mt. makiling\nodites approximans caradja, 1927; mem. sect. stiint. acad. rom. (3) 4 (8): 393; tl: peking\nodites encarsia meyrick, 1908; j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 18 (3): 634; tl: n. coorg, 3500ft\nodites euphema meyrick, 1914; j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 22 (4): 780; tl: mundgod; pala, kanara\nodites pragmatias meyrick, 1914; j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 22 (4): 780; tl: pykara, nilgiris, 7000ft\nodites cuculans meyrick, 1918; ann. transv. mus. 6 (2): 54; tl: british s. e. africa, bela vista\nodites holocitra meyrick, 1925; exot. microlep. 3 (5 - 7): 156; tl: cameroons, bitje, ja r. , 2000ft\nodites holotorna meyrick, 1925; exot. microlep. 3 (5 - 7): 157; tl: cameroons, bitje, ja r. , 2000ft\nodites incolumis meyrick, 1918; ann. transv. mus. 6 (2): 54; tl: british s. e. africa, bela vista\nodites notosticta meyrick, 1925; exot. microlep. 3 (5 - 7): 157; tl: cameroons, bitje, ja r. , 2000ft\nodites sphaerophyes diakonoff, 1966; tijds. ent. 109 (3): 58; tl: w. celebes, paloe, mt. rangkoenaoe, 900ft\nodites homocirrha diakonoff, [ 1968 ]; bull. u. s. nat. mus. 257: 124; tl: luzon, benguet, klondyke, 800m\nodites atalanta le cerf, 1934; bull. soc. ent. fr. 39: 11; tl: maroc, moyen atla, daya chikker, 1400 - 1500m\nodites agathopella viette, 1968; bull. mens. soc. linn. lyon 37 (2): 85; tl: madagascar, env. perinet, analamazaotra forest, 910m\nodites scribaria meyrick, 1915; exot. microlep. 1 (12): 380; tl: solomon is. , new georgia; treasury i. ; new guinea, sogeri\nodites carterella walsingham, 1891; trans. ent. soc. lond. 1891 (1): 103, pl. 5, f. 37; tl: bathurst (gambia )\nodites natalensis walsingham, 1891; trans. ent. soc. lond. 1891 (1): 102, pl. 4, f. 36; tl: estcourt (natal )\nodites? inconspicua walsingham, 1891; trans. ent. soc. lond. 1891 (1): 103, pl. 5, f. 38; tl: bathurst (gambia )\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmadagascar e. , region of maroantsetra, station forestière de farankaraina, road to navan, km 16. 5, antoroka valley, 100 m, 08–18. i. 1964, leg. p. viette .\nviette p. 1968a. microlépidoptères de madagascar inédits ou peu connus. - bulletin de la société entomologique de france 72 (1967) (6): 291–296; pl. 8 .\n[ south africa, kwazulu - natal ], natal, karkloof, xii, leg. a. j. t. janse .\nsymmoca albidella snellen, 1901; tijdschr. ent. 44: 82, pl. 5, f. 6; tl: w. java, preanger, 1500 - 1800m\nencolpotis argyrophanes meyrick, 1937; exotic microlep. 5 (4 - 5): 98\ntrichernis centrias meyrick, 1894; trans. ent. soc. 1894 (1): 20; tl: koni\ncontinua meyrick, 1935; mat. microlep. fauna chin. prov. : 84\ncryptolechia dilutella walsingham, 1881; trans. ent. soc. 1881 (2): 255, pl. 11, f. 23; tl: -\neciteles flavimaculata christoph, 1882; bull. soc. imp. nat. moscou 57 (1): 29; tl: wladiwostok\nmyriopleura furfurosa meyrick, 1906; j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 17 (2): 405; tl: puttalam, ceylon\nidonea meyrick, 1925; mem. sect. sti. acad. romana 3 (7): 382\nmyriopleura isocentra meyrick, 1906; j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 17 (2): 406; tl: puttalam, ceylon\nlividula meyrick, 1932; exotic microlep. 4 (8 - 9): 286\nlarva on pyrus malus meyrick, 1930, exot. microlep. 3 (18 - 20): 555\nmonogona meyrick, 1938; inst. parcs nat. congo belge 14: 21, pl. 2, f. 8\nparacyrta (meyrick, 1905) (xylorycta); j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 16 (4): 602\nplocamoca meyrick, , 1935; mat. microlep. fauna chin. prov. : 84\nxylorycta psilotis meyrick, 1905; j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 16 (4): 602; tl: paradeniya; yatiyantota, ceylon\ngelechia? pubescentella stainton, 1859; trans. ent. soc. lond. (n. s .) 5: 117; tl: near calcutta\ndepressaria? ricinella stainton, 1859; trans. ent. soc. lond. (n. s .) 5: 116; tl: near calcutta\ndepressaria ricini stainton, 1859; trans. ent. soc. lond. (n. s .) 5: 115; tl: near calcutta\nsemibrunnea bradley, 1958; bull. ent. res. 49 (1): 26\neuteles subsignella rebel, 1893; stettin ent. ztg 54 (1 - 3): 52; tl: caucasus\ndepressaria swinhoei butler, 1883; proc. zool. soc. lond. 1883 (2): 174; tl: mhow\nvelipotens meyrick, 1935; exotic microlep. 4 (18 - 19): 572\n[ afromoths ] de prins, j. & de prins, w. , 2013\nsangmi lee, richard brown & sibyl bucheli. gelechioidea - a global framework ;\n[ maps ] warning! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information, and the process does not always produce acceptable result; see about maps for more info .\non a collection of indian lepidoptera received from lieut. - colonel charles swinhoe; with numerous notes by the collector\ndie schmetterlinge deutschlands und der schweiz. 2. abteilung, kleinschmetterlinge. 2. die motten und federmotten\nkuzn. et arutjunova, sp. n. (lepidoptera, xyloryctidae) from the middle asia\nvoyage du compte jacques de rohan chabot dans l' angola. descriptions d' espèces nouvelles de microlépidoptères\nnew and unrecorded gelechioid moths from japan taken by mr. watanabe in the island of yakushima\ncatalogue of eastern and australian lepidoptera heterocera in the collection of the oxford museum. part ii: noctuina, geometrina and pyralidina\nétude des types de microlépidoptères (tineidae s. l .) malgaches de meyrick du muséum de vienne\nwalsingham, 1891 african micro - lepidoptera trans. ent. soc. lond. 1891 (1): 63 - 132, pl. 3 - 7\nif you have corrections, comments or information to add into these pages, just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources, and may include many inaccuracies. expert help is welcome .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html + rdfa 1. 1 / / en\nexcept where otherwise noted, content on this site is licensed under a creative commons attribution cc by licence .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page: myers, p. , r. espinosa, c. s. parr, t. jones, g. s. hammond, and t. a. dewey. 2018. the animal diversity web (online). accessed at https: / / animaldiversity. org .\ndisclaimer: the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. adw doesn' t cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283, drl 0628151, due 0633095, drl 0918590, and due 1122742. additional support has come from the marisla foundation, um college of literature, science, and the arts, museum of zoology, and information and technology services." ]

{ "text": [ "odites pelochrosta is a moth in the depressariidae family .", "it was described by edward meyrick in 1933 .", "it is found in sierra leone .", "the wingspan is about 20 mm .", "the forewings are light greyish ochreous with a small dark fuscous spot on the dorsum at one-fourth and four or five scattered blackish scales towards the costa at one-fourth , a very few scattered in the disc and towards the termen , and a larger irregular accumulation towards the costa at three-fourths .", "the plical and second discal stigmata are minute and dark fuscous .", "there is a terminal series of minute blackish dots .", "the hindwings are closely and minutely speckled grey . " ], "topic": [ 2, 5, 20, 9, 1, 1, 1, 1 ] }

[ "odites pelochrosta is a moth in the depressariidae family. it was described by edward meyrick in 1933. it is found in sierra leone. the wingspan is about 20 mm. the forewings are light greyish ochreous with a small dark fuscous spot on the dorsum at one-fourth and four or five scattered blackish scales towards the costa at one-fourth, a very few scattered in the disc and towards the termen, and a larger irregular accumulation towards the costa at three-fourths. the plical and second discal stigmata are minute and dark fuscous. there is a terminal series of minute blackish dots. the hindwings are closely and minutely speckled grey." ]

[ "sorry, we don' t have any sale or race data for nahoodh (ire) .\nnahoodh finished fifth in the 1, 000 guineas at newmarket earlier this year. photograph: chris radburn / pa\nfrankie dettori moved mark johnston' s nahoodh to challenge, but never looked like getting close enough to the leaders .\nbetween the curragh and ascot nahoodh changed hands, trainers and jockeys, with mark johnston taking over from mick channon and hughes making way for frankie dettori .\nmark johnston is hoping leopardstown' s meeting gets the go - ahead with conditions at the track looking ideal for nahoodh in the coolmore fusaichi pegasus matron stakes .\ngood start with his 2yos in 2007 with group winners nahoodh and beacon lodge backed up by useful dual winners cristal clear and secret asset along with other minor winners .\nnahoodh by clodovil - - mise, by indian ridge [ sales history ] bred by petra bloodstock agency ltd (ireland) trained by m. johnston ridden by m. kinane\nnahoodh escaped the last - chance saloon to outspeed her newmarket rivals yesterday - and provide conclusive if belated proof she' s the top - class racehorse her 1, 000 guineas defeat implied .\nheaven sent went into last year’s falmouth with a similar second in the coronation and was no match for the three - year - old nahoodh who herself was recovering from a similar disappointing start to her classic career as rainbow view has endured .\nchannon, for whom nahoodh was a highly unlucky fifth in the 1, 000 guineas, could be forgiven for wishing he had never heard of the filly, but the blow may have been softened by his first victory in the cherry hinton stakes. like nahoodh, his please sing was also making amends for a disappointing effort at ascot, though quotes of 33 - 1 for next year' s guineas make it clear she is not yet in the class of her former stablemate .\nbut defeats in the irish 1, 000 and coronation stakes at royal ascot cast doubt on claims nahoodh had been the moral winner - doubts which she exploded with a powerful burst of speed which brought her the falmouth stakes from guineas fourth infallible .\nshe did well to get herself in contention approaching the furlong pole, but the effort told and it was instead nahoodh who best sustained her challenge from the rear. dettori' s mount cut down the other three - year - old, infallible, inside the final furlong, and while she restricted ryan moore' s room for manoeuvre on heaven sent, back in third, by that stage nahoodh had established an incontestable advantage, measured at the line as a length and three - quarters .\nnahoodh (ire) gr. m, 2005 { 4 - m } dp = 2 - 10 - 6 - 0 - 0 (18) di = 5. 00 cd = 0. 78 - 12 starts, 2 wins, 1 places, 1 shows career earnings: £233, 539\nby an odd coincidence, the group two lowther stakes, the main supporting race on yesterday' s card, was also won by a twice - raced maiden, as mick channon' s nahoodh beat the highly regarded visit and fleeting spirit, who edged out kingsgate native in the molecomb stakes at goodwood last time out .\nnatagora, in the 1, 000 guineas, started the dash of the white chargers, followed by sageburg (prix d' ispahan), halfway to heaven (irish 1, 000), nahoodh (falmouth stakes), marchand d' or (july cup) and montmartre (grand prix de paris). the reason for their success is not their smoky jackets, but their superior genetic endowment. it just so happens that france' s best stallion linamix, broodmare sire of natagora, sageburg and montmartre and of nahoodh' s sire clodovil, is a grey who produces only grey offspring, rather than the usual 50 - 50 spread .\ninfallible again hinted at porous stamina, having led on the bridle two furlongs out, but all in all this represented a solid result for the younger fillies. back in the spring nahoodh was unlucky when fifth in the 1, 000 guineas, over on the rowley mile, and she presumably found the ground too firm in two subsequent starts .\nalbabilia has run only three times, but looked mighty promising when repelling the subsequently successful duo - naomh geileis and nahoodh - at ascot in july. that was as strong a maiden as you are likely to see at the time of the year. she then improved again when defeating the well - regarded don' t forget faith in newmarket' s group three sweet solera stakes .\none, nahoodh, landed the lowther stakes and the falmouth stakes in addition to finishing a luckless fifth in the 1, 000 guineas, and the other, the durable seven - and eight - furlong performer beacon lodge, has enjoyed stakes success at the ages of two, four and six. this first crop also contained secret asset, who failed by only a neck to take the 2011 prix de l’abbaye de longchamp .\nshe has loads of talent but i couldn' t get her settled early ,\njamie spencer, nahoodh' s jockey, said .\ni managed to nick a length and get a run when ryan [ moore, on visit ] didn' t, and i saw him flashing home .\nthe winner is 14 - 1 with totesport for next year' s 1, 000 guineas, the same price as visit .\nthey say one swallow doesn' t make a summer but it does if it' s big enough ,\ngrinned johnston, who has trained nahoodh for barely a month after the filly was sold out of mick channon' s yard. revelling in yesterday' s rain - softened ground, the grey produced a storming run that took her from last to first under a typically cool big - race ride from the ebullient frankie dettori .\nthe two principals both drifted in the closing stages, goldikova into the middle of the course and darjina towards the stands, and though the rail helped darjina to cut goldikova' s lead, the three - year - old was still half a length ahead at the post. natagora, the 7 - 4 favourite, finished third, while mark johnston' s nahoodh, a group one winner at newmarket last month, was only fourth .\nclodovil has an affinity with ahonoora line mares e. g. group 1 falmouth stakes winner nahoodh is out of an indian ridge mare descending from ahonoora while group 2 lennox stakes winner es que love has an inchinor dam. other stakes performers on the clodovil / ahonoora cross are alice’s dancer and cloud (both indian ridge). ahonoora line sires that may nick very well with gregorian are acclamation, new approach, cape cross, and leroidesanimaux .\nproviso and laureldean gale, first and second in a fast - run group three contest at deauville, are two exceptional fillies and clive brittain' s albabilia could take another step up the ladder in sunday' s moyglare stud stakes at the curragh. it was a muddling race she won at newmarket last time, but her ascot maiden was won in a fast time and has produced several winners, notably nahoodh in last week' s lowther stakes .\nthanks to the double whammy of a slumping economy and persistent rain, the summer bonhomie which usually makes the july meeting such a joy was entirely absent here yesterday but, for one man at least, everything was suddenly all right with the world. after a very slow first half to the season, mark johnston appeared as surprised as he was delighted to be back in the big time, thanks to nahoodh' s success in the group one falmouth stakes .\ndancing rain was rated a by truenicks prior to her first black type win. she’s a product of the danehill / indian ridge cross, and this has produced eight stakes winners from 87 starters, including a previous group i winner in nahoodh, who took the one - mile falmouth stakes (gr. i). prior to dancing rain’s victory, the cross had an average winning distance of 6. 78 furlongs. dancing rain also has northern dancer 4x4 at the top and bottom of the pedigree .\nthe two - year - old group victories by nahoodh and beacon lodge in 2007 inevitably rekindled interest in clodovil in the 2008 breeding season, the end product being his largest crop to date, containing 93 foals. last year saw this crop represented by the tough and progressive coupe de ville, who collected nearly £300, 000, and better still has followed this year. two members of his 2008 crop were in action at chantilly on june 3, with his rapidly - improving daughter laugh out loud landing the group 2 prix de sandringham .\nif nahoodh' s success made difficult viewing for channon, he had the consolation of extending his outstanding record with juvenile fillies by winning the irish thoroughbred marketing cherry hinton stakes – albeit not everyone in his yard will necessarily have prospered .\ni think most people at west ilsley would have gone for lucky leigh ,\nhe admitted. instead it was please sing who pounced on art princess, with lucky leigh in fifth. even those who had burned their fingers will have been gratified to see eddie creighton rewarded with the biggest win of his career, less than a year after breaking his leg .\nthe first to challenge natagora were the highly rated cheveley park pair, spacious (by nayef) and infallible (by pivotal), but the french filly had enough in hand to hold them off, while the strong finishing burst of 20 / 1 chance saoirse abu (by mr greeley), winner of the moyglare stud stakes (g1) at two, came too late, although she did enough to cut infallible out of the placings. another grey, the outsider nahoodh (by clodovil), was fifth, last year’s lowther stakes winner looking unlucky when running out of galloping room in the final stages .\nby clodovil (ire); top class miler and winner of the gr. 1 poule d’essai des poulains and gr. 3 prix de fontainbleau. sire of gr. 1 winner nahoodh (ire); gr. 2 winners es que love (ire), gregorian (ire), laugh out loud (gb), moriarty (ire), gr. 3 winner beacon lodge (ire) and listed winners berkarar (ire), boastful (ire), coupe de ville (ire), kanes pass (ire), miss lahar (gb), rock my soul (ire), savurlu (ire), shining emerald (gb), sorella bella (ire), tigrilla (ire) and tuttipaesi (ire) .\nthe jockey only came close to losing his composure after the race, when asked about rumours that he might be flying to the australian jungle this autumn to take part in tv' s i' m a celebrity, get me out of here .\ni' m not going, so don' t worry about it ,\nhe said .\nnevertheless, channon was clearly satisfied with his second group win in a fortnight at the expense of a favourite from aidan o' brien' s mighty ballydoyle stable, following youmzain' s triumph over solider of fortune at saint - cloud .\nif they let their standards slip, we' ve always got a chance of kicking their ass, so we' ll keep turning up ,\nhe said .\nplease sing was a 14 - 1 winning tip for josh apiafi, chief executive of the professional jockeys' association, on his first day in a new role, conducting weighing room interviews for channel 4. having already proved adept at representing the riders in their dealings with authority, apiafi hopes he can communicate their opinions as successfully to the betting public .\nhe emphasises the worth of his mixing with the jockeys well before the first race, rather than pointing a camera at them in the moments before they mount .\nyou don' t interview tiger woods when he' s walking onto the first tee at augusta and you don' t interview linford christie, back in the day, before he got on the blocks ,\nhe said .\ntime is of the essence with these chaps, so [ i' ll ] go in there and get two or three lines off each one of them and then bring it out so that viewers know what the pilot on board' s plans are .\nchannel 4 plan to use apiafi today and tomorrow, and again at next month' s ebor meeting, before deciding if the experiment is a success but yesterday provided a fine start as he passed on a good word for please sing from darryll holland, who rode one of the winner' s stablemates .\nwhile he seeks an overall sponsor for his members, apiafi is keen to get them as much exposure as possible. some jockeys can be notoriously truculent with the media but he is confident they can be shown in a more favourable light .\nthere' s a few things we' re planning on doing which we can' t announce yet, which are going to be outside the afternoon of racing. if you look at the sort of things they do on soccer am, like crossbar challenge and hitting the golf ball in a pot 10 yards away, these things that people love, it' s cheap enough tv but it brings out the personalities .\napiafi also believes that jockeys have much to gain from the sovereign series and is frustrated that the venture, announced last week, has provoked such a negative reaction .\nracing does have an annoying habit of knocking things before it' s even tried ,\nhe said .\nthey' re not trying to launch tomorrow, they' re trying to launch in 2010. let' s give them a chance to see if they can fill in a few [ details ] before we start really going for the jugular .\nthey' re not going to have every single answer and maybe they did launch too soon but it' s a learning curve. racing' s dying on its feet compared to other sports, so we' ve got to look at something new .\n© 2018 guardian news and media limited or its affiliated companies. all rights reserved .\nat 3: 1st falmouth stakes (gb - g1, 1m - t, newmarket); 2nd matron stakes (ire - g1, 1m - t, leopardstown) raced in england, ireland and france. black - type producer (close )\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nsky sports news takes you through all of the day' s racing news, plus alex hammond' s tip of the day .\nfollow the latest from the written press with the best gossip and speculation from the papers .\nsky has launched a pub finder for eager fans wanting to find a venue to watch sky sports .\nget a sports star to visit your old secondary school as part of our free schools initiative .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwinx' s staying power as one of the world' s top rac ...\nelate is returning in the grade 2, $ 750, 000 delawa ...\nas he returned to the winner' s enclosure after the big race here yesterday, frankie dettori must have been tempted to abandon the usual flying dismount in favour of a half - twist and pike. as it was, not even he could restore much frizzante to an afternoon starkly betrayed by the british summer .\nin their best raiment – sunshine in one case, frocks and linen in the other – the july course and its patrons reliably create one of the most decorative milieux of the british turf. this time, however, they were bedraggled by another day of unsparing rain. true, the flowers round the parade ring and winner' s enclosure were no less charming for their dewy glaze; likewise some of the ladies who achieved a bloom of their own as they huddled stoically under their umbrellas .\nbut perhaps the two classiest females of all found that they had wasted long journeys – darjina, from france, and finsceal beo, from ireland. the former had been made favourite for the hydra properties falmouth stakes, but was scratched because of deteriorating ground; while the latter has always been best in fast conditions, and compounded her problems by missing the break disastrously .\nshe had changed hands in the meantime, and trainers, too, moving from mick channon to mark johnston. the latter had had her for only a fortnight before royal ascot, where a switch to front - running tactics backfired. johnston admitted that he had been toying with dropping her back to six furlongs, but the lure of a group one opportunity fortunately proved too strong .\nthey say that one swallow doesn' t make a summer ,\nhe said afterwards .\nbut it does if it' s big enough .\nthis was a bleak commentary on what has been a frustrating season for the middleham trainer .\nthese things happen year in, year out ,\nhe shrugged .\nin the last two years the troughs have tended to be when the horses are underweight and looking poor, but luckily this time the horses were a bit heavier, if anything, so that makes it easier. we analyse a lot, but rarely come to positive conclusions. as usual, you' re out of it before you really know what' s causing it .\nthree weeks too late ,\nchannon said ruefully .\nwe thought she had a great chance at royal ascot, but they can get caught out there, these two - year - olds, especially second time out. she was beaten after a furlong. i' m glad to see everything come right .\nthe first two had been beaten out of sight behind cuis ghaire in the albany stakes – evidence, for any still myopic enough to need any, that the filly is much the best of her generation thus far. with so many of the best flat horses stabled at coolcullen or ballydoyle, it will be instructive today to see what a juvenile pattern race looks like without them .\non the face of it, the tnt july stakes looks short of quality, but as such represents a feasible opportunity for a colt beaten at odds - on on his only start. sayif was heavily backed to beat previous winners at windsor last month, only foiled in a photo, and has continued to look the part at home. peter chapple - hyam, whose horses are in better form now, has won two of the last four runnings of this race, including with winker watson last year. sadly that colt has since disappeared without trace, but resurfaces today to gallop before racing. for one trainer, at least, the sun seems to be coming out .\nfollow the independent sport on instagram here, for all of the best images, videos and stories from around the sporting world .\nlush lashes recorded her third group 1 win when winning the coolmore fusaichi pegasus matron stakes trained by jim bolger and ridden by kevin manning .\nopen an account with betfair and bet at least €5 at min odds of 1 / 5 on the sportsbook. win or lose betfair match your first bet up to €50. free bet stakes not returned\nthe - racehorse is an online horse racing and breeding magazine with information on horse racing and breeding statistics .\nthe grey looked desperately unlucky when fifth to natagora in may, with jockey richard hughes adamant he would have won but for interference at a crucial stage .\nas dettori treated a sodden crowd to a flying dismount, johnston was a relieved man to see his fortunes change halfway through a frustrating summer .\nthey say one swallow doesn' t make a summer, but when they are big enough it does ,\nhe said .\nchannon had earlier saddled please sing to land the cherry hinton stakes, in the process giving jockey eddie creighton his first group winner .\nplease sing had been well backed for royal ascot' s albany stakes but trailed in 11th behind hotpot cuis ghaire .\ni thought she would win at ascot but she never picked up the bit and was beaten after a furlong ,\nsaid channon, whose winner is 33 - 1 for next year' s 1, 000 guineas .\ndoctype html public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 0 transitional / / en\n2000 foal, trained in france by a. fabre for the lagadere family. dam was a group 2 winners in france. won 5 races between 4. 5f - 8f at 2yo to 3yo. first season sire in 2007 .\nas a juvenile won a 4. 5f race on june 5th for unraced horses by 6 lengths and a 6f race a month later by three lengths. . as a 3yo ran six times, the final four in 8f group 1 events. began the season with wins in a minor race, a group 3 and the french 2000 guineas. unplaced in his final three runs including the st. james' s palace & prix jacques le marois. first season sire in 2007 .\nretired to rathasker stud in ireland with his 2007 fee at €8, 000. 38 yearlings offered at major european sales in 2007 with 33 sold for an average of over 29, 000 guineas (median 20, 000gns )\nsupp 17 / 2, b - 4 dv, eff to rcv + 1f, inx + 1. 5f, seff wd - 2. 5f, stall - 1. 5f +, fd & mvawk\nh - 2 erl drop - in, sfre + 3. 5f & sprg 2wd, eff bnd to str wd, po str\nbp - 1, eff - 2f sblckd, swcl - 1. 5f + cent, prg - 1f +, ld - 0. 5f, po\nb - 1 p - 1, fre + 1. 5f 3wd hld, h - 1 + 2f, carrrh bnd wd - 2l, eff wd & 2nd to str, fd - 1. 5f +\nsupp 9 / 4, bkok, hld + 0. 5f wd sffh & sunbal, ndrop - in, seff 2wd bnd to 3rd, chal to str, po lo3 until - 1. 5f, hdup shgr esd\nb - 1 resp, 5th to bnd 1wd, eff - 2f resp, hgl - 1f +, po, fd - 0. 5f\nap trbl gng bhd, supp 16 / 1, seff erl & prg, ld + 1f sttlpc, pull 2clr + 2f, eff - 2f rsp, chalgd - 1. 5f pr 1. 5clr, hdd - 1f +, fdlt\nmdfld + 1f, shmp + 1. 5f, soutpcd - 2f cent, sresp - 1. 5f, fd ins - 1f\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nit wasn' t exactly the best of times or the worst of times, but there were some strange and contradictory contrasts in the two english 1½ mile classics, the oaks and derby (both gr. i). in the oaks, the winner – by a sprinter / miler, out of a mare by a sprinter – was ridden for stamina, while the derby saw a son of a french derby winner out of a mare by a french derby winner take the day after being held up and ridden for finishing speed .\nthe day after the oaks, in the derby (click for video), pour moi, who is bred to run all day (or at least most of it), was held up at the rear of the field before producing a finishing run that took him to the line a head to the good of treasure beach (by galileo) and the royal colt carlton house. we’ve been talking a lot, and with justification, about galileo lately, so now it’s time to give some love to his fellow sadler’s wells son, and coolmore sire, montjeu. like his son pour moi, montjeu was a horse who both stayed 1½ miles well and had a tremendous turn of foot. his victories included the french derby (gr. i), irish derby (gr. i), and prix de l’arc de triomphe (gr. i) at 3, and the king george vi & queen elizabeth stakes (gr. i), tattersalls gold cup (gr. i), and grand prix de saint - cloud (gr. i) at 3. he’s pretty much established himself as the derby sire of his era, with motivator, authorized (ire) (truenicks, sro), and pour moi winning the english version (meaning the sadler’s wells line has taken six of the last 11 epsom derbys); fame and glory, frozen fire, and hurricane run taking the irish derby (gr. i); and roman emperor and nom du jeu winning the australian derby (gr. i). of course, he is also sire of several other standouts, including st. nicholas abbey (who won the coronation cup (gr. i) over the derby course and distance this week), corre caminos, jan vermeer, joshua tree, jukebox jury, montare, montmartre, tavistock, and wall street .\npour moi is out of gwyn, a daughter of french derby (gr. i) winner darshaan (by shirley heights). montjeu hasn’t been as strong as his sire and some of his other sons over darshaan / shirley heights – pour moi is a truenicks b – but he does have five stakes winners on the cross, including other group winners blue bajan and honolulu. gwyn has also bred the dual group - winning filly gagnoa to sadler’s wells, and she’s a three - parts - sister to the dam of another sadler’s wells black type scorer, atlantic waves. the granddam, victoress, is by conquistador cielo out of royal statute, an e. p. taylor - bred by northern dancer out of the imported english mare queen’s statute. northern statute was only a minor winner, but she turned out to be a remarkable foundation mare. three of her offspring won group or graded stakes, including awaasif (two - time group i winner in europe; dam of snow bride, winner of the epsom oaks (gr. i), and in turn herself dam of lammtarra, winner of the epsom derby, king george vi & queen elizabeth stakes, and prix de l’arc de triomphe (all gr. i) ). among the other major stakes winners descending from royal statute are classic scorers hector protector, bosra sham, and shanghai, and group / grade i winners sunstrach, act one, internally flawless, red giant (truenicks, sro), and passinetti). given that northern dancer was nowhere near as influential through his daughters as his sons, it’s interesting to note that pour moi, like the oaks winner dancing rain, is inbred to northern dancer through his sire line and a mare in his direct female line .\nthe day after the epsom derby (gr. i), the prix du jockey - club–french derby (gr. i, video below) was won by reliable man (truenicks a prior to his win), a horse bred on the reverse cross to pour moi. he is a son of french derby (gr. i) and prix de l’arc de triomphe (gr. i) winner dalakhani (by darshaan, out of a mare by miswaki, who of course is also broodmare sire of galileo). reliable man is from the fourth crop of dalakhani, who has sired 14 other group / graded winners, including previous gr. i winners conduit, chinese white, and moonstone .\nreliable man is out of the sadler’s wells mare on fair stage, a minor stakes winner who also bred french listed scorer gale force. the cross of dalakhani with mares by sadler’s wells has produced six stakes winners from 35 starters, and three of the sire’s four group i winners. there is a strange statistical quirk here as of the 69 foals by dalakhani out of sadler’s wells mares, 48 are colts and 21 are fillies .\nthe granddam, fair salinia (by petingo), was an outstanding runner who took the english and irish oaks (gr. i), the yorkshire oaks (gr. i), and also finished second in the 1, 000 guineas (gr. i) and cheveley park stakes (gr. i). at stud she produced three stakes winners: on fair stage, group iii winner perfect vintage (by shirley heights, the grandsire of dalakhani), and listed winner perfect circle. this is a pretty stout background, and reliable man is bred to go a fair bit further than the 10 ½ furlongs of the french derby (gr. i). with that and his relative inexperience in mind, reliable man might have plenty of improvement left in him .\ntruenicks was developed in partnership by blood - horse llc and pedigree consultants, llc. truenicks reports are powered by the jockey club information systems, inc .\nmaidens do not win many group one races, or group races of any sort for that matter. to succeed at the highest level of the sport, it is generally necessary to have prospered further down on the way, so when a horse records its first victory in one of the season' s showpiece events, it is easy to dismiss it as a fluke .\nthere was not a hint of good fortune about kingsgate native' s success in the nunthorpe stakes here yesterday however, nor any real sense of shock in the crowd. sent off at 12 - 1 after two close second places in useful events at royal ascot and goodwood, john best' s two - year - old was cruising from the first strides and still on the bit a quarter of a mile out .\nnothing could live with him when he quickened a couple of seconds later, and some of the best sprinters in europe, as well as magnus, one of the finest from australia, were mere spectators as he beat desert lord by 1¾ lengths, with dandy man, the 9 - 4 favourite, back in third .\nas a two - year - old, kingsgate native was getting significant lumps of weight from the rest of the field, with just 8st 1lb to carry rather than the 9st 9lb of the three - year - old colts, and 9st 11lb on the older horses. several juveniles have tried and failed to win the nunthorpe since lyric fantasy won at odds - on in 1992, though, so it was not merely the weight that made the difference yesterday .\nit was certainly good news for jimmy quinn, however, who replaced george baker, who cannot do 8st 1lb, in kingsgate native' s saddle, and enjoyed an armchair ride to his first group one success .\nhe' s a proper horse, and he' s built like an absolute tank ,\nquinn said .\nyou wouldn' t think he was a two - year - old, i looked at him in the paddock and then i had to look again. he was second at goodwood to a very decent filly of jeremy noseda' s, and at the weights i couldn' t see any of the three - year - olds beating him. he' s an absolute machine and it was a top - class performance .\nbest, who is at the sales in kentucky, said by telephone that yesterday' s result was\njustice after his two near - misses this season\n. the trainer added :\nhe' s some horse. i wouldn' t have started him off in the windsor castle [ at royal ascot ] if i' d thought otherwise. i' m thrilled for the owners, who have always stood by me, and at least i' ll have some money to get some more now .\nkingsgate native may now run in the prix de l' abbaye on arc day, when the weight concession by the older horses will be slightly less, but still significant. desert lord, last year' s abbaye winner, is likely to take him on again if he runs in paris, but it will be no surprise if kingsgate native confirms the form .\nthis has been an excellent week for spencer, who also won the last race yesterday on the luca cumani - trained speed gifted to add to wednesday' s ebor on the same trainer' s purple moon. significantly, he has also avoided picking up a ban which would trigger a long suspension under the\ntotting - up\nrules, and has taken a firm grip on the jockeys' championship as a result .\npaddy power now quote spencer at a prohibitive 1 - 5, with seb sanders, his only serious rival, a 3 - 1 chance .\nmaking his handicap debut here, this barry hills - trained colt may have got in lightly. entered for the group two champagne stakes at doncaster next month, he was not given a hard time on his most recent start - from a poor draw at chester. prince desire had caught the eye in the race won by ghetto here previously, when he seemed to handle soft ground well enough. he looks capable of better .\nwhen new approach went to the head of the betting for next year' s 2, 000 guineas with his three - lengths victory in the futurity stakes at the curragh last weekend, he served a timely reminder that this is shaping up to be a memorable season for two - year - olds - timely in more ways than one, as jim bolger' s unbeaten colt underpinned his win with a good effort on the clock .\ntimes are maligned by some, but they are the only true way of assessing a two - year - old' s merit when form has yet to settle down. it will be a race to savour if bolger follows the route he took with teofilo last year and runs new approach in the national stakes at the curragh on september 16 .\nthat is the group one prize pencilled in for rio de la plata, and it is a race his godolphin stable won with dubawi three years ago. rio de la plata won his newmarket maiden in a smart time and was lightning fast when capturing the vintage stakes at goodwood. the guineas is a long way off, but at this stage rio looks the real deal .\nkingsgate native does not have classic aspirations, but it was an impressive timefigure he recorded in the molecomb stakes that pointed the way to his chance against older sprinters in the nunthorpe last week. he was the first two - year - old since lyric fantasy in 1992 to win the york sprint, and is another fine advertisement for this season' s juveniles .\nmyboycharlie, winker watson and fast company are unbeaten colts of immense potential, but time is running out for henrythenavigator despite his trainer, aidan o' brien, blaming soft ground for the colt' s last two defeats. the form of his coventry stakes win at royal ascot is not strong .\nit is surely significant that coolmore stepped in to purchase myboycharlie prior to his prix morny win, and there has long been talk of an\noutstanding\nprospect among o' brien' s unraced juveniles. it was interesting to see a move for william hogarth in the derby betting this week. this son of high chaparral is entered in all the top autumn two - year - old races .\nscreen star, who is entered for the group one fillies' mile at ascot next month, could be well named judging by her debut win at redcar last saturday. she bolted up by 11 lengths in much the fastest time on the card .\nthis colt looked a likely sort for a nursery when qualifying with the regulation third run, but things did not go his way here. switched two furlongs out, he found his path blocked as richard hills seemed unsure which route to go. he can leave this form behind .\ngodolphin left iguazu falls in the group two champagne stakes at yesterday' s forfeit stage, and he may well make the grade judging by his highly promising debut here. he finished well on the outside of the field to emerge best of the newcomers behind moynahan in the competitive convivial stakes .\ngeorge baker has few peers when it comes to riding waiting races round here, and he gets the best out of little edward. baker is reunited with the nine - year - old for the first time since they completed a quick polytrack hat - trick last november. all those wins were over the minimum trip, but little edward has won over 6f. well handicapped, he shaped promisingly at sandown last time .\ndoctype html public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nbbc sport | other sport... | horse racing | kingsgate secures nunthorpe win\nkingsgate native, the youngest horse in the field, caused a big shock with victory in the nunthorpe stakes at the ebor meeting at york .\nthe colt became the first two - year - old to win the race since lyric fantasy in 1992, getting the better of his older rivals in superb style .\nthe 12 - 1 shot came strongly down the middle of the track under the guidance of jimmy quinn .\nhe held of the challenge of desert lord with the favourite dandy man in third .\njockey quinn, who was celebrating his first top - level victory, could not believe how easily he was moving when the colt was asked for an effort at the furlong marker .\nit' s my best day by far. i' ve not ridden in the nunthorpe before, and you couldn' t ask for a better ride ,\nhe said .\ni was quietly confident. he was very keen early but i was looking around at the two - furlong pole thinking' am i doing too much ?\nowner john mayne, who has had horses with winning trainer john best for four years, names them all after his childhood holiday destination, kingsgate bay in kent .\nwe' ve had an excellent run together, but usually i suggest things to john and he nods his head politely and ignores me !\nhe said .\nhe was meant to run here first time, but it was rained off so he didn' t have a prep run before the windsor castle at ascot, where he was immature .\nit had always surprised me that more two - year - olds don' t do this race and our only worry was that he would be a shy little boy and get bullied out of it .\nbut he' s a good, strong two - year - old, and that was just exhilarating .\nalthough jamie spencer' s mount missed the break, she picked up in good style .\nthe 6 - 4 favourite visit suffered a slightly troubled passage and finished second, half a length behind, with fleeting spirit third .\nyou' resothrilling, the well - fancied cherry hinton stakes winner, appeared to be struggling to make any impression when she lost her action and dropped right away .\nsport homepage | football | cricket | rugby union | rugby league | tennis | golf | motorsport | boxing | athletics | snooker | horse racing | cycling | disability sport | olympics 2012 | sport relief | other sport ...\ncome september, the wraps should be coming off the potential stars of the following season. right weather, right ground (usually) and plenty of time to prepare for a more important final test as a juvenile before retiring to winter quarters .\nthat' s the theory, anyway. it doesn' t always work out, but you could easily see a colt such as raven' s pass following the formula. so far, he is unbeaten after two outings and shapes as one going the right way .\nhis first major test comes in today' s iveco solario stakes, at sandown park, in which he will meet a string of previous winners, including bryan smart' s maze, who also boasts a record of two from two. it could be a great battle up the famous esher hill to sort out the merits of these two talented youngsters .\ni was very taken by raven' s pass on his second outing, in a seven - furlong listed contest at ascot. he made all, but it was the way he quickened when jimmy fortune asked him for his final effort that really caught the eye. he won by five lengths, and though there has not been much to come out of the race, the style of victory was unmistakable .\nmaze won an eventful chesham stakes at royal ascot despite starting slowly and racing green. this son of dr fong should relish the test, being out of an unraced sister to derby winner quest for fame, and smart reports his two - year - old to have made progress since june .\nthere is no sign of clive brittain' s determination to find another pebbles diminishing, even in his 74th year. the ever - enthusiastic, trainer is confident he has found his next star, a king' s best filly by the name of albabilia, who will be hard to beat in tomorrow' s moyglare stud stakes, at the curragh .\nshe reminds me of all the great fillies i' ve had ,\nsaid brittain .\nthey all had six - furlong form. sayyedati was a good example, and i think this filly might be in that mould. but, let' s get her first group one win under the belt ,\nhe added .\nlocal bookmakers have listen a short - priced favourite. the latter is also as low as 10 - 1 for next year' s 1, 000 guineas following her strong - finishing second in group two company at the curragh last time, but albabilia is preferred. .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nit’s only natural that many breeders would like to use a son of danehill, especially after seeing holy roman emperor and rock of gibraltar respectively supply the winners of the latest editions of the 1, 000 guineas in england and ireland. not all of them can afford the likes of dansili, danehill dancer, fastnet rock and exceed and excel but, fortunately, there are some cheaper, proven alternatives, a fine example being clodovil, who stood the 2012 season at rathasker stud at no more than €6, 000 .\nclodovil has been based at rathasker ever since he retired at the end of 2003. that was the year he extended his unbeaten sequence to five with a victory over catcher in the rye in the poule d’essai des poulains. at that stage he looked destined for a place at one of the major stallion farms, but the remaining part of his career proved anti - climactic, as he could finish no nearer than fifth in three further attempts at group 1 glory over a mile .\ntimeform rated him 116 – a modest figure for a male classic winner – and the fact that he stands only 15. 2hh meant that he wouldn’t be to everyone’s taste. on the other hand, he had the attraction of having group winners as his first two dams, his dam clodora being a prix de l’opera - winning daughter of another winner of the poule d’essai des poulains, linamix .\nlinamix exceeded expectations as a stallion to the extent that he sired more than 40 group winners. clodovil is still a long way short of that sort of figure but he has made a favourable impression without the help of big crops. for example, his first crop numbered only 48 but contained two group winners .\nhis other runner, gregorian, had little chance from a wide draw in the prix du jockey - club but he had earned his shot at this classic by being beaten only half a length when fifth in the poule d’essai des poulains, a race in which coup de ville finished a close eighth. gregorian went on to finish a close third in the st james’s palace stakes at royal ascot. toughness has been the hallmark of some of clodovil’s better progeny and his three - year - old daughter es que love was racing for the 13th time when she just failed to make all in the listed sandy lane stakes .\nthe early signs are that clodovil’s 2010 crop is also going to do well, as he has already had a listed winner and a listed - placed runner in italy .\nthree years after clodovil won the poule d’essai des poulains, the longchamp classic fell to aussie rules, another small grey colt sired by danehill from a lyphard - line mare. aussie rules, who stood his first season at lanwades at a fee of £5, 000 in 2012, after five years at coolmore, has also been in good form. in mid - june he headed the table of british - based stallions in order of percentage of winners among their european three - year - olds. his 21 winners from 45 runners put him ahead of dubawi, sir percy and oasis dream .\ntally - ho stud’s kodiac has a handful of useful sprinters among his current representatives and one of them, stone of folca, collected close to £50, 000 in landing the ‘dash’ at epsom on derby day .\nkodiac never managed to win a stakes race but this three - parts - brother to invincible spirit has underlined his potential by siring a trio of listed winners in each of his first two crops. he has only 32 two - year - olds to race in 2012 but is well placed to weather this brief storm, as this royally - bred stallion covered 142 mares in 2010 and more than 160 in 2011 .\nalthough i have repeatedly warned readers against jumping to conclusions about a stallion’s merit, even i thought it was safe to conclude that ghostzapper, america’s stunning horse of the year in 2004, wasn’t going to make the grade. the fact that ghostzapper’s fee has fallen from its original $ 200, 000 to only $ 20, 000 seemed to tell its own story .\nhowever, that didn’t stop ghostzapper notching up as many as five group / graded successes with four individual horses during may. this quartet comprised the five - year - old canadian grade 3 all - weather winner hunters bay and three - year - olds contested (acorn stakes, eight belles stakes) and better lucky (sands point stakes), plus italian colt united colour (premio tudini) .\nghostzapper raced exclusively on dirt, as did his sire awesome again, and trainers no doubt expected ghostzapper’s stock to be best on the traditional american surface. however, that hasn’t happened. better lucky and united colour are turf performers, and four of the six other graded winners by ghostzapper gained their best wins on all - weather surfaces, including the grade 1 winner stately victor .\ninterestingly, ghostzapper is a half - brother to city zip. this talented stallion has unexpectedly developed into one of america’s most effective turf sires (he headed the american turf sires’ table in early june) and his progeny also enjoy plenty of success on all - weather. perhaps ghostzapper’s fortunes will continue to rise as more and more of his runners tackle surfaces other than dirt .\ndon’t forget, though, his current three - year - olds were conceived in 2008, when his fee was still $ 150, 000, so it will be interesting to see whether he can maintain his current momentum when his cheaper, smaller crops reach the track from 2013 onwards. he had only 58 live foals in 2010 and 48 in 2011 .\none reason why it can be unsafe to write off young stallions is that it can take trainers some time to establish their progeny’s requirements. following stately victor’s unexpected blue grass stakes victory in 2010, i asked whether it had been fair to expect ghostzapper to match strides in the early stages of his stallion career with some of his more precocious rivals. he hadn’t been asked to tackle stakes company until the august of his three - year - old campaign and didn’t become a stakes winner until the end of september, when he won the vosburgh stakes .\nit was only at the age of four ghostzapper showed his true worth, topping the world rankings with a figure of 130 after winning all four starts. in that respect his career mirrored that of his sire awesome again. assigned 117 on the international classification as a three - year - old, awesome again did so well at four that his rating rose to 130." ]

{ "text": [ "nahoodh ( foaled 24 january 2005 ) is an irish-bred british-trained thoroughbred racehorse and broodmare .", "she was sold as a foal and again as a yearling before entering training with mick channon .", "as a two-year-old she was beaten in her first two starts before recording her first major win in the lowther stakes .", "in the following year she finished fifth in the 1000 guineas and was the beaten favourite in the irish 1000 guineas before being transferred to the stable of mark johnston .", "in july 2008 she recorded her biggest victory when she won the group one falmouth stakes and went on to finish fourth in the prix rothschild and second in the matron stakes .", "she was retired from the end of the season and has had some success as a dam of winners . " ], "topic": [ 22, 14, 14, 14, 14, 7 ] }

[ "nahoodh (foaled 24 january 2005) is an irish-bred british-trained thoroughbred racehorse and broodmare. she was sold as a foal and again as a yearling before entering training with mick channon. as a two-year-old she was beaten in her first two starts before recording her first major win in the lowther stakes. in the following year she finished fifth in the 1000 guineas and was the beaten favourite in the irish 1000 guineas before being transferred to the stable of mark johnston. in july 2008 she recorded her biggest victory when she won the group one falmouth stakes and went on to finish fourth in the prix rothschild and second in the matron stakes. she was retired from the end of the season and has had some success as a dam of winners." ]

[ "byrraju foundation: sweet water project (2010) coauthor (s): gita v. johar\n' new film with shah rukh khan and kajol, please.' the internet tells karan johar after pic goes viral\nattaining satisfaction in journal of consumer research (2011) coauthor (s): cecile k. cho, gita johar\nthe ad council and adoptuskids: seeking an innovative advertising strategy (2008) coauthor (s): gita v. johar\ndial 1298 for ambulance: marketing ems in mumbai (2010) coauthor (s): gita v. johar, joanna harries\ncommentary: marketing applications in legends in consumer behavior: morris b. holbrook (2015) coauthor (s): gita johar\njohar has been represented by progeny that have earned in excess of $ 10. 3 million, with his 15 stakes winners including grade i winner\nbrand recovery: communication in the face of crisis (2008) coauthor (s): gita v. johar, matthias birk, sabine einwiller\nlaunching mobile financial services in myanmar: the case of ooredoo (2015) coauthor (s): gita v. johar, oded netzer, alexandre liege\ngender typed advertisements and impression formation: the role of chronic and temporary accessibility in journal of consumer psychology (2003) coauthor (s): gita johar, c. moreau, norbert schwarz\nmap ping the frontiers: theoretical advances in consumer research on memory, affect, and persuasion in journal of consumer research (2006) coauthor (s): gita johar, d. maheswaran, laura peracchio\njohar, m. s .\nminimal number of steps in the euclidean algorithm and its application to rational tangles\n. rose - hulman undergraduate mathematics journal, vol. 16, no. 1 (2015) .\njohar was the first foal out of two - time grade i winner and canadian champion windsharp, by lear fan. johar finished in a dead heat with high chaparral for first in the 2003 breeders' cup turf (gr. it) and was victorious in the hollywood derby (gr. it) and oak tree derby and san marcos stakes, both grade ii. he was trained by richard mandella for his breeder, the thoroughbred corp .\nkaran johar faced a huge backlash on the social media after he took a dig at kangana ranaut at the iifa awards in new york and said nepotism rocks! now in an exclusive interview with ndtv, karan johar has clarified his stand, he said he regrets it and he said it as a joke. he also said with this interview he wants the nepotism chapter closed for good. watch: karan johar clarifies his comments on kangana ranaut and nepotism - urltoken karan johar, kangana and nepotism - all you need to know in 5 videos: urltoken ndtv is one of the leaders in the production and broadcasting of un - biased and comprehensive news and entertainment programmes in india and abroad. ndtv delivers reliable information across all platforms: tv, internet and mobile. subscribe for more videos: urltoken like us on facebook: urltoken follow us on twitter: urltoken download the ndtv apps: urltoken watch more videos: urltoken\nkaran johar' s last directorial ae dil hai mushkil resonated with the audience for its take on love and the stellar star cast. fans have already started wishing for another kjo directorial and reports have been rife on what karan' s next project will be .\n, featuring deepika padukone as rani padmini, have been unveiled by the makers of the film today and the fans are unable to contain their excitement. bollywood celebrities like karan johar, alia bhatt, farah khan, huma qureshi, dia mirza and rohit roy have expressed their enthusiasm about the film on twitter .\nstunning! !! !! and immensely impactful! !! sanjay bhansali is back! !! can' t wait for december ,\ntweeted karan johar while alia bhatt wrote ,\nuff just died! epic .\nthursday is far away but the mood is already throwback on karan johar' s instagram. the 45 - year - old filmmaker was delighted to have chanced upon a photograph featuring himself and his long - time industry ally - actress kareena kapoor khan. he could not help but share it on his own account, describing it as a\nlovely throwback picture .\nkareena and karan look visibly younger in the blast from the past and must have been clicked at a party. their expressions are proof that a great time was being had at the gathering - this is what we mean smiling ear - to - ear - like literally. take a look at karan johar and kareena from an' old is gold' collection .\nprofessor johar' s expertise lies in consumer psychology, focusing on how consumers react to marketing efforts, especially advertising, promotions and sponsorship. she also examines the influence of consumer self - control and perceptions of control on decision making and consumption. this research has implications for the design of effective communication strategies. she has published several influential articles in the areas of consumer persuasion and decision making in leading marketing and psychology journals. professor johar has also published cases on consumer adoptions of new products and on marketing and advertising planning and teaches the core marketing course as well as courses on advertising and branding, global immersion: india, global immersion: myanmar, research methods, and consumer behavior to mba, executive mba and phd students .\ngita v. johar (phd nyu 1993; mba indian institute of management calcutta 1985) has been on the faculty of columbia business school since 1992 and is currently the meyer feldberg professor of business. she served as the school’s faculty director of online initiatives from 2014 to 2017, senior vice dean from 2011 to 2014, as the inaugural vice dean for research from 2010 to 2011, as director of the columbia business school behavioral lab from 2006 to 2011, and on columbia university’s institutional review board from 2002 to 2005. professor johar is also the faculty director of the design your innovation blueprint executive education program, chair of the faculty steering committee for the columbia global centers | south asia in mumbai, and the co - editor of the premier academic journal on consumer behavior, the journal of consumer research from july 2014 to december 2017 .\nit is a sad day for us to inform the passing of johar ,\nsaid mill ridge managing partner headley bell .\nhe was with us a long time, having been raised at mill ridge and bred and raced by thoroughbred corp. he reached the pinnacle of racing, dead heating in the breeders' cup turf with high chaparral and as a sire with grade i winner joha. we will miss him here at mill ridge .\ndied nov. 10 at age 15 following a paddock accident at the farm near lexington. he will be buried at the farm next to his sire, gone west, mill ridge said in a release .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\n/ / urltoken\nwhen a leading daily asked karan on what kind of a movie he sees himself directing next, the filmmaker revealed ,\ni actually think about that every day and i do not know the answer. i have never been more lost in my life on what i want to do next. every day, i wake up with a different idea and i am like, ‘no, it is not exciting me’, i know the kind of film i can’t do. what i can do, i have not yet been able to tap into .\nhe continued ,\ni am very restless. i am jealous of all filmmakers in my company who are making movies and i am not. the other day, ayan (mukerji) had a photoshoot and i went on the sets and i was like, ‘shit, i really want to make a movie. ’ i want to be a director again. because producing movies is amazing and it is satisfying and it is great for the company, etc. , but the pleasure you get out of directing a film on your own and putting out your narrative is another thing .\non whether his next movie will delve into relationships like his previous movies and karan replied ,\nmight not be. i might do something away from what is expected of me. i feel, one day i will make a film that no one is expecting me to make and everyone will actually applaud it .\nkaran loses cool at journo over question about' ae dil...' !\nwork with kangana! it' ll blow everyone' s mind and it' ll be a fu to all from you. trust me that' ll be your best move! pv please post .\nask kangana what to do, she' ll show you a way out .\nhi karan. watch you own movies from past. cut & past the scenes and a new movie is ready. simple. no brainer\nget a one - way ticket to mars and don' t ever come back. you make loud, crass and boring movies .\ni didn' t like adhm, just made me want to watch rockstar again, imtiaz made the same movie as karan but better .\nstart another rumour about alia & some other actor. after all that' s what you like to do .\npeople who live in a shallow world of their own always face this problem .\nkaran has directed so many good movies but some people choose to only focus on the bad movies he made. come on. he made more good movies than bad movies .\ngo watch the short you did for bombay talkies, that was probably your best. randeep, rani, saaqib and the little girl. alternatively, you could extend your paternal leave you know; )\nsaare star kids mei se kis ko launch karo... really big confusion! ! !\nwe' ve detected that javascript is disabled in your browser. would you like to proceed to legacy twitter ?\nroohi aur yash ka papa! hiroo aur yash ka beta... .\nyou can add location information to your tweets, such as your city or precise location, from the web and via third - party applications. you always have the option to delete your tweet location history. learn more\nhere' s the url for this tweet. copy it to easily share with friends .\nby embedding twitter content in your website or app, you are agreeing to the twitter developer agreement and developer policy .\nnot on twitter? sign up, tune into the things you care about, and get updates as they happen .\nthis timeline is where you’ll spend most of your time, getting instant updates about what matters to you .\nhover over the profile pic and click the following button to unfollow any account .\nwhen you see a tweet you love, tap the heart — it lets the person who wrote it know you shared the love .\nthe fastest way to share someone else’s tweet with your followers is with a retweet. tap the icon to send it instantly .\nadd your thoughts about any tweet with a reply. find a topic you’re passionate about, and jump right in .\nactually he said nothing that he himself practices so where did this\nwell said\nemerge from... nice sounding platitudes thats all\nkangana is roasting you on aaj ki adaalat. indeed she is giving you slepless nights. what have you done i think you need burnol. . hahaha\ntu chutia hai sala nepotism ka product. . kangana ki success se tum log ki fat ti he sale. # kanganaranaut\ntwitter may be over capacity or experiencing a momentary hiccup. try again or visit twitter status for more information .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nalso features shahid kapoor as rani padmavati' s husband raja ratan singh and ranveer singh as historic ruler alauddin khilji .\nstunning! !! !! and immensely impactful! !! sanjay bhansali is back! !! can' t wait for december... .. urltoken\n, deepika padukone is seen wearing ethnic attire, accessorised with heavy jewellery. her unibrow is the most striking feature on the poster and also the most talked about on twitter .\ni don' t know how i feel about deepika padukone' s unibrow in\nthough ,\nread a tweet while another said ,\nthe unibrow on padmavati aka deepika looks horrid. why they do this? she looks dazzling otherwise .\nwhy is she having a unibrow? this picture is depressing: (. rani padmavati is supposed to be an exceptionally beautiful woman .\na source close to the film unit told dna that major portions of the film have been shot but a few action sequences still remain .\na lot of the shoot is still left. the major chunk may have been shot, but some big action sequences are still left. ranveer' s portions as the young alauddin khilji, too, remain to be shot ,\na source told dna .\n, which often find place on his social media accounts and they are always a delight, we must say. last month, he was on a flashback spree and filled up his instagram with archived moments featuring kajol and shah rukh khan. our personal favourite\n' s release - it was produced by karan' s dharma productions. kareena was offered the role finally played by preity zinta, for which she demanded that her fee be matched with shah rukh khan' s .\nkareena and i didn' t speak to each other for almost a year. for a year, we looked through each other at parties. it was very idiotic. she was a kid; she' s a decade younger than me ,\nkaran wrote in his autobiography\nthe filmmaker has approached kareena for starring in an upcoming rom - com but nothing has been officially announced yet .\nmithun chakraborty' s son mahaakshay, released on bail, marries madalsa sharma. see pics\n65 percent of americans are losing sleep over money. here' s how to change it .\n, differential geometry, geometric analysis, partial differential equations. currently, i am studying the singular behaviour of the ricci flow on manifolds derived from special lie groups .\njune 2018: abdus salam international centre for theoretical physics, trieste - international school on extrinsic curvature flows .\napril 2018: university of oxford - joint cdt colloquium in anaysis and pdes (organising committee member) .\nnovember 2017: the fields institute, university of toronto - minischool and workshop on mean curvature flow and ricci flow .\ni will be away from oxford for mt16 to tt17. to contact me during this period, please send your email to mjohar (at) princeton (dot) edu .\ni am a lecturer in pure mathematics at st. edmund hall for the academic year 2017 - 2018. i was a college tutor at st. edmund hall for the academic year 2015 - 2016 .\ni have also organised these revisions classes for prelims and part a in tt16 and tt18: introduction to calculus, multivariable calculus, fourier series and pdes, differential equations, linear algebra, groups and group actions, topology, rings and modules and lie groups." ]

{ "text": [ "johar ( foaled 1999 in kentucky , died november 10 , 2014 ) was an american thoroughbred racehorse best known for winning the 2003 breeders ' cup turf in a dead-heat with high chaparral .", "bred and raced by prince ahmed bin salman 's the thoroughbred corp. , his sire gone west , a son of the outstanding sire mr. prospector , was a millionaire multiple stakes winner and a successful sire and a sire of sires who sold for us$ 6.1 million .", "his dam was windsharp , a multiple grade 1 winner in the united states and the 1996 canadian champion older female horse and canadian champion female turf horse .", "damsire , lear fan , raced in england and france and notably won the grade 1 prix jacques le marois .", "trained by richard mandella , johar was unraced at two but at age three made eleven starts from a base in california .", "he won four times including the grade 1 hollywood derby and grade 2 oak tree derby .", "at four in 2003 , the colt won the grade 2 san marcos handicap in january at santa anita park but a shoulder fracture kept him out of racing until late summer .", "in his august 22 comeback he finished third to winner irish warrior in the harry f. brubaker handicap at del mar racetrack .", "johar then ran second to storming home in the september 28 clement l. hirsch memorial turf championship before winning the most important race of his career , the october 25 breeders ' cup turf , held that year at santa anita park .", "johar , last until the field moved through the backstretch , made a powerful late run down the middle of the homestretch to finish first in a dead-heat with high chaparral and barely a nose ahead of third-place finisher falbrav .", "as co-winner of the first dead-heat in breeders ' cup history , johar defeated other top runners such as the tin man ( 4th ) , and the betting favorite , storming home ( 7th ) .", "johar was retired to stud for the 2005 season .", "as of september 25 , 2009 he had sired twenty-three race winners . " ], "topic": [ 22, 7, 7, 14, 14, 14, 14, 7, 14, 14, 14, 7, 7 ] }

[ "johar (foaled 1999 in kentucky, died november 10, 2014) was an american thoroughbred racehorse best known for winning the 2003 breeders' cup turf in a dead-heat with high chaparral. bred and raced by prince ahmed bin salman's the thoroughbred corp., his sire gone west, a son of the outstanding sire mr. prospector, was a millionaire multiple stakes winner and a successful sire and a sire of sires who sold for us$ 6.1 million. his dam was windsharp, a multiple grade 1 winner in the united states and the 1996 canadian champion older female horse and canadian champion female turf horse. damsire, lear fan, raced in england and france and notably won the grade 1 prix jacques le marois. trained by richard mandella, johar was unraced at two but at age three made eleven starts from a base in california. he won four times including the grade 1 hollywood derby and grade 2 oak tree derby. at four in 2003, the colt won the grade 2 san marcos handicap in january at santa anita park but a shoulder fracture kept him out of racing until late summer. in his august 22 comeback he finished third to winner irish warrior in the harry f. brubaker handicap at del mar racetrack. johar then ran second to storming home in the september 28 clement l. hirsch memorial turf championship before winning the most important race of his career, the october 25 breeders' cup turf, held that year at santa anita park. johar, last until the field moved through the backstretch, made a powerful late run down the middle of the homestretch to finish first in a dead-heat with high chaparral and barely a nose ahead of third-place finisher falbrav. as co-winner of the first dead-heat in breeders' cup history, johar defeated other top runners such as the tin man (4th), and the betting favorite, storming home (7th). johar was retired to stud for the 2005 season. as of september 25, 2009 he had sired twenty-three race winners." ]

[ "a polytomous cluster comprising leucinodes rimavallis, leucinodes kenyensis and two undescribed ‘barcode species’ (leucinodes spp .) are sister to (leucinodes africensis + leucinodes pseudorbonalis) .\nleucinodes rimavallis mally, korycinska, agassiz, hall, hodgetts &. nuss, 2015 life insecta lepidoptera crambidae leucinodes\nchaetotaxy map of investigated leucinodes larvae; blue elements illustrate variation found in leucinodes orbonalis and leucinodes africensis; red elements illustrate the differences found in leucinodes laisalis compared to leucinodes orbonalis and leucinodes africensis .\nfigure 35. chaetotaxy map of investigated leucinodes larvae; blue elements illustrate variation found in leucinodes orbonalis and leucinodes africensis; red elements illustrate the differences found in leucinodes laisalis compared to leucinodes orbonalis and leucinodes africensis .\nleucinodes rimavallis mally, korycinska, agassiz, hall, hodgetts &. nuss, 2015 - - discover life\nadult specimens of leucinodes. 1 leucinodes orbonalis, syntype ♂ (bangladesh) 2 leucinodes africensis ♀ (angola) 3 leucinodes rimavallis ♀ (dr congo: kivu) 4 leucinodes pseudorbonalis ♂ (uganda) 5 leucinodes kenyensis, holotype ♂ (kenya) 6 leucinodes malawiensis, holotype ♂ (malawi) 7 leucinodes laisalis ♀, greyish form (tanzania) 8 leucinodes laisalis ♀, brownish form (tanzania) 9 leucinodes ethiopica, holotype ♂ (ethiopia) 10 leucinodes ugandensis, holotype ♂ (uganda). scale bar represents 5 mm .\nlarvae of leucinodes. 36–37 leucinodes orbonalis 36 mid instar 37 late instar 38–39 leucinodes africensis 38 mid instar 39 late instar 40–41 leucinodes laisalis 40 early instar 41 late instar .\nfigures 1–10. adult specimens of leucinodes. 1 leucinodes orbonalis, syntype ♂ (bangladesh) 2 leucinodes africensis ♀ (angola) 3 leucinodes rimavallis ♀ (dr congo: kivu) 4 leucinodes pseudorbonalis ♂ (uganda) 5 leucinodes kenyensis, holotype ♂ (kenya) 6 leucinodes malawiensis, holotype ♂ (malawi) 7 leucinodes laisalis ♀, greyish form (tanzania) 8 leucinodes laisalis ♀, brownish form (tanzania) 9 leucinodes ethiopica, holotype ♂ (ethiopia) 10 leucinodes ugandensis, holotype ♂ (uganda). scale bar represents 5 mm .\nfigures 36–41. larvae of leucinodes. 36–37 leucinodes orbonalis 36 mid instar 37 late instar 38–39 leucinodes africensis 38 mid instar 39 late instar 40–41 leucinodes laisalis 40 early instar 41 late instar .\nthis species is very similar to leucinodes rimavallis, but both coi barcoding data and constant morphological differences in genitalia separate the two species .\nfrons less strongly bulged than in leucinodes orbonalis. wing pattern indistinguishable from those of leucinodes orbonalis, leucinodes africensis, leucinodes rimavallis, leucinodes pseudorbonalis and leucinodes spp. , but distinguished from leucinodes malawiensis by the absence of the forewing basal transversal streak and the presence of the apical half moon - shaped patch, and from leucinodes laisalis, leucinodes ethiopica and leucinodes ugandensis by the predominantly white forewing ground colour. distinguished in male genitalia from all other leucinodes species except “ leucinodes spp. ” (see below) by the prominent distal sacculus process arching anteriodorsally above the shorter, conical fibula. distinguished from leucinodes spp. by the more or less bulged subapical portion of costa (straight in leucinodes spp .) and the weakly sclerotized basal section of the sacculus process (between sacculus and distal hook - shaped process) which is as wide as base of hook - shaped process (strongly sclerotized and narrower than base of hook - shaped process in leucinodes spp .). female genitalia resemble those of leucinodes rimavallis in having an anteriad triangular process on each side of sternite 8 extending into the lateral antrum pockets, but the exocuticle of the anterior antrum forms a sclerotized tube (short sclerotized section in leucinodes rimavallis) .\nwing pattern indistinguishable from those of leucinodes africensis sp. n. , leucinodes rimavallis sp. n. , leucinodes pseudorbonalis sp. n. , leucinodes kenyensis sp. n. and “ leucinodes spp. ”, but distinguished from leucinodes malawiensis by the absence of the forewing basal transversal streak and the presence of the apical half moon - shaped patch, and from leucinodes laisalis, leucinodes ethiopica and leucinodes ugandensis sp. n. by the predominantly white forewing ground colour. frons usually more strongly bulged than in other leucinodes species, but leucinodes pseudorbonalis can be very similar in this feature. in male genitalia distinguishable by: dorsal margin of valval sacculus concave; apical sclerotized sacculus process elongated cone - shaped and crossing with the similar - sized fibula (as in leucinodes pseudorbonalis); juxta slender, tapering (similar in leucinodes africensis and leucinodes rimavallis); saccus of vinculum short, less prominent. female genitalia: antrum only slightly bulged, exocuticula without sclerotized strip .\nfemale genitalia. 23 leucinodes orbonalis, thailand (import) (prep. rm642), ventral view 24 leucinodes africensis, ghana (prep. rm640), ventral view 25 leucinodes rimavallis, kenya (prep. rm666, smtd lep1592), lateral view 26 leucinodes pseudorbonalis, uganda (prep. rm706), lateral view 27 leucinodes kenyensis, kenya (prep. mn1134), lateral view. scale bar represents 500 µm .\nfigures 23–27. female genitalia. 23 leucinodes orbonalis, thailand (import) (prep. rm642), ventral view 24 leucinodes africensis, ghana (prep. rm640), ventral view 25 leucinodes rimavallis, kenya (prep. rm666, smtd lep1592), lateral view 26 leucinodes pseudorbonalis, uganda (prep. rm706), lateral view 27 leucinodes kenyensis, kenya (prep. mn1134), lateral view. scale bar represents 500 µm .\nfrons is moderately to strongly bulged; wing pattern indistinguishable from those of leucinodes orbonalis, leucinodes africensis, leucinodes rimavallis, leucinodes kenyensis and “ leucinodes spp. ”, but distinguished from leucinodes malawiensis by the absence of the forewing basal transversal streak and the presence of the apical half moon - shaped patch, and from leucinodes laisalis, leucinodes ethiopica and leucinodes ugandensis by the predominantly white forewing ground colour. in male genitalia the prominent dorsad fibula and the fibula - like sacculus process are roughly of same size and run parallel or cross each other (as in leucinodes orbonalis, fibula and fibula - like sacculus process very small in leucinodes ugandensis). very similar to male genitalia of leucinodes orbonalis, but valva tips slimmer and more acute, juxta with larger hemicircular base, elongated saccus tip and more prominent oval sclerite at posterior phallus apodeme. in female genitalia discriminated by the globular, posteriorly somewhat constricted antrum with a longitudinal, sclerotized exocuticular strip bearing transversal ridges (as in leucinodes africensis) .\nfor austral - asia, there remain twelve nominal leucinodes species (nuss et al. 2003–2014). other than leucinodes orbonalis, at least some of these species are certainly misplaced in leucinodes, e. g. leucinodes labefactalis swinhoe, 1904 from borneo and leucinodes perlucidalis caradja, 1933 from china. therefore, the asian leucinodes are in need of taxonomic revision. this also points to the question whether all leucinodes samples intercepted from asian exports refer to leucinodes orbonalis, or whether there are several leucinodes species of economic importance in asia as well (hayden et al. 2013, chang et al. 2014, gilligan and passoa 2014) .\nleucinodes rimavallis is a species of moth in the crambidae family. it is found in burundi, eastern and southern democratic republic of the congo, kenya, rwanda, south africa and uganda .\nmale genitalia. 13 leucinodes orbonalis, vietnam (prep. rm503) 14 leucinodes africensis, two - branched sacculus process, côte d’ivoire (prep. rm330, phallus omitted) 15 leucinodes africensis, single - branched sacculus process, ghana (import) (prep. rm501) 16 leucinodes rimavallis, kenya (prep. rm667) 17 leucinodes pseudorbonalis, uganda (prep. rm705) 18 leucinodes kenyensis, zimbabwe (prep. rm694) 19 leucinodes malawiensis, malawi (prep. rm683) 20 leucinodes laisalis, south africa (prep. rm504) 21 leucinodes ethiopica, ethiopia (bmnh pyralidae slide 23138) 22 leucinodes ugandensis, somalia (bmnh pyralidae slide 23140); phallus mirrored. abbreviations: fi fibula, ga granulated area, sa sacculus, sb side branch of sacculus process, sp sacculus process. scale bar represents 500 µm .\nfigures 13–22. male genitalia. 13 leucinodes orbonalis, vietnam (prep. rm503) 14 leucinodes africensis, two - branched sacculus process, côte d’ivoire (prep. rm330, phallus omitted) 15 leucinodes africensis, single - branched sacculus process, ghana (import) (prep. rm501) 16 leucinodes rimavallis, kenya (prep. rm667) 17 leucinodes pseudorbonalis, uganda (prep. rm705) 18 leucinodes kenyensis, zimbabwe (prep. rm694) 19 leucinodes malawiensis, malawi (prep. rm683) 20 leucinodes laisalis, south africa (prep. rm504) 21 leucinodes ethiopica, ethiopia (bmnh pyralidae slide 23138) 22 leucinodes ugandensis, somalia (bmnh pyralidae slide 23140); phallus mirrored. abbreviations: fi fibula, ga granulated area, sa sacculus, sb side branch of sacculus process, sp sacculus process. scale bar represents 500 µm .\nfood plant records of african leucinodes species. cultivated plants are given in bold .\nfact sheet leucinodes orbonalis guenée. lepintercept - an identification resource for intercepted lepidoptera larvae\nknown from west africa (côte d’ivoire, ghana, liberia, nigeria), angola, dr congo, gabon, and tanzania; intercepted with plant imports from ghana and zimbabwe to great britain and the netherlands. at least in the southern dr congo (lubumbashi) leucinodes rimavallis occurs sympatrically with leucinodes africensis .\nanalysis of the coi gene of the leucinodes species demonstrated that interspecific differences allow the use of the marker as a dna barcode for species identification. however, for leucinodes kenyensis and “ leucinodes spp. ”, we found little morphological differences but two distinct barcode species within leucinodes spp. moreover, we observed high intraspecific divergence in leucinodes laisalis with one specimen from south africa exhibiting a coi distance of 2. 8% .\nafter movement of larvae with fruits in african trade, they may be more frequently intercepted by trade with those fruits into other continents. most imports of leucinodes specimens from africa into europe refer to leucinodes africensis, which has been frequently imported with fruits during the last 50 years. in contrast, leucinodes laisalis has been much less frequently recorded, and leucinodes pseudorbonalis as well as leucinodes rimavallis only very recently in fruit imports from uganda. since our investigations show that leucinodes orbonalis does not occur in africa, interceptions of leucinodes from africa into other continents will need to be re - investigated for their species identity and will likely require, at least in parts, revisions of the quarantine regulations. furthermore, if leucinodes species are transported in trade, it has to be considered that species of leucinodes and related south american genera, e. g. euleucinodes capps, 1948, neoleucinodes and proleucinodes, might also become introduced from one to another of the southern continents .\nhead profiles of adult leucinodes orbonalis. 11 male 12 female. figures at same scale .\nleucinodes orbonalis is regularly intercepted in the eppo region: addition to the eppo alert list .\nsceliodes and leucinodes have traditionally been distinguished by their forewing ground colour, which is predominantly orange - brown to greyish - brown in sceliodes and white translucent in leucinodes. the newly discovered leucinodes ethiopica sp. n. is intermediate in this character whereas all other wing pattern elements are homologous among leucinodes and sceliodes species. study of the genitalia showed that cornuti are present in sceliodes species, but are absent in leucinodes, including leucinodes ethiopica. the female genitalia contain oval to semicircular sclerites in the lateral antrum pockets of leucinodes ethiopica, african sceliodes and sceliodes cordalis, the type - species of sceliodes, which is distributed in australia and new zealand. thus, there is a continuous variation between leucinodes and sceliodes and we here synonymise sceliodes syn. n. with leucinodes. as leucinodes and sceliodes have been published on the same date and in the same work, we here give precedence to leucinodes as it is the better known of the two names, acting as first reviser according to iczn 24. 2. 2 .\ndistinguished from the other leucinodes species by the dark, straight - framed forewing base and the absence of the subapical mark of the forewing termen. the male genitalia are similar to those of leucinodes ethiopica and leucinodes ugandensis, but are distinct in the long spinoid process of the posterior phallus apodeme .\nthis species’ forewing colour has more ochreous than the whitish species of leucinodes but less orange - brown to greyish than in leucinodes laisalis and leucinodes ugandensis. from leucinodes ugandensis and leucinodes laisalis it can be distinguished by the genitalia: in the male genitalia the transtilla arms each bear a dorsad spine; in the female genitalia the ductus bursae lacks the fine granular sclerotization, the antrum is strongly sclerotized, tubular and widest at its anterior end, and the oval ostial sclerites in the lateral antrum pockets are larger .\nthe record of leucinodes laisalis from belgium by nyst (2004) is most probably a misidentification, since the illustrated imago resembles much more the whitish leucinodes species. apart from that, there is a european record of leucinodes laisalis from spain. additionally, it is frequently intercepted with the import of solanaceous fruits in great britain .\npupae of leucinodes. 42–43 leucinodes africensis 42 dorsal view 43 close - up of cremaster 44–46 leucinodes laisalis 44 dorsal view 45 lateral view 46 close - up of cremaster. abbreviations: hs hood - like structures dorsal to spiracles on abdominal segments 2 and 3. scale bar refers to 42, 44 and 45 and represents 5 mm .\nfemale genitalia. 28 leucinodes laisalis, kenya (prep. rm308), lateral view 29 leucinodes ethiopica, ethiopia (bmnh pyralidae slide 23139), ventral view 30 leucinodes ugandensis, somalia (bmnh pyralidae slide no. 23137), lateral view 31 leucinodes orbonalis, thailand (import) (prep. rm642), ventral close - up of antrum region 32 leucinodes africensis, côte d’ivoire (prep. rm743), dorsolateral close - up of antrum region (phase contrast filter) 33 leucinodes pseudorbonalis, uganda (prep. rm706), lateral close - up of antrum region 34 leucinodes kenyensis, kenya (prep. mn1134), lateral close - up of antrum region. abbreviations: as antrum sclerotizations; scale bar in 28–30 represents 500 µm and in 31–34 represents 200 µm .\nlarva. final - instar larvae of leucinodes africensis and leucinodes orbonalis cannot be definitively separated. in final instars of live specimens of leucinodes africensis, the majority of the abdominal d1 pinacula have a dark pigmented spot on the anteriomedian margin (illustrated on a2 in fig. 35), although in the occasional pinaculum this is replaced by an unpigmented area, which can be contiguous with the unmelanized integument surrounding the pinaculum or separated from it by the melanized cuticle of the pinaculum; crochets are mesally triordinal, as in the east - asian populations of leucinodes orbonalis. pupa. length ca. 8. 5 m; no consistent features separate the pupae of leucinodes orbonalis and leucinodes africensis .\nfigures 28–34. female genitalia. 28 leucinodes laisalis, kenya (prep. rm308), lateral view 29 leucinodes ethiopica, ethiopia (bmnh pyralidae slide 23139), ventral view 30 leucinodes ugandensis, somalia (bmnh pyralidae slide no. 23137), lateral view 31 leucinodes orbonalis, thailand (import) (prep. rm642), ventral close - up of antrum region 32 leucinodes africensis, côte d’ivoire (prep. rm743), dorsolateral close - up of antrum region (phase contrast filter) 33 leucinodes pseudorbonalis, uganda (prep. rm706), lateral close - up of antrum region 34 leucinodes kenyensis, kenya (prep. mn1134), lateral close - up of antrum region. abbreviations: as antrum sclerotizations; scale bar in 28–30 represents 500 µm and in 31–34 represents 200 µm .\nstatus of the pyraustid moths of the genus leucinodes in the new world, with descriptions of new genera and species .\nfigures 42–46. pupae of leucinodes. 42–43 leucinodes africensis 42 dorsal view 43 close - up of cremaster 44–46 leucinodes laisalis 44 dorsal view 45 lateral view 46 close - up of cremaster. abbreviations: hs hood - like structures dorsal to spiracles on abdominal segments 2 and 3. scale bar refers to 42, 44 and 45 and represents 5 mm .\na careful revision of leucinodes in sub - saharan africa resulted in the new synonymy of the genus sceliodes syn. n. , the revised synonymy of hyperanalyta with analyta, the transfer of four species to leucinodes, the description of seven new leucinodes species, the new synonymy of one species, the omission of the type species leucinodes orbonalis from the african list and the generic transfer of five species found to be misplaced in leucinodes. of the eight species recognized from africa now, at least four are frequently intercepted among imports of solanaceous fruits at european ports of entry. we provide the dna barcode for these four and two additional african leucinodes species, allowing the identification of all life stages of these species .\nhyperanalyta strand, 1918, with type species analyta pseudoapicalis strand, 1918 was established as a subgenus of analyta lederer, 1863. later, analyta pseudoapicalis was synonymised with leucinodes apicalis hampson, 1896 by shibuya 1928. thus, hyperanalyta had to be regarded as a synonym of leucinodes. our investigation of leucinodes apicalis, analyta pseudoapicalis and analyta albicillalis lederer, 1863, the type species of analyta lederer, 1863, showed for all three species group taxa the presence of two frenular bristles in females (one in leucinodes), the lack of distal discoidal stigma and l - shaped or triangular spot at central dorsum as characteristic for leucinodes, but a homologous wing pattern common for the three taxa: forewing antemedian area brown; distal discoidal stigma a pale brown thin line; postmedian line sinuate; apical dark spot reaching outer forewing margin (white border in leucinodes). we therefore rule out the congenerity of leucinodes apicalis and analyta pseudoapicalis with leucinodes and transfer both to analyta .\nwings. forewing length ♂ 9. 0 mm, ♀ 9. 0 mm; wing pattern as in leucinodes orbonalis .\nleucinodes orbonalis guenée, 1854 (lepidoptera: pyralidae), a species not previously recorded in the wild in great britain .\nleucinodes africensis mally, korycinska, agassiz, hall, hodgetts & nuss, 2015, sp. n. - plazi treatmentbank\nlarva. generally very similar to leucinodes orbonalis and leucinodes africensis. on the metathorax the msd setae are usually on separate pinacula, while the mesothoracic msd setae are usually on the same pinaculum. the abdominal d1 pinacula are often smaller than those of leucinodes orbonalis and leucinodes africensis, and lack dark spots or unpigmented areas (see ogunwolu (1978) for a detailed larval description and chaetotaxy). pupa. length ca. 8. 5 mm; distal margins of cremaster usually evenly rounded, without distinct corners; spinulation of cremaster’s dorsal surface a little coarser than dorsal spinulation on abdominal segment 9 dorsal surface, no distinct small spines as in leucinodes orbonalis or leucinodes africensis; cocoon of beige coloured silk that does not darken significantly over time .\ndistinguished from most other members of leucinodes by the orange - brown to greyish forewing colour. distinguished from leucinodes ethiopica by the generally darker forewing colour with less amount of white. differs from both leucinodes ethiopica and leucinodes ugandensis in: male genitalia with large, oval sacculus; broad, strongly sclerotized ventrad fibula; saccus well elongated; phallus coecum keeled, posteriodorsal apodeme with slim, fingerlike, well sclerotized process; female genitalia with antrum broad, its anterior end coiled, with exocuticle diffusely sclerotized .\ndistinguished from the whitish species of leucinodes and leucinodes ethiopica by the predominantly brown forewing ground colour with minor white patches. distinguished from leucinodes laisalis in the male genitalia: less strongly sclerotized, valvae triangular, fibula small, tooth - like, a similarly shaped distal sacculus process present, saccus process shorter, phallus much shorter, dorsoposterior apodeme without slim, finger - like process .\nsimilar revisionary work remains to be done for austral - asian leucinodes. a phylogenetic study including leucinodes and the new world euleucinodes, neoleucinodes and proleucinodes is needed in order to test the monophyly of these genera (hayden and mally, in prep .) .\nfield evaluation of eggplant cultivars to infestation by the shoot and fruit borer, leucinodes orbonalis (lepidoptera, pyralidae) in ghana .\nwings. forewing length ♂ 7. 0–8. 5 mm, ♀9. 0–11. 0 mm; wing pattern as in leucinodes orbonalis .\nanalyta apicalis (hampson, 1896), comb. n. (leucinodes). type locality: india, dharamsala. sri lanka .\nuncorrected p - distances for the dna - barcoded species of leucinodes. values in bold denote intraspecific distances, plain values represent interspecific distances .\nphylogeographical structure in mitochondrial dna of eggplant fruit and shoot borer, leucinodes orbonalis guenée (lepidoptera: crambidae) in south and southeast asia .\nrecently, several interceptions of larvae in solanaceous fruits imported from uganda have been recorded in england (own observation) and the netherlands (marja van der straten, pers. comm .). leucinodes pseudorbonalis is one of the three african leucinodes species intercepted at european ports of entry .\nwings. forewing length ♂ 7. 5–10. 5 m, ♀ 7. 0–11. 5 m; wing pattern as in leucinodes orbonalis .\nwings. forewing length ♂ 8. 5–12. 0 mm, ♀ 7. 0–14. 0 mm; wing pattern as in leucinodes orbonalis .\nleucinodes laisalis clusters in two barcode groups: one group containing all specimens imported with fruits from kenya, ghana and nigeria, and a second group comprising a single south african specimen. this single specimen shows high uncorr - p distances of 2. 4–2. 8% to the other leucinodes laisalis specimens .\nhere we taxonomically revise leucinodes and sceliodes and their species from continental sub - saharan africa, in order to delimit species and to allow their proper identification .\ncomposition of greek pseud (o) ‘false’ and orbonalis, meaning ‘false orbonalis ’, referring to the similarities in external and male genital characters with leucinodes orbonalis .\nleucinodes cordalis is known to occur in new zealand, australia, and indonesia: sulawesi (snellen 1880, dugdale 1988, shaffer et al. 1996) .\ndespite repeated search in the collection of the zmhb, original material of leucinodes translucidalis gaede, 1917 from tanzania, tendaguru, could not be traced. according to the original description, this taxon can be regarded as conspecific with leucinodes laisalis due to all details given in the original description. especially the white triangle at the anterior line, another white triangle, though often somewhat inconspicuous, at the middle of costa, and the dark brown area below apex support the conspecifity with leucinodes laisalis .\nthea lautenschläger (technische universität dresden, germany) and gerard van der weerden (radboud university nijmegen, the netherlands) identified the angolan host plants of leucinodes africensis .\nleucinodes is characterized by a forewing pattern which includes a brown base, a white antemedian line which is distally brown edged; a median area that is ochreous or brown from the costa to the middle of wing, and red - brown from the middle of wing towards the dorsum; below the apex is a black - brown half moon - shaped patch (missing in leucinodes malawiensis sp. n .), edged by a thin white postmedian line and a white line at the margin of wing. the hindwings are white with inconspicuous pattern elements. leucinodes females with only one frenular bristle in the hindwing, female labial palps with elongated 3 rd meron, male genitalia with identical location of the fibula - sacculus process - complex (process lacking in leucinodes cordalis (doubleday, 1843), leucinodes laisalis and leucinodes malawiensis), female genitalia with fine granular sclerotization of ductus bursae (in most species), antrum with thickened mesocuticula, presence of lateral antrum pockets. larvae are internal feeders in solanaceae .\nleucinodes africensis, mally, richard, korycinska, anastasia, agassiz, david j. l. , hall, jayne, hodgetts, jennifer & nuss, matthias, 2015\nthe nature of damage to egg plant (solanum melongena l .) in ghana by two important pests, leucinodes orbonalis gn. and euzophera villora (fldr .) (lepidoptera pyralidae) .\nwe found this species among material from senegal, uganda and angola, leaving a considerable distribution gap in central africa. recently, several interceptions of larvae in solanaceous fruits imported from uganda have been recorded in england (own observation) and the netherlands (marja van der straten, pers. comm .). leucinodes pseudorbonalis is one of the three african leucinodes species intercepted at european ports of entry .\nthere are further male specimens with indistinctive wing pattern and very similar genitalia, but dna barcode data suggest that among them are at least two further species. for more information, see under leucinodes spp .\nmale genitalia. as in leucinodes africensis, but with the fibula short, more triangular and robust, straight or slightly curved; distal sacculus process short and always bent apically; valva apex rounded or stout .\nthis species was described in daraba walker, 1859, a genus that has previously been synonymised with sceliodes guenée, 1854 by hampson (1899). the type specimen of leucinodes raondry (viette, 1981), comb. n. from madagascar could not be traced at mnhn. according to the original description and the illustration of the species given therein (viette 1981), this species agrees with the diagnostic wing pattern elements of leucinodes, and we therefore consider it as correctly placed in this genus. it differs from leucinodes laisalis in the larger size, the more ochreous grey tone and the reduced half moon - shaped subapical patch of the forewings (viette 1981). none of the species described here as new have the prominent dark subapical patch in the hindwings of leucinodes raondry, so that conspecifity with any of them can be ruled out .\nleucinodes orbonalis clusters in two groups, separated by 1. 1–1. 8% uncorr - p distance. within - subcluster distances are 0–0. 5% for the smaller and 0–0. 9% for the larger of the two subclusters .\nour work contributes to the identification of african leucinodes species, based on adult characters and on dna barcodes, by which also the immature stages can be efficiently distinguished. this may help to systematically survey the continent for distribution of species, in order to discover their wild host plants and their movements in trade. at this stage of knowledge it wouldn’t be a surprise to discover additional, still unknown species. the results of our completely revised taxonomy of african leucinodes suggests that a revision of the eppo a1 list of pests recommended for regulation as quarantine pests (eppo 2013) will be necessary. during the period from 2004 to 2007, 121 interceptions of solanum fruits infested by leucinodes were recorded by several eppo member countries. the majority (94 consignments) originated from thailand, ghana accounted for 18 infested consignments (eppo 2008). leucinodes orbonalis is also ranked as quarantine species important for the usa, but specimens intercepted from africa cannot be leucinodes orbonalis, as stated by hayden et al. (2013) and gilligan and passoa (2014) and as shown by our results. the usa has recorded 1745 interceptions from ghana to the usa between 1985 and 2004 (boateng et al. 2005) .\nlygropia is a polyphyletic genus containing 62 species (nuss et al. 2003–2014). we provisionally transfer lygropia aureomarginalis (gaede, 1916), comb. n. (leucinodes) from cameroon to this genus, as this species, according to wing pattern elements, is congeneric, if not conspecific, to lygropia vinanyalis viette, 1958 from madagascar. lygropia aureomarginalis can be distinguished externally from species of leucinodes by the shiny golden wing maculation and the presence of two frenulum bristles in the female .\nleucinodes malawiensis resembles species of the neotropical genus neoleucinodes capps, 1948: it shares the prominent diagonal line in the forewing base with neoleucinodes dissolvens (dyar, 1914), but lacks the long, sabre - like cornutus in the phallus. the absence of the half moon - shaped pattern at the anterior half of the forewing’s outer margin is also found in proleucinodes capps, 1948. in the coi barcode neighbor joining tree leucinodes malawiensis clusters with neoleucinodes, but is weakly supported with 50% bootstrap support .\ndue to the synonymisation of sceliodes, this species is provisionally transferred to leucinodes, as no proper generic placement has been found. compared to leucinodes, several differences can be found in wing pattern of grisealis kenrick, 1912: in the fore wing, the postmedian line is originating in the apex, and its median protrusion is closely approaching the termen; the half moon - shaped patch below apex is protruding beyond m 3; in the hind wing, the postmedian line is originating closer to the apex and is running closer to the termen .\ndue to the economic impact of leucinodes orbonalis, the development of a genetically modified eggplant was initiated in 2005 in india by introducing a crystal protein gene (cry1ac) from the bacterium bacillus thuringiensis berliner, 1915 (bt) into the plant (sood 2012). the insecticidal effect of the crystal proteins makes eggplant less susceptible to infestations by larvae of leucinodes orbonalis. after field trials and approval for commercial cultivation from government scientists in 2009, a moratorium on the commercialisation of bt brinjal was imposed due to public concerns on food safety (pandey 2010) .\noutside africa, the taxonomy and phylogeny of leucinodes requires further research. the characteristic forewing pattern elements of the old world leucinodes is also found in the new world genera euleucinodes, neoleucinodes and proleucinodes, all described by capps (1948). in male genitalia, leucinodes is distinguished from these three genera by the absence of cornuti in the phallus, from euleucinodes and proleucinodes also by the presence of a fibula, and further from euleucinodes by the dorsal location of the uncus spines. in female genitalia, leucinodes is distinguished from proleucinodes by the presence of lateral antrum pockets (condition unknown in euleucinodes), but cannot be clearly distinguished from neoleucinodes, in which antrum pockets can be absent (e. g. , neoleucinodes elegantalis (guenée, 1854) ) or present (neoleucinodes prophetica (dyar, 1914), neoleucinodes torvis capps, 1948), and pocket sclerites can be absent (e. g. , neoleucinodes elegantalis) or present (neoleucinodes imperialis (guenée, 1854), neoleucinodes torvis). whether these differences refer to a typological classification or justify the maintenance of the current generic classification needs to be investigated by phylogenetic analysis .\nholotype ♂ [ small blue label ] “gr. kamerunberg | buea 1. –10. xi. 10 | 1000–1200 m | e. hintz s. g. ”, [ large blue handwritten label with black border ] “ leucinodes | aureomarginalis | 83: 8a type gaede” (zmhb) .\nour work shows that typological concepts of taxonomy based on superficial similarity were still the state of the art in the genus leucinodes. the discovery of a complex of highly similar species demonstrates that traditional morphological methods and dna barcoding are helpful tools to detect species diversity and to improve their classification based on sound arguments .\nmally r. , korycinska a. , agassiz d. j. l. , hall j. , hodgetts j. & nuss m. 2015. discovery of an unknown diversity of leucinodes species damaging solanaceae fruits in sub - saharan africa and moving in trade (insects, lepidoptera, pyraloidea). - zookeys 472: 117—162 .\nin africa known from côte d’ivoire, ghana, kenya, morocco, nigeria, senegal, south africa, tanzania (own observations). externally, leucinodes laisalis is similar to leucinodes ugandensis (see below), therefore literature records from other african countries than those listed here need verification. in europe recorded from spain, portugal (speidel 1996, huertas dionisio 2000; own observations) and great britain (own observations). the records from great britain certainly refer to interceptions and it is assumed that those from the iberian penninsula also do not refer to a native occurrence. huertas dionisio (2000) recorded the species from solanum linnaeanum, a species native to southern africa .\nmally r, korycinska a, agassiz djl, hall j, hodgetts j, nuss m (2015) discovery of an unknown diversity of leucinodes species damaging solanaceae fruits in sub - saharan africa and moving in trade (insecta, lepidoptera, pyraloidea). zookeys 472: 117–162. doi: 10. 3897 / zookeys. 472. 8781\nwe apply the morphospecies concept to our study. the dna barcode is used as additional source of information and as an identification tool for all developmental stages of african leucinodes species. the solanaceae species names mentioned in this study refer to their former context and do not necessarily correspond to the revised solanum taxonomy by knapp et al. (2013) .\nmally, richard, korycinska, anastasia, agassiz, david j. l. , hall, jayne, hodgetts, jennifer & nuss, matthias, 2015, discovery of an unknown diversity of leucinodes species damaging solanaceae fruits in sub - saharan africa and moving in trade (insecta, lepidoptera, pyraloidea), zookeys 472, pp. 117 - 162: 125 - 129\nwings. forewing white translucent, light brown or orange - to grey - brown, basal area light to dark brown, delimited by white and dark brown double line or in species with brown forewing ground colour by dark brown antemedian line; median area with pale to dark brown, sometimes very faint proximal discoidal stigma (absent in leucinodes malawiensis); distal discoidal stigma pale to dark brown, reaching from costa to forewing centre; central dorsum with prominent orange to dark brown, broadly l - shaped or triangular spot connected or disconnected with distal discoidal stigma; postmedian line sinuate, faint and grey to grey - brown, white edged, with prominent subcostal bulge; apex brown to grey - brown coloured (absent in leucinodes malawiensis), with slim strip of white at outer margin; margin dotted at veins, with large dots at apex and m 3; fringe white to pale brown with dark interruption at apex and at m 3 (absent in leucinodes malawiensis). hindwing in both sexes with one frenular bristle, ground colour whitish, middle of wing with one or two spots, often faint; postmedian line inconspicuous, bent towards spot at middle of wing; area below apex suffused by pale brown to grey; margin dotted at end of veins, with large dot at end of m 3 .\nthe larvae are commonly moved in international trade with plants and fruits, as their internal feeding and the resulting damage may not be visible during pre - export inspections. thus, leucinodes orbonalis is a quarantine pest of concern to a number of countries outside its native range. this includes the member countries of the european and mediterranean plant protection organisation (eppo), where it was recommended as an addition to the alert list of pests in 2008 (eppo 2008), and in 2012 transferred to the a1 list of pests recommended for statutory regulation (eppo 2012, 2013). it is an a1 pest for several south american countries including uruguay and argentina (cosave 2006) and has repeatedly been intercepted in the usa (whittle and ferguson 1987, solis 1999, 2006). in england and wales, the plant health and seeds inspectorate (phsi) regularly intercept leucinodes guenée, 1854 larvae inside aubergines from south asia and west africa (the food and environment research agency (fera), unpublished data) .\nthis page should be cited as follows (rationale): mally r, korycinska a, agassiz d, hall j, hodgetts j, nuss m (2015) discovery of an unknown diversity of leucinodes species damaging solanaceae fruits in sub - saharan africa and moving in trade (insecta, lepidoptera, pyraloidea). zookeys (472): 117–162, doi: 10. 3897 / zookeys. 472. 8781. versioned wiki page: 2015 - 01 - 19, version 67728, urltoken, contributors (alphabetical order): pensoft publishers .\nthis page should be cited as follows (rationale): mally r, korycinska a, agassiz d, hall j, hodgetts j, nuss m (2015) discovery of an unknown diversity of leucinodes species damaging solanaceae fruits in sub - saharan africa and moving in trade (insecta, lepidoptera, pyraloidea). zookeys (472): 117–162, doi: 10. 3897 / zookeys. 472. 8781. versioned wiki page: 2015 - 01 - 19, version 67732, urltoken, contributors (alphabetical order): pensoft publishers .\nty - jour t1 - discovery of an unknown diversity of leucinodes species damaging solanaceae fruits in sub - saharan africa and moving in trade (insecta, lepidoptera, pyraloidea) a1 - mally r a1 - korycinska a a1 - agassiz d a1 - hall j a1 - hodgetts j a1 - nuss m y1 - 2015 jf - zookeys ja - vl - is - 472 ur - urltoken sp - 117 ep - 162 pb - pensoft publishers m1 - versioned wiki page: 2015 - 01 - 19, version 67728, urltoken, contributors (alphabetical order): pensoft publishers .\nty - jour t1 - discovery of an unknown diversity of leucinodes species damaging solanaceae fruits in sub - saharan africa and moving in trade (insecta, lepidoptera, pyraloidea) a1 - mally r a1 - korycinska a a1 - agassiz d a1 - hall j a1 - hodgetts j a1 - nuss m y1 - 2015 jf - zookeys ja - vl - is - 472 ur - urltoken sp - 117 ep - 162 pb - pensoft publishers m1 - versioned wiki page: 2015 - 01 - 19, version 67732, urltoken, contributors (alphabetical order): pensoft publishers .\nthe wing pattern of iriocapna meyrick, 1938 exhibits none of the features found in leucinodes. instead, the fore wings are pale yellow, with a yellowish costa, a dark spot in both outer edges of the cell, and a reddish undulating margin along the termen. the hind wings are of the same pale yellow ground colour, and the anterior half of the termen exhibits a similar margin as found in the fore wings. this wing pattern is common to the genus deanolis snellen, 1899, where this species is correctly placed (pers. comm. james e. hayden) .\n< ref name =\nmally2015zookeys\n> { { citation | author = mally r, korycinska a, agassiz d, hall j, hodgetts j, nuss m | title = discovery of an unknown diversity of leucinodes species damaging solanaceae fruits in sub - saharan africa and moving in trade (insecta, lepidoptera, pyraloidea) | journal = zookeys | year = 2015 | volume = | issue = 472 | pages = 117 - - 162 | pmid = | publisher = pensoft publishers | doi = 10. 3897 / zookeys. 472. 8781 | url = urltoken | pmc = | accessdate = 2018 - 07 - 10\nmale genitalia. as for the genus, apart from: saccus bent posteriodorsad (not an artifact of embedding); juxta oval to rectangular; valvae roughly triangular; costa subapically more or less bulged; ventral valva apex flipped over, covered with small tubercles; ventral valva edge smoothly rounded at sacculus; base of sacculus process broad, weakly sclerotized, leading over to a large, strongly sclerotized hook which encompasses the fibula dorsally; fibula conical, slightly curved, its base somewhat constricted, projecting dorsad; phallus similar to leucinodes orbonalis, posteriodorsal apodeme with short dentate sclerite (sometimes indistinct), vesica with area of minute teeth .\nleucinodes orbonalis guenée, 1854, the eggplant fruit and shoot borer, is a species of moth that was first described from specimens from india and java (guenée 1854). according to current knowledge, it is widely distributed in tropical and subtropical asia (cabi 2012a) and sub - saharan africa (walker 1859, frempong 1979, cabi 2012a). the larvae are pests of solanaceae, especially solanum melongena l. (aubergine, eggplant or brinjal) fruits and stems where they feed internally. their infestation can substantially reduce yields from aubergine cultivation, and yield losses of more than 65% have been recorded from asia (eppo 2008) .\n@ article { mally2015zookeys, author = { mally, richard and korycinska, anastasia and agassiz, david j. l. and hall, jayne and hodgetts, jennifer and nuss, matthias }, journal = { zookeys }, publisher = { pensoft publishers }, title = { discovery of an unknown diversity of leucinodes species damaging solanaceae fruits in sub - saharan africa and moving in trade (insecta, lepidoptera, pyraloidea) }, year = { 2015 }, volume = { }, issue = { 472 }, pages = { 117 - - 162 }, doi = { 10. 3897 / zookeys. 472. 8781 }, url = { urltoken }, note = { versioned wiki page: 2015 - 01 - 19, version 67728, urltoken, contributors (alphabetical order): pensoft publishers. }\n@ article { mally2015zookeys, author = { mally, richard and korycinska, anastasia and agassiz, david j. l. and hall, jayne and hodgetts, jennifer and nuss, matthias }, journal = { zookeys }, publisher = { pensoft publishers }, title = { discovery of an unknown diversity of leucinodes species damaging solanaceae fruits in sub - saharan africa and moving in trade (insecta, lepidoptera, pyraloidea) }, year = { 2015 }, volume = { }, issue = { 472 }, pages = { 117 - - 162 }, doi = { 10. 3897 / zookeys. 472. 8781 }, url = { urltoken }, note = { versioned wiki page: 2015 - 01 - 19, version 67732, urltoken, contributors (alphabetical order): pensoft publishers. }\nhead. as for the genus, with frons moderately to strongly bulged. thorax. as for the genus, with dorsal side whitish. wings. forewing length ♂ 7. 0–8. 5 mm, ♀9. 0–11. 0 mm; wing pattern as in leucinodes orbonalis. abdomen. first segment whitish, remainder orange - brown. male genitalia. as for the genus, apart from: juxta oval to rectangular; valvae roughly rhombic; sacculus process claw - shaped, extending dorsad, parallel to or crossing with fibula; fibula slightly curved, spine - like, extending dorsad; posteriodorsal phallus apodeme with a small oval or semicircular sclerite, posterioventral apodeme with simple rodlike process. female genitalia. as for the genus, apart from: anterior antrum shortly coiled in coronal plane, with the exoculticle exhibiting a longitudinal sclerotized strip bearing transverse ridges (fig. 33); sternite 8 intruding into the posteriorly somewhat constricted antrum, giving it a globular appearence .\ntype - specimens. syntype ♂ [ rectangular whitish label with red border, red letters ] “typicum | specimen”, [ rectangular whitish label with black border ] “ex. musaeo | ach. guénée”, [ rectangular beige label ] “paravicini coll. | b. m. 1937 - 383. ”, [ rectangular brownish label ] “orbonalis | gn. silhet”, [ rectangular pale yellow label ] “leucinodes gn. | orbonalis gn. | type ♂ 756. 3. ”, [ square white label in red letters, slide number and gender in black ] “ pyralidae | brit. mus. | slide no. | 4496♂” (bmnh); syntype ♀ [ rectangular whitish label with red border, red letters ] “typicum | specimen”, [ rectangular whitish label with black border ] “ex. musaeo | ach. guénée”, [ rectangular white label ] “paravicini coll. | b. m. 1937 - 383. ”, [ rectangular pale yellow label ] “ leucinodes gn. | orbonalis gn. | type ♀ 756. 3. ”, transparent capsule with abdomen and left hindwing (bmnh). – additional material. vietnam. 1♂ lao cai province, surrounding of mt. fan si pan, nui se, 1927m, 22°21. 168' n 103°46. 477' e, 20. / 21. x. 2001, leg. s. löffler, prep. rm503, dna barcode bc mtd 01185 (smtd); singapore. 1♂ 1♀ leg. h. n. ridley, bmnh pyralidae slides no. 23092 & no. 23100 (bmnh); the netherlands (import). 1♂ amsterdam (schiphol), import thailand, 22. xi. 2006, ex larva 26. xi. 2006, ex pupa 6. xii. 2006, leg. s. roes, det. m v. d. straten, prep. rm641; 1♀ amsterdam (schiphol), import thailand, 8. ii. 2005, ex larva, leg. r. hulzinga, det. m v. d. straten, prep. rm642 (nppo); great britain (import). see suppl. material 2 (fera material) .\ntypes: holotype albicillalis [ circular white label with red border ] “type”, [ beige label with brown border and triangular edges ] “amboina | doll. ”, [ rectangular white label ] “felder | collection. ”, [ rectangular white label ] “rothschild | bequest | b. m. 1939 - 1. ”, [ rectangular beige handwritten label ] “amboina | dol. ”, [ rectangular beige handwritten label ] “ analyta | albicillalis m”, [ rectangular brown label with central white area, roundly bordered by dark brown and yellow ] “ albicillalis led. ” (bmnh); holotype apicalis ♂ [ circular label with red border ] “type”, [ rectangular white label ] “4 - 94”, [ rectangular white label ] “ceylon | 95 - 119”, [ rectangular white handwritten label ] “ leucinodes | apicalis | type ♂ hmpsn. ”, transparent capsule with abdomen (bmnh); holotype pseudoapicalis ♂ [ red rectangular label ] “holotypus”, [ white rectangular label ] “anping | formosa | h. sauter vi. 1911. ”, [ rectangular white label ] “ analyta | pseudoapi | calis m. | strand det. ♂” (sdei) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nyour browser doesn' t support javascript or you have disabled javascript. please enable javascript, then refresh this page. javascript is required on this site .\neuropean union funding: for a one - year period (2017 - 12 - 16 to 2018 - 12 - 15), eppo has been awarded an eu grant for the further development of the eppo code system (agreement nb: sante / 2017 / gs / eppo / s12. 768842). the eu commission is not responsible for any use that may be made of the information from this project subsequently included in the eppo global database .\nwarning: the ncbi web site requires javascript to function. more ...\nrichard mally, 1 anastasia korycinska, 2 david j. l. agassiz, 3 jayne hall, 2 jennifer hodgetts, 2 and matthias nuss 4\n4 senckenberg natural history collections dresden, königsbrücker landstr. 159, 01109 dresden, germany\ncorresponding author: richard mally (on. biu. mu @ yllam. drahcir )\ncopyright richard mally, anastasia korycinska, david j. l. agassiz, jayne hall, jennifer hodgetts, matthias nuss\nthis is an open access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license (cc by 4. 0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited .\nspecimens were examined from the following institutions: private collection david j. l. agassiz, weston - super - mare, great britain (coll. djla), natural history museum, london, great britain (bmnh), invertebrate reference collection, food and environment research agency, sand hutton, england (fera), international centre of insect physiology and ecology, nairobi, kenya (icipe), private collection timm karisch, dessau, germany (coll. karisch), university of oslo, natural history museum, norway (nhmo), national museum of kenya, nairobi, kenya (nmk), national plant protection organization, wageningen, the netherlands (nppo), muséum national d’histoire naturelle, paris, france (mnhn), musée royal de l’afrique centrale, tervuren, belgium (rmca), senckenberg deutsches entomologisches institut, müncheberg, germany (sdei), senckenberg museum für tierkunde, dresden, germany (smtd), national museum of natural history, washington, d. c. , u. s. a. (usnm), museum für naturkunde, berlin, germany (zmhb), university of copenhagen, museum of zoology, denmark (zmuc) .\nlarvae were sourced through quarantine interceptions of eggplant fruit from africa and asia at several ports of entry in england. most larvae were studied alive and subsequently reared to adults in order to confirm the species identity. in large containments a few larvae were preserved by boiling them in water for 30–90 seconds, then transferred to 70% ethanol. after 3–5 days, the ethanol was replaced to limit dilution from body contents. reared adults were killed soon after emergence, with cyanide, ammonia or by freezing at - 20 °c for a minimum of 2 hours. field - collected adults were attracted by artificial light and killed with cyanide. all adult specimens were subsequently pinned. genital dissections of thoroughly dried specimens were performed according to robinson (1976). setal nomenclature follows hinton (1946). the chaetotaxic descriptions and the setal map focus on those microscopic setae visible at 60 × magnification .\ndna was extracted using either the nucleospin tissue kit (macherey - nagel) according to the manufacturer’s instructions or using the chelex - 100 resin based method (boonham et al. 2002). dna extraction with the nucleospin tissue kit was performed following the procedure of knölke et al. (2005), extracting dna from the abdomen of adult specimens and subsequent dissection of the genitalia from the macerated abdomen. extracted abdomina were stored in 70% ethanol until genitalia were dissected. for the chelex - 100 resin based method single legs or wings were removed from dried, pinned specimens using fine forceps and placed in individual 0. 6 ml eppendorf tubes. briefly, 100 µl molecular - grade water was added to the tissue sample and ground using a micropestle. 100 µl of a 50% w / v chelex resin: water slurry was added, the sample heated to 95 °c for 5 minutes, centrifuged for 5 minutes and the supernatant transferred and stored at - 20 °c prior to use." ]

{ "text": [ "leucinodes rimavallis is a species of moth in the crambidae family .", "it is found in burundi , eastern and southern democratic republic of the congo , kenya , rwanda , south africa and uganda .", "the length of the forewings is 8.5 – 12 mm for males and 7 – 14 mm for females .", "the wing pattern is as in leucinodes orbonalis .", "the larvae feed on solanum melongena and withania somnifera . " ], "topic": [ 2, 20, 9, 23, 8 ] }

[ "leucinodes rimavallis is a species of moth in the crambidae family. it is found in burundi, eastern and southern democratic republic of the congo, kenya, rwanda, south africa and uganda. the length of the forewings is 8.5 – 12 mm for males and 7 – 14 mm for females. the wing pattern is as in leucinodes orbonalis. the larvae feed on solanum melongena and withania somnifera." ]

[ "ogurlu, i. , e. gundogdu, i. yildirim. 2010. population status of jungle cat (felis chaus) in egirdir lake, turkey .\nto cite this page: fitzgerald, a. 2011 .\nfelis chaus\n( on - line), animal diversity web. accessed july 10, 2018 at urltoken\nmukherjee, s. , c. groves. 2007. geographic variation in jungle cat (felis chaus schreber, 1777) (mammalia, carnivora, felidae) body size: is competition responsible? .\nduckworth, j. , c. poole, r. tizard, j. walston, r. timmins. 2005. the jungle cat felis chaus in indochina: a threatened population of a widespread and adaptable species .\nduckworth, j. , r. steinmetz, j. sanderson, s. mukherjee. 2008 .\niucn red list of threatened species\n( on - line). felis chaus. accessed march 15, 2010 at urltoken .\nbaker, m. , k. nassar, l. rifai, m. qarqaz, w. al - melhim, z. amr. 2003. on the current status and distribution of the jungle cat, felis chaus, in jordan (mammalia: carnivora) .\nmukherjee, s. , s. goyal, a. johnsingh, m. leite pitman. 2004. the importance of rodents in the diet of juncle cat (felis chaus), caracal (caracal caracal) and golden jackal (canis aureus) in sariska tiger reserve, rajasthan, india .\ncomments: f. chaus güldenstädt, 1776, is invalid (j. a. allen, 1920). subspecies allocated according to pocock (1951) and ellerman and morrison - scott (1951 )\npeters, g. , l. baum, m. peters, b. tonkin - leyhausen. 2008. spectral characteristics of intense mew calls in cat species of the genus felis (mammalia: carnivora: felidae) .\nscientific name: felis chaus common name: jungle cat, reed cat, swamp cat adult species' characteristics: height at the shoulder: 14 - 15 inches (35 - 38 cm) body length: (body to nose): 20 - 30 inches (50 - 75 cm) length of tail: 6 - 10 inches (15 - 25 cm) weight: 9 - 35 lbs (4 - 16 kg) diet: rodents, birds, hares, reptiles, amphibians, insects and small mammals. gestation period: 63 - 76 days age of maturity: 18 months breeding season: in central asia mating occurs during february and march. it has been suggested that they may breed twice a year. litter size: 1 - 6 average lifespan: 14 years predators: man\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\ntaxonomy is currently under review by the iucn ssc cat specialist group (2014). once thought to be closely related to the lynxes, which share its characteristic traits of tufted ears, long limbs and a short tail (sunquist and sunquist 2002), the jungle cat is actually a close relative of the domestic cat. with a wide range, a number of subspecies have been proposed (wozencraft 2005 recognized nine), but corbet and hill (1992) argue that the pelage characters used by classical designators vary widely. no modern analysis of subspeciation has been undertaken .\nsome illegal trade (and killing) continues in india (sunquist and sunquist 2002, choudhury 2010) and elsewhere in south asia .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference, 3rd ed. , vols. 1 & 2\ndisclaimer: itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available, and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties. however, it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes. while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available, ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party, wildlife statutes, regulations, and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register. for further information on u. s. legal requirements with respect to protected taxa, please contact the u. s. fish and wildlife service .\ndivision of natural sciences, bethel college, 1001 w. mckinley ave. , mishawaka, in 46545\nmammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference, 2nd ed. , 3rd printing\nwith contributions by bernadette n. graham, adam p. potter, and mariana m. upmeyer\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\njungle cats have a wide ranging distribution that extends from egypt, israel, jordan, northern saudi arabia, syria, iraq, iran, to the shores of the caspian sea and the volga river delta, east through turkmenistan, uzbekistan, tadzhikistan, kazakhstan and to western xingjian, afghanistan, pakistan, nepal, india, sri lanka, myanmar, laos, thailand, cambodia, vietnam, and southwestern china .\njungle cats prefer habitats near water with dense vegetative cover but can be found in a variety of habitats including deserts (where they are found near oases or along riverbeds), grasslands, shrubby woodlands and dry deciduous forests, as well as cleared areas in moist forests. they are commonly found in tall grass, thick brush, riverside swamps, and reed beds. they also adapt well to cultivated land and can be found in many different types of agriculture and forest plantations. jungle cats are known to occur at elevations of up to 2500 m, but are more common in lowlands .\n(\ninternational society for endangered cats\n, 2001; nowell and jackson, 1996; ogurlu, et al. , 2010; sunquist and sunquist, 2002 )\njungle cat mating season is marked by the shrieks and fighting of male cats. vocalization rates of males and females increases prior to copulation. intense mew calls are used by both genders to attract potential mates. they also scent mark territorial boundaries, which may help them find and locate potential mates. male and female jungle cats may have multiple different mates throughout their lives .\n( mukherjee, 2008; peters, et al. , 2008; sunquist and sunquist, 2002 )\njungle cats breed twice a year and produce litters of 3 to 6 kittens. breeding season varies regionally and gestation lasts between 63 and 66 days. kittens are quite large at birth (136 g) and gain weight at a rate of about 22 g per day. kittens nurse until they are about 90 days old, but begin to eat solid food around day 49. they are not completely weaned until 15 weeks old. jungle cats are independent by 8 to 9 months of age and reach sexual maturity at 11 to 18 months of age .\njungle cats live in families consisting of mother, father, and offspring while cubs are being reared. paternal investment is limited to territorial defense while mothers provide cubs with food via nursing. young jungle cats develop predatory skills rapidly and are able to stalk, kill, and eat their own prey by 6 months old. at 8 to 9 months old, although only half the size of a mature adult, they are independent .\nin captivity, jungle cats live an average of 15 years, but have been known to live up to 20 years. lifespan in the wild ranges from 12 to 14 years .\n( mukherjee, 2008; ogurlu, et al. , 2010; weigl, 2005 )\nexcept for breeding season, jungle cats live solitary lives. they are most active at night, but are not strictly nocturnal. they are more often seen at dusk and travel approximately 5 to 6 km per night. they typically rest in dense cover during the day but often sunbathe on cold winter days. unlike most cat species, jungle cats have an affinity for water and are proficient swimmers that will dive into water to catch fish with their mouths .\n( mukherjee, 2008; sunquist and sunquist, 2002; taber, et al. , 1967 )\njungle cats have home ranges of 45 to 180 km ^ 2, which they likely maintain via indirect means such as scent marking .\n( ogurlu, et al. , 2010; sunquist and sunquist, 2002 )\njungle cats are solitary animals outside of mating season, however, family groups (male, female, and cubs) are not uncommon. vocal communication consists of meowing, chirping, purring, gurgling, growling, hissing, and barking. these noises have not been significantly studied, therefore, their meanings are not well understood. jungle cats also communicate via scent marking and cheek rubbing. like most felids, they use urine to scent mark their territory, which may help individuals avoid unwanted confrontation. when cats cheek rub, they leave saliva, which serves as a scent marker for other cats. they also cheek rub against scent markings to\npick up\nscents, and males often cheek rub females that are in estrus .\n( mellen, 1993; mukherjee and groves, 2007; nowell and jackson, 1996; peters, et al. , 2008; sunquist and sunquist, 2002 )\njungle cats primarily prey on animals that weigh less than 1 kg and commonly consume rodents, lizards, snakes, frogs, birds, hare, fish, insects, livestock, and even fruit during the winter. rodents are its primary prey item, however, which provides up to 70% of its daily energy intake. although they specialize on small prey, jungle cats have been known to kill wild pigs (\n( baker, et al. , 2003; duckworth, et al. , 2008; mukherjee, et al. , 2004; mukherjee, 2008 )\nas cubs, jungle cat have markings that help camouflage them from potential predators. although they may sometimes fall prey to large snakes (\n). they are often treated as pests and hunted or poisoned by farmers for attacking poultry. india formerly exported large numbers of jungle cat skins before they came under legal protection in 1976, however, illegal trade continues to this day .\n( baker, et al. , 2003; sunquist and sunquist, 2002 )\nlittle is known of the ecological role that jungle cats play in their ecosystem. however, they primarily prey upon small rodents, which often carry parasites, and are known to eat a variety of other small prey items. in the wild, jungle cats are hosts for mites (\n( hoogstraal and trapido, 1963; hoogstraal, et al. , 1963; ogurlu, et al. , 2010; silva, et al. , 2001; sunquist and sunquist, 2002 )\njungle cats feed primarily on rodents, which provide up to 70% of the cats daily energy intake. they are often spotted hunting near villages and farms where rodent populations tend to be higher and are sometimes viewed as pests themselves .\njungle cats can negatively impact poultry farm owners. as a result, jungle cats are often hunted and poisoned by farmers for attacking poultry .\n( mukherjee, 2008; ogurlu, et al. , 2010; sunquist and sunquist, 2002 )\nhabitat destruction and persecution by humans are the main threats to jungle cats. as the human population increases, more land is cultivated and jungle cats' natural habitat is converted to farmland. although they are very adaptable, these altered environments do not support the same density of cats. in addition, farmers often hunt and poison jungle cats for attacking and killing poultry and are also poached for their fur. although laws have been implemented to protect them, illegal trade still continues in many countries. for example, over the last decade more than 3, 000 jungle cat skins have been seized across the globe. currently, jungle cats are considered as a species of\nleast concern\nby the iucn, however, population numbers are currently declining .\namber fitzgerald (author), radford university, karen powers (editor), radford university, tanya dewey (editor), university of michigan - ann arbor .\nliving in the northern part of the old world. in otherwords, europe and asia and northern africa .\nyoung are born in a relatively underdeveloped state; they are unable to feed or care for themselves or locomote independently for a period of time after birth / hatching. in birds, naked and helpless after hatching .\nhaving body symmetry such that the animal can be divided in one plane into two mirror - image halves. animals with bilateral symmetry have dorsal and ventral sides, as well as anterior and posterior ends. synapomorphy of the bilateria .\nhaving markings, coloration, shapes, or other features that cause an animal to be camouflaged in its natural environment; being difficult to see or otherwise detect .\nin deserts low (less than 30 cm per year) and unpredictable rainfall results in landscapes dominated by plants and animals adapted to aridity. vegetation is typically sparse, though spectacular blooms may occur following rain. deserts can be cold or warm and daily temperates typically fluctuate. in dune areas vegetation is also sparse and conditions are dry. this is because sand does not hold water well so little is available to plants. in dunes near seas and oceans this is compounded by the influence of salt in the air and soil. salt limits the ability of plants to take up water through their roots .\nanimals that use metabolically generated heat to regulate body temperature independently of ambient temperature. endothermy is a synapomorphy of the mammalia, although it may have arisen in a (now extinct) synapsid ancestor; the fossil record does not distinguish these possibilities. convergent in birds .\nforest biomes are dominated by trees, otherwise forest biomes can vary widely in amount of precipitation and seasonality .\nthe area of shoreline influenced mainly by the tides, between the highest and lowest reaches of the tide. an aquatic habitat .\noffspring are produced in more than one group (litters, clutches, etc .) and across multiple seasons (or other periods hospitable to reproduction). iteroparous animals must, by definition, survive over multiple seasons (or periodic condition changes) .\nthis terrestrial biome includes summits of high mountains, either without vegetation or covered by low, tundra - like vegetation .\nthe area in which the animal is naturally found, the region in which it is endemic .\nfound in the oriental region of the world. in other words, india and southeast asia .\nthe kind of polygamy in which a female pairs with several males, each of which also pairs with several different females .\nrainforests, both temperate and tropical, are dominated by trees often forming a closed canopy with little light reaching the ground. epiphytes and climbing plants are also abundant. precipitation is typically not limiting, but may be somewhat seasonal .\nreferring to something living or located adjacent to a waterbody (usually, but not always, a river or stream) .\nthat region of the earth between 23. 5 degrees north and 60 degrees north (between the tropic of cancer and the arctic circle) and between 23. 5 degrees south and 60 degrees south (between the tropic of capricorn and the antarctic circle) .\nthe region of the earth that surrounds the equator, from 23. 5 degrees north to 23. 5 degrees south .\na terrestrial biome. savannas are grasslands with scattered individual trees that do not form a closed canopy. extensive savannas are found in parts of subtropical and tropical africa and south america, and in australia .\na grassland with scattered trees or scattered clumps of trees, a type of community intermediate between grassland and forest. see also tropical savanna and grassland biome .\na terrestrial biome found in temperate latitudes (> 23. 5° n or s latitude). vegetation is made up mostly of grasses, the height and species diversity of which depend largely on the amount of moisture available. fire and grazing are important in the long - term maintenance of grasslands .\nreproduction in which fertilization and development take place within the female body and the developing embryo derives nourishment from the female .\ninternational society for endangered cats (isec) canada. 2001 .\ninternational society for endangered cats\n( on - line). accessed february 19, 2010 at urltoken .\nbyers, a. 1996. historical and contemporary human disturbance in the upper barun valley, makalu - barun .\nchandrasekar - rao, a. , m. sunquist. 1996. ecology of small mammals in tropical forest habitats of southern india .\nchristiansen, p. , s. wroe. 2007. bite forces and evolutionary adaptations to feeding ecology in carnivores .\ndayan, t. , d. simberloff, e. tchernov, y. yom - tov. 1990. feline canines: community - wide character displacement among the small cats of israel .\nhoogstraal, h. , h. trapido. 1963. haemaphysalis silvafelis sp. n. , a parasite of the jungle cat in southern india (ixodoidea, ixodidae) .\nhoogstraal, h. , h. trapido, m. rebello. 1963. haemaphysalis paraturturis sp. n. , a carnivore parasite of the h. turturis group in india (ixodoidea, ixodidae) .\nmellen, j. 1993. a comparative analysis of scent - marking, social and reproductive behavior in 20 species of .\nrabinowitz, a. , s. walker. 1991. the carnivore community in a dry tropical forest mosaic in huai kha khaeng wildlife .\nsilva, j. , s. ogassawara, m. marvulo, j. ferreira - neto, j. dubey. 2001. toxoplasma gondii antibodies in exotic wild felids from brazilian zoos .\ntaber, r. , a. sheri, m. ahmad. 1967. mammals of the lyallpur region, west pakistan .\ndisclaimer: the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. adw doesn' t cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283, drl 0628151, due 0633095, drl 0918590, and due 1122742. additional support has come from the marisla foundation, um college of literature, science, and the arts, museum of zoology, and information and technology services." ]

{ "text": [ "felis chaus prateri is a subspecies of the jungle cat that inhabits western india and sindh .", "in the 1930s , pocock reviewed the natural history museum ’s jungle cat skins and skulls from british india and adjacent countries .", "based mainly on differences in fur length and colour he newly described six larger skins from sind under the trinomen felis chaus prateri .", "it inhabits wetlands in areas with arid climates , and lives under dense and wet jungle cover .", "it is mostly sighted alone , but spotted in pairs as well .", "during the day it hunts for food , and rests at night .", "it feeds on rodents such as nesokia and tatera , as well as fish from the indus river . " ], "topic": [ 21, 10, 23, 13, 16, 28, 8 ] }

[ "felis chaus prateri is a subspecies of the jungle cat that inhabits western india and sindh. in the 1930s, pocock reviewed the natural history museum ’s jungle cat skins and skulls from british india and adjacent countries. based mainly on differences in fur length and colour he newly described six larger skins from sind under the trinomen felis chaus prateri. it inhabits wetlands in areas with arid climates, and lives under dense and wet jungle cover. it is mostly sighted alone, but spotted in pairs as well. during the day it hunts for food, and rests at night. it feeds on rodents such as nesokia and tatera, as well as fish from the indus river." ]

[ "african cichlid species - labidochromis sp .\nhongi\n( sweden) (srt )\nafrican cichlid species - labidochromis sp .\nhongi\nmale and female (update video )\ni feed mine in the same manner as my other labidochromis. a 50 / 50 mix of tetramin and spirulina flake. the occasional piece of romaine lettuce and crushed frozen peas is also offered .\ni obtained a dozen young' lividus' in the summer of' 97. frederic potvin shipped these beauties to me. he had been working with this fish for a couple years. at the time i had no idea what these critters looked like. he had promised me that i wouldn' t be disappointed with them, and was he right! when i got these lividus, they were a little over an inch long and dazzled me with their blue coloration. as they have grown, they have gotten ever more brilliant .\nthe fry grew quickly. it wasn' t long before they were set up in their own 40 gallon tank. the usual slate rock work which i incorporate in most of my tanks gave the lividus a place of refuge. they settled well into this setup and before long breeding began .\nwhen i first got my lividus, i had no idea that these fish are not easy to come by. apparently they are from the nkhungu region of lake malawi. most of what is available in the trade as lividus is from a different locale, which sports strong vertical black (or very dark blue) barring. our fish are a solid blue when in dominant male coloration, with thin black trim on the fins. females and subdominants are also blue, but will often seem to vary in color from near beige to almost lavender to a near purple with some barring (as seen in the last photograph on the fish in the rear, which is constantly harrassed) .\nmaréchal, c. , 1991. labidochromis. p. 210 - 217. in j. daget, j. - p. gosse, g. g. teugels d. f. e. thys van den audenaerde (eds .) check - list of the freshwater fishes of africa (cloffa). isnb, brussels; mrac, tervuren; and orstom, paris. vol. 4. (ref. 5653 )\nlividus spawn in the typical mbuna manner. first spawns number about 20 eggs. spawning was frequent. my problem was that i couldn' t get these fish to carry to term. the females would always abort their spawn after holding for a week. this drove me nuts. i could not solve it. no matter what i tried, they would not hold. i finally did get some fry by stripping a female. now i have a tumbler. i' ll get around it .\ncichlid articles aequidens metae altolamprologus calvus altolamprologus compressiceps amatitliana kanna boca del toro amatitliana siquia\nrio cabayo nicoya peninsula\namphilophus amarillo amphilophus citrinellum amphilophus hogaboomorum amphilophus labiatus amphilophus sagittae andinoacara rivulatus apistogramma bitaeniata “rio tigre\napistogramma cacatuoides apistogrammoides pucallpaensis archocentrus centrarchus archocentrus nanoluteus archocentrus nigrofasciatus archocentrus sp .\nhonduran red point\naristochromis christyi astatheros nourissati\nrio chancala\nastatheros robertsoni astatotilapia calliptera astatotilapia latifasciata astatotilapia sp .\n44\nastronotus ocellatus aulonocara jacobfreibergi aulonocara maleri aulonocara sp .\nlwanda\naulonocara sp .\nyellow collar\naulonocara stuartgranti\nchitimba\naulonocara stuartgranti\nngara\naulonocara stuartgranti\nundu\naulonocara walteri caquetaia myersi caquetaia spectabilis chalinochromis sp .\nndobhoi\nchampsochromis caeruleus chromidotilapia kingsleyae cichlasoma festae copadichromis borleyi copadichromis geertsi copadichromis melas copadichromis sp .\nmloto fluorescent\ncryptoheros panamensis cryptoheros sajica cryptoheros spilurus cynotilapia afra cyphotilapia frontosa cyprichromis leptosoma cyrtocara moorii eretmodus marksmithi etroplus maculatus exochochromis anagenys fossorochromis rostratus geophagus brasiliensis geophagus steindachneri gephyrochromis lawsi gymnogeophagus sp. meridionalis “muerte creek” haplochromis ishmaeli haplochromis sp .\nentebbe\nhaplochromis thereuterion hemichromis guttatus hemitilapia oxyrhyncha herichthys carpintis herichthys cyanoguttatus herotilapia multispinosa iodotropheus sprengerae julidochromis dickfeldi julidochromis regani\nkipili\njulidochromis transcriptus\ngombi\nkatria katria labeotropheus trewavasae labidochromis caeruleus labidochromis caeruleus\nlundo\nlabidochromis chisumulae laetacara araguaiae laetacara curviceps lamprologus meleagris lamprologus werneri lepidiolamprologus hecquii lepidiolamprologus sp.'' meeli kipili'' lipochromis parvidens\nred\nlipochromis sp .\nmatumbi hunter\nmelanochromis chipokae melanochromis dialeptos melanochromis vermivorus metriaclima sp .\nflameback\nmetriaclima daktari metriaclima estherae metriaclima flavifemena\nmaleri\nmetriaclima greshakei metriaclima phaeos metriaclima sp “kingsizei lupingu” metriaclima sp .\nlime nkhomo\nmicrogeophagus altispinosa mylochromis ericotaenia\nitungi\nnaevochromis chrysogaster neetroplus nematopus neochromis greenwoodi\nmwanza velvet\nneolamprologus brichardi neolamprologus caudopunctatus neolamprologus cylindricus neolamprologus helianthus neolamprologus leleupi neolamprologus multifasciatus neolamprologus mustax\nsumbu\nneolamprologus olivaceous neolamprologus savoryi neolamprologus similis nimbochromis venustus nyassachromis prostoma\norange cap\nopthalmotilapia ventralis\nlongola\noreochromis esculentus oreochromis mossambicus oreochromis niloticus baringoensis oreochromis tanganicae otopharynx sp .\nsilver torpedo\notopharynx tetraspilus paleolamprologus toae parachromis managuensis paralabidochromis chilotes paralabidochromis sauvagei paratheraps breidohri pelmatochromis nigrofasciatus pelvicachromis pulcher pelvicachromis taeniatus\nmoliwe\npetenia splendida petrotilapia sp .\nchitimba\nplacidochromis mliomo placidochromis mlomo placidochromis sp .\nelectra blue\nplacidochromis sp. “phenochilus tanzania” protomelas annectens protomelas labridens protomelas sp .\nsteveni taiwan\nprotomelas spilonotus\nmara rocks\npseudocrenilabrus nicholsi pseudotropheus crabro pseudotropheus demasoni pseudotropheus elegans pseudotropheus livingstonii pseudotropheus polit pterophyllum scalare ptychochromis grandidieri ptychochromis oligacanthus\nnosy be\nptychochromis sp .\nnorthern red fin\nptyochromis sp. “hippo point salmon” sarotherodon caroli scianochromis fryeri steatocranus casuarius symphysodon aequifasciatus taeniolethrinops laticeps thorichthys meeki tilapia snyderae tomocichla sieboldii tropheops sp .\nolive tiger\ntropheus duboisi tyranochromis nigriventer uaru amphiacanthoides variabilochromis moorii vieja fenestratus xystichromis phytophagus yssichromis sp .\nblue tipped\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\nsnoeks, j. (freshwater fish red list authority) & darwall, w. (freshwater biodiversity assessment programme )\njustification: endemic to lake malawi where it is only known from one restricted location: likoma island .\noccurs in the shallow water in the intermediate habitat. a secretive species that feeds on algae from the biocover. territorial males have been observed throughout the year defending caves among the rocky habitat. reported not to have been exported for the aquarium trade (1990) .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\ngland, switzerland, 5 july 2018 (iucn) – australia’s unique reptiles – including lizards and snakes – face severe threats from invasive species and climate change, with 7% of th ...\nthe value of medicinal and aromatic plant trade has increased three - fold in the past 20 years, but traditional harvesting practices are being replaced by less sustainable alternatives... .\na recently released iucn technical brief recommends increasing investments in sustainable land management practices, as well as better cooperation between agriculturalists and conservationists to conse ...\ngreek, labidos = pair of forceps + greek, chromis = a fish, perhaps a perch (ref. 45335 )\nfreshwater; benthopelagic; ph range: 7. 7 - 8. 3; dh range: 7 - 20; depth range 1 - 8 m. tropical; 24°c - 26°c (ref. 1672); 11°s - 13°s\nafrica: endemic to lake malawi. occurs in the west coast of likoma island .\nmaturity: l m? range? -? cm max length: 7. 1 cm sl male / unsexed; (ref. 5653 )\nphylogenetic diversity index (ref. 82805): pd 50 = 0. 5000 [ uniqueness, from 0. 5 = low to 2. 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight: a = 0. 01000 (0. 00244 - 0. 04107), b = 3. 04 (2. 81 - 3. 27), in cm total length, based on all lwr estimates for this body shape (ref. 93245) .\ntrophic level (ref. 69278): 2. 7 ±0. 2 se; based on size and trophs of closest relatives\nresilience (ref. 69278): high, minimum population doubling time less than 15 months (preliminary k or fecundity .) .\nvulnerability (ref. 59153): low vulnerability (11 of 100) .\n( a male, 53. 1 mm sl; bmnh 1981. 1. 9: 96), from the west shore of likoma island between makulawe point and ndomo point. reproduced from fig. 36 of\nlast update: 18 january 2000 web author: m. k. oliver, ph. d. copyright © 1997 - 2018 by m. k. oliver - all rights reserved\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndisclaimer: itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available, and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties. however, it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes. while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available, ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party, wildlife statutes, regulations, and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register. for further information on u. s. legal requirements with respect to protected taxa, please contact the u. s. fish and wildlife service .\npronunciation: refer to our pronunciation key for an explanation of the phonetic symbols .\nhabitat: this is the primary location where the cichlid is found and is a generalization. this does not mean a fish cannot be found in other habitats .\ndiet: many cichlids specialize in eating one type of food; notwithstanding, some of these specialized feeders are flexible and can be opportunistic feeders .\ntemperament: this describes the overall demeanor of a cichlid toward other tankmates that are of a different species. consider that there is variability in temperament due to various factors, including aquarium size, tankmates of similar appearance, stocking levels, and order of introduction. there may even be some variability among individual specimens .\nconspecific temperament: this describes the overall demeanor of a cichlid toward other tank - mates of the same species. consider that there is variability in temperament due to such factors as aquarium size, stocking levels and order of introduction. there may even be some variability among individual specimens .\nmaximum size: this is in regards to total length (including the tail) of typical aquarium specimens. wild specimens may not attain this size, or may in fact grow larger than aquarium raised individuals due to various factors. also consider that this is the typical maximum size and there are exceptional individuals that will exceed it .\ndifficulty: this measure is a relative value, comparing a single species against all other cichlids. this only accounts for maintanence in the aquarium and not breeding considerations. 1 = easy and forgiving, 5 = extremely challenging .\nbecause this fish doesn' t seem to want to hold properly, we suspect it will never become a mainstay in the hobby. if there is another population of these beauties in the hobby, we would sure like to hear about it .\ncopyright ©2014 by greg and lee ann steeves, all rights reserved. site designed and maintained by lee ann steeves. hosting by wesmo computer services .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page: myers, p. , r. espinosa, c. s. parr, t. jones, g. s. hammond, and t. a. dewey. 2018. the animal diversity web (online). accessed at https: / / animaldiversity. org .\ndisclaimer: the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. adw doesn' t cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283, drl 0628151, due 0633095, drl 0918590, and due 1122742. additional support has come from the marisla foundation, um college of literature, science, and the arts, museum of zoology, and information and technology services .\ntoday we got this guy from petsmart. he was labeled\nassorted african cichlid\nmax 4\nif anyone knows what he is please let me know. . thanks! !! !! he has a light purple / blueish color with darker stripes that sometimes fade note: the aqua blue eyes and the 2 blue stripes across his face any suggestions as to what he could be are welcome! thanks !\nits hard to tell if the fish is a juvenile or an adult, but to me it looks like it could be a male kenyii morphing into his adult colors... ...... ... does it look like its changing colors ?\nall photographs on our site are credited to the appropriate copyright holder. all rights are reserved. no photograph may be used in any way for any reason without the express consent of the copyright holder. in the case of photographs copyrighted by africancichlids. net, consent may be requested by visiting our contact page .\nsign up for email reminders for meetings, swaps, auctions, and other events .\nemail reminders for meeting notices providing a reminder for our next meeting, speaker info, rare fish auctions, picnics and holiday party .\nemail reminders for vendors to alert them when the next swap vendor signup dates are .\nthe greater chicago cichlid association — gcca — is a not - for - profit, educational organization, chartered in the state of illinois, dedicated to the advancement and dissemination of information relating to the biology of the fishes in the family cichlidae, with particular emphasis on maintenance and breeding in captivity. we are simply cichlid hobbyists who love cichlids." ]

{ "text": [ "labidochromis lividus is a species of cichlid endemic to lake malawi where it is only known to occur over rocky substrates along the western coast of likoma island .", "this species can reach a length of 7.1 centimetres ( 2.8 in ) sl .", "it can also be found in the aquarium trade . " ], "topic": [ 3, 0, 20 ] }

[ "labidochromis lividus is a species of cichlid endemic to lake malawi where it is only known to occur over rocky substrates along the western coast of likoma island. this species can reach a length of 7.1 centimetres (2.8 in) sl. it can also be found in the aquarium trade." ]

[ "suslik, any of the 13 species of eurasian ground squirrels belonging to the genus spermophilus. …\n1. any of several eurasian ground squirrels, especially the small grayish european species spermophilus citellus .\n1. a common ground squirrel, spermophilus (citellus) citellus, of europe and asia .\ncryptosporidium rubeyi n. sp. (apicomplexa: cryptosporidiidae) in multiple spermophilus ground squirrel species .\nanatolian ground squirrels spermophilus xanthoprymnus are distributed in anatolian turkey, extending marginally into armenia and nw iran .\nfive subspecies are recognised. spermophilus fulvus hybridizes with s. major in areas where these two species overlap .\ncryptosporidium rubeyi n. sp. (apicomplexa: cryptosporidiidae) in multiple spermophilus ground squirrel species. - pubmed - ncbi\nmultiple unique cryptosporidium isolates from three species of ground squirrels (spermophilus beecheyi, s. beldingi, and s. lateralis) in california\ngeographic locations of three different species of spermophilus ground squirrels from which 49 isolates of cryptosporidium were collected in california from 2000 to 2004 .\nmultiple unique cryptosporidium isolates from three species of ground squirrels (spermophilus beecheyi, s. beldingi, and s. lateralis) in california ▿\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below. < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - european ground squirrel (spermophilus citellus )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - european ground squirrel (spermophilus citellus )\ntitle =\narkive species - european ground squirrel (spermophilus citellus )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nphylogenetic analyses of the 18s small - subunit (ssu) rrna and cryptosporidium oocyst wall protein (cowp) genes indicate that multiple unique cryptosporidium isolates are shed by separate species of spermophilus ground squirrels (s. beecheyi, s. beldingi, and s. lateralis) throughout california, despite some squirrel populations' being geographically isolated. the data support our assertion that spermophilus squirrels shed novel cryptosporidium species .\nthe substantial body of research on holarctic ground squirrels amassed over the past century documents considerable variability in morphological, cytogenetic, ecological, and behavioral attributes in the genus spermophilus f. cuvier, 1825. recent molecular phylogenetic studies suggest that the traditionally recognized genera marmota blumenbach, 1779 (marmots), cynomys rafinesque, 1817 (prairie dogs), and ammospermophilus merriam, 1892 (antelope ground squirrels) render spermophilus paraphyletic, potentially suggesting that multiple generic - level lineages should be credited within spermophilus. herein, we recognize 8 genera formerly subsumed in spermophilus, each of which is morphologically diagnosable, craniometrically distinctive, and recovered as a monophyletic clade in phylogenetic analyses utilizing the mitochondrial gene cytochrome b. generic - level names are available for each of these ground squirrel assemblages, most of which are exclusively or predominantly north american in distribution (notocitellus a. h. howell, 1938; otospermophilus brandt, 1844; callospermophilus merriam, 1897; ictidomys j. a. allen, 1877; poliocitellus a. h. howell, 1938; xerospermophilus merriam, 1892; and urocitellus obolenskij, 1927). only spermophilus sensu stricto is restricted to eurasia. generic subdivision of spermophilus more aptly illuminates the taxonomic relationships, ecomorphological disparity, and biogeographic history of holarctic ground squirrels .\nphylogenetic analysis of the entire 18s rrna gene sequence may provide a more accurate representation of the similarity among the various species and genotypes of cryptosporidium, but fewer isolates are available in genbank for such an analysis. we were able to sequence the entire 18s rrna gene for several isolates from spermophilus sequence groups a and c. similar to the phylogenetic analysis using a partial sequence of the 18s rrna gene, this analysis placed spermophilus sequence group c into a separate and distinct clade from group a, tentatively suggesting that sequence groups a and c are not the same genotype or species of cryptosporidium. furthermore, spermophilus sequence group c did not directly share a terminal node of the constructed phylogenetic tree with any known species or genotype of cryptosporidium deposited in genbank (fig. 3), indicative that the sequence is unique. this common sequence group was obtained from numerous cryptosporidium isolates from each of the three spermophilus squirrel species throughout california (table 1) .\nprevious studies have determined that california ground squirrels (spermophilus beecheyi) can shed high concentrations of cryptosporidium oocysts (1, 3). three novel genotypes (sbey03a, sbey03b, and sbey03c) which were shown not to match any sequences of cryptosporidium deposited in genbank (1) were identified by sequencing the 18s rrna gene locus; in addition, genotypes sbey03b and sbey03c were not infective to balb / c neonatal mice at an oral dose of up to 10, 000 oocysts per pup, which suggests that spermophilus - derived cryptosporidium strains may constitute one or more new species or genotypes of cryptosporidium (1). in order to verify the frequency of these unique isolates of cryptosporidium in spatially distinct populations of ground - dwelling squirrels, we compared the dna sequences from the 18s small - subunit (ssu) rrna region of 49 different cryptosporidium isolates from four different epidemiologic studies that were conducted in california from 2000 to 2004 for california ground squirrels (spermophilus beecheyi), belding' s ground squirrels (spermophilus beldingi), and golden - mantled ground squirrels (spermophilus lateralis). in addition, we also sequenced a section of the oocyst wall protein gene from one of these isolates to further compare these isolates with existing species and genotypes of cryptosporidium .\nhelgen, k. m. , f. r. cole, l. e. helgen, and d. e. wilson. 2009. generic revision in the holarctic ground squirrel genus spermophilus. journal of mammalogy 90: 270 - 305 .\npreviously we reported the unique cryptosporidium sp .\nc\ngenotype (e. g. , sbey03c, sbey05c, sbld05c, sltl05c) from three species of spermophilus ground squirrel (spermophilus beecheyi, spermophilus beldingi, spermophilus lateralis) located throughout california, usa. this follow - up work characterizes the morphology and animal infectivity of this novel genotype as the final step in proposing it as a new species of cryptosporidium. analysis of sequences of 18s rrna, actin, and hsp70 genes of additional cryptosporidium isolates from recently sampled california ground squirrels (s. beecheyi) confirms the presence of the unique sbey - c genotype in s. beecheyi. phylogenetic and blast analysis indicates that the c - genotype in spermophilus ground squirrels is distinct from cryptosporidium species / genotypes from other host species currently available in genbank. we propose to name this c - genotype found in spermophilus ground squirrels as cryptosporidium rubeyi n. sp. the mean size of c. rubeyi n. sp. oocysts is 4. 67 (4. 4 - 5. 0) μm × 4. 34 (4. 0 - 5. 0) μm, with a length / width index of 1. 08 (n = 220). oocysts of c. rubeyi n. sp. are not infectious to neonatal balb / c mice and holstein calves. genbank accession numbers for c. rubeyi n. sp. are dq295012, ay462233, and km010224 for the 18s rrna gene, km010227 for the actin gene, and km010229 for the hsp70 gene .\nphylogenetic relationships of partial (∼750 - bp) 18s ssu rrna sequences from cryptosporidium species, genotypes, and novel cryptosporidium isolates from three species of spermophilus ground squirrels, s. beecheyi, s. lateralis, and s. beldingi, inferred by neighbor - joining analyses with 1, 000 bootstrap replicates .\nphylogenetic relationships of the entire 18s ssu rrna sequences (∼1, 750 bp) from cryptosporidium species, genotypes, and novel cryptosporidium isolates from three species of spermophilus ground squirrels, s. beecheyi, s. lateralis, and s. beldingi, inferred by neighbor - joining analyses with 1, 000 bootstrap replicates .\nphylogenetic analysis of partial 18s rrna sequences was conducted to determine the relationships of the dna sequences from these 49 isolates of cryptosporidium sp. from s. beecheyi, s. lateralis, and s. beldingi to sequences of cryptosporidium species and genotypes that were retrieved from genbank (fig. 2). this analysis placed cryptosporidium isolates from groups a and b (cryptosporidium sp. sbey03b, cryptosporidium sp. sbey05b, cryptosporidium sp. sbey03a, and cryptosporidium sp. sbld05a) into a joint clade that exhibited minimal distance from or dna dissimilarity to a cryptosporidium sp. chipmunk genotype. in contrast, cryptosporidium isolates from the more common group c (cryptosporidium sp. sbey03c, cryptosporidium sp. sbey05c, cryptosporidium sp. sltl05c, and cryptosporidium sp. sbld05c) were placed into a completely separate clade from spermophilus sequence groups a and b and shared internal nodes with various genotypes of cryptosporidium, such as cryptosporidium sp. muskrat genotype i, cryptosporidium sp. opossum genotype ii, and cryptosporidium sp. deer mouse genotype iv. in other words, spermophilus sequence group c exhibited more dna sequence similarity to other genotypes of cryptosporidium isolated from non - spermophilus mammals than to spermophilus sequence groups a and b, which were more similar to each other. lastly, spermophilus sequence group d (cryptosporidium sp. sbld05d) was most similar to a c. parvum human isolate genotype when the 836 - bp sequence was analyzed by a blast search in genbank and to a cryptosporidium sp. rabbit genotype when the sequence was trimmed to 771 bp to construct a phylogenetic tree (fig. 2). sequence group d (cryptosporidium sp. sbld05d) showed 99% similarity to c. parvum isolated from a human host (table 1). this isolate was placed into a separate clade apart from the three other ground squirrel sequence groups, a, b, and c (fig. 2) .\nlike its congener the european souslik spermophilus citellus, the spotted souslik prefers open areas with short grass (including steppes, pastures, and road verges). unlike the european souslik, it can also sometimes be found on cultivated ground and can survive ploughing (macdonald and barrett 1993). it feeds chiefly on grasses and cereals, although arthropods and small vertebrates are also taken .\nground squirrels belong to the subfamily sciurinae, which includes tree squirrels and chipmunks. subfamily sciurinae is part of the squirrel family (sciuridae) in the order rodentia. atlantoxerus, xerus, and spermophilopsis are closely related within this subfamily, as are ammospermophilus and spermophilus, which are classified in a subgroup within sciurinae that includes marmots and prairie dogs. the tropical ground squirrels are most closely related to tropical asian tree squirrels .\na single isolate obtained from a belding' s ground squirrel captured in modoc county in northern california was classified as group d (cryptosporidium sp. sbld05d). this cryptosporidium sequence group was found in just 5. 5% of isolates (1 of 18) from this host species, with an overall prevalence of 2% (1 in 49) among our bank of 49 spermophilus isolates. in contrast to a, b, and c sequence groups, sequence group d showed 99% similarity to c. parvum isolated from a human host (table 1) .\nin conclusion, given the unique 18s rrna and cowp gene sequences of these 49 different cryptosporidium isolates compared with those of any known species or genotype of cryptosporidium, the placement of sequence groups a and c into different topological locations in the phylogenetic tree, and the inability of genotypes b and c to infect balb / c neonatal mice (1), it is likely that spermophilus - derived cryptosporidium isolates represent one or more new species of this protozoan parasite. further work is in progress to verify or refute this assertion of the existence of one or more new species of cryptosporidium in ground - dwelling squirrels in california .\nwe obtained the entire 18s rrna gene sequence for each of the three ground squirrel species infected with cryptosporidium sequence group c (cryptosporidium sp. sbey05c, cryptosporidium sp. sbld05c, and cryptosporidium sp. sltl05c). this group revealed maximum homology of 97% to c. suis and c. meleagridis 18s rrna gene sequences with accession numbers af115377 and af111271, respectively (table 1). the cryptosporidium group c sequence was found in the majority of cryptosporidium isolates from these wildlife species, about 84% of total sequenced isolates (41 of 49). by squirrel species, the cryptosporidium group c sequence was found in 83% of sequenced isolates (19 of 23) from california ground squirrels (s. beecheyi), 78% of sequenced isolates (14 of 18) from belding' s ground squirrels (s. beldingi), and 100% of sequenced isolates (8 of 8) from golden - mantled ground squirrels (s. lateralis). given the higher prevalence of sequence group c than of the other groups in all three naturally infected ground squirrel species from throughout california, we consider this sequence group to represent the primary cryptosporidium sp. for this group of spermophilus ground - dwelling squirrels .\nthese findings support an earlier assertion regarding the uniqueness of these cryptosporidium isolates shed in the feces of ground squirrels from the spermophilus squirrel genus (1) relative to the many cryptosporidium strains that have been submitted to genbank. groups a and c were isolated from california ground squirrels (cryptosporidium sp. sbey03a, cryptosporidium sp. sbey03c, and cryptosporidium sp. sbey05c) and belding' s ground squirrels (cryptosporidium sp. sbld05a and cryptosporidium sp. sbld05c) trapped in a widespread geographic region spanning 500 miles in length (north to south) and 150 miles in width (east to west). this 75, 000 - square - mile area encompasses a variety of habitats and ecosystems, including central to northern california agricultural systems, the area east to the white mountains, the sierra nevada range and its western foothills, and the region down to the central coastal valleys of san luis obispo and santa barbara county. the golden - mantled ground squirrels in this study were from the white mountains, which are a remote and isolated mountain range that is separated from the other study locations by hundreds of miles, including the highest elevations of the sierra nevada mountains. interestingly, this remote population of high - elevation ground squirrels shed only the common c sequence group (cryptosporidium sp. sltl05c) of cryptosporidium .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 frameset / / en\nurltoken\nthat are active during the day and have short legs, strong claws, small rounded ears, and a short or moderately long tail. colour varies widely among species from gray, tawny, or pale brown to olive, reddish, or very dark brown. a few species are solid - coloured, but most exhibit characteristic patterns such as dappling, lines of spots, white to brownish black stripes, bright reddish brown cheeks, or stripes combined with a yellowish red mantle over the head and shoulders. underparts are white, shades of gray, tones of buff, or brown. in some species individuals may be partially or completely black (melanistic). fur ranges in texture from harsh and thin to soft and dense and sometimes woolly .\nduring winter, ground squirrels hibernate in deep underground burrows. they are aroused from winter sleep by spring' s warmer temperatures .\nis typically applied to small rodents that excavate burrows and are associated with open habitats at temperate latitudes in north american and eurasia as well as arid regions of africa. the 38 species of north american ground squirrels and eurasian\n) inhabit savannas and rocky deserts in northern, eastern, and southern africa .\n) of the southwestern united states is one of the smallest of all ground squirrels, weighing 96 to 117 grams (3. 4 to 4 ounces) and having a body up to 17 cm (6. 7 inches) long and a tail of less than 8 cm. one of the largest is the\n) of the southwestern united states and northern mexico. weighing 450 to 875 grams, it has a body up to 30 cm long and a somewhat shorter, bushy tail. members of both these genera have internal cheek pouches, which are used to collect food for storage in burrows .\n) of the north - central united states and southern canada eats a representative omnivore diet: a wide variety of green plant parts, fruit, insects (caterpillars, grasshoppers, crickets, beetles and their larvae, and ants), vertebrates (toads, frogs, the eggs and chicks of ducks and songbirds, mice, smaller ground squirrels, and small rabbits), and carrion. others, such as the\nin the western united states, are primarily vegetarian, eating mostly green plant parts and seeds .\ndrops from 37 °c (98. 6 °f) to 1 to 3 degrees above burrow temperature. during this time the heart rate decreases from 200 to 350 beats per minute in the active\nto about 5, and the respiration rate falls from 50 breaths per minute to about 4 .\nin contrast, the antelope and african ground squirrels are active all year. these two groups regulate their body temperature by entering and re - emerging from cool burrows during hot parts of the day. outside the burrow they sit or stand facing away from the sun, their long, wide, and bushy tail serving as a heat shield over the animal’s back. central asia’s long - clawed ground squirrel is also active year - round, remaining in its burrow only on extremely cold winter days .\ntropical ground squirrels are active all year and do not store food. the five genera (\nbut not in the philippines. although they sometimes utilize holes in the ground, these rodents usually nest in hollow tree trunks and rotting branches on the forest floor. diet varies among species but generally includes a greater percentage of\n, for example, is highly specialized to eat earthworms and insects with its greatly elongated snout, long tongue, and weak incisor teeth. the\n) have elongated snouts and use their long, strong claws to dig for beetle larvae in rotting wood; they also eat acorns .\n…of the mammalian hibernators, includes ground squirrels and marmots. these animals wait only a few days before entering hibernation and then go through a series of steps of torpor and arousal, each one at successively lower body temperatures, until the level dictated by the stage of preparation for hibernation is…\nblesmols, and ground squirrels, are cylindrical and furry with protruding, strong incisors, small eyes and ears, and large forefeet bearing powerful digging claws. semiaquatic rodents such as beavers, muskrats, nutrias, and water rats possess specialized traits allowing them to…\natlas mountains, series of mountain ranges in northwestern africa, running generally southwest to northeast to form the geologic backbone of the countries of the maghrib (the western region of the arab world) —morocco, algeria, and tunisia. they extend for more than 1, 200 miles (2, 000 kilometres), from the moroccan port of agadir…\nuinta mountains, segment of the south - central rocky mountains, extending eastward for more than 100 miles (160 km) from the wasatch range across northeastern utah and slightly into southwestern wyoming, u. s. many of the range’s summits exceed 13, 000 feet (4, 000 m), including kings peak (13, 528 feet [ 4, 123 m ]), the highest point…\nwe welcome suggested improvements to any of our articles. you can make it easier for us to review and, hopefully, publish your contribution by keeping a few points in mind .\nencyclopædia britannica articles are written in a neutral objective tone for a general audience .\nyou may find it helpful to search within the site to see how similar or related subjects are covered .\nat the bottom of the article, feel free to list any sources that support your changes, so that we can fully understand their context. (internet urls are the best. )\nyour contribution may be further edited by our staff, and its publication is subject to our final approval. unfortunately, our editorial approach may not be able to accommodate all contributions .\nour editors will review what you' ve submitted, and if it meets our criteria, we' ll add it to the article .\nplease note that our editors may make some formatting changes or correct spelling or grammatical errors, and may also contact you if any clarifications are needed .\nhorse, (equus caballus), a hoofed, herbivorous mammal of the family equidae. it comprises a single species, …\ncorrections? updates? omissions? let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login) .\nif you prefer to suggest your own revision of the article, you can go to edit mode (requires login) .\nour editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article .\nall content on this website, including dictionary, thesaurus, literature, geography, and other reference data is for informational purposes only. this information should not be considered complete, up to date, and is not intended to be used in place of a visit, consultation, or advice of a legal, medical, or any other professional .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page: myers, p. , r. espinosa, c. s. parr, t. jones, g. s. hammond, and t. a. dewey. 2018. the animal diversity web (online). accessed at https: / / animaldiversity. org .\ndisclaimer: the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. adw doesn' t cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283, drl 0628151, due 0633095, drl 0918590, and due 1122742. additional support has come from the marisla foundation, um college of literature, science, and the arts, museum of zoology, and information and technology services .\n, substantially increasing the number of genera in marmotini. where distinction is necessary, the genus as presently configured may be referred to as\nthis page was last edited on 8 june 2018, at 11: 12 .\ntext is available under the creative commons attribution - sharealike license; additional terms may apply. by using this site, you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\neight subspecies have been described, but their validity was not confirmed in a comprehensive review of the species (kryštufek 1996, 1999) .\namori, g. (small nonvolant mammal red list authority) & temple, h. (global mammal assessment team )\njustification: declines across the species' range are occurring, particularly in the southern and northwestern and northern areas where declines are more serious. overall, declines are suspected to be more than 30% over the last ten years. for this reason the species is assessed as vulnerable .\nthe european souslik is endemic to central and south - eastern europe, where it occurs at altitudes of 0 - 2, 500 m. its range is divided in two by the carpathian mountains. the north - western portion extends through the czech republic, austria, slovakia, hungary, northern serbia and montenegro, and western romania, whilst the south - eastern portion extends from southern serbia, macedonia and greece through bulgaria and southern romania to turkish thrace, moldova and ukraine (panteleyev 1998, kryštufek 1999) .\nthe european souslik has quite specific habitat requirements. it is restricted to short - grass steppe and similar artificial habitats (pastures, lawns, sports fields, golf courses) on light, well - drained soils, where it can excavate its burrows (kryštufek 1999, spitzenberger 2002). it avoids cultivated land, with the exception of vineyards in some parts of its range (spitzenberger 2002). it has an omnivorous diet including seeds, roots, shoots, flowers, and arthropods (nowak 1999, kryštufek pers. comm. 2006) .\nthe main threats to this species are the conversion of steppe - grassland and pasture to cultivated fields or forestry, and the abandonment of pasture and its subsequent reversion to tall - grass meadows or scrubby habitats which are not suitable for the souslik (kryštufek 1999). in austria it is therefore largely restricted to vineyards, airstrips, golflinks, sport - and camping grounds and other frequently mown lawns where it is completely dependent on the toleration of the owners (spitzenberger 2002). although not a major threat, some gypsy communities in central and eastern europe still catch sousliks for use as a traditional meal (j. mateju pers. comm. 2006) .\nit is listed on appendix ii of the bern convention and annexes ii and iv of the eu habitats and species directive. research is needed to determine population status and trends, ecological requirements, potential threats, and appropriate conservation measures. in 2005, the species was reintroduced to poland by the ngo salamandra, and animals survived the first winter hibernation (a. gondek pers. comm. 2006). in 2006 a project was initiated to reintroduce the species to germany (h. meinig pers. comm. 2006) .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\njustification: s. xanthoprymnus is near threatened due to population declines estimated at 20 - 25% over the last ten years as a result of habitat conversion for agriculture, especially in central anatolia. almost qualifies as vulnerable under criterion a2c .\npopulation size has not been quantified. the population may be declining at a rate of approximately 20 - 25% over the last ten years as a result of habitat conversion for agriculture .\nopen steppe habitat with short vegetation. elevational range is approximately 800 to 2, 700 m. in turkey, the species lives in natural steppe, but sometimes occurs on rocky mountain slopes, and at the edge of grain fields (demirsoy et al. 2006). hibernation starts at the end of august and is terminated in mid - february; hibernation may last 21 to 100 days (demirsoy et al. 2006). mating takes place after emergence in february, with births occurring in april - july (litter size 1 - 6) (demirsoy et al. 2006). one litter is produced each year and sexual maturity is attained after the first hibernation period (demirsoy et al. 2006) .\nlarge scale agricultural expansion is the main threat. the species is considered a pest in turkey, where it is found in agricultural areas (n. yigit pers. comm. 2007) .\njustification: a widespread species that is not believed to be under serious threat at present, hence is listed as least concern .\ndistributed in dry plain steppes in transbaikalia (russia), e mongolia and ne china. in mongolia one specimen was recorded from a locality 300 km west of this known distribution (nicht et al. 1971), therefore the precise western limit of its range in mongolia is unclear (bannikov 1954) .\nno population data are available, but this species is believed to occur at low densities throughout mongolia and transbaikalia .\ninhabit plain wormwood tuft - cereal steppes, also in china found in deserts. it is considered a characteristic species of the northern edge of the gobi in extreme n mongolia and the adjacent borders of siberia. it apparently does not extend far into the gobi, but follows around the northeastern edge to reappear in chinese territory along the borders of hebei and adjacent nei mongol. live on hill slopes, pastures, road borders, along railroads. uses burrows of marmots and daurian pika. burrows are simple, wintering burrows have one entrance without soil emission. tunnels normally extend a maximum of 2 m, although some may reach as far as 6 - 8 m in length. a single nest, lined with grass, is normally found at a depth of 50 cm to 1 m, while wintering nests are about 2 m below the ground. adult males enter hibernation in the end of may, while young ground squirells are active till autumn. these ground squirrels feed on various herbs and other plants, including grain fields. maturity age is on second year. gestation is about 30 days, litter size is 2 - 9 young .\npossible habitat degradation through grazing by increasing numbers of livestock. drying of water sources and droughts also threaten this species, although it remains unclear if these represent natural environmental changes or are driven by anthropogenic activity. these are not considered major threats to the species as a whole at present .\noccurs in some protected areas (approximately 7% of the species’ range in mongolia). listed as least concern in russia and china .\nthis errata assessment has been created because the map was accidentally left out of the version published previously .\n( errata version published in 2017). the iucn red list of threatened species 2016: e. t20482a115158889 .\njustification: a widespread and abundant species with no major threats. although population declines have been noted in some parts of the range, it is not believed to approach the threshold for the population decline criterion of the iucn red list (i. e. declining more than 30% in ten years or three generations). for these reasons, it is assessed as least concern .\nrussia and kazakhstan, from the caspian sea and the volga river to lake balkash; south through uzbekistan, w tajikistan and turkmenistan to ne iran, n afghanistan and china. the southern part of the range is fragmented .\nin some regions of russia and kazakhstan populations have declined as a result of commercial hunting, but the species remains common and abundant throughout most of its range .\ninhabits sand, clay and loess deserts and semi - deserts. in the forest zone it lives on black absinth and saltwort alkali soils. usually digs a single burrows on a large territory. sometimes burrows of the great gerbil rhombomys opimus are used. migrates seasonally from sites flooded with water from melted snow, or in search for fresh vegetation. hibernation is extended; the species exits hibernation in mid - may and after 3 - 4 months enters hibernation again. feeds on overground parts of cereals, absinths and saltworts .\nalthough it is hunted commercially, this is not considered to be a major threat to the species at present .\nthere are two chromosome races of this species: s. odessanus (36 chromosome) and s. suslicus sensu stricto (34 chromosomes). these are separated by the dnieper river. the eastern europe race is considered a separate species by many taxonomists. s. odessanus is declining more than s. suslicus sensu stricto .\njustification: globally, the population has shown serious declines over the last 50 years. however, over the last ten years the rate of decline has slowed (perhaps to ca. 20% , but no data are currently available to support this figure). since the population is still declining, albeit at a slower rate, and habitat loss and fragmentation is continuing, the species is assessed as near threatened at the global level (approaching a2bc + 3bc) .\nthe spotted souslik is endemic to eastern europe, where it is found in south - eastern poland, small areas in belarus, the ukraine, moldova, and russia eastwards to the river volga. in poland, the souslik occurs on the western edge of its range and it is known from one relic enclave located between the wieprz and bug rivers in the region of zamosc (glowacinski et al. 2001, piskorski 2005). a lowland species, it occurs up to no more than 500 m (i. zagorodnyuk pers. comm. 2006) .\nthe spotted souslik has suffered marked declines in both population and range. its extent of occurrence has contracted in both poland and southern russia, and the number of colonies in poland and the ukraine (where no more than 10% of the former range described in mid - twentieth century is left) has decreased markedly (glowacinski et al. 2001, piskorski 2005, i. zagorodnyuk pers. comm. 2006). populations in the southern and eastern parts of the range are more stable. over the last ten years some populations have shown increases in population size. however, across the global range, the total population is declining, although the rate of decline over the last ten years is likely to be less than 30% (i. zagorodnyuk pers. comm. 2006). the polish population of the spotted souslik has been estimated at c. 20, 000 individuals living in 7 compact and no more than 10 scattered colonies. the most numerous of these colonies, with 10, 000 - 12, 000 individuals, is found at swidnik airport (near lublin) and is the result of an unofficial introduction in the early 1980s. the present population of s. suslicus is one third of what it was in the 1960s, the number of localities has markedly decreased and the area occupied has shrunk by a half. if this trend continues the souslik will die out in poland at the first decades of the 21th century (glowacinski et al. 2001, piskorski 2005, z. glowacinski pers. comm. 2006) .\nit is threatened by the loss and fragmentation of appropriate habitats. causes of habitat loss include expansion of agriculture and forestry, urbanisation, reclamation of wasteland and industrial development (glowacinski et al. 2001, piskorski 2005, z. glowacinski pers. comm. 2006). more than 50% of the remaining polish population is threatened by the expansion of lublin airport (a. gondek pers. comm. 2006). in some areas, it is persecuted as an agricultural pest. hybridisation with s. pygmaeus and s. citellus has been recorded, but is not likely to be a major threat. currently all populations are declining and becoming more fragmented, which makes hybridisation less of a problem .\nit is legally protected under appendix ii of the bern convention. in poland the souslik is strictly protected under national law, and five nature reserves have recently been created to protect the species. development of the system of nature reserves and active protection (reintroduction and habitat management) are recommended (glowacinski et al. 2001, piskorski 2005, z. glowacinski pers. comm. 2006) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nhelgen, k. m. , f. r. cole, l. e. helgen, and d. e. wilson\nurocitellus brunneus - showing subspecies endemicus (left) and brunneus (right), distinguishable by coloration and location click to enlarge this image. (61 kb )\n, lives only in about two dozen mountain meadows, and in 1998, biologists counted only 500 of them. other subspecies may fare better, but the life of a ground squirrel is perilous. only 40 - 60 percent of the adults survive their 8 - 9 month hibernation, and mortality is as high as 90 percent for juveniles. females can mate for only a few hours a year, shortly after they emerge from hibernation. after mating (in the burrow) males guard the females from other males, which exposes the males to predation by prairie falcons and goshawks .\nhowell, a. h. , 1928. descriptions of six new north american ground squirrels, p. 211. proceedings of the biological society of washington, 41: 211 - 214 .\nmammal species of the world (opens in a new window). mammalian species, american society of mammalogists' species account (opens in a new window) .\nthe european ground squirrel belongs to a genus commonly referred to as the sousliks, with representatives spread throughout the northern hemisphere from california to china (3). ground squirrels tend to have stout, low - slung bodies, resting upon short legs, and a well - furred tail measuring about a third the length of the body (2) (3) (4). the european ground squirrel generally has short yellowish fur but the back is tinged distinctly grey with dense cream spots (2) (3). all species within the genus have sizeable internal cheek pouches for carrying food (3) .\nthe european ground squirrel is endemic to central and eastern europe, from the czech republic in the northwest to turkey in the southeast (1). historically, its western boundary extended into southeast germany (1) (2) .\nan inhabitant of open landscape without dense vegetation cover, the european ground squirrel is normally found in short - grass habitats on light, well - drained soils (1) (3). this includes a range of natural and artificial habitats such as steppe grassland, pasture, vineyards, sports fields and golf courses (1) .\nclassified as vulnerable (vu) on the iucn red list (1) .\nthe conversion of steppe grassland and pasture into cultivated farmland and forestry is chiefly responsible for a serious decline in the population of european ground squirrels (1) (3). as a consequence of the rapid loss of suitable habitat, the population is becoming severely fragmented, whilst its range is retracting, particularly in the west (1). furthermore, as an integral part of the food chain, a decrease in the number of european ground squirrels is probably responsible for a decline in the populations of many other vulnerable species (5) .\nthe european ground squirrel is listed on appendix ii of the bern convention and annexes ii and iv of the eu habitats and species directive (1). under this legislation, it is the responsibility of the countries within the species’ range to ensure its conservation (7). in 2005, this species was reintroduced successfully to poland and a project has recently been initiated to reintroduce it into germany. one of the main priorities of conservation efforts is to conduct further studies into the ecology, threats and population biology of the european ground squirrel. this research will provide crucial data in determining appropriate future conservation measures (1) .\nthis information is awaiting authentication by a species expert, and will be updated as soon as possible. if you are able to help please contact: arkive @ urltoken\nendemic a species or taxonomic group that is only found in one particular country or geographic area. genus a category used in taxonomy, which is below ‘family’ and above ‘species’. a genus tends to contain species that have characteristics in common. the genus forms the first part of a ‘binomial’ latin species name; the second part is the specific name. hibernation a winter survival strategy characteristic of some mammals in which an animal’s metabolic rate slows down and a state of deep sleep is attained. whilst hibernating, animals survive on stored reserves of fat that they have accumulated in summer. invertebrates animals with no backbone. steppe semi - arid grassland with few trees .\nkleiman, d. g. , geist, v. and mcdade, m. c. (2003) grzimek' s animal life encyclopedia. vol 15, mammals iv. gale group, farmington hills, michigan .\nnowak, r. m. (1999) walker' s mammals of the world. johns hopkins university press, baltimore, maryland .\nhulová, s. and sedláček, f. (2008) population genetic structure of the european ground squirrel in the czech republic. conservation genetics, 9: 615 - 625 .\nkoshev, y. s. (2005) conservation of the european souslik - a step towards the prosperity of its native predators and preferred habitats. the whitley laing foundation for international nature conservation / rufford small grant programme, uk. available at: urltoken\nnature picture library 5a great george street bristol bs1 5rr united kingdom tel: + 44 (0) 117 911 4675 fax: + 44 (0) 117 911 4699 info @ urltoken http: / / www. urltoken\nterms of use - the displayed portlet may be used as a link from your website to arkive' s online content for private, scientific, conservation or educational purposes only. it may not be used within apps .\nmyarkive offers the scrapbook feature to signed - up members, allowing you to organize your favourite arkive images and videos and share them with friends .\nteam wild, an elite squadron of science superheroes, needs your help! your mission: protect and conserve the planet’s species and habitats from destruction .\nwildscreen is a registered charity in england and wales no. 299450 wildscreen usa is a registered 501 (c) (3) non - profit organisation in the usa\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwarning: the ncbi web site requires javascript to function. more ...\nint j parasitol parasites wildl. 2015 aug 24; 4 (3): 343 - 50. doi: 10. 1016 / j. ijppaw. 2015. 08. 005. ecollection 2015 dec .\nli x 1, pereira md 2, larsen r 3, xiao c 4, phillips r 5, striby k 3, mccowan b 2, atwill er 1 .\ndepartment of population health and reproduction, school of veterinary medicine, usa; western institute for food safety and security, university of california, davis 95616, usa .\nuniversity of california cooperative extension, san luis obispo county, ca 93401, usa .\nwestern institute for food safety and security, university of california, davis 95616, usa .\npmid: 26543805 pmcid: pmc4589830 doi: 10. 1016 / j. ijppaw. 2015. 08. 005\nint j parasitol parasites wildl. 2015 dec; 4 (3): 343 - 350 .\ncryptosporidium sp. sbey11c oocysts from california ground squirrels (s. beecheyi). differential interference contrast (dic) microscopy (1000×), bar = 10 μm .\nphylogenetic relationships of partial 18s rrna gene sequences of cryptosporidium sp. sbey11c from california ground squirrels (s. beecheyi) and other cryptosporidium spp. inferred by neighbor - joining analysis with 1000 bootstrapping replicates .\nphylogenetic relationships of partial actin gene sequences of cryptosporidium sp. sbey11c from california ground squirrels (s. beecheyi) and other cryptosporidium spp. inferred by neighbor - joining analysis with 1000 bootstrapping replicates .\nphylogenetic relationships of partial hsp70 gene sequences of cryptosporidium sp. sbey11c from california ground squirrels (s. beecheyi) and other cryptosporidium spp. inferred by neighbor - joining analysis with 1000 bootstrapping replicates .\nxerospermophilus tereticaudus - gray - brown (top) and cinnamon (bottom) variants click to enlarge this image. (52 kb )\nround - tailed ground squirrels occur primarily in sandy, relatively flat desert, from death valley, which is about 70 m below sea level, to elevations of 1, 200 m. they dig their burrows in loose soil, often under a shrub. mesquite and creosotebush are typically the dominant plants in their habitat. they can stay active on very hot days, and in some areas they are active year - round. in other places, they spend most of their time underground from september until january, but they do not\nbaird, s. f. , 1857 [ 1858 ]. mammals. in reports of explorations and surveys, to ascertain the most practicable and economical route for a railroad from the mississippi river to the pacific ocean, p. 315. vol. 8, pt. 1. mammals. beverly tucker printer, washington, d. c. , 8 (1): 1 - 757 + 43 plates .\nfecal samples from california ground squirrels were obtained from kern, monterey, san luis obispo, santa barbara, stanislaus, and tulare counties (fig. 1). squirrels were captured monthly from six different regions in kern county from february 2000 until february 2001. california ground squirrels from san luis obispo, santa barbara, stanislaus, monterey, and tulare counties were captured from october 2002 to april 2004. the animals were dispatched according to the american veterinary medical association' s guidelines for harvesting wildlife (2), with fecal samples obtained postmortem from the lower section of the colon .\nfecal samples from squirrels were obtained from siskiyou, modoc, and tuolumne counties (fig. 1). squirrels from siskiyou and modoc counties were captured from march 2003 through march 2004, except during the winter season when animals were in hibernation, with fecal samples obtained postmortem. belding' s ground squirrels in yosemite national park, tuolumne county, were captured in tomahawk live traps, and fecal samples were collected from freshly voided samples during the summer of 2003 .\ngolden - mantled ground squirrels in the white mountains of mono county, eastern california, were captured in tomahawk live traps, and fecal samples were collected from freshly voided samples during july and august 2003 (fig. 1) .\nground squirrel species were determined by using stereotypical visual markings of each host species and by trapping within each species' habitat range .\nfecal samples were placed into 15 - ml tubes with 5 ml of antibiotic storage solution (0. 1 ml 10% tween 20, 0. 006 g penicillin g, 0. 01 g streptomycin sulfate, 1. 0 ml amphotericin b solution, and reagent - grade water for a total of 100 ml). samples were stored at 4°c and transported on ice to the university of california, davis .\nby using a direct immunofluorescence antibody kit (meridian bioscience, inc. , cincinnati, oh) and an olympus bx60 microscope, fecal samples were screened at a magnification of ×400 for presumptive cryptosporidium oocysts .\noocysts were purified by using anti - cryptosporidium dynabeads (invitrogen, lake success, ny). dna was extracted using five repeated freeze (−80°c) and thaw (+ 80°c) cycles followed by overnight incubation at 60°c in tes [ n - tris (hydroxymethyl) methyl - 2 - aminoethanesulfonic acid ] buffer containing 0. 8% sarkosyl (sigma, st. louis, mo). dna was precipitated in 100% cold ethanol, centrifuged, dried, and stored at 4°c in ultrapure distilled water (dnase and rnase free; life technologies, carlsbad, ca). depending on the primer pair, pcr amplification generated a dna sequence for the entire 18s ssu rrna gene locus, an internal sequence from the primary primer pair, or a sequence from the nested pcr according to the methodology described by xiao et al. (15), modified by using 3 mm mgcl 2 (1). in addition, one isolate was further characterized by amplifying a section of the cryptosporidium oocyst wall protein (cowp) gene according to the methodology described by spano et al. (12). pcr products were purified using qiagen spin columns and sequenced in both directions (yielding forward and reverse sequences) by using an abi 3730 capillary electrophoresis genetic analyzer (applied biosystems, foster city, ca). a c. parvum - positive control was obtained from a naturally infected dairy calf near pixley, ca. a negative control was included by substituting rnase / dnase - free water for dna .\nisolates of cryptosporidium sequence group a (cryptosporidium sp. sbey03a and cryptosporidium sp. sbld05a) were identified in two different squirrel species, california and belding' s ground squirrels, from different geographic regions in three california counties, with prevalences of 4% (1 in 23) and 17% (3 in 18) in the respective squirrel species. the prevalence of sequence group a among all 49 cryptosporidium isolates was 8. 2% (4 in 49). a blast search with 785 bp from the cryptosporidium sp. sbey03a sequence revealed a maximum of 97% homology to the chipmunk genotype iii and cryptosporidium sp. vole genotype sequences, whereas the partial and entire 18s rrna gene locus sequences (831 and 1, 744 bp) from cryptosporidium sp. sbld05a revealed maximums of 97 to 98% homology to sequences from c. hominis and c. meleagridis. additionally, an 828 - bp internal sequence of the cowp gene (accession no. eu847640) from a cryptosporidium sp. sbld05a isolate showed a maximum of 92% homology to sequences from c. suis, c. bovis, and c. hominis .\nisolates of cryptosporidium sequence group b (cryptosporidium sp. sbey03b and cryptosporidium sp. sbey05b) accounted for 13% of isolates (3 of 23) from california ground squirrels (s. beecheyi). a blast search with the partial sequence showed a maximum of 97% homology to sequences from the cryptosporidium sp. lemur genotype (accession no. af442484), the cryptosporidium sp. cervine genotype (accession no. eu827398), and c. suis (accession no. af115377)." ]

{ "text": [ "spermophilus or citellus is a genus of ground squirrels in the family sciuridae .", "the majority of ground squirrel species , over 40 in total , are usually placed in this genus .", "however , spermophilus in the broad sense has been found to be paraphyletic to the certainly distinct prairie dogs , marmots , and antelope squirrels , so it has been split into several genera by kristofer helgen and colleagues .", "some eurasian species are sometimes called susliks ( or sousliks ) .", "this name comes from russian суслик , suslik .", "in some languages , a derivative of the name is in common usage , for example suseł in polish .", "the scientific name of this genus means \" seed-lovers \" .", "ground squirrels may carry fleas that transmit diseases to humans ( see black death ) , and have been destructive in tunneling underneath human habitation .", "though capable of climbing , most species of ground squirrel live in open , treeless habitats . " ], "topic": [ 26, 26, 26, 8, 25, 25, 25, 28, 25 ] }

[ "spermophilus or citellus is a genus of ground squirrels in the family sciuridae. the majority of ground squirrel species, over 40 in total, are usually placed in this genus. however, spermophilus in the broad sense has been found to be paraphyletic to the certainly distinct prairie dogs, marmots, and antelope squirrels, so it has been split into several genera by kristofer helgen and colleagues. some eurasian species are sometimes called susliks (or sousliks). this name comes from russian суслик, suslik. in some languages, a derivative of the name is in common usage, for example suseł in polish. the scientific name of this genus means \" seed-lovers \". ground squirrels may carry fleas that transmit diseases to humans (see black death), and have been destructive in tunneling underneath human habitation. though capable of climbing, most species of ground squirrel live in open, treeless habitats." ]

[ "ermisch k. - mordellistena - arten von der kanarischen inseln. in entomologische blatter, 61: 67 - 73. 1965\nlarva: mordellistena is the only genus in this family which larvae have characteristic tergal processes and paired urogomphi (comment by artjom zaitsev) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29: registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin, july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia, june 4 - 7. photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona, july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell, iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\nformerly treated in a much broader sense; many spp. have been moved to other genera, incl .\nsmall, slender, linear or wedge - shaped. scutellum somewhat trianglular, rounded. antennae usually threadlike, sometimes slightly sawtoothed. eyes coarsely granulate. each hind tibia has 1 - 6 short, more or less oblique ridges on outer surface; tarsal segments may also bear ridges. most are solid black, but some have red, orange or yellow markings\nplants in aster family, some trees, mostly oak. for many species, food in unknown .\nford e. j. , jackman j. a. (1996) new larval host plant associations of tumbling flower beetles (coleoptera: mordellidae) in north america. coleopterists bulletin 50: 361 - 368 .\nnomenclatural changes for selected mordellidae (coleoptera) in north america j. a. jackman & w. lu. 2001. insecta mundi 15 (1): 31 - 34 .\ntaxonomic changes for fifteen species of north american mordellidae (coleoptera) a. e. lisberg. 2003. insecta mundi 17 (3 - 4): 191 - 194 .\namerican beetles, volume ii: polyphaga: scarabaeoidea through curculionoidea arnett, r. h. , jr. , m. c. thomas, p. e. skelley and j. h. frank. (eds .). 2002. crc press llc, boca raton, fl .\na manual of common beetles of eastern north america dillon, elizabeth s. , and dillon, lawrence. 1961. row, peterson, and company .\npeterson field guides: beetles richard e. white. 1983. houghton mifflin company .\nthe book of field and roadside: open - country weeds, trees, and wildflowers of eastern north america john eastman, amelia hansen. 2003. stackpole books .\ndisclaimer: dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service. we strive to provide accurate information, but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world. if you need expert professional advice, contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content. click the contributor' s name for licensing and usage information. everything else copyright © 2003 - 2018 iowa state university, unless otherwise noted .\nenter the name or part of a name you wish to search for. the asterisk character * can be used as wildcard. e. g.' papilio *'. keep in mind that the search is only based on the full taxon name .\nwe are still having problems with the search feature. unfortunately we cannot give a timeline when the advanced search will be fixed .\nmuseum für naturkunde leibniz - institut für evolutions - und biodiversitätsforschung invalidenstr. 43 10115 berlin germany e - mail: fauna - eu (at) mfn - berlin. de website: urltoken\n2004 - 05 - 10 by prof. paolo audisio & by dr. jan horak\nthis work is licensed under a creative commons attribution - share alike 3. 0 license\npesi is funded by the european union 7th framework programme within the research infrastructures programme. contract no. ri - 223806. activity area: capacities. period 2008 - 2011 - website hosted & developed by vliz banner picture: gannet (morus bassanus (linnaeus, 1758) ) by karl van ginderdeuren - contact pesi\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnote: you should have a urltoken account to upload new topics and comments. please, create an account or log in to add comments\n* our website is multilingual. some comments have been translated from other languages .\nthere are no photos of this species on the website yet. you can offer your photo by logging into your account\ncurators: konstantin efetov, vasiliy feoktistov, svyatoslav knyazev, evgeny komarov, stan korb, alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion, flight time, etc.." ]

{ "text": [ "mordellistena sericata is a species of beetle in the mordellistena genus that is in the mordellidae family .", "it was described by wollaston in 1864 . " ], "topic": [ 27, 5 ] }

[ "mordellistena sericata is a species of beetle in the mordellistena genus that is in the mordellidae family. it was described by wollaston in 1864." ]

[ "this is the place for lanuginosus definition. you find here lanuginosus meaning, synonyms of lanuginosus and images for lanuginosus copyright 2017 © urltoken\nthe above specimen data are provided by antweb. please see cephalotes lanuginosus for further details\nhere you will find one or more explanations in english for the word lanuginosus. also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word lanuginosus and, of course, lanuginosus synonyms and on the right images related to the word lanuginosus .\nmore research examining all aspects of the biology of cephalotes is needed. our present understanding of these ants is largely based on species that live in locations other than the forest canopy, which is where cephalotes are most common and diverse .\nde andrade, m. l. ; baroni urbani, c. 1999. diversity and adaptation in the ant genus cephalotes, past and present. stuttgarter beitrage zur naturkunde series b (geolgie and palaontologie). 271: 1 - 889. (page 654, soldier, queen, male described; page 652, combination in cephalotes, revived from synonymy and senior synonym of lobigaster )\nlobigaster. cryptocerus (paracryptocerus) lobigaster santschi, 1919f: 47, fig. 4 (w .) argentina. junior synonym of liogaster: kempf, 1958a: 25; of lanuginosus: de andrade & baroni urbani, 1999: 652 .\nde andrade and baroni urbani (1999) - very similar to the male of cephalotes pilosus but differing from it in the details listed below: eyes larger. scutellum broader and less convex dorsally. anterior face of the petiole less concave. petiole and postpetiole broader .\nworker. type locality: alta gracia (cordoba, argentina). type material: 2 syntype workers labelled “cryptocerus lanuginosus, type, sant. , cordoba, alta gracia, bruch leg .\n, in naturhistorisches museum basel, examined. synonymy with liogaster by kempf, 1958 a: 25 .\nthe behavioral repertoire of cephalotes varians has been examined in great detail (ethograms from wilson 1976, cole 1980 and cole 1983). soldiers do little else besides defend the nest. this specialized soldier behavior is presumed to be the norm for most species. an especially interesting behavior occurs when workers are dislodged from trees: they\nfly\ntowards the tree, often grabbing the trunk well above the ground (video) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 3. 2 final / / en\nworker castes typically include two forms, a worker and soldier, but there are a few species that are monomorphic. the larger soldier caste typically has an enlarged head disk. in some species the head of the soldier is very different from the worker while in others these differences are less pronounced. queens and soldiers tend to share similar head morphology. soldiers use their heads to plug the nest entrance. this can be very effective in excluding potential intruders. other morphological differences between the worker castes are present but these differences have not been studied as well as head moprhology .\nmature nest size varies, by species, from less than a hundred to many thousands of workers. available evidence suggests most species are monogynous. queens may mate with multiple males .\nthe following information is derived from barry bolton' s new general catalogue, a catalogue of the world' s ants .\nsantschi, 1919f: 46 (w .) argentina. de andrade & baroni urbani, 1999: 654 (s. q. m .). combination in\nunless otherwise noted the text for the remainder of this section is reported from the publication that includes the original description .\nde andrade and baroni urbani (1999) - head slightly broader than long. vertexal angles subround, with slightly crenulate border and with a median pair of denticles. vertexal margin concave. frontal carinae slightly upturned over the eyes. compound eyes large and strongly protruding. mandibles superficially carinate laterally .\nmesosoma gently convex in side view. scapular angles reduced but visible in dorsal view. pronotum with a lateral lamella bearing three pairs of teeth of variable size, the first pair large and pointed, the second and third ones small, more pointed in small workers and simply angulate in large workers. sides of mesonotum unarmed, rarely with a minute denticle. promesonotal suture poorly impressed. propodeal suture superficially impressed. propodeum with differentiate basal and declivous faces; sides of the basal face with a denticle followed by a tooth, sometimes the denticles simply angulate or absent; sides of the declivous face of the propodeum unarmed, or with two pairs of small denticles .\npetiole with truncate and deeply concave anterior face, and bearing or not a pair of lateral denticles. petiolar spines arising from the anterior face of the petiole, pointed and curved backwards. postpetiole as broad as the petiole; its lateral expansions broad, developed anteriorly, curved and pointed backwards .\nmid and hind femora not angulate; mid and hind basitarsi flat and with subparallel sides .\nsculpture. body slightly shining, minutely reticulate - punctate, the reticulation very superficial or absent on the frontal carinae, on the anterior fourth of the first gastral tergite, on the sides of the corresponding sternite, and on the legs. remaining part of the first gastral sternite shining. head, mesosoma, pedicel foveolate, the foveae larger, sparser and more regular on the frons, very irregular on the ventral part of the head and on the pedicel. frontal carinae, ventral part of the head, pleurae and anterior half of the first gastral tergite with additional, thin rugosities, more longitudinally parallel on the frontal carinae, on the sides of the head, on the propleurae and on the anterior half of the first gastral tergite, less regular on the meso - and metapleurae and concentric behind the mouth and in front of the postoccipital bridge. distal part of the outer face of the femora, and tibiae with superficial, irregular foveae .\npilosity. body with four types of hairs: (1) appressed and originating from part of the foveae, of size proportional to the one of the fovea from which they originate; similar hairs of variable size on the body parts without foveae; (2) pointed, long, flexuous, originating either from the undifferentiated integument or from the remaining foveae not bearing type (1) hairs; (3) short and truncate on the two last funicular joints and on the tarsomeres; (4) longer than type (3) and pointed, on the remaining funicular joints and on the mandibles .\ncolour. black. frontal carinae yellow - orange and semitransparent. tarsomeres light brown .\nmeasurements (in mm) and indices: tl 4. 32 - 5. 00; hl 1. 02 - 1. 16; hw 1. 08 - 1. 28; el 0. 30 - 0. 32; pw 0. 93 - 1. 16; pew 0. 50 - 0. 64; ppw 0. 51 - 0. 65; hbal 0. 41 - 0. 51; hbaw 0. 10 - 0. 13; ci 105. 9 - 112. 3; pi 110. 3 - 116. 1; ppei 180. 0 - 200. 0; pppi 178. 5 - 186. 2; hbai 22. 94 - 25. 5 .\nde andrade and baroni urbani (1999) - head as broad as long, with complete disc. floor of the disc convex posteriorly and concave anteriorly. frontal carinae and borders of the disc strongly crenulate and raised only anteriorly. sides of the disc subparallel, converging backwards, not hiding the eyes and connected by the convex posterior border of the disc. vertexal angles broad, convex, converging towards the vertex and with strongly crenulate border. mandibles with a strong carina. dorsal border of the antennal scrobes with a longitudinal, denticulate carina just in front of the eyes .\nmesosoma. anterior pronotal border gently convex. humeral angles with a pair of pointed teeth. pronotal sides gently convex with or without a crenulate border on the anterior half only. pronotal carina generally well marked (less so among small specimens), strongly crenulate and medially interrupted by a sulcus. promesonotal suture deep and less impressed medially. sides of the mesonotum with a small, broad, round expansion. propodeal suture impressed. propodeum with well differentiate basal and declivous faces. sides of the basal face with a small pair of short, broad, subround or truncate teeth and with a pair of large, stout teeth curved upwards. declivous face medially concave, its sides converging posteriorly .\npetiole with the anterior face oblique and deeply concave medially, its sides with a pair of pointed spines curved backwards. postpetiole convex. postpetiolar sides with a pair of thick, round expansions arising from the anterior border, directed anterolaterally and pointed backwards .\nmid and hind femora without angles or denticles. hind basitarsi with subparallel sides .\nsculpture. head, mesosoma and pedicel, outer face of the femora and of the tibiae superficially shining, minutely reticulate - punctate and foveolate; the foveae more regular on the head dorsum, sparser on the frontal carinae, smaller on the pedicel. pleurae with rugosities superimposed to the reticulation, the rugosities longitudinal on the propleurae, irregular on the meso - and lower metapleurae and oblique on the upper metapleurae. gaster reticulate, the reticulation less impressed on the posterior half of the first gastral sternite. anterior fourth of the first gastral tergite with additional, small, superficial foveae and with few longitudinal rugosities. distal part of the outer face of the femora, and tibiae with superficial, irregular, small foveae .\ncolour. black. head dorsum and pronotal sides orange to light brown. first gastral tergite with two pairs of orange spots, the first pair behind the lobes and the second one close to the posterior border. few specimens with the whole pronotum, part of the mesonotum, the propodeal sides, and the outer ace of the tibiae orange. some specimens without gastral spots .\nmeasurements (in mm) and indices: tl 6. 56 - 8. 02; hl 1. 72 - 1. 96; hw 1. 68 - 1. 96; el 0. 36 - 0. 40; pw 1. 60 - 1. 92; pew 0. 70 - 0. 84; ppw 0. 73 - 0. 84; hbal 0. 45 - 0. 51; hbaw 0. 14 - 0. 16; ci 97. 7 - 102. 3; pi 102. 1 - 105. 0; ppei 225. 3 - 240. 0; pppi 219. 2 - 228. 6; hbai 31. 1 - 31. 4 .\nde andrade and baroni urbani (1999) - head of variable width, slightly narrower or broader than long, with a complete disc. floor of the disc convex posteriorly and gently concave anteriorly. frontal carinae and borders of the disc strongly crenulate and raised anteriorly only. sides of the disc converging backwards, not hiding the protruding eyes and connected by a convex or truncate border; small gynes have the posterior sides of the disc with less marked border. vertexal angles convex, with a median pair of denticles and with crenulate border. mandibles with a strong carina. dorsal border of the antennal scrobes with a longitudinal carina bearing a tooth in front of the eyes; the tooth may be preceded by a crenulation among small specimens .\nmesosoma. anterior pronotal border gently convex. humeral angles with a pair of small denticles. pronotal sides straight and sometimes weakly marginate. pronotal carina well marked and strongly crenulate in large specimens; small specimens have the pronotal carina less marked on the sides. mesonotum and scutellum flat. propodeum with well differentiate basal and declivous faces. sides of the basal face with a small pair of short, obtuse denticles and with a pair of large teeth pointing laterally. declivous face medially concave; its sides converging posteriorly and superficially carinate laterally .\npetiole with the anterior face oblique and deeply concave medially; its sides with a pair of small, pointed denticles curved backwards. postpetiole convex. postpetiolar sides with a pair of variably developed round expansions arising from the anterior border and directed backwards .\nsculpture. as in the soldier except for the foveae, less impressed on the mesonotum and on the scutellum .\nmeasurements (in mm) and indices: tl 8. 78 - 9. 32; hl 1. 72 - 1. 74; hw 1. 68 - 1. 78; el 0. 40; pw 1. 60 - 1. 76; pew 0. 64 - 0. 73; ppw 0. 74 - 0. 87; hbal 0. 57 - 0. 60; hbaw 0. 16; ci 97. 7 - 102. 3; pi 101. 1 - 105. 0; ppei 241. 1 - 250. 0; pppi 202. 3 - 216. 2; hbai 26. 7 - 28. 1 .\nsculpture. first gastral tergite more shining. body rugosities more regular, parallel; thicker on the propodeum and on the pedicel .\ncolour. black. distal third of the femora, tibiae and tarsi dark yellow .\nmeasurements (in mm) and indices: tl 5. 88 - 6. 56; hl 0. 90 - 0. 92; hw 1. 16; el 0. 48; pw 1. 04 - 1. 10; pew 0. 60; ppw 0. 63; hbal 0. 52 - 0. 55; hbaw 0. 12 - 0. 13; ci 126. 1 - 128. 9; pi 105. 4 - 111. 5; ppei 173. 3 - 183. 3; pppi 165. 1 - 174. 6; hbai 23. 1 - 23. 6 .\ncryptocerus lobigaster. worker. type locality: cabana (cordoba, brazil). type material: holotype worker (unique) labeled “cryptocerus lobigaster, type, sant. , argentine, cabana, (scott leg) ”, in nhmb, examined .\nkempf, w. w. 1958a. new studies of the ant tribe cephalotini (hym. formicidae). stud. entomol. (n. s .) 1: 1 - 168 (page 25, junior synonym of liogaster )\nsantschi, f. 1919f. nouveaux formicides de la république argentine. an. soc. cient. argent. 87: 37 - 57 (page 46, worker described )\nthis page was last modified on 22 june 2015, at 06: 34 .\ncredits - computer translations are provided by a combination of our statistical machine translator, google, microsoft, systran and worldlingo .\nwe use cookies to enhance your experience. by continuing to visit this site you agree to our use of cookies. learn more .\nnew * no limits * build update for kodi 18 & 17. 6 - get no limits back in 2018 - fastest install\ndegraders. it is cl * * * * ified as a deuteromycete ...\nin 1853 .\nanimal species: white - banded bees\n. australian ...\nplazi is a not - for - profit association supporting and promoting the development of persistent and openly accessible digital taxonomic literature. plazi maintains a digital taxonomic literature repository, enhances submitted taxonomic treatments by creating taxonx xml versions, participates in the development of new models for publishing taxonomic treatments, and advocates and educates about the vital importance of maintaining free and open access to scientific discourse and data. last indexed june 6, 2014" ]

{ "text": [ "cephalotes lanuginosus is a species of arboreal ant of the genus cephalotes , characterized by an odd shaped head and the ability to \" parachute \" by steering their fall if they drop off of the tree they 're on .", "giving their name also as gliding ants . " ], "topic": [ 21, 25 ] }

[ "cephalotes lanuginosus is a species of arboreal ant of the genus cephalotes, characterized by an odd shaped head and the ability to \" parachute \" by steering their fall if they drop off of the tree they're on. giving their name also as gliding ants." ]

[ "chelaria formidolosa meyrick, 1916; exot. microlep. 1 (19): 581; tl: natal, pinetown\nhypatima formidolosa - species dictionary - southern africa - observations - page 1: ispot nature - your place to share nature. ispot is a website aimed at helping anyone identify anything in nature. once you' ve registered, you can add an observation to the website and suggest an identification yourself or see if anyone else can identify it for you .\nhypatima antsianakella viette, 1956; nat. malgache 8 (2): 209\nhypatima issikiana; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 39\nhypatima manjakatompo viette, 1956; nat. malgache 8 (2): 211\nhypatima perinetella viette, 1956; nat. malgache 8 (2): 210\nhypatima venefica; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 41\nhypatima anguinea; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 37\nhypatima antiastis; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 38\nhypatima apparitrix; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 38\nhypatima aridella; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 38\nhypatima caryodora; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 38\nhypatima cirrhospila; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 38\nhypatima corynetis; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 38\nhypatima ericta; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 38\nhypatima indica; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 39\nhypatima instaurata; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 39\nhypatima isopogon; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 39\nhypatima isoptila; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 39\nhypatima isotricha; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 39\nhypatima lactifera; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 39\nhypatima melanocharis; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 39\nhypatima nodifera; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 40\nhypatima orthomochla; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 40\nhypatima parichniota; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 40\nhypatima particulata; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 40\nhypatima phacelota; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 40\nhypatima pilosella; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 40\nhypatima rhicnota; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 40\nhypatima silvestris; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 41\nhypatima syncrypta; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 41\nhypatima tephroptila; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 41\nhypatima tonsa; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 41\nhypatima verticosa; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 41\nhypatima xerophanta; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 41\nhypatima xylotechna; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 41\nhypatima acicula park & ponomarenko, 1999; species diversity 4: 326; tl: s. thailand, khaoyai\nhypatima stenosa park & ponomarenko, 1999; species diversity 4: 331; tl: s. thailand, khaoyai\nhypatima mangiferae satter, 1989; bull. ent. res. 79 (3): 412; tl: kenya\nhypatima disetosella park, 1995; tropical lepid. 6 (1): 75; tl: nantou co. , taiwan\nhypatima issikiana park, 1995; tropical lepid. 6 (1): 77; tl: pingtung co. , taiwan\nhypatima nigro - grisea [ = nigrogrisea ] janse, 1949; moths s. afr. 5 (1): 47\nhypatima rhomboidella; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 40; [ fe ]\nhypatima spathota; [ nhm card ]; [ aucl ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 41\nhypatima excellentella ponomarenko, 1991; ent. obozr. 70 (3): 617; tl: barabash - levada, primorskii krai\nhypatima venefica ponomarenko, 1991; ent. obozr. 70 (3): 616; tl: barbash - levada, primorskii krai\nhypatima disetosella; brown, adamski, hodges & bahr, 2004, zootaxa 510: 47; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 38\nhypatima pentagonia park & ponomarenko, 1999; species diversity 4: 325; tl: nw. thailand, chiang mai, doi suthep - pui np, 1380m\nhypatima arignota; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 38; park & ponomarenko, 1999, species diversity 4: 330\nhypatima haligramma; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 39; park & ponomarenko, 1999, species diversity 4: 332\nhypatima iophana; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 29; park & ponomarenko, 1999, species diversity 4: 322\nhypatima teramotoi ueda, 2012; trans. lepid. soc. japan 62 (2): 81; tl: japan, honshu, osaka pref. , sakai city\nhypatima acris park, 1995; tropical lepid. 6 (1): 83; tl: taiwan, tainan co. , 2 - 3km s kwantzuling, ca. 350m\nhypatima excellentella; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 38; bae, lee & park, 2014, ent. res. 44: 19 (list )\nhypatima (chelariini); ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 37; [ sangmi lee ]; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 29; [ fe ]\nsattler k. & stride a. b. 1989. a new species of hypatima hübner (lepidoptera: gelechiidae) injurious to mango trees in east africa. - bulletin of entomological research 79: 411–420 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnb: the taxon name search is for single names only. for example, to locate dysodia vitrina flammata warren, 1904 you should enter flammata only .\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site. view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\n=; sattler, 1973, bull. br. mus. nat. hist. (ent .) 28 (4): 182; [ nacl ], 24; [ nhm card ]; [ aucl ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 37; [ sangmi lee ]; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 29; [ afromoths ]\n=; sattler, 1973, bull. br. mus. nat. hist. (ent .) 28 (4): 166; [ nacl ], 24; [ nhm card ]; [ aucl ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 37; [ sangmi lee ]; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 29; [ afromoths ]\n=; sattler, 1973, bull. br. mus. nat. hist. (ent .) 28 (4): 189; [ nhm card ]; [ aucl ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 37; [ sangmi lee ]; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 29; [ afromoths ]\n=; sattler, 1973, bull. br. mus. nat. hist. (ent .) 28 (4): 192; [ nacl ], 24; [ nhm card ]; [ aucl ]; [ sangmi lee ]; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 29; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 37; [ afromoths ]\n=; sattler, 1973, bull. br. mus. nat. hist. (ent .) 28 (4): 249; [ nacl ], 24; [ nhm card ]; [ aucl ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 37; [ sangmi lee ]; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 29; [ afromoths ]\n=; sattler, 1973, bull. br. mus. nat. hist. (ent .) 28 (4): 167; [ nacl ], 24; [ nhm card ]; [ aucl ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 37; [ sangmi lee ]; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 29; [ afromoths ]\n=; sattler, 1973, bull. br. mus. nat. hist. (ent .) 28 (4): 198; [ nacl ], 24; [ nhm card ]; [ aucl ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 37; [ sangmi lee ]; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 29; [ afromoths ]\nchelaria agriogramma meyrick, 1926; sarawak mus. j. 3: 153; tl: mt murud, 4500ft\nchelaria albo - grisea [ = albogrisea ] walsingham, 1881; trans. ent. soc. 1881 (2): 264, pl. 12, f. 34; tl: spring vale\nchelaria ammonura meyrick, 1921; exotic microlep. 2 (14): 430; tl: queensland, brisbane\nchelaria anguinea meyrick, 1913; j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 22 (1): 161; tl: khasi hills, assam\nanthotypa (meyrick, 1939) (chelaria); trans. r. ent. soc. lond. 89 (4): 54\nchelaria antiastis meyrick, 1929; exot. microlep. 3 (17): 514; tl: andamans, port blair\nchelaria apparitrix meyrick, 1921; zool. meded. leyden 6: 164; tl: java, preanger, 5000ft\nchelaria aridella walker, 1864; list spec. lepid. insects colln br. mus. 29: 639; tl: sarawak, borneo\nartochroma diakonoff, 1954; verh. k. akad. wet. amst. (2) 50 (1): 20\nchelaria attenuata meyrick, 1920; exotic microlep. 2 (10): 300; tl: new south wales, sydney\nchelaria baliodes lower, 1920; trans. proc. r. soc. s. aust. 44: 66; tl: warra, s. queensland\nchelaria binummulata meyrick, 1929; exot. microlep. 3 (17): 513; tl: natal, weenen\nchelaria brachyrrhiza meyrick, 1921; exotic microlep. 2 (14): 431; tl: fiji, lautoka\nchelaria caryodora meyrick, 1913; j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 22 (1): 164; tl: khasi hills, assam\nchelaria cirrhospila meyrick, 1920; exotic microlep. 2 (10): 302; tl: khasi hills, assam\nchelaria corynetis meyrick, 1913; j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 22 (1): 162; tl: maskeliya, ceylon\ncryptopluta diakonoff, 1954; verh. k. akad. wet. amst. (2) 50 (1): 21\nnothris cyrtopleura turner, 1919; proc. r. soc. qd 31 (10): 165; tl: n. australia, port darwin; n. queensland, kuranda\nchelaria demonstrata meyrick, 1920; exotic microlep. 2 (10): 303; tl: new guinea, kei is .\nchelaria dermatica meyrick, 1921; exotic microlep. 2 (14): 432; tl: queensland, brisbane\ntaiwan, thailand, philippines, ceylon, andaman is. , borneo, sulawesi, queensland. see [ maps ]\ntituacea [ sic ] deviella; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 43\nchelaria discissa meyrick, 1916; exot. microlep. 1 (19): 581; tl: queensland, cairns\ndisposita (meyrick, 1931) (chelaria); exotic microlep. 4 (2 - 4): 71\nnothris dissidens meyrick, 1913; ann. transv. mus. 3 (4): 301; tl: waterval onder\nephippias (meyrick, 1937) (chelaria); exotic microlep. 5 (3): 95\nchelaria ericta meyrick, 1913; j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 22 (1): 162; tl: maskeliya, ceylon\nchelaria euchorda meyrick, 1923; exot. microlep. 3 (1 - 2): 31; tl: brazil, para, parintins\ncymatomorpha euplecta meyrick, 1904; proc. linn. soc. n. s. w. 29 (2): 412; tl: brisbane, queensland; sydney, new south wales; gisborne, victoria; quorn, south australia\nlarva on quercus mongolica ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 39\nchelaria haligramma meyrick, 1926; exot. microlep. 3 (12): 382; tl: anakapalli, s. india\nlarva on anacardium occidentale ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 39\nchelaria harpophora meyrick, 1921; exotic microlep. 2 (14): 431; tl: queensland, brisbane\npsoricoptera hora busck, 1914; proc. u. s. nat. mus. 47 (2043): 14; tl: alhajuela, panama\nchelaria improba meyrick, 1913; ann. transv. mus. 3 (4): 297; tl: barberton\ngelechia indica swinhoe, 1885; proc. zool. soc. lond. 1885: 884; tl: bombay, india\nchelaria instaurata meyrick, 1921; zool. meded. leyden 6: 165; tl: java, preangor, 5000ft\nchelaria iophana meyrick, 1913; j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 22 (1): 162; tl: ceylon\nchelaria isopogon meyrick, 1929; exot. microlep. 3 (17): 513; tl: belke, kanara, india\nchelaria isoptila meyrick, 1913; j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 22 (1): 163; tl: kandy, ceylon\nchelaria isotricha meyrick, 1921; zool. meded. leyden 6: 164; tl: java, preangor, 5000ft\nchelaria lactifera meyrick, 1913; j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 22 (1): 161; tl: khasi hills, assam\nchelaria lecticata meyrick, 1926; exot. microlep. 3 (9): 282; tl: transvaal, pilgrims rest\nchelaria loxosaris meyrick, 1918; ann. transv. mus. 6 (2): 21; tl: natal, umkomaas\nchelaria mancipata meyrick, 1913; ann. transv. mus. 3 (4): 297; tl: three sisters\nchelaria melanecta meyrick, 1914; ann. s. afr. mus. 10 (8): 246; tl: transvaal, johannesburg\nchelaria melanocharis meyrick, 1934; exotic microlep. 4 (16 - 17): 511; tl: telawa, java\nchelaria meliptila meyrick, 1926; exot. microlep. 3 (9): 283; tl: new ireland, st. matthias i .\nchelaria metaphorica meyrick, 1921; exotic microlep. 2 (14): 430; tl: queensland, brisbane\nchelaria microgramma meyrick, 1920; exotic microlep. 2 (10): 301; tl: new south wales, sydney\nmycetinopa (meyrick, 1934) (chelaria); exotic microlep. 4 (15): 451\nchelaria nimbigera meyrick, 1926; exot. microlep. 3 (9): 283; tl: new ireland, new hanover i .\nchelaria nodifera meyrick, 1930; ann. soc. ent. fr. 99 (suppl): 724; tl: tonkin\nchelaria orthomochla meyrick, 1932; exotic microlep. 4 (7): 199; tl: java\nchelaria orthostathma meyrick, 1921; exotic microlep. 2 (14): 429; tl: queensland, brisbane\nchelaria parichniota meyrick, 1938; dt. ent. z. iris 52: 4; tl: likiang, china\nchelaria particulata meyrick, 1913; j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 22 (1): 167; tl: maskeliya, ceylon\nchelaria phacelota meyrick, 1913; j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 22 (1): 166; tl: peradeniya, ceylon\ngelechia pilosella walker, 1864; list spec. lepid. insects colln br. mus. 29: 640; tl: sarawak, borneo\nchelaria probolaea meyrick, 1913; ann. transv. mus. 3 (4): 298; tl: barberton\nallocota procax meyrick, 1911; trans. linn. soc. lond. (2) 14: 274\nchelaria rhicnota meyrick, 1916; exot. microlep. 1 (19): 580; tl: shevaroys, s. india\nlarva on mangifera indica ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 40\n=; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 40; [ nhm card ]\n=; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 40; [ nhm card ]\nlarva on betula spp. , alnus spp. , corylus avellana, carpinus betulus, populus spp. ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 41\nchelaria scopulosa meyrick, 1913; j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 22 (1): 165; tl: karwar, kanara\ncymatomorpha scotia turner, 1919; proc. r. soc. qd 31 (10): 160; tl: n. queensland, kuranda\nchelaria silvestris meyrick, 1913; j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 22 (1): 164; tl: khasi hills, assam\nallocota simulacrella meyrick, 1904; proc. linn. soc. n. s. w. 29 (2): 420; tl: sydney, new south wales\nchelaria solutrix meyrick, 1911; ann. transv. mus. 3 (1): 69; tl: woodbush village\nsorograpta (meyrick, 1931) (chelaria); exotic microlep. 4 (2 - 4): 70\nchelaria spathota meyrick, 1913; j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 22 (1): 165; tl: konkan, bombay\nlarva on mangifera indica, lannea grandis ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 41\ndeuteroptila sphenophora meyrick, 1904; proc. linn. soc. n. s. w. 29 (2): 419; tl: brisbane, queensland\nchelaria stasimodes meyrick, 1931; exotic microlep. 4 (2 - 4): 70\nsubdentata diakonoff, 1954; verh. k. akad. wet. amst. (2) 50 (1): 17\ngelechia sublectella walker, 1864; list spec. lepid. insects colln br. mus. 29: 640; tl: sarawak, borneo\nchelaria syncrypta meyrick, 1916; exot. microlep. 1 (19): 580; tl: maskeliya, ceylon\nchelaria tenebrosa meyrick, 1920; exotic microlep. 2 (10): 301; tl: south australia, quorn\nchelaria tephroplintha meyrick, 1923; exot. microlep. 3 (1 - 2): 30; tl: fiji, labasa\nchelaria tephroptila meyrick, 1931; exotic microlep. 4 (2 - 4): 70; tl: mahableshwar, bombay\nlarva on quercus acutissima, quercus serrata, q. variabilis, q. glauca, q. phillyraeoides ueda, 2012, trans. lepid. soc. japan 62 (2): 85\nchelaria tessulata meyrick, 1921; exotic microlep. 2 (14): 431; tl: queensland, cairns\nsemodictis tetraptila meyrick, 1909; ann. transv. mus. 2 (1): 16, pl. 5, f. 7; tl: kranspoort, pretoria\nchelaria tonsa meyrick, 1913; j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 22 (1): 164; tl: khasi hills, assam\nepisacta toreuta turner, 1919; proc. r. soc. qd 31 (10): 162; tl: n. queensland, kuranda, near cairns\nchelaria trachyspila meyrick, 1933; exotic microlep. 4 (12): 354\nchelaria triannulata meyrick, 1911; ann. transv. mus. 3 (1): 69; tl: woodbush village\ntricosma (meyrick, 1933) (chelaria); exotic microlep. 4 (12): 355\nlarva on quercus mongolica ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 41\nchelaria verticosa meyrick, 1913; j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 22 (1): 166; tl: n. coorg, 3500ft\nchelaria xerophanta meyrick, 1930; ann. soc. ent. fr. 99 (suppl): 724; tl: tonkin\nchelaria xylotechna meyrick, 1932; exotic microlep. 4 (7): 199; tl: java\nchelaria zesticopa meyrick, 1929; exot. microlep. 3 (17): 514; tl: texas, alpine, fort davis, 5000 - 8000ft; new mexico, bent, 7000ft\n[ afromoths ] de prins, j. & de prins, w. , 2013\nsangmi lee, richard brown & sibyl bucheli. gelechioidea - a global framework ;\n[ maps ] warning! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information, and the process does not always produce acceptable result; see about maps for more info .\nmicrolepidoptera of new guinea, results of the third archbold expedition (american - netherlands indian expedition 1938 - 1939). part iv\nthe natural history of british insects; explaining them in their several states... with the history of such minute insects as require investigation by the microscope\nlepidoptera britannica, sistens digestimen novam lepidopterorum quae in magna britannica reperiunter... adjunguntur dissertationes variae ad historiam naturalam spectantes\nsystema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum clases, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, symonymis, locis. tomis i. 10th edition\nin gardiner, no. xii. tortricina and tineina. results of the percy sladen trust expedition to the indian ocean in 1905\nwalsingham, 1881 on the tortricidae, tineidae, and pterophoridae of south africa trans. ent. soc. 1881 (2): 219 - 288, pl. 10 - 13\nif you have corrections, comments or information to add into these pages, just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources, and may include many inaccuracies. expert help is welcome .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis article will be permanently flagged as inappropriate and made unaccessible to everyone. are you certain this article is inappropriate ?\nas part our commitment to scholarly and academic excellence, all articles receive editorial review .\ncopyright © world library foundation. all rights reserved. ebooks from project gutenberg are sponsored by the world library foundation, a 501c (4) member' s support non - profit organization, and is not affiliated with any governmental agency or department .\nwalsingham thomas de grey 1881. on the tortricidae, tineidae and pterophoridae of south africa. - transactions of the entomological society of london 1881 (2): 219–288, pls 10–13 .\nviette p. 1957a. nouveaux gelechiidae de madagascar (lepidoptera). - le naturaliste malgache 8 (1956) (2): 209–224 .\nmeyrick e. 1918a. descriptions of south african micro - lepidoptera. - annals of the transvaal museum 6 (2): 7–59 .\nmeyrick e. 1913b. descriptions of south african micro - lepidoptera. iv - annals of the transvaal museum 3 (4): 267–336 .\nmeyrick e. 1921b. descriptions of south african micro - lepidoptera. - annals of the transvaal museum 8 (2): 49–148 .\nmeyrick e. 1914b. descriptions of south african microlepidoptera. - annals of the south african museum 10: 243–257 .\njanse a. j. t. 1949a. the moths of south africa. v. gelechiadae. - — 5 (1): 1–60, pls. 1–32 .\nmeyrick e. 1911d. tortricina and tineina. results of the percy sladen trust expedition to the indian ocean in 1905. - transactions of the linnean society of london (2) 14 (3): 263–307 .\nmeyrick e. 1911c. descriptions of south african micro - lepidoptera. . - annals of the transvaal museum 3 (1): 63–83 .\nmeyrick e. 1909b. descriptions of transvaal micro - lepidoptera. - annals of the transvaal museum 2 (1): 1–28, pls. 1–8." ]

{ "text": [ "hypatima formidolosa is a moth in the gelechiidae family .", "it was described by meyrick in 1916 .", "it is found in south africa ( kwazulu-natal , mpumalanga , gauteng ) .", "the wingspan is 17-18 mm .", "the forewings are white sprinkled with grey , with scattered indistinct grey spots or mottling and with two more distinct small dark grey spots on the costa before the middle , several on the posterior half , a dot on the dorsum at four-fifths , and a cloudy spot on the tornus .", "there is also a small semi-oval blackish spot on the middle of the costa , and one reversed in the disc somewhat before it .", "there is a black dash towards the costa at four-fifths , and an elongate dot beneath the apex .", "the hindwings are light grey , paler anteriorly . " ], "topic": [ 2, 5, 20, 9, 1, 1, 1, 1 ] }

[ "hypatima formidolosa is a moth in the gelechiidae family. it was described by meyrick in 1916. it is found in south africa (kwazulu-natal, mpumalanga, gauteng). the wingspan is 17-18 mm. the forewings are white sprinkled with grey, with scattered indistinct grey spots or mottling and with two more distinct small dark grey spots on the costa before the middle, several on the posterior half, a dot on the dorsum at four-fifths, and a cloudy spot on the tornus. there is also a small semi-oval blackish spot on the middle of the costa, and one reversed in the disc somewhat before it. there is a black dash towards the costa at four-fifths, and an elongate dot beneath the apex. the hindwings are light grey, paler anteriorly." ]

[ "town ant, cut ant, parasol ant, fungus ant and night ant. also leafcutter ant and leafcutting ant .\nbugtime pest control’s jeff nation had a bad feeling about the obscure texas leafcutter ant .\nant world, staring the texas leafcutter ant, atta texana - kenneth kramm, 3: 18 min. youtube video\ntexas leaf cutting ant - bastiaan m. drees and michael merchant, entomologists, texas agrilife extension\nfor example, unless a pmp works in rural texas, he may never come across the texas leafcutter ant (atta spp .) .\n. insects in the city: texas leaf cutting ant. texas a & m agrilife extension fact sheet. (\ntexas leafcutting ant. photo by susan ellis, courtesy of bugwood. org .\ntexas leafcutting ant colony (\ntown\n) in forest, east texas. photo by ronald f. billings, texas a & m forest service, courtesy of bugwood. org .\nleafcutter ants and many other ant species are common in tropical rainforests. ↵ (48 sec; 8 mb )\ndefoliation of pine plantation by texas leafcutting ants. photo by ronald f. billings, texas a & m forest service, courtesy of bugwood. org .\ntexas leafcutting ant castes. photo by r. scott cameron, advanced forest protection, inc. , courtesy of bugwood. org .\nthe most visible evidence of leafcutter ant activity is a trail of ants carrying bits of leaves or other organic material back to their nest .\nthe texas leaf - cutting ant and its control. walter et al. 1938. usda circular no. 494: 1 - 18 .\nexcavated chamber of texas leafcutting ant colony showing fungus garden. photo by john moser, usda forest service, courtesy of bugwood. org .\nwhere do they live? a leafcutter ant nest may descend as deep as six meters. within the large nests of atta leafcutter ants, air circulation is controlled by natural movements of warm air from their nests perimeter to its center .\njeff nation, service manager for humble, texas - based bugtime pest control, came across texas leafcutter ants about five years into his pest management career. a customer located in a rural part of town called the company after she and her husband couldn’t get rid of the ants .\nbuckley, s. b. 1860. the cutting ant of texas. proceedings of the academy of natural sciences of philadelphia 12: 233 - 236 .\nthe cutting ant of texas. buckley, s. b. 1860. proceedings of the academy of natural sciences of philadelphia 12: 233 - 236 .\nwhen spraying the leafcutter ant trails as a residual insecticide, use 2 oz per gallon. the trails are very distinctive, looking like a worn path of bare ground .\nhe now knows the texas leafcutter ant is primarily a problem in the lone star state, although they also can be found in louisiana and mexico. this species feeds on fungus they make by stripping the leaves off plants and trees and piling up the foliage in their chambers .\nmoser, j. g. 1983. town ant. in history, status and future needs for entomology research in southern forests. proc. 10th anniv. e. texas forest entomol. seminar. oct. 6 - 7, 1983. kurth lake, texas .\nafter 15 years in the business, nation now advises other pmps dealing with texas leafcutter ants to stop their protocol and switch to his control method. he tells them to stick with non - repellents that can be transferred from ant to ant. he also recommends they treat the mounds, the trails, the foliage they favor and the ground on which they’re foraging .\nmueller, u. g. et al. 2011. evolution of cold - tolerant fungal symbionts permits winter fungiculture by leafcutter ants at the northern frontier of a tropical ant–fungus symbiosis. pnas .\ncastes a mature colony of texas leafcutter ants can contain 100, 000 insects, mostly made up of sterile female workers. depending on their size, female workers are divided into four castes that dictate the functions they perform such as :\nconquer insecticide since leafcutter ant nests may extend deep underground, and are often located near bodies of water, when in doubt call your local extension agency for their recommendations before using any insecticide spray .\n“since then, i’ve learned that going at texas leafcutter ants with non - repellents often is far more effective, ” he says. “typically, when i treat them now, i never have a callback. it’s just one and done. ”\n( a) close up of texas leafcutting ant, worker head; (b) injury inflicted by mandibles. photos by j. moser, usda forest service, courtesy of bugwood. org .\n, the type of ant most eaten in mexico, has a nutty flavor .\nabout 80 percent of the half - acre yard was covered in nests he could see before he even pulled into the driveway. master: jeff nation, service manager, bugtime pest control, humble, texas invading species: texas leafcutter ant (atta texana) war story: 80 percent of yard covered by nests of species he was fairly unfamiliar with. winning way: non - repellents on mounds, trails, foliage they favor. photo: bugtime pest control\nwalter, e. v. , l. seaton, and a. a. mathewson. 1938. the texas leaf - cutting ant and its control. usda circular no. 494: 1 - 18 .\nants of the genus atta are leafcutter ants that comprise one of the two genera of leafcutting ants within the tribe attini, along with acromyrmex .\nit has been hypothesized that leafcutter ants propagated the same fungal lineage for 25 million years, which means they caused the fungus to reproduce itself .\nedward o. wilson discussing his research into how ants determine when another ant is dead .\nthen by chance, he received a sample of a non - repellent that he had never used. a handheld tank, 1 gal. of product, and a pinstream shot in the hole of each mound was all it took to finish off the texas leafcutter ants that remained on the property .\nlori lach, c. l. (2010). ant ecology. oxford university press .\ndo they bite? leafcutter worker ants bite if an intruder threatens their nest or their normal food - gathering activities. they are not aggressive if left alone .\nwhat do they eat? leafcutter ants feed on fungus within their nests. each species consume a different species of fungus, tending the fungi with grass, and leaf clippings. these fungi secrete warning chemicals when an ant introduces a leaf to the nest that is toxic .\nthe texas leafcutting ant is the northernmost species of leafcutting ants and persists because its mutualistic fungi are more cold - tolerant than are fungal species cultivated by more tropical and subtropical ant species (mueller et al. 2011). consequently, warming temperatures are likely to promote northward spread of this ant and its fungal associates. the establishment of texas leafcutting ant colonies depends on the availability of forest gaps with sandy soils (cahal et al. 1993, fisher and cover 2007), availability of suitable host plants (cahal et al. 1993, saverschek and roces 2011), and on colony ability to initiate and sustain their fungal garden (currie et al. 1999, currie and stuart 2001, mighell and van bael 2016) .\n( a) workers cutting leaf disks; (b) worker carrying leaf disk; (c) foraging trail. photo a by herbert a. ‘joe’ pase iii, texas a & m forest service; photo b by ronald f. billings, texas a & m forest service; both courtesy of bugwood. org .\nwhat orkin does service for a leafcutter ant problem begins with a thorough inspection by your pest management professional (pmp). if the inspection results in evidence of infestation, your pmp will provide expert advice on control and will be able help with other proactive tips, as well .\nmounds associated with its nests. in some areas the red imported fire ant has been displaced by the invasive\nwood ants collecting dried resin from a pine tree, with one ant becoming trapped in the sticky substance .\n) eat the honeydew that has fallen onto the surface of a leaf. the so - called argentine ant (\nwhat you can do for example, one proactive technique that can be helpful to prevent leafcutter ant damage to specific landscaping plants is to put a piece of smooth plastic, coated with an adhesive compound, around the base of the plant. this should trap the ants before they cut and remove the leaves .\nkrantz, g. w. & j. moser. 2012. a new genus and species of macrochelidae (acari: mesostigmata) associated with the texas leaf cutting ant, atta texana (buckley) in louisiana, usa. international journal of acarology 38 (7): 576 - 582 .\nmembers of leaf - cutter ant colonies suppress growth of bacteria and undesired fungi in their fungal gardens via glandular secretions .\nleafcutter ants can range from 0. 1 - 0. 65 inches in size. on the head of the leafcutter ant is the antennae. their antennae are usually fairly long and generally have 10 or more segments. they are the main sensory organs of the insect; the others are the eyes. leafcutter ants have two kinds of eyes: the 1) compound, lateral eyes, two in number and placed on the sides of the head, and the 2) simple, median eyes, ocelli, or stemmata, of which there are three on the vertex. both kinds are best developed in the males, less in the females and least in the workers, which often lack the stemmata altogether .\nsen, r. , h. d. ishak, t. r. kniffin, u. g. mueller. 2010. construction of chimaeric gardens through fungal intercropping: a symbiont choice experiment in the leafcutter ant atta texana (attini, formicidae). behavioral ecology and sociobiology 64: 1125 - 1133. full pdf\n…species have been described, including ant s, bees, ichneumons, chalcids, sawflies, wasps, and lesser - known types. except in the polar regions, they are abund ant in most habitats, particularly in tropical and subtropical regions .\ntexas leafcutter ants look like they eat leaves, but they are actually mycophagous, or fungus - eaters! see if you can follow one ant from a leaf to an underground fungus garden! like many other members of the order hymenoptera (bees, ants, and wasps), these leaf - cutting ants are girl - powered! the colony contains a queen, and the worker ants are all sterile sisters and daughters of that queen. see if you can find other members of this order in bug u !\nthe leafcutter ant is morphologically similar to all other hymenoptera with a body made up of three segments: the head, thorax, and abdomen (gastor). the thorax can be broken down into two major parts: the alitrunk, which contains the legs and wings, and the petiole, which is found directly anterior to the abdomen .\nforaging activity of the mexican leafcutting ant atta mexicana (f. smith), in a sonoran desert habitat (hymenoptera: formicidae )\nleafcutter ants are very specialized organisms in that they coevolved with another organism through symbiosis. this process took millions of years to occur, about 50 million years ago, which is when these ants began their relationship with plants .\nleafcutter ants can create bottom - up gaps by forming their large nests. the ants excavate soil rich in organic matter, and store additional organic matter in their underground chambers. this creates rich soils that promote plant growth .\neggs of the blind snake, liotyphlops albirostris, are incubated in a nest of the lower fungus - growing ant, apterostigma cf. goniodes\npredators and parasitoids affect foraging patterns in leafcutting ants. texas leafcutting ant populations are subject to predation by birds and arthropods (montoya - lerma et al. 2012) and especially to parasitism by scuttle flies, myrmosicarius texanus (greene) (diptera: phoridae) and apocephalus wallerae disney (disney 1980, waller and moser 1990), which attack ants along foraging trails (waller and moser 1990, erthal and tonhasca 2000). the effect of predators and parasitoids on foraging by texas leafcutting ants has not been investigated. phorids attacking other atta species have been shown to cause about 1% mortality but to reduce ant foraging (brança et al. 1998, erthal and tonhasca 2000). waller and moser (1990) noted that leafcutting ant workers responded to m. texanus attack by rearing up on their hind legs with mandibles open and abdomens tucked forward, by vigorously cleaning their heads and mandibles with their forelegs, and by reduced foraging. in some atta species, the smallest workers ride atop foliage fragments carried by larger foragers, primarily to defend against phorid attacks along foraging trails (feener and moss 1990), but this behavior apparently does not occur in the texas leafcutting ant (waller and moser 1990) .\nadjusting the size of their nest entrance holes helps keep the temperature there a constant 70°f, which makes fungus grow on the leaves. the ants typically tunnel about 20 ft. to reach the desired temperature during hot texas summers .\nthe texas leafcutting ant is considered the second most important pest in pine plantations, following southern pine beetle, dendroctonus frontalis zimmerman (coleoptera: curculionidae) (fischer 2015). fischer (2015) estimated that costs of control and seedling replacement average us $ 2. 3 million per year. these ants also become severe pests when they defoliate ornamental plantings or crops and when collapse of their colonies causes structural damage to homes or roads (cherrett 1986, moser 1986, cahal et al. 1993, dash et al. 2005, lópez - riquelme et al. 2006, hooper - bui and seymour 2007, fischer 2015, merchant and drees 2015, montoya - lerma et al. 2012). although leafcutting ants can defoliate a wide variety of plants, populations are regulated naturally by the availability of suitable nest sites and host plants and by predators, parasites, and antagonists of their fungal gardens (disney 1980; waller 1982a, b; cahal et al. 1993; currie et al. 1999; zavala - hurtado et al. 2000; reynolds and currie 2004; rodrigues et al. 2009). the following description of biology and management will focus on the texas leafcutter ant, also commonly known as the “town ant, ” supplemented with information for other leafcutting ant species .\nwalter et al. (1938) reports that about 50 species of insects and arachnids have been found within the nests in association with this ant .\nsuch mutualistic interdependence would seem to favor a high degree of specificity among partners. recent studies involving exchange of fungal symbionts among leafcutting ant species or preference among cultivars indicate that atta texana is capable of surviving on gardens composed of fungi from multiple leafcutting ant species (seal and tschinkel 2007, sen et al. 2010). nevertheless, the degree of mutualism between attine ant species and their garden fungi, including ant foraging to optimize carbohydrate: protein ratio for the fungi, has been proposed as an explanation for the success of these ants in the neotropics (shik et al. 2016) .\nsolomon, s. e. (2007) biogeography and evolution of widespread leafcutting ants, atta spp. (formicidae, attini). ph. d. thesis, the university of texas at austin, xi + 95 p .\n) in 2002. the hairy crazy ant is extremely difficult to control and is considered to be a major pest and threat to native species and ecosystems .\n( camponotinae, dolichoderinae) eat honeydew, a by - product of digestion secreted by certain aphids. the ant usually obtains the liquid by gently stroking the\nagricultural pests leafcutter ants can be a serious agricultural threat, as they can easily remove foliage. these pests can lead to an annual decrease in crop yield in affected areas. in north and south america, crop damage from these insects can total a billion dollars .\nwetterer, j. k. 1991. foraging ecology of the leaf - cutting ant acromyrmex octospinosus in a costa rican rain forest. psyche 98: 361 - 371 .\nleafcutting ants are primarily a tropical group, but three species, particularly the texas leafcutting ant, atta texana (buckley) (hymenoptera: formicidae), occur in the southern united states. leafcutting ants provide an example of the complexity of ecological interactions. as a result of extensive defoliation and nest excavation, these ants influence vegetation cover, soil structure, and water fluxes over a significant portion of the landscape. they also can be severe forest and crop pests, and collapse of their extensive underground colonies can undermine roads and structures. in texas, they are considered the second most important pest in pine plantations, following southern pine beetle, dendroctonus frontalis zimmerman (coleoptera: curculionidae). leafcutting ants can defoliate a wide variety of plants, but some plant species are unpalatable because of defensive chemicals or endophytic fungi growing within foliage. leafcutting ant populations also are regulated naturally by the availability of suitable nest sites and by predators, parasites, and antagonists of their fungal gardens. relatively few management options are available. one bait and one fipronil product are labeled for leafcutting ant control .\nvieira - neto, e. h. m. ; f. m. mundim; h. l. vasconcelos (2006) .\nhitchhiking behaviour in leafcutter ants: an experimental evaluation of three hypotheses\n. insectes sociaux 53: 326–332. doi: 10. 1007 / s00040 - 006 - 0876 - 7 .\nalthough the fungus gardens are the primary food source for leafcutting ants, other materials also are eaten. echols (1966b) noted that soybean oil attracts leafcutting ants. killion (1991) reported that texas leafcutting ants may feed on vertebrate tissues under at least some circumstances. leafcutting ants were observed feeding on rodents (captured in traps) that may have been dead when discovered by the ants. furthermore, he suggested that ant feeding on animal tissue may have been in response to drought - induced attraction to moisture sources .\nmikheyev, a. s. (2008) history, genetics and pathology of a leaf - cutting ant introduction: a case study of the guadeloupe invasion. biol. invasions, 10, 467 - 473 .\nleaf cutter ants are also known as\ncut ants\nor\nparasol ants\n. leaf cutter ants originate mainly in the usa. they are found in eastern and south central texas. they also can be found in parts of western louisiana. leaf cutter ants are not commonly found in subdivisions, but are considered an agricultural, rural pest. leaf cutter ants are serious agricultural pests in central and south america, causing millions of dollars in crop losses. the foraging leaf cutter worker ant is reddish or rust - colored. they range from 1 / 12 to 1 / 2 inch in length. the winged reproductives of the leaf cutter ants can be 1 - 1 / 4 inch longer. the leaf cutter ant has a spiny body and long legs .\n“they were concerned, ” nation reports. “they had this massive ant problem and they had been buying product at home depot and wal - mart, and nothing was doing anything. they didn’t know what to do. ”\ninvertebrate enemies and nest associates of the leaf - cutting ant atta texana (buckley) (formicudae, attini). waller, d. a. & j. c. moser. 1990. westview press, boulder, co .\nptm (basf, research triangle park, nc), is available for leafcutting ant control in pine plantations, including christmas trees (wilent 2015). the active ingredient is 9% fipronil. this product must be injected at least 7. 5 cm (3 inches) into each leafcutting ant exit hole, per label instructions. the insecticide must reach all portions of nests that can extend at least 7 m (22 ft .) deep in order to eliminate colonies .\nalejandro g. farji - brener, a. e. (2000). do leaf - cutting ant nests make\nbottom - up gaps in neotropical forests? a critical review of evidence\n. ecology letters, 219 - 227 .\nthe texas leafcutting ant provides a unique example in the united states of the complexity of ecological interactions involving the ants, their preferred hosts, endophytic and symbiotic fungi and bacteria, and associated invertebrates and vertebrates. their abundance is promoted by soil disturbance and canopy removal. their nest structure increases biodiversity and improves soil conditions, but their presence may reduce crop and forest production and undermine roads and structures in the vicinity of their nests. relatively few options are available or effective for reducing their foraging or eliminating nests. the two primary options that are effective are a bait and an insecticide that can be injected into nests .\nleafcutting ant nests provide resources for a variety of associated species. at least 80 species of myrmecophilous arthropods are known from leafcutting ant nests (dash et al. 2005, barnett et al. 2013), including cockroaches, attaphila fungicola wheeler (blattaria: blattidae) (waller and moser 1990), fungus - feeding flies, pholeomyia texensis sabrosky (diptera; milichiidae), and a variety of other diptera, orthoptera, and coleoptera (moser 1963, waller 1980, waller and moser 1990). in addition, leafcutting ant nests have served as nurseries for some species of frogs and snakes (schlüter and regös 1981, velásquez - múnera et al. 2008, baer et al. 2009, bruner et al. 2012) .\na leaf cutter ant nest can cover up to many hundred square feet in area coverage. these nests can extend as far as ten - twelve feet into the ground. leaf cutter ants prefer to nest in well - drained sand or loamy soils .\ncultural controls can mitigate yield losses from leafcutting ant foraging. cherrett (1986), saverschek and roces (2011), and montoya - lerma et al. (2012) recommended interplanting of unpalatable trees or shrubs as a cultural tactic for reducing leafcutting ant foraging. diversifying crops also can reduce losses to leafcutting ants (blanton and ewel 1985, cherrett 1986, varón et al. 2007). blanton and ewel (1985) reported that defoliation of cassava, manihot esculenta crantz, by leafcutting ants in costa rica was twice as high in monocultures and crop mixtures, compared to more diverse plantings, although overall rates were < 3% in all treatments. no data are available for cultural control of a. texana. obviously, these approaches require planning in advance of leafcutting ant appearance .\nlike human societies, ant colonies achieve things that no individual member can accomplish. nests are erected and maintained; chambers and tunnels are excavated; and territories are defended. individual ants acting in accord with simple, local information carry on all of these activities; there…\nleafcutter ants have some of the most morphologically diverse workers of any ant. the smallest workers (the minims) mainly work in the nest, caring for the brood and tending the fungus garden. medium - sized workers (medias) include foragers, who cut the leaves and bring them back to the nest for processing. the largest workers (majors) are usually associated with colony defense. their suitability as defenders is readily apparent in their large heads, with impressive mandibles powered by large muscles. their giant, armored heads and sharp, powerful mandibles are formidable weapons. although they do little else, the soldiers are always ready to rush out of the nest when disturbed to aggressively defend the colony .\nleafcutting ants are relatively immune to microbial pathogens (hughes et al. 2009), although high mortality of queens prior to successful colony establishment likely reflects a variety of entomopathogenic fungi that can be cultured from dead queens (marti et al. 2015). leaf - cutting ants defend themselves and their nestmates against generalist entomopathogens such as metarhizium spp. and ophiocordyceps spp. , as well as against pathogens of their fungus gardens (see above), by grooming secretions from paired metapleural glands that produce broad - spectrum antibiotics (jaccoud et al. 1999, fernández - marín et al. 2006, cremer et al. 2007). these defenses have contributed to the texas leafcutting ant’s ecological success .\nleaf cutting ants will attack pine trees but ordinarily they do little damage when other green plants are available. during the winter when green plant material is scarce, seedling pines are frequently damaged in parts of east texas and west central louisiana. where ants are abundant, it is almost impossible to establish natural pine reproduction. in such sites, young pine seedlings often are destroyed within a few days unless the ants are controlled before planting .\nleafcutting ants are favored by the availability of disturbed areas, such as roadsides and clearcuts, which provide suitable habitats for colony establishment and spread (cahal et al. 1993, vasconcelos et al. 2006). although texas leafcutting ants often are viewed as pests, their positive effects on vegetation diversity and soil structure and fertility should be recognized and control initiated only when warranted (cahal et al. 1993, kulhavy et al. 2001) .\nan ant nest is used as a place to shelter the colony, for the queen to rear her brood, to store and cultivate fungi, and to exchange food among the workers. the location of the nest is crucial and is ideally situated for an optimal balance of protection and food abundance .\ntaxonomy atta are a genus of leafcutter ants, the majority of which are in the tribe attini. there are, however, other groups of ants that cultivate fungus. for example, in the uk, lasius fuliginosus cultivates fungus in the walls of its nest in order to increase their structural integrity (schlick steiner et al 2008). distribution the range of this genus extends from the southern parts of north america down into south america. it is absent from the very southern most parts of south america .\nleafcutting ants do not respond well to most conventional ant baits, because they feed only on their fungus gardens (fischer 2015, merchant and drees 2015). however, one bait can be used for control of leafcutting ants, a special formulation of hydramethylnon, amdro ant block (ambrands, atlanta, ga). this bait was originally formulated for control of red imported fire ants, solenopsis invicta buren (hymenoptera: formicidae), but showed improved activity against leafcutting ants when sugar was added (fischer 2015, see waller 1982b). the bait also contains soybean oil that acts as an attractant (echols 1966b) .\nmikheyev, a. s. , mueller, u. g. & abbot, p. (2006) cryptic sex and many - to - one coevolution in the fungus - growing ant symbiosis. proc. natl. acad. sci. u. s. a. , 103, 10702 - 10706 .\nalthough leafcutting ant nests may become a nuisance in human - dominated systems, in natural systems they increase landscape and plant diversity and can accelerate succession (jonkman 1978, cahal et al. 1993, kulhavy et al. 2001, meyer et al. 2011). the large surface area and volume of soil excavated significantly increase surface clay content, nutrient availability for plants, and water infiltration rates (jonkman 1978, cahal et al. 1993, kulhavy et al. 2001, sternberg et al. 2007). cahal et al. (1993) reported that nests covered 1. 3% of the landscape area, and ant foraging beyond the nest resulted in defoliation of > 20% of the landscape area measured in their study. cahal et al. (1993) reported that clay content of surface soil was threefold higher on mounds than at sites not affected by mounds (p < 0. 05). kulhavy et al. (2001) found that plant diversity was increased by the dominance of unpalatable tree and shrub species on leafcutting ant mounds. meyer et al. (2011) reported that canopy opening over leafcutting ant mounds in the tropics increased light and temperature and decreased moisture to an extent that can alter seedling recruitment and vegetation dynamics .\nin texas these ants damage weeds, grasses, plum and peach trees, blackberry bushes and many other fruit, nut and ornamental plants as well as several cereal and forage crops. the ants do not eat the leaf fragments they collect, but take them into their underground nest where they use the material to raise a fungus garden. as the fungus grows, certain parts of it are eaten by the ants and fed to the larvae. this fungus is their only known source of food .\nthis variation in size allows the ants to divide the labor into two main groups; the larger ants are foragers and the smaller ants gardeners. the most common size group for foragers is from 2. 0–2. 2 millimetres (0. 079–0. 087 in). these ants bring in foraged leaves and drop them on the floor of a nest chamber. then, a smaller - sized ant trims the leaves to a size of 1–2 mm across. an even smaller ant balls up the pieces of leaves to cultivate fungus on them. finally, the smallest ants plant the fungus on the leaves, tend the garden and remove any spores from other species of fungus .\nfoundress queens carry fungus inoculum when they establish new colonies. however, fungus gardens often host competing fungi, as well as a virulent fungal pathogen, escovopsis weberi j. j. muchovej & della lucia (hypocreales: incertae sedis), capable of destroying the fungus garden and the dependent ant colony (currie et al. 1999, reynolds and currie 2004, rodrigues et al. 2009). pinto - tomás et al. (2010) reported that > 80 tropical leafcutting ant colonies contained bacteria in the genera klebsiella and pantoea that fix nitrogen within the fungal gardens and provide a vital source of this limiting nutrient. the ants have additional mutualistic associates, including an actinomycete bacterium, pseudonocardia sp. , other bacteria, burkholderia sp. , and yeasts, that produce specialized antibiotics with potent inhibitory activity against e. weberi, competing fungi and ant pathogens, beauveria bassiana (bals. - criv .) vuill. (hypocreales: clavicipitaceae), necessary to protect the ants and their fungus gardens (currie et al. 1999, rodrigues et al. 2009, barke et al. 2010). colony survival depends on protection of the fungus garden from parasites or competing fungi .\nstudies of the co - evolution of the attini and the fungi they grow shows that some fungal lineages have been cultivated for at least 23 million years (chapela et al 1994). however, parasitic fungi also exist, which infect the gardens and feed from the cultivated fungus itself (geraldo and caldera 2007). these parasitic fungi can be highly virulent for the ant colony and its fungal cultivar .\nforaging is strongly dependent on recruitment of foragers to suitable foliage resources. atta texana was the first ant for which a trail pheromone, 4 - methylpyrrole - 2 - carboxylate, was identified (tumlinson et al. 1971). morgan et al. (2006) reported that ability of leafcutting ants to follow foraging trails depends on pheromone concentration, with workers following the trail with greater pheromone concentration at branches .\nto grow these bacteria, the ants must first harvest the leaves. they use chemical as well as vibrational communication to uniformly dismember a branch of its leaves and return home with their harvest. while transporting the leaves, the mandibles of the workers are full and unable to be used for protection from predators. one of the most common and deadly predators to the leaf cutter ants is the parasitic phorid fly. the phorid fly will lay its eggs inside of an unexpecting ant while it is carrying its load back to the colony. the leafcutters evolved a look - out system where the smallest ants will ride on top of the leaf being carried by the worker and keep watch for any phorid flies looking to parasitize the workers. when the leaves finally reach the nest, other individuals lick the waxy cuticle off the leaves and chew it up into small pieces. next, they inoculate the leaves with a fecal cocktail of enzymes from their hindgut. this initiates the digestion of the newly chewed leaves. the plant material will be transported to the garden, where it will be used to grow fungus on which the ants will feed. leafcutter ants tend to dominate the ecosystems they inhabit. some grassland\nbait can be used in most urban and suburban settings, such as lawns, landscaped areas, golf courses, ornamental gardens, roadsides, commercial grounds, etc. (merchant and drees 2015, louisiana insect pest management guide 2016) and forests (fischer 2015). bait should be applied around all mounds of a colony while ants are foraging to ensure the best control. applications can be made any time of year but should be postponed until after rain or freezing weather. initial evidence of control is a reduction in foraging and excavation activity, usually within 5–7 d after bait application. ant activity will continue to decline over 4–6 wk, but activity may recover in 4–6 mo (in about 50% of cases), requiring a second treatment. this bait should not be used in vegetable gardens or agricultural sites (fischer 2015, merchant and drees 2015). reducing bait granule size and incorporating alarm pheromones has improved the efficacy of baits for other leafcutting ant species (hughes and goulson 2002) .\ntypically, an ant has a large head and a slender, oval abdomen joined to the thorax, or midsection, by a small waist. in all ants there are either one or two finlike extensions running across the thin waist region. the antennae are always elbowed. there are two sets of jaws: the outer pair is used for carrying objects such as food and for digging, and the inner pair is used for chewing. some species have a powerful sting at the tip of the abdomen .\nleafcutting ants are frequent pests in pine plantations, as a result of monoculture cropping and soil disturbance (blanton and ewel 1985, moser 1986, cahal et al. 1993, fischer 2015, merchant and drees 2015), and also in crops and ornamental plantings (buckley 1860, dash et al. 2005, louisiana insect pest management guide 2016). texas leafcutting ants kill pine seedlings over 5, 000 ha (12, 000 acres) per year, on average, with control and seedling replacement costs averaging us $ 2. 3 million (fig. 7; fischer 2015). in addition, collapsing nest cavities can cause extensive subsidence and damage to neighboring roads or buildings (dash et al. 2005, hooper - bui and seymour 2007, montoya - lerma et al. 2012) .\nleafcutter ants carry leaf fragments into underground cavities where they use the material to raise a fungus garden. this fungus is their only known food source. leafcutters may have been the planet' s first farmers, pharmacists and energy experts. they use antibiotics produced by bacteria to maintain the health of their gardens. these gardens are extremely efficient in turning plant materials into digestible nutrients. we can learn a great deal from leafcutters: improved farming techniques, new antibiotics, cleaner replacements for petroleum... . and they are fun to watch! music\nthe ants go marching\npiano solo copyright songs for teaching® urltoken. music\neyes gone wrong\nand\ndarkness speaks\nby kevin macleod, urltoken videoography by ken kramm: canon vixia hf s20 hd camcorder. two still photographs of ants cutting leaves by alexander wild: urltoken. other still photographs by ken kramm .\nthe life cycle of the ant has four stages, including egg, larva, pupa, and adult, and spans a period of 8 to 10 weeks. the queen spends her life laying eggs. the workers are females and do the work of the colony, with larger individuals functioning as soldiers who defend the colony. at certain times of the year, many species produce winged males and queens that fly into the air, where they mate. the male dies soon afterward, and the fertilized queen establishes a new nest .\nfinally, endophytic fungi reduce ant foraging (van bael et al. 2009; bittleston et al. 2011; estrada et al. 2013, 2015; coblentz and van bael 2013). endophytic fungi are known to reduce foliage suitability for herbivores (clay 1990, van bael et al. 2009), but their effect on leafcutting ant foraging appears to reflect primarily their negative effects on the ants’ fungal gardens (van bael et al. 2009, 2012; estrada et al. 2014; mighell and van bael 2016). foliage fragments with higher abundances of endophytic fungi required greater effort to clean prior to incorporation into fungal gardens, but foliage freed of endophytic fungi appeared to be more suitable for growth of garden fungi, perhaps due to reduced concentration of antimicrobial defenses (estrada et al. 2014). garden fungi also showed stronger inhibitory effects on endophytic fungal species that were more capable of outgrowing garden fungi (estrada et al. 2014). however, van bael et al. (2012) found that endophytic fungi were capable of reducing garden development during the earliest stages of colony establishment, when few workers were available to clean fragments .\natta texana foraging, in particular, is determined by leaf toughness and foliage quality (waller 1982a, howard et al. 1989, clark 2006, saverschek and roces 2011). foliage of some tree species is unpalatable, whereas foliage of other species is palatable but too tough to cut. foliage of some tree species becomes too tough to cut as it matures. waller (1982b) found foraging varied widely among southern live oak, quercus virginiana mill. , surrounding a nest in central texas. comparison of foliage characteristics among foraged and nonforaged trees indicated that foliage was palatable throughout the year, but leaf toughness deterred foraging, and ants preferred mature leaf discs from foraged trees to those from nonforage trees, indicating differences in palatability. ants cut significantly more mature live oak leaves that had been coated with sugar, indicating that foraging is influenced by a toughness × palatability interaction. clark (2006) found that atta columbica guérin - méneville showed differential foraging by castes in costa rica, with larger castes harvesting tougher foliage material .\nchemical repellents or insecticides have been successful in protecting targeted plants from leafcutting ants. repellents include both biogenic and manufactured products. for example, plants targeted by foraging ants can be protected temporarily by spreading refuse from leafcutting ant nests (montoya - lerma et al. 2012). however, refuse may be difficult to obtain, treatments are species - specific, and effects are short - lived (farji - brener and sasal 2003). dust or granular formulations of contact insecticides, such as acephate, carbaryl, or permethrin, can be spread around targeted plants, but such treatments must be reapplied frequently (merchant and drees 2015). although these methods may reduce foraging, they will not eliminate underground nests .\nacromyrmex octospinosus is a leaf cutting and fungus growing ant in the tribe attini. the highly polymorphic workers are reddish brown to nearly black, and measure up to 7. 5 mm in length. they are mainly characterized by the absence of median spines, the flattened shape of the lower pronotal spines which have a blunt or rounded tip, and sparse pubescence (gonalves, 1961). like its relatives in the closely related atta, a. octospinosus workers harvest foliage from live plants. the foliage is brought back to specialized underground chambers and used to cultivate a fungus the ants depend upon for nutrition. acromyrmex octospinosus is considered a significant agricultural pest (cherrett & peregrine, 1976). the species ranges from mexico to northern south america and into the caribbean .\nfoundresses produce from 3 to 7 workers in 2. 7 months after founding the nest, but workers do not forage for substrate at this time. incipient nests died or were abandoned at a monthly rate of ca. 50% . we show that ants routinely clean their legs before manipulating the garden substrate. we also describe how foundresses use their fore - legs to rub the surface of the metapleural gland, and they then use typical grooming behaviors to pass the forelegs through the mouthparts, after which the ant then licks the garden substrate. similarly, ants apparently use their mouths to transfer fecal droplets to their legs. we briefly discuss the functional significance of these grooming behaviors, and hypothesize that they are prophylactic behaviors that may help the foundress maintain a hygienic garden .\nfungal cultivars have specific nutritional requirements that influence leafcutting ant foraging choices (shik et al. 2016). leafcutting ants show a preference for grasses, forbs, and hardwood foliage, compared to conifers (cahal et al. 1993) and for shorter plants, compared to taller plants that require longer foraging distances (vasconcelos 1997), as well as strong preferences within and among plant species (rockwood 1976, howard 1990) that reflect differences in leaf toughness, sugar content, plant defenses, and endophytic fungi (waller 1982a, b; howard et. al. 1988, 1989; van bael et al. 2009; bittleston et al. 2011; saverschek and roces 2011; estrada et al. 2013, 2015). foraging generally declines with distance from nests, but is not evenly distributed among available trees (rockwood 1976). levels of herbivory by leafcutting ants are higher in monocultures of palatable crops than in more diverse vegetation (blanton and ewel 1985, cahal et al. 1993, varón et al. 2007, montoya - lerma et al. 2012) .\nwith more than 700 species of ants crawling throughout the united states, it’s difficult for pest management professionals (pmps) to know how to identify and best treat them all .\nwhen nation arrived at the home, he saw why: about 80 percent of the half - acre yard was covered in nests he could see before he even pulled into the driveway .\nneither did nation, at first. so he made a few phone calls, seeking advice. a manufacturer’s rep asked nation to describe what he saw, and solved the mystery .\nat the account, several of the mounds were situated along the home’s perimeter, which was on a concrete slab, and ants were entering the house .\n“that’s not typical, ” nation adds. “because the mounds extended so far underneath the house, ants were coming up in some of the wet areas, like from underneath the tub and shower. ”\nusing trial and error, nation eventually figured out how to eradicate the pests. he aggressively applied a repellent — twice — but fell short of obtaining complete control .\nif you enjoyed this article, subscribe to pest management professional to receive more articles just like it .\nwe use cookies to create a better browsing experience on our sites. this includes providing personalized content and serving targeted advertisements. to read about what data we collect and how we use it, view our privacy policy. if you continue to use this site, you consent to our use of cookies .\nyour account will be closed and all data will be permanently deleted and cannot be recovered. are you sure ?\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29: registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin, july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia, june 4 - 7. photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona, july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell, iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\nworker ants range from 1 / 16 to 1 / 2 inch long. the queen is about 3 / 4 inch long .\ntx - la / e. mex. - us county range map - usda forest service\nother than the two cetoniine scarabs, the other spp. appear to be obligate atta nest associates, in at least part of their life cycle .\nclick on the thumbnail (then on the info tab) for more information on each species .\nnest in summer. annals of the entomological society of america 56 (3): 286–291 .\nmoser, j. c. 1967. mating activities of atta texana (hymenoptera, formicidae). insectes sociaux bulletin, vol. 14 (3): 295 - 312 .\nmoser, j. c. & s. e. neff. 1971. pholeomyia comans (diptera: milichiidae) an associate of atta texana: larval anatomy and notes on biology. sonderdruck aus bd. 69: 343 - 348\nspangler, p. j. 1962. a new species of the genus oosternum and a key to the u. s. species (coleoptera: hydrophilidae). proceedings of the biological society of washington 75: 97 - 100 .\nwarter, s. l. , j. c. moser. & m. s. blum. 1962. some correlations between the foraging behavior of common nighthawks, cbordeiles minor (forester), and the swarming behavior of two species of ants, atta texana (buckley) and iridomyrmex pruinosis (roger). sciences, 25: 42 - 46 .\nweber, n. a. 1972. gardening ants, the attines. memoirs of the american philosophical society, vol, 92, philadelphia, 146 pp .\nwoodruff, r. e. and cartwright, o. l. 1967. a review of the genus\nwith descriptions of a new species from leaf - cutting ants in louisiana (coleoptera: scarabaeidae). proceedings of the united states national museum 123 (3616): 1 - 21 .\ncontents and structure atta texana nest in summer. moser, j. c. 1963. annals of the entomological society of america 56 (3): 286–291 .\nreview of the genus euparixia with description of a new species from the nests of leaf - cutting ants in louisiana (scarabaeidae) woodruff r. e. , cartwright o. l. 1967. proceedings of the united states national museum 123: 1 - 21 .\ncontributed by eric r. eaton on 3 may, 2006 - 3: 49pm additional contributions by mike quinn last updated 23 april, 2014 - 10: 28pm\ndisclaimer: dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service. we strive to provide accurate information, but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world. if you need expert professional advice, contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content. click the contributor' s name for licensing and usage information. everything else copyright © 2003 - 2018 iowa state university, unless otherwise noted .\nleaf - cutter ants damage vegetation because they remove foliage in order to carry it back to their nests. they have been known to remove all the needles or leaves from a tree in one night. the leaves or needles are not eaten for food but used in another manner. it is chewed into a material much like pulp. this pulp produces a fungus that feeds the colony." ]

{ "text": [ "atta texana is a fungus-farming ant species of the genus atta , found in texas , louisiana and northeastern states of mexico .", "common names include town ant , parasol ant , fungus ant , texas leafcutter ant , cut ant , and night ant .", "it harvests leaves from over 200 plant species , and is considered a major pest of agricultural and ornamental plants , as it can defoliate a citrus tree in less than 24 hours .", "every colony has several queens and up to 2 million workers .", "nests are built in well-drained sandy or loamy soil , and may reach a depth of 6 m ( 20 ft ) , have 1000 entrance holes , and occupy 420 m ² ( 4,500 sq ft ) . " ], "topic": [ 20, 25, 12, 25, 28 ] }

[ "atta texana is a fungus-farming ant species of the genus atta, found in texas, louisiana and northeastern states of mexico. common names include town ant, parasol ant, fungus ant, texas leafcutter ant, cut ant, and night ant. it harvests leaves from over 200 plant species, and is considered a major pest of agricultural and ornamental plants, as it can defoliate a citrus tree in less than 24 hours. every colony has several queens and up to 2 million workers. nests are built in well-drained sandy or loamy soil, and may reach a depth of 6 m (20 ft), have 1000 entrance holes, and occupy 420 m ² (4,500 sq ft)." ]

[ "lachnaia paradoxa (g. a. olivier, 1808) - details - encyclopedia of life\nid: 230955 original name: lachnaia puncticollis, maroko, img _ 0342. jpg size 431x750 - 46535 bytes image manager: zdeněk chalupa directory: 815 created: 2014 - 01 - 04 21: 57: 38 - user francesco vitali url: urltoken text function: [ [ i: 230955; image ] ], [ [ it: 230955 ] ] (thumbnail )\n2004 - 06 - 24 by prof. paolo audisio & by dr. renato regalin\nthis work is licensed under a creative commons attribution - share alike 3. 0 license\npesi is funded by the european union 7th framework programme within the research infrastructures programme. contract no. ri - 223806. activity area: capacities. period 2008 - 2011 - website hosted & developed by vliz banner picture: gannet (morus bassanus (linnaeus, 1758) ) by karl van ginderdeuren - contact pesi\nencyclo. co. uk, online since 2007, is a search engine for english meanings and definitions. the website aims to publish all wordlists, big and small, on the internet, making it much easier to find the word you need. follow us on facebook\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\n* image is also available in higher resolution: 230955. jpg (1219x2118 - 594 kb) .\nnote: if not otherwise indicated image is property of its author and cannot be used without his permission .\nfor every image in gallery, either accepted or unconfirmed, you can add, change or verify determination (identification), or write comments .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\npopular: trivia, history, america, cities, world, usa, states, television, ... more" ]

{ "text": [ "lachnaia puncticollis is a species of leaf beetles from the subfamily cryptocephalinae that can be found in algeria , morocco , on the iberian peninsula and in southern france . " ], "topic": [ 27 ] }

[ "lachnaia puncticollis is a species of leaf beetles from the subfamily cryptocephalinae that can be found in algeria, morocco, on the iberian peninsula and in southern france." ]

[ "ma, miniopterus aelleni; mb, miniopterus brachytragos; mgl, miniopterus gleni; mgr, miniopterus griffithsi; mg, miniopterus griveaudi (madagascar); mmh, miniopterus mahafaliensis; mmj, miniopterus majori; mmn, miniopterus ‘ manavi ’; mp, miniopterus petersoni; ms, miniopterus sororculus; me, miniopterus egeri .\nsummary of the echolocation calls of miniopterus spp. from madagascar and the comoros. ma, miniopterus aelleni; mb, miniopterus brachytragos; me, miniopterus egeri; mg (a), miniopterus griveaudi from anjouan; mg (c), miniopterus griveaudi from grande comore; mgl, miniopterus gleni; mg (m), miniopterus griveaudi from madagascar; mgr, miniopterus griffithsi; mm, miniopterus mahafaliensis; mmj, miniopterus majori; ms, miniopterus sororculus; mp, miniopterus petersoni; mmn, miniopterus ‘ manavi ’ .\npatterns of morphological and genetic variation in the endemic malagasy bat miniopterus gleni (chiroptera: miniopteridae), with the description of a new species, m. griffithsi\njakob fahr marked the classification from\nintegrated taxonomic information system (itis )\nas preferred for\nminiopterus griffithsi goodman, maminirina, bradman, christidis and appleton, 2010\n.\nminiopterus griveaudi (madagascar) (fa = 36. 9 mm, sb )\nminiopterus griveaudi (anjouan) (fa = 36. 8 mm, sb )\npercentage of calls of malagasy miniopterus spp. correctly classified by the discriminant function analysis\nminiopterus griveaudi (grande comore) (fa = 36. 3 mm, sb )\nmeasurements of different bioacoustic parameters of miniopterus spp. from madagascar, grande comore and anjouan\nminiopterus aelleni does not occur in sympatry with either m. petersoni or m. sororculus .\nfurman, a. , öztunç, t. & çoraman, e. (2010) on the phylogeny of miniopterus schreibersii schreibersii and miniopterus schreibersii pallidus from asia minor in reference to other miniopterus taxa (chiroptera: vespertilionidae). acta chiropterologica, 12 (1), 61–72 .\nresults of a discriminant function analysis associated with the calls of miniopterus spp. from madagascar and the comoros\nminiopterus sororculus overlaps in range with the distinctly smaller m. manavi and is completely allopatric to m. petersoni .\ngenetic distances within and between all major clades of miniopterus spp. represented in the phylogenetic tree (fig. 2 )\nminiopterus brachytragos occurs in sympatry with m. griveaudi across portions of its range but does not with m. mahafaliensis .\nminiopterus mahafaliensis is found to occur allopatric to m. brachytragos, m. griveaudi, and the notably larger m. sororculus .\ngoodman, s. m. , maminirina, c. p. , bradman, h. m. , christidis, l. & appleton, b. r. (2010) patterns of morphological and genetic variation in the endemic malagasy bat miniopterus gleni (chiroptera: miniopteridae), with the description of a new species, m. griffithsi. journal of zoological systematics and evolutionary research, 48 (1), 75–86 .\nminiopterus griveaudi occurs in sympatry with m. brachytragos across a portion of its range but not with m. manavi or m. mahafaliensis .\nin the case of the large - bodied species, all of the individuals of m. griffithsi were correctly identified and 6. 3% of m. gleni were assigned to m. griffithsi. these two taxa are allopatric sister species (fig. 2) (goodman et al. , 2010a) and are separated by 7. 5% sequence divergence. hence, the period of speciation between these taxa is not a recent event in their evolutionary history. furthermore, the former species occurs in a variety of different forest types on madagascar across an elevational range from sea - level to 1200 m, including spiny bush, and the latter species occurs across an elevational range from 25 to 110 m only in spiny bush habitat and adjacent habitats (goodman, 2011). hence, it is assumed that these species live largely under different ecological conditions .\nlist of the different miniopterus spp. employed in the bioacoustical portion of the present study, their body size based on mean forearm length (fa), and the methods used to make acoustic recordings\nregression plot of log - transformed mean forearm lengths against mean pf for 11 malagasy region miniopterus species. data derived from tables 1 and 3. for definitions of acronyms, see fig. 3 .\nansell, w. f. h. & topál, g. (1976) the type locality of miniopterus schreibersi (kuhl) (mammalia: chiroptera). vertebrata hungarica musei historico - naturalis hungarici, 17, 15–18 .\nthe dfa correctly identified 75. 8% of the recorded calls to species. discriminant function 1 explained 97. 3% of the total variance and the remaining four functions explained an additional 2. 7% . the malagasy miniopterus spp. were most significantly separated by dfa on three echolocation parameters: pf, fmin and dur (table 4). all m. griffithsi, m. majori, m. ‘ manavi ’ (labelled ‘unnamed’ in fig. 2), and m. petersoni individuals were correctly identified (100% in table 5). for the remaining species, there were varying numbers of mismatched designations, and the percentages of correctly identified calls ranged between 49. 0% (m. griveaudi) and 93. 8% (m. gleni) (table 5) .\nmonadjem, a. , goodman, s. m. , stanley, w. t. & appleton, b. (2013) a cryptic new species of miniopterus from south - eastern africa based on molecular and morphological characters. zootaxa, 3746 (1), 123–142 .\nwe used an integrative approach combining cranio - dental characters, mitochondrial and nuclear data and acoustic data to show the presence in the genus miniopterus of a cryptic species from the maghreb region. this species was previously recognised as miniopterus schreibersii (kuhl, 1817). miniopterus maghrebensis sp. nov. can be differentiated from m. schreibersii sensu stricto on the basis of cranial characters and from mitochondrial dna and microsatellite evidence. although slight external morphological and acoustic differences were noted between the two species, these criteria alone did not allow reliable species identification from live animals. based on the specimens identified morphologically and / or genetically, the distribution range of m. maghrebensis sp. nov. extends from northern morocco to south of the high atlas mountains and northern tunisia. the new cryptic species is found in sympatry with m. schreibersii s. str. near coastal regions of north africa .\nmap showing study sites on madagascar and on anjouan and grande comoro (comoros archipelago), where miniopterus spp. were recorded and collected for the present study, as well as other localities mentioned in the text. enlargements of anjouan and grande comoro are presented to show the collection sites more clearly .\nbeza ramasindrazana, steven m. goodman, m. corrie schoeman, belinda appleton; identification of cryptic species of miniopterus bats (chiroptera: miniopteridae) from madagascar and the comoros using bioacoustics overlaid on molecular genetic and morphological characters, biological journal of the linnean society, volume 104, issue 2, 1 october 2011, pages 284–302, urltoken\nwe recorded only adult miniopterus bats, which were distinguished from juveniles based on patterns of ossification of their finger bones (anthony, 1988), when they were either flying in a flight cage or along a zip - line. these techniques ensured that, after recording, bats could be recaptured to serve as voucher specimens. furthermore, these two methods have been shown to provide good quality recordings for clutter - edge and clutter bats (szewczak, 2000, 2004; siemers, 2004). a previous study of malagasy bat bioacoustics showed little variation in the call characteristics of miniopterus bats recorded using flight cages, zip - lines, and after hand release (kofoky et al. , 2009) .\nminiopterus species from madagascar and the comoros emitted low - duty - cycle frequency modulated echolocation calls. pf calls were in the range 40. 1–62. 4 khz, f max was in the range 61. 0–130. 0 khz, f min was in the range 36. 0–58. 0 khz, ipi was in the range 40. 0–134. 8 ms, and dur was in the range 2. 1–5. 0 ms (fig. 3, table 3). in the present study, we took the forearm length as a predictor of bat size. the pf was inversely correlated with size (r = 0. 921, f 1, 11 = 61. 87, p = 0. 000008; fig. 4). only miniopterus aelleni and miniopterus sororculus fell outside the 95% confidence limits. the call characteristics of low - duty - cycle bats, including miniopterids, may change in different habitats (barclay, 1999; schnitzler & kalko, 2001); hence, it is possible that the echolocation parameters may be different in open habitats .\ngiven that previously published bioacoustic catalogues of malagasy miniopterus spp. were incomplete and based on out - of - date taxonomy (russ et al. , 2003; kofoky et al. , 2009), the new data reported in the present study on members of the genus miniopterus fill a gap. this is particularly important with the use of bat detectors during acoustic field inventories and ecological research, during which it is necessary to specifically identify bat taxa at a site and often without capture (parsons & jones, 2000). the dfa correctly identified certain species 100% in accordance between the molecular / morphometric and bioacoustic data, whereas, for others, more than half the individuals were mismatched. the mismatched cases are discussed below in detail .\nin 2009 and 2010, 13 sites were visited in several habitats on madagascar and three sites in the nearby comoros archipelago; specifically, the islands of grande comore and anjouan (fig. 1). in most cases, sites chosen were based on previous bat surveys that yielded members of the genus miniopterus, specimens of which had been previously used in systematic revisions of this genus .\nnow that the echolocation calls of most of malagasy region miniopterus spp. are well defined, detailed ecological work on the social behaviour, microhabitat use, and dietary regime can commence in zones where taxa with similar body sizes and echolocation frequencies occur sympatrically and allopatrically, aiming to test predictions on the relative roles of competition, adaptations to contrasting ecological factors, and social communication on the evolution of echolocation parameters .\nmiller - butterworth, c. m. , murphy, w. j. , o' brien, s. j. , jacobs, d. s. , springer, m. s. & teeling, e. c. (2007) a family matter: conclusive resolution of the taxonomic position of the long - fingered bats, miniopterus. molecular biology and evolution, 24 (7), 1553–1561 .\ngoodman, s. m. , maminirina, c. p. , weyeneth, n. , bradman, h. m. , christidis, l. , ruedi, m. & appleton, b. (2009) the use of molecular and morphological characters to resolve the taxonomic identity of cryptic species: the case of miniopterus manavi (chiroptera, miniopteridae). zoologica scripta, 38 (4), 339–363 .\nbilgin, r. , gürün, k. , maraci, ö. , furman, a. , hulva, p. , çoraman, e. , lučan, r. k. , bartonička, t. & horáček, i. (2012) syntopic occurrence in turkey supports separate species status for miniopterus schreibersii schreibersii and m. schreibersii pallidus (mammalia: chiroptera). acta chiropterologica, 14 (2), 279–289 .\nall five bioacoustic variables (pf, f max, f min, dur, and ipi) were used in the analyses. preliminary t - tests or wilcoxon tests of echolocation parameters detected limited sexual dimorphism in miniopterus spp. hence, we combined the data for analysis. after testing the normality of the data with kolmogorov–smirnov tests (dytham, 2003), we used analysis of variance (anova) tests and post - hoc tukey' s tests to identify differences in pf, f max, dur and ipi of m. griveaudi populations among the three islands (madagascar, anjouan, and grande comore). because f min data were not normally distributed, a kruskal–wallis test with post - hoc wilcoxon rank sum tests was used .\nin recent taxonomic revisions of malagasy region miniopterus, a number of characters that differentiate species have been delineated. these include aspects of size (largely forearm length), pelage coloration, and, most importantly, the form and shape of the tragus (goodman et al. , 2007, 2008, 2009a, b, 2010a, 2011). we have used these characters, particularly the tragus, in the specific identification of the recorded and collected individuals used in the present study. to allow segregation of the different species into different size classes, they were divided into three separate groups based on mean forearm length: small body < 38. 5 mm, medium bodied between 41 and 45. 9 mm, and large body > 46 mm .\nwe used mist nets and harp traps to capture miniopterus bats. at some sites, animals were removed by hand or with a long - handled butterfly net from cave day - roost sites. soon after being captured, individual bats were recorded under constrained, free - flying conditions (see below). animals were handled in accordance with the guidelines of american society of mammalogists (sikes, gannon & the animal care and use committee of the american society of mammalogists, 2011). bats were then recaptured and prepared as voucher specimens, which were deposited in the université d' antananarivo, département de biologie animale (uadba), antananarivo and the field museum of natural history (fmnh), chicago. details on the specimens and localities are presented in the supporting information (appendix s1) .\nin total, 87 individuals, representing all 11 currently recognized species of miniopterus spp. from the malagasy region, were captured during the course of this study and their vocalizations recorded using the flight cage and zip - line methods (table 1). these different taxa were divided into three different body size classes based on the mean length of the forearm (table 1). all of these individuals were used in the morphological comparisons and 72 of them in the molecular analysis (see supporting information, appendix s1). individuals of m. griveaudi were recorded from madagascar, grande comore, and anjouan. these data were used to establish levels of intraspecific geographical variation in bioacoustic parameters. however, the small sample size for certain taxa did not allow for a detailed analysis of variation for all species known from madagascar .\nthe significant correlation between peak echolocation frequency and body size of miniopterus species from madagascar and the comoros is found in several families of aerial animalivorous bats (jones, 1996; fenton & bogdanowicz, 2002; jacobs et al. , 2007) and can be attributed to the physics of sound (i. e. large bats have thicker vocal cords and larger resonant chambers than small bats, hence the former produce lower frequency sounds; hartley & suthers, 1990) and ecological factors (i. e. large bats are less manoeuvrable than small bats; hence, they must use lower frequency calls to increase the range at which they detect objects in space, allowing them time to manoeuvre to catch prey or avoid obstacles; barclay & brigham, 1991). thus, if the peak echolocation frequency of a species is relatively independent of body size, it is probably ecologically adaptive or socially informative .\nseveral karst areas of madagascar have multiple sympatric miniopterus spp. of similar body size, living in and around the same cave systems (goodman et al. , 2009a, b). furthermore, two species of the genus are shared in common between the comoros and madagascar, and these populations are separated by a minimum distance of 370 km of open sea. these different cases provide natural experiments for testing predictions on the relative roles of competition, adaptations to contrasting ecological factors, sexual selection or drift on the evolution of echolocation parameters (guillén, juste & ibánez, 2000; jones & barlow, 2004). for example, a central albeit controversial tenet of community ecology proposes that, if resources are limiting, there is a limit to how similar species can be and coexist (hutchinson, 1959; for critiques on the idea of limiting similarity, see roughgarden, 1979; maynard smith & szathmáry, 1995), and hence predicts that sympatric species with similar body size and morphology can only coexist if they occupy different niches, mediated, for example, by different echolocation parameters (siemers & schnitzler, 2004) .\nindividuals were released into a flight cage completely enclosed with thin cloth - mesh cage, measuring 3 × 3 × 3 m. search phase echolocation calls were recorded at ×10 time expansion with a pettersson bat detector (d - 240x; pettersson elektronik ab) connected to a minidisk recorder (sony net md walkman mz - n505) and stored onto minidiscs for subsequent analysis. the exception was miniopterus egeri, which were released in a flight cage, measuring 1. 8 × 1. 4 × 5. 4 m, and their echolocation calls were recorded directly onto an asus eee 1005ha netbook (asustek computer inc .) with an avisoft ultrasound gate 116 bat detector (avisoft bioacoustics). for the zip - line recordings (szewczak, 2000), one end of a thin 1 - m long elastic filament was carefully wrapped around the bat' s neck and the other to a sliding fishing tackle snap swivel attached to a 25 - m long taught fishing line suspended between two poles, approximately 1. 5 m off the ground. bats were recorded as they flew along the line. individuals of rarely - captured species were only flown inside the flight cages to reduce risk of escape .\nthe recorded wave files were analyzed in batsound pro, version 3. 2 (pettersson elektronik ab) at a sampling rate of 44. 1 khz (16 bits, mono) for pettersson recordings, and 500 khz (16 bits, mono) for avisoft recordings, with a threshold of 16. to avoid pseudoreplication (hurlbert, 1984), one search phase sequence per individual was analyzed and the choice was based on a high signal to noise ratio (weller et al. , 2007). in accordance with methods previously used to analyse echolocation calls of malagasy bats (russ et al. , 2003; kofoky et al. , 2009; goodman et al. , 2011), the peak echolocation frequency in khz (pf) was extracted from the power spectrum, and the maximum frequency in khz (f max), the minimum frequency in khz (f min), the duration in ms (dur), and the interval between successive pulses in ms (ipi) were measured directly from the spectrogram. in several cases, we revisited type localities to record topotypic echolocation calls of miniopterus spp. for m. egeri, recordings were from animals forming part of the original type series .\ncopyright © 1999 - 2018 john wiley & sons, inc. all rights reserved\nenter your email address below. if your address has been previously registered, you will receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password. if you don' t receive an email, you should register as a new user\nclassification from integrated taxonomic information system (itis) selected by jakob fahr - see more .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\nwe use cookies to enhance your experience on our website. by continuing to use our website, you are agreeing to our use of cookies. you can change your cookie settings at any time .\nin recent years, different types of characters have been used to identify cryptic species of metazoan animals, ranging from reproductive and copulatory gland morphology (simó, seguí & pérez - miles, 2002), discrete karyological variation (nakayama et al. , 2001; milhomem et al. , 2008), communication signals used to attract mates (narins, 1993), subtle differences in morphology (klimov et al. , 2004; sztencel - jabłonka, jones & bogdanowicz, 2009), and, with greater frequency, molecular markers to measure sequence divergence (bickford et al. , 2006; blanquer & uriz, 2008; pagès et al. , 2009). these studies have been important for elucidating previously unrecognized aspects of our planet' s biological diversity and of the evolutionary history of the organisms concerned. in turn, such work also indicates that classical museum studies, based exclusively on morphology, are often unable to characterize and differentiate cryptic species .\nfor echolocating organisms, such as bats or even certain birds, bioacoustic information has been widely used to provide additional insight into taxonomic delimitations (russo & jones, 2000; rydell et al. , 2002; kingston & rossiter, 2004; jacobs et al. , 2006; thomassen & povel, 2006). hence, bioacoustics can provide additional characters to support the delimitation of diagnosable differences between cryptic species and help provide coherent diagnoses in accordance with the international code of zoological nomenclature. furthermore, in many areas of the world, catalogues of the echolocation calls of local bats, made with bat detectors, provide a direct means for species - specific identifications, without the animal in hand. this has comprised an extraordinary tool for conducting bat surveys and providing insight into the ecology of these organisms (mccracken et al. , 1997; ochoa, o' farrell & miller, 2000; russo & jones, 2002, 2003), although, for aspects of the limitations of this technique, see barclay (1999) .\ngenomic dna was extracted using a lithium chloride and chloroform extraction method, sensu gemmel & akiyama (1996). the cytochrome b gene was amplified and sequenced using the primers l14724, h15506, l15171, and h15915 (smith & patton, 1991). all polymerase chain reaction and sequencing protocols were conducted sensu goodman et al. (2011) all new sequences were deposited in genbank (accession numbers jf440219–jf440287; see also the supporting information, appendix s1) .\njmodeltest (guindon & gascuel, 2003; posada, 2008) was used to determine the most appropriate model of molecular evolution. the model, hky + g, was estimated from the bayesian information criterion. jmodeltest estimated parameter settings with base frequencies = 0. 3031, 0. 2916, 0. 1398, 0. 2655, and –lnl = 5822. 0042, and shape parameter of gamma distribution = 0. 1700 .\nmaximum parsimony (mp) and minimum evolution (neighbour - joining, nj) phylogenetic analyses were conducted using paup * 4. 0 (swofford, 2003). heuristic mp searches were conducted using the random addition option and the tree bisection–reconnection branch - swapping algorithm. the nj method used pairwise sequence distances estimated by the hky + g model, as reported in the results. nodal support of mp and nj trees was estimated by 1000 bootstrap pseudoreplicates. maximum likelihood analysis was conducted using the raxml blackbox (stamatakis, hoover & rougemont, 2008) online interface (urltoken) with 100 bootstrap replicates .\nbayesian analysis was conducted using mrbayes, version 3. 1. 2 (ronquist & huelsenbeck, 2003). the hky + g model was specified, flat priors were used, and starting trees were random. we ran four chains (three hot and one cold) for 2 000 000 generations, sampling trees every 100 generations. we ensured that our bayesian runs achieved sufficient convergence by establishing that the average sd of split frequencies between chains had reached below 0. 01 (0. 008528) at the end of the run and the potential scale reduction factor (psrf) of each parameter was within 1. 000 < psrf < 1. 022. plots of generation versus the log probabilities of observing actual data did not reveal any trends for the last 75% of generations. we excluded the first 25% (5 000) of generations from the calculation of posterior probabilities .\nto determine which echolocation parameters were most useful to identify species (digby & kempton, 1987), we used a discriminant function analysis (dfa) in spss, version 10. 0. 01 (spss inc, 1999) on the five bioacoustic variables, with parameter ‘all groups equal’ within the prior probabilities to avoid the problem of unequal sample sizes, and ‘within - groups’ for the covariance matrix. the classification was based on species designations from the molecular genetic analysis and morphological comparisons. dfa has been widely used as a tool for classifying species based on predictive variables. in recent years, this method has been used to classify and identify bats based on different bioacoustic parameters (russo & jones, 2002; fenton et al. , 2004; papadatou, butlin & altringham, 2008; kofoky et al. , 2009). the technique is particularly useful for assessing cases of mismatched designations .\nbecause there is typically a strong correlation between peak echolocation frequency and body size in insectivorous bats, species that deviate from this allometric relationship are important for investigating the influence of competition, diet, and social communication on the evolution of echolocation. using compare, version 4. 2b; martins, 2004), a phylogenetic general least squares regression (martins & hansen, 1997) of log - transformed mean forearm versus mean pf was utilized to ensure that species were statistically independent. the 95% confidence limits of the allometric relationships were used as the criterion for determining whether the pf of any given species deviated from its expected linear relationship with forearm length .\nafter the scientific name, the mean fa length and the designation of the taxon as small - bodied (sb), medium - bodied (mb), and large - bodied (lb) are presented. these data are based on goodman (2011) and goodman et al. (2010b, 2011). the standard flight cage of 3 × 3 × 3 m was used, with the exception of m. egeri, which measured 1. 8 × 1. 4 × 5. 4 m .\nbased on the genetic data, the two recorded individuals (fmnh 209178 and 209179) represent an unnamed species and are not referable to m. manavi .\nthe phylogenetic tree (fig. 2) shows strong support for clades using four different analyses: minimum evolution, maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood, and bayesian approaches. all tree - building methods constructed the same tree topology. however, some internal branches in the minimum evolution and maximum parsimony trees (not shown) collapsed with bootstrapping, but remained robust using maximum likelihood and bayesian methods. for most of the clades recovered in these analyses, sequences from previous analyses were also used (goodman et al. , 2007, 2008, 2009a, b, 2010a, 2011), which included holotypic or topotypic material, and these provided further assurance that the associated binomials for animals used in the bioacoustic study were correct .\nbold values on a diagonal indicate the within species hky85 distances, whereas the values above the diagonal represent the mean hky85 distances between species. intraspecific comparison for the single extralimital taxon (fraterculus) is not shown .\ndata are presented as the mean ± sd, minimum – maximum. n, number of recorded individuals; n, number of utilized pulses; pf, frequency of maximum energy; f max, maximum frequency; f min, minimum frequency; dur, call duration; ipi, interval between successive pulses .\nthe type locality of this widespread species is the grotte de sarodrano to the south of toliara, from where we recorded the vocalizations of three individuals, as well as an additional three individuals from the forêt de beanka .\ntwo individuals of this species were captured in the extreme southwest: one at the type locality of grotte d' androimpano and the other at the nearby grotte de vitany. in figure 2, we also include sequence data from two paratypes associated with the description of this species (goodman et al. , 2010a) .\nthirteen individuals of this species were recorded from the grotte de fandanana, in close proximity to the type locality of imasindrary near fandriana (thomas, 1906; jenkins & carleton, 2005), as well as the station forestière d' angavokely .\nthe single individual of this species was captured and recorded at the type locality of manantantely, near tolagnaro. additional samples are used in the molecular analysis (fig. 2) associated with the description of this species (goodman et al. , 2008) .\nseven individuals of this species were obtained from the grotte de fandanana and the station forestière d' angavokely, which are 75 km and 210 km, respectively, from the type locality of ambatofinandrahana (goodman et al. , 2007). one animal from the original type series locality was used in the molecular analysis (fig. 2) .\nthe holotype of this species was obtained in the parc national d' ankarana (goodman et al. , 2009b). in the present study, four individuals were recorded from ankarana and three individuals from the forêt de beanka. one of the paratypes associated with the description of this species was used in the molecular analysis (fig. 2) .\nthe holotype of this species was collected in the parc national de namoroka, in the general vicinity of ambovonomby cave and near vilanandro (goodman et al. , 2009b). we used eight animals obtained at this site in the current study. sequence data from the holotype and paratype were included in the molecular analysis (fig. 2) .\nthe type series of this species comes from grande comore in an area along the western flank of mont karthala (harrison, 1959; goodman et al. , 2010b). animals captured on the western side of mont karthala, as well different sites on anjouan and madagascar, were recorded, and near topotypic sequence data was included in the molecular analysis (fig. 2) .\nthis species was described based on the type series from the grotte d' andranoilovy in the parc national de tsimanampetsotsa (goodman et al. , 2009b). three animals from the type locality and six individuals slightly further south at the grotte d' androimpano were recorded. topotypic material was used in the molecular analysis (fig. 2) .\nthe holotype of this species was obtained in the fandriana region in the central highlands (thomas, 1906). the two individuals from grotte de fandanana (fmnh 209178 & 209179), in close proximity to the type locality, and attributed in the bioacoustic analysis to m. manavi, are genetically divergent (‘unnamed’ clade in fig. 2) from another two individuals from the same site identified as m. manavi based on a separate molecular analysis (goodman et al. , 2009a). further research is needed to resolve the relationship between the ‘unnamed’ and m. manavi clades .\nthe type locality of this species is the forêt de sahafina near brickaville (goodman et al. , 2011). two individuals making up part of the original type series were recorded and used in the molecular analysis .\non madagascar, we captured, recorded inside a flight cage, and collected m. griveaudi at three different localities: belobaka, beanka and namoroka (fig. 1). because only one individual was recorded at namoroka, we were unable to statistically test for differences in call parameters among the three populations. nonetheless, the high overlap in call parameters among the madagascar populations indicates that there was no significant intraspecific variation (table 3) .\nwe found no significant differences in pf, f max, and ipi among m. griveaudi populations on madagascar, anjouan, and grande comore (anova: f = 2. 866, p = 0. 062, f = 1. 761, p = 0. 177, f = 0. 166, p = 0. 847, respectively). however, dur of m. griveaudi from madagascar was significantly longer than dur from anjouan and grande comore populations (anova: f = 3. 686, p = 0. 029; post - hoc tukey' s test: madagascar and anjouan, p = 0. 143; madagascar and grande comore, p = 0. 041; anjouan and grande comore, p = 0. 817). in addition, f min was significantly different between madagascar, anjouan, and grand comore populations (kruskal - wallis: h = 20. 275, p < 0. 001; post - hoc wilcoxon rank sum test: madagascar and anjouan, w = 681. 5, p < 0. 001; madagascar and grande comore, w = 553. 0, p = 0. 002; anjouan and grande comore, w = 596. 5, p = 0. 09) .\npf, frequency of maximum energy; f max, maximum frequency; f min, minimum frequency; dur, call duration; ipi, interval between successive pulses. bioacoustic parameter values from the discriminant function analysis in bold have the heaviest loadings and the variables are ordered relatively to their importance. p - values are based on the χ 2 comparisons of the wilks' lambda values for each compared function .\nit is possible that the echolocation calls of m. sororculus and m. aelleni diverged from allometry for reasons other than communication. for example, small echolocation differences may allow sympatric bats to exploit different microhabitats, resulting in the availability and consumption of different prey types and resource partitioning (saunders & barclay, 1992). alternatively, higher echolocation frequencies may enable m. sororculus to detect smaller - sized prey than species that use lower frequencies (barclay & brigham, 1991; jones, 1995), and therefore take a larger range of insects because it can detect both small and large prey. on the other hand, animalivorous bats foraging in similar habitats often consume the same types of prey (fenton, 1982; aldridge & rautenbach, 1987), even if their peak echolocation frequencies differ by as much as 10 khz (jacobs & barclay, 2009) .\nprey detection, dietary niche breadth, and body size in bats. why are aerial insectivorous bats so small ?\npinnae and echolocation call differences between myotis californicus and m. ciliolabrum (chiroptera: vespertilionidae )\nminiature vertebrates: the implications of small vertebrates. symposia of the zoological society of london\npaup * 4. 0: phylogenetic analysis using parsimony (* and other methods). beta version 4. 0b10\nskull morphology of two cryptic bat species: pipistrellus pipistrellus and p. pygmaeus – a 3d geometric morphometrics approach with landmark reconstruction\ngenetic divergence and echolocation call frequency in cryptic species of hipposideros larvatus s. l. (chiroptera: hipposideridae) from the indo - malayan region\nappendix s1. list of specimens used in the dictionary and genetic portions of the present study, including species identification, field and museum catalogue numbers, locality, sex, techniques used for bioacoustic recordings, and genbank numbers. the specimens are deposited in the université d' antananarivo, département de biologie animale (uadba), antananarivo and the field museum of natural history (fmnh), chicago. some specimens have yet to be catalogued and we use field numbers for reference (smg, steven m. goodman; rb, ramasindrazana beza). other tissue samples were obtained from national museum of natural history, smithsonian institution, washington, dc (formerly known as the united states national museum) .\noxford university press is a department of the university of oxford. it furthers the university' s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide\nfor full access to this pdf, sign in to an existing account, or purchase an annual subscription .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwarning: the ncbi web site requires javascript to function. more ...\nformat summary genbank genbank (full) fasta asn. 1 xml insdseq xml tinyseq xml feature table accession list gi list gff3\nfinds sub - sequences or patterns in the sequence and highlights the matching regions. the tool works with standard single letter nucleotide or protein codes including ambiguities and can match prosite patterns in protein sequences. more ...\nfinds sub - sequence or patterns in the sequence and highlights the matching region. the tool works with standard single letter nucleotide or protein codes including ambiguities and can match prosite patterns in protein sequences. more ...\nsebastien j. puechmaille university college dublin, school of biological and environmental sciences, belfield, dublin 4, ireland .\npetr benda department of zoology, national museum (natural history), václavské nám. 68, 115 79 praha 1, czech republic department of zoology, faculty of science, charles university in prague, viničná 7, 128 44 praha 2, czech republic\ncarlos ibañez estación biológica de doñana (csic) avda. americo vespucio s / n, seville 41092, spain\njavier juste estación biológica de doñana (csic) avda. americo vespucio s / n, seville 41092, spain\narlettaz, r. 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(2012) ecologie acoustique des chiroptères d' europe. identification des espèces, étude de leurs habitats et comportements de chasse (biotope ed .). mèze & paris, 344 pp .\nbenda, p. , hulva, p. & gaisler, j. (2004a) systematic status of african populations of pipistrellus pipistrellus complex (chiroptera: vespertilionidae), with a description of a new species from cyrenaica, libya. acta chiropterologica, 6 (2), 193–217 .\nbenda, p. , kiefer, a. , hanák, v. & veith, m. (2004b) systematic status of african populations long - eared bats, genus plecotus (mammalia: chiroptera). folia zoologica, 53 (monograph 1), 1–47 .\nbenda, p. & vallo, p. (2012) new look on the geographical variation in rhinolophus clivosus with description of a new horseshoe bat species from cyrenaica, libya. vespertilio, 16, 69–96 .\nberthier, p. , excoffier, l. & ruedi, m. (2006) recurrent replacement of mtdna and cryptic hybridization between two sibling bat species myotis myotis and myotis blythii. proceedings of the royal society of london, b, 273 (1605), 3101–3109 .\nbilgin, r. , maracı, ö. , gürün, k. , rebelo, h. , puechmaille, s. j. , presetnik, p. , hamidovic, d. , fressel, n. , hulva, p. , horáček, i. , ibañez, c. , karataş, a. , karataş, a. , allegrini, b. , georgiakakis, p. , gazaryan, s. , nagy, z. , abi - said, m. , lučan, r. k. , bartonička, t. , nicolaou, h. , scaravelli, d. , karapandža, b. , uhrin, m. , paunović, m. , benda, p. & juste, j. 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(2007) dna barcoding of neotropical bats: species identification and discovery within guyana. molecular ecology notes, 7, 184–190 .\ndarriba, d. , taboada, g. l. , doallo, r. & posada, d. (2012) jmodeltest 2: more models, new heuristics and parallel computing. nature methods, 9 (8), 772–772 .\ndavidson - watts, i. , walls, s. & jones, g. (2006) differential habitat selection by pipistrellus pipistrellus and pipistrellus pygmaeus identifies distinct conservation needs for cryptic species of echolocating bats. conservation biology, 133, 118–127 .\ndietz, c. , von helversen, o. & nill, d. (2009) bats of britain, europe & northwest africa. london: a & c black publishers ltd. , 400 pp .\ndieuleveut, t. , lieron, v. & hingrat, y. 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(2007) beast: bayesian evolutionary analysis by sampling trees. bmc evolutionary biology, 7, 214 .\nfalush, d. , stephens, m. & pritchard, j. k. (2003) inference of population structure using multilocus genotype data: linked loci and correlated allele frequencies. genetics, 164, 1567–1587 .\nflanders, j. , jones, g. , benda, p. , dietz, c. , zhang, s. , li, g. , sharifi, m. & rossiter, s. j. (2009) phylogeography of the greater horseshoe bat, rhinolophus ferrumequinum: contrasting results from mitochondrial and microsatellite data. molecular ecology, 18, 306–318 .\nfrancis, c. m. , borisenko, a. v. , ivanova, n. v. , eger, j. l. , lim, b. k. , guillen - servent, a. , kruskop, s. v. , mackie, i. & hebert, p. d. (2010) the role of dna barcodes in understanding and conservation of mammal diversity in southeast asia. plos one, 5 (9), e12575 .\ngarcia - mudarra, j. l. , ibañez, c. & juste, j. 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(2006) the iberian contribution to cryptic diversity in european bats. acta chiropterologica, 8 (2), 277–297 .\nith, s. , soisook, p. , bumrungsri, s. , kingston, t. , puechmaille, s. j. , struebig, m. j. , bu, s. s. h. , thong, v. d. , furey, n. , hammond, n. & bates, p. j. j. (2011) a taxonomic review of rhinolophus coelophyllus peters 1867 and r. shameli tate 1943 (chiroptera: rhinolophidae) in continental southeast asia. acta chiropterologica, 13 (1), 41–59 .\njombart, t. (2008) adegenet: a r package for the multivariate analysis of genetic markers. bioinformatics, 24 (11), 1403–1405 .\njombart, t. , pontier, d. & dufour, a. b. (2009) genetic markers in the playground of multivariate analysis. heredity, 102 (4), 330–341 .\njuste, j. , bilgin, r. , muñoz, j. & ibañez, c. (2009) mitochondrial dna signatures at different spatial scales: from the effects of the straits of gibraltar to population structure in the meridional serotine bat (eptesicus isabellinus). heredity, 103 (2), 178–187 .\njuste, j. , ibañez, c. , muñoz, j. , trujillo, d. , benda, p. , karataş, a. & ruedi, m. (2004) mitochondrial phylogeography of the long - eared bats (plecotus) in the mediterranean palearctic and atlantic islands. molecular phylogenetics and evolution, 31, 1114–1126 .\nkowalski, k. & rzebik - kowalska, b. (1991) mammals of algeria. wrocław - warszawa - kraków: ossolineum, 370 pp .\nlack, j. b. , roehrs, z. p. , stanley, c. e. , ruedi, m. & van den bussche, r. a. (2010) molecular phylogenetics of myotis indicate familial - level divergence for the genus cistugo (chiroptera). journal of mammalogy, 91 (4), 976–922 .\nloarie, s. r. , duffy, p. b. , hamilton, h. , asner, g. p. , field, c. b. & ackerly, d. d. (2009) the velocity of climate change. nature, 462 (7276), 1052–1055 .\nluo, a. , zhang, a. , ho, s. , xu, w. , zhang, y. , shi, w. , cameron, s. & zhu, c. (2011) potential efficacy of mitochondrial genes for animal dna barcoding: a case study using eutherian mammals. bmc genomics, 12 (1), 84 .\nmayr, e. (1996) what is a species, and what is not? philosophy of science, 63 (2), 262–277 .\nmein, p. & tupinier, y. (1977) formule dentaire et position systématique du minioptère (mammalia, chiroptera). mammalia, 41 (2), 207–211 .\nmonadjem, a. , taylor, p. j. , cotterill, f. p. d. & schoeman, m. c. (2010) bats of southern and central africa: a biogeographic and taxonomic synthesis. johannesburg, south africa: wits university press, 596 pp .\nnicholls, b. & racey, p. a. (2006a) contrasting home - range size and spatial partitioning in cryptic and sympatric pipistrelle bats. behavioral ecology and sociobiology, 61 (1), 131–142 .\nnicholls, b. & racey, p. a. (2006b) habitat selection as a mechanism of resource partitioning in two cryptic bat species pipistrellus pipistrellus and pipistrellus pygmaeus. ecography, 29 (5), 697–708 .\npritchard, j. k. , stephens, m. & donnelly, p. (2000) inference of population structure using multilocus genotype data. genetics, 155, 945–959 .\npuechmaille, s. j. , allegrini, b. , boston, e. , dubourg - savage, m. - j. , evin, a. , knochel, a. , le bris, y. , lecoq, v. , lemaire, m. , rist, d. & teeling, e. c. (2012a) genetic analyses reveal further cryptic lineages within the myotis nattereri species complex. mammalian biology, 77 (3), 224–228 .\npuechmaille, s. j. , ar gouilh, m. , piyapan, p. , yokubol, m. , khin mie mie, bates, p. j. j. , satasook, c. , nwe, t. , bu, s. s. h. , mackie, i. j. , petit, e. j. & teeling, e. c. 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{ "text": [ "miniopterus griffithsi is a bat in the genus miniopterus which occurs in southern madagascar .", "m. griffithsi was previously a part of the largest family of bats , the vespertilionidae , which consist of 5 subfamilies .", "the bat family miniopteridae is widely distributed , ranging from the majority of sub-sahara africa to north africa and eurasia , as well as southern and southeastern asia and australia .", "typical features of these bats include elongated third fingers , long narrow wings giving them a pointed shape when in flight , and a bent shape when folded , adding to the common name of bent-wing bats .", "m. griffithsi is similar to its sister species miniopterus gleni , which lives north of the onilahy river , while m. giffithsi lives south of it .", "researchers first discovered that m. griffithsi was separate from m. gleni based on phylogeographic studies of m. gleni . " ], "topic": [ 26, 29, 27, 23, 11, 3 ] }

[ "miniopterus griffithsi is a bat in the genus miniopterus which occurs in southern madagascar. m. griffithsi was previously a part of the largest family of bats, the vespertilionidae, which consist of 5 subfamilies. the bat family miniopteridae is widely distributed, ranging from the majority of sub-sahara africa to north africa and eurasia, as well as southern and southeastern asia and australia. typical features of these bats include elongated third fingers, long narrow wings giving them a pointed shape when in flight, and a bent shape when folded, adding to the common name of bent-wing bats. m. griffithsi is similar to its sister species miniopterus gleni, which lives north of the onilahy river, while m. giffithsi lives south of it. researchers first discovered that m. griffithsi was separate from m. gleni based on phylogeographic studies of m. gleni." ]

[ "no one has contributed data records for crambeidae yet. learn how to contribute .\n) tree contained only 13 sequences and no representative of crambeidae could be included. the representatives of the atlanto - mediterranean\n( crambeidae: poecilosclerida: demospongiae) from the south - eastern pacific, with a review of morphological characters for the genus .\nthree new species of crambe (crambeidae: poecilosclerida: demospongiae) from the south - eastern pacific, with a review of morphological characters for the genus .\nvan soest r. w. m. (2002) family crambeidae lévi, 1963. in: hooper j. n. a. , van soest r. w. m. , willenz p. (eds) systema porifera. springer, boston, ma\n). family crambeidae lévi, 1963. in ‘systema porifera: a guide to the classification of sponges’. (eds j. n. a. hooper and r. w. m. van soest) pp. 547–555. (kluwer academic / plenum publishers: new york, usa. )\nvan soest, r. w. m. 2002i. family crambeidae lévi, 1963. pp. 547 - 555. in: hooper, j. n. a. & van soest, r. w. m. (eds) systema porifera, a guide to the classification of sponges. kluwer academic / plenum publishers, new york, 2 vols .\nthe coi phylogeny, which was congruent under bi, nj, and ml, also retrieved the representatives of crambeidae as outgroups of the group formed by crella, phorbas, and hemimycale. the genus phorbas clustered with the atlanto - mediterranean crella spp. (0. 98 / 100 / 86) likely because we only included one individual / species of phorbas (fig. s3) .\nvan soest, r. w. m. (2002). family crambeidae lévi, 1963. pp. 547 - 555. in: hooper, j. n. a. & van soest, r. w. m. (eds) systema porifera. a guide to the classification of sponges. 1 (kluwer academic / plenum publishers: new york, boston, dordrecht, london, moscow). [ details ]\nvan soest, r. w. m. (2002). family crambeidae lévi, 1963. pp. 547 - 555. in: hooper, j. n. a. & van soest, r. w. m. (eds) systema porifera. a guide to the classification of sponges. 1 (kluwer academic / plenum publishers: new york, boston, dordrecht, london, moscow). [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nesteves, e. l. ; de paula, t. s. ; lerner, c. ; lôbo - hajdu, g. ; hajdu, e. (2018). morphological and molecular systematics of the ‘monanchora arbuscula complex’ (poecilosclerida: crambeidae), with the description of five new species and a biogeographic discussion of the genus in the tropical western atlantic. invertebrate systematics. 32: 457 - 503. , available online at urltoken page (s): 463 [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nvan soest, r. w. m; boury - esnault, n. ; hooper, j. n. a. ; rützler, k. ; de voogd, n. j. ; alvarez, b. ; hajdu, e. ; pisera, a. b. ; manconi, r. ; schönberg, c. ; klautau, m. ; picton, b. ; kelly, m. ; vacelet, j. ; dohrmann, m. ; díaz, m. - c. ; cárdenas, p. ; carballo, j. l. ; ríos, p. ; downey, r. (2018). world porifera database. crambeidae lévi, 1963. accessed at: urltoken; = 131651 on 2018 - 07 - 10\nthe three phylogenies retrieved the representatives of family crambeidae (monanchora and crambe) as an outgroup. the monophyly of the in - group containing crella spp. and hemimycale spp. was strongly supported under the bi, nj, and ml criteria (1 / 100 / 100). the genus phorbas was a sister group of the remaining species considered. crella was polyphyletic, with c. cyathophora separated from the well - supported clade (1 / 100 / 100) encompassing the atlanto - mediterranean crella. the latter appeared as a sister clade of a poorly supported group (0. 7 / 77 / 70) harboring c. cyathophora and hemimycale spp. the hemimycale spp. group, although monophyletic, was poorly supported under the nj and ml criteria (77 / 70) while the atlanto - mediterranean hemimycale clade was well supported under the three clustering criteria (1 / 92 / 95) .\n( of pandaros arbusculum duchassaing & michelotti, 1864) duchassaing de fonbressin, p. ; michelotti, g. (1864). spongiaires de la mer caraibe. natuurkundige verhandelingen van de hollandsche maatschappij der wetenschappen te haarlem. 21 (2): 1 - 124, pls i - xxv. page (s): 88; pl xviii fig 6 [ details ]\nvan soest, r. w. m; boury - esnault, n. ; hooper, j. n. a. ; rützler, k. ; de voogd, n. j. ; alvarez, b. ; hajdu, e. ; pisera, a. b. ; manconi, r. ; schönberg, c. ; klautau, m. ; picton, b. ; kelly, m. ; vacelet, j. ; dohrmann, m. ; díaz, m. - c. ; cárdenas, p. ; carballo, j. l. ; ríos, p. ; downey, r. (2018). world porifera database .\n( of echinostylinos unguiferus de laubenfels, 1953) laubenfels, m. w. de. (1953). sponges from the gulf of mexico. bulletin of marine science of the gulf and caribbean. 2 (3): 511 - 557. page (s): 528 - 529; fig 6 [ details ]\n( of monanchora barbadensis hechtel, 1969) hechtel, g. j. (1969). new species and records of shallow - water demospongiae from barbados, west indies. postilla. 132, 1 - 38. , available online at urltoken page (s): 21 - 25; fig 3 [ details ]\n( of prosuberites scarlatum alcolado, 1984) alcolado, p. m. (1984). nuevas especies de esponjas encontradas en cuba [ new species of sponges from cuba ]. poeyana 271: 1 - 22 (look up in imis) page (s): 13; fig 8d [ details ]\nkobluk, d. r. ; van soest, r. w. m. (1989). cavity dwelling sponges in a southern caribbean coral reef and their paleontological implications. bulletin of marine science. 44 (3), 1207 - 1235. [ details ]\nrützler, k. ; díaz, m. c. ; van soest, r. w. m. ; zea, s. ; smith, k. p. ; alvarez, b. ; wulff, j. (2000). diversity of sponge fauna in mangrove ponds, pelican cays, belize. atoll research bulletin. 476: 230 - 248. page (s): 235 [ details ]\nrützler, k. ; van soest, r. w. m. ; piantoni, c. (2009). sponges (porifera) of the gulf of mexico. in: felder, d. l. and d. k. camp (eds .), gulf of mexico–origins, waters, and biota. biodiversity. texas a & m press, college station, texas. 285–313. [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nmuricy, g. ; lopes, d. a. ; hajdu, e; carvalho, m. s. ; moraes, f. c. ; klautau, m. ; menegola, c. ; pinheiro, u. (2011). catalogue of brazilian porifera. museu nacional, série livros. 300 pp. [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nrützler, k. ; piantoni, c. ; van soest, r. w. m. ; díaz, m. c. (2014). diversity of sponges (porifera) from cryptic habitats on the belize barrier reef near carrie bow cay. zootaxa. 3805 (1): 1 - 129. , available online at urltoken page (s): 64 - 65 [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nalcolado, p. m. ; busutil, l. (2012). inventaire des spongiaires néritiques du parc national de la guadeloupe (inventario de las esponjas neríticas del parque nacional de guadalupe). serie oceanológica. 10, 62 - 76. page (s): 69 [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nvan soest, r. w. m. (2017). sponges of the guyana shelf. zootaxa. 4217: 1 - 225. , available online at urltoken page (s): 136 [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\npérez, t. ; díaz, m. c. ; ruiz, c. ; cóndor - luján, b. ; klautau, m. ; hajdu, e. ; lôbo - hajdu, g. ; zea, s. ; pomponi, s. a. ; thacker, r. w. ; carteron, s. ; tollu, g. ; pouget - cuvelier, a. ; thélamon, p. ; marechal, j. - p. ; thomas, o. p. ; ereskovsky, a. e. ; vacelet, j. ; boury - esnault, n. (2017). how a collaborative integrated taxonomic effort has trained new spongiologists and improved knowledge of martinique island (french antilles, eastern caribbean sea) marine biodiversity. plos one. 12 (3): e0173859. , available online at urltoken page (s): 11 [ details ]\nlehnert, h. ; van soest, r. w. m. (1998). shallow water sponges of jamaica. beaufortia. 48 (5): 71 - 103. page (s): 88; fig 17 [ details ]\nvan soest, r. w. m. (1990). monanchora stocki n. sp. (porifera, poecilosclerida) from the mid - atlantic islands. bijdragen tot de dierkunde. 60 (3 - 4): 249 - 255. (look up in imis) [ details ]\ndíaz, m. c. (2005). common sponges from shallow marine habitats from bocas del toro region, panama. caribbean journal of science. 41 (3): 465 - 475. (look up in imis) page (s): 472 [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of echinostylinos unguiferus de laubenfels, 1953) collette, b. b. ; rützler, k. 1977. reef fishes over sponge bottoms off the mouth of the amazon river. proceedings 3rd international coral reef symposium miami, florida, u. s. a. pp. 305 - 310. page (s): 309 [ details ]\n( of monanchora barbadensis hechtel, 1969) pulitzer - finali, g. (1986). a collection of west indian demospongiae (porifera). in appendix, a list of the demospongiae hitherto recorded from the west indies. annali del museo civico di storia naturale giacomo doria. 86: 65 - 216. page (s): 142 - 144; fig 64 - 65 [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of monanchora barbadensis hechtel, 1969) van soest, r. w. m. (1984). marine sponges from curaçao and other caribbean localities. part iii. poecilosclerida. in: hummelinck, p. w. & van der steen, l. j. (eds), uitgaven van de natuurwetenschappelijke studiekring voor suriname en de nederlandse antillen. no. 112. studies on the fauna of curaçao and other caribbean islands. 66 (199): 1 - 167. page (s): 40 - 42; fig 12 [ details ]\n( of monanchora barbadensis hechtel, 1969) van soest, r. w. m. (1981). a checklist of the curaçao sponges (porifera demospongiae) including a pictorial key to the more common reef - forms. verslagen en technische gegevens instituut voor taxonomische zoölogie (zoölogisch museum) universiteit van amsterdam. 31: 1 - 39. page (s): 13 [ details ]\n( of monanchora unguifera (de laubenfels, 1953) ) zea, s. (1987). esponjas del caribe colombiano. (catálogo cientifico: bogotá, colombia): 1 - 286. page (s): 152 - 156; fig 50 - 51 [ details ]\n( of pandaros arbusculum duchassaing & michelotti, 1864) van soest, r. w. m. ; stone, s. m. ; boury - esnault, n. ; rützler, k. (1983). catalogue of the duchassaing & michelotti (1864) collection of west indian sponges (porifera). bulletin zoologisch museum, universiteit van amsterdam. 9 (21): 189 - 205. page (s): 199 [ details ]\nnontype [ from synonym ] zma por. 04610, locality southern caribbean (curaçao, buoy 0) [ view taxon ]\nnontype [ from synonym ] zma por. 04617, locality southern caribbean (curaçao, playa kalki) [ view taxon ]\nlévi, c. , 1963. spongiaires d' afrique du sud. (1) poecilosclérides. trans. r. soc. s africa, 37 (1): 1 - 71\nsoest, r. w. m. van, 1990. monanchora stocki n. sp. (porifera, poecilosclerida) from the mid - atlantic islands. bijdr. dierk. , 60 (3 / 4): 249 - 255\nlévi, c. (1963). spongiaires d’afrique du sud. (1) poecilosclérides. transactions of the royal society of south africa. 37 (1): 1 - 72, pls i - x. [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nvan soest, r. w. m. (2001). porifera, in: costello, m. j. et al. (ed .) (2001). european register of marine species: a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification. collection patrimoines naturels. 50: 85 - 103. (look up in imis) [ details ]\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\nscientists aim to describe a single' tree of life' that reflects the evolutionary relationships of living things. however, evolutionary relationships are a matter of ongoing discovery, and there are different opinions about how living things should be grouped and named. eol reflects these differences by supporting several different scientific' classifications'. some species have been named more than once. such duplicates are listed under synonyms. eol also provides support for common names which may vary across regions as well as languages .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page: myers, p. , r. espinosa, c. s. parr, t. jones, g. s. hammond, and t. a. dewey. 2018. the animal diversity web (online). accessed at https: / / animaldiversity. org .\ndisclaimer: the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. adw doesn' t cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283, drl 0628151, due 0633095, drl 0918590, and due 1122742. additional support has come from the marisla foundation, um college of literature, science, and the arts, museum of zoology, and information and technology services .\n< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation, e. g. an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature, an orthologous protein, a record from another database, etc. < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences\n> more... < / a > < / p >\nhelp pages, faqs, uniprotkb manual, documents, news archive and biocuration projects .\nyou are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website. please consider upgrading your browser .\n< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins, you can use the ‘basket’ to save them, so that you can back to find or analyse them later. < p > < a href =' / help / basket' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ help / sequence - searches\n> more. . < / a > < / p >\nwe' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe’s new general data protection regulation (gdpr) that applies since 25 may 2018 .\nspecies with an * have skeletal images (spicules and / or tissue mounts) available to view .\nvan soest r. w. m. (2002) family myxillidae dendy, 1922. in: hooper j. n. a. , van soest r. w. m. , willenz p. (eds) systema porifera. springer, boston, ma\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwarning: the ncbi web site requires javascript to function. more ...\nthis is an open access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, reproduction and adaptation in any medium and for any purpose provided that it is properly attributed. for attribution, the original author (s), title, publication source (peerj) and either doi or url of the article must be cited .\nthe several phylogenetic reconstructions retrieved both crella and hemimycale polyphyletic. strong differences in coi sequences indicated that c. cyathophora from the red sea might belong in a different genus, closer to hemimycale arabica than to the atlanto - mediterranean crella spp. molecular and external morphological differences between hemimycale arabica and the atlanto - mediterranean hemimycale also suggest that hemimycale arabica fit in a separate genus. on the other hand, the atlanto - mediterranean crellidae appeared in 18s and 28s phylogenies as a sister group of the atlanto - mediterranean hemimycale. moreover, what was known up to now as hemimycale columella, is formed by two cryptic species with contrasting bathymetric distributions. some small but consistent morphological differences allow species distinction .\nthe discovery of cryptic species is continuously improving our knowledge on real ecosystem biodiversity and functioning, which are intimately related (frainer, mckie & malmqvist, 2014). unrecognized cryptic diversity may mask biological features such as divergent reproduction patterns, growth dynamics, and inter - species interactions, among others (knowlton, 1993; prada et al. , 2014; de meester et al. , 2016; loreau, 2004), which may confound conservation studies (forsman et al. , 2010) and obscure the introduction pathway of invasive species (knapp et al. , 2015) .\nsponges are sessile, aquatic filter - feeders that are widespread across oceans, depths, and ecosystems (van soest et al. , 2012), with so far 8, 789 accepted species inventoried in 2016 (van soest et al. , 2016) and ca. 29, 000 predicted to be discovered in the forthcoming years (hooper & lévi, 1994; appeltans et al. , 2012), many of which remain currently hidden among supposed widespread morpho - species (uriz & turon, 2012) .\nthe poor dispersal capacities of sponges prevent in most cases gene flow among populations even at short geographical distances (boury - esnault, pansini & uriz, 1993; uriz et al. , 1998; nichols & barnes, 2005; mariani et al. , 2006; uriz, turon & mariani, 2008). consequently, sponge populations become genetically structured (boury - esnault, pansini & uriz, 1993; duran, pascual & turon, 2004; blanquer, uriz & caujapé - castells, 2009; guardiola, frotscher & uriz, 2012, 2016), which favors speciation, while the sponge plasticity fosters phenotypic (morphological) convergence to similar habitats (blanquer & uriz, 2008) .\nmany new cryptic sponge species have been discovered in the last decades thanks to the use of molecular markers (see uriz & turon, 2012 for a review until 2012, knapp et al. , 2011; de paula et al. , 2012). however, less often, molecularly discovered new species have also been described morphologically (but see blanquer & uriz, 2008; cárdenas & rapp, 2012; reveillaud et al. , 2011, 2012), which is necessary if phylogeny is aimed to translate into taxonomy, and the new species are wanted to be considered in ecological studies .\nsponge species can be both morphologically (e. g. , uriz & turon, 2012) and, more rarely, molecularly (with the markers used) cryptic (carella et al. , 2016; vargas et al. , 2016) but show contrasting biological features. for instance, scopalina blanensis (blanquer & uriz, 2008), which is sympatric with scopalina lophyropoda, mainly grows in winter. conversely, scopalina lophyropoda regresses in winter and grows principally in summer–autumn (blanquer, uriz & agell, 2008), thus indicating temporal niche partition .\nhymedesmiidae currently contains 10 accepted genera among which, hemimycale burton, 1934 (van soest et al. , 2016). the position of genus hemimycale, which shares with hymedesmia, and phorbas (hymedesmiidae) and with crella (crellidae), the so - called aerolate areas with an inhaling function, has changed from hymeniacidonidae in halichondrida (lévi, 1973) to hymedesmiidae in poecilosclerida (van soest, 2002). more recently, in 18s phylogenies of poecilosclerida, hemimycale columella was retrieved within the crellidae clade, although with low support (redmond et al. , 2013) .\nhemimycale harbors only four formally described species (van soest et al. , 2016): the type species hemimycale columella (bowerbank, 1874), from northwestern atlantic and mediterranean, hemimycale rhodus (hentchel, 1929) from the north sea, hemimycale arabica illan et al. , 2004 from the red sea and hemimycale insularis moraes, 2011 from brazil. however, the simple spicule complement of the genus, which only consists of strongyles with some occasional styles, may propitiate the existence of morphologically (based on the spicules) cryptic species .\nhemimycale columella, the type species of hemimycale, is widely distributed across the atlanto - mediterranean basin, from shallow (ca. 10 m) to deep (ca. 60 m) waters (uriz, rossell & martín, 1992). assays performed with eight microsatellite loci developed from deep specimens of hemimycale columella (gonzález - ramos, agell & uriz, 2015) failed to amplify a high percentage of the assayed individuals from a shallow population, which suggested larger genetic differences than those expected between intra - species sponge populations .\n). individuals were photographed underwater before sampling. collected fragments were divided into two pieces, one of them was preserved in 100% ethanol, and after three alcohol changes, kept at −20 °c until dna extraction; the other fragment was fixed in 5% formalin in seawater and preserved in 70% ethanol as a voucher for morphological and spicule studies. all vouchers have been deposited at the sponge collection of the centre d’estudis avançats de blanes (numbers ceab. por. gen. 001 to ceab. por. gen. 029) .\ngeographical origin and ecological distribution of the individuals used in the phylogenetic study, with accession numbers .\ndna extractions were performed on two to three specimens per species and locality (totaling 18 individuals) .\nspp. were extracted with dneasy blood & tissue kit (qiagen) according to the manufacturer’s protocol. standard primers were used for coi partitions m1–m6 (\n). coi (m1–m6 partition) amplifications were performed in a 50 μl volume reaction, containing 37. 6 μl h\no, 5 μl buffer kcl (bioron; f holzinger sales & support, germany), 2 μl bsa, 2 μl dntp (sigma; sigma _ aldrich, germany), 1 μl of primers, 0. 4 μl taq (bioron; f holzinger sales & support, germany), and 1 μl of genomic dna. 18s rrna amplifications were performed in a 50 μl volume reaction, containing 36. 85 μl h\no, 5 μl buffer (invitrogen, carlsbad, ca, usa), 0. 75 μl mgcl (invitrogen, carlsbad, ca, usa), 1. 2 μl dmso (dimethyl sulfoxide), 1 μl bsa, 1. 5 μl dntp (sigma; sigma _ aldrich, germany), 1 μl of primers, 0. 7 μl taq (invitrogen, carlsbad, ca, usa), and 1 μl of genomic dna. finally, partition d3–d5 of 28s rrna amplifications were performed in a 50 μl volume reaction, containing 36. 85 μl h\no, 5 μl buffer (invitrogen, carlsbad, ca, usa), 0. 75 μl mgcl (invitrogen, carlsbad, ca, usa), 2 μl bsa, 2 μl dntp (sigma; sigma _ aldrich, germany), 1 μl of primers, 0. 4 μl taq (invitrogen, carlsbad, ca, usa), and 1 μl of genomic dna. polymerase chain reaction products were purified and sequenced in both directions using applied biosystems 3730xl dna analyzers in macrogen, korea .\npcr conditions for the three partitions used (coi, 28s and 18s) .\nincongruence length difference (ild) test (paup 4. 0b10) was run (swofford, 2002) to verify sequence homogeneity or incongruence between the 18s rrna and coi markers and the 18s and 28s rrna markers. the ild test indicated no significant conflict (p = 0. 93 and p = 0. 91, respectively) between the marker pairs to be concatenated. thus, concatenated 18s coi and 18s–28s rrna datasets were constructed for the species with sequences available for both markers. the phylogeny on the three genes concatenated was not performed due to the few species / individuals for which the three genes were available .\nthe electronic version of this article in portable document format (pdf) will represent a published work according to the international commission on zoological nomenclature (iczn), and hence the new names contained in the electronic version are effectively published under that code from the electronic edition alone. this published work and the nomenclatural acts it contains have been registered in zoobank, the online registration system for the iczn. the zoobank lsids (life science identifiers) can be resolved and the associated information viewed through any standard web browser by appending the lsid to the prefix urltoken. the lsid for this publication is: urn: lsid: zoobank. org: pub: 48910653 - 0343 - 4a8d - 911f - 3498a755f305. the online version of this work is archived and available from the following digital repositories: peerj, pubmed central and clockss .\nthe electronic version of this article in portable document format (pdf) will represent a published work according to the international code of nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants, and hence the new names contained in the electronic version are effectively published under that code from the electronic edition alone. in addition, new names contained in this work have been submitted to mycobank from where they will be made available to the global names index. the unique mycobank number can be resolved and the associated information viewed through any standard web browser by appending the mycobank number contained in this publication to the prefix “ urltoken ”. the online version of this work is archived and available from the following digital repositories: peerj, pubmed central, and clockss .\nthe 28s rrna (d3–d5) dataset comprised 31 sequences (24 new) of 623 nt. (84 variable positions from which, 60 parsimony informative) .\nthe resulting phylogenies were congruent with the three clustering criteria and matched in most cases the phylogeny based on the 18s rrna partition, although the supporting values of some clades were in some cases slightly lower (fig. s2) .\nthe deep and shallow mediterranean populations of hemimycale formed two well - supported monophyletic groups (0. 96 / 87 / 83 and 0. 96 / 100 / 98, for deep and shallow individuals, respectively), the former containing the atlantic sequence of hemimycale columella. no genetic differences for this partition were retrieved for shallow individuals despite their spread distribution across the mediterranean. the individuals of c. cyathophora from the red sea clustered with those from the pacific collected between australia and nouvelle caledonie (1 / 89 / 76) .\nthe coi dataset included 21 sequences (15 new) of 535 nt. (169 variable positions, from which 149 parsimony informative) .\na clade containing hemimycale spp. and c. cyathophora was well supported (0. 94 / 94 / 80). the hemimycale clade was divided into two subclades corresponding to deep and shallow individuals. no genetic differences among shallow individuals were found. a sister, well supported group (1 / 100 / 94) contained c. cyathophora and hemimycale arabica representatives with almost no genetic differences between them (fig. s3) .\nclade was confirmed as well as its division into two subclades: one containing the deep mediterranean individuals together with two atlantic sequences of the species and the other one harboring the shallow mediterranean individuals, which did not show any genetic difference across the mediterranean and adriatic sea .\nbi, nj and ml gave the same topologies. posterior probability, neighbor joining, and maximum likelihood supporting values are at the base of clades .\n( 1 / 100 / 100) divided into two monophyletic well - supported groups (deep and shallow individuals) .\nthe phylogenetic reconstructions performed with 18s, 28s rrna and coi, as well as with concatenated genes (18s rrna + coi and 18s + 28s rrna) support the polyphyly of crella and hemimycale, under the three clustering criteria used. as although hemimycale was monophyletic with the 28s rrna (d3–d5) marker, the clade was not statistically supported .\ncrella cyathophora sequences differ from those of the atlanto - mediterranean crella spp. in 2% (18s rrna), 2. 19% (28s rrna), and 10. 24% (coi). these genetic distances suggest that, despite some spicule similitude (presence of acanthoxeas and smooth diactines with atlanto - mediterranean crella spp .), the former species belongs in a different genus, closer to hemimycale arabica (0. 71% with 18s rrna, 1. 37% with 28s rrna, and none with coi) than to the atlanto - mediterranean crella spp .\nhemimycale arabica differs from the atlanto - mediterranean hemimycale spp. in 1. 43–1. 86% with 18s rrna, 1. 78–2. 19 with 28s rrna, and in 8. 38–8. 64% with coi. these strong coi differences and the contrasting morphological traits (blue external color, irregular, rim - free, aerolate areas and abundance of true styles in hemimycale arabica vs. orange–pinkish color, circular, rimmed aerolate areas, and slightly asymmetrical any strongyles almost exclusively in hemimycale spp .) also indicate that hemimycale arabica would belong in a different genus, which might also include c. cyathophora, as there are not coi differences between these two species .\nmoreover, the atlanto - mediterranean crellidae appeared in 18s and 28s rrna phylogenies as a sister group of the atlanto - mediterranean hemimycale, which suggests higher affinities of this genus with crellidae than with hymedesmiidae (its current family). however, more complete analyses including additional crellidae and hymedesmiidae out’s are needed to move hemimycale from hymedesmiidae to crellidae .\nthe phylogenetic trees with any of the three gene partitions either separately or concatenated confirm the presence of two cryptic hemimycale species in the mediterranean within what was considered until now hemimycale columella. the new species that we name hemimycale mediterranean sp. nov. (see description below) has a shallower distribution across the whole mediterranean than hemimycale columella, which has atlantic affinities. hemimycale columella differs from hemimycale mediterranea in 0. 85% (18s rrna), 1. 23% (28s rrna), and in 1–1. 2% (coi) .\nthe lack of genetic diversity among the distant populations of hemimycale mediterranea analyzed points to its recent presence in the mediterranean, which is compatible with a recent introduction. however, the new species has not been recorded out of the mediterranean, and thus, its origin cannot be established at the present time .\nmany cryptic species that were revealed by molecular markers have never been formally described owing to the difficulty of finding diagnostic phenotypic characters. although after exhaustive observation, only slight, morphological differences have been found to differentiate hemimycale mediterranea sp. nov. from hemimycale columella (see species description below), these phenotypic differences are consistent across individuals and thus, add to molecular differences and biological traits (l. garate et al. , 2013–2014, unpublished data) to consistently differentiate these two species .\nhemimycale is the only genus of hymedesmiidae that has smooth diactines and monactines exclusively (van soest, 2002). the genus was described by burton (1934) as “reduced mycaleae with skeleton of loose fibers of styli, sometimes modified into anisostrongyles, running vertically to the surface; fibers tending to branch and anastomose; no special dermal skeleton, no microscleres. ”\nencrusting to massive sponges. surface smooth, covered with circular inhaling, areas up to 6 mm in diameter with an up to 3 mm high rim. morbid and fleshy consistence. translucent to whitish ectosome, difficult to separate from the choanosome. thousands of calcareous spherules, 1 μm in diameter formed by intracellular calcifying bacteria (\n) are spread through the sponge mesohyl and specially accumulated at the sponge periphery of whitish individuals (l. garate et al. , 2013–2014, unpublished data) .\n( a, b, c, d) hemimycale columella from 35 to 40 m of depth. (e, f, g, h) hemimycale mediterranea sp. nov. from 12 to 17 m of depth. whitish tinge is due to calcibacteria accumulation. red tinges are due to several species of epibiotic cyanobacteria. arrows point to aerolate inhaling areas; arrowheads indicate the epibiont cyanophycea on hemimycale mediterranea specimens .\nasymmetric strongyles (anysotrongyles), straight, 302–435 × 3–4 μm in size. styles rare or completely absent from the mediterranean specimens (this study) and canary islands (\nlocality and spicule sizes of the studied individuals, and comparison with descriptions by other authors .\n( a, b, c, d, e) anysostrongyles (hemimycale mediterranea). (f) anisostrongyles (hemimycale columella). (g) anisostrongyles and one style (hemimycale arabica). (h) anysotrongyles and acantoxeas (crella cyatophora). inserts on each picture correspond to magnifications of the spicule ends .\nskeletal arrangement: plumose branching bundles of anysostrongyles together with spread spicules. a palisade of vertical anysotrongyles forms the rim around the inhaling areas .\ndistribution: northeastern atlantic (united kingdom and ireland coasts) canarias islands (cruz, 2002), western mediterranean: tossa de mar, arenys de mar, from 28 to 60 m depth (this study). it is not possible to confirm whether previous mediterranean records of the species (see vacelet & donadey, 1977) belonged to hemimycale columella or to hemimycale mediterranea .\nbiology: multiannual life span, ca. 60% survival after two monitoring years; maximum growth in autumn–winter (l. garate et al. , 2013–2014, unpublished data). larval release occurs at the beginning of november in mediterranean populations (m. j. uriz, l. garate & g. agell, 2013–2014, unpublished data) .\ndescription: thick encrusting sponges with aerolate inhaling areas up to 3 mm in diameter, surrounded by an up to 1. 5–2 mm high rim, which in some cases barely surpasses the sponge surface. thousands of calcareous spherules, 1 μm in diameter formed by intracellular calcifying bacteria are spread through the sponge mesohyl and specially accumulated at the sponge periphery (garate et al. , in press) .\ncolor: flesh to clear brownish externally, more or less whitish depending on calcibacteria accumulation at the surface, sometimes partially covered by an epibiotic (reddish or pinkish) cyanobacteria .\nsmooth, uniform in size, straight, anysostrongyles, 200–296 × 3–4 μm in size. styles completely absent .\nskeletal arrangement: plumose undulating bundles of anysostrongyles together with spread spicules. a palisade of vertical anysotrongyles forms the rim around the inhaling areas .\nknown distribution: northwestern mediterranean, central mediterranean, adriatic, eastern mediterranean (spain: cap de creus, tossa, blanes, arenys, south italy: croatia, tremiti, turkey, greece) between 3 and 17 m deep .\nbiology: annual life span, maximum growth rates in summer (m. j. uriz, l. garate & g. agell, 2013–2014, unpublished data). larval release at the end of september beginning of october (m. j. uriz, l. garate & g. agell, 2013–2014, unpublished data) .\nreported two different color forms occurring side by side on the littoral of provence (france), one pink cream and the other one brownish. likely the second color morph, which besides had smaller strongyles, corresponded to the\ncolor has not received much attention as a diagnostic character in sponges because it has been generally considered to be a response to higher or lower light irradiance at the sponge habitat, or to the presence of epibiotic or symbiotic cyanobacteria. however, color has proven to be taxonomically relevant to distinguish other invertebrates such as shrimp species (knowlton & mills, 1992) and also sponge species of the genus scopalina (blanquer & uriz, 2008), and thus it seems worthy to be taken into account in sponge taxonomy .\nthe contrasting ecological distribution of these two cryptic species in the mediterranean helps to predict their identity in the field. hemimycale mediterranean sp. nov. inhabits shallower zones than hemimycale columella. however, it is likely that both species may share occasionally habitats, as the record of the two color morphs side by side (vacelet & donadey, 1977) indicate. hemimycale mediterranea sp. nov. seems to be more abundant and widespread in the mediterranean than hemimycale columella. molecular differences between groups of individuals of hemimycale columella suggest the possible presence of additional cryptic species among the deep mediterranean hemimycale .\nthe presence of two morphologically cryptic hemimycale species in the mediterranean, which show contrasting biological traits, reinforces the idea that cryptic species represent something more than wrong taxonomic identifications or biodiversity underestimates. they may feature contrasting biological cycles and life spans, and puzzle biological studies, which may invalidate conservation policies based on those studies .\n18s, 28s, and coi partitions used in the phylogenetic study and deposited at genbank .\nbi, nj and ml gave almost the same topologies. the two individuals of h. arabica that appeared in unresolved positions under bi and ml formed a poorly supported (75 %) clade in the tree under the nj criterion (not shown). posterior probability, neighbor joining and maximum likelihood supporting values are at the base of clades .\nbi, nj and ml gave congruent topologies. posterior probability, neighbor joining and maximum likelihood supporting values are at the base of clades .\nbi, nj and ml gave the same topologies. posterior probability, neighbor joining and maximum likelihood supporting values are at the base of clades .\nwe thank j. sureda, m. bolivar, and f. crespo for sampling support in the mediterranean sea. m. bolivar also provided some deep hemimycale pictures. x. turon and e. ballesteros provided samples of hemimycale arabica from the read sea and c. cyathophora from bempton islands (pacific), respectively .\nthe research has been funded by marsymbiomics project (spanish mineco, ctm2013 - 43287 - p), bluepharmtrain (fp7 people - int, ref. 2013 - 667786), and grup consolidat sgr - 120, to maria j. uriz. leire garate benefited from a fellowship within the benthomics project (spanish micinn, ctm - 2010 - 22218 - c02 - 01). the funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript .\nmaria j. uriz conceived and designed the experiments, analyzed the data, contributed reagents / materials / analysis tools, wrote the paper, and reviewed drafts of the paper .\nleire garate conceived and designed the experiments, performed the experiments, analyzed the data, wrote the paper, prepared figures and / or tables, and reviewed drafts of the paper .\nthe 18 s, 28 s and coi sequences described here are accessible at genbank urltoken .\npublication lsid: urn: lsid: zoobank. org: pub: 69255188 - 5a55 - 4d5c - 9dc2 - 43e2b6cf6997 .\nspecies name: lsid: urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: a90cb361 - 6ec5 - 4b94 - 805b - f5a4c0edf2f9 .\nblanquer a, uriz mj. cryptic speciation in marine sponges evidenced by mitochondrial and nuclear genes: a phylogenetic approach .\nblanquer a, uriz m - j. “a posteriori” searching for phenotypic characters to describe new cryptic species of sponges revealed by molecular markers (dictyonellidae :\nblanquer a, uriz m - j, agell g. hidden diversity in sympatric sponges: adjusting life - history dynamics to share substrate .\nblanquer a, uriz m - j, caujapé - castells j. small - scale spatial genetic structure in\n, an encrusting sponge with philopatric larval dispersal and frequent fission and fusion events .\nboury - esnault n, pansini m, uriz mj. cosmopolitism in sponges: the “complex”\n( porifera: demospongiae: tetractinellida), new records and a new species .\ncarella m, agell g, cárdenas p, uriz mj. phylogenetic reassessment of antarctic\n( demospongiae, tetractinellida) reveals new genera and genetic similarity among morphologically distinct species .\ncastresana j. selection of conserved blocks from multiple alignments for their use in phylogenetic analysis .\nla laguna: consejeria política territorial y medio ambiente del gobierno de canarias s / c tenerife; 2002. p. 260. 8489729182\nde caralt s, lópez - legentil s, tarjuelo i, uriz mj, turon x. contrasting biological traits of\nde meester n, gingold r, rigaux a, derycke s, moens t. cryptic diversity and ecosystem functioning: a complex tale of differential effects on decomposition .\nde paula ts, zilberberg c, hajdu e, lôbo - hajdu g. morphology and molecules on opposite sides of the diversity gradient: four cryptic species of the\n( porifera, demospongiae) complex in south america revealed by mitochondrial and nuclear markers .\nduran s, pascual m, turon x. low levels of genetic variation in mtdna sequences over the western mediterranean and atlantic range of the sponge\nfolmer o, black m, hoeh w, lutz r, vrijenhoek r. dna primers for amplification of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit i from diverse metazoan invertebrates .\nforsman zh, concepcion gt, haverkort rd, shaw rw, maragos je, toonen rj. ecomorph or endangered coral? dna and microstructure reveal hawaiian species complexes :\nfrainer a, mckie bg, malmqvist b. when does diversity matter? species functional diversity and ecosystem functioning across habitats and seasons in a field experiment .\ngarate l, sureda j, agell g, uriz mj. endosymbiotic calcifying bacteria across sponge species and oceans .\ngonzález - ramos j, agell g, uriz m. microsatellites from sponge genomes: the number necessary for detecting genetic structure in\nguardiola m, frotscher j, uriz mj. genetic structure and differentiation at a short - time scale of the introduced calcarean sponge\nguardiola m, frotscher j, uriz m - j. high genetic diversity, phenotypic plasticity, and invasive potential of a recently introduced calcareous sponge, fast spreading across the atlanto - mediterranean basin .\nguindon s, gascuel o. a simple, fast, and accurate algorithm to estimate large phylogenies by maximum likelihood .\nguindon s, lethiec f, duroux p, gascuel o. phyml online—a web server for fast maximum likelihood - based phylogenetic inference .\nhooper jna, lévi c. biogeography of indo - west pacific sponges: microcionidae, raspailiidae, axinellidae. in: van soest rw, van kempen tm, braekman jc, editors .\nkearse m, moir r, wilson a, stones - havas s, cheung m, sturrock s, buxton s, cooper a, markowitz s, duran c, thierer t, ashton b, meintjes p, drummond a. geneious basic: an integrated and extendable desktop software platform for the organization and analysis of sequence data .\nknapp is, godwin ls, smith je, williams cj, bell jj. records of non - indigenous marine species at palmyra atoll in the us line islands .\nknapp is, forsman zh, williams gj, robert j, toonen rt, james j, bell jj. cryptic species obscure introduction pathway of the blue caribbean sponge (haliclona (soestella) caerulea), (order: haplosclerida) to palmyra atoll, central pacific .\nknowlton n, jackson jbc. new taxonomy and niche partitioning on coral reefs: jack of all trades or master of some ?\nvol. 18. san diego, california: san diego society of natural history; 1992. the systematic importance of color and color pattern: evidence for complexes of sibling species of snapping shrimp (caridea: alpheidae :\nlévi c. systématique de la classe des demospongiairia (démosponges) in: grassé p - p, editor .\ntraité de zoologie, anatomie, systématique, biology. iii spongiaires. i anatomie, physiology, systématique, écologie .\nlópez - legentil s, ruchty m, domenech a, turon x. life cycles and growth rates of two morphotypes of\nmariani s, uriz m - j, turon x, alcoverro t. dispersal strategies in sponge larvae: integrating the life history of larvae and the hydrologic component .\nmedlin l, elwood hj, stickel s, sogin ml. the characterization of enzymatically amplified eukaryotic 16s - like rrna - coding regions .\nmorrow cc, picton be, erpenbeck d, boury - esnault n, maggs ca, allcock al. congruence between nuclear and mitochondrial genes in demospongiae: a new hypothesis for relationships within the g4 clade (porifera: demospongiae )\nnichols sa, barnes pag. a molecular phylogeny and historical biogeography of the marine sponge genus placospongia (phylum porifera) indicate low dispersal capabilities and widespread crypsis .\npayo da, leliaert f, verbruggen h, d’hondt s, calumpong hp, de clerck o. extensive cryptic species diversity and fine - scale endemism in the marine red alga\npérez - porro a - r, gonzález j, uriz mj. reproductive traits explain contrasting ecological features in sponges: the sympatric poecilosclerids\npérez - portela r, duran s, palacín c, turon x. the genus\n( ascidiacea) in the atlanto - mediterranean region: a combined molecular and morphological approach .\nprada c, mcilroy se, beltrán dm, valint dj, ford sa, hellberg me, coffroth ma. cryptic diversity hides host and habitat specialization in a gorgonian - algal symbiosis .\nredmond ne, morrow cc, thacker rw, diaz mc, boury - esnault n, cárdenas p, hajdu e, lôbo - hajdu g, picton be, pomponi sa, kayal e, collins ag. phylogeny and systematics of demospongiae in light of new small - subunit ribosomal dna (18s) sequences .\nreveillaud j, allewaert ć, ṕrez t, vacelet j, banaigs b, vanreusel a. relevance of an integrative approach for taxonomic revision in sponge taxa: case study of the shallow - water atlanto - mediterranean\nreveillaud j, van soest r, derycke s, picton b, rigaux a, vanreusel a. phylogenetic relationships among ne atlantic plocamionida topsent (1927) (porifera, poecilosclerida): under - estimated diversity in reef ecosystems .\nronquist f, huelsenbeck jp. mrbayes 3: bayesian phylogenetic inference under mixed models .\ntarjuelo i, posada d, crandall ka, pascual m, turon x. cryptic species of\n( ascidiacea) in two different habitats: harbours and rocky littoral zones in the northwestern mediterranean .\nthacker rw, hill al, hill ms, redmond ne, collins ag, morrow cc, spicer l, carmack ca, zappe me, pohlmann d, hall c, diaz mc, bangalore pv. nearly complete 28s rrna gene sequences confirm new hypotheses of sponge evolution .\nuriz mj, agell g, blanquer a, turon x, casamayor eo. endosymbiotic calcifying bacteria: a new cue to the origin of calcification in metazoa ?\nuriz m - j, maldonado m, turon x, martí r. how do reproductive output, larval behaviour, and recruitment contribute to adult spatial patterns in mediterranean encrusting sponges ?\nuriz mj, rossell d, martín d. the sponge population of cabrera archipelago (balearic islands): characteristics, distribution, and abundance of the most representative species .\nuriz mj, turon x. chapter five: sponge ecology in the molecular era .\nuriz mj, turon x, mariani s. ultrastructure and dispersal potential of sponge larvae: tufted versus evenly ciliated parenchymellae .\nvacelet j, donadey c. electron microscope study of the association between some sponges and bacteria .\n( demosponges, poecilosclerida) and their taxonomic value. in: vacelet j, boury - esnault n, editors .\nvan soest rwm. family hymedesmiidae topsent, 1928. in: hooper jna, van soest rwm, willenz p, editors .\nvan soest rwm, boury - esnault n, hooper jna, rützler k, de voogd nj, alvarez de glasby b, hajdu e, pisera ab, manconi r, schoenberg c, klautau m, picton b, kelly m, vacelet j, dohrmann m, díaz m - c, cárdenas p, carballo jl. world porifera database. 2016. urltoken. [ 19 december 2016 ]. urltoken\nvan soest rwm, boury - esnault n, vacelet j, dohrmann m, erpenbeck d, de voogd nj, santodomingo n, vanhoorne b, kelly m, hooper jna. global diversity of sponges (porifera )\nvargas s, dohrmann m, göcke c, janussen d, wörheide g. nuclear and mitochondrial phylogeny of\n( hexactinellida: lyssacinosida, rossellidae): a species and a species flock in the southern ocean .\neduardo l. esteves a e, thiago s. de paula b, clea lerner c, gisele lôbo - hajdu b and eduardo hajdu d\na departamento de zoologia, instituto de biologia roberto alcantara gomes, universidade do estado do rio de janeiro, rua são francisco xavier, 524, phlc, sala 520, rio de janeiro, rj, 20550 - 013, brazil .\nb departamento de genética, instituto de biologia roberto alcantara gomes, universidade do estado do rio de janeiro, rua são francisco xavier, 524, phlc, sala 205, rio de janeiro, rj, 20550 - 013, brazil .\nc departamento de zoologia, instituto de biociências, universidade de são paulo – usp, rua do matão, travessa 14, 101, são paulo, sp, 05508 - 900, brazil .\nd departamento de invertebrados, museu nacional, universidade federal do rio de janeiro, quinta da boa vista, s / n, rio de janeiro, rj, 20940 - 040, brazil .\nadditional keywords: batzella, crambe, demospongiae, guanidine alkaloids, integrative taxonomy, iophon, marine biogeography, porifera, 16s, 28s .\naguilar - camacho, j. m. , and carballo, j. l. (2012\n). new and little - known poecilosclerid sponges from the mexican pacific ocean .\nalvarez, b. , and hooper, j. n. a. (2002). family axinellidae carter, 1875. in ‘systema porifera: a guide to the classification of sponges’. (eds j. n. a. hooper and r. w. m. van soest .) pp. 724–747. (kluwer academic / plenum publishers: new york, usa. )\namado - filho, g. m. , moura, r. l. , bastos, a. c. , salgado, l. t. , sumida, p. y. , guth, a. z. , francini - filho, r. b. , pereira - filho, g. h. , douglas, p. , abrantes, d. p. , brasileiro, p. s. , bahia, r. g. , leal, r. n. , kaufman, l. , kleypas, j. a. , farina, m. , and thompson, f. l. (2012\nrhodolith beds are major caco 3 bio - factories in the tropical south west atlantic .\narevabini, c. , crivelenti, y. d. , de abreu, m. h. , bitencourt, t. a. , santos, m. f. c. , berlinck, r. g. s. , hajdu, e. , beleboni, r. e. , fachin, a. l. , and marins, m. (2014\naron, z. d. , pietraszkiewicz, h. , overman, l. e. , valeriote, f. , and cuevas, c. (2004\n). synthesis and anticancer activity of side chain analogs of the crambescidin alkaloids .\nberlinck, r. g. s. , and romminger, s. (2016\nberlinck, r. g. s. , trindade - silva, a. e. , and santos, m. f. c. (2012\nbezerra, l. e. a. , and coelho, p. a. (2006\n). crustáceos decápodos associados a esponjas no litoral do estado do ceará, brasil .\nborchiellini, c. , chombard, c. , manuel, m. , alivon, e. , vacelet, j. , and boury - esnault, n. (2004\n). molecular phylogeny of demospongiae: implications for classification and scenarios of character evolution .\nbraekman, j. c. , daloze, d. , tavares, r. , hajdu, e. , and van soest, r. w. m. (2000\nbriggs, j. c. (1974). ‘marine zoogeography. ’ (mcgraw hill: new york, usa. )\n). report on the shallow - water marine sponges in the collection of the indian museum. part i .\ncampos, p. - e. , wolfender, j. - l. , queiroz, e. f. , marcourt, l. , al - mourabit, a. , frederich, m. , bordignon, a. , de voogd, n. , illien, b. , and galvin - bialecki, a. (2017\nunguiculin a and ptilomycalins e–h, antimalarial guanidine alkaloids from the marine sponge monanchora unguiculata .\ncárdenas, p. , pérez, t. , and boury - esnault, n. (2012\ncarter, h. j. (1883). new genus of sponges .\ncastro, c. b. , and pires, d. o. (2001\n). brazilian coral reefs: what we already know and what is still missing .\ncoelho, p. a. , and dos santos, m. f. b. a. (1980\n). zoogeografia marinha do brasil. i. considerações gerais sobre o método e aplicação a um grupo de crustáceos (paguros: crustacea decapoda, super - famílias paguroidea e coenobitoidea)." ]

{ "text": [ "crambeidae is a family of marine demosponges .", "identification of members of this family of sponges is based on microscopic examination of the spicules in their skeleton .", "the megascleres consist of peripheral thinner subtylostyles and thicker choanosomal styles while the microscleres are exclusively anchorate chelae . " ], "topic": [ 2, 26, 8 ] }

[ "crambeidae is a family of marine demosponges. identification of members of this family of sponges is based on microscopic examination of the spicules in their skeleton. the megascleres consist of peripheral thinner subtylostyles and thicker choanosomal styles while the microscleres are exclusively anchorate chelae." ]

[ "have a fact about thliptoceras sinensis? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for thliptoceras sinensis? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page: myers, p. , r. espinosa, c. s. parr, t. jones, g. s. hammond, and t. a. dewey. 2018. the animal diversity web (online). accessed at https: / / animaldiversity. org .\ndisclaimer: the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. adw doesn' t cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283, drl 0628151, due 0633095, drl 0918590, and due 1122742. additional support has come from the marisla foundation, um college of literature, science, and the arts, museum of zoology, and information and technology services .\nsign in to disable all ads. thank you for helping build the largest language community on the internet .\nhave a better pronunciation? upload it here to share it with the entire community .\nsimply select a language and press on the speaker button to listen to the pronunciation of the word. leave a vote for your preferred pronunciation .\nwe use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings .\n; of these, 12 are recognized as valid. the following nominal species are referred to\n. ueber chinas pyraliden, tortriciden, tineiden nebst kurze betrachtungen, zu denen das studium dieser fauna veranlassung gibt .\n. illustrations of typical specimens of lepidoptera heterocera in the collection of the british museum. part 8 .\n. a revision of the moths of the subfamily pyraustinae and family pyralidae. part 2 .\n. a catalogue of the pyralidina of sikkim collected by henry j. elwes and the late otto möller .\n. catalogue of the eastern and australian lepidoptera heterocera in the collection of the oxford university museum. part 2 .\n. list of the specimens of lepidopterous insects in the collection of the british museum parts 17–19 .\nemail your librarian or administrator to recommend adding this journal to your organisation' s collection .\nfull text views reflects the number of pdf downloads, pdfs sent to google drive, dropbox and kindle and html full text views .\n* views captured on cambridge core between september 2016 - 10th july 2018. this data will be updated every 24 hours .\nnatural history museum (2014). dataset: collection specimens. resource: specimens. natural history museum data portal (data. nhm. ac. uk). urltoken\nan open source project by the natural history museum' s biodiversity informatics group." ]

{ "text": [ "thliptoceras sinensis is a moth in the crambidae family .", "it was described by caradja in 1925 .", "it is found in china ( shanghai , zhejiang , fujian , jiangxi , guangdong , guangxi , hainan , guizhou ) .", "the wingspan is 24 – 27 mm . " ], "topic": [ 2, 5, 20, 9 ] }

[ "thliptoceras sinensis is a moth in the crambidae family. it was described by caradja in 1925. it is found in china (shanghai, zhejiang, fujian, jiangxi, guangdong, guangxi, hainan, guizhou). the wingspan is 24 – 27 mm." ]

[ "g. s, j. h. (2014). classification of baliochila barnesi regents of the university of michigan. retrieved february 01, 2017, from urltoken\nbaliochila barnesi, the barnes' s buff, is a butterfly in the family lycaenidae. it is found in eastern zimbabwe, western mozambique and the democratic republic of the congo. [ 3 ]\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page: myers, p. , r. espinosa, c. s. parr, t. jones, g. s. hammond, and t. a. dewey. 2018. the animal diversity web (online). accessed at https: / / animaldiversity. org .\ndisclaimer: the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. adw doesn' t cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283, drl 0628151, due 0633095, drl 0918590, and due 1122742. additional support has come from the marisla foundation, um college of literature, science, and the arts, museum of zoology, and information and technology services .\n© 2016, butterfly conservation society, ghana - african butterfly research institute - icom ltd .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthe source code for the wiki 2 extension is being checked by specialists of the mozilla foundation, google, and apple. you could also do it yourself at any point in time .\nwould you like wikipedia to always look as professional and up - to - date? we have created a browser extension .\nit will enhance any encyclopedic page you visit with the magic of the wiki 2 technology .\ni use wiki 2 every day and almost forgot how the original wikipedia looks like .\nof perfecting techniques; in live mode. quite the same wikipedia. just better .\nadults have been recorded on wing in november, december, march and april .\nbasis of this page is in wikipedia. text is available under the cc by - sa 3. 0 unported license. non - text media are available under their specified licenses. wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation, inc. wiki 2 is an independent company and has no affiliation with wikimedia foundation .\nackery pr, smith cr, and vane - wright ri eds. 1995. carcasson' s african butterflies. canberra: csiro .\ncorrespondence regarding this page should be directed to andrew v. z. brower at\n. note that images and other media featured on this page are each governed by their own license, and they may or may not be available for reuse. click on an image or a media link to access the media data window, which provides the relevant licensing information. for the general terms and conditions of tol material reuse and redistribution, please see the\neach tol branch page provides a synopsis of the characteristics of a group of organisms representing a branch of the tree of life. the major distinction between a branch and a leaf of the tree of life is that each branch can be further subdivided into descendent branches, that is, subgroups representing distinct genetic lineages .\nfor a more detailed explanation of the different tol page types, have a look at the structure of the tree of life page .\ntree of life design and icons copyright © 1995 - 2004 tree of life project. all rights reserved .\nclick here to view book online to see this illustration in context in a browseable online version of this book .\nplease note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work .\nvári, l. , kroon, d. m. , & krüger, m. 2002. classification and checklist of the species of lepidoptera recorded in southern africa. simple solutions, chatswood australia .\npopular: trivia, history, america, cities, world, usa, states, television, ... more" ]

{ "text": [ "baliochila barnesi , the barnes 's buff , is a butterfly in the lycaenidae family .", "it is found in eastern zimbabwe , western mozambique and the democratic republic of the congo .", "adults have been recorded on wing in november , december , march and april .", "the larvae feed on algae ( cyanobacteria ) growing on trees . " ], "topic": [ 2, 20, 8, 8 ] }

[ "baliochila barnesi, the barnes's buff, is a butterfly in the lycaenidae family. it is found in eastern zimbabwe, western mozambique and the democratic republic of the congo. adults have been recorded on wing in november, december, march and april. the larvae feed on algae (cyanobacteria) growing on trees." ]

[ "paraguaian hairy dwarf porcupine meaning not found if you know the meaning of this word, share it .\nparaguaian hairy dwarf porcupine translate not found if you know the translate of this word, share it .\nparaguaian hairy dwarf porcupine sentence not found if you know the sentence of this word, share it .\nparaguaian hairy dwarf porcupine antonyms not found if you know the antonyms of this word, share it .\nparaguaian hairy dwarf porcupine synonyms not found if you know the synonyms of this word, share it .\nsphiggurus villosus (f. cuvier, 1823) – orange - spined hairy dwarf porcupine\nthe paraguaian hairy dwarf porcupine, sphiggurus spinosus, is a south american porcupine species from the family erethizontidae. [ 2 ] it is found in argentina, brazil, paraguay and uruguay .\ncomments: possibly restricted to the shores of the paraná river. formerly included in coendou; see husson (1978) and comments under sphiggurus. emmons and feer (1997: 221) considered paragayensis to be a separate species (paraguay hairy dwarf porcupine). cabrera (1961: 602) noted that oken' s names are not recognized, but if oken' s name is accepted, the type species for sphiggurus becomes paragayensis (see tate, 1935: 307). emmons and feer (1997) included villosus and suggested that spinosus may intergra ...\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference (book, 2005) [ worldcat. org ]\nyour web browser is not enabled for javascript. some features of worldcat will not be available .\nyour list has reached the maximum number of items. please create a new list with a new name; move some items to a new or existing list; or delete some items .\nnote: citations are based on reference standards. however, formatting rules can vary widely between applications and fields of interest or study. the specific requirements or preferences of your reviewing publisher, classroom teacher, institution or organization should be applied .\nthe e - mail address (es) field is required. please enter recipient e - mail address (es) .\nthe e - mail address (es) you entered is (are) not in a valid format. please re - enter recipient e - mail address (es) .\ni thought you might be interested in this item at urltoken title: mammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference author: don e wilson; deeann m reeder publisher: baltimore: johns hopkins university press, ©2005. isbn / issn: 0801882214 9780801882210 0801882389 9780801882388 0801882397 9780801882395 oclc: 57557352\nwilson and reeder' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today. the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and, for the first time, common names. each concise entry covers type locality, distribution, synonyms, and major reference sources. the systematic arrangement of\ninformation indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level. this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\n- - publisher' s website .\nplease choose whether or not you want other users to be able to see on your profile that this library is a favorite of yours .\nthis indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\na uniquely valuable compendium of taxonomic and distributional data on the world' s living and historically extinct mammalian species. contributors and editors alike deserve the thanks of all\nadd tags for\nmammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference\n.\nyou may have already requested this item. please select ok if you would like to proceed with this request anyway .\nwilson and reeder' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today. the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and, for the first time, common names. each concise entry covers type locality, distribution, synonyms, and major reference sources. the systematic arrangement of information indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level. this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\n- - publisher' s website .\nworldcat is the world' s largest library catalog, helping you find library materials online. learn more ››\ndon' t have an account? you can easily create a free account .\nthis species is found in southern and eastern brazil, eastern paraguay, uruguay and misiones province, argentina (eisenberg and redford, 1999) .\nkari pihlaviita added the finnish common name\nparananpiikikkö\nto\nsphiggurus spinosus (f. cuvier, 1823 )\n.\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\nneotype for sphiggurus spinosus catalog number: usnm 115122 collection: smithsonian institution, national museum of natural history, department of vertebrate zoology, division of mammals sex / stage: male; young adult preparation: skin; skull collector (s): w. foster year collected: 1901 locality: sapucay [ = sapucai ], paraguari, paraguay, south america\nneotype: cuvier, f. 1823 nov (\n1822\n). memoires du museum d' histoire naturelle. 9: 433 .\nthis species occurs in wide range of habitats, including cerrado, pantanal and atlantic forest. in lowland tropical rainforest it occurs in primary forest, there is a possibility that mature secondary growth might be inhabited (voss in litt. , 2006) .\namori, g. (small nonvolant mammal red list authority) & schipper, j. (global mammal assessment team )\nthis species is listed as least concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large population, and because it is unlikely to be declining at nearly the rate required to qualify for listing in a threatened category .\nthis species is locally common, found in secondary forest canopy and near human communities .\nthis species has been included in cites appendix iii since 1976 (uruguay) .\nthey have a short tail and gray brown quills and feed on fruits, ant pupae, vegetables and roots .\nleite, y. & patterson, b. (2008). sphiggurus spinosus. in: iucn 2008. iucn red list of threatened species. retrieved 5 january 2009 .\nwoods, c. a. ; kilpatrick, c. w. (2005) .\ninfraorder hystricognathi\n. in wilson, d. e. ; reeder, d. m. mammal species of the world (3rd ed .). johns hopkins university press. pp. 1538–1600. isbn 978 - 0 - 8018 - 8221 - 0. oclc 62265494 .\njohn f. eisenberg and kent h. redford, 2000. mammals of neotropics: ecuador, bolivia and brazil .\nthe following bibliography has been generated by bringing together all references provided by our content partners. there may be duplication .\nnowak, r. m. 1991. walker' s mammals of the world. 5 edition. the john hopkins university press, baltimore & london .\norrell t. (custodian) (2015). itis global: the integrated taxonomic information system (version mar 2015). in: species 2000 & itis catalogue of life, 26th august 2015 (roskov y. , abucay l. , orrell t. , nicolson d. , kunze t. , flann c. , bailly n. , kirk p. , bourgoin t. , dewalt r. e. , decock w. , de wever a. , eds). digital resource at urltoken. species 2000: naturalis, leiden, the netherlands. issn 2405 - 8858 .\nsmith, f. a. , s. k. lyons, s. k. m. ernest, k. e. jones, d. m. kaufman, t. dayan, p. marquet, j. h. brown, and j. p. haskell. 2003. body size of late quaternary mammals. ecology 84: 3403 .\nwilson, don e. , and deeann m. reeder, eds. 1992. mammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference, 2nd ed. , 3rd printing\ndata and apps idaho fish and wildlife information system bringing information to bear on the management and conservation of fish, wildlife, and plants in idaho .\nrecord in your own voice, pronunciation for this word now and play it back to check how you pronounced .\nyou are not logged in. please login / register or post pronunciation as guest\n© urltoken, all rights reserved. privacy policy. cookies policy. disclaimer. feedback\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nrevisionary notes on neotropical porcupines (rodentia: erethizontidae). 3. an annotated checklist of the species of coendou lacépède, 1799\nmammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference, 2nd ed. , 3rd printing\nwoods, charles a. , and c. william kilpatrick / wilson, don e. , and deeann m. reeder, eds .\nmammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference, 3rd ed. , vol. 2\ncomments: this genus possibly dates from f. cuvier, 1823. mem. mus. hist. hat. paris, 9: 427, 433 - 435, where sphiggurus seems only a french name\nsphiggure\nexcept on pp. 433 - 434, where it is abbreviated\ns. spinosa\n. formerly included in coendou by cabrera (1961), walker et al. (1975), and hall (1981); see also comments under coendou. considered a distinct genus by husson (1978: 484 - 490). voss and angermann (1997) agreed with the conclusion of handley and pine (1992) that sphiggurus could not be meani ...\nvoss (2011) argues to sink echinoprocta and sphiggurus into coendou, but does not treat the validity of taxa at the subspecies rank. itis will seek expert guidance on these matters, but in the meantime retain the 3 separate genera with subspecies from wood and kilpatrick (2005 )\ndisclaimer: itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available, and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties. however, it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes. while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available, ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party, wildlife statutes, regulations, and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register. for further information on u. s. legal requirements with respect to protected taxa, please contact the u. s. fish and wildlife service .\nthis article will be permanently flagged as inappropriate and made unaccessible to everyone. are you certain this article is inappropriate ?\nwoods, c. a. ; kilpatrick, c. w. (2005) .\ninfraorder hystricognathi\n. in wilson, d. e. ; reeder, d. m .\n( 3rd ed .). johns hopkins university press. pp. 1538–1600 .\nthis article was sourced from creative commons attribution - sharealike license; additional terms may apply. world heritage encyclopedia content is assembled from numerous content providers, open access publishing, and in compliance with the fair access to science and technology research act (fastr), wikimedia foundation, inc. , public library of science, the encyclopedia of life, open book publishers (obp), pubmed, u. s. national library of medicine, national center for biotechnology information, u. s. national library of medicine, national institutes of health (nih), u. s. department of health & human services, and urltoken, which sources content from all federal, state, local, tribal, and territorial government publication portals (. gov, . mil, . edu). funding for urltoken and content contributors is made possible from the u. s. congress, e - government act of 2002 .\ncrowd sourced content that is contributed to world heritage encyclopedia is peer reviewed and edited by our editorial staff to ensure quality scholarly research articles .\nby using this site, you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy. world heritage encyclopedia™ is a registered trademark of the world public library association, a non - profit organization .\ncopyright © world library foundation. all rights reserved. ebooks from project gutenberg are sponsored by the world library foundation, a 501c (4) member' s support non - profit organization, and is not affiliated with any governmental agency or department .\nwe' ve detected that javascript is disabled in your browser. would you like to proceed to legacy twitter ?\nthis account has been suspended. learn more about why twitter suspends accounts, or return to your timeline .\nyou can add location information to your tweets, such as your city or precise location, from the web and via third - party applications. you always have the option to delete your tweet location history. learn more\nhere' s the url for this tweet. copy it to easily share with friends .\nby embedding twitter content in your website or app, you are agreeing to the twitter developer agreement and developer policy .\nnot on twitter? sign up, tune into the things you care about, and get updates as they happen .\nthis timeline is where you’ll spend most of your time, getting instant updates about what matters to you .\nhover over the profile pic and click the following button to unfollow any account .\nwhen you see a tweet you love, tap the heart — it lets the person who wrote it know you shared the love .\nthe fastest way to share someone else’s tweet with your followers is with a retweet. tap the icon to send it instantly .\nadd your thoughts about any tweet with a reply. find a topic you’re passionate about, and jump right in." ]

{ "text": [ "the paraguaian hairy dwarf porcupine , coendou spinosus , is a south american porcupine species from the family erethizontidae .", "it is found in argentina , brazil , paraguay and uruguay .", "they have a short tail and gray brown quills and feed on fruits , ant pupae , vegetables and roots .", "this species was formerly sometimes assigned to sphiggurus , a genus no longer recognized since genetic studies showed it to be polyphyletic .", "the population formerly recognized as the orange-spined hairy dwarf porcupine ( sphiggurus villosus ) has been reclassified to this species .", "its closest relatives are the bicolored-spined porcupine ( coendou bicolor ) and the black dwarf porcupine ( coendou nycthemera ) . " ], "topic": [ 29, 20, 8, 5, 5, 3 ] }

[ "the paraguaian hairy dwarf porcupine, coendou spinosus, is a south american porcupine species from the family erethizontidae. it is found in argentina, brazil, paraguay and uruguay. they have a short tail and gray brown quills and feed on fruits, ant pupae, vegetables and roots. this species was formerly sometimes assigned to sphiggurus, a genus no longer recognized since genetic studies showed it to be polyphyletic. the population formerly recognized as the orange-spined hairy dwarf porcupine (sphiggurus villosus) has been reclassified to this species. its closest relatives are the bicolored-spined porcupine (coendou bicolor) and the black dwarf porcupine (coendou nycthemera)." ]

[ "etanna clopaea voucher rz486 cytochrome c oxidase subunit i (coi) gene, partial ...\netanna clopaea is a species of moth of the nolidae family. it is found in australia, including queensland .\netanna vittalis; [ mob18 ]: 66, pl. 3, f. 149\netanna albonotata; [ mob18 ]: 67, pl. 3, f. 153\netanna brunnea; [ mob18 ]: 65, pl. 3, f. 142, 146\netanna breviuscula; [ mob18 ]: 64, pl. 3, f. 125, 141, 144\netanna teleoleuca; [ mob18 ]: 65, pl. 3, f. 123, 138, 145\netanna basalis; [ mob18 ]: 63, pl. 3, f. 135, 140, 143\netanna basalis; [ poole ]; [ aucl ]; [ mob18 ]: 63, pl. 3, f. 135, 140, 143\netanna pallibrunnea holloway, 2003; [ mob18 ]: 65, pl. 3, f. 147; tl: sabah, mt. kinabalu, 5500ft\netanna viridifascia holloway, 2003; [ mob18 ]: 67, pl. 3, f. 151; tl: brunei, 150ft, rampayoh r .\nthe adult moth is brown with varied light and dark wavy markings on the forewings, and plain hindwings that darken toward the margins and have dark veins. the moth has white legs. the wingspan is about 2 cms .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia, please upload using the upload tools .\nturner, a. j. 1902 ,\nnew genera and species of lepidoptera belonging to the family noctuidae\n, proceedings of the linnean society of new south wales, vol. 27, pp. 77 - 136\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: 1258e25b - 8f12 - 4ab7 - bdd2 - bcb84bd72af3\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: 256cbb46 - 1451 - 4810 - 8f2e - 3b103b44b59b\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: 2df1586d - 729a - 4d9f - 8278 - 1e7991281bc7\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: 3558b2ae - b1ca - 4e2c - 8d13 - 5dfd74aba703\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: 9b568559 - f07c - 447f - 8c57 - 095438a09fe8\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: 9d29bc8f - 17f6 - 4f54 - b7d4 - cba51ab4ecc5\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: b929e123 - 2543 - 4cf7 - a770 - 5eeca6e29cda\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: d7a5474e - a174 - 43a8 - a01b - f725a76d4dc8\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: 5842a981 - fac5 - 4b33 - a817 - f2b790ced9f6\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. name: 521709\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment. find records and model species distributions. export reports, maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area, or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something? photograph something? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities. we honour and celebrate the spiritual, cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\nencyclo. co. uk, online since 2007, is a search engine for english meanings and definitions. the website aims to publish all wordlists, big and small, on the internet, making it much easier to find the word you need. follow us on facebook\nborneo, sri lanka, burma, thailand, new guinea, queensland, vanuatu, fiji. see [ maps ]\nindia - indo - china, malaysia, borneo, new guinea - queensland, fiji. see [ maps ]\ntamusida vittalis walker, 1866; list spec. lepid. insects colln br. mus. 35: 1733\nne. himalaya, borneo, new guinea, solomons. see [ maps ]\napothripa binotata hampson, 1912; cat. lepid. phalaenae br. mus. 11: 250\nburma, ne. himalaya, borneo, new guinea, bismarcs, solomons. see [ maps ]\nclettharra albonotata hampson, 1894; fauna br. india (moths) 2: 384\n[ maps ] warning! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information, and the process does not always produce acceptable result; see about maps for more info .\nillustrations of typical specimens of lepidoptera heterocera in the collection of the british museum. part 8. the lepidoptera of heterocera of the nilgiri district\nthe moths of india. supplementary paper to the volumes in\nthe fauna of british india\nseries ii. part v - viii\non some apparently new species and forms of noctuidae. collected by c. , f. , and j. pratt, in the mountains of central ceram, october, 1919, to february, 1920\ncatalogue of the heterocerous lepidopterous insects collected at sarawak, in borneo, by mr. a. r. wallace, with descriptions of new species\nwalker, 1866 list of the specimens of lepidopterous insects in the collection of the british museum list spec. lepid. insects colln br. mus. 31: 1 - 322 ([ 1865 ]), 32: 323 - 706 (1865), 33: 707 - 1120 (1865), 34: 1121 - 1534 ([ 1866 ]), 35: 1535 - 2040 (1866 )\nif you have corrections, comments or information to add into these pages, just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources, and may include many inaccuracies. expert help is welcome .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwarning: the ncbi web site requires javascript to function. more ...\nformat summary genbank genbank (full) fasta asn. 1 xml insdseq xml tinyseq xml feature table accession list gi list gff3\nopens the highlight feature bar and highlights feature annotations from the features table of the record. the highlight feature bar can be used to navigate to and highlight other features and provides links to display the highlighted region separately. links in the features table will also highlight the corresponding region of the sequence. more ...\nfinds sub - sequences or patterns in the sequence and highlights the matching regions. the tool works with standard single letter nucleotide or protein codes including ambiguities and can match prosite patterns in protein sequences. more ...\nfinds sub - sequence or patterns in the sequence and highlights the matching region. the tool works with standard single letter nucleotide or protein codes including ambiguities and can match prosite patterns in protein sequences. more ...\nour website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site. we suggest you upgrade to a modern browser .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnote: you should have a urltoken account to upload new topics and comments. please, create an account or log in to add comments\n* our website is multilingual. some comments have been translated from other languages .\nthere are no photos of this species on the website yet. you can offer your photo by logging into your account\ncurators: konstantin efetov, vasiliy feoktistov, svyatoslav knyazev, evgeny komarov, stan korb, alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion, flight time, etc.." ]

{ "text": [ "etanna clopaea is a species of moth of the nolidae family .", "it is found in australia , including queensland .", "adults are brown with light and dark wavy markings on the forewings . " ], "topic": [ 2, 20, 1 ] }

[ "etanna clopaea is a species of moth of the nolidae family. it is found in australia, including queensland. adults are brown with light and dark wavy markings on the forewings." ]

[ "the chestnut - bellied nuthatches resemble the related indian nuthatch, but has a heavier bill and the crown and mantle are the same shade. the wing and tail show contrasting markings, silvery - edged primary feathers, and blackish inner webbing. its tail is marked by large patches of white. it measures 13 cm (5. 25 in) in length .\nthe chestnut - bellied nuthatches (sitta cinnamoventris) are native to bangladesh, bhutan, cambodia, china, india, laos, myanmar, nepal, thailand and vietnam; where they inhabit dry forests, moist lowland forests, and humid mountainous areas .\nharrap, s. (2018). chestnut - bellied nuthatch (sitta cinnamoventris). in: del hoyo, j. , elliott, a. , sargatal, j. , christie, d. a. & de juana, e. (eds .). handbook of the birds of the world alive. lynx edicions, barcelona. (retrieved from urltoken on 10 july 2018) .\n). a medium - sized nuthatch with long, deep, broad - tipped bill. male nominate race has crown and upperparts, ...\noften treated as conspecific with s. castanea and s. neglecta, but differs from castanea by its larger size, with longer, deeper, broader bill (3); crown only marginally paler than mantle vs obviously so (1); underparts fractionally paler (1); undertail - coverts slaty with broad white subterminal band and chestnut tips vs chestnut with mid - grey centres (2); parapatric distribution, or at least foothill vs lowland habitat (1); differs from neglecta in characters given under that species. overlaps with s. nagaensis in parts of ne india and se asia, but they replace each other altitudinally. birds in se bangladesh presumed to belong to this species, rather than to s. castanea. race almorae intergrades with nominate in ec nepal. four subspecies recognized .\nthe blue - throated barbet and a party of chestnut - bellied nuthatches busily scan the upper storeys of forest trees - the former in search of ficus figs and the latter in ambush of insects taking shelter under the bark. this footage is part of the professionally - shot broadcast stock footage archive of wilderness films india ltd. , the largest collection of imagery from south asia. the wilderness films india collection comprises of thousands of hours of high quality broadcast imagery, mostly shot on hdcam 1080i high definition, hdv and xdcam. write to us for licensing this footage on a broadcast format, for use in your production! we are happy to be commissioned to film for you or else provide you with broadcast crewing and production solutions across south asia. we pride ourselves in bringing the best of india and south asia to the world... reach us at rupindang (at) urltoken and admin @ wildfilmsindia. com .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\ndel hoyo, j. , collar, n. j. , christie, d. a. , elliott, a. , fishpool, l. d. c. , boesman, p. and kirwan, g. m. 2016. hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world. volume 2: passerines. lynx edicions and birdlife international, barcelona, spain and cambridge, uk .\njustification: this species has an extremely large range, and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion (extent of occurrence < 20, 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size, habitat extent / quality, or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation). the population trend is not known, but the population is not believed to be decreasing sufficiently rapidly to approach the thresholds under the population trend criterion (> 30% decline over ten years or three generations). the population size has not been quantified, but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion (< 10, 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10% in ten years or three generations, or with a specified population structure). for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nthe global population size has not been quantified, but the species described as generally common (del hoyo et al. 2008). trend justification: the population trend is difficult to determine because of uncertainty over the impacts of habitat modification on population sizes .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\nwhat do (1) and (2) mean? learn more about the scoring system .\nkinnear & whistler, 1930 – foothills of w & c himalayas in pakistan (murree hills and azad kashmir) and from n india (uttarakhand) to ec nepal .\nblyth, 1842 – foothills from ec nepal e to ne india (n west bengal and most of arunachal pradesh, also hills of meghalaya, manipur and mizoram), se bangladesh (chittagong hills), ne myanmar (s to about myitkyina) and s china (r yingjiang, in extreme w yunnan) .\nvaurie, 1950 – ne india from se arunachal pradesh (patkai range) s to nagaland and s assam (n cachar), and adjacent nw myanmar .\nkinnear, 1936 – s china (s yunnan), nw vietnam (including cha pa, na hang, muong moun), n laos (s to at least nape) and nw thailand .\ncalls include mellow\ntsup\ngiven in conversational chatter as contact, and thin, mouse - ...\nfood insects, also seeds and nuts. seen singly, but more often in pairs or loose family parties; frequently joins mixed - species foraging ...\nseason apr–may in himalayan foothills and ne india (meghalaya). nest a layer of moss or bark fragments, sometimes with a few dried ...\nnot assessed. probably not globally threatened. generally common, at least locally; scarce and local in pakistan, and very rare in china. very rare in bangladesh, where birds ...\nonly subscribers are able to see the bibliography. login or subscribe to get access to a lot of extra features !\nonly members are able to post public comments. to make the most of all of hbw' s features, discover our subscriptions now !\norder of species is primarily based on a recent, well - resolved and largely comprehensive molecular phylogeny # r .\nget access to the contents of the hbw including all species accounts, family texts, plates, audiovisual links, updates and related resources .\nalso available: 2 - year subscription package: 55. 90 € (instead of 59. 90 €) 3 - year subscription package: 82 € (instead of 89. 85 € )\nsupporting members help us to develop and update the project more quickly and to reach more people by keeping prices down .\nview more information, tracking references to their source (when available on the internet) .\nalso available: 2 - year subscription package: 82. 5 € (instead of 89. 9 €) 3 - year subscription package: 122. 5 € (instead of 134. 85 € )\nthere is a registration fee of 20€. this is a one - time only fee when you become a subscriber of hbw alive. you won’t pay it again as long as you renew your subscription before it expires .\nif you represent an organization or institution, click here for more information on institutional subscriptions .\nthis map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding (anonymously); markers do not indicate precise localities .\npreviously published on avocet as av5600. certainty: slightly less than 100% . id determined by: not specifically indicated; recordist normally sees birds recorded and indicates if any question; lower pitched calls similar to xc 41752. gps: estimate from google earth .\nsonogram images © xeno - canto foundation. sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmyavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists, and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .\nthere are more than 12, 000 regional checklists in avibase, offered in 9 different taxonomies, including synonyms more than 175 languages. each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community, and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .\nthere are a few ways by which you can help the development of this page, such as joining the flickr group for photos or providing translations of the site in addition languages .\nreference: j. asiat. soc. bengal vol. 11, part i, n° 125, p. 459 (in text )\nyou must be logged in to view your sighting details. to register to myavibase click here .\navibase has been visited 263, 338, 308 times since 24 june 2003. © denis lepage | privacy policy\nrecommended citation birdlife international (2018) species factsheet: sitta cinnamoventris. downloaded from urltoken on 10 / 07 / 2018. recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species: birdlife international (2018) iucn red list for birds. downloaded from urltoken on 10 / 07 / 2018 .\nfound in the foothills of western and central himalayas from pakistan (murree hills and azad kashmir) east to northern india (himachal pradesh, extreme northern haryana and uttaranchal pradesh) and east - central nepal. their range overlaps with the nominate race in east - central nepal .\nrange: northeastern india - from southeastern arunachal pradesh (patkai range) south to nagaland and southern assam (northern cachar), and northwestern myanmar .\nrange: south yunnan in southern china, northwestern vietnam (including cha pa, na hang, muong moun), northern laos (south to at least nape) and doi hua mot in thailand .\nchinese: ?? ?... french: sittelle de blyth, sittelle du piémont... german: zimtbauchkleiber... polish: kowalik cynamonowy... slovak: brhlík škoricový... spanish: trepador ventricastaño\nfor updates please follow beautyofbirds on google + (google. com / + avianweb )\nthe articles or images on this page are the sole property of the authors or photographers .\n; however, mistakes do happen. if you would like to correct or update any of the information, please\nthroughout history, crows, ravens and other black birds were feared as symbols of evil or death. …\nplease note: any content published on this site is commentary or opinion, and is protected under free speech. it is only provided for educational and entertainment purposes, and is in no way intended as a substitute for professional advice. avianweb / beautyofbirds or any of their authors / publishers assume no responsibility for the use or misuse of any of the published material. your use of this website indicates your agreement to these terms .\nthese videos were recorded in bhutan during november of 2016. these videos support the urltoken and urltoken websites. the full portfolio may be viewed at urltoken .\nthis video was recorded along the trongsa - zhemgang road, bhutan during november 2016. it supports the urltoken and urltoken websites .\nwe noticed that you' re using an unsupported browser. the tripadvisor website may not display properly. we support the following browsers :\ni have been there two times. awesome place to visit. this wonderful mudumalai wildlife sanctuary is situated on the northwestern side of the nilgiri hills, in nilgiri district, about 150 kilometres (93 mi) north - west of coimbatore city in kongu nadu region of tamil nadu. we stayed in nest inn resort (2013) and green park resort (2015), masinagudi. we took the safari ...\n* tripadvisor llc is not a booking agent and does not charge any service fees to users of our site... (\ntripadvisor llc is not responsible for content on external web sites. taxes, fees not included for deals content." ]

{ "text": [ "the chestnut-bellied nuthatch ( sitta cinnamoventris ) is a species of bird in the sittidae family .", "it is found in the indian subcontinent occurring in the countries of bangladesh , bhutan , india , nepal , and tibet .", "its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry forests , subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests , and subtropical or tropical moist montane forests .", "this species has been split by rasmussen and anderton ( 2005 ) from : the indian nuthatch and burmese nuthatch .", "the chestnut-bellied nuthatch is very similar to the previous but with a heavier bill , crown and mantle of the same shade .", "the wing and tail markings show contrasting markings ; silvery-edge to primaries , blackish inner webs to tertials and tail with large white spots in the tail .", "white on ear coverts does not extend into chin unlike in the former .", "race almorae of nepal and nw himalayas has paler underparts ; race koelzi of the eastern himalayas has the female darker than in other races .", "resident from murree hills to the uttaranchal foothills extending to the assam valley , arunachal pradesh into the lushai hills . " ], "topic": [ 2, 20, 24, 16, 23, 23, 23, 14, 13 ] }

[ "the chestnut-bellied nuthatch (sitta cinnamoventris) is a species of bird in the sittidae family. it is found in the indian subcontinent occurring in the countries of bangladesh, bhutan, india, nepal, and tibet. its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry forests, subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests, and subtropical or tropical moist montane forests. this species has been split by rasmussen and anderton (2005) from: the indian nuthatch and burmese nuthatch. the chestnut-bellied nuthatch is very similar to the previous but with a heavier bill, crown and mantle of the same shade. the wing and tail markings show contrasting markings; silvery-edge to primaries, blackish inner webs to tertials and tail with large white spots in the tail. white on ear coverts does not extend into chin unlike in the former. race almorae of nepal and nw himalayas has paler underparts; race koelzi of the eastern himalayas has the female darker than in other races. resident from murree hills to the uttaranchal foothills extending to the assam valley, arunachal pradesh into the lushai hills." ]

[ "tuta elaborata povolný, 2000; shilap revista lepid. 28: (213 - 225 )\nscrobipalpuloides elaborata (povolný, 2000), n. sp. , shilap rev. de lepid. , v. 28, no. 110, p. 213 - 225, was formerly placed in the genus tuta, zootaxa. 2231, 26 .\ngnorimoschema chiquitella busck, 1910; proc. ent. soc. wash. 11 (4): 176; tl: mesilla, new mexico\nlarva on atriplex, atriplex patula hastata powell & povolný, 2001, holarctic lepidoptera 8 (suppl. 1): 18\ntuta chiquitelloides powell & povolný, 2001; holarctic lepidoptera 8 (suppl. 1): 18; tl: california, los angeles co. , san clemente i. , gord, 330m\ntuta insularis powell & povolný, 2001; holarctic lepidoptera 8 (suppl. 1): 19; tl: california, los angeles co. , avalon, santa catalna i .\ntuta isolata povolný, 2000; shilap revista lepid. 28: (213 - 225 )\ntuta spinosa povolný, 2000; shilap revista lepid. 28: (213 - 225 )\ntuta totalis povolný, 2000; shilap revista lepid. 28: (213 - 225 )\ntuta truncata povolný, 2000; shilap revista lepid. 28: (213 - 225 )\nsangmi lee, richard brown & sibyl bucheli. gelechioidea - a global framework ;\n[ maps ] warning! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information, and the process does not always produce acceptable result; see about maps for more info .\npowell & povolný, 2001 gnorimoschemini moths of coastal dune and scrub habitats in california (lepidoptera: gelechiidae) holarctic lepidoptera 8 (suppl. 1): 1 - 53\nif you have corrections, comments or information to add into these pages, just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources, and may include many inaccuracies. expert help is welcome .\nphotographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed. contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\nlee, s. , r. w. hodges, & r. l. brown, 2009, . checklist of gelechiidae (lepidoptera) in america north of mexico. zootaxa, 2231: 1 - 39 .\nfor full functionality of researchgate it is necessary to enable javascript. here are the instructions how to enable javascript in your web browser .\nthis is a pdf file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. as a service to\nour customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. the manuscript will undergo\ncopyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final form. please\ngelechiidae. in: heppner, j. b. (ed .), atl\ndisplay of the\npeacock moth\n: brenthia spp. (choreutidae: brenthiinae )\norder lepidoptera linnaeus, 1758. in: zhang, z. - q. (ed .), animal biodiversity: an outline of higher - level classification and survey of taxonomic richness .\nbecker, v. o. (1984) 29. gelechiidae. in: heppner, j. b. (ed .), atlas of neotropical lepidoptera. checklist: part 1. dr w. junk publishers, the hague, pp. 44–53 .\nhodges, r. w. (1998) gelechioidea. in: kristensen, n. p. (ed .), lepidoptera, moths and butterflies. vol. 1. evolution, systematics, and biogeography. the handbook of zoology / handbuch der zoologie .\nthe sun is setting in the west, and it’s getting dark. i just finished hanging a white sheet on a rope between two trees, as well as ultraviolet (uv) and mercury vapor lights. now, i am seated on a folding chair and sipping a can of beer, looking at the sheet to see if any insects fly to my lights. finally, insects are slowly coming to the lights and preparing to land on or crawl around the... [ show full abstract ]\npreliminary list of the lepidopterous insects in the arizona state university hasbrouck insect colle ...\nthe arizona state university hasbrouck insect collection (asuhic) is one of the vital southwest arthropod collections in america north of mexico, providing important biological information. the principal objective of the catalog is to give a complete list of the lepidopterous insects held in the asuhic. furthermore, it will be an online catalog of the lepidoptera of arizona. the preliminary... [ show full abstract ]\nspecies of the north american genus sinoe chambers, 1873, are reviewed. a neotype for anacampsis robiniella fitch, 1859, the type species of sinoe, is designated, and the species is redescribed. a lectotype for s. fuscopalidella chambers, 1873 and a neotype for gelechia robiniaefoliella chambers, 1880, both junior synonyms of s. robiniella, are also designated. two new species, sinoe chambersi... [ show full abstract ]\ntaxonomic and behavioral studies of a new dancing beltheca busck (lepidoptera: gelechiidae) from cos ...\nbeltheca oni, new species, is described from the atlantic lowlands of costa rica. the adult female is similar to that of b. picolella busck, but the former lacks a signum. the male can be distinguished from that of beltheca phosphoropa (meyrick) by its longer vinculum and larger aedeagus. adults of both sexes\ndance\non leaves of different plants by anchoring one of their forelegs to a... [ show full abstract ]\npopular: trivia, history, america, cities, world, states, usa, television, ... more\n9 / 1 cash 130, 000 office equipment 31, 200 j. hodges, capital\npopular: trivia, history, america, cities, world, usa, states, television, ... more" ]

{ "text": [ "scrobipalpuloides elaborata is a moth in the gelechiidae family .", "it was described by povolný in 2000 .", "it is found in north america , where it has been recorded from nevada . " ], "topic": [ 29, 5, 20 ] }

[ "scrobipalpuloides elaborata is a moth in the gelechiidae family. it was described by povolný in 2000. it is found in north america, where it has been recorded from nevada." ]

[ "infonatura species index: 1 - 6 of 6 records in family chinchillidae of order rodentia .\nmountain vizcacha (lagidium cf. peruanum) in ecuador: first record of chinchillidae from the northern andes\nmountain vizcacha (lagidium cf. peruanum) in ecuador - first record of chinchillidae from the northern andes\nit typifies not only the genus chinchilla, but the family chinchillidae, for the distinctive features of which see rodentia .\nviscachas and chinchillas (chinchillidae) .\ngrzimek' s animal life encyclopedia. . retrieved july 10, 2018 from urltoken urltoken\nwhat made you want to look up chinchillidae? please tell us where you read or heard it (including the quote, if possible) .\nthe hind limbs of the chinchillidae are longer than their forelimbs, and the animals are good at running and leaping; they are also good climbers .\nviscachas and chinchillas (chinchillidae) .\ngrzimek' s animal life encyclopedia. . encyclopedia. com. (july 10, 2018). urltoken\nto cite this page: myers, p. 2000 .\nchinchillidae\n( on - line), animal diversity web. accessed july 10, 2018 at urltoken\nviscacha, or biscacha, a large south american burrowing rodent mammal belonging to the family chinchillidae and commonly known as lagostomus trichodactylus, although some writers prefer the name viscacia .\nchinchillids are endemic south american rodents (rodentia, hystricognathi, chinchillidae) and occur along the andes. they include chinchillas (chinchilla), mountain viscachas (lagidium), and pampas viscachas (lagostomus) .\nchinchillids (members of the chinchillidae family) are mainly herbivores, plant eaters, and live on seeds and grass, although those species endemic at higher elevations also eat mosses and lichens. all species occasionally eat insects as well .\nspotorno ae, jp valladares, jc marin, re palma, and c zuleta. 2004. molecular divergence and phylogenetic relationships of chinchillids (rodentia: chinchillidae). journal of mammalogy 85: 384 - 388. [ links ]\nthe family, chinchillidae, typified by the wellknown chinchilla, includes a small number of south american rodents with large ears and proportionately great auditory bullae in the skull, elongated hind - limbs, bushy tails, very soft fur and perfect clavicles .\nof the remaining families of the simplicidentata, all are southern, the cavies (caviidae), chinchillas (chinchillidae), and degus (octodontidae) being central and south american, while the capromyidae are common to southern america and africa, and the ctenodactylidae are exclusively african .\nangel e. spotorno, john p. valladares, juan c. marin, r. eduardo palma, carlos zuleta r. ; molecular divergence and phylogenetic relationships of chinchillids (rodentia: chinchillidae), journal of mammalogy, volume 85, issue 3, 1 june 2004, pages 384–388, urltoken\ncytb sequences indicate that the family chinchillidae is probably a monophyletic clade. this result is consistent with the unexpected molecular finding of a near relationship to the geographically distant dinomyidae (huchon and douzery 2001), a monospecific family from northern south america. both taxa formed a well - supported clade in all analyses (fig. 1) .\nrepresentative lineages of the family chinchillidae extend from the oligocene to the recent in south america. members of this family are placed in the superfamily chinchilloidea. determination of the closest relative of chinchilloids has been difficult. based on postcranial features and musculature, it has been suggested that chinchilloids shared a common ancestry with the new world porcupine superfamily erethizontoidea. on the other hand, recent molecular phylogenetic studies are indicative of a strong relationship between the families chinchillidae and dinomyidae. within the family, the andean genera lagidium and chinchilla appear most closely related with lagostomus being the most divergent lineage. some taxonomic controversy persists over the recognition of chinchilla lanigera as a distinct species from c. brevicaudata .\nthe chinchilla was named after the south american chinca indians. by the spaniards in the 1500' s. there are about 6 species in the chinchillidae family and all are found only in south america. originally they came from the andes mountains in peru, chile and bolivia. presently, they can only be found in the mountains of bolivia .\nthe family chinchillidae contains the chinchillas, viscachas, and their fossil relatives. they are restricted to southern and western south america. often they can be found in the andes. they are large rodents, weighing from 800 grams to 8 kilograms. they have strong hind legs and large ears. all species have thick, soft fur. their fur is considered valuable in some species. [ 1 ]\nmolecular phylogenetic relationships were investigated in 6 species of chinchillidae (chinchilla lanigera, c. brevicaudata, lagidium peruanum, l. viscacia, l. wolffsohni, and lagostomus maximus), 1 species of dinomyidae (dinomys branickii), 1 of abrocomidae (abrocoma cinerea), and 1 of octodontidae (octodon degus) using the first 548 base pairs of the mitochondrial cytochrome - b gene. maximum - parsimony and maximum - likelihood analyses consistently showed chinchillidae as a robust clade and confirmed a close relationship with dinomyidae. both chinchilla species differed at 22 sites, and 3 were nonsilent; average genetic distances were approximately 6% . sequences from domestic c. lanigera and wild c. brevicaudata showed low levels of variation. although all topologies obtained were congruent with current taxonomy, lagidium exhibited large genetic distances (range 5. 9–8. 9 %), suggesting the existence of more than the 3 species currently recognized .\nmaximum - likelihood analysis (−lnl 2, 175. 6, ti: tv ratio = 3. 8276, gamma shape = 0. 3009) using the hky + g model produced the topology shown in fig. 1. three clades were recognized within chinchillidae, corresponding to the 3 genera. minor clades were depicted within major clades and corresponded to currently recognized species, particularly in the case of the 2 chinchilla species. the clade containing lagidium viscacia received no significant statistical support .\ntopology obtained from the maximum - likelihood analysis of chinchillidae samples based on cytochrome - b sequences. numbers after taxonomic names are collection numbers (appendix i); d = domestic specimen; llu = llullaillaco; hig = la higuera; cuy = cuyano, aucó; cur = cuneo, aucó. bootstrap values (200 replicates) and bremer support indices obtained from equally weighted parsimony analysis are to the left and rieht of the slash, respectively. bootstrap values from likelihood analysis in italics below .\nla diversidad molecular y las relaciones filogenéticas fueron investigadas en 6 especies de chinchillidae (chinchilla lanigera, c. brevicaudata, lagidium peruanum, l. viscacia, l. wolffsohni, y lagostomus maximus), 1 dinomyidae (dynomys branickii), 1 abrocomidae (abrocoma cinerea), y 1 octodontidae (octodon degus) usando los los 548 pb del gen mitocondrial para citocromo - b. análisis de máxima parsimonia y máxima verosimilitud consistentemente mostraron a chinchillidae como un ciado robusto, y confirmaron su relación cercana con dinomyidae. las secuencias de dna para ambas especies de chinchilla diferían en 22 sitios, 3 de los cuales eran no silenciosos; las distancias genéticas promedio fueron aproximadamente de 6% . las secuencias de c. lanigera doméstica y las de c. brevicaudata silvestres mostraron bajos niveles de variación genética. aunque todas las topologías obtenidas fueron congruentes con la taxonomía actual del grupo, las muestras de lagidium mostraron grandes distancias genéticas (intervalo 5. 9–8. 9 %), sugiriendo la posible existencia de más de las 3 especies hasta ahora reconocidas .\nsequence data included 562 base pairs for 27 specimens of chinchillidae plus 3 related taxa. for lagidium wolffsohni, only the first 350 base pairs were obtained; therefore, it was excluded from maximum - likelihood analysis. all taxa were similar in base composition (chi - square test; p = 1. 00, d. f. = 87). average base compositions were t = 28. 3% , c. = 28% , a = 28. 4% , and g = 15. 3% , with significant compositional biases at the 2nd (g = 16. 5 %) and 3rd (g = 5. 8 %) codon positions .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\nthis species was previously referred to as chinchilla brevicaudata, but is now recognized as chinchilla chinchilla (woods and kilpatrick 2005) .\njustification: listed as endangered because the species is known from only two regions and the area of occupancy is probably < 500 km 2. this species is suspected to be recovering in some areas as the successful domestic cultivation of the species has helped reduce illegal hunting and trapping in the wild. however, mining represents a large threat to the species habitat and this species remains endangered until there is evidence of a true recovery trend and further information becomes available about existing populations .\nlittle is known about the population of this species. in bolivia, the species was thought to be extinct. however, there may be populations persisting on the border with chile, in an isolated region with low human population. relictual populations remain in the northwestern argentinian provinces of catamarca, jujuy, and salta m. m. diaz and barquez (2007) recorded specimens have been found in highlands of juyjuy province but failed to find any extant populations in 5 years of searching (spotorno and patton 2015). small populations and large fragmentation suggest low genetic diversity and large level inbreeding, diminishing all biological adaptation and therefore increasing the risk of extinction (valladares et al. 2012). in chile, it is listed as extinct in region i, and critically endangered in regions ii and iii. two small populations exist in antofagasta and atacama (valladares et al. 2014 and amy deane pers. comm) .\nthis species lives in burrows or rocky crevices usually in arid areas, and are strictly nocturnal. it is a colonial species and feeds on vegetation .\nthe species was hunted extensively in the past, almost to extinction. mining, agriculture and grazing, removing wild specimens for fur farming, and lack of habitat and education are main threats to the species (amy deane pers. comm) .\nthere are reports of the species' existence in bolivia from the eduardo avaroa national reserve for andean fauna (n. bernal pers. comm .). this species has been included in cites appendix i since 1975 as chinchilla brevicaudata and since 1977 as chinchilla chinchilla. in the national hatchery criadero nacional de chinchillas de lampa, perù, individuals are being bred for conservation purposes .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\njustification: listed as endangered because this species is known from only two colonies. the population in the auco reserve is declining, while populations outside the reserve in restored habitats have been increasing. the area of occupancy is approximately 72 km 2, which meets the criteria for endangered. population estimates have also show a 36% decline over the past 3 generations (15 years). this species was previously thought to be extinct in the 1960s but has since been rediscovered. some habitat continues to decline due to proximity near mining sites .\nthis species occurs from northern chile along the foothills of the andes and coastal mountains south to talca, elevations 400 - 1, 650 m (patton and spotorno 2015). a new colony was reported from a mining company cerro blanco in 2012 in vallenar atacama. two known colonies exist; the colony near la serena is 46 ha. all the other colonies are in auco - 250 km south of la serena (amy deane pers. comm). the colonies area of occupancy is < 10 km 2 (amy deane pers. comm .) .\nthis species was once widespread, but in 1996 only 42 discrete colonies could be found in the wild; the number of these colonies and the general population size have been declining over time (jimenez 1996). approximately half the population is located inside reserva nacional las chinchillas in auco, chile (amy deane pers. comm .). populations outside the reserve are expanding while populations within the reserve are declining. based on population estimates there has been a decline of approximately 36% over the past 20 years (amy deane pers. comm .) .\nit occurs in barren, arid, and rugged areas of the mountain chains connecting the coastal mountain ranges and the andes (spotorno et al. 2004). typical habitat is rocky or sandy with a sparse cover of thorn shrubs, few herbs and forbs, scattered cacti, and patches of succulent bromeliads toward the coast (spotorno et al. 2004). sexual maturity in both sexes occurs on average at 8 months, but may occur as early as 5. 5 months (george and weir 1974). females have a first litter at a mean age of 459 days, gestation lasts 111 days and there is an interbirth interval of 214 days (neira et al. 1989). litters have 1 - 6 pups (mean of 1. 75) (spotorno et al. 2004) .\nthis species has been threatened for years by human activities, including poaching, the pet trade, hunting, grazing by cattle and goats, mining, and firewood extraction. despite current protection measures, populations are continuing to decline (jimenez 1996). major threats include mining near colonies. predation by foxes and owls has been recorded previously (jimenez 1996, amy deane pers. comm .). additionally, this species may be threatened by el niño events (valladares et al. 2014) .\nlegislation to protect the species has been in place since 1929, but was not efficiently enforced until the establishment of the reserva nacional las chinchillas in auco, chile in 1983 (jimenez 1996). this species has been included in cites appendix i since 1977 .\nthe authority for the species name has been corrected from\n( molina, 1782 )\nto\nbennett, 1833\n; the use of molina was an error which had been perpetuated by mistake (for further details see the genus account in woods and kilpatrick 2005) .\n( errata version published in 2017). the iucn red list of threatened species 2016: e. t4652a117975205 .\nsix species in 3 genera make up this family, which is found along the central and southern andes and throughout most of patagonia in southern south america .\nthe crania of chinchillids are hystricognathous, but the condition is not as strongly developed in this group as in most of the south american hystricognathi, probably due to secondary loss. they are, however, strongly hystricomorphous, with a much - enlarged infraorbital foramen and reduced zygomatic plate. the mandibles have no masseteric crest. lacrimals are large, and the lacrimal canal opens on the side of the rostrum. the auditory bullae range from moderately large to extremely inflated (chinchillas), and the paroccipital processes can be either long or short. the cheek teeth of chinchillids (dental formula 1 / 1, 0 / 0, 1 / 1, 3 / 3 = 20) are hypsodont and evergrowing (rootless). their occlusal surfaces are composed of 2 or 3 closely packed lamellar plates. all chinchillids have fairly delicate incisors .\nmembers of this family often jump bipedally, but mostly they move on all four limbs. chinchillas and mountain viscachas (lagidium) live in mountainous, rocky areas, where they move over and through the rocks with great agility. they are not strong diggers. plains viscachas live in the great plains areas of argentina, from the chaco in the north to patagonia in the south. they are excellent diggers and construct extensive burrow systems. this habit that has not endeared them to ranchers, whose livestock sometimes break legs when they step into viscacha holes .\nchinchillas, mountain viscachas, and plains viscachas are all colonial, living in groups that range from a few individuals to hundreds. mountain and especially plains viscachas have fairly large repertoires of vocalizations used in social interactions. unfortunately, chinchillas are nearly extinct in the wild, so little is known of their behavior under natural conditions. viscachas, once abundant, are now seriously threatened and uncommon. mountain viscachas are uncommon and live in remote areas. as a result, none of the species in this family have been thoroughly studied under natural conditions. all are primarily vegetarian. it is said that 10 plains viscachas eat as much as one sheep, another aspect of their biology that has earned them the wrath of agriculturalists .\nfeldhamer, g. a. , l. c. drickamer, s. h. vessey, and j. f. merritt. 1999. mammalogy. adaptation, diversity, and ecology. wcb mcgraw - hill, boston. xii + 563pp .\nlawlor, timothy. 1979. handbook to the orders and families of living mammals. mad river press, eureka, california .\nmacdonald, david. 1984. the encyclopedia of mammals. facts on file publications, new york .\nnowak, ronald m. and john l. paradiso. 1983. walker' s mammals of the world. the johns hopkins university press, baltimore and london, pp 803 - 810 .\nvaughan, t. a. 1986. mammalogy. third edition. saunders college publishing, fort worth. vii + 576 pp .\nvaughan, t. a. , j. m. ryan, n. j. czaplewski. 2000. mammalogy. fourth edition. saunders college publishing, philadelphia. vii + 565pp .\nwilson, don e. and deeann m. reeder (eds .). 1993. mammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference, 2nd ed. . smithsonian institution press, washington and london .\nwoods, c. a. 1984. hystricognath rodents. pp. 389 - 446 in anderson, sydney and j. know jones, jr. (eds .). orders and familes of mammals of the world. john wiley and sons, new york .\nphil myers (author), museum of zoology, university of michigan - ann arbor .\nhaving body symmetry such that the animal can be divided in one plane into two mirror - image halves. animals with bilateral symmetry have dorsal and ventral sides, as well as anterior and posterior ends. synapomorphy of the bilateria .\nanimals that use metabolically generated heat to regulate body temperature independently of ambient temperature. endothermy is a synapomorphy of the mammalia, although it may have arisen in a (now extinct) synapsid ancestor; the fossil record does not distinguish these possibilities. convergent in birds .\ndisclaimer: the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. adw doesn' t cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283, drl 0628151, due 0633095, drl 0918590, and due 1122742. additional support has come from the marisla foundation, um college of literature, science, and the arts, museum of zoology, and information and technology services .\nspotorno, a. e. and patton, j. l. 2015. superfamily chinchilloidea bennett, 1833. in: patton, j. l. , pardinas, u. f. j. and d' elia, g. (eds), mammals of south america volume 2: rodents, pp. 762 - 778. university of chicago press .\nin bolivia, there are three subspecies; further taxonomic review is needed to confirm whether these should be considered to be distinct species (n. bernal pers. comm .). lagidium peruanum is now grouped with l. viscacia .\njustification: this species is listed as least concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large population although it is restricted to rock formations. it occurs in a number of protected areas, and it is unlikely to be declining at nearly the rate required to qualify for listing in a threatened category. this species is hunted and should be periodically evaluated for impacts of this threat .\nthis species occurs in southern peru, southern and western bolivia, northern chile and western argentina. it occurs between 700 m in the rio negro province of argentina to above 4, 800 m in the mountains from central peru through bolivia, chile and northwestern argentina (spotorno and patton 2015). the distribution limit of this species in western bolivia needs to be revised. this species is not present in southern peru (h. zeballos pers. comm .) .\nthe species occurs in low local abundances (cofre and marquet 1999). it is a very common species although it has a patchy distribution, populations may fluctuate in relation to extreme seasonal weather. osgood (1943b) recognized seven subspecies that might occur in chile, while crespo (1963) recognized five subspecies in central and southern argentina, and s. anderson (1997) mapped the ranges of three subspecies in bolivia (spotorno and patton 2015) .\nit inhabits rocky mountain areas as well as rock outcrops in steppe habitat (patton et al. 2015). this herbivorous species is specialized and restricted to rocky habitats where it colonizes rock crevices. available habitat is patchy (walker et al. 2003). it occurs up to 4, 800 m asl (barquez et al. 2006). this species is highly gregarious, and live in colonies ranging in size from 4 - 75 individuals, with an overall density of 0. 162 individuals per ha due to the clumped distribution of occupied boulder fields (spotorno and patton 2015) .\nit is locally hunted by people for meat and fur although, in general, this does not significantly impact populations (barquez et al. 2006). there appear to be no major threats to this species .\njustification: this species is listed as least concern due to its wide distribution, presumed large population, and because it is unlikely to be declining at nearly the rate required to qualify for listing in a threatened category .\nthis species occurs in northern, central and eastern argentina, southern and western paraguay, and southeastern bolivia (spotorno and patton 2015) .\nthis species has been eliminated from a fair portion of its native range. however, it has expanded beyond its native range in response to anthropogenic modifications to its habitats. there remains a lack of detailed data on its distribution (spotorno and patton 2015) .\nthis species is native to the pampas and adjoining semiarid monte and chaquenean regions of argentina, bolivia and paraguay. the species is tolerant to some degree of habitat modification. it lives in lowland habitats including subtropical, humid grasslands in northeast argentina and desert scrub in the southwest area of its range. they are colonial animals and one to three adult males with live with two to four times as many females; juveniles live in a burrow system known as viscachera. they are herbivorous and coprophagous. they can alter species composition, cover, and vegetative structure around burrow systems by selective grazing (spotorno and patton 2015) .\nin argentina this species was classified as the source of a national plague in 1905 and was eradicated from many areas (godoy 1963). it is also hunted commercially for meat and fur (spotorno and patton 2015). it has a high niche overlap with cattle; if more livestock are raised it is more likely to be affected compared to greater rheas (pereira and quintana 2009) .\nthere are no conservation measures in place and it seems that none are needed at present .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page: myers, p. , r. espinosa, c. s. parr, t. jones, g. s. hammond, and t. a. dewey. 2018. the animal diversity web (online). accessed at https: / / animaldiversity. org .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nhome | wild files | n. h. animals | animals a - z | watch online\nthere are seven species in this family. they are all found in south america. they have thick, very soft fur; large ears; big eyes; and bushy tails. their hind legs are longer than their front legs. they live in colonies. most species, except for the plains viscacha, live in rocky crevices or burrows in the mountains. plains viscacha live on the plains and dig burrows .\nleast concern near threatened vulnerable endangered critically endangered extinct in the wild extinct status and range is taken from icun redlist. if no status is listed, there is not enough data to establish status .\nsouthern mountain viscacha - lagidium viscacia the southern mountain viscacha looks like a long - tailed rabbit. source: arkive intended audience: general reading level: middle school teacher section: yes\nlong - tailed chinchilla - chinchilla lanigera the long - tailed chinchilla is often kept as a pet. source: arkive intended audience: general reading level: middle school teacher section: yes\nsize head and body 11. 8–23. 6 in (300–600 mm); tail 2. 9–10. 5 in (75–267 mm); weight 1. 1–19. 8 lb (0. 5–9 kg )\nboth mountain viscachas and chinchillas occur in andean regions, distributed from peru to patagonia, while the plains viscacha occurs at lower elevations in portions of southern paraguay and northern argentina .\nall species live in burrows or rocky crevices. elevations of preferred habitats vary from below 1, 640 ft (500 m) for the plains viscacha to 13, 120–16, 400 ft (4, 000–5, 000 m) for chinchillas and mountain viscachas. the plains viscacha occurs in steppe or grassland regions characterized by barren vegetation near the burrow system. species of the other genera reside in rocky areas with sparsely distributed vegetation .\nplains viscachas excavate complex burrow systems with their front feet that can be occupied for up to 70 years. burrow systems of the plains viscacha are colloquially known as a\nviscacheras ,\na term used to describe the characteristic piles of debris collected and placed at the burrow' s entrance. both the mountain viscacha and chinchilla are equipped for leaping and generally live in crevices under rocky outcrops. like chinchillas, plains viscachas are nocturnal, whereas the mountain viscacha is active during the day. all species of chinchillids are colonial, yet vary in the\ndegree of social structure. according to some accounts, colonies of the plains viscacha are restricted to a communal burrow system and consist of a dominant male and other member of the family group. colony size range is 15–30 individuals. both chinchillas and mountain viscachas live in smaller family groups, with a more dispersed colonial structure of individual groups within an area. these large, more sparsely distributed colonies range in size from as few as four up to 100 individuals. plains viscachas have a broad repertoire of vocalizations consisting of high - pitched whines, alarm calls, and the characteristic\nuh - huh\nsound. the mountain viscacha' s warning call consists of a tweeter or high - pitched whistle .\nall species are herbivorous, feeding on grass and seeds. both the mountain viscacha and the chinchilla eat while sitting erect. the plains viscacha forages at dusk and during the night. the intensity of grazing by the plains viscacha has been observed to result in open patches where forbs become the\ndominant vegetation. if colonies are removed from these regions, grasses displace forbs as the dominant vegetative cover. mountain viscachas feed on vegetation such as lichens, mosses, and grasses that occur at high altitudes .\nall chinchillids have long gestation periods ranging from 90 to 154 days. average at sexual maturity for females is eight to 15 months. young are born precocial, and one to three litters are produced each year with size of litters ranging from one to six .\noverharvesting by humans has impacted all species of chinchillids. chinchilla lanigera is listed as vulnerable by the iucn, and c. brevicaudata as critically endangered. lagidium wolffsohni is considered common in southwest argentina and chile, data on l. viscacia are deficient, and the status of l. peruanum is unknown. according to 1999 reports, the plains viscacha is considered a pest and has declined throughout its range as a result of eradication programs .\nboth species of chinchilla were commercially harvested in chile, with over 500, 000 pelts exported between 1900 and 1909. the plains viscachas compete with domestic livestock, and this species has also been intensely harvested, with over 370, 000 skins exported over a three year period in the 1970s. mountain viscachas also are prized for their meat and fur .\nlagostomus maximus (desmarest, 1817), type locality unknown; possibly from pampas of buenos aires, argentina .\nlarge rodents with head and body length averaging over 19. 7 in (500 mm). tail length averages 6. 9 in (175 mm) and total weight up to 19. 8 lb (9 kg). males tend to be larger than females by approximately 15% in body length and 30% in body weight. individuals have large, broad heads, and males have a distinctive black mustache and stiff whiskers. broad black and white stripes on face. underparts are white and dorsal pelage ranges from gray to brown, depending upon soil color. the tail has stiff hairs, is bare ventrally, and provides support for sitting upright. digits reduced to three on the hind foot .\nprefers grassland and steppe habitats at elevations below 9, 840 ft (3, 000 m). areas around burrow systems are sparsely vegetated with piles of debris around openings located under bushes .\nconstruct elaborate burrows that house successive colonies for decades. single males defend burrow systems and are the dominant breeders. variety of vocalizations and gestures are used during aggressive interactions among individuals. members of colonies produce alarm calls and perform allogrooming .\nfeed at night on grasses and seeds. heavy grazing alters the abundance and diversity of grass species. they are ecologically similar to north american prairie dogs. almost 94% of diet is grass, resulting in severe grass cover depletion. cattle and plains viscachas share the same diet .\npolygamous. gestation 152 days, seasonal breeder with one litter per year in southern portion of range, no more than two litters per year in other ranges. litter size is two .\nnot listed by the iunc though extinction of local colonies as a result of eradication programs is common .\nconsidered a competitor with domestic species of livestock. burrow system presents a potential threat to horses and cattle. harvested for food and fur. in the past, pelts were exported .\nenglish: peruvian mountain viscacha, common mountain viscacha; french: viscache du pérou .\nweight averages 2. 9 lb (1. 3 kg), head and body length 14. 8 in (375 mm), and tail 10. 5 in (267 mm). rabbit - sized with powerful legs and long tail. fur is thick and soft, dorsal pelage is gray to orange with lighter ventral region. tip of tail is dark, ears long, and four digits on front and hind feet .\nandes mountains in peru at elevations ranging between 9, 840 and 16, 400 ft (3, 000–5, 000 m) .\nprefers dry, rocky, habitats between the timber line and snow line of the andes mountains with sparse vegetation and coarse grasses. often found near water that offers better vegetation than the drier regions within their habitat. seeks shelter in rocky crevices .\ndiurnal species that is active throughout the year. leaps among rocks and performs a series of whistles and trills associated with warning. colonial structure composed of small family units of two to five individuals in a subdivided colony that can be as large as 75 animals .\nherbivorous, feeds on grasses, lichens, and mosses occurring at high elevations .\nmales tend to be promiscuous. gestation is 140 days, litter size of one precocial offspring .\nchinchilla lanigera (molina, 1782), coquimbo, coquimbo province, chile .\naverage total length of 14. 4 in (365 mm), tail length 5. 6 in (141 mm), and weight 0. 9 lb (0. 4 kg). appearance is rabbit - like with larger ears than c. brevicaudata and a longer brushy tail. dorsal fur is gray and black. tympanic bullae are inflated .\narid to semi - arid, montane regions between 9, 840–16, 400 ft (3, 000–5, 000 m). prefers rocky habitats with sparse vegetation .\neither nocturnal or crepuscular, excellent leapers, and colonial. colony size can be several hundred individuals organized into smaller subgroups. highly vocal with females apparently dominant sex displaying higher levels of aggression .\nfemale chinchillas are mostly monogamous. predominantly herbivorous feeding on grasses and seeds, yet will eat insects. eats while sitting on hind legs and holding food with front paws .\nproduces two litters per year, and females experience postpartum estrus. gestation averages 111 days, and litter size is two on average .\nlisted as vulnerable with a high risk of extinction by iucn. chilean government lists both species as endangered. according to a 1996 account, c. lanigera is almost extinct in the wild, with the last official citing in 1953. commercial hunting resulted in the decimation of populations, with almost seven million pelts exported from chile prior to protection .\nprized for pelts. captive stocks are maintained for the fur industry, and these stocks are the result of cross breeding .\nupper coat bluish, pearl, or gray with black - tipped hairs, underside yellowish white. soft, dense fur. head and body length 12–13 in (30–33 cm), tail length 5–6 in (12–15 cm), weight 17. 6–28. 2 oz (500–800 g) .\nmountain shrub and grassland at elevations of 9, 800–4, 775 ft (3, 000– 4, 500 m). nocturnal and vocal animals. live in colonies from a few individuals to over 100 .\nandes of southern bolivia, southern peru, northwestern argentina, and northern chile .\nupperparts gray to brown; underparts white, yellow, or pale gray; black tail tip. soft, dense fur; coarse hair on tail. long ears. head and body length 12–18 in (30–45 cm), tail length 7. 8–15. 7 in (20–40 cm), weight up to 6. 6 lb (3 kg) .\ndry, rocky, mountainous areas with sparse vegetation. diurnal; most active at dusk and dawn .\nwestern argentina, southern and western bolivia, northern chile, and southern peru .\nupperparts gray to brown; underparts white, yellow, or pale gray; black to reddish brown tail tip. soft, dense fur; coarse hair on tail. long ears. head and body length 12–8 in (30–45 cm), tail length 7. 8–15. 7 in (20–40 cm), weight up to 6. 6 lb (3 kg) .\neisenberg, j. f .\nthe function and motivational basis of hystricomorph vocalizations .\nin the biology of hystricomorph rodents, edited by i. w. rowlands and barbara j. weir. london: academic press, 1974 .\nkleiman, d. g .\npatterns of behaviour in hystricomorph rodents .\nin the biology of hystricomorph rodents, edited by i. w. rowlands and barbara j. weir. london: academic press, 1974 .\nnowak, r. m. walker' s mammals of the world. vol. 2. baltimore: johns hopkins university press, 1991 .\nredford, k. h. , and j. f. eisenberg. mammals of the neotropics: the southern cone. vol. 2. chicago: university of chicago press, 1992 .\nrowland, i. w .\nmountain viscacha .\nin the biology of hystricomorph rodents, edited by i. w. rowlands and barbara j. weir. london: academic press, 1974 .\nweir, b. j .\nthe tuco - tuco and plains viscacha .\nin the biology of hystricomorph rodents, edited by i. w. rowlands and barbara j. weir. london: academic press, 1974 .\nwilson, d. e. , and d. m. reeder. mammal species of the world. washington, dc: smithsonian institution press, 1993 .\nwoods, c. a. , and j. w. hermanson .\nmyology of hystricognath rodents: an analysis of form, function, and phylogeny .\nin evolutionary relationships among rodents: a multidisciplinary analysis, edited by w. patrick luckett and jean - louis hartenberger. new york: plenum press, 1985 .\nadkins, r. m. , e. l. gelke, d. rowe, and r. l. honeycutt .\nmolecular phylogeny and divergence time estimates for major rodent groups: evidence from multiple genes .\nmolecular biology and evolution 18 (2001): 777–791 .\nbranch, l. c. , j. l. hierro, and d. villarreal .\npatterns of plant species diversity following local extinction of the plains vizcacha in semi - arid scrub .\njournal of arid environments 41 (1999): 173–182 .\ngrand, t. i. , and j. f. eisenberg .\non the affinities of the dinomyidae .\nsaugetierkundliche mitteilungen 30 (1982): 151–157 .\nhuchon, d. , and e. j. p. douzery .\nfrom the old world to the new world: a molecularchronicle of the phylogeny and biogeography of hystricognath rodents .\nmolecular phylogenetics and evolution 20 (2001): 238–251 .\njiménez, j. e .\nthe extirpation and current status of wild chinchillas c. lanigera and c. brevicaudata .\nbiological conservation 77 (1996): 1–6 .\npereira, j. a. , r. n. d. quintana, and s. monge .\ndiets of plains vizcacha, greater rhea, and cattle in argentina .\njournal of range management 56 (2003): 13–20 .\npuig, s. , f. videla, m. cona, s. monge, and v. roig .\ndiet of the mountain vizcacha (lagidium viscacia molina, 1782) and food availability in northern patagonia, argentina .\nzeitschrift fur saugetierkunde 63 (1998): 228–238 .\nurltoken gives you the ability to cite reference entries and articles according to common styles from the modern language association (mla), the chicago manual of style, and the american psychological association (apa) .\nwithin the “cite this article” tool, pick a style to see how all available information looks when formatted according to that style. then, copy and paste the text into your bibliography or works cited list .\nbecause each style has its own formatting nuances that evolve over time and not all information is available for every reference entry or article, urltoken cannot guarantee each citation it generates. therefore, it’s best to use urltoken citations as a starting point before checking the style against your school or publication’s requirements and the most - recent information available at these sites :\nmost online reference entries and articles do not have page numbers. therefore, that information is unavailable for most urltoken content. however, the date of retrieval is often important. refer to each style’s convention regarding the best way to format page numbers and retrieval dates .\nin addition to the mla, chicago, and apa styles, your school, university, publication, or institution may have its own requirements for citations. therefore, be sure to refer to those guidelines when editing your bibliography or works cited list .\nhystricomorpha, suborder hystricomorpha - an order of rodents including: porcupines; guinea pigs; chinchillas; etc .\ndinamica espacial y temporal de las ocupaciones prehispanicas en la cuenca hidrografica del rio limari (30 [ grados ] lat. s. )\ny octodontidae fue habitual, a la vez que constituia un recurso selectivo, orientado a especies grandes, diurnas y coloniales, todas ellas conspicuas y predecibles en tiempo y espacio (simonetti y cornejo, 1991) .\nall content on this website, including dictionary, thesaurus, literature, geography, and other reference data is for informational purposes only. this information should not be considered complete, up to date, and is not intended to be used in place of a visit, consultation, or advice of a legal, medical, or any other professional .\nthis page was last edited on 16 may 2018, at 15: 42 .\ntext is available under the creative commons attribution - sharealike license; additional terms may apply. by using this site, you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy .\nlove words? you must — there are over 200, 000 words in our free online dictionary, but you are looking for one that’s only in the merriam - webster unabridged dictionary .\nthe story of an imaginary word that managed to sneak past our editors and enter the dictionary .\ntake this quiz and discover 12 words for things you didn' t know had words .\nplease set a username for yourself. people will see it as author name with your public flash cards .\nlearn how to say words in english correctly with emma saying free pronunciation tutorials. over 140, 000 words were already uploaded... check them out! visit my homepage: urltoken\n< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation, e. g. an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature, an orthologous protein, a record from another database, etc. < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences\n> more... < / a > < / p >\nhelp pages, faqs, uniprotkb manual, documents, news archive and biocuration projects .\nyou are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website. please consider upgrading your browser .\n< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins, you can use the ‘basket’ to save them, so that you can back to find or analyse them later. < p > < a href =' / help / basket' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ help / sequence - searches\n> more. . < / a > < / p >\nwe' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe’s new general data protection regulation (gdpr) that applies since 25 may 2018 .\nenter your freshwater aquarium enter parameters for your freshwater aquarium to get compatibility information while browsing .\nenter your saltwater aquarium enter parameters for your saltwater aquarium to get compatibility information while browsing .\nfish finder search our database for compatible pets! enter characteristics of what you are looking for and find them instantly .\ndr. jungle' s pets and animal speak - newsletter featured pet of the week and more ...\nhello! ! i am trying to find a seller who can sell 60 qty. of southern flying squirrel. please let me know if you or you know any ranch where can provide. hanna509 @ urltoken thank you\npolish rabbits for sale. anyone looking for polish rabits should let me know on (909) 589 - 1328\nhello i live in longview tx and am interested in getting a baby flying squirrel. please email me if any baby squirrels come available @ skyclark0510 @ urltoken\nif you have some give birth and the later breeding time i would be very interested .\ni raise and show chinchillas and, with attention, they do get along with other animals. i have one who sits on the back of my seal - point himalayan cat and they... (more) linda clark\nchinchillas have great appeal, like cuddly little\nballs of fur\n. their exceedingly soft, dense coat has more fur per square inch than any other known mammal !\nchinchillas have the finest fur of all the mammals which makes them very soft. they are very clean with no noticeable odor and their dense fur keeps lice, fleas and other parasites from taking up residence !\nthey make good pets and are very lively. keeko loves to go outside in the long grass (on a leash) to jump and play. pippin is actually keeko' s father! pippin likes to be left alone more than keeko, probably because he was in a breeding situation for several years .\nthe average lifespan of a chinchilla is 8 - 10 years, though in captivity they have been known to live up to 20 years .\nmy chinchilla taking a dust bath; thats how they keep themselves clean and mat free. enjoy: )\nthe chinchillas seen today are the descendents of 11 little critters brought into california by mathius f. chapman in 1923 to be bred for their fur. all species have dense beautiful fur. the importance of the chinchillas in the fur trade led to intense harvesting and today they are a relatively endangered as a wild species, though there are over 3, 000 chinchilla ranches in the united states raising the domestic species .\nchinchillas are adorable animals with long ears, large eyes and bushy tails; they are also rodents. their tail looks like a squirrels' tail and accounts for about one third of their length. the chinchillas' body is 22. 5 - 38 cm (8 3 / 4 - 15 in) long. the tail is 7. 5 - 15 cm (3 - 6 in) long. they can weigh anywhere from 18 to 35 ounces .\nis thicker in the neck and shoulders and has a shorter tail. visually the\nis actually a bigger chinchilla. it is mostly thought that the pets are of the c. lanigera species .\ntoday there are different colored domestic chinchillas including blue - grey, white, beige, black, violet, and mosaic. keeko and pippin are called grey chinchillas .\nan indoor enclosure makes a perfect chinchilla home. in the wild where the ground is suitable, they dig burrows, but otherwise they shelter under rocks. the\nfor the animals privacy (a cardboard box works great for this), a place for food and water dishes, and also have space for running around. use absorbent bedding material on the bottom .\nprovide a good soft bedding that is clean, non - toxic, absorbent, relatively dust free and easily acquired. use a\nis a pelleted litter which is is non - toxic, digestible, and draws the moisture inside leaving the area dry. other litters include wood shavings and corncob. avoid cedar or chlorophyll impregnated shavings as they have been associated with respiratory and liver disease .\nchinchillas are a colder climate animal and cannot tolerate high heat. keep the cage in a draft free place with a constant temperature between 60 to 80 degrees. remove the animal waste everyday. once a week change the bedding and disinfect the cage with bleach, rinsing it well .\nchinchillas feed on available vegetation in the wild, including roots and tubers. they sit up to eat, holding their food in their front paws. their cheek teeth grow throughout life. they should be fed a\nwhich provides most of their nutritional needs. use a crock for its food as they are difficult to knock over and spill and they are hard to chew. they can be fed occasional greens, and they love dried bananna pellets for a treat .\n( available at pet stores) at least once every few days. chinchilla teeth grow continuously so to keep them trim you must provide a\nsocial animals, they live in small family groups which are part of larger colonies of 100 or more. it is better to keep pairs or families in captivity .\nchinchillas are very sensitive and highly suseptible to stress when introduced to a new environment or new companions. introduce anything new slowly, giving them time to examine it before making a permanent change. when frightened they will shed hair as a defense .\nfemale chinchillas are larger than males and are agressive toward one another. they breed in winter, usually producing two litters of 1 - 6 young. the gestation period is 111 days, and the young are suckled for 6 - 8 weeks .\n: give the chinchilla shredded wheat. those little cubed 1\nsquare ones work great .\n: use a boric acid rinse. this may be a sign of other problems or infections, so if it persists for more than a day or two take your pet chinchilla to a veterinarian .\nalthough kind of a specialty pet, you should be able to find a breeder or a pet shop that can order a chinchilla for you if they don' t keep them at all times." ]

{ "text": [ "the family chinchillidae is in the order rodentia and consists of the chinchillas , the viscachas , and their fossil relatives .", "this family is restricted to southern and western south america , mostly living in mountainous regions of the andes but one species living on plains .", "they are medium to large-sized rodents , weighing from 800 g ( 28 oz ) to 8 kg ( 18 lb ) , with strong hind legs and large ears and a bushy tail .", "all species have thick , soft fur , which is considered valuable in some cultures . " ], "topic": [ 29, 13, 23, 5 ] }

[ "the family chinchillidae is in the order rodentia and consists of the chinchillas, the viscachas, and their fossil relatives. this family is restricted to southern and western south america, mostly living in mountainous regions of the andes but one species living on plains. they are medium to large-sized rodents, weighing from 800 g (28 oz) to 8 kg (18 lb), with strong hind legs and large ears and a bushy tail. all species have thick, soft fur, which is considered valuable in some cultures." ]

[ "for more information on shortfin mako shark research, please visit the shortfin mako shark research page .\nfor more information on shortfin mako sharks, please visit the shortfin mako shark page .\nthese shortfin mako shark scales come from a sample on the side of the shark .\nmako shark hd stock footage by aquavisiontv. mako shark swimming in bright blue sea .\n4. the longest shortfin mako shark ever caught was over 14 feet long .\nthe shortfin mako shark is a large, sharpe nosed mackerel shark that is commonly known as the ‘mako shark’. although the shortfin mako shark is not as infamous as its shark cousins such as the great white shark, it has been featured in the discovery channel’s shark week program, movies, and novels .\nshortfin mako shark (i. oxyrinchus) by noaa - swfsc and longfin mako shark (i. paucus) by noaa observer program\nshortfin mako shark - isurus oxyrinchus - photo courtesy of noaa - piro observer program .\ntied for 12th with 10 attacks on record are the shortfin mako shark ...\natlantic mako, blue pointer, bonito shark, mackerel porbeagle, sharpnose mackerel shark .\nobservations on shortfin mako shark (isurus oxyrinchus) in the north atlantic (p. 17 )\n(\npacific shortfin mako shark\n, 2012; passarelli, et al. , 1995 )\nthe longest shortfin mako shark ever caught was 14. 6 feet long while the longest longfin mako shark caught was 13. 7 feet long. the heaviest shortfin mako caught by hook - and - line was around 1, 300 pounds but there have been reports of shortfin mako sharks weighing nearly 2, 000 pounds !\neven the mako shark, the fastest species of shark in the world, can’t outpace overfishing .\nmako shark – 80 kph – 50 mph – rare footage by internetdiscoveries. mako shark – 80 kph – 50 mph – rare footage\nit was a shortfin mako shark described as a\nnightmare\nby the 40 - year - old texan .\nshortfin mako (isurus oxyrhincus). illustration courtesy fao, species identification and biodata\n3. the shortfin mako has been called ‘the peregrine falcon of the ocean’ .\nthe information below provides additional information on the history, biology, and essential habitat of the atlantic shortfin mako shark .\na group of fishermen off the coast of huntington beach, california, caught a giant shortfin mako shark on monday .\n1990 .\npelagic shark research foundation\n( on - line). shortfin mako shark - isurus oxyrinchus. accessed october 24, 2012 at urltoken .\nthe shortfin mako shark - which have been known to attack humans eventually left after eating tuna baits thrown into the water .\nthe shortfin mako shark, isurus oxyrinchus (\nsharp nose\n), is a large, feisty mackerel shark found worldwide in temperate and tropical offshore waters .\nshortfin mako shark, isurus oxyrinchus, off catalina island, california. image credit: jidanchaomian cc by - sa 2. 0\nmako sharks are the poorest survivor at captivity. the longest mako shark kept at captivity survived for only five days .\na fishing crew in new jersey has reeled in a 12ft, 926lb shortfin mako shark, which officials say is the biggest shark catch in the history of the state .\nrecently we stumbled across a video of an exhilarating fight with a mako shark .\ncharter lands 926 - pound mako shark, largest caught in n. j .\na new report shows shortfin mako sharks are being threatened by overfishing in the north atlantic ocean .\nbehavior the shortfin mako shark, like the white shark, is warm - bodied. this is an extremely active shark. it is the fastest of all the sharks and famed for its spectacular leaps from the sea .\n2012 .\npacific shortfin mako shark\n( on - line). noaa - fishwatch. accessed september 20, 2012 at urltoken .\nthe shortfin mako shark has been recorded for its unprovoked attacks on human beings as well as its aggressive nature with boats in the water .\nbelieve it or not, there are some differences between the physical appearance of sharks. typical physical features of the shortfin mako shark include :\nthe shortfin mako is classified as vulnerable (vu) on the iucn red list (1) .\nbiology, fishery and stock status of shortfin mako sharks (isurus oxyrinchus) in atlantic canadian waters .\nview atlantic shortfin mako and all other atlantic hms efh maps at the noaa fisheries efh mapper website .\noccasionally, shortfin mako sharks also eat other sharks, dolphins, porpoises, sea turtles and seabirds .\nbelow are a variety of links for more information on the north atlantic population of shortfin mako sharks .\n(\npacific shortfin mako shark\n, 2012; cailliet, et al. , 2009; ; passarelli, et al. , 1995 )\nshortfin mako sharks are a migratory species of shark that inhabit offshore areas of temperate and tropical waters. their fins and meat are highly valued .\nthes shortfin mako shark scales come from a sample on the side of the shark. the scales in the foreground have been manually bristled and measure approximately 0. 2 mm in length .\nthe global threat status was heightened for shortfin mako, a favorite shark among commercial and recreational fishermen, from near threatened in 2000 to vulnerable today .\ncool fact — shortfin mako sharks can leap up to 20 feet out of the water into the air .\nshortfin mako sharks are at the top of the marine food chain, making them apex predators. bluefish (\na group of men on a chartered fishing expedition reeled in a massive 926 - pound shortfin mako shark late friday night off the coast of new jersey .\nthe shortfin mako' s my favorite species. i wrote a short story about a mako shark from birth to death. i named her foxbat in honor of the fastest combat plane in the world .\naccording to california fishing regulations, anglers are allowed to take two shortfin mako per day with no size limit .\nkeith langford captured this shot of a mako shark 10 miles off the coast of la jolla .\nchevrolet' s mako shark ii show car made quite an impression in the spring of 1965 .\nhaving healthy populations of shortfin mako and other sharks in the north atlantic ocean is important to recreational and commercial fishermen, and to maintain a balanced ocean ecosystem. keeping shark populations healthy is the responsibility of everyone out on the water that catches shortfin mako or other sharks. if you catch a shortfin mako shark or any other shark that is in good condition, release it alive to reduce the number of sharks that are removed from the population. by doing this, you can help maintain healthy shark populations for future generations .\neven after they killed the shark, it took another two hours to pull the shark aboard .\ncliff g, dudley sfj, davis b (1990) sharks caught in the protective gill nets of natal, south africa. 3. the shortfin mako shark (\nnoaa fisheries encourages the live release of shortfin mako sharks and helps track their catch and release throughout the atlantic ocean .\nthe shortfin mako is believed to be the fastest of any shark, able to swim up to 20 miles per hour. prior to attacks, the sharks tend to swim in figure eight patterns and approach their prey with mouths open. the popularity of mako meat in shark fin soup has reduced their populations; the world conservation union has listed the shortfin mako as\nnear threatened .\naccording to the ecology action centre, nearly 85 metric tonnes of mako shark were caught in 2016 .\nthe largest mako shark caught in new jersey state history was an 856 - pounder caught in 1994 .\ndomel, saadat and other colleagues working at harvard biology professor george lauder’s lab used 3 - d printing to recreate the shape of shortfin mako shark denticles onto an airfoil .\n(\npacific shortfin mako shark\n, 2012; mucientes, et al. , 2008; passarelli, et al. , 1995; rokicki and morozinska, 1995 )\nthe peregrine falcon of the shark world, the shortfin mako may be the fastest shark and one of the swiftest and most active of fishes; for a shark of such commercial importance and great fame — particularly among sport anglers — knowledge of its biology is surprisingly sketchy .\nthere is the shortfin mako shark – isurus oxyrinchus – and the longfin mako shark – isurus paucus. shortfin mako sharks are bluish on top with pale coloration around the eyes while longfin mako sharks are dark blue or grayish black on top with dark coloration around the eyes. as their name implies, longfin mako sharks have longer and broader pectoral fins – the fins that shoot out of their sides. in fact, sometimes, these fins are even longer than their heads. they also have larger eyes .\nwatch above: even the mako shark, the fastest shark in the world, can’t outpace overfishing. global’s alexa maclean has more information on that story .\nleft, the porbeagle shark (lamna nasus) with second lateral keel (yellow arrow) and right, the shortfin mako isurus oxyrinchus. photos © h. w. pratt\nshark trust. 2013 .\nabout sharks: shark senses\n( on - line). shark trust. accessed february 19, 2013 at urltoken .\nshortfin mako sharks are far more commonly seen than longfin mako sharks and are especially common off the coasts of tahiti, cape cod and new zealand. longfin mako sharks are commonly found off the coasts of brazil, cuba and florida .\nmollet hf, cliff g, pratt hl jr. , stevens jd (2000) reproductive biology of the female shortfin mako ,\nneed a unique gift idea? consider an annual whale shark adoption to help fund our whale shark study .\na 1, 035 pound (470 kg) shortfin mako caught off the coast of nova scotia, 2004. photo © joel hunt\n“we’ll be looking to canada to lead the way…and call for a halt to landing shortfin mako based on this new scientific information. ”\ncurrently, both the shortfin mako shark and the longfin mako shark are classified as vulnerable species, which means they are threatened by extinction, their population having decreased significantly in the past few decades. the biggest threat they face is hunting for their meat, which is tasty compared to the meat of other sharks. like other sharks, they are also hunted for their fins, skin and liver oil. also, the shortfin mako shark is hunted for sport because of its size and speed .\nisurus oxyrinchus (rafinesque, 1810) and isurus paucus (guitart manday, 1966); lamnidae family; also called shortfin mako shark, longfin mako shark, blue pointer, short nosed mackerel shark, bonito shark found worldwide in tropical and warm temperate seas, these solitary, pelagic, fast swimming species rarely come in close to shore. the shortfin mako, isurus oxyrinchus, is most often encountered by anglers as it is more likely to move in shore on occasion. the longfin mako, isurus paucus, is a widely distributed off shore species considered rare in the atlantic and gulf of mexico, except ...\n2012 .\nshortfin mako sharks, isurus oxyrinchus\n( on - line). marinebio. accessed september 20, 2012 at urltoken .\nthis 600 - pound mako shark caught by patrick cruz, philip overby, and teddy van slyck caused some problems .\nthis is an aggressive shark. many shipwreck victim survivals have seen this shark attacking the fellow victims. this shark in reality may have attacked more humans than all sharks combined. those who do get attacked are divers and shark feeders .\nthanks for having explained the reasons for most shark attacks, and for your\ndefense\nof the white shark .\nthe previous new jersey record for a shortfin mako was an 856 - pound catch in 1994. gerrity' s catch on friday was 12 feet in length. on average, adult shortfin makos grow to about 610 pounds .\nthe shortfin mako shark' s power, teeth, and speed, make it a danger to humans. shortfin makos are responsible for a number of both nonfatal and fatal attacks on humans. shortfin makos frequently damage boats and injure fishermen after being hooked. most attacks happen when the shark is caught on the end of a fishing line. cases have been documented where an angry mako will jump out of the water and into the boat after it has been caught on the hook .\nshortfin mako (isurus oxyrinchus) is one of two species in the genus isurus (the other being the longfin mako, i. paucus) and one of five species in the family lamnidae or mackerel sharks. other lamnid sharks found in canada include the white shark (carcharodon carcharias), salmon shark (lamna ditropis), and the porbeagle shark (l. nasus) .\nhere' s a cool video from mission bay, california that shows the speed and power of a big mako shark .\nhere' s a cool video from mission bay, california that shows the speed and power of a big mako shark .\none of the problems that is exacerbated by these new findings is the fact that the mako shark is slow to reproduce .\nbaby # mako # shark # bycatch in n italy. cr endangered in med. see poster on minimakos eea2014 urltoken urltoken\nalthough the shortfin mako has only been blamed for eight unprovoked attacks and two human fatalities, it ranks second only to the great white shark for attacks on boats, notching up 20 in comparison to the great white' s 95 [ source: isaf ]. in one report, the mako' s bite was enough to sink the boat in three minutes [ source: allen ]. for this reason, the shortfin mako may be the most dangerous shark for fishermen .\nstrong recreational and commercial fisheries rely on thriving fish populations. if shortfin mako sharks become overfished, regulations may be necessary to limit the commercial and recreational fishing in order for the population to recover. releasing a shortfin mako today may help keep the population and fishery strong for years to come .\nit took up the whole cockpit ,\nsaid capt. dave bender, owner of the jenny lee, said of the 926 - pound shortfin mako that was caught on his boat early saturday morning. it appears to be the heaviest shortfin mako caught off new jersey in recorded history .\ntexas angler jason johnston has likely broken an igfa all - tackle world record with an 11 - foot, 1323. 5 - pound shortfin mako shark he caught 15 miles out from huntington beach, california .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below. < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - shortfin mako (isurus oxyrinchus )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - shortfin mako (isurus oxyrinchus )\ntitle =\narkive species - shortfin mako (isurus oxyrinchus )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nmccord, m. 2012 .\nshortfin mako (isurus oxyrinchus )\n( on - line). accessed november 16, 2012 at urltoken .\nthe longfin mako shark is a rare species, found mainly in tropical and temperate waters. although not confirmed, they are thought to be distributed worldwide. it is larger than the shortfin mako, reaching at least 2. 5 metres in length and weighing over 70 kilograms .\nlahaina — the ikaika kai brought in a rare catch of a 282. 8 - pound mako shark wrestled by billy tetreault .\nthis mako shark caught on june 3, 2013 off the coast of california weighed in at 1, 323. 5 pounds .\nshortfin mako sharks typically range in length from 3. 2 m to 3. 8 m, with females being larger than males. adult weight ranages between 60 to 135 kg (females may reach 150 kg). shortfin mako sharks have cylindrically shaped bodies, similar to those of great white sharks (\nthe shortfin mako is one of the few known predators of the swordfish. a 730 - pound (330 - kilogram) shortfin mako harpooned near bimini, bahamas, was found to contain a whole 120 - pound (55 - kilogram) swordfish. off montauk, new york, another shortfin mako of about 800 pounds (365 kilograms) was observed biting the tail off a swordfish of undetermined size. when this shark was landed, it was found to contain about 150 pounds (68 kilograms) of swordfish flesh .\nalthough oceanic species, the shortfin mako' s power, aggressiveness, teeth and great speed, make it a danger to humans. shortfin makos have been blamed for a number of nonfatal and fatal attacks on humans. divers who have encountered shortfin makos note that they swim in a figure eight pattern and approach with mouths open prior to an attack. shortfin makos frequently damage boats and injure fishers after being hooked .\nthe shortfin mako feeds mainly upon bony fishes including mackerels, tunas, bonitos and swordfish, but may also eat other sharks, porpoises and sea turtles .\na new study reports that the mortality rate of shortfin mako sharks due to fishing in the western north atlantic is higher than previously estimated from catch reports .\nthe iccat shortfin mako assessment incorporates findings from a recent western north atlantic tagging study that found fishing mortality rates to be 10 times higher than previous estimates .\nofficials say the previous world record for a shortfin mako shark is 1, 221 pounds. it was caught in 2001 off the coast of chatham, mass. this catch shatters the record by more than 100 pounds .\nthis list won' t include the biggest shark, the whale shark, which eats by filtering little pieces of plankton out of the water and is thus uninterested in humans. but this list does include the fastest shark, the shortfin mako, which has been clocked at 20 miles (32 kilometers) per hour [ source: allen ] .\ntemperature appears to be the dominant factor defining shortfin mako distribution. preferred water temperature is between 17 - 22°c and consequently it is unlikely that shortfin mako have extended residency in canadian waters. a lack of data has prevented any identification of habitats necessary for critical life functions (e. g. , mating, pupping) of this species in canadian waters, while impeding investigation of whether shortfin mako habitat has changed over time. [ updated 22 / 01 / 2018 ]\nit is quite possible, perhaps likely, that the shortfin mako would be something less than my favorite shark if one mangled me in the same manner as the unfortunate ms. b. a. if i am ever attacked by a shortfin mako, it would remain a fast, beautiful, and superbly efficient creature. but some forms of appreciation are best at a distance .\na guy from texas, usa, caught a mako shark that weighed 1323 pounds, placing his name in the world record books .\nmako sharks belong to the lamnidae family, also known as the family of mackerel sharks, which is also the same family that the great white shark belongs to. like the great white shark, mako sharks have large teeth. their lower teeth, in particular, are large and pointed, which is why they show even when the mako shark’s mouth is closed, giving it a fierce appearance .\nthe shortfin mako is believed to be the fastest of all sharks. like other lamnid sharks, it has a heat exchange circulatory system that enables the body to be warmer than the surrounding water and thus maintain a high level of activity. when hooked, the shortfin mako can make spectacular leaps out of the water .\naccording to the international game fish association, the biggest shortfin mako ever caught was landed off the coast of massachusetts in 2001, and weighed 1, 221lbs .\nif this was by attacks it would be 1. oceanic whitetip, 2. great white, 3. tiger, 4. bull, 5. shortfin mako\nthe shortfin mako shark also is known as the blue pointer and bonito shark. it is a fast speed - swimming shark that has been called “the peregrine falcon of the sharks” in allusion to the fastest bird in the world. it is considered an animal dangerous to humans because of the speed which can attack and its ability to jump into the fishing boats .\nmartin, r. 2003 .\nbiology of the shortfin mako (isurus oxyrinchus )\n( on - line). biology of sharks and rays: reefquest centre for shark research. accessed february 19, 2013 at urltoken .\nthe shortfin mako - the world’s fastest shark - is sought for meat, fins, and sport, but most fishing countries impose no limits on catch. an upcoming international fisheries meeting presents a critical opportunity to protect the species .\n. the longfin mako resembles the shortfin mako, but has larger pectoral fins and larger eyes. the presence of only one lateral keel on the tail and the lack of lateral cusps on the teeth distinguish the makos from the closely related\nshark scientist riley elliott observes unusual social behavior in blue sharks and mako sharks as they compete for food off the coast of new zealand .\nthe tracks of the tagged mako sharks, including the ones captured, can be viewed online on nsu' s ghri shark tracking website .\nthese studies have also shown that while shortfin makos follow warm water, they do so within the confines of a specific geographical area. consequently, there seems to be limited genetic flow between these geographically distinct populations. very little is known about the social habits of the shortfin mako, except that it is a solitary shark .\nas one of the fastest sharks, shortfin mako sharks are desirable trophy fish. additionally, their fins, flesh, and liver oil are sold in asian markets .\njoung, s. , h. hsu. 2005. reproduction and embryonic development of the shortfin mako, lsurus oxyrinchus rafinesque, 1810, in the northwestern pacific .\nwhile impressive, the current world record catch for a shortfin mako stands at 1, 221 pounds, caught off the coast of massachusetts by luke sweeney in 2001 .\ndue to its beauty, aggressiveness, and jumping ability, the shortfin mako is considered one of the great gamefishes of the world. shortfin makos are caught with trolled baits and lures as well as with live or dead baits fished from anchored or drifting boats .\nparasites shortfin makos host a variety of parasitic copepods. these are found on the skin, in the mouth, and on the fins. species recorded from the shortfin mako include dinemoura latifolia, echthrogaleus denticulatus, pandarus smithi, anthosoma crassum, and nemesis lamna .\nthe shortfin mako shark, isurus oxyrinchus, is a prized “game” fish. shortfin makos are renowned for their speed and their ability to leap out of the water, leaps of up to 28 feet have been recorded, and due to its speed and agility, this high - leaping fish is sought as “game” worldwide. the mako is also fished commercially. in some areas this shark has been wrongly blamed for the depletion of commercial fishing stocks such as mackerel and tuna ,\nsam was taking part in work carried out by the fox shark research foundation, which was set up by andrew fox, the son of famous shark attack victim rodney fox, in notorious shark infested waters .\nlarger sharks may feed upon juvenile shortfin makos. adult makos likely fall prey only to humans .\nshortfin mako sharks live in tropical and temperate offshore waters. they are a pelagic species that occur from the surface down to depths of 150 meters (490 feet). this shark is seldom found in waters colder than 16 degrees celsius .\nshortfin mako sharks display pelagic countershading to conceal them from potential predators such as great white sharks and killer whales. humans are probably the most frequent predator of these sharks .\nthank you for signing our petition urging top fishing nations - spain, portugal, us, japan, morocco and canada to ban the retention of atlantic shortfin mako sharks .\nmore shark video pages to enjoy: tiger sharks, bull sharks, hammerhead, mako, great white, megamouth, goblin sharks, shark senses, sharks and humans, tonic immobility, whale sharks, lanternshark, megalodon, cookiecutter, frilled sharks, spiny dogfish, basking sharks, angel shark, horn sharks, wobbegong, zebra shark, blue sharks, nurse sharks, reef sharks, sand tiger shark, oceanic whitetip .\nboth the shortfin mako shark and the longfin mako shark are ovoviviparous. this means that the females have eggs but the eggs remain inside her body. there, the young sharks develop, getting nourishment from the yolk of the egg, and once fully developed, hatch. in some cases, especially among longfin mako sharks, intrauterine cannibalism occurs, which means the first young to hatch inside the mother’s uterus eats the ones that have not yet hatched. if this doesn’t happen, the female mako shark gives birth to up to 10 fully - developed pups, which are between 28 to 39 inches long .\nmako sharks have attacked humans. very few were killed more due to loss of blood or failure to get medical help quickly. those that were attacked were divers and shark feeders. mako' s don' t swim near the beaches so swimmers and surfers are relatively safe from this shark .\nsome sharks bristle with more than just primal aggression when hunting their prey at high speed. the shortfin mako shark uses flexible scales on its body that allow it to pull off tight underwater turns during high - speed pursuits, according to researchers .\nthe world' s affinity for shark fin soup and the delectable flesh of the shortfin mako has lead to a decrease in population numbers. worldwide, the shortfin mako is not only subject to overharvesting by direct hunting, and they are often by - catch victims of the tuna and swordfish fishing industries. as a result, the u. s. national marine fisheries service (nmfs) has included the shortfin mako on their list of managed pelagic sharks. the nmfs has reduced the number of commercial and recreational shortfin mako catches allowed per year by 50% in an attempt to counter act its declining numbers. however, the nmfs regulations apply only to the united state' s atlantic and gulf waters. also hastening their population decrease is their slow reproductive rate .\n2012 .\nglobal shark accident file\n( on - line). global shark attack directory. accessed october 10, 2012 at urltoken .\nthe world' s affinity for shark fin soup and the flesh of the shortfin mako has lead to a decrease in population numbers. worldwide, the shortfin mako is not only subject to overharvesting by direct hunting, they are also often by - catch victims of the tuna and swordfish fishing industries. as a result, the u. s. national marine fisheries service (nmfs) has included the shortfin mako on their list of\nmanaged\npelagic sharks. the nmfs has reduced the number of commercial and recreational shortfin mako catches allowed per year by 50% in an attempt to counter act its declining numbers. however, the nmfs regulations apply only to the united state' s atlantic and gulf waters. also hastening their population decrease is their slow reproductive rate .\nthe shortfin mako shark does not survive in captivity. the longest time one lived in captivity was in 2001 at the new jersey aquarium, and it lived for only five days. the shark appeared strong upon arrival but had trouble negotiating the walls of the aquarium, refused to feed, and rapidly weakened and died .\nwhat made you want to look up mako shark? please tell us where you read or heard it (including the quote, if possible) .\nmassive mako shark surprises diver and blue marlin! by dr guy harvey. while on a guy harvey expedition off cat island in the bahamas, diver and shark expert jim abernethy was filming a blue marlin underwater when he got a surprise visit from a 10ft. long, 600 lb. mako .\npowerful, fast and aggressive, the shortfin mako has been blamed for many reported shark attacks on humans. in more than a few cases, also blame human error as fisherman have been known to get injured after dragging hooked makos into their boats .\naccording the to global shark attack directory, there have only been three reports of shortfin mako attacks on humans since 1974, therefore it is not considered a great natural threat to humans. they are known to damage boats and fishers after being hooked .\njust about every shark enthusiast has one species that is his or her absolute, hands - down favorite. some favor the great white. others hold in particularly high regard the strange and wonderful hammerheads, goblin, or thresher sharks. still others — divers mostly — regard as deeply totemic whichever shark species they first encountered in the wild. the precise combination of favorite shark species and the reasons for choosing it are as many and varied as shark enthusiasts themselves. for what its worth, the shortfin mako is my all - time favorite shark .\nthe shortfin mako shark is a large, predatory shark that lives in the open ocean and reaches lengths of 12 feet (3. 8 m) and weights of at least 1200 pounds (545 kg). with top speeds of 45 miles per hour (74 kilometers per hour), the shortfin mako is the fastest shark and is one of the fastest fishes on the planet. this species’ athleticism is not restricted to its swimming speeds. it is known for its incredible leaping ability and can be observed jumping to extreme heights (out of the water) when hunting .\nthe shortfin mako shark is known as the fastest of all its peers. its body is particularly streamlined and is aided by a crescent - shaped (or lunate) tail, which helps the mako to propel itself even more effectively through the water. in addition, its warmer blood retains energy, better spent catching hapless prey. despite claims from researchers and fishermen, official reports have cited 50 kilometres an hour as the shortfin mako' s top speed. the less formal reports claim far higher speeds, though .\nshortfin makos seem to have a particular dietary predilection for a commercially important jack known as the bluefish (pomatomus saltator). one study in the western north atlantic found that, by volume, 78% of shortfin mako prey consisted of bluefish. based on estimates that the stomach capacity of a shortfin mako averages about 10% of its body weight and a daily ration is about 4. 5 pounds (2 kilograms), researchers calculate that shortfin makos may consume as much as 15% of the available bluefish resource in the area between georges bank and cape hatteras .\nthe largest mako shark caught on record is a 1, 323 - pounder that was reeled in by jason johnston in huntington beach, california in 2013 .\nshortfin mako sharks mate via internal fertilization and give live birth to a small number of relatively large young. though they give live birth, these sharks do not connect to their young through a placenta. instead, during the gestation period, the mother provides her young with unfertilized eggs that they actively eat for nourishment. while the shortfin mako shark is one of only very few shark species known to have bitten and killed people, these events are extremely rare and likely accidental (a case of mistaken identity) .\nof all the sharks, the shortfin mako shark is the fastest. it normally cruises at a speed of around 22 miles per hour but when hunting, can achieve bursts of up to 60 miles per hour. that makes it about as fast as an ostrich and faster than a greyhound. the shortfin mako shark doesn’t just swim. it leaps out of the water, sometimes to catch prey and sometimes, for seemingly no reason at all. amazingly, it can leap more than 30 feet out of the water !\nshortfin makos can be distinguished from white sharks by several characters. the teeth in the upper jaw are smooth - edged and slender, whereas those of the white shark are flattened, serrated and triangular (although narrower in juveniles). the colouration of the shortfin mako (see above), differs from the white shark, which is blue - grey, grey - brown or bronze above with an abrupt change of colour to white below .\non aug. 14, a shark that weighed nearly 500 kilograms was caught at the lockeport fishing derby. the shark measured 11. 6 feet long .\nmakos are prized gamefish. although an oceanic species, the shortfin mako' s power, aggressiveness, teeth and great speed, make it a danger to humans. shortfin makos have been blamed for a number of both nonfatal and fatal attacks on humans. divers who have encountered shortfin makos note that they swim in a figure eight pattern and approach with mouths open prior to an attack. shortfin makos frequently damage boats and injure fishermen after being hooked. most attacks occur when the shark is either provoked or caught on the end of a fishing line. the mako is fished commercially and for recreation. in some areas this shark has been wrongly blamed for the depletion of commercial fishing stocks i. e. , mackerel, tuna, etc .\nthick as a torpedo and heavily scarred, the gigantic shark rises from the deep, circling the bait near the surface. at possibly 15 feet long, she is the biggest shortfin mako riley elliott has ever seen :\nwe were just struck with awe .\nshortfin mako (isurus oxyrinchus) is one of two species in the genus isurus. in french this species is known as requin - taupe bleu. shortfin makos are identified by a pointed snout, a caudal keel, and a u - shaped mouth with teeth that extend outside of the mouth .\nwhen hunting, the mako shark stays under the prey after identifying it. before the victim detects it observing its movements, the shark swims vertically toward the prey, immobilizes it by biting its caudal peduncle and begins tearing pieces of flesh .\nin 1978, seaworld reportedly attempted to display a couple of wild - caught shortfin mako sharks at its shark encounter exhibit. the animals reportedly died within days, after running into the walls of the enclosure. recently, a great white shark died after just three days in a japanese aquarium. these incidents aren’t isolated: sharks don’t thrive in tanks .\nthe word ‘mako’ actually comes from the language of the maori, the indigenous people of new zealand, meaning ‘shark’. among them, mako sharks are considered guardian spirits and the teeth of mako sharks are highly prized, worn by tribe officials and the most distinguished warriors. the maori also use the liver oil of mako sharks, mixing them with plants in order to create pigments with which they paint their bodies .\noceanic whitetip first shark listed as “threatened” in the continental u. s. atlantic\nshark week is a sham. but sharks are still super cool. | urltoken\nfisherman' s shock as he hauls in 23st thresher shark just ...\nfor that reason, the record for largest shark caught in new jersey continues to be a 880 - pound tiger shark reeled in off cape may in 1988 .\nthe current international game fish assocation world record for a shortfin mako is the 1, 221 - pounder caught by luke sweeney on july 21, 2001 off massachusetts. a 1, 323. 5 - pound shortfin mako was caught off the california coast in june 2013 but that does not appear to have been certified as a record by the igfa, which maintains the official world records .\non monday, a group of anglers from texas, colorado, and california hooked a colossal fish off southern california. after a long struggle, they reeled in a shortfin mako shark that they say tipped the scale at 1, 323. 5 pounds (600 kilograms) .\nthe new jersey mako record, set in 1994 by christopher palmer, who caught his 856 - pound mako in the wilmington canyon, will stand for the time being .\nshortfin mako development is ovoviviparous. developing young are intra - uteral (within the uterus) cannibals that consume lesser developed siblings. which is known as oophagy. very little else is known about the reproduction of shortfin makos because females abort embryos during capture. litters of over 8 - 10 pups are uncommon .\nthe shortfin mako shark is a sleek spindle shaped shark with a long conical snout. this shark has short pectoral fins and a crescent shaped caudal (tail) fin. there is a distinct caudal keel on the caudal base. its second dorsal fin is much smaller than the first. the teeth are are slender and slightly curved with no lateral cusps, and are visible even when the mouth is closed. there is marked countershading on this shark: dorsally it is a metallic indigo blue while ventrally it is white .\nthe shortfin mako shark is a sleek spindle shaped shark with a long conical snout. this shark has short pectoral fins and a crescent shaped caudal fin. there is a distinct caudal keel on the caudal base. its second dorsal fin is much smaller than the first. the teeth are slender and slightly curved with no lateral cusps, and are visible even when the mouth is closed giving it a fearsome appearance. there is marked countershading on this shark: dorsally it is a metallic indigo blue while ventrally it is white .\nhe says that could explain why the tiny blue shark dominated a mature mako—it had a lot of gumption, while the mako may have been more reserved. (makos that size\ndon' t get big by being dumb ,\nelliott quips. )\nthe white shark, more commonly referred to as the\ngreat white ,\nhas been reported to be involved in more attacks on humans than any other shark .\nthere are no recorded longfin mako shark attacks. however, it is still best to be cautious around these sharks. they are also known to fight back when caught .\nthe longfin mako shark is pelagic, meaning that it stays in the deep, cool waters of the open ocean rather than approaching the shallow banks of the coastal areas .\ndespite the increasing importance of shortfin makos to pelagic fisheries worldwide, catches have been poorly reported, and catch data are incomplete. in addition, the extent to which finning of shortfin makos occurs in high seas fisheries remains unclear .\nreefquest centre for shark research text and illustrations © r. aidan martin copyright | privacy\na blue shark ten times smaller darted onto the scene and aggressively pushed the mako—the ocean' s fastest shark—away. the bigger fish obliged, allowing the blue to eat in peace. (explore a stunning interactive of the\nlords of the sea .\n)\ncarpenter, k. , c. binohlan. 2013 .\nisurus oxyrinchus (rafinesque, 1810): shortfin mako\n( on - line). fishbase. accessed february 19, 2013 at urltoken .\npassarelli, n. , c. knickle, k. divittorio. 1995 .\nflorida museum of natural history\n( on - line). shortfin mako. accessed october 24, 2012 at urltoken .\nthe shortfin mako can grow to lengths of 3. 9 meters (13 feet). there is still some uncertainty about its lifespan, but it is known to reach ages of at least 32 years .\nthe shortfin mako is believed to be the fastest of all sharks and can be found worldwide in tropical and temperate waters. despite being primarily an oceanic species, it is considered to be dangerous to people .\nthe new jersey division of fish and wildlife said the previous record weight for a shark caught off the state coastline was an 880lb tiger shark caught off cape may in 1988 .\naccording to new scientific research, the population of the mako shark — one of the apex predators in the region — is in severe decline in regions of the north atlantic ocean .\nas mentioned above, it is sought after by fishermen. however, in 2010, greenpeace international actually added the shortfin mako shark to its red seafood list. any animal that appears on the red list means that it is commonly sold in supermarkets worldwide and is usually sourced from fisheries that are unsustainable .\nthe shortfin mako' s common name is derived from the maori term mako, which translated means\nshark\n. other common names referring to this shark include al karch (arabic), amlez (hebrew), anequim (portuguese), anequin barbatana curta (portuguese), aozame (japanese), aso - polota (samoan), atlantic mako (english), atunero (spanish), blauhai (german), bleu pointu (french), blue pointer (english), blue shark (english), bonito shark (english), cação - atum (portuguese), canavar baligi (turkish), cane de mare (spanish), carcharias, carito (spanish), cawar (somali), chlarm (khmer), deeba (arabic), dentuda (spanish), dentuse (spanish), diamante (spanish), dientuse (spanish), dientuso azul (spanish), dikburun (turkish), dikburuncanavar baligi (turkish), dog shark (english), ganumu sora (telugu), gisandoo (wolof), haai (dutch), haringhaai (dutch), janequín (spanish), kortvin - mako (afrikaans), kortvinmakreelhaai (dutch), lamie (french), mackerel porbeagle (english), mackerel shark (english), mako (english), mako shark (english), makrelenhai (german), ma' o a' ahi (tahitian), marache (french), marracho - azul (portuguese), marrajo dientuso (spanish), ngutukao (maori), ossirina (italian), pointed nose shark (english), requin - taupe bleu (french), sharpnose mackerel shark (english), shortfin shark (english), snapper shark (english), solraig (catalan), spitssnuitmakreelhaai (dutch), squalo mako (italian), and taupe bleu (french) .\nshortfin mako sharks live in tropical and temperate offshore waters. they are a pelagic species that occur from the surface down to depths of 500 meters (1600 feet). this shark is seldom found in waters colder than 16 degrees celsius. it is typically found in waters between 17 and 22 degrees celsius .\nthe shortfin mako shark also holds the world record for fastest long distance travel – approximately 1, 300 miles in just 37 days. that’s almost as far as it would take to drive from new york to miami. if a person were walking that long, it could easily take more than 100 days .\n' at one point i had a great white and a mako circling for the tuna bait. the mako literally browbeat away a great white and not just any great white shark but a very large dominant male maybe six times her mass and twice her size - it was amazing .\n' i see a lot of mako barbecues in our future,' mark miccio told urltoken .\nperhaps the most startling revelation of stillwell and kohler' s study is the enormous importance of bluefish in the diet of the shortfin mako off the us atlantic seaboard. bluefish occurred in 43. 8% of shortfin mako stomachs examined and, by volume, constituted 77. 5% of this species' diet; consumption and diet were found to be the same for both sexes. stillwell and kohler found that the average stomach capacity of a shortfin mako is about 10% of its body weight and estimated the average daily ration at about 4. 5 pounds (2 kilograms). from this, stillwell and kohler calculated that, each year, shortfin makos may consume 4. 3 to 14. 5% of the available bluefish resource in the area between cape hatteras and georges bank .\nthe shortfin mako is usually pelagic, but can sometimes be found close inshore. although normally occupying surface waters down to around 150 metres, this shark has been recorded at depths of up to 740 metres (2). there is evidence to suggest that this species migrates seasonally to warmer waters (3) .\nsize, age & growth average adult size is 3. 2 m (10 ft) and 60 - 135 kg (135 - 300 lbs). as with most shark species, females are larger than males and may reach 380 cm (12. 5 ft) and weigh 570 kg (1, 425 lbs). the largest\nmako\ntaken on hook and line worldwide was 505. 76 kg (1115 lbs), however no positive species identification was made (shortfin or longfin mako). the shortfin mako has a growth rate that exceeds other lamnids. length analyses, as well as counts of growth rings on vertebral centra have been utilized in studies to estimate the age of this species. shortfin makos likely live about 20 years .\nthe shortfin mako can grow to lengths of 3. 9 meters (13 feet). there is still some uncertainty about its life - span, but it is suspected to reach ages of between 11 - 23 years .\nfemale shortfin makos mature at 18 and usually have 10 - 18 pups every three years after a 15 - 18 month gestation .\nthe longfin mako shark has large serrated teeth, designed to grab and hold its optimal prey of squid and small bony fish. the outer row of teeth in the lower jaw protrudes noticeably .\nstomach contents of shortfin makos have also been reported to included sea turtle heads, a' porpoise' (probably a pelagic dolphin, family delphinidae), squids, salps, and — occasionally — detritus. surprisingly, pelagic dolphins are rarely reported in the diet of the shortfin mako, but have been found among the stomach contents of very large individuals. the shortfin mako' s teeth are highly distinctive: smooth - edged and — at the front of the jaw, at least — gracefully recurved: the efficient grasping teeth of a fish - eater. but, like those of the white shark (carcharodon carcharias), the upper anterior teeth of the shortfin mako broaden with increasing size. shortfins over 10 feet (3 metres) long have relatively broad, flat, and triangular upper anteriors, which are perhaps more suitable for dismembering large prey than the awl - shaped upper teeth of smaller makos. thus, unlike smaller shortfin makos, large individuals may be able to feed on prey too big to be swallowed whole .\nto seek out sufficient prey or suitable mates, the shortfin mako covers large areas of open ocean. in december 1998, a female specimen originally tagged off california was recaptured by a japanese research vessel in the central pacific, having traveled over 1, 725 miles (2, 780 kilometres). this was only the second time a shortfin mako was recaptured from this region. tagging studies conducted off the east coast of new zealand reveal that shortfin mako recaptures at or very close to original tagging sites peak annually, indicating seasonal migrations. where these sharks go for the rest of the year is unclear, although one individual tagged off new zealand was recaptured north - west of fiji .\nthe shortfin mako feeds mainly upon squid and bony fishes including mackerels, tunas, bonitos and swordfish, but may also eat other sharks, porpoises and sea turtles. marine mammals other than porpoises are consumed on occasion as well." ]

{ "text": [ "the shortfin mako shark ( isurus oxyrinchus ) , also known as the blue pointer or bonito shark , is a large mackerel shark .", "it is commonly referred to as the mako shark , as is the longfin mako shark ( isurus paucus ) .", "the shortfin mako is on record as the fastest-swimming shark , capable of bursts of speed up to 18.8 metres per second ( 68 km/h ; 42 mph ) . " ], "topic": [ 15, 15, 16 ] }

[ "the shortfin mako shark (isurus oxyrinchus), also known as the blue pointer or bonito shark, is a large mackerel shark. it is commonly referred to as the mako shark, as is the longfin mako shark (isurus paucus). the shortfin mako is on record as the fastest-swimming shark, capable of bursts of speed up to 18.8 metres per second (68 km/h; 42 mph)." ]

[ "html public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthe pdf file you selected should load here if your web browser has a pdf reader plug - in installed (for example, a recent version of adobe acrobat reader) .\nif you would like more information about how to print, save, and work with pdfs, highwire press provides a helpful frequently asked questions about pdfs .\nalternatively, you can download the pdf file directly to your computer, from where it can be opened using a pdf reader. to download the pdf, click the download link above .\nloomis, h. f. (1974). millipeds from southern costa rican highlands. florida entomologist, 57 (2): 169 - 187 page (s): 182 [ details ]\nhoffman, r. l. (1999). checklist of the millipedes of north and middle america. virginia museum of natural history, special publication, 8: 1 - 584. martinsville page (s): 411 [ details ]\nthere are several matrix. why not try to find a fault? type something to search ...\nloomis, h. f. (1974). millipeds from southern costa rican highlands. florida entomologist, 57 (2): 169 - 187\njavascript is disabled on your browser. please enable javascript to use all the features on this page .\ncopyright © 2008 gesellschaft für biologische systematik. published by elsevier gmbh all rights reserved .\ncopyright © 2018 elsevier b. v. or its licensors or contributors. sciencedirect ® is a registered trademark of elsevier b. v .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndisclaimer: itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available, and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties. however, it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes. while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available, ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party, wildlife statutes, regulations, and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register. for further information on u. s. legal requirements with respect to protected taxa, please contact the u. s. fish and wildlife service .\nsorry, preview is currently unavailable. you can download the paper by clicking the button above .\nenter the email address you signed up with and we' ll email you a reset link .\n© university of florida george a. smathers libraries. all rights reserved. terms of use for electronic resources and copyright information powered by sobekcm" ]

{ "text": [ "sphaeriodesmus filamentosus is a species of millipede in the family sphaeriodesmidae that is endemic to san vito , costa rica .", "it was discovered on 17 – 18 april 1972 . " ], "topic": [ 3, 3 ] }

[ "sphaeriodesmus filamentosus is a species of millipede in the family sphaeriodesmidae that is endemic to san vito, costa rica. it was discovered on 17 – 18 april 1972." ]

[ "“ acocil ” in diccionario de la lengua española, vigésima tercera edición, real academia española, 2014 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\nthis species is thought to be part of a species complex (m. lópez - mejía. , f. alvarez. and c. pedraza - lara pers. comm. 2009) .\nalvarez, f. , lópez - mejía, m. & pedraza lara, c .\nlivingston, f. , soulsby, a. - m. , batchelor, a. , dyer, e. , whitton, f. , milligan, h. t. , smith, j. , lutz, m. l. , de silva, r. , mcguinness, s. , kasthala, g. , jopling, b. , sullivan, k. & cryer, g .\nhas been assessed as least concern. this species has a relatively wide distribution across mexico and is found in a variety of habitat types. it is abundant in at least some parts of its range and although the introduction of common carp for aquaculture may be causing some localized declines, at present this is not thought to represent a major threat to this species .\nthis species has a relatively wide distribution across mexico (alvarez and rangel 2007). it is found from lake chapala in jalisco, east towards the crater lakes of puebla (alvarez and rangel 2007) .\nin the canals of xochimilco, near mexico city, this species is abundant and is the dominant native invertebrate. it is regularly fished at a subsistence level for human consumption (alvarez and rangel 2007), but there is no evidence that this is having a significant adverse effect on the overall population size and status .\nhave been introduced (hinojosa - garro and zambrano 2004), which is likely to be as a result of carp increasing the turbidity of the water and thereby reducing the amount of light available to submerged macrophytes on which the crayfish are dependent for food and shelter (hinojosa - garro and zambrano 2004). although carp introductions may be causing localized declines in some areas, given the wide distribution of this species and its ability to utilize a wide range of habitat types, this is not considered to pose a major threat to the entire population (m. lópez - mejía. , f. alvarez. and c. pedraza - lara pers. comm. 2009) .\nthis species inhabits rivers, lakes, reservoirs and canal banks, and is associated with the roots of riparian vegetation, up to a depth of 0. 5 m. it feeds on a wide variety of organisms, including macrophytes, and is predated upon by vertebrates. furthermore, it is a burrowing species and berried females can be found between october and march. each female will produce between 12 - 120 eggs. in addition, temperature, ph and oxygen concentrations are not thought to have a significant effect on the abundance of this species, and it has been found at oxygen concentrations of 5 to 7. 5 mg l - 1, at a ph range of 7. 6 - 9 and at temperatures of 10 - 25 °c, though only rarely above 20 °c (alvarez and rangel 2007). it has also been described as a physiologically tolerant species (m. lópez - mejía. , f. alvarez. and c. pedraza - lara pers. comm. 2009) .\nthis species is regularly fished at a subsistence level for human consumption (alvarez and rangel 2007), but there is no evidence that this is having an adverse effect on the overall population size .\nthis species is regularly fished at a subsistence level for human consumption (alvarez and rangel 2007), but there is no evidence that this is having an adverse effect on the overall population size. the introduction of the common carp (\n) for aquaculture, may however pose a threat to this species (hinojosa - garro and zambrano 2004). a reduction in the abundance of this species has been observed in shallow ponds within which carp have been introduced, which is likely to be as a result of the carp increasing the turbidity of the water and thereby reducing the amount of light available to submerged macrophytes on which the crayfish are dependent for food and shelter (hinojosa - garro and zambrano 2004). although carp introductions may be causing localized declines in some areas, given the wide distribution of this species and its ability to utilize a wide range of habitat types, this is not considered to pose a major threat to the entire population\nalvarez, f. , lópez - mejía, m. & pedraza lara, c. 2010 .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\nthis page was last edited on 29 january 2018, at 01: 36 .\ntext is available under the creative commons attribution - sharealike license; additional terms may apply. by using this site, you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy .\nthe traditional products, local breeds, and know - how collected by the ark of taste belong to the communities that have preserved them over time. they have been shared and described here thanks to the efforts of the network that that slow food has developed around the world, with the objective of preserving them and raising awareness. the text from these descriptions may be used, without modifications and citing the source, for non - commercial purposes in line with the slow food philosophy .\nstudents of the gastronomic sciences at pollenzo are collaborating with slow food to fill the ark .\nindigenous terra madre is a network of communities and organizations that preserve indigenous identities and traditional knowledge across the world .\nthe traditional products, local breeds, and know - how collected by the ark of taste belong to the communities that have preserved them over time. they have been shared and described here thanks to the efforts of the network that slow food has developed around the world, with the objective of preserving them and raising awareness. the text from these descriptions may be used, without modifications and citing the source, for non - commercial purposes in line with the slow food philosophy .\nslow food gratefully acknowledges funding support from european union. all content and options expressed on this page are solely those of slow food .\nutilizziamo i cookie per essere sicuri che tu possa avere la migliore esperienza sul nostro sito. se continui ad utilizzare questo sito noi assumiamo che tu ne sia felice .\nwe' ve combined the most accurate english to spanish translations, dictionary, verb conjugations, and spanish to english translators into one very powerful search box .\nspanishdict is devoted to improving our site based on user feedback and introducing new and innovative features that will continue to help people learn and love the spanish language. have a suggestion, idea, or comment? send us your feedback .\nour united states seafood availability chart is a listing of various sea foods available in the u. s. and when they are in season. in addition to seafood seasons we provide some tips for buying, handling and preparing fresh seafood .\nwe use cookies to enhance your experience on our website. this website uses cookies that provide targeted advertising and which track your use of this website. by clicking ‘continue’ or by continuing to use our website, you are agreeing to our use of cookies. you can change your cookie settings at any time .\nstay up to date with our latest news and receive new words updates, blog posts, and more .\nenglish has borrowed many of the following foreign expressions of parting, so you’ve probably encountered some of these ways to say goodbye in other languages .\nas their breed names often attest, dogs are a truly international bunch. let’s take a look at 12 different dog breed names and their backstories .\nmost noun phrases contain only one determiner or none at all, but if there are more, they follow a definite order. determiners can be divided into four groups, depending on what other determiners the ...\nall the latest wordy news, linguistic insights, offers and competitions every month." ]

{ "text": [ "the acocil ( cambarellus montezumae ) is a species of crayfish in the family cambaridae .", "it is endemic to mexico , where it is known from jalisco and puebla .", "the name acocil comes from the nahuatl cuitzilli , meaning \" crooked one of the water \" or \" squirms in the water \" .", "it is a traditional foodstuff of the pre-columbian mexicans , who boiled or baked the animal , and ate it in tacos .", "this is a common species in its range , becoming abundant in some areas .", "it can be found in a number of aquatic habitat types , including artificial habitats such as canals .", "it is found in areas with aquatic vegetation , and it often buries itself among the roots .", "it can tolerate a relatively wide range of temperatures , ph , and oxygen concentrations .", "it is considered to be a least-concern species by the international union for conservation of nature ( iucn ) because it is adaptable , its populations are stable , and it faces no major threats .", "minor threats include the introduction of common carp ( cyprinus carpio ) into the area .", "the acocil is still a subsistence food source for local people . " ], "topic": [ 2, 27, 25, 15, 13, 24, 24, 13, 17, 17, 15 ] }

[ "the acocil (cambarellus montezumae) is a species of crayfish in the family cambaridae. it is endemic to mexico, where it is known from jalisco and puebla. the name acocil comes from the nahuatl cuitzilli, meaning \" crooked one of the water \" or \" squirms in the water \". it is a traditional foodstuff of the pre-columbian mexicans, who boiled or baked the animal, and ate it in tacos. this is a common species in its range, becoming abundant in some areas. it can be found in a number of aquatic habitat types, including artificial habitats such as canals. it is found in areas with aquatic vegetation, and it often buries itself among the roots. it can tolerate a relatively wide range of temperatures, ph, and oxygen concentrations. it is considered to be a least-concern species by the international union for conservation of nature (iucn) because it is adaptable, its populations are stable, and it faces no major threats. minor threats include the introduction of common carp (cyprinus carpio) into the area. the acocil is still a subsistence food source for local people." ]

[ "have a fact about homosassa, fl? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for homosassa, fl? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a fact about homosassa springs, fl µsa? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for homosassa springs, fl µsa? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nphotographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed. contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\nsign in to disable all ads. thank you for helping build the largest language community on the internet .\nhave a better pronunciation? upload it here to share it with the entire community .\nsimply select a language and press on the speaker button to listen to the pronunciation of the word. leave a vote for your preferred pronunciation .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page: myers, p. , r. espinosa, c. s. parr, t. jones, g. s. hammond, and t. a. dewey. 2018. the animal diversity web (online). accessed at https: / / animaldiversity. org .\ndisclaimer: the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. adw doesn' t cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283, drl 0628151, due 0633095, drl 0918590, and due 1122742. additional support has come from the marisla foundation, um college of literature, science, and the arts, museum of zoology, and information and technology services .\na taxon identifier is composed of name, author, year and attribute, all separated by a blank. these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication. the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words (genus and species) separated by a blank .\nthe author' s name is made up of a string of letters, with no blanks, and multiple authors' names are separated by a comma. spelling of author' s name is based on the original publication. if there are more than three authors, only the names of the first two authors are shown, followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets. this is rarely needed, but to differentiate homo - identifiers, this will contain the page, line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks, hyphens, and apostrophes are eliminated, thus only the following characters are used: a to z, a to z, 0 to 9, blank, comma, and opening and closing square brackets. although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition, it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions (contact information) with supporting references, possibly with pdf or hard copy .\n80x5 - 240x3 - 240x4 - 320x1 - 320x2 - 320x3 - 640x1 - 640x2 set display option above. click on images to enlarge .\nencyclo. co. uk, online since 2007, is a search engine for english meanings and definitions. the website aims to publish all wordlists, big and small, on the internet, making it much easier to find the word you need. follow us on facebook\npopular: trivia, history, america, cities, world, usa, states, television, ... more" ]

{ "text": [ "homosassa platella is a species of snout moth in the genus homosassa .", "it was described by shaffer in 1968 .", "it is found in north america , including florida and mississippi . " ], "topic": [ 26, 5, 20 ] }

[ "homosassa platella is a species of snout moth in the genus homosassa. it was described by shaffer in 1968. it is found in north america, including florida and mississippi." ]

[ "chaetodon flavocoronatus, the yellow - crowned butterflyfish. photo credit: lemon tyk .\npairs of longnose butterflyfish occupy territories on rocky shores and reefs at depths from 2 to 114m .\nhourigan tf (1989) environmental determinants of butterflyfish social systems. environ biol fishes 25: 61–78\nthe longnose butterflyfish is the most widespread species of butterflyfish. it lives in pairs along rocky shores and reefs along the southern african coast. it is a common visitor to deep reefs throughout the indian and pacific oceans .\nit is highly territorial, and will defend its patch of coral from any other longnose butterflyfish of the same sex. this butterflyfish uses soundwaves, generated by body movements, to signal its territorial boundaries to other fish .\nthe majority of butterflyfish are brightly colored, and some have a dark spot or eye band on the posterior of the body. this spot or eye band is called a false eye and is used to confuse predators so the butterflyfish can escape from aggression or attack. most butterflyfish use their sharp dorsal or top fin to defend themselves, but are relatively peaceful toward other tank inhabitants. a larger tank with ample hiding places is needed in order to successfully maintain some species of butterflyfish .\na veteran aquarist presents the obstacles to breeding the top - dwelling african butterflyfish, and shares the joy of keeping them .\ncaution is required with: butterflyfish, damselfish, eels, lionfish & scorpionfish, squirrelfish, tangs & surgeons, triggerfish and wrasse .\nyabuta s (2002) uncertainty in partner recognition and the tail - up display in a monogamous butterflyfish. anim behav 63: 165–173\nthe longnose butterflyfish is easily recognised by its yellow body and black and white head, but its most remarkable feature is its long snout .\napproximately 42, 000 individuals were traded between 1988 - 2002, making it the most frequently traded butterflyfish (global marine aquarium database) .\nfyi: can be maintained with others in the same genus or with others from other butterflyfish genera is all introduced at the same time .\ncan be maintained with others in the same genus or with others from other butterflyfish genera, yet all should be introduced at the same time .\nfricke hw (1986) pair swimming and mutual partner guarding in monogamous butterflyfish (pisces, chaetodontidae): a joint advertisement of territory. ethology 73: 307–333\nroberts cm, ormond rfg (1992) butterflyfish social behaviour, with special reference to the incidence of territoriality: a review. environ biol fishes 31: 79–93\ntricas tc, kajiura sm, kosaki rk (2006) acoustic communication in territorial butterflyfish: test of the sound production hypothesis. j exp biol 209: 4994–5004\nboyle ks, tricas tc (2014) discrimination of mates and intruders: visual and olfactory cues for a monogamous territorial coral reef butterflyfish. anim behav 92: 33–43\nwebb jf, smith wl (2000) the laterophysic connection in chaetodontid butterflyfish: morphological variation and speculations on sensory function. philos trans r soc lond b 355: 1125–1129\nthis is the most common butterflyfish in the caribbean (allen 1980, carpenter 2002). from 1993 - 2009 no substantial declines in abundance were recorded (reef database) for this species .\npyle rl, kosaki rk (2016) prognathodes basabei, a new species of butterflyfish (perciformes, chaetodontidae) from the hawaiian archipelago. zookeys 614: 137–152. doi: 10. 3897 / zookeys. 614. 10200\nbutterflyfish are some of the most loved fishes in the hobby and, for the most part, rightfully so. while the majority of butterflyfishes should be left in the wild, a few do make excellent aquarium specimens based on their striki\nany of a group of conspicuous tropical marine fish of the family chaetodontidae; the bannerfish and coralfish are also included in this group. butterflyfish are fairly small, mostly from 12 to 22 cm (c. 7 - 9 in) in length .\nhanke w, boyle k, tricas tc (2008) flow measurements during the multimodal communication in hawaiian butterflyfish. in: ruck b, leder a, dophedide d (eds) lasermethoden in der strömungsmesstechnik). german association for laser anemometry, karlsruhe, pp 53. 1–53. 6\ngeneral husbandry: one of the hardiest and very easy to feed butterflyfish, yet often somewhat highly priced because of collection depths. its also quite attractive, having its body coloration divided on a diagonal between black and white, a yellowish - gold eye band edged in black, white pelvic fins and a yellow tail .\nwith a delay of about two years following the coral bleaching event, a decline in reef fish assemblages was observed. strictly coral associated species, like the arabian butterflyfish (chaetodon melapterus) were most severely affected, while population densities of the arabian surgeonfish (acanthurus sohal), a species which feeds on algae in shallow waters, increased .\nbutterflyfish in general have a very elegant look. they are the discus of the marine aquarium: sensitive, yet with remarkable patterns; high in price and demand, but very enjoyable for the right owner. such an owner has a good maintenance record and keeps excellent water conditions; he or she is probably not a beginning or intermediate hobbyist .\nbutterflyfish are some of the most loved fishes in the hobby and, for the most part, rightfully so. while the majority of butterflyfishes should be left in the wild, a few do make excellent aquarium specimens based on their striking appearance and adaptability to captive environments. these select species ship well, are generally hardy and will remain a staple in the hobby for years to come .\nbutterflyfish belong to the chaetodontidae family and are classified into 11 genera which consist of amphichaetodon, chaetodon, chlemon, clelmonops, coradion, forcipiger, hemitaurichthys, heniochus, johnrandallia, parachaetodon, and prognathodes. most of these fish reach an adult size of six inches in an aquarium, and they can grow to almost 12 inches in length in the wild. as adults, they live exclusively on coral reefs around the world .\na new species of the butterflyfish genus prognathodes is described from specimens collected at a depth of 55–61 m off pearl and hermes atoll, northwestern hawaiian islands. this species has been observed by mixed - gas divers and from submersibles at depths ranging from 45–187 m throughout the hawaiian archipelago, with shallower sightings in the northwestern hawaiian islands and deeper in the main hawaiian islands. it is similar to prognathodes guezei (maugé and bauchot 1976) from the western indian ocean, and at least one other undescribed species of prognathodes from palau, differing from these species in the number of soft dorsal - fin rays, size of head, and body depth. there are also differences in the life color, and a substantial genetic difference from the palauan species (d ». 08 in mtdna cytochrome oxidase i) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ngreek, chaite = hair + greek, odous, odontos = tooth, teeth. 1750 (ref. 45335) .\nthe list below must not be used as an authority reference synonymy list like those found in scientific published revisions, which must be the source to be used and cited eventually when they exist .\nrather, it reflects the current content of fishbase, and the progress with respect to synchronization with the catalog of fishes. however, we think it can be useful for users to assess the quality of information in fishbase, to start new work on the family, or to cross - check with other lists .\nbut we appreciate to be cited in publications when this list has been of any working value. in particular, for published scientific, we suggest then to cite it in the material and method section as a useful tool to conduct the research, but again, not as a taxonomic or nomenclatural authority reference .\nunless it is explicitly precised, the list is not complete, please search all original names published for the family in the catalog of fishes (genera, species), including those with uncertain or unknown status, that are not included in fishbase when they are not attached to a valid species .\nthis list uses some data from catalog of fishes (not shown but used to sort names) .\nin the column coff, the digit indicates the status of synchronization with coff: 0: not checked; 1: same status; 2: different status; 3: other combination; 4: synonym in coff; 5: species / subspecies issue; 6: synonym of another species in coff; 7: not in coff; 8: should not be in coff. the coff version currently used is the one published on 23 - 07 - 2014 (ref. 97102) .\nwhen subfamilies are recognized, nominotypical subfamily first then other subfamilies by alphabetical order .\ntype genus of the family first (or of subfamily when subfamilies are recognized) then other genera by chronological order of description (and alphabetical order) .\ntype species of the genus first by chronological order (and alphabetical order), with last listed misapplied names in a light gray font .\nthis page was last edited on 25 november 2017, at 21: 43 .\ntext is available under the creative commons attribution - sharealike license; additional terms may apply. by using this site, you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy .\nfrom the day we opened the first store in maidenhead, we’ve firmly believed that one key to our success is employing fish keepers .\nnot reef safe. will eat stony corals, but can sometimes be kept with some of the more noxious soft corals. clams, feather dusters, small ornamental shrimps, sponges, zoanthids etc will also be eaten .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\njustification: least concern in view of its wide range, abundance and no major threats. this species has exhibited localized declines in abundance at moorea (french polynesia), but it is unclear whether this is linked to coral loss .\nthis species is distributed throughout most of the indo - pacific region. it has been recorded from the east african coast in the west to polynesia, including the hawaiian islands (usa), marquesas islands (french polynesia) and ducie island (pitcairn islands, uk) in the east. the range extends from southern japan in the north to lord howe island (australia) and rapa iti (austral islands, french polynesia) in the south. vagrants are occasionally seen in the eastern pacific at the galapagos islands (ecuador) and cocos island (costa rica). the species is very widespread with an approximate range size of ~ 81 million km\n. (1998). it is found at depths of 1 - 60 m .\namerican samoa; australia (lord howe is .); bangladesh; british indian ocean territory; cambodia; china; christmas island; comoros; cook islands; fiji; french polynesia; french southern territories (mozambique channel is .); guam; india (andaman is. , nicobar is .); indonesia; japan; kenya; kiribati (phoenix is .); korea, republic of; madagascar; malaysia; maldives; marshall islands; mauritius; mayotte; micronesia, federated states of; mozambique; myanmar; nauru; new caledonia; niue; norfolk island; northern mariana islands; oman; palau; papua new guinea; philippines; pitcairn; réunion; samoa; seychelles; singapore; solomon islands; somalia; south africa; sri lanka; taiwan, province of china; tanzania, united republic of; thailand; tokelau; tonga; tuvalu; united states (hawaiian is .); united states minor outlying islands (howland - baker is. , johnston i. , us line is. , wake is .); vanuatu; viet nam; wallis and futuna; yemen\nit is a common species often with stable populations (g. r. allen pers. comm. 2006) .\nthis species is found in lagoons and on outer reefs where it is most commonly observed in rocky areas, either slopes or in the inter - tidal zone (especially juveniles). animals occur singly, paired, or in small aggregations. favoured food items include nudibranchs, tubeworm tentacles, coral polyps and algae (g. r. allen pers. comm. 2006). it rarely feeds on live corals (pratchett 2005), but has exhibited a decline in abundance from 1979 to 2003 at moorea (berumen and pratchett 2006) .\nthere appear to be no species - specific conservation measures in place. this species occurs in marine protected areas .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\nthe red sea population generally lacks the dark spot on the soft dorsal fin. this population has been described as the sub - species\njustification: there have been declines in the abundance of c. auriga in some areas and research is required to understand apparent reliance on live corals. it is collected for the aquarium trade but the impacts are unknown. given that this species is very widespread and typically abundant, it is unlikely that localized declines have substantially affected the global population. it is listed as least concern .\nthis species is distributed throughout the entire tropical indo - pacific region. it is found from the red sea and east africa in the west to the hawaiian islands (usa), marquesas islands (french polynesia) and ducie atoll (pitcairn islands, uk) in the east. it is found in the north from southern japan and south to south eastern and western australia including lord howe island (australia) and rapa (g. r. allen pers. comm. 2006). vagrants are occasionally seen in the eastern pacific at the galapagos islands (ecuador). it has been recorded at depths of one to 61 m .\namerican samoa; australia; bahrain; bangladesh; british indian ocean territory; cambodia; chile (easter is .); china; christmas island; cocos (keeling) islands; comoros; cook islands; djibouti; ecuador (galápagos); egypt; eritrea; fiji; french polynesia; french southern territories (mozambique channel is .); guam; hong kong; india (andaman is. , nicobar is .); indonesia; iran, islamic republic of; iraq; israel; japan; jordan; kenya; kiribati (phoenix is .); korea, republic of; kuwait; madagascar; malaysia; maldives; marshall islands; mauritius; mayotte; micronesia, federated states of; mozambique; myanmar; nauru; new caledonia; new zealand; niue; norfolk island; northern mariana islands; oman; pakistan; palau; papua new guinea; philippines; pitcairn; qatar; réunion; samoa; saudi arabia; seychelles; singapore; solomon islands; somalia; south africa; sri lanka; sudan; taiwan, province of china; tanzania, united republic of; thailand; tokelau; tonga; tuvalu; united arab emirates; united states (hawaiian is .); united states minor outlying islands (howland - baker is. , johnston i. , us line is. , wake is .); vanuatu; viet nam; wallis and futuna; yemen\nthis species is generally common (e. g. , mean of 0. 7 individuals per 20 0m 2 in northern great barrier reef; pratchett and berumen 2008). it has however, exhibited significant declines in abundance on the great barrier reef (pratchett 2001) and in french polynesia (berumen and pratchett 2006) following extensive coral loss .\nthis species inhabits a wide variety of coral reef habitat, and can be encountered in coastal, lagoonal, and outer reefs (g. r. allen pers. comm. 2006). it feeds mainly by tearing pieces from polychaetes, sea anemones, coral polyps, and algae (myers 1991). it may be found singly, in pairs and in aggregations. this species only very rarely consumes coral on the great barrier reef (pratchett 2005), but consumes mainly live corals in the indian ocean (graham\n2006). it declined significantly in moorea between 1979 and 2003, following shifts in coral community structure (berumen and pratchett 2006) .\nlarge volumes of this species (> 25, 000 individuals) are reported to have been exported for aquarium markets (gmad 2009). it is a very common aquarium trade species .\nhave been observed following localized coral loss, it is unknown why this species should have any reliance on live corals. it neither feeds or recruits on live coral (pratchett\n. 2008). this species is collected for the aquarium trade however there is no data on how this affects the population. this species is harvested by artisanal fishers, accounting for 72% of the butterflyfishes caught (mangi and roberts 2006) .\nthere are no species - specific conservation measures in place for chaetodon auriga. this species is present within marine protected areas. ongoing monitoring of catches by aquarium collectors is required. research is required to confirm or understand the apparent reliance on live corals for this species .\nthese fish begin life as a rather dull fry; as they approach maturity they develop a thick membrane and go dormant. weeks later they emerge with vibrant coloration .\ncan' t find a community you love? create your own and start something epic .\nit uses this long snout to probe crevasses for food particles and prey, and to bite the tube feet off of sea urchins and other echinoderms .\nthis is the biggest family of tropical fishes. there are about 120 different species worldwide and about 24 of these live off the southern african shore. butterflyfishes are so named as they dart to and fro about the reef as butterflies flutter between plants .\nbutterflies have mostly black, yellow and white markings. several species have a large black dot towards the back of their bodies. this ‘eye - spot’ supposedly confuses would - be predators\nmost butterflyfishes change colour at night and find cracks and crevices on the reef to sleep .\nrelated to a similar species forcipiger longirostris, which is distinguished only by its longer snout and angular gill cover (rounded in forcipiger flavissimus) .\n© 2018 two oceans aquarium cape town, south africa. web design and content by flow communications\njustification: listed as least concern in view of its wide distribution throughout the caribbean. there are no major threats and there is no evidence of declines in the populations between 1993 and 2009 .\nthis species is known from the tropical northwestern atlantic, where it ranges from the carolinas (usa) to venezuela. populations occur in bermuda and the gulf of mexico with vagrants being found as far north as massachusetts (usa) in late summer (burgess 1978, carpenter 2002). it is found at depths of around 2 - 20 m .\nanguilla; antigua and barbuda; bahamas; barbados; belize; bermuda; bonaire, sint eustatius and saba (saba, sint eustatius); cayman islands; colombia; cuba; curaçao; dominica; dominican republic; grenada; guadeloupe; guatemala; haiti; honduras; jamaica; martinique; mexico; montserrat; nicaragua; panama; puerto rico; saint kitts and nevis; saint lucia; saint martin (french part); saint vincent and the grenadines; sint maarten (dutch part); trinidad and tobago; turks and caicos islands; united states; venezuela, bolivarian republic of; virgin islands, british; virgin islands, u. s .\n) (burgess 1978, allen 1980, carpenter 2002). seen as individuals or in pairs. feeds on small benthic invertebrates (allen 1980, carpenter 2002) .\nit is commonly sold in pet shops as an aquarium fish (carpenter 2002) .\nthere appear to be no major threats to this species. however habitat degradation has been implicated in causing declines in reef fishes in the caribbean region (paddack\n. 2009). collection for the aquarium trade is limited and is not considered to be impacting the global population .\nthere appear to be no species - specific conservation measures in place. this species is present within a number of marine protected areas. there is a need to monitor populations within the caribbean to record any declines. quantitative data on catches for the aquarium trade are required .\nthis species has a wide distribution and no major threats. this species is listed as least concern .\nthis species is endemic to the red sea and neighbouring gulf of aden (allen 1980, g. r. allen pers. comm. 2006). it has been observed between 1 - 40m in depth (allen 1980) .\nthis species is generally common. there is no data on population trends for this species, but no reason to suspect that it is declining (or increasing) .\npopulations of this species are found over rubble patches and coral - covered reefs (allen 1980, g. r. allen pers. comm. 2006). it is commonly seen in pairs or small aggregations. this is an omnivorous species which feeds on coral polyps, algae, polychaetes and crustaceans (g. r. allen pers. comm. 2006) .\nthis species is sometimes collected for the aquarium trade (g. r. allen pers. comm. 2006) .\nthere appear to be no major threats to this species. collection is limited and is not considered to be impacting the global population .\nthere appear to be no species - specific conservation measures in place. this species is believed to be present within a number of marine protected areas .\neschmeyer, w. n. and fricke, r. (eds). 2015. catalog of fishes: genera, species, references. updated 1 october 2015. available at: urltoken. (accessed: 1 october 2015) .\nwhile there have been no declines documented, this species feeds predominantly on live coral cover and is likely to be susceptible to extensive coral loss. it is restricted to the arabian gulf, but there are no obvious major threats other than coral loss. it is listed as least concern .\n1998). randall (1994) showed that the alleged type locality of réunion is probably an error. it is found at depths between 2 - 16 m .\nit is generally common with stable populations (g. r. allen pers. comm. 2006) .\nthis species is usually found in coastal reefs rich in coral growth interspersed with sand patches (allen 1980). animals are usually encountered in pairs, but sometimes observed in larger aggregations numbering in excess of 20 individuals (allen 1980). it feeds predominantly on live corals .\nthis species is sometimes collected for the aquarium trade (g. r. allen pers. comm. 2006). it is a coral feeder and not considered suitable for aquarium life (allen 1980) .\n2008). currently there has been no documented declines in its abundance, and there appear to be no other major threats to this species .\nthere appear to be no species - specific conservation measures in place. this species is likely present within marine protected areas. monitoring of this species is needed in conjunction with coral monitoring, as well as determination of the degree of co - dependence between this species and corals .\njustification: this species is broadly distributed in the northern indian ocean and generally abundant. there are no known declines in its population and no major threats. it is listed as least concern .\nthis species occurs in the western indian ocean from socotra, the gulf of aden, along the arabian sea coast from oman to sri lanka, and a record from northern sumatra (allen 1980, g. r. allen pers. comm. 2006). this species is found at depths from 2 - 65 m, often below 25 m .\nit is generally common. there is no data on population trends for this species, but no reason to suspect that it is declining (or increasing) .\npopulations are most often encountered on shallow continental shelf reefs (allen 1980, g. r. allen pers. comm. 2006). it is usually found in pairs or small groups. the diet is omnivorous and includes algae and benthic invertebrates (g. r. allen pers. comm. 2006) .\nthis species is sometimes collected for the aquarium trade, occasionally exported from sri lanka (allen 1980, g. r. allen pers. comm. 2006). allen (1980) reports on specimens for sale at a local fish market in mutrah, near muscat on the gulf of oman .\nthere appear to be no species specific conservation measures in place. this species is believed to be present within a number of marine protected areas .\njustification: this species is among the most frequently caught butterflyfishes for the aquarium market. monitoring of the population trends, habitat status and harvest levels of this species is required. it lives in a range of habitat types and is not restricted to coral reefs. apart from the aquarium trade, there are no major threats to this species and it is listed as least concern .\nthis species occurs from southern japan and taiwan throughout the coral triangle, northern thailand and the andaman and nicobar islands to the solomon islands and the northern coast of australia from the gulf of carpenteria to sydney. it lives in depths of 1 - 25 m. range size ~ 17. 3 million km\nit is generally common (g. r. allen pers. comm. 2006). there is no evidence of changes in its abundance .\nthis species inhabits coastal and inner reefs, often in turbid water. it occurs either singly or in pairs. the elongated snout is adapted for feeding on benthic invertebrates from small crevices (g. r. allen pers. comm. 2006) .\nthis species is collected for the aquarium trade, however, there is no data on how this affects the population. there appear to be no other major threats to this species .\nthere are no known species - specific conservation measures in place for this species. it occurs within marine protected areas. monitoring of the population trends, habitat status and harvest levels of this species is required .\njustification: this is a wide ranging species that can be locally abundant. it is occasionally traded in aquarium shops, but given its wide range, harvesting for trade is not considered a major threat. it is listed as least concern .\nthis species is widely distributed in the caribbean from florida and gulf of mexico to rio de janeiro, brazil. strays north to massachusetts (allen 1980) and has been reported from the eastern atlantic. also recorded from bermuda (carpenter 2002). it is known from 2 - 55 m depth .\nanguilla; antigua and barbuda; aruba; bahamas; barbados; belize; bermuda; bonaire, sint eustatius and saba (saba, sint eustatius); brazil; cayman islands; colombia; costa rica; cuba; curaçao; dominica; dominican republic; french guiana; grenada; guadeloupe; guatemala; guyana; haiti; honduras; jamaica; martinique; mexico; montserrat; nicaragua; panama; puerto rico; saint kitts and nevis; saint lucia; saint martin (french part); saint vincent and the grenadines; sint maarten (dutch part); suriname; trinidad and tobago; turks and caicos islands; united states; venezuela, bolivarian republic of; virgin islands, british; virgin islands, u. s .\nthis species inhabits rocky and coral reefs and can occur singly or in pairs. the diet is diverse, consisting of polychaete worms, coral polyps, crustaceans and mollusc eggs. animals are monogamous (whiteman and côté 2004), forming pairs during breeding (breder and rosen 1966). adults may form plankton - feeding aggregations of up to 20 individuals, and occasionally clean other reef fishes which join the group, such as grunts, parrotfishes and surgeon fishes (sazima and sazima 2001) .\nthe species is commonly sold in pet shops as an aquarium fish (allen 1980, carpenter 2002), but is not harvested for food (carpenter 2002). during a five year period, 3, 096 individuals were traded in brazil (monteiro - neto\nin view of the species' wide range, populations are present within several marine protected areas .\n.. and growing. we will never stop improving and updating. expect more .\na small - to medium - sized size tree that grows to 4 to 6 m all. trunk is often slanted and branches are crooked. bark is light grey to brown in col ...\ncoral reefs are some of the most diverse ecosystems in the world, housing tens of thousands of marine species. about one - third of all marine fish s ...\ngreek, chaite = hair + greek, odous = teeth (ref. 45335 )\nmarine; reef - associated; non - migratory; depth range 5 - 30 m (ref. 58304). tropical; 36°n - 36°s, 28°e - 132°w\nindo - pacific: east africa to the line and tuamoto islands, north to southern japan, south to the lord howe and the austral islands. closely related to chaetodon decussatus .\nmaturity: l m? range? -? cm max length: 23. 0 cm tl male / unsexed; (ref. 9710); common length: 15. 0 cm tl male / unsexed; (ref. 5450 )\ndorsal spines (total): 13; dorsal soft rays (total): 22 - 25; anal spines: 2 - 3; anal soft rays: 19 - 22 .\nfound in reef flats, lagoon and seaward reefs and sometimes in turbid waters subject to freshwater runoff. swim in pairs. omnivorous, feed on algae, coral polyps, crustaceans and worms (ref. 5503). oviparous (ref. 205), monogamous (ref. 52884). stable monogamous pairs with both pair members jointly defending a feeding territory against other pairs (ref. 58331), but often accompanies other species without being aggressive. easily maintained in tanks .\ndistinct pairing (ref. 205). stable monogamous pairs with both pair members jointly defending a feeding territory. pelagic larvae settle to shallow (< 4 m) back reef habitats consisting of rubble, seagrass and low coral cover (ref. 58331). monogamous mating is observed as both obligate and social (ref. 52884) .\nmyers, r. f. , 1991. micronesian reef fishes. second ed. coral graphics, barrigada, guam. 298 p. (ref. 1602 )\n): 24. 7 - 29. 3, mean 28. 4 (based on 3294 cells) .\nphylogenetic diversity index (ref. 82805): pd 50 = 0. 5000 [ uniqueness, from 0. 5 = low to 2. 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight: a = 0. 01995 (0. 01209 - 0. 03293), b = 2. 99 (2. 85 - 3. 13), in cm total length, based on lwr estimates for this species & genus - body shape (ref. 93245) .\ntrophic level (ref. 69278): 2. 9 ±0. 40 se; based on food items .\nresilience (ref. 69278): high, minimum population doubling time less than 15 months (preliminary k or fecundity .) .\nvulnerability (ref. 59153): low vulnerability (17 of 100) .\n: missing argument 2 for checkecotox (), called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary. php on line 1995 and defined in\n: missing argument 3 for checkecotox (), called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary. php on line 1995 and defined in\nmarine; reef - associated; depth range 4 - 61 m (ref. 9710), usually 10 -? m (ref. 1602). tropical; 30°n - 32°s, 29°e - 130°w\nindo - pacific: red sea and east africa (south to coffee bay, south africa, ref. 5372) to the hawaiian islands and samoa, north to southern japan, south to new south wales, australia and new caledonia. eastern pacific: galapagos islands (ref. 5227) .\nmaturity: l m? range? -? cm max length: 15. 0 cm tl male / unsexed; (ref. 5372 )\ndorsal spines (total): 13 - 14; dorsal soft rays (total): 20 - 23; anal spines: 3; anal soft rays: 17 - 20; vertebrae: 24. body is yellowish brown with two broad white vertical bars running across the body one from near the origin of the dorsal spine and the other from the middle of the back. a black bar runs vertically across the eye. there are numerous dotted horizontal stripes on the sides. the margin of caudal fin is transparent (ref. 4855). snout length 2. 5 - 3. 2 in hl. body depth 1. 5 - 1. 8 in sl (ref. 90102) .\noccur in deeper lagoons and channels, and seaward reefs (ref. 1602). benthopelagic (ref. 58302). depth 2 - 61 m, usually below 10 m (ref. 90102). occur singly or in pairs (ref. 37816). common, omnivorous individuals that feed mainly on soft coral polyps (mainly on sarcophyton tracheliophorum and litophyton viridis), algae and zooplankton. oviparous (ref. 205). form pairs during breeding (ref. 205) .\ndistinct pairing (ref. 205). monogamous mating is observed as both obligate and social (ref. 52884) .\n): 24. 7 - 29, mean 27. 8 (based on 832 cells) .\nbayesian length - weight: a = 0. 03090 (0. 01890 - 0. 05054), b = 3. 05 (2. 91 - 3. 19), in cm total length, based on lwr estimates for this species & genus - body shape (ref. 93245) .\ntrophic level (ref. 69278): 2. 9 ±0. 2 se; based on diet studies .\nvulnerability (ref. 59153): low vulnerability (12 of 100) .\nmarine; reef - associated; depth range 2 - 20 m (ref. 9710). subtropical; 21°c - 28°c (ref. 4858); 37°n - 8°n, 100°w - 58°w (ref. 55198 )\nwestern atlantic: massachusetts, usa and bermuda to west indies and northern south america. also bahamas, gulf of mexico, and antilles (ref. 26938) .\nmaturity: l m 9. 2 range? -? cm max length: 15. 0 cm tl male / unsexed; (ref. 47838 )\ndorsal spines (total): 13; dorsal soft rays (total): 17 - 20; anal spines: 3; anal soft rays: 16 - 17. large black spot surrounded by a white ring on body below rear of dorsal fin. narrow, dark, diagonal lines that meet at mid - side, forming series of forward - pointing chevrons (ref. 26938). upper profile of head steep and slightly concave due to protruding snout; light gray, shading to pale yellowish on sides; a black bar on head; pelvic fins yellow (ref. 13442) .\ninhabit shallow reefs and generally occurs singly or in pairs. feed mainly on zoantharians, polychaete worms, gorgonians and tunicates. easily approached (ref. 9710). oviparous (ref. 205). form pairs during breeding (ref. 205) .\nform pairs during breeding (ref. 205). monogamous mating is observed as obligate, genetic and social (ref. 52884) .\nallen, g. r. , 1985. butterfly and angelfishes of the world. vol. 2. 3rd edit. in english. mergus publishers, melle, germany. (ref. 4858 )\n): 25. 5 - 28. 2, mean 27. 4 (based on 558 cells) .\nbayesian length - weight: a = 0. 02512 (0. 01630 - 0. 03871), b = 3. 09 (2. 96 - 3. 22), in cm total length, based on lwr estimates for this species & genus - body shape (ref. 93245) .\ntrophic level (ref. 69278): 3. 4 ±0. 0 se; based on diet studies .\na fish of the family nomeidœ, gasterochisma melampus, with large black ventral fins, inhabiting the sea about australia and new zealand. it attains a length of more than 3 feet, but is rare .\nthe common name of the species of fishes of the family chætodontidæ found in tropical seas, noted for their singular form, bright colors, and great activity. the family comprises 8 or 10 genera and nearly 200 species .\n. in keeping with the theme of these articles, we’ll take a look at the meaning behind the name of this species .\nis the largest genus in the family chaetodontidae, which features eleven other genera. the epithet is the combination of the greek words “chaite”, for hair, and “odous”, for teeth. this eludes to the very fine, hair like teeth that are present in all members of this genus .\na graphic representation of the roaops subgenus. top row, from left to right: chaetodon tinkeri, c. flavocoronatus & c. burgessi. bottom row, from left to right: c. flavocoronatus hybrid, c. declivis & c. mitratus. photo credit: lemon tyk .\n” is the combination of the latin words “flavus”, for yellow, and “corona”, for crown, which is very prominently represented in the species by the presence of a bright yellow band on its nape .\n, which includes four other very similar species. we’ve previously written rather extensively about this subgenus in a magazine article\n, so we won’t be going too much into the details of their biology and biogeography .\nspecies, and is endemic to a small region in guam and the surrounding mariana archipelago. it’s elusiveness is, in part, due to its preference for deep reefs in the mesophotic zone, rarely venturing above 50m .\nanother look at the brilliantly gorgeous c. flavocoronatus. photo credit: lemon tyk .\nver, is that it was collected in didicas volcano, cagayan province, northern philippines by barnett shutman and his divers of rvs fishworld. it’s the first time this species has been found here, and probably accounts for the presence of unusual, intermediate phenotypes thought to have arised through hybridization with another closely related species, chaetodon burgessi – these hybrids often have variably colored crowns and eye stripes that correspond to genetic input from both parents .\nthe presence of this species yet again demonstrates the close linkage between the philippine and mariana archipelago – a connection that will no doubt continue to feed us with other interesting finds. while\nlemon is a reef fish fanatic with an academic diploma in biotechnology. like many, he started toying around with the fresh water hobby but quickly grew into a proficient hobbyist in the marine scene. his passion for the natural world sees him travelling to far flung, exotic places, where his secondary love for photography comes in handy. at 23, lemon is one of the youngest and most prolific fish writers, and is well known for his obsession with the wrasse genus cirrhilabrus .\nurltoken is the world' s leading destination for sustainable coral reef farming and the aquarium hobby. we offer a free open forum and reef related news and data to better educate aquarists and further our goals of sustainable reef management. reefs® community system | copyright © 2018\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwarning: the ncbi web site requires javascript to function. more ...\nthis is an open access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license (cc by 4. 0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited .\nthe genus prognathodes gill, 1862 (type species chelmo pelta günther, 1860 = chaetodon aculeatus poey, 1860) currently includes eleven valid species: seven from the atlantic, two from the tropical eastern pacific, and two from the indian ocean and western pacific. pyle and chave (1994) first reported the presence of a species of this genus in the hawaiian islands at depths of 106–187 m, based on video and observations from research submersibles operated by the hawaii undersea research laboratory (hurl). they noted its similarity to prognathodes guezei (mauge and bauchot 1976), a species then known only from the two type specimens collected at a depth of 80 m off réunion island in the western indian ocean .\nwhile conducting an exploratory dive using a mixed - gas closed - circuit rebreather off the south shore of o‘ahu (main hawaiian islands) on 17 may 1998, the senior author (rlp) observed (but was unable to collect) a group of three prognathodes near an undercut limestone ledge at a depth of 114 m. two weeks later (30 may 1998), with the assistance of peter k. basabe, rlp collected the first specimen of this species at a depth of 120 m near kealakekua bay on the kona coast of the island of hawai‘i (tenbruggencate 1998). the following day he collected several more individuals at a depth of 115 m near the site of the observation of 17 may (allen et al. 1998). all of the collected individuals were brought to the surface alive and maintained in captivity. unfortunately, when they eventually died, only one was preserved, and it was too badly deteriorated to serve as a type specimen .\nin the years that followed, several more individuals of this species were collected from depths of 115–125 m around o‘ahu by mixed - gas rebreather divers. all were maintained in aquaria until their deaths, but none were properly preserved as suitable type specimens. on 27 april 2007, rlp collected two individuals of a similar species of prognathodes at a depth of 116 m at palau (republic of belau), in the western pacific. although some color differences between the palauan and hawaiian fishes were noted, the authors felt it was necessary to obtain specimens of the hawaiian population for comparison of morphological and genetic characters before determining whether they are the same species .\nin august of 2009, after the establishment of the papahānaumokuākea marine national monument in the northwestern hawaiian islands, the u. s. national oceanic and atmospheric administration (noaa) began a series of annual surveys of mesophotic coral ecosystems (mces) within the monument using mixed - gas diving technology. during the first of these surveys, the authors collected a group of three individuals of the unidentified prognathodes at a depth of 61 m off the sw side of pearl and hermes atoll. unfortunately, tissue samples taken from these specimens were misplaced, so it was not possible to make genetic comparisons with the palauan population .\nfinally, in september of 2015, the authors were able to collect three more specimens at the same site off pearl and hermes atoll where the three specimens had been collected in 2009, and obtain additional tissue samples for genetic analyses. based on an examination of both morphological and genetic characters of the six hawaiian specimens, as well as comparisons with the two specimens from palau and prognathodes guezei, we can now confirm that the hawaiian population represents a new species, distinct from both prognathodes guezei and the undescribed palauan species. we herein describe the hawaiian population as the new species, prognathodes basabei .\nspecimens were collected with hand nets during deep dives using mixed - gas, closed - circuit rebreathers. additional observations, videos and images of this species were made from the two pisces submersibles operated by the hawaii undersea research laboratory (hurl, at the university of hawai‘i), and by mixed - gas rebreather divers in the main hawaiian islands and northwestern hawaiian islands .\nstandard length (sl) was measured from the tip of the snout to the caudal - fin base. total length (tl) was measured from the tip of the snout to the posterior edge of the caudal fin. head length was measured from the tip of the snout to the posterior - most edge of the fleshy flap near the upper end of the gill opening. body depth is the greatest depth of body measured as a vertical from the ventral edge of the abdomen to the upper edge of scaled fleshy sheath of the dorsal fin (typically from about fourth or fifth dorsal spine). width of the body is the maximum width. snout length is the distance from the tip of the snout to the closest point on the bony orbit. predorsal length is the distance from the tip of the snout to the angle formed by the scaled fleshy sheath at the insertion point of the first dorsal - fin spine, when erected. preanal length is the distance from the tip of the snout to angle formed by the scaled fleshy sheath at the insertion point of the first anal - fin spine, when erected. the base of the dorsal fin is measured from the extreme base of the first dorsal - fin spine to the extreme base of the last dorsal - fin soft ray. the base of the anal fin is measured from the extreme base of the first anal - fin spine to the extreme base of the last anal - fin soft ray. orbit diameter is the maximum diameter of the bony orbit. interorbital width is the width of the bony interorbital space. depth of the caudal peduncle is the least depth. pelvic - fin spine length was measured from the extreme base of the pelvic - fin spine to its distal tip. pelvic fin length was only measured on specimens with intact filamentous extensions of the first pelvic - fin soft ray, and represents the length of that ray from its extreme base to the distal tip of the filamentous extension. length of spines and soft rays of dorsal and anal fins were measured from the extreme base to the most distal tip. caudal fin length was defined as the difference between tl and sl. pectoral fin length was measured as the longest fin ray, from its extreme base to its distal tip .\nthe last dorsal - and anal - fin soft rays are branched to the base and were counted as a single ray. caudal - fin ray counts include small unsegmented and rudimentary rays. pectoral - fin ray counts include first and last unsegmented rays. pored lateral - line scale counts include only those scales with pores. scale - row counts above and below lateral line to origins of dorsal and anal fins (respectively) include small truncate scales at bases of respective fins. vertebral counts include the first vertebra fused to the skull, and the last vertebra fused to the hypural plate .\nall counts and measurements except vertebrae were made directly from specimens. measurements were made using dial calipers with + / - 0. 05 mm precision. lengths of dorsal - and anal - fin spines and soft rays were made with the aid of a bright light transmitted from behind the fins to reveal the position of their extreme bases. vertebral counts were made from x - radiographs .\nhead length, depth of body, width of body, snout length, predorsal length, preanal length, length of dorsal - fin and anal - fin bases, orbit diameter, interorbital width, caudal peduncle depth, and lengths of fin spines and rays are expressed as percent of sl. counts and measurements for paratypes, if different from the holotype, are presented in parentheses after the value for the holotype .\nthe holotype and three paratypes have been deposited at the bernice pauahi bishop museum fish collection, honolulu (bpbm), and paratypes have been deposited at the california academy of sciences fish collection, san francisco (cas), and the u. s. national museum of natural history, washington, d. c. (usnm) .\ntissue samples were obtained from the holotype and two paratypes (cas 242132 and usnm 440272). dna barcodes (cytochrome c oxidase i; coi) were sequenced following the protocol described in copus et al. (2015). genbank accession numbers and barcode of life database (bold) identifiers for dna sequences are presented along with museum catalog numbers for type material and non - type specimens .\nholotype of prognathodes basabei (bpbm 41290), collected at a depth of 61 m off pearl and hermes atoll, northwestern hawaiian islands. photo by r. l. pyle .\nparatype of prognathodes basabei (bpbm 41285 - 1), collected at a depth of 55 m off pearl and hermes atoll, northwestern hawaiian islands. photo by r. l. pyle .\nprognathodes basabei at a depth of approximately 55 m off pearl and hermes atoll, northwestern hawaiian islands. photo by g. mcfall .\nprognathodes basabei at a depth of 90 m off pearl and hermes atoll, northwestern hawaiian islands. photo by r. l. pyle .\na group of three prognathodes basabei at a depth of 90 m off pearl and hermes atoll, northwestern hawaiian islands. photo by r. l. pyle .\nnorthwestern hawaiian islands, pearl and hermes atoll, southwest side, “ prognathodes point”, 27. 7641°n, 175. 9859°w .\n, barcode of life proba001 - 16, 93. 4 mm sl, northwestern hawaiian islands, pearl and hermes atoll, southwest side, “" ]

{ "text": [ "the butterflyfishes are a group of conspicuous tropical marine fish of the family chaetodontidae ; the bannerfishes and coralfishes are also included in this group .", "the approximately 129 species in 12 genera are found mostly on the reefs of the atlantic , indian , and pacific oceans .", "a number of species pairs occur in the indian and pacific oceans , members of the huge genus chaetodon .", "butterflyfishes look like smaller versions of angelfish ( pomacanthidae ) , but unlike these , lack preopercle spines at the gill covers .", "some members of the genus heniochus resemble the moorish idol ( zanclus cornutus ) of the monotypic zanclidae .", "among the paraphyletic perciformes , the former are probably not too distantly related to butterflyfish , whereas the zanclidae seem far less close . " ], "topic": [ 26, 26, 26, 23, 26, 25 ] }

[ "the butterflyfishes are a group of conspicuous tropical marine fish of the family chaetodontidae; the bannerfishes and coralfishes are also included in this group. the approximately 129 species in 12 genera are found mostly on the reefs of the atlantic, indian, and pacific oceans. a number of species pairs occur in the indian and pacific oceans, members of the huge genus chaetodon. butterflyfishes look like smaller versions of angelfish (pomacanthidae), but unlike these, lack preopercle spines at the gill covers. some members of the genus heniochus resemble the moorish idol (zanclus cornutus) of the monotypic zanclidae. among the paraphyletic perciformes, the former are probably not too distantly related to butterflyfish, whereas the zanclidae seem far less close." ]

[ "the old t. macrostoma was actually t. nigriventer. the old t. maculiceps is now t. macrostoma. confusing... but true\ntyrannochromis macrostoma get to be a large, predatory cichlid from lake malawi. while females are silver with brown markings, males have variable coloration ranging from blue to brown with an orange or yellow underside .\nt. macrostoma is an ambush predator in nature, lurking behind rocks and in crevices as it stalks its prey. it is rarely seen in the hobby and is usually quite expensive. juveniles are easily confused with the similar t. nigriventer, but are easily distinguished when adult, as nigriventer does not develop the dark belly of macrostoma .\ndoes anyone have any tyrannochromis macrostoma. if so have you bred them at all and if you did what size were they. my male is 8in and my two females are 7in but i am just curious. heres some pics of my male my camera sucks so some pictures are crappy and some are ok but enjoy what you can. also give me your opinions of what you think of him. he better look pretty good since the trio cost me $ 210 including shipping .\nthe true t. macrostoma is pale blue with a yellow belly. females are grey with a dark horizontal line and a dark belly. here are some photos i found. the trade name for your fish is aka tyranno. sp orange spot\nplease help me. i have a pair of tyrannochromis macrostoma that i' ve been trying to breed for months. they' ve got a 125g to themselves, water parameters are great, and i do weekly 25% water changes. my female was beaten rather badly, and i had to remove her and slowly nurse her back to health. after about a month, i put her back in with the male following a large water change. the male displayed for her, and after watching them circle each other for about 5 minutes, (hoping i was succesful ,) i left them alone. the next morning she was cornered, with shredded fins, and no eggs. needless to say i pulled her again. do you have any advice? i' ve read that macrostoma are nororious for killing females, but i havn' t been able to find much info on them. thanks .\nhe' s definately not a fusco. i have a fusco and he isn' t anywere near a colorful and when there not showing off to their girls they have totaly differen' t patterns. there always has been disscusions on wether or not to move the fusco form the nimbochromis group the the tyrannochromis group but there is something about them which i cant think of right now that keeps them in the nimbochromis group .\nmaréchal, c. , 1991. tyrannochromis. p. 534 - 535. in j. daget, j. - p. gosse, g. g. teugels and d. f. e. thys van den audenaerde (eds .) check - list of the freshwater fishes of africa (cloffa). isnb, brussels; mrac, tervuren; and orstom, paris. vol. 4. (ref. 5715 )\ninterestingly, this species exhibits reverse countershading, as also seen in the common upside - down catfish, synodontis nigriventris. this means that unlike the majority of fish species, it’s belly is darker than it’s back. in t. macrostoma, this is thought to derive from the fishes’ hunting technique, as it often attacks prey whilst swimming upside - down, the reverse countershading making the fish harder to spot .\nprefers rocky habitats in sediment rich areas. adults are more common below 10 m. a piscivore that primarily hunts\nmbuna\n( rocky shore cichlids). breeding males are observed throughout the year and defend a temporary spawning site between rocks. females carrying fry can be seen amongst the rocks in shallower water. the fry are abandoned when they reach about 3 cm in size. known as\nhaplochromis macrostoma\nin the aquarium trade .\ni hate to break it to you... . but your fish is not t. macrostoma. its t. nigriventer. the females are grey with verticle dashes throughout the body (similar to venustus markings but the blotches are much thinner). there is a bit of confusing info. the big konings malawi book (rt trewavasae on cover) had them mixed up. later versions had a leaflet in the book explaining the mixup .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\ngland, switzerland, 5 july 2018 (iucn) – australia’s unique reptiles – including lizards and snakes – face severe threats from invasive species and climate change, with 7% of th ...\nthe value of medicinal and aromatic plant trade has increased three - fold in the past 20 years, but traditional harvesting practices are being replaced by less sustainable alternatives... .\na recently released iucn technical brief recommends increasing investments in sustainable land management practices, as well as better cooperation between agriculturalists and conservationists to conse ...\ngreek, tyranos = despotic + greek, chromis = a fish, perhaps a perch (ref. 45335 )\nfreshwater; demersal; ph range: 7. 4 - 8. 4; dh range: 7 - 30. tropical; 23°c - 27°c (ref. 12468); 9°s - 15°s\nmaturity: l m? range? -? cm max length: 30. 0 cm tl male / unsexed; (ref. 5715 )\nfound over rocky areas in shallow water (ref. 267). piscivore, feeds by moving around rocks and into cracks in search of its unwary prey, the mbunas, which are quickly snapped up with the large mouth (ref. 5595) .\nguards offspring for more than 3 weeks. young become independent when they reach 3. 8 - 4. 0 cm sl and are able to move around as solitary hunters in the rocky habitats .\nphylogenetic diversity index (ref. 82805): pd 50 = 0. 5625 [ uniqueness, from 0. 5 = low to 2. 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight: a = 0. 00389 (0. 00180 - 0. 00842), b = 3. 12 (2. 94 - 3. 30), in cm total length, based on all lwr estimates for this body shape (ref. 93245) .\ntrophic level (ref. 69278): 4. 2 ±0. 73 se; based on food items .\nresilience (ref. 69278): high, minimum population doubling time less than 15 months (preliminary k or fecundity .) .\nvulnerability (ref. 59153): low to moderate vulnerability (29 of 100) .\n: missing argument 2 for checkecotox (), called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary. php on line 1995 and defined in\n: missing argument 3 for checkecotox (), called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary. php on line 1995 and defined in\neschmeyer, w. n. , fricke, r. and van der laan, r. (eds). 2017. catalog of fishes: genera, species, references. updated 30 june 2017. available at: urltoken. (accessed: 30 june 2017) .\nsnoeks, j. (freshwater fish red list authority) & darwall, w. (freshwater biodiversity assessment programme )\njustification: endemic to lake malawi where it is widespread with no known major widespread threats .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\n72″ x 18″ x 24″ (180cm x 45cm x 60cm) – 485 litres .\nthe tank can be quite sparsely decorated but provide some large rocks to act as cover. a substrate of sand is the best option. obviously, powerful filtration is required in order to deal with the large amounts of waste produced by this predatory fish .\nwill accept dried foods such as pellets but these should not form the basis of the diet. although this fish is a piscivore by nature, it can easily be trained to accept dead foods in aquaria. prawns, mussel, cockle, lancefish etc. are all ideal .\na predatory species with a large mouth that should not be kept with fish under around 5″ in length as they will be eaten. this is particularly true for mbuna, the natural diet of this fish. it is peaceful with species too large to eat, and can be combined with other large haps, but do not keep it with species requiring a vegetarian diet .\nthe male fish become territorial during spawning. several females should be kept per male, and only one male kept, unless the tank is enormous .\nnot known to have spawned in aquaria. maternal mouthbrooder. in nature males excavate large, crater - like pits in the substrate and defend these against other males. spawning occurs in these pits. brood care by the female is known to last for some time in this species .\ndiffers slightly from t. nigriventer in that the bulge on its snout is closer to the eye than the snout, whereas in t. nigriventer, this bulge is at the midpoint. in the wild, this fish hunts by ambushing adult mbuna from behind a rock. mouthbrooding females linger near the male' s territory, where (it is hypothesized) she is protected by him. she will continue to take fry back into her mouth for up to 6 weeks post - relase, abstaining from food for this entire period !\npronunciation: refer to our pronunciation key for an explanation of the phonetic symbols .\nhabitat: this is the primary location where the cichlid is found and is a generalization. this does not mean a fish cannot be found in other habitats .\ndiet: many cichlids specialize in eating one type of food; notwithstanding, some of these specialized feeders are flexible and can be opportunistic feeders .\ntemperament: this describes the overall demeanor of a cichlid toward other tankmates that are of a different species. consider that there is variability in temperament due to various factors, including aquarium size, tankmates of similar appearance, stocking levels, and order of introduction. there may even be some variability among individual specimens .\nconspecific temperament: this describes the overall demeanor of a cichlid toward other tank - mates of the same species. consider that there is variability in temperament due to such factors as aquarium size, stocking levels and order of introduction. there may even be some variability among individual specimens .\nmaximum size: this is in regards to total length (including the tail) of typical aquarium specimens. wild specimens may not attain this size, or may in fact grow larger than aquarium raised individuals due to various factors. also consider that this is the typical maximum size and there are exceptional individuals that will exceed it .\ndifficulty: this measure is a relative value, comparing a single species against all other cichlids. this only accounts for maintanence in the aquarium and not breeding considerations. 1 = easy and forgiving, 5 = extremely challenging .\nthe members of this forum have come together to share our knowledge and experiences of fish keeping. we want to answer your questions, offer advice and fill the galleries with pictures of the fish we have all grown to love. we are a unique community of fish keepers who seriously take our hobby to extremes and the next level. the majority of our fish collections include rare & exotic species of all sizes, big fish with big appetites and big tanks. it' s not easy for most people or other\nregular\nfish keepers to understand why we maintain this type of collection and spare no expense on this fascinating hobby. hopefully, through this site and discussion forums we can encourage the next generation of monster fish keepers to have the same passion and love we have for the hobby and our monster fish. as one of the founding members, i personally invite you to register and join us today. currently you are viewing this site as our guest which only gives you limited access to view most discussions, articles and photo galleries. registration is free and very easy! when you register, you' ll have instant access to... .\nwe' re constantly striving to improve our community to help make your monster fish keeping hobby fulfilling and interesting. comments are welcome .\nfish are not our whole lives, but make our life whole. : asianarow captive bred rays are the way to go. : stingray :\nmost places say that they get to 16in and mine is halfway there. but my friend has one that is 18in so i had to get some .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndisclaimer: itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available, and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties. however, it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes. while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available, ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party, wildlife statutes, regulations, and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register. for further information on u. s. legal requirements with respect to protected taxa, please contact the u. s. fish and wildlife service .\nyou guys are great, my fish came in on time, healthy, and well packed. isaac helped me out a lot with some previous order confusion, and you guys worked fast to find a solution. and when you guys thought my ob was not going to fit in well for its size, yo (read more )\nlive fish direct and isaac are as legit as they come. top notch fish and customer service. this is the second order i have placed and both were smooth transactions from beginning to end. delivery was as expected and fish arrived healthy, happy and beau (read more )\nyou guys are legit. the fish are beautiful and healthy, great genes. i' ve had bad luck with other vendors, but no more, i' ll only use live fish direct from now on. my chailosi and jalo are beautiful. the only thing i can think of is the fish are ac (read more )\njust wanted to let you guys know what a pleasure it is to do business with such a class operation. from your web site to the quality of product to your staff it has been a wonderful experience. special thanks to heather for her professionalism, patience, (read more )\nsecure online payments through paypal. all major credit cards accepted. no paypal account required .\nhome • store • f. a. q. • our facilities • testimonials • shipping rates" ]

{ "text": [ "tyrannochromis macrostoma , or big-mouth hap , is a species of cichlid endemic to lake malawi where it prefers rocky shallows .", "this species can reach a length of 30 centimetres ( 12 in ) tl .", "it can also be found in the aquarium trade . " ], "topic": [ 13, 0, 20 ] }

[ "tyrannochromis macrostoma, or big-mouth hap, is a species of cichlid endemic to lake malawi where it prefers rocky shallows. this species can reach a length of 30 centimetres (12 in) tl. it can also be found in the aquarium trade." ]

[ "this specimen resembles pyrausta generosa (hodges # 5056), i think, but i am no expert .\nbotys generosa grote & robinson, 1867; trans. amer. ent. soc. 1: 20, pl. 2, f. 10; tl: pennsylvania\npyrausta tithonialis; sumpich & skyva, 2012, nota lepid. 35 (2): 177\npyrausta cajelalis holland, 1900; novit. zool. 7 (3): 590; tl: buru\npyrausta perlelegans hampson, 1899; proc. zool. soc. london 1899: 256; tl: colombia; peru\npyrausta lithosialis hampson, 1899; proc. zool. soc. london 1899: 263; tl: natal, northdene\npyrausta tetraplagalis hampson, 1899; proc. zool. soc. london 1899: 268; tl: mashonaland, salisbury\npyrausta (pyraustinae); hampson, 1899, proc. zool. soc. london 1899: 252; [ globiz ]\npyrausta phaeophoenica hampson, 1899; proc. zool. soc. london 1899: 268; tl: brazil, castro paraña\npyrausta subsequalis subsequalis; [ mna13. 2 ] (b): 122, pl. 5, f. 18, 22\npyrausta perrubralis perrubralis; [ mna13. 2 ] (b): 129, pl. 9, f. 49 - 51\npyrausta scurralis scurralis; [ mna13. 2 ] (b): 130, pl. 9, f. 59 - 63\npyrausta unifascialis unifascialis; [ mna13. 2 ] (b): 134, pl. 9, f. 73 - 80\npyrausta trizonalis hampson, 1899; proc. zool. soc. london 1899: 267; tl: mexico, cordoba, orizaba\npyrausta pyrocausta hampson, 1899; proc. zool. soc. london 1899: 264; tl: brazil, são paulo; paraña\npyrausta nubigena rothschild, 1915; novit. zool. 22 (2): 189; tl: algeria, guelt - es - stel\npyrausta cajelalis fortioralis rothschild, 1915; novit. zool. 22 (2): 227; tl: manusela, central ceram, 650m\npyrausta arenicola hampson, 1913; ann. mag. nat. hist. (8) 12 (67): 28; tl: algeria\npyrausta coccinea warren, 1892; ann. mag. nat. hist. (6) 9 (50): 176; tl: california\npyrausta borealis packard, [ 1867 ]; proc. boston soc. nat. hist. 11: 53; tl: square island, labrador\n= pyrausta unifascialis subolivalis (packard, 1873); [ mna13. 2 ] (b), 133; [ nacl ], # 5068a\npyrausta aurea butler, 1875; ann. mag. nat. hist. (4) 16 (96): 414; tl: natal\npyrausta obtusanalis druce, 1899; biol. centr. - amer. ins. lep. het. 3: pl. 100, f. 12\npyrausta ploimalis dyar, 1914; proc. u. s. nat. mus. 47 (2050): 284; tl: trinidad r .\npyrausta flavibrunnea hampson, 1913; ann. mag. nat. hist. (8) 12 (67): 32; tl: cuernavaca, mexico\npyrausta subsequalis plagalis haimbach, 1908; ent. news 19 (6): 263; tl: miller' s canyon, huachuca mts. , arizona\npyrausta unifascialis arizonensis munroe, 1957; can. ent. 89: 93, f. 5; tl: wildcat creek, white mts. , arizona\npyrausta perrubralis saanichalis munroe, 1951; can. ent. 83: 166, pl. 1, f. 5; tl: ; duncan, british columbia\npyrausta perrubralis saanichalis; [ mna13. 2 ] (b): 129, pl. 9, f. 55 - 56; [ nacl ], # 5064a\npyrausta unifascialis subolivalis; [ mna13. 2 ] (b): 133, pl. 9, f. 66 - 72; [ nacl ], # 5068a\npyrausta unifascialis rindgei; [ mna13. 2 ] (b): 134, pl. 9, f. 81 - 82; [ nacl ], # 5068b\npyrausta unifascialis arizonensis; [ mna13. 2 ] (b): 134, pl. 9, f. 83 - 84; [ nacl ], # 5068c\npyrausta scurralis awemealis munroe, 1976; [ mna13. 2 ] (b): 130, pl. 9, f. 64 - 65; tl: aweme, manitoba\npyrausta californicalis californicalis; [ mna13. 2 ] (b): 113, pl. 6, f. 16, 19 - 223, pl. t, f. 3\npyrausta perrubralis shastanalis munroe, 1976; [ mna13. 2 ] (b): 129, pl. 9, f. 52 - 54; tl: mt. shasta, california\npyrausta unifascialis rindgei munroe, 1957; can. ent. 89: 93, f. 6 - 7; tl: rancho la sierra, near arlington, riverside co. , california\npyrausta shirleyae munroe, 1976; [ mna13. 2 ] (b): 102, pl. u, f. 1 - 2, 5 - 7; tl: pensacola, florida\npyrausta retidiscalis munroe, 1976; [ mna13. 2 ] (b): 126, pl. t, f. 7; tl: the basin, big bend national park, texas\npyrausta andrei munroe, 1976; [ mna13. 2 ] (b): 127, pl. t, f. 8; tl: green gulch, big bend national park, texas\npyrausta socialis perpallidalis munroe, 1976; [ mna13. 2 ] (b): 141, pl. 9, f. 35 - 36; tl: kusshi canyon, yakima co. , washington\npachyzancla aurea hampson, 1913; ann. mag. nat. hist. (8) 11 (66): 515 (? preocc. pyrausta aurea butler, 1875); tl: presidio, mexico\npyrausta californicalis sierranalis munroe, 1976; [ mna13. 2 ] (b): 114, pl. 6, f. 17 - 18; tl: mineral spr. , tulare co. , california\npyrausta subgenerosa munroe, 1976; [ mna13. 2 ] (b): 118, pl. k, f. 2; tl: chipmunk flat, near sonora pass, tuolumme co. , california\npyrausta fodinalis monticola munroe, 1976; [ mna13. 2 ] (b): 139, pl. 9, f. 30 - 32; tl: mt. shasta, siskiyou co. , california\npyrausta corinthalis barnes & mcdunnough, 1914; contr. nat. hist. lep. n. am. 2 (6): 243, pl. 1, f. 27; tl: palmerlee, arizona\npyrausta pythialis barnes & mcdunnough, 1918; contr. nat. hist. lepid. n. am. 4 (2): 164, pl. 23, f. 7; tl: cartwright, manitoba\npyrausta inveterascalis barnes & mcdunnough, 1918; contr. nat. hist. lepid. n. am. 4 (2): 165, pl. 23, f. 6; tl: new brighton, pennsylvania\npyrausta tuolumnalis barnes & mcdunnough, 1918; contr. nat. hist. lepid. n. am. 4 (2): 165, pl. 23, f. 11; tl: tuolumme meadows, california\npyrausta socialis socialis; [ mna13. 2 ] (b): 140, pl. 9, f. 33 - 34, 37, pl. k, f. 6, pl. t, f. 10\npyrausta arizonensis munroe, 1976; [ mna13. 2 ] (b): 131, pl. 9, f. 57 - 58 (preocc. munroe, 1957); tl: prescott, yavapai co. , arizona\npyrausta sartoralis barnes & mcdunnough, 1914; contr. nat. hist. lep. n. am. 2 (6): 242, pl. 1, f. 26; tl: loma linda, san bernardino co. , california\npyrausta roseivestalis munroe, 1976; [ mna13. 2 ] (b), 94, pl. 8, f. 41, pl. j, f. 3, l. s, f. 5; tl: vidal, california\npyrausta zonalis barnes & mcdunnough, 1918; contr. nat. hist. lepid. n. am. 4 (2): 164, pl. 24, f. 10; tl: palm sprs. , riverside co. , california\npyrausta ochreicostalis barnes & mcdunnough, 1918; contr. nat. hist. lepid. n. am. 4 (2): 163, pl. 23, f. 8; tl: palm sprt. , riverside co. , california\npyrausta pilatealis barnes & mcdunnough, 1914; contr. nat. hist. lep. n. am. 2 (6): 242, pl. 1, f. 25; tl: loma linda, san bernardino co. , california\npyrausta subsequalis borealis; [ mna13. 2 ] (b): 122, pl. 5, f. 19 - 21, 23 - 25, pl. 9, f. 13 - 14, 17; [ nacl ], # 5060a\npyrausta pseudonythesalis munroe, 1976; [ mna13. 2 ] (b): 105, pl. 6, f. 28 - 29, pl. j, f. 5, pl. s, f. 7; tl: vidal, california\npyrausta pseuderosnealis munroe, 1976; [ mna13. 2 ] (b): 114, pl. 8, f. 9 - 13, pl. j, f. 8, pl. t, f. 4; tl: georgetown, texas\npyrausta subsequalis plagalis; [ mna13. 2 ] (b): 123, pl. 9, f. 4 - 6, 10 - 12, 15 - 16, 18, pl. k, f. 3; [ nacl ], # 5060b\npyrausta subsequalis petaluma munroe, 1976; [ mna13. 2 ] (b): 123, pl. 9, f. 1 - 3, 7 - 9, pl. t, f. 5; tl: petaluma, sonoma co. , california\npyrausta fodinalis septenrionicola munroe, 1976; [ mna13. 2 ] (b): 139, pl. 9, f. 27 - 29, pl. k, f. 5, pl. t, f. 9; tl: scandia, alberta\npyrausta klotsi munroe, 1976; :: mna13. 2: 108, pl. 6, f. 32 - 33, pl. j, f. 7, pl. t, f. 1; tl: ramsey canyon, huachuca mts. , arizona\npyrausta antisocialis munroe, 1976; [ mna13. 2 ] (b): 141, pl. 9, f. 38 - 39, pl. k, f. 7, pl. t, f. 11; tl: mcgaffey, zuñi mts. , mckinley co. , new mexico, 7500'\nphotographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed. contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\nmunroe, e. , 1976. moths of america north of mexico, fascicle 13. 2b, p. 117; pl. 5. 11 - 14. order\nnew york - to (arizona, texas), tropical america. see [ maps ]\nfrom (washington - montana) - to (california - texas). see [ maps ]\nwashington - california, w. arizona, n. mexico. see [ maps ]\nparaedis napaealis hulst, 1886; trans. amer. ent. soc. 13: 145; tl: california\nloxostege linealis fernald, 1894; insect life 6: 255; tl: argus mts. , california\ncalifornia (mojave desert, los angeles) - s. nevada, s. arizona - texas (big bend). see [ maps ]\nbotis lethalis grote, 1881; can. ent. 13 (2): 33; tl: [ havilah ], california\ntexas, colorado, arizona - mexico (chiapas). see [ maps ]\nbotis volupialis grote, 1877; bull. u. s. geol. surv. 3 (app .): 799; tl: hills w of denver, colorado\nwashington (yakima co .), california - texas, nevada (clark co .), mexico. see [ maps ]\nmetasia morenalis dyar, 1908; proc. ent. soc. wash. 10 (1 - 2): 58; tl: grapevine, california\nbotis atropurpuralis grote, 1877; can. ent. 9 (6): 104; tl: texas, belfrage\nfrom (quebec - british columbia) - utah, colorado, nevada, california. see [ maps ]\nwashington, california, utah, colorado, wyoming, arizona. see [ maps ]\nbotis augustalis grote, 1881; bull. u. s. geol. surv. 6 (2): 273 (preocc. felder & rogenhofer, 1874); tl: colorado\nfrom (british columbia - ontario) - to (north carolina, south carolina, texas, arizona). see [ maps ]\nbotys (rhodaria) vinulenta grote & robinson, 1867; trans. amer. ent. soc. 1: 17 (? repl. rhodaria signatalis walker, [ 1866 ]); tl: north america\nw. pennsylvania - s. ontario, illinois, missouri. see [ maps ]\nsyllythria rosa druce, 1895; biol. centr. - amer. ins. lep. het. 3: pl. 60, f. 19\nnova scotia - michigan - to (florida - texas). see [ maps ]\nendotricha julialis walker, 1859; list spec. lepid. insects colln br. mus. 17: 389 (part )\nbotys augustalis felder & rogenhofer, 1874; reise fregatte novara, bd 2 (abth. 2) (5): pl. 134, f. 26\npachyzancla xanthomela hampson, 1913; ann. mag. nat. hist. (8) 11 (66): 515; tl: purulha, guatemala\nflorida - na. georgia, iowa, kansas, oklahoma, texas. see [ maps ]\nbotys onythesalis walker, 1859; list spec. lepid. insects colln br. mus. 18: 734\ncalifornia, nevada, arizona, new mexico, texas. see [ maps ]\nsouth carolina - florida, west indies, ca, sa. see [ maps ]\nrhodaria insignitalis guenée, 1854; hist. nat. ins. , spec. gén. lépid. 8: 173; tl: [ rio maroni ], cayenne\nbotis flavofascialis grote, 1882; bull. u. s. geol. surv. 6 (3): 577; tl: new mexico\nflorida - south carolina, louisiana, e. texas. see [ maps ]\nna. georgia - florida, west indies, tropical, queensland. see [ maps ]\nlarva on hyptis capitata, dicerandra frutescens smedley, mccormick & eisner, 1990, j. lep. soc. 44 (3): 156\nbotys californicalis packard, 1873; ann. lyc. nat. hist. n. y. 10: 260; tl: california\nlarva on mentha sp. , (california) [ mna13. 2 ] (b), 114\ntexas, florida, louisiana, arkansas, missouri, illinois, oklahoma, mexico. see [ maps ]\nbotis dapalis grote, 1881; can. ent. 13 (1): 17; tl: california\n712x659 (~ 89kb) russia, moscow area (36°25' e, 56°00' n), 8. 8. 2009, photo © d. smirnov\n827x557 (~ 97kb) russia, moscow area, 26. 7. 2010 (36°25' e, 56°00' n), photo © d. smirnov\n980x598 (~ 109kb) russia, moscow area (36°25' e, 56°00' n), 1. 8. 2009, photo © d. smirnov\n673x646 (~ 110kb) russia, moscow area, 10. 8. 2010 (36°25' e, 56°00' n), photo © d. smirnov\n500x343 (~ 22kb) finland: ka: virolahti, 671: 53, 27. 7. 1973, markku savela leg .\nherbula? submarginalis walker, [ 1866 ]; list spec. lepid. insects colln br. mus. 34: 1286 (preocc. walker, 1866 )\nfrom (ontario - alberta) - florida, missouri. see [ maps ]\nnewfoundland, s. canada - to (florida, new mexico, california). see [ maps ]\nlarva on satureia hortensis, monarda [ mna13. 2 ] (b), 120\nw. northwest territory, yukon, alaska? , rocky mountains. see [ maps ]\n500x318 (~ 18kb) finland: om: perho jänkä, 7020: 376, 10. 6. 1971, markku savela leg .\n500x339 (~ 21kb) finland: ka: virolahti, 20. 7. 1970, markku savela leg .\nherbula subsequalis guenée, 1854; hist. nat. ins. , spec. gén. lépid. 8: 177; tl: north ameria\n900x678 (~ 83kb) usa: pike national forest, sugar creek on cr - 67 (about 39°18' n 105°10' w), douglas co. , co, 29. 7. 2012, photo © markku savela\ns. nova scotia, s. ontario - to (illinois - n. florida, mississippi, e. texas )\n( deltoides & pyralides) pl. 8, f. 3 (repl .\nbotis tatalis grote, 1877; can. ent. 9 (6): 106; tl: [ texas, belfrage ]\nbotys perrubralis packard, 1873; ann. lyc. nat. hist. n. y. 10: 264; tl: california\nbotis scurralis hulst, 1886; trans. amer. ent. soc. 13: 155; tl: arizona\ns. british columbia - california, nevada, colorado, arizona. see [ maps ]\nbotys semirubralis packard, 1873; ann. lyc. nat. hist. n. y. 10: 263; tl: california\nbotys unifascialis packard, 1873; ann. lyc. nat. hist. n. y. 10: 261; tl: california\ns. new york - to (illinois - florida, texas), mexico - venezuela, west indies. see [ maps ]\nsyllythria idessa druce, 1895; biol. centr. - amer. ins. lep. het. 3: pl. 60, f. 20\nnew jersey - florida, missouri, texas, oklahoma, s. california. see [ maps ]\nfrom (nova scotia - ontario, missouri) - to (n. florida - texas). see [ maps ]\ns. canada - to (florida - colorado). see [ maps ]\nbotis niveicilialis grote, 1875; bull. buffalo soc. nat. sci. 2: 232; tl: new york\nbotys fodinalis lederer, 1863; wien. ent. monats. 7 (10): 369, (12): 461, pl. 8, f. 9; tl: california\nlarva on monardella villosa, (reared) [ mna13. 2 ] (b), 138\nbotis socialis grote, 1877; can. ent. 9 (6): 107; tl: canada\n= hapalia bicoloralis; whalley, 1963, bull. br. mus. nat. hist. (ent .) 13 (11): 446\nbotys tinctalis lederer, 1863; wien. ent. monats. 7 (10): 371, (12) pl. 9, f. 5; tl: venezuela\nbotys extinctalis lederer, 1863; wien. ent. monats. 7 (10): 372, (12) pl. 9, f. 18; tl: himalaya ?\nbotys catasemalis röber, 1891; tijdschr. ent. 34: 334; tl: key i .\nbotys aulicalis möschler, 1886; abh. senckenb. nat. ges. 14 (3): 75; tl: jamaica\nbotys villicalis möschler, 1886; abh. senckenb. nat. ges. 14 (3): 76; tl: jamaica\nbotys matronulalis möschler, 1886; abh. senckenb. nat. ges. 14 (3): 76; tl: jamaica\nbotys collustralis möschler, 1886; abh. senckenb. nat. ges. 14 (3): 76; tl: jamaica\nbotys hilaralis möschler, 1886; abh. senckenb. nat. ges. 14 (3): 77; tl: jamaica\nbotys meropialis möschler, 1886; abh. senckenb. nat. ges. 14 (3): 77; tl: jamaica\nbotys janiralis möschler, 1886; abh. senckenb. nat. ges. 14 (3): 78; tl: jamaica\nthis information is not automatically synchronized with globiz and can sometimes be lagging behind .\n[ spl ] varis, v. (ed), ahola, m. , albrecht, a. , jalava, j. , kaila, l. , kerppola, s. , kullberg, j. , 1995\n[ maps ] warning! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information, and the process does not always produce acceptable result; see about maps for more info .\nhistoire naturelle des insectes. species général des lépidoptéres. tome huitiéme. deltoides et pyralites\nreise der österreichischen fregatte novara um die erde in den jahren 1857, 1858, 1859 unter den behilfen des commodore b. von wüllerstorf - urbair. zoologischer theil. band 2. abtheilung 2. lepidoptera. rhopalocera\n- 120, (inhalts - verz .) 1 - 9 (pl. 1 - 74), (felder & rogenhofer, 1874), (5): pl .\nin uhler, p. r. report upon the insects collected by p. r. uhler during the explorations of 1875, including monographs of the families\na revision of the moths of the subfamily pyraustinae and family pyralidae. part 1\na revision of the moths of the subfamily pyraustinae and family pyralidae. part 2\nhistoire naturelle, générale et particulière des crustacés et des insectes. ouvrage faisant suite a l' histoire naturelle générale et particuliére, composée par leclerc de buffon, et redigée par c. s. sonnini, member de plusieurs sociétés savantes\ndescriptions of lepidopterous insects collected the late dr. f. stoliczka during the indian - government mission to yarkund in 1873\n( a): 1 - 78, pl. 1 - 4, a - h, (b): 79 - 150, pl. 5 - 9, j - u\nlist of the specimens of lepidopterous insects in the collection of the british museum. supplement\nwhalley, 1963 a revision of the world species of the genus endotricha zeller (lepidoptera: pyralidae) bull. br. mus. nat. hist. (ent .) 13 (11): 395 - 454, pl. 1 - 37\nif you have corrections, comments or information to add into these pages, just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources, and may include many inaccuracies. expert help is welcome .\non apple osx, or right click on the text above to copy the link .\na dark brown moth with a wide, pale yellowish pm line and a pale yellowish discal spot, on both fore and hind wings above, with a wingspan of 18 - 21 mm. the genitalia are described by munroe (1976). similar to\n, but the latter is smaller with a wingspan of 15 - 17 mm, has a less curved hind wing am line, and it also has a thin, dark line running through the upper part of the pale yellowish forewing pm line. also similar to\n, but the latter has a whitish, rather than yellowish, pm line and discal spot .\nknown from ontario west to southern alberta and south to florida and missouri (munroe 1976). the type locality is pennsylvania. in alberta, reported from areas 8 (red deer) and 10 (edmonton) by bowman (1951). also known from dry island buffalo jump provincial park, nevis and winfield .\ncomments are published according to our submission guidelines. the eh strickland entomological museum does not necessarily endorse the views expressed .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29: registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin, july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia, june 4 - 7. photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona, july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell, iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\ndisclaimer: dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service. we strive to provide accurate information, but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world. if you need expert professional advice, contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content. click the contributor' s name for licensing and usage information. everything else copyright © 2003 - 2018 iowa state university, unless otherwise noted .\nselect your preferred way to display the comments and click' save settings' to activate your changes." ]

{ "text": [ "pyrausta generosa is a moth in the crambidae family .", "it was described by grote and robinson in 1867 .", "it is found in north america , where it has been recorded from ontario to alberta and to florida and missouri .", "the habitat consists of undisturbed areas in aspen parkland and mixed woods .", "the wingspan is 18 – 21 mm .", "the forewings are dark brown with a pale yellowish postmedial line and a pale yellowish discal spot .", "adults are on wing from late may to late july .", "the larvae possibly feed on mentha species . " ], "topic": [ 2, 5, 20, 24, 9, 1, 8, 8 ] }

[ "pyrausta generosa is a moth in the crambidae family. it was described by grote and robinson in 1867. it is found in north america, where it has been recorded from ontario to alberta and to florida and missouri. the habitat consists of undisturbed areas in aspen parkland and mixed woods. the wingspan is 18 – 21 mm. the forewings are dark brown with a pale yellowish postmedial line and a pale yellowish discal spot. adults are on wing from late may to late july. the larvae possibly feed on mentha species." ]

[ "my method of sexing rugosa rugosa. unsure whether this would apply to all other rugosa, but i believe it applies to this subspecies .\ntrachydosaurus rugosus gray 1825: 201 scincus peronii wagler 1830: 163 (nomen nudum) trachysaurus peronii wagler 1833 (nom. nov. pro trachydosaurus rugosus) brachydactylus typicus smith 1834 scincus pachyurus gray 1838: 288 (nomen nudum) trachysaurus rugosus — duméril & bibron 1839: 754 trachydosaurus asper gray 1845: 103 trachydisaurus [ sic ] rugosus — krefft 1873: 315 trachydosaurus asper — haacke 1885: 435 trachysaurus rugosus — glauert 1960 tiliqua rugosa — shea 1990 tiliqua rugosa — frank & ramus 1995 trachydosaurus rugosus — cogger 2000: 583 tiliqua rugosa — bonetti 2002: 162 tiliqua rugosa konowi mertens 1958 tiliqua rugosa konowi — storr et al. 1999 trachydosaurus rugosa palarra shea 2000 tiliqua rugosa palarra shea 2000\nthere are six lizard species found in south australia commonly known as bluetongues, so called because of their blue tongue. the species include the eastern bluetongue lizard (tiliqua scincoides), shingleback lizard (tiliqua rugosa), blotched bluetongue (tiliqua nigrolutea), western bluetongue (tiliqua occipitalis), centralian bluetongue (tiliqua multifasciata) and the pygmy bluetongue (tiliqua adelaidensis) .\nsleepy lizards, also known as tiliqua rugosa, are shingleback, stumpy, stump - tailed and pine cone lizards .\nalso known as the shingleback, the stumpy tail, the pinecone lizard and the bob - tail goanna, tiliqua rugosa is found across southern australia .\n“homing behaviour in the sleepy lizard (tiliqua rugosa): the role of visual cues and the parietal eye”, by michael j. freake, 2001\nand tiliqua genus can be seen. studies of the animal' s molecular chemical composition suggest it to be identical to the tiliqua genus, but\nto cite this page: loch, t. 2000 .\ntiliqua rugosa\n( on - line), animal diversity web. accessed july 10, 2018 at urltoken\nbull, c. m. & pamula, y. (1996) sexually dimorphic head sizes and reproductive success in the sleepy lizard tiliqua rugosa. zool. 240: 511 - 521 .\nbull, c. m. & pamula, y. (1998) enhanced vigilance in monogamous pairs of the lizard, tiliqua rugosa. behav. ecol. 9: 452 - 455 .\nbamford, m. j. (1980) aspects of the population biology of the bobtail skink, tiliqua rugosa (gray). unpublished b. sc. honours thesis, murdock university, 178 .\nthese lovely lizards go by many names, most of which reflect the animal’s unique appearance and somewhat mellow disposition. in the west of the country they are commonly called bobtails, and in perth you would encounter the subspecies known as the western bobtail (tiliqua rugosa rugosa). other colloquial names for the shingleback include\nbourne, a. r. & seamark, r. f. (1978). seasonal variation in steroid biosynthesis by the testis of thelizard, tiliqua rugosa. comparative biochemistry and physiology 59b: 363–367 .\nmain, a. r. & bull, c. m. (1996) mother - offspring recognition in two australian lizards, tiliqua rugosa and egernia stokesii. anim. behav. 52: 193–200 .\nthe systematics and reproduction of bluetongue lizards of the genus tiliqua (squamata: scincidae). phd thesis\nresource partitioning by three congeneric species of skink (tiliqua) in sympatry in south australia. phd thesis\nbraysher, m. l. (1971). the structure and function of the nasal salt gland from the australian sleepy lizard trachydosaurus (formerly tiliqua) rugosa: family scincidae. physiological zoology 44: 129–136 .\nkã¶ppl c. morphology of the basilar papilla of the bobtail lizard tiliqua rugosa. hearing research. 35: 209 - 28. pmid 3198511 doi: 10. 1016 / 0378 - 5955 (88) 90119 - 0\nbull, c. m. & freake, m. j. (1999) home - range fidelity in the australian sleepy lizard, tiliqua rugosa. australian journal of zoology 47 (2): 125 - 132 .\nfreake, m. j. (2001) homing behaviour in the sleepy lizard (tiliqua rugosa): the role of visual cues and the parietal eye. behavioral ecology and sociobiology 50 (6): 563 - 569 .\nholmes, r. & light, a. (1983) a serendipitous age estimation of a lizard, tiliqua rugosa (lacertilia: scincidae). west. aust. nat. 15 (7): 159 - 160 .\nköppl c, manley g a and johnstone b m (1990) peripheral auditory processing in the bobtail lizard tiliqua rugosa: v. seasonal effects of anaesthesia. j. comp. physiol. a. 167: 139 - 144\nellis, d. j. ; firth, b. t. & belan, i. 2006. circadian rhythm of behavioral thermoregulation in the sleepy lizard (tiliqua rugosa). herpetologica 63 (3): 259 - 265 .\nköppl c and manley g a (1990) peripheral auditory processing in the bobtail lizard tiliqua rugosa: ii. tonotopic organization and innervation pattern of the basilar papilla. j. comp. physiol. a. 167: 101 - 112\nköppl c, manley ga, johnstone bm. peripheral auditory processing in the bobtail lizard tiliqua rugosa - v. seasonal effects of anaesthesia journal of comparative physiology a. 167: 139 - 144. doi: 10. 1007 / bf00192413\nfirth, b. t. , kennaway, d. j. & belan, i. (1991). thermoperiodic influences on plasma melatonin rhythms in the lizard tiliqua rugosa: effect of thermophase duration. neuroscience letters 121: 139–142 .\ngardner, michael g. ; juan j. sanchez; rachael y. dudaniec; < br / > leah rheinberger; annabel l. smith; kathleen m. saint 2007. tiliqua rugosa microsatellites: isolation via enrichment and characterisation of loci for multiplex pcr in t. rugosa and the endangered t. adelaidensis. conservation genetics 9: 233–237 [ print: 2008 ]\ngardner, michael g. ; juan j. sanchez; rachael y. dudaniec; leah rheinberger; annabel l. smith; kathleen m. saint. 2007. tiliqua rugosa microsatellites: isolation via enrichment and characterisation of loci for multiplex pcr in t. rugosa and the endangered t. adelaidensis. conserv. genet. 9: 233–237 [ print: 2008 ] .\nauburn, z. m. , bull, c. m. & kerr, g. d. (2009) the visual perceptual range of a lizard, tiliqua rugosa. journal of ethology 27 (1): 75 - 81 .\nmanley g a, köppl c and johnstone b m (1990) peripheral auditory processing in the bobtail lizard tiliqua rugosa: i. frequency tuning of auditory - nerve fibres. j. comp. physiol. a. 167: 89 - 99\nköppl c and manley g a (1990) peripheral auditory processing in the bobtail lizard tiliqua rugosa: iii. patterns of spontaneous and tone - evoked nerve - fibre activity. j. comp. physiol. a. 167: 113 - 127\nköppl c, manley ga. peripheral auditory processing in the bobtail lizard tiliqua rugosa - ii. tonotopic organization and innervation pattern of the basilar papilla journal of comparative physiology a. 167: 101 - 112. doi: 10. 1007 / bf00192410\nellis, d. j. ; firth, b. t. & belan, i. 2006. circadian rhythm of behavioral thermoregulation in the sleepy lizard (tiliqua rugosa). herpetologica 63 (3): 259 - 265 - get paper here\nmanley ga, köppl c, johnstone bm. peripheral auditory processing in the bobtail lizard tiliqua rugosa - i. frequency tuning of auditory - nerve fibres journal of comparative physiology a. 167: 89 - 99. doi: 10. 1007 / bf00192409\nbourne, a. r. , stewart, b. j. & watson, t. g. (1986). changes in blood progesterone concentration during pregnancy in the lizard tiliqua (trachydosaurus) rugosa. comparative biochemistry and physiology 84a: 581–583 .\nköppl c, manley ga. peripheral auditory processing in the bobtail lizard tiliqua rugosa - iii. patterns of spontaneous and tone - evoked nerve - fibre activity journal of comparative physiology a. 167: 113 - 127. doi: 10. 1007 / bf00192411\nthis little fella is also known as shingleback and he is found in the arid and semi - arid areas of eastern australia. the shingleback’s habitat does not reach the eastern coast. the other three subspecies of tiliqua rugosa are found in the state of western australia .\nmanley g a, yates g k, köppl c and johnstone b m (1990) peripheral auditory processing in the bobtail lizard tiliqua rugosa: iv. phase locking of auditory - nerve fibres. j. comp. physiol. a. 167: 129 - 138\nmanley ga, yates gk, köppl c, johnstone bm. peripheral auditory processing in the bobtail lizard tiliqua rugosa - iv. phase locking of auditory - nerve fibres journal of comparative physiology a. 167: 129 - 138. doi: 10. 1007 / bf00192412\nbull, c. m, cooper, s. j. b. & baghurst, b. c. (1998) social monogamy and and extra - pair fertilizationin an australian lizard, tiliqua rugosa. behav. ecol. sociobiol. 44: 63 - 72 .\nshea, g. m. 2000. die shark - bay - tannenzapfenechse tiliqua rugosa palarra subsp. nov. – in: hauschild, a. , r. hitz, k. henle, g. m. shea & h. werning (hrsg .): blauzungenskinke. beiträge zu tiliqua und cyclodomorphus, pp. 108 - 112. natur und tier verlag (münster), 287 pp .\nbradshaw, s. d. , tom, j. a. & bunn, s. e. (1984) corticosteroids and control of nasal salt gland function in the lizard tiliqua rugosa. gen. comp. endocrin. 54 (2): 308 - 313 .\nshea, g. m. (2000) die shark - bay - tannenzapfenechse tiliqua rugosa palarra subsp. nov. , in: hauschild, a. , hitz, r. , henle, k. , shea, g. m. , werning, h. (hrsg .): blauzungenskinke. beiträge zu tiliqua und cyclodomorphus, 108 - 112. natur und tier verlag (münster), 287 .\nshea, g. m. 2000. die shark - bay - tannenzapfenechse tiliqua rugosa palarra subsp. nov. – in: hauschild, a. , r. hitz, k. henle, g. m. shea & h. werning (hrsg .): blauzungenskinke. beiträge zu tiliqua und cyclodomorphus, pp. 108 - 112. natur und tier verlag (münster), 287 pp. - get paper here\nbouma, m. j, smallridge, c. j. , bull, c. m. & komdeur, j. (2007) susceptibility to infection by a haemogregarine parasite and the impact of infection in the australian sleepy lizard tiliqua rugosa. parasitology research 100 (5): 949 - 954 .\ndepartment of the environment and heritage (2006iu). egernia rugosa in species profile and threats (sprat) database. canberra: deh. available from: urltoken .\nmitchell, f. j. 1950. the scincid genera egernia and tiliqua (lacertilia). rec. s. aust. mus. 9: 275 - 308 .\nmitchell, f. j. 1950. the scincid genera egernia and tiliqua (lacertilia). rec. south austral. mus. 9: 275 - 308 - get paper here\ncommon or eastern blue - tongue lizard (tiliqua scincoides scincoides): this one is widespread in the south east of australia and looks just as described above, grey with dark stripes .\nmanley g a, yates g, köppl c (1988) auditory peripheral tuning: evidence for a simple resonance phenomenon in the lizard tiliqua. hearing res. 33: 181 - 190\nshingleback (tiliqua rugosa): the shingleback has many names, like bob - tailed lizard, sleepy lizard or stumpy - tailed lizard. it can be found west of the great dividing range. it' s the most unusual looking of the blue - tongue lizards with its very short, stumpy tail and large rough scales. the shingleback too is dark brown, with or without blotches .\nmitchell, f. j. (1950). the scincid genera egernia and tiliqua (lacertilia). records of the south australian museum. 9 (3): 275 - 308 .\nshea g m. 1990. the genera tiliqua and cyclodomorphus (lacertilia: scincidae): generic diagnoses and systematic relationships. memoirs of the queensland museum 29 (2): 495 - 520 .\nglauert, l. 1960. herpetological miscellanea. xii. the family scincidae in western australia. pt. 1. the genera tiliqua, trachysaurus and egernia. western australian naturalist 7 (3): 67 - 77\nblotched blue - tongue (tiliqua nigrolutea): another species from the south west, this one is restricted to the highland areas. it looks slightly different, being dark brown with light coloured blotches across the back .\ncitation: department of the environment (2018). egernia rugosa in species profile and threats database, department of the environment, canberra. available from: urltoken. accessed tue, 10 jul 2018 21: 59: 02 + 1000 .\nshingleback, shingle - back skink, pinecone lizard, stump - tailed skink, bobtail, sleepy lizard or just plain “stumpy” are all names that identify one of australia’s reptilian icons. scientifically, we know it as trachydosaurus rugosus, but a few authors refer to it as tiliqua rugosa. as is often the case, the scientific classification is under debate. four subspecies are presently recognized, three of which occur in western australia only. these are the western shingleback (\nhas many scalation and body differences that are very distinguishing. it also has divided lamellae on the toes of the hind feet and the absence of the ear lobules that are characteristic of the tiliqua genus (walls, 1996 )\nthreatened species network (tsn) (2008a). yakka skink; egernia rugosa; national threatened species day information sheet. world wildlife foundation; threatened species network; department of the environment, water, heritage and the arts. available from: urltoken .\nbourne, a. r. , taylor, j. l. & watson, t. g. (1986). annual cycles of plasma and testicular androgens in the lizard tiliqua (trachydosaurus) rugosus. general and comparative endocrinology 61: 278–286 .\nthe shingle back skink has been the subject of some debate concerning nomenclature. some taxonomists believe it to belong to tiliqua, while others believe it should be in its own genus (trachydosaurus). i have used the trachydosaurus nomenclature here because of numerous differences between\nnorthern blue - tongued skink (tiliqua scincoides intermedia): belonging to the same species, this form is at home on the savannahs of australia' s tropical regions. (and in my garden. you can see one in the photos at the top) .\nmanley ga, yates gk, kã¶ppl c. auditory peripheral tuning: evidence for a simple resonance phenomenon in the lizard tiliqua. hearing research. 33: 181 - 9. pmid 3397328 doi: 10. 1016 / 0378 - 5955 (88) 90031 - 7\nthe genus hemolivia, which is clearly defined by its morphological and biological features, has recently been investigated by molecular biology and its phylogenetic relationship with hepatozoon studied [ 3, 27, 34 ]. a molecular analysis of two of the three hemolivia species, hemolivia mauritanica from testudo graeca and testudo marginata [ 27, 34 ], hemolivia mariae from egernia stokesii and tiliqua rugosa [ 3, 34 ], was performed, as well as for hemolivia sp. from rhinoclemmys pulcherrima manni [ 34 ]. a number of haemogregarines of reptiles and amphibians could probably be assigned to the genus hemolivia if their life cycle were known .\npygmy blue - tongue skink (tiliqua adelaidensis): as you probably guessed, the pygmy blue - tongue is a little fellow, growing to about 90 mm. it was considered to be extinct until it was rediscovered near burra (mid - north of south australia). the species is confined to that very small area north of adelaide and is listed as endangered .\nemerging global positioning system (gps) technologies can clarify movement patterns of free - ranging animals in far more detail than has been possible with previous methods. we conducted long - term (mean, 65 days; maximum, 221 days) gps radio - tracking of 41 northern bluetongue lizards (tiliqua scincoides intermedia) and 8 centralian bluetongue lizards (t. multifasciata) at two study sites in northwestern australia, close to the border between western australia and the northern territory .\nnotes and disclaimer this information may not be complete. while all care is taken to ensure the accuracy of the information in this page, primary sources should always be consulted for definitive information. animals have an endearing habit of disobeying the rules, so the information on this page should be interpreted with a degree of flexibility. the author and site operator accepts no responsibility for any losses or damages incurred through using this web site or the information contained herein. don' t get bitten by anything! this page may be cited as: tiliqua rugosa at the australian reptile online database. last updated 2017 - 06 - 08 10: 22: 53. retrieved from urltoken on the 10th of july, 2018. before citing information contained in arod, please read our citing arod page. copyright notice this page, its content and layout are copyright © 2007 - 2018 stewart macdonald / ug media, unless otherwise stated. all photographs in the australian reptile online database are © the photographer and may not be reproduced in any form without the express written consent of the photographer. no part of the australian reptile online database may be reproduced without written permission from stewart macdonald .\nthe yakka skink is a pale fawn reptile growing to 40 cm. it has a broad dark brown to black stripe from nape to tail bordered on either side by a narrow, pale fawn back / side stripe. dark brown to pale brown to reddish - brown scales on the flanks form a faintly variegated orange - brown pattern. the throat is cream - yellow in colour, with blackish flecks / spots, and the chest and abdomen are yellow - orange (cogger 2000). this skink is often described as robust and around the same size as a blue tongue lizard (tiliqua scincoides) making it one of the largest skinks in sub - humid to semi - arid eastern queensland (tsn 2008a) .\nis cobalt blue in color, and is used extensively as a sensory organ, in conjunction with the jacobson' s organ. the dentation of this species is acrodont, meaning that the teeth are set on the edges of the jaw bones and are not in grooved sockets (bustard, 1970). the legs in the shingle back skink are noticeably reduced, with the hind limbs being approximately twenty percent of the svl, and the toes are short and fat (cogger, 1975). ear - openings are conspicuous and without anterior lobules (unlike genus tiliqua). it is thought that males have a more slender, slightly longer tail than females, although this is by no means a sure way to sex this species. a better way of sexing is by cloacal examination (male hemipenes can be everted with pressure) .\nthere are no reviews yet. be the first one to write a review .\npalarra: western australia, shark bay area; type locality: amala station rubbish tip, western australia .\nnote: tdwg regions are generated automatically from the text in the distribution field and not in every cases it works well. we are working on it .\nholotype: bmnh 1946. 8. 5. 1, no locality specified in original description; (king george' s sound, w. a. fide gray 1826). holotype: bmnh stuffed, unnumbered, from swan river, w. a. [ brachydactylus typicus ]. syntypes: bmnh xv. 8l. a - b, bmnh 42. 6. 29. 58 - 59, from adelaide, s. a. [ trachydosaurus asper ]. holotype: wam 12721, from rottnest is. , w. a. [ trachydosaurus rugosus konowi ] holotype: am r 133199; paratypes: am, sam, wam, rmnh [ palarra ]\nsynonymy partly after cogger 1983. this is one of the few reptile species in which monogamy has been observed (chapple 2003). disribution: see map in shea 2000 (includes all 4 subspecies) .\nbonetti, mathilde 2002. 100 sauri. mondadori (milano), 192 pp .\ncogger, h. g. 2014. reptiles and amphibians of australia, 7th ed. csiro publishing, xxx + 1033 pp .\ncogger, h. g. 2000. reptiles and amphibians of australia, 6th ed. ralph curtis publishing, sanibel island, 808 pp .\ncouper, p. , covacevich, j. , amey, a. & baker, a. 2006. the genera of skinks (family scincidae) of australia and its island territories: diversity, distribution and identification. in: merrick, j. r. , archer, m. , hickey, g. m. & lee, m. s. y. (eds .). evolution and zoogeography of australasian vertebrates. australian scientific publishing, sydney, pp. 367 - 384\nduméril, a. m. c. and g. bibron. 1839. erpétologie générale on histoire naturelle complète des reptiles. vol. 5. roret / fain et thunot, paris, 871 pp. - get paper here\ngray, j. e. 1826. reptilia. appendix in: king, p. p. narrative of a survey of the intertropical and western coasts of australia performed between the years 1818 and 1822. london: john murray 2: 424 - 434\ngray, j. e. 1838. catalogue of the slender - tongued saurians, with descriptions of many new genera and species. part 2. ann. mag. nat. hist. (1) 1: 287 - 293 - get paper here\ngray, j. e. 1845. catalogue of the specimens of lizards in the collection of the british museum. trustees of die british museum / edward newman, london: xxvii + 289 pp. - get paper here\ngray, j. e. 1825. a synopsis of the genera of reptiles and amphibia, with a description of some new species. annals of philosophy, 10: 193—217 - get paper here\ngreen, darren 1995. a comparison of three litters in the shingleback lizard, trachydosaurus rugosus. herpetofauna (sydney) 25 (1): 42 - 43\nhaacke, w. 1885. über eine neue art uterinaler brutpflege bei reptilien. zool. anz. 8: 435 - 439 - get paper here\nkay, g. m. ; d. michael; m. crane; s. okada; c. macgregor; d. florance; d. trengove; l. mcburney; d. blair; d. b. lindenmayer. 2013. a list of reptiles and amphibians from box gum grassy woodlands in south - eastern australia. check list 9 (3): 476 - 481 - get paper here\nkrefft, g. 1873. fabulous australian animals. ann. mag. nat. hist. (4) 11: 315 - 316 - get paper here\nkwet, a. 2006. eine anlage zur nachzucht von tannenzapfenechsen. terraria 1 (1): 90 - 93\nmertens, r. 1958. neue eidechsen aus australien. senckenbergiana biologica 39: 51 - 56 .\nmichael, d. r. ; d. b. lindenmayer; m. crane; c. macgregor; r. montague - drake; l. mcburney. 2011. reptilia, murray catchment, new south wales, southeastern australia. check list 7 (1): 25 - 29 - get paper here\npachmann, a. 2009. im outback west - australiens. reptilia (münster) 14 (78): 11 - 12 - get paper here\nsare, stephen; schwaner, terry d. ; georges, arthur 1990. genetic variation among insular populations of the sleepy lizard, trachydosaurus rugosus gray (squamata: scinidae). australian journal of zoology 38 (6): 603 - get paper here\nsmith, a. 1834. descriptions of trichophorus flaviventris, halcyon swainsonii, h. senegaloides, edolius ludwigii, lamportornis rufiventris, and a new saurian (brachydactylus typicus) from swan river. south african quart. j. 2 (2): 143 - 144\nstorr, g. m. ; l. a. smith, and r. e. johnstone 1999. lizards of western australia. i. skinks. revised edition. western australian museum\nswitak, karl h. 1997. shingle - backed skinks [ trachydosaurus rugosus ]. reptiles 5 (2): 48 - 69\nwagler, j. 1833. descriptiones et icones amphibiorum. vol. 3. j. g. cotttae, stuttgartiae, monachii et tubingiae, xxv - xxxvi pp .\nwagler, jean g. 1830. natürliches system der amphibien, mit vorangehender classification der säugetiere und vögel. ein beitrag zur vergleichenden zoologie. 1. 0. cotta, münchen, stuttgart, and tübingen, 354 pp .\nwhile, geoffrey m. ;, < br / > david g. chapple, < br / > michael g. gardner, tobias uller, and martin j. whiting 2015. egernia lizards. current biology 25 (14): r593–r595, doi: 10. 1016 / j. cub. 2015. 02. 070 - get paper here\nwilson, s. & swan, g. 2010. a complete guide to reptiles of australia, 3rd ed. chatswood: new holland, 558 pp .\nthis database is maintained by peter uetz (database content) and jakob hallermann, zoological museum hamburg (new species and updates) .\nsleepy by name and sleepy by nature, but there is more to the lifestyle of the native lizard than you might credit at first glance .\ntheir behaviour — once poorly understood — has been observed and tracked in a patch of scrub between morgan and burra in south australia .\nthe two - year study involving flinders university in adelaide and perth' s murdoch university showed sleepy lizards were monogamous .\npost doctoral fellow at flinders university, stephan leu, specialises in animal behaviour and said sleepy lizards were known for having a strong bite and peculiar appearance, but also had attributes setting them apart from other reptiles .\nit' s one of the [ only ] social lizard species that exist in the world and on top of that it' s a very monogamous ,\nhe said .\nmr leu said sleepy lizards paired up with a partner for up to decades at a time .\nit is not the most common social behaviour, lizards are predominantly solitary so they have territory but they don' t form social groups like other australian species, in that regards they are definitely unique ,\nhe said .\nyou see a female and a male very close, usually the male walking behind the female about 20 centimetres apart, you can really see them cruise around as a pair .\nthey walk around together so there' s a lot of behaviours happening but it' s not quite as easy to observe which is why we use gps units on them to understand their behaviour which you can' t see by following them ,\nmr leu said .\ngps tracking also allowed research into the lizard' s activity 24 hours a day and monitoring of entire local populations .\ntheir home range on average is four hectares which for a lizard is relatively large, particularly if you have seen a sleepy lizard with very short legs .\nit' s a relatively large range that they move around in and they move up to 500 metres a day and with its short legs it' s quite a bit .\nif you have inside knowledge of a topic in the news, contact the abc .\nabc teams share the story behind the story and insights into the making of digital, tv and radio content .\nforeign correspondent joined perth scientist david goodall, 104, to record an intimate portrayal of his last days as he crossed the globe to farewell family and campaign for his last rights .\nshe was born a heroin addict. she had a son at 16 and later lost custody of him. but her story is one of hope .\nboris johnson has resigned as british foreign minister. look back on his outlandish stunts and undiplomatic moments with our quiz .\nmaybe it was the memes, or gareth southgate' s canny management, or maybe some people just want to watch the world burn, but it looks like australians are barracking for england to win the world cup .\nthis service may include material from agence france - presse (afp), aptn, reuters, aap, cnn and the bbc world service which is copyright and cannot be reproduced .\nmichael bull' s decades - long study discovered more than a three year project ever could .\nwe know that sleepy lizards live for 50 years in the wild; that they display an incredible system of perennial monogamy, coming together in an elaborate annual, slow - motion dance .\nwe know they have long - term friends and foes and a complex social network .\nwe know all this because of a 35 - year study led by flinders university' s michael bull at a place called bundey bore in south australia .\nit' s a big slow - moving skink ,\nprofessor bull told me when we spoke last year .\nit' s around about 30cm long, it weighs up to nearly a kilogram and it' s got armoured scales which give it protection .\nwhen you come across it, its main form of defence is to open up its mouth and hiss at you with a big, blue tongue. it looks quite imposing ,\nsaid professor bull .\nbundey bore station is in the rain shadow of the mount lofty ranges. you drive off an escarpment at burra onto flat, dry land, which continues that way until you reach the murray river .\nthe flats are home to many thousands of sleepy lizards, which are omnivorous. however, their puny legs mean they mostly eat foliage, especially flowers .\nit' s not uncommon to see a sleepy lizard with its mouth stuffed with flowers petals sticking to its lips .\nas an honours student, professor bull' s focus was parasites, specifically the ticks that suck sleepy lizards' blood .\nbut as his work continued, he became more and more endeared to the ticks' slow moving hosts .\nduring the springtime we have this incredible situation where the male will follow closely after the female for many days and up to eight weeks before they get to mate ,\nsaid professor bull .\nthe male follows the female within a few centimetres; it' s like a little train .\nwhen i first saw this i was a young biologist and thought that since the sleepy lizard was one of the more common species in southern australia, certainly that everyone would' ve seen this and would know about it .\nwhen professor bull returned the next year, he found the same two lizards together .\ni looked in the literature, and found that nobody had reported it in any other lizard anywhere in the world ,\nhe said .\nthe studies led by professor bull completely overturned the previous understanding of reptiles as scaly, unsociable recluses .\nhis investigations revealed complex social networks between lizards, which visit and share overnight safe zones with each other, and can navigate well outside of their own small territories, making their way back home like a very slow homing pigeon .\nhe even observed grieving behaviour in the reptiles when a member of a pair is killed .\nin one case a female got her head caught in some chicken wire ,\nhe said .\nshe pushed her head though and couldn' t pull it back out again. the male hung around for two days .\nhe' d come and revisit her every half hour or so: he' d be nudging her, he' d be tongue flicking, it was as if he was saying,' what' s wrong? let' s carry on like we were before.'\neveryone tells us that lizards don' t grieve, because they' re not humans. but, they' re doing what we think is analogous to grief .\nit certainly demonstrates the strength of the pair bond: that it persists beyond death .\ndavid sinn from the university of california is part of the sleepy lizard research project .\nthe sleepy lizard project grew each year, attracting multiple grad students and collaborators from around the world .\nprofessor bull climbed the academic ladder at flinders university and took on more responsibility, including as editor of the journal austral ecology, and dale burzacott took over as the sleepy lizard study' s project manager .\nhe looked after much of the logistics, field organisation as well as data entry — a huge job on a site that became more and more complex with each passing year .\nmr burzacott had an intense enthusiasm for the lizard work: he was unstoppable .\nstarting in 1983, he captured and re - captured 34, 044 sleepy lizards at the bundey bore site .\nthis incredible investment of time is what made the pair' s research so remarkable. a three - year study would not be able to prove that pair monogamy lasts for a whole lizard life span. professor bull' s study site could, and did .\nwe' ve been doing this study for 35 years now and there are still some lizards that we caught as adults when we started that are still going ,\nsaid professor bull .\nas time moved forward, new technology was introduced: gps loggers were added and complex genetic analysis began on the ticks that the lizards transported within their territories .\never more complex questions were being asked, and the data was providing answers .\nthese long - term sites are really essential part of australia' s environmental infrastructure ,\nsays david lindenmayer, a professor of ecology at the australian national university who has several long - term ecological monitoring sites of his own .\nthe national environmental infrastructure tells us about how the environment is performing and how it is changing in relation to other changes — it might be land use, climate change or it might be other things that we don' t even understand yet .\nand the only way you can understand these things is through very long - term research and monitoring; through doing repeated measurements year after year after year .\nwhat we often see is that some of these very important, very long - term studies are maintained by a champion for the project. that' s one of the strengths — that you' ve got someone with the drive and the passion to make these projects happen — but it' s also one of the weaknesses .\nwe' ve seen from many examples around the world that when the champion of the project retires, dies, moves on: those projects can collapse .\nprofessor bull with sir david attenborough during the filming of the bbc' s life in cold blood .\na lizard hissed at him with its blue tongue and its mouth full of flowers and he drove the highway back to adelaide from burra. another field season was wrapping up .\nthen, one morning after his normal exercise, professor bull had a heart attack in the gym change room and died. he was 69 .\nthe immediate responsibility for informing everyone involved in the study fell to associate professor mike gardner, a former student and professor bull' s presumed successor, though no real planning for a takeover had been undertaken .\nwhen i rang dale he was in the field at bundey bore ,\nprofessor gardner said .\ni rang him up and i said what' d happened to mike, and that he' d passed away. he said' thank you very much' and hung up on me quite abruptly .\nthen five minutes later he rang me back and said:' sorry about that, i just had a moment.'\nmr burzacott had worked with professor bull for 35 years in an incredibly long and fruitful research relationship .\nmr burzacott had all the hands - on experience, and though there was still no official succession planning in place, he attempted to impart what he knew to professor gardner .\ni now see that dale was trying hard to tell me what was happening in the field. he kept shooting information at me and i kept putting him off ,\nsaid professor gardner .\nthen, just a few months later, at 3: 00am on a tuesday morning, mr burzacott had a brain aneurysm .\nboth of these people passed away within a few months of each other with a body of work that is substantial ,\nprofessor gardner said .\ni think this data set is bigger than both of them. it' s something that needs to be continued not because of them, but for the rest of science really .\nthe death of the study' s academic leader and the logistical organiser within months of each other was a tragedy for ecological monitoring in australia .\nacademics are highly specialised, no - one is like another, no filing system is quite the same, no post - graduate supervision approach is equal, no thinking is identical, and they often approach their work in such idiosyncratic ways .\nit isn' t entirely obvious how the 35 years of the study was organised in practical terms .\nbut professor gardner has pulled together a group of professor bull' s former graduate students, now academics scattered the world over, and field assistants from years gone by to help him undertake the first season of sleepy lizard studies without professor bull or mr burzacott out in the scrub .\nbut despite the goodwill, the future of the project is unclear and funding is uncertain. professor gardner estimates there is just a 20 per cent chance of gaining funding in the australian research council grant system this year .\ni' m definitely committed to doing this ,\nsaid professor gardner .\nit' s vital to the ecological community in australia that we continue this, because long - term data sets are extremely rare and this one is probably the longest - running lizard survey in the southern hemisphere, if not the world .\nmichael bull and dale burzacott are missed by their friends, colleagues and families .\nand after their work proved conclusively that sleepy lizards had long - term relationships, internal maps of their world, annual rituals and rhythms, maybe they will also be missed by several hundred reptiles who live in the scrub at bundey bore .\nupdate: flinders university has started raising funds to continue the sleepy lizard project. more information is available on their website .\nthe number of species increased from 10, 711 to 10, 793, i. e. an increase of 82 species. 66 new species have been described, 9 species have been revalidated from synonymy and 16 subspecies were elevated to full species ...\nover the past 4 months, the number of species increased from 10, 639 to 10, 711 .\nthe number of species has grown from 10, 544 in the may release to now 10, 639 (+ 95 species) .\noverall, 212 new taxa have been added or changed their status or name .\nthe reptile database is a taxonomic database that provides basic information about all living reptile species, such as turtles, snakes, lizards, and crocodiles, as well as tuataras and amphisbaenians, but does not include dinosaurs .\ncurrently there are more than 10, 000 species and an additional 2, 700 subspecies. this is making reptiles the largest vertebrate group after fish (~ 25, 000 species) and birds (~ 10, 000 species), and significantly larger than mammals (~ 5, 000 species) or amphibians (~ 6, 000 species) .\nthe reptile database provides taxonomic information for the catalogue of life and the encyclopedia of life. our taxonomic information has also been used by genbank and many other resources and is the only comprehensive reptile database on the web .\nthe reptile database can be used to find all species within a certain geographic area (e. g. all snakes of egypt). its collection of more than 2, 500 images allow users to identify a species or at least get an idea how the species or genus may look like. more than 30, 000 references provide a guide to further information .\nthe bulkiest of the blue - tongues, the shingleback lizard are common on the plains west of the great dividing range where rainfall is low and throughout the semi - arid habitats of inland australia as well as coastal parts of western australia and south australia .\nshinglebacks in new south wales are usually dark brown all over, with or without yellow spots. the belly of blue - tongues is usually pale with darker variegations. the eye is small and reddish - brown to grey. the tongue is dark blue and the lining of the mouth is bright pink .\nthe shingleback has a very large head, a very short blunt tail and large rough scales. males have a proportionally larger head and stockier body than females but females grow slightly bigger than males .\nshinglebacks are common and widespread in new south wales from the western slopes of the great dividing range and do not occur naturally in sydney .\nshinglebacks usually live in open country with lots of ground cover such as tussocky grasses or leaf litter. they shelter at night among leaf litter or under large objects on the ground such as rocks and logs. early in the morning the lizards emerge to bask in sunny areas before foraging for food during the warmer parts of the day. like all lizards, shinglebacks do not produce their own body heat, and rely on the warmth of their surroundings to raise their body temperature. shingleback lizards maintain a body temperature of about 30°c - 35°c when active. during cold weather they remain inactive, buried deep in their shelter sites, but on sunny days they may emerge to bask .\nshinglebacks eat a wide variety of both plants and animals; shinglebacks eat more plant food than do the other blue - tongues. shinglebacks are not very agile and the animals they eat are mostly slow - moving. their teeth are large and they have strong jaw muscles so they can crush snail shells and beetles .\nthe captive diet for this species at the australian museum is provided in three feeds within a period of a week. these consist of a small feed of chopped vegetables on one day, a small serving of kangaroo mince on another day as well two cockroaches, crickets snails for the third feeding. the timing and order of the diet is changed around to simulate natural conditions and prevent stereotypical behaviour (where an animal will have predictable activity patterns and essentially be waiting to be fed). this food is supplemented with calcium and vitamin powder to ensure that a nutritionally balanced diet is provided .\nwhen threatened, shinglebacks turn towards the threat, open their mouth wide and stick out their broad blue tongue that contrasts vividly with the pink mouth. this display, together with the large size of the head, may frighten off predators. if the threat does not go away, shinglebacks may hiss and flatten out the body, making themselves look bigger. a frightened shingleback may bite if it is picked up .\nfemale shinglebacks give birth three to five months after mating, between december and april .\nthe embryos develop in the female' s oviduct with the help of a placenta, which is as well - developed as that of many mammals. at birth, the young eat the placental membranes, and within a few days shed their skin for the first time. the young are ready to look after themselves straight after birth, and disperse within a few days .\nthe shingleback has usually only two or three young that measure up to 220 mm in total length and weigh as much as 200 g .\nshingleback lizards live alone for most of the year, but between september and november reunite as monogmous pairs. shinglebacks in western new south wales are often seen crossing roads in pairs, the male following the female. the same pairs may re - form in the mating season over several years .\nreptile ticks are commonly found on shinglebacks; they attach under the scales and in the ear canal. they do not normally attach to mammals, and are not known to cause paralysis. a number of nematode worms parasitise large skinks such as shinglebacks, and may sometimes be seen in faecal pellets. again, these worms normally only parasitise reptiles .\nin the bush the major predators of shinglebacks are large predatory birds (such as brown falcons and laughing kookaburras) and large snakes (including the eastern brown snake, red - bellied black snake and mulga snake). feral cats and dogs also eat shinglebacks .\nyoung shingleback lizards are easy prey for suburban dogs and cats, as well as predatory birds like kookaburras. most young blue - tongues in suburban gardens probably do not reach adulthood. a few adult shinglebacks are also killed by large dogs, although the thick bony scales of the adults protect them from many animal bites .\na bite from an adult shingleback lizard can cause pain, break the skin and leave a bruise but there is no venom and hence no long - term ill effect. however the bite site should be cleaned with a mild disinfectant, as with any animal bite .\ncogger, h. g. 1994. reptiles & amphibians of australia. reed books, sydney .\nehmann, h. 1992. encyclopedia of australian animals. reptiles. australian museum and angus & robertson, sydney .\ngreer, a. e. 1989. the biology and evolution of australian lizards. surrey beatty & sons, sydney .\nweigel, j. 1988. care of australian reptiles in captivity. reptile keepers' association, gosford .\nwilson, s. k. & knowles, d. g. 1988. australia' s reptiles: a photographic reference to the terrestrial reptiles of australia. william collins, sydney .\nthat’s an amazing story – obviously life was much sweeter at your place than out in the wild! a number of studies have been done on shinglebacks regarding their homing abilities, and as it turns out they are very successful in navigating around their environment and being able to return to their home range if displaced. not only do they imprint on their surroundings using olfactory (smell) and visual cues, it seems they also have an in - built “compass” that uses polarized light to give a sense of direction. here are some links to a couple of papers on the topic :\nperhaps because ‘your’ female was in your care for so long she cued into her surrounds which then became her new home range? (the male probably just tagged along hoping for some romance, being that time of year !). if you live in an area with suitable habitat and not too much traffic then i would suggest leaving the couple to roam around your yard and eventually decide where they want to be .\ni am interested to hear if anyone has heard of homing instincts in shinglebacks. i am a vet and took home an injured bobtail about 6 months ago, i kept it over winter, it healed, and come summer i released it where it was found 6 months earlier. on the drive there, we happenned to come across another bobtail nearly getting killed on a main suburban road, so we picked that up also and release it with our female. at that time we noted the male had a scar on its tail. the release point was some 8 km as the crow flies through bushland (and one quiet road crossing) from our house. unbelievably, there i was doing my thing around the house 12 days later when in walked the two bobtails. i am 100% sure that they are the same two. the female is obviously very tame as i fed her for 6 months. the male has a scar on his tail. anyone who knows them knows that they are very distinguishable. my 7 year old son was upset as as i was releasing' our' female, we noted that she had a tick in her right ear and he wanted to remove it. i had said never mind she' ll probably get more out in the bush (not having any tweezers & not wanting to stress her on release) - sure enough se returned with the tick still in her ear! . i have googled and can find no mention of a homing instinct. any comments !\nthanks for your question and sorry for the very late reply. shinglebacks normally give birth in early to mid autumn (mar - apr) with the newborn young measuring around 20cm total length. the offspring you saw were most likely born earlier in the year and wouldn’t have grown much in the intervening few months. although reptiles reduce their activity in the cooler months they do not enter true hibernation and may emerge for short periods if conditions are mild and sunny. shinglebacks (in nsw at least) are generally very dark in colour and are able to absorb the sun’s heat quickly, so it is still possible to catch them out and about in winter on a good day .\ntwo weeks ago we saw 3 baby shinglebacks and 1 adult sunning themselves in the long grass at the top of the garden. the babies were about 20cms long. the adult was around for 2 days before disapearing. the little ones were still there last weekend enjoying the winter sun even though the temperature was only around 14c - 16c. would they have just been born? it seems very late in the year .\ni live in perth. aren' t these also known as' bobtails' ?\njudging by your photo i’d say the two shingleback were probably in the act of making love instead of war, although it doesn’t look a very tender affair! during springtime it is quite common to see pairs of shinglebacks motoring along, with the female in front and the male following behind. when the male approaches the female for mating he grabs hold of her in his jaws, usually behind the head near the forearms, to stop her from escaping and help move into position for copulation. if two mature males cross paths they will come at each other hissing with mouths open wide, and if neither backs down this display will escalate to fierce biting around the head and tail until one withdraws and is chased away by the victor." ]

{ "text": [ "tiliqua rugosa is a short-tailed , slow moving species of blue-tongued skink found in australia .", "three of the four recognised subspecies are found only in western australia , where they are known collectively by the common name bobtail .", "the name shingleback is also used , especially for t. rugosa asper , the only subspecies native to eastern australia .", "t. rugosa has a heavily armoured body and can be found in various colours , ranging from dark brown to cream .", "it has a short , wide , stumpy tail that resembles its head and may confuse predators .", "the tail also contains fat reserves , which are drawn upon during brumation in winter .", "this skink is an omnivore ; it eats snails and plants and spends much of its time browsing through vegetation for food .", "it is often seen sunning on roadsides or other paved areas .", "apart from bobtail and shingleback , a variety of other common names are used , including stump-tailed skink , bogeye , pinecone lizard and sleepy lizard . " ], "topic": [ 25, 5, 25, 1, 23, 4, 12, 12, 25 ] }

[ "tiliqua rugosa is a short-tailed, slow moving species of blue-tongued skink found in australia. three of the four recognised subspecies are found only in western australia, where they are known collectively by the common name bobtail. the name shingleback is also used, especially for t. rugosa asper, the only subspecies native to eastern australia. t. rugosa has a heavily armoured body and can be found in various colours, ranging from dark brown to cream. it has a short, wide, stumpy tail that resembles its head and may confuse predators. the tail also contains fat reserves, which are drawn upon during brumation in winter. this skink is an omnivore; it eats snails and plants and spends much of its time browsing through vegetation for food. it is often seen sunning on roadsides or other paved areas. apart from bobtail and shingleback, a variety of other common names are used, including stump-tailed skink, bogeye, pinecone lizard and sleepy lizard." ]

[ "styela is a genus of tunicates. styela clava, an edible species, is known as an invasive species in some areas .\nglycogen deposits in the pyloric gland of the ascidian styela clava (urochordata) .\nstyela eurygaster millar, 1977: brazil (amapá, rio grande do norte) .\nstyela sigma (van name, 1912): u. s. , norway, skagerrak strait, azores .\nstyela gelatinosa (traustedt, 1886): greenland, davis strait, iceland, faroe islands, norway, skagerrak strait .\nstyela paessleri (michaelsen, 1898): strait of magellan, tierra del fuego, falkland islands, south georgia islands .\nstyela clava herdman, 1881: canada, u. s. (maine to massachusetts), u. k. , france, spain .\n( of cynthia angularis stimpson, 1855) stimpson, w. (1855). descriptions of some of the new marine invertebrata from the chinese and japanese seas. proceedings of the academy of natural sciences, philadelphia. 7 (10): 375 - 384. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nstyela rustica (linnaeus, 1767): greenland, davis strait, canada, u. s. (maine to connecticut), spitsbergen / svalbard, iceland, faroe islands, norway, skagerrak strait, denmark, germany .\nstyela coriacea (alder & hancock, 1848): greenland, davis strait, canada, u. s. (maine, massachusetts), spitsbergen / svalbard, iceland, norway, denmark, germany, u. k. , english channel .\nstyela plicata (lesueur, 1823): bermuda, u. s. (north carolina, florida), cuba, jamaica, guadeloupe, brazil (bahia, rio de janeiro to santa catarina), argentina (mar del plata), mauritania, senegal, south africa .\n( of styela costata (hartmeyer, 1911) ) millar, r. h. (1955). on a collection of ascidians from south africa. proc. zool. soc. lond. 125 (1): 169 - 221. (look up in imis) [ details ]\nsolitary ascidians with thin but leathery tunic, similar to styela. endocarps might be present. gonads elongate, tubular and occasionally ramified as a compact mass contained in a membrane; well attached to the body wall. male follicles surrounding the ovary or between the ovary and the body wall; one sperm duct per gonad. many species lack the larval ocellus. no brooding .\nstyela canopus (savigny, 1816): canada, u. s. (maine to south carolina), bermuda, cuba, jamaica, puerto rico, grenada, guadeloupe, martinique, belize, panama, aruba, curaçao, bonaire, venezuela, brazil (ceará to santa catarina), u. k. , france, mauritania, cape verde, senegal, sierra leone, ghana, south africa .\nbiostor is built by @ rdmpage, code on github. page images from the biodiversity heritage library .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nurn: lsid: catalogueoflife. org: taxon: 322c1faa - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e: col20180626\nurn: lsid: catalogueoflife. org: taxon: 322efa0c - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e: col20180626\nurn: lsid: catalogueoflife. org: taxon: 322f2ff9 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e: col20180626\nurn: lsid: catalogueoflife. org: taxon: 322f3163 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e: col20180626\nurn: lsid: catalogueoflife. org: taxon: 34f6d769 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e: col20180626\nshenkar n. gittenberger a. lambert g. rius m. moreira da rocha r. swalla b. j. & turon x. (2018). worms ascidiacea: ascidiacea world database (version 2018 - 06 - 05). in: roskov y. , abucay l. , orrell t. , nicolson d. , bailly n. , kirk p. m. , bourgoin t. , dewalt r. e. , decock w. , de wever a. , nieukerken e. van, zarucchi j. , penev l. , eds. (2018). species 2000 & itis catalogue of life, 30th june 2018. digital resource at urltoken species 2000: naturalis, leiden, the netherlands. issn 2405 - 8858 .\nurn: lsid: catalogueoflife. org: taxon: e5ccd331 - 76ba - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e: col20180626\n. if you continue to use the site we will assume that you agree with this .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nencyclo. co. uk, online since 2007, is a search engine for english meanings and definitions. the website aims to publish all wordlists, big and small, on the internet, making it much easier to find the word you need. follow us on facebook\nshenkar, n. ; gittenberger, a. ; lambert, g. ; rius, m. ; moreira da rocha, r. ; swalla, b. j. ; turon, x. (2018). ascidiacea world database .\n( of tethyum costatum hartmeyer, 1911) hartmeyer, r. (1911). die ascidien der deutschen sudpolar - expedition, 1901 - 1903. deutsche sudpolar - expedition. 12: 403 - 606. [ details ]\nmillar, r. h. (1962). further descriptions of south african ascidians. ann. s. afr. mus. 46 (7): 113 - 221. (look up in imis) [ details ] available for editors\nvan der land, j. (ed). (2008). unesco - ioc register of marine organisms (urmo). , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nstimpson, w. (1855). descriptions of some of the new marine invertebrata from the chinese and japanese seas .\nhere we present tabular keys for families and genera of ascidian species found in shallow waters in the atlantic ocean. characters used in the keys are illustrated or shown in photos of dissected animals and we also provide generalized drawings of all genera. a list of species in each genus and their geographical distribution in the atlantic is also included, totaling 461 species .\no trabalho apresenta chaves tabulares para famílias e gêneros de espécies de ascídias encontradas em águas rasas no oceano atlântico. os caracteres usados nas chaves são ilustrados ou apresentados em fotos de animais dissecados e são apresentados também desenhos generalizados de todos os gêneros. também foram incluídas listas de espécies em cada gênero e sua distribuição geográfica no atlântico, totalizando 461 espécies .\npalavras - chave: ascidiacea, tunicata, taxonomia, checklist, distribuição geográfica .\nascidians form an ubiquitous portion of benthic communities in shallow tropical and temperate communities. yet, the ascidian fauna of many regions is still poorly surveyed and the identification of species by non - specialists almost nonexistent. most ecological studies of sessile communities include quite a few species, but frequently published lists include identification only to family or genus levels. the lack of field guides and identification keys for many regions is in part responsible for this situation .\nthe keys available are either not up to date (van name 1945, monniot & monniot 1972, monniot et al. 1991) or aimed toward indo - pacific species (kott 1985, 1990, 1992, 2001). recently, keys for the identification of local species within a few genera (pérez - portela et al. 2007 for atlantic - mediterranean pycnoclavella) or a comparative table of characters (oka et al. 2005 and hirose et al. 2009 for photo - symbiotic diplosoma in south japan; saito & okuyama 2003 for japanese botryllids) have been published .\nin the shallow atlantic ocean there are 461 known species, one seventh of known ascidian species in the world, around 2900 according to the world register of marine species (shenkar et al. 2010). many genera and some families found in the indian and pacific oceans and do not occur in the atlantic ocean. thus, keys including all known families and genera of the world could easily mislead one trying to identify an atlantic species. moreover, some ascidiacea families present morphological characters with a wide range of variability. thus, here we narrowed the description of families and genera to consider only characters found in atlantic species. we expect that with this simplified key and the numerous illustrations, researchers will feel more comfortable identifying their material and will provide a more accurate analysis of species geographic distribution and abundances .\nthe list of atlantic species was based initially in zoobase, a database constructed by karen sanamyan and now incorporated in the world register of marine species (shenkar et al. 2010) and in the literature available for atlantic species. only shallow water species (maximum depth of 200 m) between the latitudes 60 ºn and 55 ºs were considered, including gulf of mexico. records from the mediterranean sea were not included .\ncharacter states used in the keys were based on literature descriptions and when not available were coded\n?\nand when not applicable were coded\n-\n. when different species in a taxon presented more than one state of a character both were coded and separated by a comma, while all the species presented both characters they were separated by a slash. the keys were constructed as tabular keys, where columns represent the different characters that define one taxon (family or genus) and rows represent each of the taxa. such keys permit identification of the specimen even if some characters are missing or a structure is damaged and could not be checked and also permit fast comparison between taxa because similar taxa are organized together. the facility of adding new taxa and characters to tabular keys has also been pointed out (newell 1970) .\nsolitary ascidians with elongated body covered by a gelatinous and translucent tunic. oral siphon with 6 - 8 lobes and atrial with six, with red dots between them. longitudinal musculature organized in wide bands along entire body length and transverse musculature without a defined pattern (figure 8b). pharynx without folds, with complete longitudinal vessels and parastigmatic vessels usually present (figure 15d). abdomen very short with intestinal loop almost horizontal; stomach posterior to the pharynx with folded wall. gonads included in the intestinal loop .\nciona intestinalis (linnaeus, 1767): greenland, davis strait, eastern canada, u. s. (new england, california), brazil (rio de janeiro, são paulo), chile (strait of magellan), svalbard islands, iceland, faroe islands, norway, sweden, denmark, netherlands, scotland, uk, spain, morocco, cape verde, senegal, angola, south africa .\nsolitary or colonial ascidians, only the abdomen embedded in the tunic in colonial forms. the tunic is usually not encrusted. siphons with six lobes. body longitudinal musculature oblique to the endostyle, ramified and anastomosed (figure 8a), forming two thin bands along the mid line of the abdomen. stomach wall smooth outside but folded inside. renal vesicles could be present .\nsolitary ascidians, but sometimes two individuals are found connected by a slender layer of tunic. tunic dark purple without encrustation, with apical and short siphons. body wall muscles only in the thorax, oblique, between the dorsal margin and the endostyle. oral siphon with a velum (figure 15b). pharynx without folds, but with complete longitudinal vessels. abdomen with numerous renal vesicles .\nrhopalaea abdominalis (sluiter, 1898a): u. s. (florida), cuba, guadeloupe, mexico, belize, panama, venezuela .\ncolonial ascidian with the anterior part of zooids free, but posterior part embedded inside the tunic. the colonies are massive and can be as large as 40 cm in diameter and 20 cm high, with zooids up to 5 cm long. both oral and atrial siphons in each zooid with strong sphincters. oral siphon without a velum .\nsolitary ascidians with gelatinous or cartilaginous and translucent tunic. siphons with six or more lobes, and red dots between them. body wall musculature developed only on the right side (figure 8c). dorsal lamina continuous. alimentary canal usually large, with descending limb and rectum dilated in some species (figure 19a). renal vesicles present on the wall of the alimentary canal (figure 8f). ovary usually inside the intestinal loop, while the male follicles spread over the intestine wall .\nsolitary animals with gelatinous and translucent tunic, sometimes with long or mammillate projections. variable body wall colors. siphons usually with 6 - 8 lobes, some species with more than 12; lobe margins plain or with small projections in some species. pharyngeal papillae protruding inside the lumen of the pharynx; intermediate papillae might be present (figure 15e). dorsal lamina continuous. alimentary canal on the left side, usually with both intestinal loops well marked and sometimes with dilated posterior intestine .\nascidia archaia sluiter, 1890: haiti, guadeloupe, belize, panama, curaçao .\nascidia callosa stimpson, 1852: greenland, canada, u. s. , svalbard islands, iceland, faroe islands, norway, sweden .\nascidia conchilega müeller, 1776: norway, sweden, shetland islands, orkney islands, u. k. , scotland, france .\nascidia curvata (traustedt, 1882): bermuda, u. s. (florida), cuba, jamaica, puerto rico, guadeloupe, martinique, saint thomas, panama, aruba, curaçao, bonaire, brazil (pernambuco to paraná) .\nascidia interrupta heller, 1878: bermuda, u. s. , bahamas, cuba, jamaica, puerto rico, saint thomas, guadeloupe, belize, panama, aruba, bonaire, curaçao, venezuela, brazil (bahia), azores .\nascidia multitentaculata (hartmeyer, 1912): brazil (ceará, bahia, espírito santo, são paulo), south africa .\nascidia obliqua alder, 1863: greenland, davis strait, canada, u. s. (maine to connecticut), iceland, faroe islands, norway, skagerrak strait, sweden, north sea, shetland islands, scotland, france, cape verde .\nascidia prunum müeller, 1776: greenland, davis strait, canada, u. s. (maine to connecticut), svalbard islands, bear island, iceland, norway, skagerrak strait, north sea, shetland islands .\nascidia sydneiensis stimpson, 1855: u. s. , cuba, puerto rico, anguilla, grenada, guadeloupe, saint thomas, panama, colombia, curaçao, brazil (ceará, espírito santo to santa catarina), cape verde, sierra leone, south africa .\nascidia tenue monniot, 1983a: bermuda, guadeloupe, brazil (bahia, são paulo, paraná, santa catarina) .\nascidia virginea müeller, 1776: svalbard islands, faroe islands, norway, sweden, shetland islands, u. k. , english channel .\nvery similar to ascidia, distinguished by the lack of projecting papillae on the longitudinal vessels inside the lumen of the pharynx .\nascidiella aspersa (müeller, 1776): u. s. (maine to massachusetts), argentina, norway, sweden, shetland islands, u. k. , scotland, english channel, spain, senegal, south africa .\nascidiella scabra (müeller, 1776): faroe islands, norway, sweden, denmark, scotland, u. k. , english channel .\nvery similar to ascidia, distinguished by the posterior position of the neural gland, connected to the dorsal tubercle by a long duct with accessory openings toward the atrial cavity (figure 15c). oral siphons with usually more than eight lobes. intermediate pharyngeal papillae might be present (figure 15e) .\nphallusia mammillata (cuvier, 1815): u. k. , spain .\nphallusia nigra savigny, 1816: bermuda, u. s. (florida), cuba, jamaica, haiti, puerto rico, saint thomas, grenada, guadeloupe, st. martin, st. croix, st. vincent, belize, panama, curaçao, bonaire, venezuela, brazil (ceará, alagoas to são paulo), guinea, angola .\nsolitary ascidians with thin and translucent tunic, sometimes encrusted by sand. pharynx with 12 rows of spiral stigmata, which do not form infundibula (as corella in figure 6g); longitudinal vessels absent. dorsal lamina divided in languets. closely resembles corellidae, but the alimentary tract is on the left side of the body .\nagnezia glaciata michaelsen, 1898: strait of magellan, tierra del fuego, south africa .\nsolitary ascidians, some with spiral stigmata not forming infundibula (figure 6g). alimentary tract on the right side of the body, intestine oriented vertically (figure 4b) .\nsmall ascidian up to 2 cm long, flattened dorsoventrally. tunic thick with horny plates or scales on the dorsal region, forming an oval flat region; each siphon surrounded by six plates. spiral stigmata irregularly arranged, without correspondence with the net of vessels. dorsal lamina divided in languets. stomach of c. macleayanum with areolate ornamentation .\nchelyosoma macleayanum broderip & sowerby, 1830: greenland, canada, u. s. (maine, massachusetts), iceland, norway .\nsolitary ascidians with oblong or square (figure 4b), and laterally compressed body, covered by a gelatinous and transparent tunic, sometimes tinted with yellow, red or other shades. oral siphon with 6 - 8 lobes and atrial with six. oral tentacles numerous and filiform. spiral stigmata regularly arranged with every four adjacent spirals converging to the same central point. dorsal lamina divided in languets. stomach wall with a few longitudinal folds, anterior to the intestinal loop (figure 4b) .\ncorella borealis traustedt, 1886: greenland, canada, u. s. (massachusetts), british islands .\ncorella minuta traustedt, 1882: haiti, anguilla, saint thomas, saba, panama, curaçao, brazil? (bahia) .\ncorella parallelogramma (müeller, 1776): norway, sweden, british islands, scotland .\nanimals 2 - 3 cm long, uncolored or yellow with reddish siphons. tunic with an anterior flat lid that covers both siphons and contains many projections and spines. longitudinal musculature forming thick bands, displaced to the sides of the siphons and connected to the tunic to move the lid. pharynx with straight stigmata. dorsal lamina divided in languets. stomach wall with a few longitudinal folds, anterior to the intestinal loop .\nrhodosoma turcicum (savigny, 1816): u. s. (florida), cuba, jamaica, puerto rico, st. croix, st. thomas, guadeloupe, panama, curaçao, bonaire, brazil (bahia, rio de janeiro) .\ncolonial ascidians with zooids linked by stolons and covered by a thin and usually translucent tunic (figure 7i). body round or elongate, usually greenish or yellowish. siphons opening on the surface of the colony, with many lobes, both with independent apertures. larvae large with adhesive papillae arranged linearly .\nzooids small (3 - 6 mm) and round, transparent, uncolored or greenish, arising from a net of stolons. body musculature pattern distinct for each species. pharynx with four or five rows of stigmata and complete longitudinal vessels. alimentary canal almost horizontal underneath the pharynx; stomach wall smooth; rectum short. gonads inside the intestinal loop. larvae incubated inside the atrial cavity .\nperophora bermudensis berrill, 1932: bermuda, u. s. (florida), jamaica, grand cayman, puerto rico, barbuda, antiqua, st. kitts, st. croix, belize, aruba, curaçao, bonaire, colombia, aves islands, brazil (são paulo) .\nperophora multiclathrata (sluiter, 1904): bermuda, cuba, jamaica, puerto rico, guadeloupe, martinique, belize, panama, bonaire, brazil (alagoas, espírito santo, são paulo to santa catarina), senegal, sierra leone, ghana .\nperophora regina goodbody & cole, 1987: belize, brazil (paraná, santa catarina) .\nperophora viridis verrill, 1871: bermuda, u. s. (maine to north carolina), jamaica, puerto rico, guadeloupe, belize, panama, bonaire, guyana, suriname, brazil (bahia to santa catarina), azores, sierra leone .\nzooids elongate, transparent, uncolored or yellowish. body musculature pattern distinct for each species. pharynx with more than ten rows of stigmata. alimentary canal with two loops or oblique; stomach wall with variable number of folds; long rectum. gonads inside the intestinal loop. larvae incubated inside the atrial cavity .\necteinascidia conklini berrill, 1932: bermuda, u. s. (florida), belize, haiti, puerto rico, barbuda, guadeloupe, st. martin, st. croix, saint thomas, curaçao, bonaire, brazil (ceará, pernambuco, bahia )\necteinascidia minuta berrill, 1932: bermuda, u. s. (florida), cuba, jamaica, st. croix, guadeloupe, martinique, belize, bonaire, aruba, brazil (rio grande do norte, espírito santo), trinidad and tobago, azores .\necteinascidia styeloides (traustedt, 1882): cuba, jamaica, guadeloupe, st. croix, belize, panama, venezuela, brazil (ceará) .\necteinascidia turbinata herdman, 1880: bermuda, u. s. (florida), bahamas, jamaica, cuba, guadeloupe, st. martin, st. croix, saint thomas, saint vincent, belize, panama, bonaire, aruba, curaçao, guyana, suriname, brazil (amapá to maranhão, bahia), cape verde, senegal .\ncolonial ascidians with zooids connected by stolons or by a common basal tunic. siphons smooth, both with independent apertures (figure 1d). abdomen long; stomach wall smooth with a typhlosole or with a few longitudinal folds. large quantity of male follicles around the ovary. large quantity of embryos and larvae brooded inside the atrial cavity .\nzooids usually elongated and rather transparent tinted with blue, pink or white, usually forming pigmented lines along the endostyle and the peripharyngeal grove. pharynx with eight to twenty rows of stigmata, without longitudinal vessels or folds. body divided in thorax and abdomen, the latter elongated. gonads present in the intestinal loop; fertilization occurs in the end of the expanded oviduct, forming an incubation pouch inside the atrial cavity where numerous larvae are brooded. statocyte and ocellus always present in larvae. budding occurs at terminal ampullae of the basal vascular stolons .\nclavelina brasiliensis (millar, 1977): suriname, guyana, brazil (pará) .\nclavelina lepadiformis (müller, 1776): u. s. (connecticut), norway, france, ireland, scotland, morocco, azores, south africa .\nclavelina oblonga herdman, 1880: bermuda, u. s. (georgia, south carolina, florida), cuba, jamaica, puerto rico, guadeloupe, saint thomas, saint vincent, belize, panama, aruba, curaçao, venezuela, trinidad and tobago, brazil (rio de janeiro to santa catarina), azores, cape verde islands, senegal .\nclavelina picta (verrill, 1900): bermuda, u. s. (south carolina, florida), cuba, jamaica, puerto rico, belize, venezuela .\nclavelina puertosecensis millar & goodbody, 1974: jamaica, guadeloupe, belize, panama .\npycnoclavella communis pérez - portela et al. 2007: madeira island, canary islands, strait of gibraltar\ncolonial ascidians with globular massive colonies. tunic cartilaginous and translucent. siphons folded with six lobes, and projections along their margins (figure 15a); both with independent apertures. well developed velum in both siphons, projecting outside. zooids are about 2. 5 cm long, divided in thorax and abdomen with equal length. thoracic longitudinal muscles form two ventral bands along the abdomen. long stoloniferous vessels project from the abdomen and ramify into the tunic. ovary with only one or two oocytes .\nstomozoa gigantea (van name, 1921): u. s. (florida), mexico, guyana, suriname, brazil (pará to bahia), south africa .\ncolonial ascidians either pedunculated or sessile, in this case cushion - like, with zooid systems usually well organized around common cloacas. oral siphon with six lobes; atrial siphon usually with a dorsal enlarged languet (figure 5b). pharynx with dorsal longitudinal muscular fibers that extend to the abdomen. the ascending intestine do not cross the esophagus. gonads inside the intestinal loop or in a pouch linked to the abdomen by a thin peduncle; ovary usually small with few oocytes (< 12). larvae large (figure 7e), sometimes with blastozooids. embryos brooded in a pouch projecting from the thorax, sometimes broken loose inside the tunic (figure 7b). one or two stoloniferous vessels projecting from the posterior part of the body, responsible for the budding process .\ndistaplia bermudensis van name, 1902: bermuda, u. s. (north carolina to florida), cuba, jamaica, puerto rico, west indies, guadeloupe, saint thomas, belize, panama, curaçao, venezuela, guyana, suriname, brazil (pará, ceará, bahia to santa catarina), senegal .\ndistaplia clavata (sars, 1851): greenland, bay of fundy, canada, u. s. (maine, massachusetts), spitsbergen / svalbard, iceland e norway .\ndistaplia cylindrica (lesson, 1830): strait of magellan, south georgia islands, antarctic .\ndistaplia rosea della valle, 1881: u. k. , scotland, english channel .\ndistaplia stylifera (kowalevsky, 1874): u. s. (florida), jamaica, curaçao, panama, colombia, venezuela, brazil (ceará, espírito santo, são paulo) .\ncold water genus with ovate, clavate, or somewhat elongate stalked colonies. zooids organized in pairs along longitudinal lines on each side of the cloacal channels that converge to a cloacal aperture in the apex of the colony. zooids divided in thorax and abdomen with equal length. thorax with long stigmata distributed in four rows, not crossed by parastigmatic vessels. no more than five longitudinal muscular fibers on each side of the thorax. gonads inside or slightly posterior to the intestinal loop, which can be twisted. larva with large trunk (> 1 mm), lacking ampullae and ocellus; they are incubated within long pouches inside the tunic .\nsycozoa gaimardi (herdman, 1886): strait of magellan, tierra del fuego, falkland islands, south shetland islands, south georgia islands .\nsycozoa georgiana (michaelsen, 1907): south georgia islands, south sandwich islands, south shetland .\nsycozoa sigillinoides lesson, 1830: argentina, strait of magellan, tierra del fuego, falkland islands, south georgia islands, antarctic .\nsycozoa umbellata (michaelsen, 1898): tierra del fuego, south georgia islands .\ncolonial ascidians usually forming thin encrusting colonies. the consistency of the tunic varies as well as the presence and abundance of calcareous spicules (figure 8i). cloacal cavity and channels wide or reduced. musculature restricted to the thorax. lateral thoracic organs present in species with spicules. presence of transverse muscular fibers between rows of stigmata in the pharynx and also dorsal longitudinal fibers that originate the muscular process that projects posteriorly into the tunic. two to eight stolonic vessels projecting into the tunic, with an expanded end. larvae usually well developed, sometimes gemmiparous with one or more blastozooids. statocyte and ocellus always present .\ncolonies usually encrusting of variable size and thickness; sometimes forming hanging lobes. some tropical species with symbiont algae. spicules usually stellated and large (~ 100 µm), with few conical rays. thorax short with three rows of stigmata and a tubular and posterior atrial siphon. testis with only one follicle inside the intestinal loop, surrounded by the coils of the sperm duct .\ntrididemnum cyanophorum lafargue & duclaux, 1979: belize, puerto rico, guadeloupe .\ntrididemnum orbiculatum (van name, 1902): bermuda, u. s. (florida), cuba, west indies, guadeloupe, belize, panama, curaçao, venezuela, brazil (ceará, bahia to santa catarina) .\ntrididemnum savignii (herdman, 1886): bermuda, u. s. (south carolina), cuba, guadeloupe, panama, senegal .\ntrididemnum solidum (van name, 1902): bermuda, u. s. (florida), bahamas, belize, cuba, jamaica, puerto rico, west indies, guadeloupe, saint thomas, curaçao, brazil (rio grande do norte) .\ntrididemnum tenerum (verrill, 1871): u. s. (maine, massachusetts), greenland, iceland, spitsbergen / svalbard, faroe islands, norway, skagerrak strait, u. k. , scotland .\nencrusting colonies variable in color and size, sometimes forming lobes. spicules variable in number, shape and size (usually less than 50 µm). zooids usually smaller than in trididemnum (1 mm long or less). a few species with an atrial languet. pharynx with four rows of stigmata, rarely with more than eight stigmata per half row. most species with one male follicle, surrounded by the coils of the sperm duct. larval trunk usually smaller than 0, 5 mm, occasionally gemmiparous. a few species with two adhesive papillae instead of three; variable number of ectodermal ampullae .\ndidemnum ahu monniot & monniot, 1987: brazil (pernambuco, bahia, são paulo, santa catarina) .\ndidemnum albidum (verrill, 1871): greenland, davis strait, u. s. (maine, massachusetts), spitsbergen / svalbard, jan mayen islands, iceland, faroe islands, norway, sweden, scotland .\ndidemnum calliginosum monniot, 1984: guadeloupe, panamá, brazil (santa catarina) .\ndidemnum cineraceum (sluiter, 1898a): belize, jamaica, guadeloupe, panama, venezuela, brazil (ceará, são paulo), sierra leone .\ndidemnum conchyliatum (sluiter, 1898a): jamaica, guadeloupe, st. lucia, grenada, belize, panama, curaçao, venezuela .\ndidemnum granulatum tokioka, 1954: panama, brazil (ceará to santa catarina), senegal .\ndidemnum lahillei hartmeyer, 1909: france, spain, portugal, azores islands, senegal .\ndidemnum lutarium (van name, 1910): u. s. (maine to massachusetts) .\ndidemnum maculosum (milne - edwards, 1841): faroe islands, norway, skagerrak strait, germany, u. k. , english channel, france, spain, azores, senegal .\ndidemnum perlucidum monniot, 1983a: u. s. (florida, gulf of mexico, texas), guadeloupe, belize, panama, venezuela, brazil (ceará, bahia to santa catarina), senegal .\ndidemnum psammatodes (sluiter, 1895): cuba, jamaica, guadeloupe, saint vincent, grenada, st. lucia, belize, panama, aruba, curaçao, brazil (ceará to são paulo), sierra leone .\ndidemnum rodriguesi rocha & monniot, 1993: brazil (rio de janeiro to santa catarina) .\ndidemnum speciosum (herdman, 1886): bermudas, u. s. (maine to florida), bahamas, cuba, jamaica, puerto rico, saint thomas, mexico, panama, curaçao, brazil (amapá to santa catarina) .\ndidemnum vanderhorsti van name, 1924: u. s. (florida), jamaica, curaçao, venezuela, brazil (ceará, pernambuco to santa catarina) .\ndidemnum vexillum kott, 2002: u. s. (maine to connecticut) .\nencrusting colonies variable in color and size. spicules usually stellated and large (~ 100 µm). zooids very similar to the ones in didemnum, but usually with an atrial languet and pharynx with more than nine stigmata in each half row. testis with two or more follicles surrounded by 3 - 5 separated coils of the sperm duct (figure 23a). larvae usually gemmiparous and large (0, 7 - 1 mm trunk length) .\npolysyncraton amethysteum (van name, 1902): bermuda, u. s. (florida), cuba, puerto rico, belize, colombia, brazil? (pernambuco to santa catarina), cape verde, senegal, ghana .\npolysyncraton trivolutum (millar, 1960a): magellan region, falkland islands, south shetland islands .\nencrusting colonies variable in color and size. thorax of zooids very similar to the ones in trididemnum, but with four rows of stigmata. testis with one or more follicles surrounded by few and separated coils of the sperm duct as in polysyncraton. larvae never gemmiparous .\nleptoclinides faeröensis bjerkan, 1905: u. s. , davis strait, canada, spitsbergen / svalbard, iceland, faroe islands, norway, denmark, u. k. , english channel .\ncolonies encrusting and thin, with variable number of spicules. zooids usually with a large and delicate thorax, with the wide atrial aperture exposing part of the pharynx. atrial languet usually present and not bifurcate. testis with variable number of male follicles, but usually one or two; straight sperm duct. larvae sometimes gemmiparous .\nlissoclinum aureum verrill 1871: canada, u. s. (maine, massachusetts), spitsbergen / svalbard, iceland .\nlissoclinum fragile (van name, 1902): bermuda, u. s. (florida), dominican republic, jamaica, guadeloupe, belize, panama, curaçao, venezuela, brazil (ceará, pernambuco, rio de janeiro to santa catarina), azores, sierra leone, argentina (patagonia) .\nlissoclinum perforatum (giard, 1872): guadeloupe, brazil (rio grande do norte, rio de janeiro to santa catarina), scotland, u. k. , france, spain, portugal, azores .\nlissoclinum verrilli (van name, 1902): bermuda, u. s. (florida), cuba, guadeloupe, belize, panama, ghana, brazil (santa catarina )\ncolonies encrusting and usually very soft with with gelatinous or mucous tunic. similar to lissoclinum but without spicules. thorax long and delicate with a large part of the pharynx exposed. testis usually with two follicles; straight sperm duct. larvae gemmiparous (figure 7f) .\ndiplosoma listerianum (milne - edwards, 1841): bermuda, u. s. (south carolina, florida), belize, jamaica, puerto rico, guadeloupe, saint thomas, aruba, curaçao, bonaire, panama, venezuela, guyana, suriname, brazil (rio grande do norte to santa catarina), norway, germany, shetland islands, scotland, u. k. , ireland, english channel, france, spain, portugal, azores, morocco, senegal, ghana, namibia, south africa .\ndiplosoma longinquum (sluiter, 1912): falkland islands, argentina (patagonia) .\ncolonial ascidians with zooids completely embedded and usually arranged in circles. colonies form thick cushions with smooth surface. zooids very short and usually contracted. thorax with four rows of stigmata and abdomen covered by disk - like calcareous spicules (figure 8h). ovary with only one oocyte. larva with many ampullae, sometimes forming a crown around the three or more adhesive papillae; four rows of stigmata in the oozooid. brooding in the atrial cavity or in an abdominal pouch .\ncystodytes dellechiajei (della valle, 1877): bermuda, u. s. (florida), cuba, guadeloupe, belize, panama, guyana, suriname, brazil (pará to santa catarina), spain, portugal, azores, mauritania, senegal, ghana, cameroon, south africa .\ncystodytes guinensis michaelsen, 1914: azores, morocco, senegal, cape verde, ghana .\ncushion or mushroom - like colonies, sometimes forming lobes. tunic frequently with sand, shell fragments and algae inside. zooids usually organized in systems, in this case the atrial siphon is long and the apertures lay in the center of the system (figure 1b). thorax short with three rows of stigmata and usually covered by strong musculature. abdomen long with a small and smooth stomach. pyloric gland well developed on the rectum wall, with distinctive patterns differentiating species (figure 19b). ovary with many oocytes of different sizes. brooding in the atrial cavity .\neudistoma angolanum (michaelsen, 1915): azores, senegal, sierra leone, ghana, togo, angola .\neudistoma capsulatum (van name, 1902): bermuda, u. s. (virginia to florida), bahamas, mexico, belize, cuba, dominican republic, guadeloupe, cape verde .\neudistoma carolinense van name, 1945: u. s. (south carolina, florida), guadeloupe, martinique, panama, brazil (alagoas to espírito santo, paraná, santa catarina) .\neudistoma clarum (van name, 1902): bermuda, belize, guadeloupe, panama, bonaire, azores, senegal .\neudistoma clavatum rocha & bonnet, 2009: brasil (são paulo, santa catarina) .\neudistoma hepaticum (van name, 1921): u. s. (florida), mexico, jamaica, guadeloupe, saint thomas .\neudistoma obscuratum (van name, 1902): bermuda, u. s. (florida), belize, panama .\neudistoma olivaceum (van name, 1902): u. s. (south carolina, florida), bahamas, small cayman, cuba, jamaica, puerto rico, guadeloupe, st. croix, st. martin, grenada, belize, panama, curaçao, bonaire .\neudistoma saldanhai millar, 1977: guyana, suriname, brazil (pará to alagoas) .\neudistoma tarponense van name, 1945: u. s. (florida) .\ncolonial ascidians, encrusting, with zooids connected only by the posterior region, sometimes organized in clumps. zooids very similar to eudistoma in structure. brooding in the atrial cavity\narchidistoma aggregatum garstang, 1891: u. s. (north carolina), u. k .\ncolonial ascidians either with a peduncle or not, in this case cushion - like or spherical. zooids elongated with 4 - 20 rows of stigmata in the pharynx and a long abdomen with smooth or folded wall stomach. brooding inside the atrial cavity or inside a pouch (as in p. searli) .\ncolonial ascidians with cushion - like or massive colonies, sometimes with a peduncle. zooids completely embedded in the tunic forming systems around a common cloaca. oral siphon with 6 - 8 lobes, but atrial aperture smooth with or without a dorsal languet. post - abdomen largely connected to the abdomen (figures 3b, 5c) or connected by a thin peduncle. body wall musculature formed by longitudinal fibers restricted to the thorax or extending to the end of the post - abdomen. transverse pharyngeal vessels might present muscular fibers. ovary small and anterior to the numerous male follicles in the post - abdomen .\ncolonies with gelatinous tunic sometimes with sand, cushion - like or rounded. elongated zooids with a large atrial languet (figure 7a); thorax larger than abdomen. longitudinal musculature restricted to the thorax. pharynx with 10 - 20 rows of stigmata; transverse muscle fibers between them. abdomen in a more or less 90º position in relation to the thorax. post - abdomen sac - like with the ovary surrounded by male follicles. larval trunk no longer than 0. 6 mm; ectodermic vesicles usually present. brooding inside the atrial cavity (figure 7a) or in a small pouch projecting from the thorax at the anus level .\npolyclinum aurantium milne - edwards 1841: faroe islands, norway, netherlands, belgium, shetland islands, u. k. , azores, cape verde, senegal, sierra leone, ghana, brazil (rio de janeiro )\npolyclinum constellatum savigny, 1816: bermuda, u. s. (florida), bahamas, cuba, jamaica, puerto rico, dominican republic, st. martin, guadeloupe, barbuda, mexico, belize, panama, colombia, aruba, curaçao, bonaire, venezuela, brazil (ceará, espírito santo to santa catarina) .\npolyclinum molle rocha & costa, 2005: brasil (rio de janeiro) .\ncolonies and zooid structure very similar to polyclinum, the main difference being the lack of papillated transverse vessels in the pharynx and the vertical position of the untwisted abdomen .\ncold water genera with colonies massive or lobed, with or without a peduncle. zooids elongated. pharynx with eight or more rows of stigmata. abdomen not very long; stomach with typhlosole and smooth or areolate wall. atrial siphons tubular with or without an atrial languet. longitudinal musculature extends to the post - abdomen .\nsynoicum pulmonaria (ellis & solander, 1786): greenland, canada, u. s. (maine), spitzberg / svalbard, bear island, iceland, norway, skagerrak strait, germany, netherlands, belgium, u. k. , english channel, spain, morocco .\ncolonies with gelatinous tunic sometimes containing sand, encrusting and thick, or cushion - like, or forming lobes. zooids elongated and thin (figure 5c). an atrial languet is usually visible in relaxed zooids. thoracic longitudinal musculature extends along the post - abdomen. pharynx with six or more rows of stigmata; transverse muscle fibers between them. posterior stomach and rectal valve present in the abdomen. larval trunk no longer than 1 mm; ectodermic vesicles usually present .\naplidium accarense (millar, 1953): panama, venezuela, brazil (são paulo, santa catarina), cape verde, senegal, ghana .\naplidium albicans (milne edwards, 1841): france, portugal, senegal .\naplidium antillense (gravier, 1955): bermuda, u. s. (georgia), belize, jamaica, guadeloupe .\naplidium bermudae (van name, 1902): bermuda, u. s. (north carolina to florida), mexico, belize, jamaica, guadeloupe, virgin islands, curaçao, venezuela, azores .\naplidium circumvolutum (sluiter, 1900): falkland island, south shetland islands .\naplidium constellatum (verrill, 1871): u. s. (new hampshire to florida), guadeloupe .\naplidium elegans (giard, 1872): english channel, france, spain, portugal .\naplidium exile (van name, 1902): bermuda, u. s. (florida), mexico, belize, cuba, west indies, guadeloupe .\naplidium falklandicum millar, 1960a: south georgia islands, south sandwich islands, elephant island, south shetland islands .\naplidium fuegiense (cunningham, 1871): argentina, strait of magellan, falkland islands, south shetland islands, namibia .\naplidium glabrum (verrill, 1871): greenland, u. s. (maine to rhode island), svalbard, iceland, norway, scotland .\naplidium imbutum monniot & monniot, 1983: elephant island, south shetland islands .\naplidium irregulare (herdman, 1886): argentina, falkland islands, strait of the magellan, tierra del fuego .\naplidium lobatum savigny, 1816: u. s. (florida), jamaica, puerto rico, guadeloupe, saint thomas, brazil (alagoas, bahia) .\naplidium meridianum (sluiter, 1906): argentina, magellan region, south georgia islands, south sandwich islands, south shetland islands .\naplidium multisulcatum millar, 1977: brazil (maranhão, rio grande do norte) .\naplidium nordmanni (milne - edwards, 1841): norway, u. k. , spain, portugal .\naplidium pallidum (verrill, 1871): davis strait, canada, u. s. (maine to rhode island), spitsbergen / svalbard, iceland, faroe islands, norway, orkney islands, u. k. , english channel, france, portugal .\naplidium pellucidum (drasche, 1883): u. s. (massachusetts to florida) .\naplidium pentatrema monniot, f. : bermuda, guadeloupe, brazil (paraná) .\naplidium proliferum (milne - edwards, 1841): shetland islands, u. k. , english channel, portugal .\naplidium punctum (giard, 1873): u. k. , france, spain, portugal .\naplidium quinquesulcatum millar, 1977: brazil (fernando de noronha, maranhão to pernambuco) .\naplidium ruzickai sanamyan & gleason 2009: u. s. (georgia) .\naplidium spitzbergense hartmeyer, 1903: greenland, canada, u. s. (massachussets), svalbard, iceland, jan mayen islandsm, norway .\naplidium stellatum (verrill, 1871): u. s. (maine to florida) .\naplidium turbinatum (savigny, 1816): faroe islands, norway, germany, u. k. , english channel, france, spain, mauritania .\naplidium variabile (herdman, 1886): falkland island, south georgia islands .\ncolonies claviform, the base or peduncle with the posterior part of the zooids, the head with the thoraxes. zooids very similar to synoicum in structure, the main difference is the number of lobes of the oral siphon. oral siphons with four red spots around the base. atrial languet small with a tapering end. pharynx with 12 - 20 rows of stigmata. larvae with ectodermic vesicles in the anterior and ventral regions, but without ampullae. thorax and abdomen absorbed during winter months .\nmorchellium argus (milne - edwards, 1841): u. k. , france, spain, portugal .\ncolonial species with zooids either completely embedded in a common tunic or united by a stolon. no cloacal systems; both siphons opening at the surface of the colony. longitudinal musculature extends to the post - abdomen; transverse musculature present on the thorax. pharynx with 12 - 20 rows of stigmata. stomach wall plicated. post - abdomen usually short (same length or smaller than the abdomen). larvae usually longer than 0. 8 mm with two tubular eversible adhesive papillae (although the larvae from e. areolata, e. rodei and e. solida are unknown) .\neuherdmania vitrea millar, 1961: brazil (são paulo, santa catarina) .\ncolonies usually stalked with zooids completely embedded in the common tunic with both siphons opening at the surface of the colony. siphons with six lobes. thorax very similar to eudistoma with three rows of stigmata. thoracic longitudinal musculature extending along the post - abdomen. stomach divided into four chambers. gonads arranged linearly or in a cluster inside the post - abdomen. larval trunk longer than 1 mm, with three adhesive papillae linearly arranged. stolonic vessel usually longer than in polycitoridae .\nlarge family with species either colonial or solitary, with variable sizes. solitary forms with a thin leathery tunic and body as a sac with the alimentary canal on the left side of the pharynx. some colonial forms with a more delicate tunic, others with a tough leathery tunic. zooids united by a stolon or embedded in a common tunic, body in only one part in both solitary and colonial forms, although botryllids have the stomach posterior to the pharynx (figure 5a). the family is well characterized by the simultaneous presence of simple tentacles, continuous dorsal lamina, folded stomach and four pharyngeal folds on each side (this last character exclusive to solitary forms). frequent presence of endocarps attached to the body wall and / or to the intestine (figure 19e) .\nsolitary ascidians sometimes with a small peduncle. tunic thin but leathery and opaque. body wall with thin muscle fibers both longitudinal and transverse. endocarps in some species, on the body wall and intestine. stomach usually elongated and folded; without caecum. more than one gonad in each side: ovary elongated, rarely ramified, completely attached to the body wall; male follicles elongate and ramified, surrounding the ovary but not in close contact (figure 23e). one sperm duct per gonad along the atrial wall of the ovary .\ncnemidocarpa mollis (stimpson, 1852): u. s. (maine to connecticut), shetland islands, orkney islands, u. k .\ncnemidocarpa mortenseni (hartmeyer, 1912): davis strait, canada, u. s. (massachusetts), iceland, norway, skagerrak strait .\ncnemidocarpa nordenskjoldi (cunningham, 1871): argentina, strait of magellan, antarctic .\ncnemidocarpa rhizopus (redikorzev, 1907): greenland, canada, spitsbergen / svalbard, iceland, norway .\ncnemidocarpa verrucosa (lesson, 1830): argentina, falkland islands, south georgia islands .\nsolitary ascidians of various sizes and sometimes aggregated in large numbers. endocarps on the body wall and inside the intestinal loop (figure 19e). gastric caecum might be present at the pyloric region of the stomach. gonads small and numerous, oval or round, with one sperm duct per gonad (figure 23c). gonads are sometimes embedded in the body wall and other times, very loosely attached .\npolycarpa arnoldi (michaelsen, 1914): u. s. (florida), cuba, guadeloupe, martinique, st. martin, panama, colombia, curaçao, bonaire, brazil (bahia), cape verde, guinea .\npolycarpa cartilaginea (sluiter, 1898a): cuba, guadeloupe, belize, panama, colombia, curaçao .\npolycarpa fibrosa (stimpson, 1852): greenland, canada (prince edward island), u. s. (maine to massachusetts), spitsbergen / svalbard, iceland, faroe islands, norway, skagerrak strait, sweden, belgium, netherlands, u. k. , english channel, portugal, strait of gibraltar .\npolycarpa gracilis heller, 1877: english channel, scotland, spain, portugal, strait of gibraltar .\npolycarpa insulsa (sluiter, 1898a): mexico, cuba, panama, colombia, venezuela, guyana, suriname .\npolycarpa mamillaris (gaertner, 1774): spain, portugal, strait of gibraltar .\npolycarpa nivosa (sluiter, 1898b): cuba, colombia, venezuela, brazil (ceará, pernambuco) .\npolycarpa pomaria (savigny, 1816): iceland, faroe islands, norway, north sea, sweden, denmark, u. k. , france, spain, portugal, azores, strait of gibraltar .\npolycarpa pusilla (herdman, 1884): portugal, azores, strait of gibraltar .\npolycarpa scuba monniot, 1971: u. k. , english channel, spain, portugal, strait of gibraltar, azores .\npolycarpa spongiabilis (traustedt, 1883): bermuda, u. s. (florida), bahamas, cuba, dominican republic, jamaica, puerto rico, guadeloupe, martinique, antigua & barbuda, mexico, belize, panama, curaçao, venezuela, guyana, suriname, brazil (ceará to bahia, rio de janeiro to santa catarina) .\npolycarpa tumida heller, 1878: bermuda, u. s. (florida), jamaica, guadeloupe, belize, panama, colombia, curaçao, venezuela, brazil (ceará, bahia) .\nsmall solitary ascidians with a thin leathery tunic, inhabiting cold water. the pharyngeal folds can be reduced. stomach usually with a small caecum. the only gonad on the right side of the body, usually ramified with more than one sperm duct per gonad. without endocarps .\ndendrodoa aggregata (rathke, 1806): greenland, canada, u. s. (maine), spitsbergen / svalbard, iceland, faroe islands, norway .\ndendrodoa pulchella (verrill, 1871): greenland, canada, u. s. (maine), spitsbergen / svalbard .\ndendrodoa carnea (agassiz, 1850): canada, u. s. (maine to north carolina) .\ndendrodoa grossularia (van beneden, 1846): greenland, davis strait, canada, spitsbergen / svalbard, iceland, faroe islands, norway, north sea, sweden, denmark, u. k. , english channel .\nsolitary ascidian with a long cylindrical body. the alimentary canal is posterior to the pharynx. sixteen to 20 longitudinal vessels on each side of the pharynx, no folds. body wall without endocarps. one gonad in each side of the body; ovary in the secondary intestinal loop, as a long tube forming a posterior loop with the two halves almost parallel. one sperm duct per gonad, running along the ovary .\npelonaia corrugata forbes & goodsir, 1841: greenland, canada, u. s. (massachusetts), spitsbergen / svalbard, faroe islands, norway, skagerrak strait, north sea, u. k .\nbotryllus planus (van name, 1902): u. s. (florida), bermudas, belize, guadeloupe, panama, curaçao, brazil (ceará, bahia, são paulo, paraná) .\nbotryllus schlosseri (pallas, 1766): canada, u. s. (maine to florida), bermuda, cuba, argentina (mar del plata), faroe islands, norway, skagerrak strait, north sea, u. k. , english channel, france, spain, cape verde, senegal, south africa .\nbotryllus tabori rodrigues, 1962: brazil (ceará, alagoas, bahia to são paulo) .\nbotryllus tuberatus ritter & forsyth, 1917: u. s. (florida), guadeloupe, belize, panama, brazil (rio grande do norte to alagoas, são paulo to santa catarina) .\nbotrylloides aureum (sars, 1851): greenland, davis strait, canada, u. s. (maine), spitsbergen / svalbard, iceland e norway .\nbotrylloides giganteum (pérès, 1949): brazil (espírito santo to são paulo, santa catarina), senegal .\nbotrylloides leachii (savigny, 1816): norway, u. k. , scotland, spain, senegal .\nbotrylloides nigrum herdman, 1886: u. s. (florida, texas), bahamas, grand cayman, cuba, haiti, jamaica, puerto rico, guadeloupe, st. martin, martinique, mexico, belize, colombia, aruba, curaçao, bonaire, venezuela, brazil (ceará, paraíba to santa catarina), morocco, cape verde, senegal, sierra leone .\nbotrylloides violaceus oka, 1927: canada (newfoundland, prince edward island), u. s. (maine to massachusetts) .\ncolonial ascidian with zooids embedded in a common, thin, transparent tunic. zooids ovate with both siphons opening on the surface of the colony. four longitudinal vessels on each side of the pharynx. gastric caecum present. one globular ovary in each side of the body with the male follicles anterior and posterior (figure 23f), one sperm duct per gonad. body wall without endocarps. brooding in the atrial cavity .\nsymplegma brakenhielmi (michaelsen, 1904): bermuda, u. s. (north carolina to florida), jamaica, puerto rico, guadeloupe, mexico, belize, panama, venezuela, brazil (pará to santa catarina), senegal, ghana .\nsymplegma rubra monniot, 1972: bermuda, u. s. (florida, gulf of mexico), jamaica, guadeloupe, belize, panama, venezuela, brazil (ceará, espírito santo to santa catarina) .\nsymplegma viride herdman, 1886: bermuda, u. s. (florida), grand cayman, cuba, jamaica, grenada, guadeloupe, curaçao, bonaire, senegal .\ncolonial ascidian with zooids united by a thin layer of tunic. both siphons opening on the surface of the colony. pharynx with no folds but with eight longitudinal vessels on each side. endocarps might occur on the body wall. gonads in a line at each side of the endostyle, formed by the ovary and a single testis follicle. only male gonads in the beginning of the breeding period, or only male follicles in the most anterior gonads. few oocytes, maturing one at a time per gonad .\npolyzoa atlantica sanamyan, gleason & sanamyan 2009: u. s. (georgia) .\npolyzoa opuntia lesson, 1830: argentina, strait of magellan, falkland islands, south georgia island .\npolyzoa reticulata (herdman, 1886): argentina, falkland islands, south georgia island .\ncolonial ascidian with separated zooids covered by a thin tunic. zooids 2 - 3 mm long, with both siphons opening on the surface of the colony. protostigmas present in the posterior region of the pharynx; seven to 10 longitudinal vessels in each side. numerous endocarps on the body wall. gastric caecum present. colonies either male or female at a time; male gonads distant from the endostyle, while female gonads closer to it; testis with one follicle, lobed or not, one ventral sperm duct per gonad, while the oviduct is dorsal. brooding inside the atrial cavity .\ncolonial ascidian with zooids united by a tough and leathery tunic or by stolons. usually reddish in color. both siphons opening on the surface of the colony. five to 16 longitudinal vessels on each side of the pharynx. endocarps present on both sides of the body wall. a gastric caecum might be present. male and female gonads separate, sometimes in opposite sides of the body. ovary globular; male follicles lobed or not. brooding inside the atrial cavity." ]

{ "text": [ "the angular sea squirt , styela angularis , is a solitary , hermaphroditic ascidian tunicate that is found along the coast of southern africa from lüderitz bay in namibia to the eastern cape . " ], "topic": [ 2 ] }

[ "the angular sea squirt, styela angularis, is a solitary, hermaphroditic ascidian tunicate that is found along the coast of southern africa from lüderitz bay in namibia to the eastern cape." ]

[ "so what was it? a meteorologist says it was actually a sand devil, or a type of dust devil .\nimage - ubrikki - sand - devil. png | wookieepedia | fandom powered by wikia\nyou' ve heard of a dust devil. but on wednesday, a visitor from california captured a\nsand devil\non video .\nthe sand devil was a hoverbike model produced by ubrikkian transports during the cold war ...\ngreenball sand devil tires in springfield, mo | g. l. moore tire pros & automotive\nin laboratory experiments of sand transport in the absence of dust, it has been seen that sand may electrify either positively or negatively depending on the size distribution within the sand bed (bo et al .\n) making the “thermal dance” in order to diminish the contact with the hot sand .\n. not dangerous to people when undisturbed, but readily snaps at fishermen that catch it (hence the common name sand devil) and can inflict severe lacerations .\nliberg o, chapron g, wabakken p, pedersen hc, sand h. 2012 .\nwet dry sandpaper and sanding block sander kit venkoda 128pcs 120 to 3000 grit sand ...\ncollection of tiny particles that acts as a binding agent to materials such as sand or plastics .\nsand castles condos are located oceanfront in the town of kill devil hills, nc. these 2 bedroom, 2 bath units offer some of the most beautiful views of the atlantic .\nan artist’s impression of an electrified dust devil at mars (from farrell et al .\nw. d. crozier, dust devil properties. j. geophys. res .\n). this size dependence has been best demonstrated in laboratory experiments involving sand cascading (lacks et al .\nsave the tasmanian devil program site has a database of scientific research associated with the tasmanian devil and a search can be made for the fifty and more papers available in that database .\nthe cartoon tasmanian devil does have one thing in common with the real creature: poor temperament. when the devil feels threatened, it goes into a rage in which it growls, lunges and bares its teeth. it also makes otherworldly screams that can seem very devil - like. it may be due to this temper that the tasmanian devil is a solitary creature .\no, in the vicinity of an electrified dust devil or storm (after delory et al .\nfor sand grains of diameter 0. 15 mm, 0. 2 mm, and 0. 25 mm, respectively. the maximum e - field within the dust devil was reached in about 80 seconds of simulation time .\nthorny devils are found in sand plain and sand ridge deserts and in mallee scrub on sandy soils. they are found only in sandy or sandy loam soils, not in rocky or hard soils. vegetation in these habitats is characterized by spinifex grasses (\nwind tunnels have been more extensively used to investigate the influence of applied electric fields upon sand transport (saltation). several groups have reported reduction in the threshold for saltation and enhanced transport rates of sand due to applied electric fields (kok and renno\ndust devils are similar to tornadoes but weaker. however, it can sometimes have winds up to hurricane force. the difference - - tornadoes form from the cloud down; dust devils form from the ground up often due to temperature differences around different surfaces. in this case, the temperature difference between the cooler water and warm sand likely created the sand devil .\nbig horn 19520 sand - devil made of tough injection molded thermoplastic, this patented sanding tool makes it easy to change standard 3\nx 21\nabrasive belts quickly. comes in a clamshell packaging with one 80 grit sanding belt .\nthe tasmanian devil' s population has declined by at least 60 percent since 2001 due to a cancer called devil facial tumor disease (dftd). dftd causes tumors to form on the devil' s facial area, making it difficult for them to eat. eventually, the animal starves to death. the save the tasmanian devil program is an initiative created by the australian and tasmanian governments to save the animals from dftd .\ntasmanian devil (department of primary industries, parks, water and environment, 2014b) [ internet ] .\nj. f. kok, n. o. renno, electrostatics in wind - blown sand. phys. rev. lett .\nlithostratigraphy, biochronology and radiometric ages of the devil’s graveyard formation in the agua fria and hen egg mountain region .\nachyranthes aspera (devil' s horsewhip); flower spike. kadavoor, kerala, india. november 2010 .\ng. d. freier, the electric field of a large dust devil. j. geophys. res .\n). this suggests that dust particles become negatively charged after colliding with the larger sand particles and the surface (e. g. , schonland\nt. bo, h. zhang, w. hu, x. zheng, the analysis of electrification in windblown sand. aeolian res .\na tasmanian devil seen snarling. the animals are in danger of dying off because of a deadly, transmissible cancer .\nvariation of electric field with time beneath the passage of a dust devil in the sahara desert. (reproduced from freier\nw. d. crozier, the electric field of a new mexico dust devil. j. geophys. res .\nn. huang, x. zheng, a laboratory test of the electrification phenomenon in wind - blown sand flux. chin. sci. bull .\nat a few cm above the surface during saltation in sand dunes. electric fields of this magnitude could have significant effects on saltation and therefore dust lifting .\nachyranthes aspera (devil' s horsewhip); close - up of flower. kadavoor, kerala, india. november 2010 .\n) of the breakdown from mixing sand grains all display measurable electrical effects. these not only include the early glow - creating laboratory experiments by eden and vonnegut (\n. this work has mainly been based upon the assumption of a conductive sand bed (surface). however, recently it has been experimentally demonstrated that, for the case in which the sand bed is insulating, the application of an electric field in fact significantly increases the threshold shear stress for saltation (holstein - rathlou\nd. s. schmidt, r. a. schmidt, j. d. dent, electrostatic force on saltating sand. j. geophys. res .\nbradshaw, c. j. a. and brook, b. w. (2005). disease and the devil: density - dependent epidemiological processes explain historical population fluctuations in the tasmanian devil. ecography. 28 (2): 181 - 190 .\n). laboratory experiments have also shown that dust re - suspension in the absence of sand shows little net (size dependent) dust electrification (merrison et al .\nt. bo, h. zhang, x. zheng, charge - to - mass ratio of saltating particles in wind - blown sand. sci. rep .\nt. l. jackson et al. , martian dust devil electron avalanche process and associated electrochemistry. j. geophys. res .\npretty much the same as my old sand devil only the lever appears to be plastic instead of metal. as far as the shape it works extremely well for most applications. i bought the second one after using the first for about ten years so that says it all. buy it! ! !\nj. g. houser et al. , ulf and elf magnetic activity from a terrestrial dust devil. geophys. res. lett .\nmade of tough, injection - molded thermoplastic, this patented sanding tool makes it easy to change standard 3 - inch by 21 - inch abrasive belts quickly. with its multi - surface design, sand devil provides easy access to flat, curved, and angled surfaces, including difficult to reach corners and edges .\n), due often to experimental convenience. there is less success in establishing expected / limiting values. in aeolian sand transport studies values have been quoted of order 60 μc kg\nj. f. kok, n. o. renno, electrification of wind - blown sand on mars and its implications for atmospheric chemistry. geophys. res. lett .\nfrom localities in the devil’s graveyard and canoe formations that span the entire uintan (ui1–ui3). the only other described member of the genus (\nthreatened species scientific committee (2006d). non - approved commonwealth conservation advice on sarcophilus harrisii (tasmanian devil). available from: urltoken .\nherrera, c. m. 1995. floral traits and plant adaptation to insect pollinators: a devil' s advocate approach p. 65–87 .\nused to replace the original sand that comes with a natural gas log set to make the unit have a realistic look. do not use in propane (lp) gas units .\nk. r. rasmussen, j. f. kok, j. p. merrison, enhancement in wind - driven sand transport by electric fields. planet. space sci .\nausvet (2005). tasmanian devil facial tumour disease response technical workshop. final report. ausvet animal health services pty ltd, brisbane, australia .\nowen, d. & d. pemberton (2005). the tasmanian devil: a unique and threatened animal. allen & unwin, australia .\nions should then congregate near the positively charged surface and in the vicinity of the larger positively charged grains near the bottom of the dust devil. the\nit is widely accepted that particulates of the same composition and of differing size will show a tendency for larger particulates to electrify positively and smaller ones to electrify negatively, upon contact and separation. in experimental studies the electric fields generated by terrestrial dust devils support the idea that suspended dust becomes electrified negatively with respect to the sand / sand - bed (schmidt et al .\n). for non - ionic insulators (e. g. polymers and possibly including mineral sand or dust) most researchers attempt to employ electron exchange models (lowell and rose - innes\n: p. 313) designated the “basal tertiary conglomerate” localities of the devil’s graveyard formation as a ui1a reference section. however, gunnell et al. (\nachyranthes aspera (devil' s horsewhip); habit, showing dense patch of flower spikes. kaohikaipu, oahu, hawaii, usa. february 2005 .\nthis is one of the best sanding blocks i' ve ever purchased, and i bought many. it has many different areas to sand on, as well as the rounded edges. it is great to move the sand paper when it gets plugged. i put in the belts on my belt sander and clean them with a cleaning stick. purchasing this is money well spent. dan\nt. l. bo, h. zhang, w. zhu, x. j. zheng, theoretical prediction of electric fields in wind - blown sand. j. geophys. res .\n= = summary = = { { information | attention = | description = ubrikki sand devil, speeder | source ='' star wars: the old republic'' | author = | filespecs = cropped, icons and titles removed | licensing = { { game - screenshot } } | other versions = | cat artist = | cat ...\npemberton, d. (1990). social organisation and behaviour of the tasmanian devil, phd thesis. ph. d. thesis. university of tasmania .\nachyranthes aspera (devil' s horsewhip); spiny seeds adhering to gloved hand. stable rd, spreckelsville, maui, hawaii, usa. january 2013 .\nsilva, f. o. ; b. f. viana & c. m. jacobi. 2005. floral biology of eriope blanchetii (lamiaceae) in coastal sand dunes of ne, brazil .\nviana, b. f. & a. m. p. kleinert. 2005. a community of flower - visiting bees (hymenoptera: apoidea) in the coastal sand dunes of northeastern brazil .\nfor mineral dust and sand it is likely that both electron and / or ion transfer mechanisms may be relevant. here material transfer is considered to be a form of ion transfer (tanoue et al .\nthe electrification of saltating sand grains has been studied using wind tunnels in an extensive series of experiments, which also combined modelling with theory, involving determining the effects on grain trajectories of applied electric fields. in these experiments sand grain electrification was measured in a conventional manner using an faraday cup type electrode to collect the charge of impacting grains and an electrometer to quantify the discharging current (bo et al .\ncommon english language names include angel shark, atlantic angel shark, monkfish, and sand devil. other common names include, ange de l' atlantique (french), ange de mer de sable (french), atlantinmerienkeli (finish), karibisk havsängel (swedish), ryna (polish), tiburón ángel (spanish), and zandduivel (dutch) .\nkirk ec, williams ba (2011) new adapiform primate of old world affinities from the devil’s graveyard formation of texas. journal of human evolution 61: 156–168 .\nwoods, g. m. , kreiss, a. , belov, k. , siddle, h. v. , obendorf, d. l. (2007). the immune response of the tasmanian devil (sarcophilus harrisii) and devil facial tumour disease. ecohealth. 4 (3): 338 - 345 .\npianka, e. 2009 .\naustralia' s thorny devil\n( on - line). university of texas. accessed january 29, 2009 at urltoken .\n). they created an electrodynamic model of a dust devil by applying the methodology used for modelling terrestrial thunderstorms, e. g. see mathpal et al. (\n). the dust devil - created co and oh interactions are then suspected to generate hydrogen peroxide at concentrations well above those predicted via photochemistry (atreya et al .\nn. huang, g. yue, x. zheng, numerical simulations of a dust devil and the electric field in it. j. geophys. res .\n) numerically simulated a dust devil in a cylindrical domain of radius 100 m and height 200 m, in a terrestrial environment. they modelled the entire process iteratively beginning with development of the convective vortex from local surface heating, lifting of sand grains and their subsequent movement due to gravity and vortex winds, and applying a specified charge - to - mass ratio (huang and zheng\nthe mts work described above used prescribed winds and the results were scaled up to the size of a real (terrestrial size) dust devil. barth et al. (\nmany desert ophidians bury themselves in the sand both to avoid sun exposure and to blend in and catch their prey unaware. this has made many desert - dwelling snakes very sensitive to vibrations generated by their prey as it moves through the sand. in addition some species present an overly developed rostral scale (the scale at the tip of their snout), being much thicker in order to aid during excavation in sandy soils .\nx. j. zheng, n. huang, y. h. zhou, laboratory measurement of electrification of wind - blown sands and simulation of its effect on sand saltation movement. j. geophys. res .\nsurvey guidelines and management advice for development proposals that may impact on the tasmanian devil (sarcophilus harrisii) (natural and cultural heritage division, 2015) [ management plan ] .\nsarcophilus harrisii (tasmanian devil): species management profile for tasmania' s threatened species link (threatened species section (tss), 2014tq) [ state action plan ] .\na tasmanian devil cannot easily be mistaken for any other species in tasmania. it is rarely seen alive during the day time, but may be observed near carcasses at night .\nthe tasmanian devil has been protected under the tasmanian threatened species protection act 1995 since 2002, and is now listed as a vulnerable species under the australian government environment protection and biodiversity conservation act 1999. while the small amount of current persecution is likely to persist it is unlikely to constitute a major threat unless the tasmanian devil population becomes extremely small and fragmented .\nwsq = whistler squat quarry; jct = junction locality; af = agua fria mountain; he = hen egg mountain; db = devil’s graveyard basalt; dm = dogie mountain .\nin common with the other members of the genus hydnellum, devil' s tooth is a tough and insubstantial fungus. needless to say we have no recipe information for this species .\nm. v. kurgansky, l. baez, e. m. ovalle, a simple model of the magnetic emission from a dust devil. j. geophys. res .\nm. ravichandran, a. k. kamra, spherical field meter to measure the electric field vector—measurements in fair weather and inside a dust devil. rev. sci. instrum .\n). here, however, focus will be placed on granular materials (sand / dust). typical methods for quantifying electrification of coarse granular material (sand) involve removal and direct measurement of the electric charge, often using a combination of a faraday cup and electrometer. the specifics of transport and collection vary, including; cascades, fountains, fluidized beds, blow - away experiments, aerosolizers or single particle impact studies (matsusaka et al .\nthe horned vipers of the cerastes genus also present various characteristics that facilitate life in the deserts. these vipers evade high temperatures becoming active at night and they spend the day buried in the sand. their hunting method consists in burying themselves waiting for a prey to pass by, this way saving most of their energy. it is believed that their horn - shaped supraocular scales cover their eyes when they are buried in order to protect them from the sand .\nas occurring at the whistler squat quarry and two other localities that are stratigraphically lower in the devil’s graveyard formation (tmm 41443 “junction” and tmm 41444 “0. 6 miles east of junction” ,\nthe real tasmanian devil doesn' t really resemble the famous cartoon character. it isn' t the same size as humans, for example. nor does it storm through its surroundings like a swirling tornado. the tasmanian devil is just 20 to 31 inches (51 to 79 centimeters) tall and weighs only 9 to 26 lbs. (4 to 12 kilograms) .\ntasmanian department of primary industries, water and environment (dpiwe) (2008b). devil facial tumour disease. department of primary industries, water & environment. available from: urltoken .\nposted by harrison searles on 01 / 11 / 2014 at 08: 26 pm in christianity, neither angel nor devil, political philosophy, pope francis, religion, robert a. sirico\nfor the electrostatics in dust devils, specific studies aimed at understanding and quantifying the dust or sand electrification interactions are of direct practical use. several laboratory (and wind tunnel) based studies are currently being performed (bo et al .\nstevens jb, stevens mb, wilson ja (1984) devil’s graveyard formation (new), eocene and oligocene age, trans - pecos texas. texas memorial museum bulletin 32: 1–21 .\nwithers, p. , c. dickman. 1995. the role of diet in determining water, energy, and salt intake in the thorny devil moloch horridus (lacertilia: agamidae) .\n). these pioneering measurements of dust devil electric fields are consistent with results of more recent measurements also indicating upward pointing electric fields in dust devils (e. g. , farrell et al .\n), however the role of dust aggregates (acting like large sand - sized particles) could possibly complicate this behaviour. this complexity makes describing / predicting contact electrification for example within a martian dust devil problematic. modelling has been unsuccessful in satisfactorily explaining this size dependence in contact electrification, although several promising models are being pursued. for example, one model is based upon electron transfer through so - called high energy electron surface states (lacks and sankaran\nfarmer, w. d. (2006). conservation genetics of the tasmanian devil (sarcophilus harrisii). hons. thesis. honours thesis, school of zoology, university of tasmania, australia .\nthere is a smaller group of annual species that grow only in response to summer rains. annual devil’s claw (proboscidea parviflora) and arizona poppy (kallstroemia grandiflora) are among the few showy ones .\npemberton, d. & d. renouf (1993). a field study of communication and social behavior of the tasmanian devil at feeding sites. australian journal of zoology. 41: 507 - 526 .\nw. m. farrell, g. t. delory, s. a. cummer, j. r. marshall, a simple electrodynamic model of a dust devil. geophys. res. lett .\n). in the absence of sand the net electrification of the dust was seen to be close to zero (therefore not expected to generate an electric field). however, dust aggregates (agglomerates) are also seen to become electrified and may show the electrostatic behaviour of real dust clouds, even in the absence of larger sand particles. specifically in wind tunnel studies, it was found that electrification is affected by competing processes of aggregation (electrostatic self - assembly), causing reduced charge and aggregate dispersion causing electrification .\nwas deposited in the chamber. sand particles were collected in the badain jaran desert in china. the electric field was measured with a kdy - iv field mill. at a given wind speed, they measured the aeolian electric fields at different air relative humidity (rh) and sand relative moisture conditions. they observed the electric field linearly increased with increasing relative humidity up to a critical value and then exponentially decrease. this critical rh value was observed to increase with the wind speed. for a wind speed of 14 m s\n) reinforces the conclusion that the fauna from whistler squat quarry and equivalent localities in the devil’s graveyard formation are attributable to biochron ui1b. most significantly, our revised faunal list includes two index species of biochron ui1b :\ntoothwear and general appearance indicate that tasmanian devil generation length is three years. female parents were identified through their pouch young, while data on generation length for both sexes was obtained in captivity (pemberton 1990) .\neven lacking a detailed physical understanding of the electrification process, there is therefore general agreement on the order of magnitude of the electrification and this is sufficient in most cases to quantify the effect of electrification on, for example, entrainment and transport of sand and dust .\none of the contributing factors to the great number of annual species is niche separation. (a niche is an organism’s ecological role; for example, sand verbena is a butterfly - pollinated winter annual of sandy soils .) most species have definite preferences for particular soil textures, and perhaps soil chemistry as well. for example, in the pinacate region of northwestern sonora there are places where gravels of volcanic cinder are dissected by drainage channels or wind deposits of fine silt. in wet years nama demissum (purple mat) grows abundantly on the gravel and the related nama hispidum (sand bells) on the silt. i have seen the two species within inches of each other where these soil types meet, but not one plant of either species could be found on the other soil. there are specialists in loose sand such as dune evening primrose (oenothera deltoides) and sand verbena (abronia villosa), and others are restricted to rocky soils, such as most caterpillar weeds (phacelia spp .). this phenomenon of occupying different physical locations is spatial niche separation .\nwas based on the morphology of upper molars recovered from ui1a localities that are stratigraphically lower in the devil’s graveyard formation (i. e. , tmm 41443 “junction” and tmm 41444 “0. 6 miles east of junction” ;\nmethods to detect tasmanian devils include trapping, scat counting, photo - trapping, sand pad tracking, spotlighting, hair tubing, public surveys, and carcass observation. there is limited information available on the relative benefits of carrying these methods out at particular times or intensities .\nthe tasmanian devil is considered to be an opportunistic predator and specialised scavenger. it will eat the carcasses of a range of vertebrates, but mostly possums and macropods (guiler 1970a; jones 2003; jones & barmuta 2000; owen & pemberton 2005). tasmanian devils hunt by a combination of ambush and short pursuits. the tasmanian devil tends to hunt down slow prey such as wombats or sick wallabies or lambs, however, they have the capacity for high speed pursuits (jones 2003; owen & pemberton 2005). these features enable the tasmanian devil to actively hunt the possums, macropods and wombats so frequently found in its scats (jones & barmuta 2000) .\nrose kd, chew ae, dunn rh, kraus mj, fricke hc, et al. (2012) earliest eocene mammalian fauna from the paleocene - eocene thermal maximum at sand creek divide, southern bighorn basin, wyoming. university of michigan papers on paleontology 36: 1–122 .\non the scale of laboratory wind tunnels it has proved difficult to generate and therefore measure electric fields produced by sand / dust transport. it has been more practical to measure and determine the electrification of single grains (and distributions) and then apply modelling to predict electric field generation .\nthe tasmanian devil is also nocturnal; it sleeps during the day and is awake at night. during the night, they sometimes journey up to 10 miles (16 km) to hunt, according to the san diego zoo .\nthe tasmanian devil is now endemic to tasmania. the species disappeared from the australian mainland approximately 400 years ago, possibly through competition with dingos and increasing aridity (archer & baynes 1972; guiler 1982; tas dpiwe 2008a) .\nguiler, e. r. (1982). temporal and spatial distribution of the tasmanian devil, sarcophilus harrisii (dasyuridae: marsupialia). papers and proceedings of the royal society of tasmania. 116: 153 - 163 .\ntime and vertical variation of the electric field (v / m) an observer would see if traveling within the dust devil at the minimum pressure point, as generated by the mrams - mts model (from barth et al .\ntasmanian department of primary industries, water and environment (dpiwe) (2005b). tasmanian devil facial tumour disease (dftd): disease management strategy. tasmanian department of primary industries, water and environment. available from: urltoken .\n). these same electrical convective features placed in the low pressure martian atmosphere are expected to initiate atmospheric breakdown. specifically, as the e - fields grow in the martian dust devil, the atmospheric currents transition from nominal flows described by\nnatural and cultural heritage division (2015). survey guidelines and management advice for development proposals that may impact on the tasmanian devil (sarcophilus harrisii). department of primary industries, parks, water and environment. available from: urltoken .\nw. m. farrell, n. renno, g. t. delory, s. a. cummer, j. r. marshall, integration of electrostatic and fluid dynamics within a dust devil. j. geophys. res .\nadaptations, in turn, have some form that reflects the problems they help solve. one can go as far as to speak of them as embodied knowledge. that embodied knowledge must in some sense be complex and in being complex. culture' s reality as a set of mental object is betrayed by the complexity of those adaptive structures no less than the tactile properties of some sand in one' s hands would prove the reality of that sand. if imagined communities and other traditions were simply made up, they would be random in their form. instead, though, they are adaptive .\nvaccine dftd is passed from one animal to another through allograft transmission. biting during fights allows cells from the tumor of an infected devil to infect a new animal through wounds (jones et al. 2007). due to the lack of genetic diversity among tasmanian devils, the devil' s immune system does not recognise the cancer cells as foreign. this means that there is no immune respone against the cancer cells, allowing the diease to become established in the new host. this aspect of the disease has raised the possibillity of creating a vaccine that would prompt the tasmanain devil' s immue system to recognise the cancer cells as foreign, thus slowing or stopping the spread of the disease (woods et al. 2007) .\n, commonly known as the pacific angel shark but also referred to as the\nmonk fish\nor\nsand devil\nis found in a fairly limited geographical range. pacific angel sharks inhabit the eastern pacific ocean, ranging from costa rica to southern chile and also from southeast alaska to the gulf of california (baja), though it is unusual to encounter these sharks north of california between oregon and southern alaska (smith 2004). the pacific angel shark is absent along the southern part of mexico and most of central america (i. e .\nguiler, e. r. (1970b). observations on the tasmanian devil, sarcophilus harrisii (marsupialia: dasyuridae). ii. reproduction, breeding, and growth of pouch young. australian journal of zoology. 18: 63 - 70 .\nguiler, e. r. (1978b). observations on the tasmanian devil, sarcophilus harrisii (dasyuridae: marsupialia) at granville harbour, 1966 - 75. papers and proceedings of the royal society of tasmania. 112: 161 - 188 .\npeople just started running. people were running everywhere and we decided to get out of there, too ,\nsaid california resident laurel prior, who took the video .\ni' m glad we did because when it was gone and over, i had many pieces of sand in my eyes .\nwalton ah (1986) magnetostratigraphy and the ages of bridgerian and uintan faunas in the lower and middle members of the devil’s graveyard formation, trans - pecos texas (m. a. thesis). austin: university of texas at austin. 134 p .\n. this current is far less than the driving tribo - electric current, and is not the process limiting the development of dust devil electric field. it is likely that it is the efficiency of the dust lifting process itself which limits the electric fields generated .\nthe devil disease project team surveys tasmanian devils using 40 traps across 25 km². the trap used is made of pvc uv - resistant storm water pipe, to reduce both risk of injury and temperature fluctuations. it is also very easy to clean and disinfect - essential in the face of current knowledge of dftd. any kind of meat will serve as bait, and a drag of smelly meat, or spray of fish oil, across the path towards the trap is likely to help attract the attention of the tasmanian devil .\nthe sand devil3. 0 has a multi - surface design that provides 5 different sanding surfaces, for many different applications. this sanding tool makes it easy to change abrasive belts quickly and easily, using the patented clever lever. to save time, many users keep more than one sanddevil handy, each with a different grit .\nguiler, e. r. (1970a). observations on the tasmanian devil, sarcophilus harrisii (marsupialia: dasyuridae). i. numbers, home range, movements, and food in two populations. australian journal of zoology. 18: 49 - 62 .\ntasmanian department of primary industries, water and environment (dpiwe) (2005). nomination for listing under the tasmanian threatened species protection act 1995: additional supporting information. tasmanian devil sarcophilus harrisii. department of primary industries, water & environment, hobart, australia .\nw. m. farrell, j. r. marshall, s. a. cummer, g. t. delory, m. d. desch, a model of the ulf magnetic and electric field generated from a dust devil. j. geophys. res .\nhughes, r. l. (1982). reproduction in the tasmanian devil sarcophilus harrisii (dasyuridae, marsupialia). in: archer, m. , ed. carnivorous marsupials. page (s) 49 - 63. royal zoological society of new south wales, sydney .\nproperties of a dust devil observed in the sahara desert in july 2014. upper panel: rate of impact of particles. second panel: dust particle concentration. third panel: wind direction. fourth panel: wind speed. fifth panel: electric field. bottom panel: atmospheric pressure\nwalton ah (1992) magnetostratigraphy and geochronology of the lower and middle members of the devil’s graveyard formation (middle eocene), trans - pecos texas. in: prothero dr, berggren wa, editors. eocene - oligocene climatic and biotic evolution. princeton: princeton university press. 74–87 .\nno one wild population can be identified as more necessary than another for the long - term survival of the species, especially since the tasmanian devil population is not clearly delineated into different populations. however, maintenance of both genetically distinct management units is likely to be important to maintain genetic diversity .\nthe tasmanian devil is promiscuous and breeds once a year between february and june (tssc 2006c). in earlier studies the mating season was found to occur over a much shorter period, primarily during february - march (guiler 1970b; m. jones 2006, pers. comm .) .\nlawton jh, mcneill s (1979) between the devil and the deep blue sea: on the problems of being an herbivore. in: anderson rm, turner bd, taylor lr, editors. population dynamics symposium of the british ecological society. oxford: blackwell. pp. 223–244 .\ncitation: campisano cj, kirk ec, townsend keb, deino al (2014) geochronological and taxonomic revisions of the middle eocene whistler squat quarry (devil’s graveyard formation, texas) and implications for the early uintan in trans - pecos texas. plos one 9 (7): e101516. urltoken\nthe tasmanian devil is the world' s largest carnivorous marsupial, according to national geographic. most of the time, they eat birds, snakes, fish and insects. often, they feast on dead carcasses, called carrion. sometimes, many devils converge on one carcass, and fighting ensues .\ni bought this sanding block to make it easier to sand a couple of decks on my summer cabin. with all the nail and screw heads at the surface, i didn' t want to use a belt sander and figured the sand devil would be the perfect tool. it performed fairly well on the first day, then on the second day the tightening bar broke. it is made of cheap brittle plastic and snapped in two places during a sandpaper change. had it been made of metal, i suspect the sanding block would last a lifetime. in any case, once it broke, there was no tension on the sandpaper and the block was useless. this left me in the middle of a job, nowhere near town, with a busted piece of junk. luckily i had my 25 year old sanding block, which after cutting the belt sander paper to the appropriate size, did just fine. my advice is, don' t waste your money on this thing. just get an old - school sanding block .\nthe large contrast between terrestrial and martian dust devil electrification lies in the nature of the response by the atmosphere. at earth, for typical disturbed electric field values, the atmosphere does not initiate the electron avalanche process, and the dissipation currents are defined primarily by conduction (i. e. proportional to\nclearly there is much more research needed in this area before we reach an understanding of these disparate electrification processes. for wind tunnel investigations it would be informative to perform electrification studies which involve both sand and dust grains (i. e. using an extremely broad size distribution from 1 μm–1 mm) in order to gain an understanding of the interplay of electrification and field generation processes .\nrogers, t. , s. fox, d. pemberton & p. wise (2016). sympathy for the devil: captive - management style did not influence survival, body - mass change or diet of tasmanian devils 1 year after wild release. wildlife research. 43: 544 - 552 .\nthreatened species scientific committee (tssc) (2006c). non - current commonwealth listing advice on sarcophilus harrisii (tasmanian devil). available from: urltoken. in effect under the epbc act from 26 - may - 2006. ceased to be in effect under the epbc act from 27 - may - 2009 .\nsynonyms of hydnellum peckii include hydnum diabolus, reflecting the common name devil' s tooth, calodon peckii, and hydnum peckii. this rare (in britain and europe; less so in the usa) fungus has been referred to by several other common names including strawberries and cream, bleeding tooth fungus, and bile tooth .\nhollings, t. , h. mccallum, k. kreger, n. mooney & m. jones (2015). relaxation of risk - sensitive behaviour of prey following disease - induced decline of an apex predator, the tasmanian devil. proc. r. soc. b. 282 (1810): 20150124 .\nthe importance of particle–particle interactions in the electrification of dust clouds and structures such as dust devils highlights the understanding needed in contact and tribo - electrification. this section now reviews understanding of the physical process (es) of contact and tribo - electrification. the discussion is based principally on laboratory studies, but also presents contemporary models and theories considering mineral dust and sand, because of their relevance to dust devils .\nin different deserts of the world we find reptiles with their bodies covered in spines. this not only provides them with certain protection against predators, but is also helps them blend in in a habitat with plenty of thorny plants. two of these animals are members of the iguania suborder: the thorny devil and the horned lizards .\nas you have seen, in the deserts we can find reptiles with some of the most inventive (and disturbing) adaptations of the world. these are only a few examples of the astonishing diversity of squamates that are found in the deserts of the world, which only seek to survive the harsh conditions of these extreme environments. sometimes, it’s just a matter to avoid burning your feet with the hot sand .\nadditionally, a statewide distribution survey in 1996 (jones & rose 1996) using hair tubing and public surveys, and statewide spotlighting surveys from 1985 to the present (driessen & hocking 1992; hawkins et al. 2006; hocking & driessen 1992) covering areas of tasmania with roads gave a larger scale picture of tasmanian devil distribution .\n( b). this indicates that, for charge to be sustained on particles in the martian atmosphere for timescales appreciably greater than one second, a dust storm conductivity environment would be required. the combination presented by a dust devil generating particle electrification in a low conductivity environment may therefore offer unique circumstances on mars for active charge generation .\nguiler' s (1978b, 1982) long term study (1966–1978) found tasmanian devil numbers at granville harbour (west coast) fluctuated by almost an order of magnitude for unidentifiable reasons. guiler suggested that food availability drove these fluctuations. furthermore, the low genetic diversity found by jones and colleagues (2004) suggests that there may have been previous marked drops in population numbers. it is thought that tasmanian devil population size in pre - european times was lower than present day. data indicates that typical densities in suitable unmodified habitats are 0. 3–0. 7 individuals per km², and that half of tasmania (64 030 km²) comprised suitable tasmanian devil habitat (jones & rose 1996; jones et al. 2004). this suggests a pre - european population of approximately 17 500 mature individuals. this figure is similar to the current estimate of 21 000 mature individuals and substantially lower than estimates made using the same methods in the mid 1990s of 65 000 mature individuals (jones et al. 2004) .\ns. dumeril is considered a bottom dweller. it can generally be located buried in sand or mud at the ocean floor. in the northern areas of its distribution, this shark dwells in swallow water with depths ranging from 131 - 820 feet (40 - 250m). it is found in deeper water in the southern portion of its range (to depths of 4, 232 feet (1, 290m) ) .\n). to allow modelling of electrification within a dust devil, a deeper understanding is needed in the size dependence of contact electrification. this is probably only likely to be achieved by pursuing more advanced laboratory experiments, applying detailed physical models (possibly involving both electron and ion transfer processes). detailed and novel field studies could also contribute here .\nthe tasmanian devil is found throughout tasmania apart from the offshore islands. tasmanian devils were introduced to badger island in the mid 1990s, but as of september 2005 tasmanian devils were thought to be absent from this island. hair - tubing and public surveys indicate densities are extremely low in the south - west, and highest in the dry and mixed sclerophyll forests and coastal heath of tasmania' s eastern half and north - west coast (jones & rose 1996). jones and rose (1996) related statewide survey results to environmental and climatic features, generating a cortex spatial model predicting distribution and relative densities across the state. findings from mark - recapture trapping surveys and other trapping work by the tasmanian department of primary industries, water and environment (dpiwe) devil disease project team broadly support these predictions. an exception is the north eastern region, where marked population declines have been detected, in association with the earliest reports of devil facial tumour disease (dftd) (hawkins et al. 2006), subsequent to the time of the jones and rose survey .\nthorny devil teeth are modified for their ant specialist diet. ants are relatively hard - bodied insects, with high levels of chitin. the mandibular teeth are modified to fit neatly between two maxillary teeth, creating a shearing apparatus. thorny devils have also lost the anterior pleurodont teeth, reflecting their use of the tongue to capture prey, rather than the teeth .\n). as this study was a first look at the charge environment, a number of processes were not yet included. however, with this code one can examine the dust devil e - field in three dimensions, make estimates of the overall dipole moment, and get new insights on the development of higher order moments that form in regions of inhomogeneous fluid flows .\ngenus, affectionately called “horny toads”) are iguanids which are found in different arid habitats of north america. similarly to the thorny devil, their body is covered in spines making them hard to eat for their predators. also, when they are caught, they inflate their bodies to make the task even more difficult. finally, some species like the texas horned lizard (\nthe roots of desert shrubs and trees are more extensive than are those of plants of the same size in wetter climates. they extend laterally two to three times the diameter of the canopy. most also exploit the soil at greater depths than the roots of succulents. the large expanses of exposed ground between plants in deserts are usually not empty. dig a hole almost anywhere except in active sand dunes or the most barren desert pavement and you are likely to find roots .\nacceleration term depends on the lifting process associated with the fluid, and the addition of this term links the electrostatic effects to the fluid properties of the medium, particularly the wind speed. the effects are seen only during the early dust devil formation period, but are evident as a rapid rise in e - field value by as much as a factor of 10 over that shown in fig .\ndevil of a storm dust devils are common in hot deserts. they look like tiny tornadoes, but they start on the ground rather than in the sky. when patches of ground get very hot, the heated air above them begins to rise and spin. this whirling column of hot air picks up dust and dirt. these spinning columns of dirt can rise hundreds of feet in the air .\nsince pacific angel sharks spend most of their time buried in sand or mud at the bottom of estuaries, bays or the ocean where they reside, these sharks are considered relatively peaceful if left alone. but if these sharks are provoked (by being trodden on, pulled by the tail, approached head on, captured, etc .) their extremely sharp teeth and aggressive bite can inflict severe and painful lacerations. consequently, close encounters with these sharks can often adversely affect human health and safety .\nthese small sharks look similar to skates, with wide pectoral and pelvic fins extended from the sides of a flattened body, and small dorsal fins on a stout tail near the asymmetrical caudal fin. they are white underneath and medium to dark grey on top with some reddish shading that camouflages them when they' re buried in the sand or mud. they are ambush hunters that prey on smaller bottom - dwelling fish and invertebrates, growing to around 4 feet long but sometimes almost 6 feet long .\n). this discrepancy was interpreted as due to interaction (charge exchange) with finer grains (non - saltating) within the wind tunnel sand bed. notably a (broad) grain size distribution was used, which was not representative of those seen in the field. from this work it seems that there is a dependence of the measured electrification on the grain size of both the saltating and non - saltating grains, as well as on wind speed and height (increasing strongly with height) .\nthe tasmanian devil is found on the island of tasmania in australia — an area of about 35, 042 square miles (90, 758 square kilometers). though tasmanian devils can live anywhere on the island, they prefer coastal scrublands and forests, according to national geographic. but no matter what area of the island they inhabit, these animals sleep under rocks or in caves, logs or burrows .\ntwo management units have been identified: devils in north - western tasmania are genetically distinct from those found across the rest of the state (farmer 2006; jones et al. 2004). north - western. jones and colleagues (2004) identified a genetically distinct management unit in north - west tasmania, across approximately 13 400 km², west of the forth river and south to macquarie heads (farmer 2006). this region encompasses four sites intensively surveyed by the devil disease team since 2004, and one surveyed by hawkins (unpubl. data) in 2003. one of the devil disease team sites, woolnorth, holds the highest population density of tasmanian devils found in any of the team' s surveys, which is more than double that at the other sites. extrapolating from the resulting density estimates, this management unit may currently consist of between 3000 and 12 500 mature individuals. eastern / south - western. the remaining 50 630 km² area covers nine sites surveyed by the devil disease project team since 2004. the mean of the density estimates for each of these sites applied to this area (separating high and low density areas as described above) indicates an approximate population size of 12 000–37 500 mature individuals .\nas dust devils developed in the mrams large eddy simulations (les), the temporal / spatial change in charge distribution within the simulated martian dust devil could be tracked and resulting e - fields were calculated. they found that the magnitude of the resulting e - field had strong dependence on particle size, amount of charge, and amount of dust lifted; the range of e - field values (mv m\njones, m. , p. jarman, c. lees, h. hesterman, r. hamede, n. mooney, d. mann, c. pukk, j. bergfeld, and h. mccallum (2007). conservation management of tasmanian devils in the context of an emerging, extinction - threatening disease: devil facial tumor disease. ecohealth. 4 (3): 326 - 337 .\ndepth: 3 - 205m. from 3 to 205 meters. habitat: demersal. found on the continental shelf and littoral areas. buries itself in sand or mud where it remains sluggish and inactive. also found around rocks, heads of submarine canyons, and sometimes near kelp forests. feeds on bottom and epibenthic fishes, including croakers, california halibut, and squid. ovoviviparous. can inflict painful wounds when it whips up its head due to provocation, harassement, by being speared or by merely being touched .\nin britain the devil' s tooth is a woodland mushroom rarely if ever found in britain except in scotland and then most often in the caledonian forest, where in some years it is abundant but still fairly localised. all official records for this species on the fungal records database of britain and ireland (frdbi) are from scotland. this hydnoid fungus occurs also in parts of northern mainland europe and in north america." ]

{ "text": [ "the sand devil or atlantic angel shark ( squatina dumeril ) is a species of angel shark , family squatinidae , native to the northwestern atlantic ocean .", "it occurs off the eastern united states , in the northern gulf of mexico , and possibly in parts of the caribbean sea .", "this bottom-dwelling shark is found in shallow inshore waters in summer and fall , and deep offshore waters in winter and spring .", "the sand devil 's flattened body and enlarged pectoral and pelvic fins give it a ray-like appearance .", "there is a band of enlarged thorns running along the middle of its back .", "it is gray or brown in color , with scattered small dark spots .", "this species reaches 1.2 – 1.5 m ( 3.9 – 4.9 ft ) in length .", "the diet of the sand devil consists mainly of small teleost fishes and squid , which are captured via ambush attack .", "this species is viviparous , with the unborn young nourished by their yolk sacs .", "females have a multi-year reproductive cycle and give birth to 4 – 25 pups in spring or early summer , following a 12-month gestation period .", "the sand devil is not aggressive , but may attempt to bite if harassed or captured .", "though not valued economically , it is caught incidentally by commercial bottom trawl fisheries .", "the international union for conservation of nature ( iucn ) presently lacks sufficient information to assess the conservation status of this species . " ], "topic": [ 22, 13, 14, 22, 23, 1, 0, 15, 22, 14, 14, 15, 17 ] }

[ "the sand devil or atlantic angel shark (squatina dumeril) is a species of angel shark, family squatinidae, native to the northwestern atlantic ocean. it occurs off the eastern united states, in the northern gulf of mexico, and possibly in parts of the caribbean sea. this bottom-dwelling shark is found in shallow inshore waters in summer and fall, and deep offshore waters in winter and spring. the sand devil's flattened body and enlarged pectoral and pelvic fins give it a ray-like appearance. there is a band of enlarged thorns running along the middle of its back. it is gray or brown in color, with scattered small dark spots. this species reaches 1.2 – 1.5 m (3.9 – 4.9 ft) in length. the diet of the sand devil consists mainly of small teleost fishes and squid, which are captured via ambush attack. this species is viviparous, with the unborn young nourished by their yolk sacs. females have a multi-year reproductive cycle and give birth to 4 – 25 pups in spring or early summer, following a 12-month gestation period. the sand devil is not aggressive, but may attempt to bite if harassed or captured. though not valued economically, it is caught incidentally by commercial bottom trawl fisheries. the international union for conservation of nature (iucn) presently lacks sufficient information to assess the conservation status of this species." ]

[ "management of insecticide resistance in oriental fruit moth (grapholita molesta; lepidoptera: tortricidae) populations from ontario .\nnappo, 2013. phytosanitary alert system: detection of grapholita molesta in urban areas of the city of tijuana, mexico. phytosanitary alert system: detection of grapholita molesta in urban areas of the city of tijuana, mexico. nappo. urltoken\nmanagement of insecticide resistance in oriental fruit moth (grapholita molesta; lepidoptera: tortricidae) populations from ontario. - pubmed - ncbi\nsynthetic pheromones are not species - specific, and g. molesta lures will attract other species of grapholita, including g. funebrana .\nlarva (arrowed), and damage by g. molesta, in peach fruit .\ndamage by g. molesta on shoots and fruits can be similar to that of anarsia lineatella .\nlarvae may appear similar to those of many other species of grapholita and cydia. cydia pomonella larvae can be separated from g. molesta by the absence of an anal fork. other species of grapholita cannot be reliably separated from g. molesta based solely on larval morphology. chen and dorn (2009) provide a molecular assay to distinguish g. molesta larvae from similar species using a polymerase chain reaction - restriction fragment length polymorphism (pcr - rflp) analysis .\nadults are similar to other species of grapholita, including grapholita funebrana, grapholita libertina, grapholita tenebrosana, and several others. a genitalic dissection may be necessary to confirm species identity, especially if individuals are recovered from sticky traps. males of g. funebrana can be distinguished by the thornlike projection off the ventral margin of the valva, which is lacking in g. molesta. gilligan et al. (2008) provide illustrations of male and female genitalia for many common nearctic grapholita .\nmonteiro lb; mio llmde; motta acv; serrat bm; cuquel fl, 2009. fluctuation and damage of grapholita molesta in peach orchards for integrated production in lapa, paraná, brazil. (flutuação populacional e danos de grapholita molesta em pomares convencional e de produção integrada de pêssego, no município de lapa, pr .) bragantia, 68 (1): 99 - 107. urltoken\nmonteiro lb; souza ade; belli l, 2008. mating disruption for the control of grapholita molesta (lepidoptera: tortricidae), in fraiburgo, santa catarina, brazil. (confusão sexual para o controle de grapholita molesta (lepidoptera: tortricidae), em pomares de macieira, em fraiburgo (sc), brasil .) bragantia, 67 (1): 191 - 196. urltoken\ngrapholita molesta is thought to have originated in northwest china. the first north american records are from 1913 - 1915. it is currently widely distributed on all continents where stone - fruit is grown .\nsouza b; santa - cecilia lvc; sousa lovde, 2000. occurrence and damage caused by grapholita molesta (busck) (lepidoptera: tortricidae) on peach trees, in caldas, mg, brazil. (ocorrência e danos de grapholita molesta (busck) (lepidoptera: tortricidae) em pessegueiros no município de caldas, mg, brazil .) anais da sociedade entomológica do brasil, 29 (1): 185 - 188 .\nsexton sb; il' ichev al, 2000. pheromone mating disruption with reference to oriental fruit moth grapholita molesta (busck). (lepidoptera: tortricidae) literature review. general and applied entomology, 29: 63 - 68 .\ngrapholita molesta completes 3 - 7 annual generations; the exact number depends on temperature (latitude). in midwestern north america, adults are present from early may to late september. in southern locations, adults may be present year - round .\nil' ichev al; sexton sb, 2002. reduced application rates of mating disruption for effective control of oriental fruit moth grapholita molesta (busck) (lepidoptera: tortricidae) on pears. general and applied entomology, 31: 47 - 51 .\nbellerose s; chouinard g; roy m, 2007. occurrence of grapholita molesta (lepidoptera: tortricidae) in major apple - growing areas of southern quebec. canadian entomologist, 139 (2): 292 - 295. urltoken; = n06 - 058〈 = eng\nil' ichev al; williams dg, 2006. combined control of codling moth cydia pomonella l. and oriental fruit moth grapholita molesta busck (lepidoptera: tortricidae) by mating disruption on pears in australia. general and applied entomology, 35: 29 - 37 .\ngrapholita molesta is an important pest of stone - fruit crops throughout the world. most economic damage occurs in peach and nectarine, or when other fruit crops are grown adjacent to peach. in addition to the rosaceae, larvae have been recorded feeding on plants in several families .\nkovanci ob; walgenbach jf; kennedy gg, 2004. evaluation of extended - season mating disruption of the oriental fruit moth grapholita molesta (busck) (lep. , tortricidae) in apples. journal of applied entomology, 128 (9 / 10): 664 - 669 .\nil' ichev al; gut lj; williams dg; hossain ms; jerie ph, 2002. area - wide approach for improved control of oriental fruit moth grapholita molesta (busck) (lepidoptera: tortricidae) by mating disruption. general and applied entomology, 31: 7 - 15 .\nstelinski ll; gut lj; haas m; mcghee p; epstein d, 2007. evaluation of aerosol devices for simultaneous disruption of sex pheromone communication in cydia pomonella and grapholita molesta (lepidoptera: tortricidae). journal of pest science, 80 (4): 225 - 233. urltoken\nmolesta busck, 1916 (laspeyresia), j. agric. res. 7: 373. tl: usa, virginia, arlington. holotype: usnm. male .\nil' ichev al; williams dg; drago a, 2003. distribution of the oriental fruit moth grapholita molesta busck (lep. , tortricidae) infestation on newly planted peaches before and during 2 years of mating disruption. journal of applied entomology, 127 (6): 348 - 353 .\nil' ichev al; williams dg; milner ad, 2004. mating disruption barriers in pome fruit for improved control of oriental fruit moth grapholita molesta busck (lep. , tortricidae) in stone fruit under mating disruption. journal of applied entomology, 128 (2): 126 - 132 .\nbarnes bn; blomefield tl, 1997. goading growers towards mating disruption: the south african experience with grapholita molesta and cydia pomonella (lepidoptera, tortricidae). in: bulletin oilb / srop, 20 (1) [ ed. by p. witzgall \\ h. arn ]. 45 - 56 .\nil' ichev al; williams dg; gut lj, 2007. dual pheromone dispenser for combined control of codling moth cydia pomonella l. and oriental fruit moth grapholita molesta (busck) (lep. , tortricidae) in pears. journal of applied entomology, 131 (5): 368 - 376. urltoken\nthe first signs of g. molesta infestation at the beginning of the growing season usually include clearly visible wilting, drying and brown lateral shoot tips (il’ichev et al. , 2003) .\nhuipulcana razowski, 2011 (grapholita), acta zool. cracov. 54b: 71. tl: mexico, huipulco. holotype: usnm. female .\nlu pf; huang lq; wang cz, 2012. identification and field evaluation of pear fruit violatiles attractive to the oriental fruit moth, cydia molesta. journal of chemical ecology, 38: 1003 - 1016 .\nrothschild ghl, 1975. control of oriental fruit moth (cydia molesta (busck) (lepidoptera, tortricidae) with synthetic female pheromone. bulletin of entomological research, 65 (3): 473 - 490 .\ndactyla liu & yan, 1998 (grapholita), entomotaxonomia 20: 278. tl: china, guangdong province, guangzhou. holotype: izas. male .\nzariae razowski, 2013 (grapholita), polskie pismo entomol. 82: 170. tl: nigeria, samaru, zaria. holotype: usnm. female .\nadults of g. molesta can disperse locally by flight. international movement is likely to occur on fruit or plants for planting of host species, possibly in packing material. the pest has, during the course of this century, spread from its east asian origin to practically all the major stonefruit - growing areas of the world (europe, north america, temperate south america, south africa, australia, new zealand). it has therefore classically been viewed as a serious quarantine pest. however, the areas where it does not now occur (for example, northern europe) are of marginal importance for the main hosts of g. molesta, and the risk of establishment is also rather marginal. so it is debatable whether g. molesta now presents more than a rather minor phytosanitary risk. phytosanitary measures normal inspection and phytosanitary certification procedures can be expected to exclude g. molesta .\nmacrodrilus diakonoff, 1984 (grapholita), ent. basil 9: 376. tl: indonesia, central sumba, loko jengo. holotype: nhmb. male .\nniveosa razowski, 2012 (grapholita), polskie pismo entomol. 81: 153. tl: cameroon, mount cameroon, boneza. holotype: rmca. male .\npakitzae razowski, 2011 (grapholita), acta zool. cracov. 54b: 70. tl: peru, pakitza trail i. holotype: usnm. female .\nzalom fg, 1994. traps and lures for monitoring anarsia lineatella and grapholitha molesta in almond and stone fruits. in: acta horticulturae, no. 373 [ ed. by barbera, g. ]. 269 - 276 .\nalagoaso razowski & becker, 2013 (grapholita), polskie pismo entomol. 82: 190. tl: brazil, alagoas, ibategaura. holotype: vbc. male .\naprosmicta razowski, 2011 (grapholita), acta zool. cracov. 54b: 69. tl: peru, cusco, machu picchu. holotype: usnm. female .\narcuatana kuznetzov, 1992 (grapholita), ent. obozr. 71: 850. tl: north vietnam, sonla province, naniu. holotype: zmas. male .\ncurviphalla liu & yan, 1998 (grapholita), entomotaxonomia 20: 277. tl: china, sichuan province, emei mt. . holotype: izas. male .\ndelineana walker, 1863 (grapholita), list specimens lepid. insects colln. br. mus 28: 389. tl: china, holotype: bmnh. female .\napicatana walker, 1863 (grapholita), list specimens lepid. insects colln. br. mus 28: 390. tl: china. holotype: bmnh. male .\ndysaethria diakonoff, 1982 (grapholita), zool. verh. leiden 193: 16. tl: sri lanka, kandy, udawattekelle. holotype: usnm. male .\nglobella liu & yan, 1998 (grapholita), entomotaxonomia 20: 278. tl: china, jilin province, changbai mt. . holotype: izas. male .\nglobovalva liu & yan, 1998 (grapholita), entomotaxonomia 20: 279. tl: china, shangdong province, mt. tai. holotype: izas. male .\nhabra razowski & becker, 2013 (grapholita), polskie pismo entomol. 82: 194. tl: brazil, goias, formosa. holotype: vbc. male .\nhymenosa razowski, 2013 (grapholita), polskie pismo entomol. 82: 171. tl: nigeria, ibaden, gold course lake. holotype: usnm. female .\nmutsorae razowski, 2012 (grapholita), polskie pismo entomol. 81: 152. tl: democratic republic of the congo, mutsora. holotype: rmca. male .\nopulentica kuznetzov, 1992 (grapholita), ent. obozr. 71: 847. tl: north vietnam, vinhphu province, tamdao. holotype: zmas. male .\nbailey p, 1979. an attempt to control oriental fruit moth, cydia molesta busck. by mass releases of macrocentrus ancylivorus rohwer (hymenoptera: braconidae). journal of the australian entomological society, 18 (3): 211 - 212\nensima razowski & becker, 2013 (grapholita), polskie pismo entomol. 82: 189. tl: brazil, para, capitao poco. holotype: vbc. female .\nmollitia razowski & becker, 2013 (grapholita), polskie pismo entomol. 82: 191. tl: brazil, distrito federal, planaltina. holotype: vbc. male .\nsaphinella razowski & becker, 2013 (grapholita), polskie pismo entomol. 82: 188. tl: brazil, distrito federal, planaltina. holotype: vbc. male .\nschizodelta diakonoff, 1982 (grapholita), zool. verh. leiden 193: 18. tl: sri lanka, ratnapura district, uggalkaltota. holotype: usnm. female .\nshadawana liu & chen, 2000 (grapholita), entomotaxonomia 22: 275. tl: mongolia, inner mongolia (aohanqi, chifeng). holotype: izas. female .\nblomefield tl; geertsema h3, 1990. first record of the oriental fruit moth, cydia molesta (lepidoptera: tortricidae: olethreutinp), a serious pest of peaches, in south africa. phytophylactica, 22 (3): 355 - 357\nil' ichev al; hossain ms; jerie ph, 1999. migration of oriental fruit moth grapholita molesta busk. (lepidoptera: tortricidae) under wide area mating disruption in victoria, australia. bulletin oilb / srop [ proceedings of the biennial meeting of the working group\nstone fruit\n, held between 19th - 22nd august 1998, in godollo, hungary. ], 22 (11): 53 - 62 .\nchapeuana razowski & becker, 2013 (grapholita), polskie pismo entomol. 82: 194. tl: brazil, bahia, morro do chapeu. holotype: vbc. male .\nlatericia komai, 1999 (grapholita), ent. scand. suppl 55: 97. tl: japan, honshu, nagano prefecture, todai. holotype: opu. male .\nmabeae razowski, 2011 (grapholita), acta zool. cracov. 54b: 71. tl: panama, canal zone, barro colorado island. holotype: usnm. female .\nokui komai, 1999 (grapholita), ent. scand. suppl 55: 95. tl: japan, honshu, osaka prefecture, kimitoge. holotype: opu. male .\nsteringus diakonoff, 1983 (grapholita), fauna saudi arabia 5: 244. tl: saudi arabia, asir mountains, 5 km s namas. holotype: lnk. male .\ntorodelta clarke, 1958 (grapholita), cat. type spec. microlepid. br. mus (nat. hist .) descr. edward meyrick 3: 403. no type\nueleana razowski, 2012 (grapholita), polskie pismo entomol. 81: 155. tl: democratic republic of the congo, uele, paulis. holotype: rmca. male .\nyasudai komai, 1999 (grapholita), ent. scand. suppl 55: 94. tl: japan, honshu, iwate prefecture, kuzakai. holotype: opu. male .\nkomai, f. 1999. a taxonomic review of the genus grapholita and allied genera (lepidoptera: tortricidae) in the palaearctic region. entomologica scandinavica supplement 55. 226 pp .\nlin weili; yu jiangnan; xue guanghua; wang yongping, 2006. study on population fluctuations of cydia pomonella (l .) and grapholitha molesta busck in aksy, xinjiang. xinjiang agricultural sciences, 43 (2): 100 - 102. urltoken\nzhi yuyong; ye xiaohui; lan ying; chen xiaolan; chen yuxia, 2008. occurrence regularity and control measurement of grapholitha molesta in the fruit trees interbreed district. southwest china journal of agricultural sciences, 21 (4): 1006 - 1009 .\nrothschild (1975) demonstrated that md treatments could be as effective in controlling g. molesta as insecticides. later research (vickers et al. , 1985) suggested that md may become even more effective when all orchards in a district are treated, so as to reduce the likelihood of mated females migrating from untreated areas. in australian orchards, hand - applied md dispensers have been used successfully for long - term sustainable control of g. molesta for over 30 years. the initial approach was to treat individual orchard blocks and only known hosts with md; however, an increase of g. molesta damage on the borders of md treated blocks encouraged an area - wide application of md for better crop protection (il’ichev et al. , 1999). an area - wide md program, with more than 1, 100 ha of 40 contiguous orchards covered with md dispensers, applied to all fruit trees in northern victoria, australia, substantially improved protection against g. molesta damage (il’ichev et al. , 2002) .\ncomanticosta kuznetzov, 1988 (grapholita), trud. zool. inst. leningrad 176: 94. tl: north vietnam, vinhphu province, tamdao. holotype: zmas. male .\ndimorpha komai, 1979 (grapholita), appl. ent. zool. 14: 133. tl: japan, honshu, iwate prefecture, kuzakai. holotype: opu. male .\nibadena razowski & brown, 2009 (grapholita), shilap revta. lepid. 37: 379. tl: nigeria, iita, west bank lake. holotype: usnm. male .\nkomaii rose & pooni, 2003 (grapholita), j. ent. res. 27: 247. tl: india, punjab, patiala district. holotype: pup. male .\nobliqua diakonoff, 1982 (grapholita), zool. verh. leiden 193: 20. tl: sri lanka, anuradhapura district, hunuwilagama, wilpattu. holotype: usnm. female .\nomittana kuznetzov, 1988 (grapholita), trud. zool. inst. leningrad 176: 91. tl: north vietnam, vinhphu province, tamdao. holotype: zmas. female .\norbiapex kuznetzov, 1988 (grapholita), trud. zool. inst. leningrad 176: 90. tl: north vietnam, vinhphu province, tamdao. holotype: zmas. male .\nmagnana kuznetzov, 1988 (grapholita), trud. zool. inst. leningrad 176: 91. tl: north vietnam. vinhphu province, tamdao. holotype: zmas. male .\nsiderocosma diakonoff, 1978 (grapholita), nouv. rev. ent. 8: 352. tl: reunion island, mascarene s, les colimaons. holotype: mnhn. male .\nvalens kuznetzov, 1988 (grapholita), trud. zool. inst. leningrad 176: 93. tl: north vietnam, vinhphu province, tamdao. holotype: zmas. male .\ncresson razowski & wojtusiak, 2012 (grapholita), acta zool. cracov. 55: 105. tl: nigeria, cross river state, oban hills. holotype: mzuj. male .\ndiaphorotorna diakonoff, 1983 (grapholita), zool. verh. leiden 204: 12. tl: indonesia, sumatra, mt. bandahara, bivouac one. holotype: ncb. female .\ninfucata razowski & wojtusiak, 2012 (grapholita), acta zool. cracov. 55: 104. tl: nigeria, bendel state, okomu forest reserve. holotype: mzuj. male .\nmonogramma razowski & wojtusiak, 2012 (grapholita), acta zool. cracov. 55: 104. tl: nigeria, bendel state, okomu forest reserve. holotype: mzuj. male .\noma razowski & wojtusiak, 2012 (grapholita), acta zool. cracov. 55: 106. tl: nigeria, anambra state, nsukka forest reserve. holotype: mzuj. male .\npholicosta razowski & wojtusiak, 2012 (grapholita), acta zool. cracov. 55: 106. tl: nigeria, anambra state, nsukka forest reserve. holotype: mzuj. female .\naudemard h; leblon c; neumann u; marboutie g, 1989. evaluation of seven years of control experiments against the oriental fruit moth cydia molesta busck (lep. , tortricidae) by mating disruption. journal of applied entomology, 108 (2): 191 - 207\nin general, later maturing fruit varieties are more heavily damaged than early ones, as the populations build up during the growing season. therefore, even relatively low populations of g. molesta can cause a severe economic damage (rothschild and vickers, 1991). attacks on fruits considerably reduce their quality and their market value. initial g. molesta fruit damage also attracts secondary pests, such as nitidulid beetles (carpophilus spp .), which act as vectors of brown rot (monilinia spp .) fungal infection (hossain et al. , 2006) .\nyurubina razowski, 2011 (grapholita), acta zool. cracov. 54b: 70. tl: venezuela, yaracuy, yurubi national park, 4 km nw san felipe. holotype: usnm. male .\nrothschild ghl; vickers ra; morton r, 1984. monitoring the oriental fruit moth, cydia molesta (busck) (lepidoptera: tortricidae), with pheromone traps and bait pails in peach orchards in south - eastern australia. protection ecology, 6 (2): 115 - 136 .\nvickers ra; rothschild ghl; jones el, 1985. control of the oriental fruit moth, cydia molesta (busck) (lepidoptera: tortricidae), at a district level by mating disruption with synthetic female pheromone. bulletin of entomological research, 75 (4): 625 - 634 .\ncatarranae razowski, 2011 (grapholita), acta zool. cracov. 54b: 69. tl: costa rica, province heredia, 11 km ese la virgen, cantarrana refuge. holotype: inbio. male .\nhieroglyphana blanchard & knudson, 1984 (grapholita), proc. ent. soc. wash. 86: 448. tl: usa, texas, guadalupe mountains, nickel creek. holotype: usnm. male .\nthe development of resistance in the oriental fruit moth, grapholita molesta (busck) to organophosphorus (op) insecticides (azinphos - methyl and phosmet) is a serious threat to the tender fruit industry in ontario (50% crop losses in 1994). resistance to carbamate insecticides and increased survival of field - collected moths at diagnostic concentrations of pyrethroids were widespread. as a result, four different treatment regimes were tested to manage resistance in g molesta, and the changes in resistance frequencies under each treatment regime were monitored from 1996 to 1999. the data indicated that the levels of resistance were significantly influenced by the various treatment regimes. the seasonal pattern of resistance was similar for all treatment regimes, in that resistance peaked in mid - season and declined in the late season. levels of resistance in g molesta to ops decreased from 55% to 14% and that to pyrethroids declined from 30% to 10% from 1996 to 1999 under a treatment regime consisting of endosulfan - organophosphate - pyrethroid rotation. similarly, under a treatment regime implemented in commercial orchards (organophosphate - pyrethroid rotation), resistance to op insecticides declined from 50% to 12% and resistance to pyrethroids evolved to around 16% . the overall data indicated that resistance was unstable; a strategy based on rotation of insecticides by class for each generation of g molesta was successful in managing resistance to both op and pyrethroid insecticides. the rotational strategy has been widely adopted by growers and is applied to ca 85% of the acreage .\narcia diakonoff, 1988 (grapholita), annls soc. ent. fr. (n. s .) 24: 163. tl: madagascar, east madagascar (environs de prinet, fort d' analamazoatra). holotype: mnhn. female .\ngraziano v; viggiani g, 1981. observations for four years on the flight and on the control of cydia molesta (busck) and anarsia lineatella (zell .) in peach orchards in campania by means of synthetic pheromone traps. annali della facolta di scienze agraria della universita degli studi di napoli, portici, 15 (2): 93 - 110\ninsperata razowski & trematerra, 2010 (grapholita), j. entomol. acarol. res. (ser. ii) 42: 64. tl: ethiopia, oromia region, s. w. shewa zone, wenchi crater lake. holotype: tremc. male .\ng. molesta is a serious pest of economic importance of commercial stone and pome fruits around the world. g. molesta damages peaches, nectarines, plums, cherries, apricots, apples, pears, quinces and nashi (asian pears) and can also attack and cause economic damage on other commercial fruits. in severe attacks, young trees can suffer distortion of growing shoots and stems, which makes pruning, training and shaping the tree canopy difficult, particularly for close - planting industrial systems such as tatura trellis. one larva can damage many shoots by tunnelling deep into young shoot tips. larvae move to feed on the green fruits usually after shoots mature and harden. one larva can damage many fruits, particularly when fruits are located close to each other .\nchen, m. h. and s. dorn. 2009. reliable and efficient discrimination of four internal fruit - feeding cydia and grapholita species (lepidoptera: tortricidae) by polymerase chain reaction - restriction fragment length polymorphism. journal of economic entomology. 102: 2209 - 2216 .\na comparison of sex pheromone and bait trap catches over a number of seasons in australia demonstrated that they both recorded similar infestation figures and peak moth numbers (rothschild et al. , 1984). sex pheromone traps designed to attract males in conventional orchards are not reliable under mating disruption. however, terpinyl acetate - fermenting brown sugar solution traps effectively attract g. molesta males and females in orchards under mating disruption treatment (il’ichev et al. , 1999; il’ichev et al. , 2002) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 0 transitional / / en\namictana felder & rogenhofer, 1875 (phthoroblastis), reise st. fregatte novara (zool .) (2) 5: pl. 137, fig. 53. tl: colombia, bogot. holotype: bmnh. male .\namphitorna turner, 1916 (laspeyresia), trans. r. soc. s. austral. 40: 534. tl: australia, queensland, brisbane. holotype: anic. male .\nandabatana wolff, 1957 (laspeyresia), ent. meddr. 28: 24. tl: denmark, denmark (bornholm island, vang). holotype: zmuc. male .\nangleseana kearfott, 1907 (enarmonia), trans. am. ent. soc. 33: 64. tl: usa, new jersey, anglesea. lectotype: amnh. female .\nantitheta meyrick, 1911 (laspeyresia), proc. linn. soc. n. s. w. 36: 288. tl: australia, western, albany. syntypes: bmnh. male, female .\nastrapephora diakonoff, 1976 (grapholitha), zool. verh. leiden 144: 19. tl: nepal, prov. no. 3 east, bujan, dudh kosi tal. holotype: zsm. male .\naureolana tengstrom, 1848 (grapholitha), notis sllsk. fauna flora fenn. frh 1: 89. tl: ?, lapponia. holotype: zmh. unknown .\nphacana wocke, 1864 (grapholitha), stettin. ent. ztg. 25: 207. tl: norway. kongsvold. lectotype: zmas. female .\nauroscriptana caradja, 1916 (grapholitha), dt. ent. z. iris 30: 69. tl: russia, khabarovsky krai, radd. holotype: mgab. female .\nbigeminata meyrick, in caradja & meyrick, 1935 (laspeyresia), mat. microlepid. fauna chin. prov. : 63. tl: china, hoeng - shan. holotype: bmnh. male .\nbiserialis meyrick, in caradja & meyrick, 1935 (laspeyresia), mat. microlepid. fauna chin. prov. : 64. tl: china, tien - mu - shan. holotype: bmnh. male .\nboulderana mcdunnough, 1942 (grapholitha), can. ent. 74: 69. tl: usa, colorado, boulder. holotype: cnc. male .\ncaecana schlager, 1848 (grapholitha), ber. lepid. tauschver. : 234. tl: europe, syntype (s): unknown. unknown .\ncoecana herrich - schaffer, 1848 (uninomial), syst. bearbeitung schmett. eur. 4: pl. 36fig. 257. no type\nobcaecana ragonot, 1876 (grapholitha), annls soc. ent. fr. (5) 6 (bulletin): lxv. tl: ?. lardy. holotype: mnhn. female .\ncaeruleana walsingham, 1879 (grapholitha), illust. typical specimens lepid. heterocera colln. br. mus 4: 66. tl: usa, oregon, rouge river. syntypes: usnm; bmnh. male, female .\neoleuca meyrick, 1912 (enarmonia), ent. mon. mag. 48: 34. no type\nvana kearfott, 1907 (enarmonia), trans. am. ent. soc. 33: 62. tl: usa. california, placer co. , colfax. lectotype: amnh. male .\nxanthospora meyrick, 1912 (enarmonia), ent. mon. mag. 48: 34 no type\nzana kearfott, 1907 (enarmonia), trans. am. ent. soc. 33: 61. tl: canada. british columbia, wellington. lectotype: amnh. male .\ncallisphena meyrick, 1907 (laspeyresia), j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 18: 144. tl: india, assam, khasi hills. lectotype: bmnh. female .\ncaudicula diakonoff, 1975 (grapholitha), zool. meded 48: 304. tl: borneo, north borneo (sarawak, mt. dulit). holotype: bmnh. male .\ncerasivora matsumura, 1917 (laspeyresia), oy konty 1: 514. tl: japan, hokkaido. holotype: eihu. unknown. [ lost ]\nchrysacrotoma diakonoff, 1976 (grapholitha), zool. verh. leiden 144: 18. tl: nepal, kathmandu valley, godavari. holotype: zsm. female .\ncompositella fabricius, 1775 (tinea), systema entomologiae: 663. tl: united kingdom, great britain. lectotype: zmuc. male .\ncomposana fabricius, 1798 (pyralis), suppl. entomologiae systematicae: 480. tl: europe. syntype (s): unknown. unknown .\ngundiana hubner, [ 1796 - 1799 ] (tortrix), samml. eur. schmett. 7: pl. 8, fig. 42. syntype (s): unknown. unknown .\nquadratella geoffroy, in fourcroy, 1785 (tinea), ent. paris. 2: 324. tl: france. syntype (s): mnhn. unknown .\nsimillimana toll, 1953 (euspila), polskie pismo ent. 22 (1952): 129. tl: poland. holotype: isez. male .\nconficitana walker, 1863 (carpocapsa), list specimens lepid. insects colln. br. mus 28: 412. tl: australia, queensland, moreton bay. holotype: bmnh. male .\nconversana walsingham, 1879 (grapholitha), illust. typical specimens lepid. heterocera colln. br. mus 4: 66. tl: usa, oregon, camp watson. syntypes: usnm; bmnh. male, male .\ncupida meyrick, 1912 (enarmonia), ent. mon. mag. 48: 34. no type\nwana kearfott, 1907 (enarmonia), trans. am. ent. soc 33: 60. tl: usa. california, monterey co. , carmel - by - the - sea. lectotype: amnh. male .\ncoronillana lienig & zeller, 1846 (grapholitha), isis von oken (leipzig) 1846 (3): 251. tl: germany / poland, syntype (s): bmnh. unknown .\nmoldovana caradja, 1899 (grapholitha), dt. ent. z. iris 12: 193. tl: romania. grum ze ti. holotype: mgab. male .\ncotoneastri danilevsky, in danilevsky & kuznetzov, 1968 (grapholitha), fauna sssr (n. s .) 98 (lepid. 5 (1) ): 319. tl: russia, siberia, krasnoyarsk, minussinsk. holotype: zmas. male .\ncyanogona meyrick, 1907 (laspeyresia), j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 18: 146. tl: india, assam, khasi hills. lectotype: bmnh. female .\nmundana christoph, 1882 (grapholitha), bull. soc. imp. nat. moscou 56 (4) (1881): 420. tl: russia. khabarovsky krai, radd. holotype: mnhu. male .\nquadristriana walsingham, 1900 (laspeyresia), ann. mag. nat. hist. (7) 6: 432 tl: japan. west china foochow. syntypes: bmnh. male, female .\nsinana felder & rogenhofer, 1875 (grapholitha), reise st. fregatte novara (zool .) (2) 5: pl. 137, fig. 43. tl: china. shanghai. holotype: bmnh. male .\nterstrigana ragonot, 1894 (grapholitha), annls soc. ent. fr. 63: 217. syntype (s): mnhn. unknown .\ntetragrammana staudinger, 1880 (grapholitha), horae soc. ent. ross. 15 (1879): 259. tl: europe. syntype (s): mnhu. unknown .\ndifficilana walsingham, 1900 (laspeyresia), ann. mag. nat. hist. (7) 6: 433 tl: syria, haleb, shar devesy. syntypes: bmnh. 1 male, 1 female .\ndifficilana kennel, 1901 (grapholitha), dt. ent. z. iris 13 (1900): 295. tl: turkey. zeitun. lectotype: mnhu. male .\ndilectabilis kuznetzov, 1972 (grapholitha), ent. obozr. 51: 397. tl: china, yunnan province, likiang. holotype: lnk. male .\ndiscretana wocke, in staudinger & wocke, 1861 (grapholitha), cat. lepid. eur. faun. : 103. tl: europe, lectotype: zmas. male .\ngeniculana laharpe, 1858 (grapholitha), nouv. mm. soc. helv. sci. nat. 16: 109. tl: switzerland. syntype (s): mzl. unknown .\ndohrniana zeller, 1863 (grapholitha), stettin. ent. ztg. 24: 140. tl: venezuela, holotype: bmnh. male .\ndyarana kearfott, 1907 (enarmonia), trans. am. ent. soc. 33: 58. tl: usa, colorado. lectotype: amnh. female .\neclipsana zeller, 1875 (grapholitha), verh. zool. - bot. ges. wien 25: 298. tl: usa, texas, dallas. holotype: mcz. male .\nedwardsiana kearfott, 1907 (enarmonia), trans. am. ent. soc. 33: 58. tl: usa, california. lectotype: amnh. female .\nendrosias meyrick, 1907 (laspeyresia), j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 18: 145. tl: india, assam, khasi hills. lectotype: bmnh. male .\neulepidana walsingham, 1914 (dichrorampha), biol. centr. - am. lepid. heterocera 4: 257. tl: mexico, guerrero, amula. holotype: bmnh. female .\nexigua kuznetzov, 1972 (grapholitha), ent. obozr. 51: 399. tl: japan, kyushu, nagasaki prefecture, mt. unzen. holotype: lnk. male .\nfana kearfott, 1907 (enarmonia), trans. am. ent. soc. 33: 64. tl: usa, new jersey, anglesea. lectotype: amnh. male .\noenochroa meyrick, 1912 (enarmonia), ent. mon. mag. 48: 34. no type\nfimana snellen, 1883 (grapholitha), tijdschr. ent. 26: 225. tl: russia, siberia, primorsky krai, askold island. lectotype: ncb. male .\nfissana frolich, 1828 (tortrix), enum. tortr. wrtemberg: 86. tl: germany, wrtemberg. syntype (s): unknown. unknown .\ndiffusana herrich - schaffer, 1848 (uninomial), syst. bearbeitung schmett. eur. 4: pl. 40, fig. 284. no type\ndiffusana herrich - schaffer, 1851 (tortrix (grapholitha) ), syst. bearbeitung schmett. eur. 4: 266. tl: europe. syntype (s): unknown. unknown .\ndivisana duponchel, in godart, 1836 (ephippiphora), hist. nat. lpid. papillons fr. 9: 542. tl: switzerland. syntype (s): mnhn. unknown .\nfistularis meyrick, 1928 (laspeyresia), exotic microlepid. 3: 449. tl: new guinea, new guinea (st. matthias island). holotype: bmnh. female .\nfloricolana meyrick, 1881 (stigmonota), proc. linn. soc. n. s. w. 6: 656. tl: australia, new south wales. syntypes: bmnh. male, female .\nfunebrana treitschke, 1835 (grapholitha), schmett. eur. 10 (2): 116. tl: germany / czech republic, lectotype: tmb. male .\ncerasana kozhantshikov, 1953 (laspeyresia), ent. obozr. 33: 115. tl: russia. siberia, ulan - ude. lectotype: zmas. male .\ngeministriata walsingham, 1900 (laspeyresia), ann. mag. nat. hist. (7) 6: 434 tl: china, foochow. holotype: bmnh. female .\ngemmiferana treitschke, 1835 (grapholitha), schmett. eur. 10: 118. tl: hungary, lectotype: tmb. male .\nolbienana guenee, 1845 (catoptria), annls soc. ent. fr. (2) 3: 188. tl: france. insul hyres. holotype: mnhn. unknown .\nglycyrrhizana kuznetzov, in danilevsky, kuznetzov & falkovitsh, 1962 (laspeyresia), trud. inst. zool. alma ata 18: 107. tl: kazakhstan, alma - ata. holotype: zmas. male .\nhamatana kennel, 1901 (grapholitha), dt. ent. z. iris 13 (1900): 297. tl: russia, amur. lectotype: mnhu. male .\nheptacopa meyrick, 1916 (laspeyresia), exotic microlepid. 1: 564. tl: malawi, nyasaland [ malawi ] (mt. mlanje). holotype: bmnh. male .\nheptatoma diakonoff, 1976 (grapholitha), zool. verh. leiden 144: 11. tl: nepal, prov. no. 2 east, jiri. holotype: zsm. male .\nhyalitis meyrick, 1909 (argyroploce), j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 19: 600. tl: india, assam, khasi hills. lectotype: bmnh. male .\nhylophanes meyrick, 1928 (laspeyresia), exotic microlepid. 3: 447. tl: india, punjab, simla. holotype: bmnh. female .\nimitativa heinrich, 1926 (grapholitha), bull. u. s. natn. mus. 132: 34. tl: usa, california, san francisco. holotype: usnm. male .\ninopinata heinrich, 1928 (grapholitha), proc. ent. soc. wash. 30: 91. tl: china, south manchuria, kinshu. holotype: usnm. male .\nprunifoliae kozhantshikov, 1953 (laspeyresia), ent. obozr. 33: 111. tl: russia. siberia, ulan - ude. syntypes: zmas. 1 male, 4 females .\ninternana guenee, 1845 (stigmonota), annls soc. ent. fr. (2) 3: 183. tl: france, syntype (s): mnhn. unknown .\ndivisella dufrane, 1960 (enarmonia internana f .), bull. inst. r. sci. nat. belg. 36 (29): 9. tl: france. holotype: irsn. female .\nerectana barrett, 1875 (stigmonota), ent. mon. mag. 12: 8. syntype (s): bmnh. unknown .\nflexuosella dufrane, 1960 (enarmonia internana f .), bull. inst. r. sci. nat. belg. 36 (29): 9. tl: france. holotype: irsn. unknown .\ntristana toll, 1953 (euspila internana ssp .), polskie pismo ent. 22 (1952): 130. tl: ukraine. ukraine. syntypes: isez. 1 male, 1 female .\ninterstinctana clemens, 1860 (stigmonota), proc. acad. nat. sci. philad. 12: 351. tl: usa, lectotype: ansp. female .\ndistema grote, 1873 (grapholitha), bull. buffalo soc. nat. sci 1: 92. tl: usa. new york. holotype: unknown. unknown. [ lost ]\nscitana walker, 1863 (dichrorampha), list specimens lepid. insects colln. br. mus 28: 413. tl: north america. holotype: bmnh. male .\niridescens meyrick, 1881 (stigmonota), proc. linn. soc. n. s. w. 6: 655. tl: australia, new south wales. syntypes: bmnh. male, female .\nisacma meyrick, 1907 (laspeyresia), j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 18: 144. tl: india, assam, khasi hills. lectotype: bmnh. male .\njanthinana duponchel, in godart, 1835 (coccyx), hist. nat. lpid. papillons fr. 9: 245. tl: france, syntype (s): mnhn. unknown .\nincisana herrich - schaffer, 1848 (uninomial), syst. bearbeitung schmett. eur. 4: pl. 24, fig. 173. no type\nincisana herrich - schaffer, 1851 (tortrix (grapholitha) ), syst. bearbeitung schmett. eur. 4: 262. tl: austria. wien. syntype (s): unknown. unknown .\njesonica matsumura, 1931 (laspeyresia), 6000 illust. insects japan - empire: 1072 tl: japan, hokkaido, sapporo. holotype: eihu. female .\njucundata kuznetzov, 1971 (grapholitha), ent. obozr. 50: 440. tl: china, hunan province, chansha. holotype: mgab. male .\njunctistrigana walsingham, 1900 (laspeyresia), ann. mag. nat. hist. (7) 6: 434 tl: syria, haleb, shar devesy. holotype: bmnh. female .\njungiella clerck, 1759 (phalaena), icones insectorum rariorum 1: pl. 12, fig. 9. tl: europe, lectotype: lsl. female .\nalbisecundella bruand, 1847 (stigmonota), mm. soc. emul. doubs. 3 (2): 50. tl: france. syntype (s): unknown. unknown. [ lost ]\njungiana guenee, 1845 (stigmonota), annls soc. ent. fr. (2) 3: 183. no type\nloderana kollar, 1832 (grapholitha), beitr. landesk. sterr. enns. 2: 84. tl: europe. syntype (s): unknown. unknown .\nperlepidana haworth, 1811 (tortrix), lepid. br. (3): 458. tl: united kingdom. great britain. syntype (s): bmnh. unknown .\nschrankiana frolich, 1828 (tortrix), enum. tortr. wrtemberg: 86. tl: germany. wrtemberg. syntype (s): unknown. unknown .\nkurilana kuznetzov, 1976 (grapholitha), trud. zool. inst. leningrad 64: 31. tl: russia, kuril islands, shikotan island. holotype: zmas. female .\nlana kearfott, 1907 (enarmonia), trans. am. ent. soc. 38: 59. tl: usa, california, placer co. . lectotype: amnh. male .\nchrysotypa meyrick, 1912 (enarmonia), ent. mon. mag. 48: 34. no type\nplacerana kearfott, 1907 (enarmonia), trans. am. ent. soc. 33: 60. tl: usa. california, placer co. . lectotype: amnh. male .\nvancouverana kearfott, 1907 (enarmonia), trans. am. ent. soc. 33: 63. tl: canada. british columbia, wellington. lectotype: amnh. male .\nlarseni rebel, 1903 (grapholitha), verh. zool. - bot. ges. wien 53: 93. tl: italy, bozen. lectotype: mgab. male .\nlatens kuznetzov, 1972 (grapholitha), ent. obozr. 51: 400. tl: china, yunnan province, likiang. holotype: lnk. male .\nlathyrana hubner, [ 1811 - 1813 ] (tortrix), samml. eur. schmett 7: pl. 33, fig. 207. tl: europe, syntype (s): unknown. unknown .\ndivitana frolich, 1828 (tortrix), enum. tortr. wrtemberg: 90. tl: germany. wrtemberg. syntype (s): unknown. unknown. [ lost ]\nkrausiana standfuss, 1881 (grapholitha), z. ent. 8: 32. tl: romania. banat [ balcans, romania ]. holotype: mnhu. female .\nscopariana herrich - schaffer, 1848 (uninomial), syst. bearbeitung schmett. eur. 4: pl. 46, fig. 324. no type\nscopariana herrich - schaffer, 1851 (tortrix (grapholitha) ), syst. bearbeitung schmett. eur. 4: 274. tl: austria. regensburg. syntype (s): unknown. unknown .\nlibertina heinrich, 1926 (grapholitha), bull. u. s. natn. mus. 132: 29. tl: canada, british columbia, wellington. holotype: amnh. male .\nlimbata diakonoff, 1969 (grapholitha), tijdschr. ent. 112: 85. tl: seychelles, seychelles (praslin island). holotype: mnhn. male .\nlobarzewskii nowicki, 1860 (carpocapsa), enum. lepid. haliciae orient. : 138. tl: ukraine, ukraine (galitien). lectotype: nhmv. male .\nprunivorana ragonot, 1879 (grapholitha), annls soc. ent. fr. (5) 9 (bulletin): cxxxii. tl: france. syntype (s): mnhn. unknown .\nlunatana walsingham, 1879 (grapholitha), illust. typical specimens lepid. heterocera colln. br. mus 4: 66. tl: usa, north oregon. syntype: bmnh. male .\nlunulana [ denis & schiffermuller ], 1775 (tortrix), syst. verz. schmett. wienergegend: 127. tl: austria, vienna. syntype (s): unknown. unknown. [ lost ]\namplidorsana caradja, 1916 (grapholitha), dt. ent. z. iris 30: 70. tl: kyrgyzstan. turkestan (altai mountains) [ kyrgyzstan ]. lectotype: mgab. male .\nbipartitana kennel, 1901 (grapholitha), dt. ent. z. iris 13 (1900): 299. tl: spain. murcia, algezares. holotype: mnhu. female .\nconspectana lederer, 1859 (grapholitha), wien. ent. monatschr. 3: 341. tl: italy. sicily. syntype (s): mnhu. unknown .\ndimidiatana kennel, 1901 (grapholitha), dt. ent. z. iris 13 (1900): 300. tl: spain. murcia, algezares. lectotype: mnhu. male .\neffusana lederer, 1855 (laspeyresia), verh. zool. - bot. ges. wien 5: 225. tl: lebanon. holotype: mnhu. unknown .\nexosticha meyrick, 1936 (laspeyresia), exotic microlepid. 5: 25. tl: lebanon. bhamdun or luize. lectotype: unknown. male .\ngigantana staudinger, 1880 (grapholitha dorsana var .), horae soc. ent. ross. 15 (1979): 260. tl: europe. syntype (s): mnhu. unknown .\nintacta walsingham, 1903 (laspeyresia), ent. mon. mag. 39: 210. tl: algeria. algeria (lambese). lectotype: mgab. male .\njungiana frolich, 1828 (tortrix), enum. tortr. wrtemberg: 84. tl: germany. wrtemberg. syntype (s): unknown. unknown .\nmederleana leraut, 1997 (cydia), liste syst. syn. lpid. fr. belg. corse 2: 148. no type\nmegerleana frolich, 1828 (tortrix), enum. tortr. wrtemberg: 85. tl: germany. wrtemberg. syntype (s): unknown. unknown .\npraedorsana amsel, 1958 (laspeyresia), z. wien. ent. ges. 43: 71. tl: cyprus. cyprus (kyrenia). holotype: lnk. male .\nselenana zeller, 1847 (grapholitha), isis von oken (leipzig) 1847 (10) tl: italy. holotype: bmnh. unknown .\nselliferana kennel, 1901 (grapholitha), dt. ent. z. iris 13 (1900): 299. tl: greece. greece (eibes). lectotype: mnhu. female .\nstrandiana fuchs, 1901 (grapholitha dorsana var .), stettin. ent. ztg. 62: 382. syntype (s): unknown. unknown .\nmelicrossis meyrick, 1932 (laspeyresia), exotic microlepid. 4: 311. tl: india, kashmir, gulmarg. lectotype: bmnh. male .\nmesoscia diakonoff, 1969 (grapholitha), tijdschr. ent. 112: 84. tl: seychelles, seychelles (aldabra). holotype: mnhn. male .\nmiranda meyrick, 1911 (laspeyresia), trans. linn. soc. lond. 14: 271. tl: seychelles, seychelles (aldabra). lectotype: bmnh. female .\nnamatophora diakonoff, 1976 (grapholitha), zool. verh. leiden 144: 12. tl: nepal, kathmandu valley, godavari. holotype: zsm. male .\nnebritana treitschke, in ochsenheimer, 1830 (grapholitha), schmett. eur. 8: 209. tl: hungary, lectotype: tmb. male .\nnigrostriana snellen, 1883 (grapholitha), tijdschr. ent 26: 223. tl: russia, amur. holotype: zmas. male .\nnucleana felder & rogenhofer, 1875 (grapholitha), reise st. fregatte novara (zool .) (2) 5: pl. 137, fig. 56. tl: ?, unknown. holotype: bmnh. male .\noptica meyrick, 1912 (laspeyresia), j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 21: 875. tl: india, assam, khasi hills. holotype: bmnh. male .\norobana treitschke, in ochsenheimer, 1830 (grapholitha), schmett. eur. 8: 226. tl: hungary, lectotype: tmb. male .\narcigera tengstrom, 1848 (grapholitha), notis sllsk. fauna flora fenn. frh 1: 160. tl: finland. uleborg. holotype: zmh. male .\npersicana osthelder, 1938 (laspeyresia), mitt. mnch. ent. ges. 28: 28. tl: iran. north persia [ iran ] (hecercal - tal, elburz mountains). holotype: zsm. male .\npackardi zeller, 1875 (grapholitha), verh. zool. - bot. ges. wien 25: 300. tl: usa, texas, dallas. holotype: mcz. female .\npyricolana murtfeldt, 1891 (steganoptycha), bull. dept. agric. ent. 23: 52. tl: usa. missouri. holotype: unknown. unknown. [ lost ]\npagenstecheri bradley, 1961 (grapholitha), bull. br. mus. (nat. hist .) ent. 10: 127. tl: guadalcanal, (guadalcanal, honiara). holotype: bmnh. male .\npallifrontana lienig & zeller, 1846 (grapholitha), isis von oken (leipzig) 1846 (3): 251. tl: latvia / lithuania, [ latvia / lithuania ]. holotype: bmnh. male .\nelegantana frolich, 1828 (tortrix), enum. tortr. wrtemberg: 87. tl: germany. wrtemberg. syntype (s): unknown. unknown .\nfilana herrich - schaffer, 1848 (uninomial), syst. bearbeitung schmett. eur. 4: pl. 40, fig. 285. no type\nfilana herrich - schaffer, 1851 (tortrix (grapholitha) ), syst. bearbeitung schmett. eur. 4: 267. tl: germany. syntype (s): unknown. unknown .\nparvisignana meyrick, 1881 (stigmonota), proc. linn. soc. n. s. w. 6: 654 tl: australia, new south wales, sydney. holotype: bmnh. female .\nargyrocyrta turner, 1939 (laspeyresia), pap. proc. r. soc. tasmania 1938: 80. tl: australia. tasmania, tasman peninsula. holotype: anic. female .\nargyroela turner, 1946 (laspeyresia), trans. r. soc. s. austral. 70: 219. tl: australia. queensland, coolangatta. holotype: anic. male .\npatens kuznetzov, 1971 (grapholitha), ent. obozr. 50: 439. tl: china, sichuan province, tatsienlu. holotype: mgab. male .\npavonana walsingham, 1900 (laspeyresia), ann. mag. nat. hist. (7) 6: 430 tl: japan, honshu, yamaguchi prefecture, shimonoseki. syntypes: bmnh. 1 female, 1 male .\nquadrocellana walsingham, 1900 (laspeyresia), ann. mag. nat. hist. (7) 6: 430 tl: japan. kyushu. holotype: bmnh. male .\nprolopha meyrick, 1912 (laspeyresia), j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 21: 875. tl: india, assam, khasi hills. lectotype: bmnh. male .\nprunivora walsh, 1868 (semasia), first ann. rep. nox. insects illinois: 108. tl: usa, illinois. holotype: usnm. unknown. [ lost ]\npycnograpta meyrick, 1936 (laspeyresia), exotic microlepid. 4: 616. tl: java, pandan. lectotype: bmnh. male .\nrhabdotacra diakonoff, 1969 (grapholitha), tijdschr. ent. 112: 85. tl: seychelles, seychelles (aldabra). holotype: mnhn. male .\nrosana danilevsky, in danilevsky & kuznetzov, 1968 (grapholitha), fauna sssr (n. s .) 98 (lepid. 5 (1) ): 317. tl: russia, khabarovsk krai, khabarovsk. holotype: zmas. male .\nscintillana christoph, 1882 (grapholitha), bull. soc. imp. nat. moscou 56 (4) (1881): 421. tl: russia, primorsky krai, vladivostok. lectotype: mnhu. female .\nelegantana kuznetzov, in danilevsky & kuznetzov, 1968 (grapholitha scintillana ab .), fauna sssr (n. s .) 98 (lepid. 5 (1) ) tl: russia. siberia, amur region, klimoutsy, 40 km w svobodnyy. holotype: zmas. female .\nseclusana walker, 1866 (ebisma), list specimens lepid. insects colln. br. mus. 35: 1804. tl: new guinea, new guinea. holotype: bmnh. female .\nsemifusca kuznetzov, in danilevsky & kuznetzov, 1968 (grapholitha), fauna sssr (n. s .) 98 (lepid. 5 (1) ): 284. tl: russia, primorsky krai, ussuriysk. holotype: zmas. male .\ntenebrosana duponchel, in godart, 1842 (grapholitha), hist. nat. lpid. papillons fr. (suppl .) 4: 190. tl: france, holotype: mnhn. female .\nroseticolana zeller, 1849 (grapholitha), stettin. ent. ztg. 10: 253. syntype (s): bmnh. unknown .\ntristana schlager, 1848 (grapholitha), ber. lepid. tauschver. : 188. tl: europe. syntype (s): unknown. unknown .\ntetrazancla turner, 1925 (laspeyresia), trans. proc. r. soc. s. austral 49: 60. tl: australia, northern territory, darwin. syntypes: anic. 2 females .\ntornosticha turner, 1946 (laspeyresia), trans. r. soc. s. austral. 70: 220. tl: australia, north queensland, cape york. holotype: anic. male .\ntorodetta meyrick, 1914 (laspeyresia), j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 22: 772. tl: india, coimbatore. lectotype: bmnh. female .\ntricyanitis dianokoff, 1976 (grapholitha), zool. verh. leiden 144: 16. tl: nepal, prov. no. 3 east, junbesi. holotype: zsm. male .\ntristriatana pagenstecher, 1900 (grapholitha), zoologica 29: 224 tl: bismark archipelago, bismarck islands [ papua new guinea ]. holotype: mnhu. unknown. [ lost ]\ntristrigana clemens, 1865 (stigmonota), proc. ent. soc. philad. 5: 133. tl: usa, virginia. lectotype: ansp. male .\nsaundersana kearfott, 1907 (enarmonia), trans. am. ent. soc. 33: 63. tl: canada. ontario, toronto. lectotype: amnh. male .\nvitrana walsingham, 1879 (grapholitha), illust. typical specimens lepid. heterocera colln. br. mus 4: 65. tl: usa, northern oregon. syntypes: usnm; bmnh. male, male .\nzapyrana meyrick, 1881 (stigmonota), proc. linn. soc. n. s. w. 6: 653. tl: australia, new south wales, sydney. syntypes: bmnh. male, female .\nunless noted, all images on these pages are copyright © 2003 - 14 by todd gilligan. please do not download, copy, print, or otherwise distribute any images from these pages without the permission of the author. contact form .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nlike most websites we use cookies. this is to ensure that we give you the best experience possible .\ncontinuing to use urltoken means you agree to our use of cookies. if you would like to, you can learn more about the cookies we use .\nwe’d value your feedback on the tool. our survey takes only five minutes to complete .\nthe egg when first laid is translucent - white, later becoming yellow, slightly convex, round or slightly oval, measuring about 0. 7 mm across. the full - grown larva has a length of approximately 12 mm, and is pink to almost red. the head, the prothoracic notum and the anal plate are brown. a black anal fork (anal comb), above the anal opening, is present. the cocoon is a protective covering for the full - grown larva and pupa. it is made of silken threads and particles of the objects on which it rests. the pupa is reddish - brown. the adult has a wing span of 10 - 16 mm, and is dark - grey. when at rest, the wings are held in a roof - like position over the body, and the antennae are bent backwards over the wings. for exact identification, investigation of the genitalia is necessary. detailed morphology can be found in balachowsky (1966)." ]

{ "text": [ "grapholita molesta , the oriental fruit moth or peach moth , is a moth of the tortricidae family .", "it is native to china , but was introduced to japan and north america and is now also found throughout of europe , asia and south america and in hawaii , morocco , mauritius , south africa , australia and new zealand the wingspan is about 13 mm .", "adults are gray with brown markings.there are four to seven generations per year .", "the larvae feed on peach , apple , quince , pear , plum , cherry , apricot and nectarine .", "they are pinkish to creamy-white with brown heads and about 13 mm long .", "early in the season , larvae tunnel in tender twigs causing twig die-back .", "heavy infestations may give the tree a bushy appearance .", "later generations may feed on terminal growth and developing peaches .", "larvae attacking the fruit often enter near or through the stem and bore directly into the interior of the fruit .", "larger peaches may show no external damage .", "fruit damage may cause an increase in the amount of brown rot . " ], "topic": [ 2, 9, 15, 8, 23, 28, 25, 4, 8, 12, 4 ] }

[ "grapholita molesta, the oriental fruit moth or peach moth, is a moth of the tortricidae family. it is native to china, but was introduced to japan and north america and is now also found throughout of europe, asia and south america and in hawaii, morocco, mauritius, south africa, australia and new zealand the wingspan is about 13 mm. adults are gray with brown markings.there are four to seven generations per year. the larvae feed on peach, apple, quince, pear, plum, cherry, apricot and nectarine. they are pinkish to creamy-white with brown heads and about 13 mm long. early in the season, larvae tunnel in tender twigs causing twig die-back. heavy infestations may give the tree a bushy appearance. later generations may feed on terminal growth and developing peaches. larvae attacking the fruit often enter near or through the stem and bore directly into the interior of the fruit. larger peaches may show no external damage. fruit damage may cause an increase in the amount of brown rot." ]

[ "goniastrea australensis. south - western australia. encrusting a rock. clay bryce .\ngoniastrea australensis. mainland japan. common variation in corallite shape and colour. charlie veron .\ngoniastrea australensis. palau. walls may be thick in shallow water colonies. gustav paulay .\ngoniastrea australensis. great barrier reef, australia. common variation in corallite shape and colour. charlie veron .\ngoniastrea australensis. great barrier reef, australia. common variation in corallite shape and colour. valerie taylor .\ngoniastrea australensis. norfolk island, coral sea. common variation in corallite shape and colour. charlie veron .\ngoniastrea australensis. solitary islands, south - eastern australia. two encrusting colonies overgrowing each other. charlie veron .\nphotobiology of endolithic microorganisms in living coral skeletons: 1. pigmentation, spectral reflectance and variable chlorophyll fluorescence analysis of endoliths in the massive corals cyphastrea serailia, porites lutea and goniastrea australensis\n( 2007), photobiology of endolithic microorganisms in living coral skeletons: 1. pigmentation, spectral reflectance and variable chlorophyll fluorescence analysis of endoliths in the massive corals cyphastrea serailia, porites lutea and goniastrea australensis, marine biology, 395 - 404, vol. 152\ndescription this fully meandroid goniastrea is similar to platygyra, especially p. lamellosa with which it is easily confused. like ...\n( of goniastrea benhami vaughan, 1917) vaughan tw (1917) some corals from kermadec islands. transactions and proceedings of the new zealand institute 49: 275 - 279. [ details ]\n( of coeloria australensis milne edwards, 1857) milne edwards h (1857) histoire naturelle des coralliaires ou polypes proprement dits 2: 1 - 631. librairie encyclopédique de roret, paris. [ details ]\n( of coeloria australensis milne edwards, 1857) veron, j. e. n. , pichon, m. & wijsman - best, m. 1977. scleractinia of eastern australia – part ii. families faviidae, trachyphylliidae. australian institute of marine science monograph series 3: 1–233. [ details ]\n( of goniastrea benhami vaughan, 1917) veron, j. e. n. , pichon, m. & wijsman - best, m. 1977. scleractinia of eastern australia – part ii. families faviidae, trachyphylliidae. australian institute of marine science monograph series 3: 1–233. [ details ]\n( of goniastrea benhami vaughan, 1917) vaughan, t. w. (1918). some shallow - water corals from murray island (australia), cocos - keeling island, and fanning island. papers from the department of marine biology of the carnegie institution of washington. 9 (213): 49 - 234, pls. 20 - 93. [ details ]\nmilne edwards h (1857) histoire naturelle des coralliaires ou polypes proprement dits 2: 1 - 631. librairie encyclopédique de roret, paris. [ details ]\nhoeksema, b. w. ; cairns, s. (2018). world list of scleractinia .\nveron, j. e. n. (1986). corals of australia and the indo - pacific. angus & robertson publishers, london. [ details ]\nveron, j. e. n. , pichon, m. & wijsman - best, m. 1977. scleractinia of eastern australia – part ii. families faviidae, trachyphylliidae. australian institute of marine science monograph series 3: 1–233. [ details ]\ncairns, s. d. ; hoeksema, b. w. & van der land, j. (2007). as a contribution to unesco - ioc register of marine organisms. (look up in imis) [ details ]\nliu j. y. [ ruiyu ] (ed .). (2008). checklist of marine biota of china seas. china science press. 1267 pp. (look up in imis) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nveron jen. (2000). corals of the world. vol. 1–3. australian institute of marine science and crr, queensland, australia. [ details ]\ncairns, s. d. ; gershwin, l. ; brook, f. j. ; pugh, p. ; dawson, e. w. ; ocaña o. v. ; vervoort, w. ; williams, g. ; watson, j. e. ; opresko, d. m. ; schuchert, p. ; hine, p. m. ; gordon, d. p. ; campbell, h. j. ; wright, a. j. ; sánchez, j. a. ; fautin, d. g. (2009). phylum cnidaria: corals, medusae, hydroids, myxozoans. in: gordon, d. p. (ed .) (2009). new zealand inventory of biodiversity: 1. kingdom animalia: radiata, lophotrochozoa, deuterostomia. pp. 59 - 101. , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nwijsman - best m (1972) systematics and ecology of new caledonian faviinae (coelenterata–scleractinia). bijdragen tot de dierkunde 42: 3 - 90. [ details ]\nhuang d, benzoni f, fukami h, knowlton n, smith nd, budd af (2014) taxonomic classification of the reef coral families merulinidae, montastraeidae, and diploastraeidae (cnidaria: anthozoa: scleractinia). zoological journal of the linnean society 171: 277–355. [ details ]\nafcd. (2004). ecological status and revised species records of hong kong’s scleractinian corals. agriculture, fisheries and conservation department, the hong kong sar government. [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\nin the indo - west pacific, this species is found in the red sea and gulf of aden, the southwest and northern indian ocean, central indo - pacific, australia, southeast asia, japan and east china sea, oceanic west pacific, and the central pacific .\nthis species is common, and it may be a dominant species of subtropical reefs .\nthere is no species specific population information available for this species. however, there is evidence that overall coral reef habitat has declined, and this is used as a proxy for population decline for this species. this species is more resilient to some of the threats faced by corals and therefore population decline is estimated using the percentage of destroyed reefs only (wilkinson 2004). we assume that most, if not all, mature individuals will be removed from a destroyed reef and that on average, the number of individuals on reefs are equal across its range and proportional to the percentage of destroyed reefs. reef losses throughout the species' range have been estimated over three generations, two in the past and one projected into the future .\nthe age of first maturity of most reef building corals is typically three to eight years (wallace 1999) and therefore we assume that average age of mature individuals is greater than eight years. furthermore, based on average sizes and growth rates, we assume that average generation length is 10 years, unless otherwise stated. total longevity is not known, but likely to be more than ten years. therefore any population decline rates for the red list assessment are measured over at least 30 years .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\ncolonies are submassive or encrusting, and meandroid, with sinuous valleys. columella centres and paliform lobes are well developed .\ncolour: very variable but usually a uniform dull green or brown or with walls and valley floors of contrasting dull or bright colours .\ntaxonomic note: source reference: veron (2000). taxonomic references: wijsman - best (1972), veron, pichon and wijsman - best (1977). additional identification guides: veron (1986), sheppard and sheppard (1991), nishihira and veron (1995) .\n© 2011 - 2012 australian institute of marine science and crr cc by - nc 3. 0\n< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation, e. g. an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature, an orthologous protein, a record from another database, etc. < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences\n> more... < / a > < / p >\nhelp pages, faqs, uniprotkb manual, documents, news archive and biocuration projects .\nyou are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website. please consider upgrading your browser .\n< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins, you can use the ‘basket’ to save them, so that you can back to find or analyse them later. < p > < a href =' / help / basket' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ help / sequence - searches\n> more. . < / a > < / p >\nwe' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe’s new general data protection regulation (gdpr) that applies since 25 may 2018 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia, please upload using the upload tools .\nmilne - edwards, h. & haime, j. 1857, vol. 1, p. 326, librairie encyclopédique de roret, paris\nvaughan, t. w. 1917 ,\nsome corals from kermadec islands\n, transactions and proceedings of the new zealand institute, vol. 49, pp. 275 - 9\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: 40c5d3f6 - 78ea - 45fd - b267 - e3848351bbea\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: 8863f2c9 - f22f - 4293 - 95f9 - c7c8feae5bd0\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: e9315e2a - b9ea - 49ab - ace7 - d8c2cc487c9d\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: 16e1960c - e6c3 - 4ba9 - bc5e - a7a5c1cebaaf\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. name: 424056\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment. find records and model species distributions. export reports, maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area, or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something? photograph something? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities. we honour and celebrate the spiritual, cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\njavascript is required to use this web site. please turn it on before proceeding .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\neducational use only, no other permissions given. u. s. and international copyright laws may protect this digital object. commercial use or distribution of the object is not permitted without prior permission of the copyright holder .\nnerp te project 2. 3 - monitoring the health of torres strait coral reefs (aims )\nthis species has a disjunct distribution. it is found in the southeast red sea, gulf of aden, eastern africa, comoros, northern tip of madagascar, and north sulawesi (indonesia )\ngenetics studies have, however, demonstrated the wide degree of differentiation of red sea populations from other indian ocean and indo - west pacific populations, consistent with a low level of gene exchange between the red sea and elsewhere. this relative isolation means that recovery following regional scale disturbance that decimates populations in the red sea may be compromised. for red sea endemics such disturbances would prove catastrophic .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\n9. marine neritic - > 9. 2. marine neritic - subtidal rock and rocky reefs suitability: suitable 9. marine neritic - > 9. 8. marine neritic - coral reef - > 9. 8. 1. outer reef channel suitability: marginal 9. marine neritic - > 9. 8. marine neritic - coral reef - > 9. 8. 2. back slope suitability: suitable 9. marine neritic - > 9. 8. marine neritic - coral reef - > 9. 8. 3. foreslope (outer reef slope) suitability: suitable 9. marine neritic - > 9. 8. marine neritic - coral reef - > 9. 8. 4. lagoon suitability: suitable\n1. land / water protection - > 1. 1. site / area protection 2. land / water management - > 2. 1. site / area management 2. land / water management - > 2. 3. habitat & natural process restoration 3. species management - > 3. 2. species recovery 3. species management - > 3. 4. ex - situ conservation - > 3. 4. 1. captive breeding / artificial propagation 3. species management - > 3. 4. ex - situ conservation - > 3. 4. 2. genome resource bank\n1. residential & commercial development - > 1. 1. housing & urban areas\n1. residential & commercial development - > 1. 2. commercial & industrial areas\n1. residential & commercial development - > 1. 3. tourism & recreation areas\n11. climate change & severe weather - > 11. 3. temperature extremes\n2. species stresses - > 2. 3. indirect species effects - > 2. 3. 8. other\n11. climate change & severe weather - > 11. 4. storms & flooding\n5. biological resource use - > 5. 4. fishing & harvesting aquatic resources - > 5. 4. 1. intentional use: (subsistence / small scale) [ harvest ]\n5. biological resource use - > 5. 4. fishing & harvesting aquatic resources - > 5. 4. 3. unintentional effects: (subsistence / small scale) [ harvest ]\n5. biological resource use - > 5. 4. fishing & harvesting aquatic resources - > 5. 4. 6. motivation unknown / unrecorded\n8. invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases - > 8. 1. invasive non - native / alien species / diseases - > 8. 1. 1. unspecified species\n2. species stresses - > 2. 3. indirect species effects - > 2. 3. 2. competition\n8. invasive and other problematic species, genes & diseases - > 8. 2. problematic native species / diseases - > 8. 2. 1. unspecified species\n9. pollution - > 9. 1. domestic & urban waste water - > 9. 1. 3. type unknown / unrecorded\n9. pollution - > 9. 2. industrial & military effluents - > 9. 2. 3. type unknown / unrecorded\n9. pollution - > 9. 3. agricultural & forestry effluents - > 9. 3. 2. soil erosion, sedimentation\n9. pollution - > 9. 3. agricultural & forestry effluents - > 9. 3. 4. type unknown / unrecorded\n9. pollution - > 9. 5. air - borne pollutants - > 9. 5. 3. ozone\n1. research - > 1. 1. taxonomy 1. research - > 1. 2. population size, distribution & trends 1. research - > 1. 3. life history & ecology 1. research - > 1. 5. threats 1. research - > 1. 6. actions 3. monitoring - > 3. 1. population trends\naeby, g. s. , work, t. , coles, s. , and lewis, t. 2006. coral disease across the hawaiian archipelago. eos, transactions, american geophysical union 87 (36): suppl .\naronson, r. b. and precht, w. f. 2001b. white - band disease and the changing face of caribbean coral reefs. hydrobiologia 460: 25 - 38 .\nbruno, j. f. , selig, e. r. , casey, k. s. , page, c. a. , willis, b. l. , harvell, c. d. , sweatman, h. , and melendy, a. m. 2007. thermal stress and coral cover as drivers of coral disease outbreaks. plos biology 5 (6): e124 .\ncolgan, m. w. 1987. coral reef recovery on guam (micronesia) after catastrophic predation by acanthaster planci. ecology 68 (6): 1592 - 1605 .\ngreen, e. p. and bruckner, a. w. 2000. the significance of coral disease epizootiology for coral reef conservation. biological conservation 96: 347 - 361 .\niucn. 2014. the iucn red list of threatened species. version 2014. 1. available at: urltoken. (accessed: 12 june 2014) .\njacobson, d. m. 2006. fine scale temporal and spatial dynamics of a marshall islands coral disease outbreak: evidence for temperature forcing. eos, transactions, american geophysical union 87 (36): suppl .\npatterson, k. l. , porter, j. w. , ritchie, k. b. , polson, s. w. , mueller e. , peters, e. c. , santavy, d. l. , smith, g. w. 2002. the etiology of white pox, a lethal disease of the caribbean elkhorn coral, acropora palmata. proc natl acad sci 99: 8725 - 8730 .\nporter, j. w. , dustan, p. , jaap, w. c. , patterson, k. l. , kosmynin, v. , meier, o. w. , patterson, m. e. , and parsons, m. 2001. patterns of spread of coral disease in the florida keys. hydrobiologia 460 (1 - 3): 1 - 24 .\npratchett, m. s. 2007. feeding preferences of acanthaster planci (echinodermata: asteroidea) under controlled conditions of food availability. pacific science 61 (1): 113 - 120 .\nstimson, j. , sakai, k. , and sembali, h. 2002. interspecific comparison of the symbiotic relationship in corals with high and low rates of bleacing - induced mortality. coral reefs 21: 409 - 421 .\nsutherland, k. p. , porter, j. w. , and torres, c. 2004. disease and immunity in caribbean and indo - pacific zooxanthellate corals. marine ecology progress series 266: 273 - 302 .\nveron, j. e. n. 2000. corals of the world. australian institute of marine science, townsville .\nwallace, c. c. 1999. staghorn corals of the world: a revision of the coral genus acropora. csiro, collingwood .\nweil, e. 2004. coral reef diseases in the wider caribbean. in: e. rosenberg and y. loya (eds), coral health and diseases, pp. 35 - 68. springer verlag, ny .\nweil, e. 2006. coral, ocotocoral and sponge diversity in the reefs of the jaragua national park, dominican republic. rev. bio. trop. 54 (2): 423 - 443 .\nwilkinson, c. 2004. status of coral reefs of the world: 2004. australian institute of marine science, townsville, queensland, australia .\nwillis, b. , page, c and dinsdale, e. 2004. coral disease on the great barrier reef. in: e. rosenber and y. loya (eds), coral health and disease, pp. 69 - 104. springer - verlag berlin heidelberg .\nwood, e. m. 1983. reef corals of the world: biology and field guide. t. f. h. publications inc. , ltd. , hong kong .\nthis paper brings together widely scattered information on sexual reproduction in scleractinian corals. it includes a review of information and ideas on sex determination, gametogenesis, gametogenic cycles, fertilization and embryonic development, spawning and planula release, larval behavior, settlement and metamorphosis. the review deals with corals from different habitats and organismic assemblages, including tropical reef corals, temperate water corals, solitary and colonial forms. a summary table of coral species and their known reproductive characteristics is presented .\nthese keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. this process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves .\natoda k (1947 a) the larva and postlarval development of some reefbuilding corals. i .\natoda k (1947 b) the larva and postlarval development of some reefbuilding corals. ii .\natoda k (1951 a) the larva and postlarval development of some reef - building corals. iii .\natoda k (1951 b) the larva and postlarval development of some reef - building corals. iv .\natoda k (1951 c) the larva and postlarval development of some reef - building corals. v .\nbirkeland c (1977) the importance of rate of biomass accumulation in early successional stages of benthic communities to the survival of coral recruits. proc. 3rd int coral reef symp 1: 15–21\n( scleractinia: astrocoeniida: acroporidae) —a preliminary report. proc 4th int coral reef symp 2: 137–144\nand the morphology of the madreporarian skeleton. q j microsc sci 28: 21–51\ncampbell rd (1974) cnidaria. in: giese ac, pearse js (eds) reproduction of marine invertebrates, vol 1: acoelomate and pseudocoelomate metazoans. academic press, new york, pp 133–199\nchia f - s (1976) sea anemone reproduction: patterns and adaptive radiations. in: mackie go (ed) coelenterate ecology and behavior. plenum press, new york, pp 261–270\nchia f - s, bickell lr (1978) mechanisms of larval attachment and the induction of settlement and metamorphosis in coelenterates: a review. in: chia f - s, rice m (eds) settlement and metamorphosis of marine invertebrate larvae. elsevier, new york\nconnell jh (1973) population ecology of reef corals. in: jones oa, endean r (eds) biology and geology of coral reefs, vol 2, biol 1. academic press, new york, pp 205–245\ndelvoye l (1982) aspects of sexual reproduction in some caribbean scleractinia. caribbean marine biological institute, curacao, netherland antilles\ndoyle rw (1975) settlement of planktonic larvae: a theory of habitat selection in varying environments. am nat 109: 113–124\nduerden je (1902) west indian madreporarian polyps. mem nat acad sci 8: 401–597\nedmondson ch (1929) growth of hawaiian corals. bernice p bishop mus bull 58: 1–38\nedmondson ch (1946) behavior of coral planulae under altered saline and thermal conditions. bernice p bishop mus occ pap 18: 283–304\nfadlallah yh (1981) the reproductive biology of three species of corals from central california. phd thesis, university of california santa cruz\nfowler gh (1885) the anatomy of the madreporaria i. q j microsc sci 25: 577–597\nfowler gh (1888 a) the anatomy of the madreporaria: iii. q j microsc sci 28: 1–19\nfowler gh (1888 b) the anatomy of the madreporaria: iv. q j microsc sci 28: 414–430\nfowler gh (1890) the anatomy of the madreporaria: v. q j microsc sci 30: 405–422\nand senescence in some other corals. proc cambridge philos soc biol sci 11: 463–471\nghiselin mt (1974) the economy of nature and the evolution of sex. univ calif press, berkeley\ngiese ac, pearse js (1974) introduction. in: giese ac, pearse js (eds) reproduction of marine invertebrates, vol i: acoelomate and pseudocoelomate metazoans. academic press, new york, pp 1–49\ngoreau ni, hayes rl (1977) nucleation catalysis in coral skeletogenesis. proc 3rd int coral reef symp 2: 439–445\nin hawaii, part 1: history of the scientific record, systematics, and ecology. pac sci 35: 1–13\nhargitt c (1914) the anthozoa of the woods hole region. bull bur fish 32: 225–253\n. lunar periodicity of swarming and substratum selection behavior. phd thesis, university of hawaii\nhayes rl, goreau ni (1977 a) the morphology of spermatozoa from a scleractinian hexacoral. anat rec 187: 600–601\nhayes rl, goreau ni (1977 b) cytodynamics of coral calcification. proc 3rd int coral reef symp 2: 433–438\nstokes and broderip on south western coasts of the british isles. in: drew ea, lythgoe jn, woods jd (eds) underwater research. academic press, new york, pp 319–334\nhyman lb (1940) the invertebrates. protozoa through ctenophora, vol 1. mcgraw hill, new york\nkawaguti s (1940) investigations on reef corals (1). kagako nany 2: 29–39 (in japanese) (cited after stimson 1978 )\nkawaguti s (1941) on the physiology of reef corals. v. tropisms of coral planulae considered as a factor of distribution on the reef. palao trop biol stat stud 2: 319–328\nkinchington d (1981) organic - matrix synthesis by scleractinian coral larval and post - larval stages during skeletogenesis. proc 4th int coral reef symp 2: 107–113\nkojis bl, quinn nj (1980) mode and timing of sexual reproduction in some members of the hermatypic coral family faviidae. am zool 20: 819\nkojis bl, quinn nj (1982) reproductive ecology of two faviid corals (coelenterata: scleractinia). mar ecol prog ser 8: 251–255\nkumé m, dan k (1968) invertebrate embryology. nolit, belgrade (tt 67 - 5805 d, clearing house for fed sci and tech info, springfield, va )\nlacaze - duthiers h de (1873) développment des coralliaires. actinaires à polypiers. arch zool exp gén 2: 269–348\nlacaze - duthiers h de (1897) faune du golfe du lion. coralliaires zoanthaires sclerodermes. arch zool exp gén (ser 3) 5: i - 249\nl. in: tardent p, tardent r (eds) developmental and cellular biology of coelenterates. elsevier, new york, pp 61–66\nloya y (1976 b) settlement, mortality and recruitment of a red sea scleractinian coral population. in: mackie go (ed) coelenterate ecology and behavior. plenum press, new york, pp 89–100\nloya y, rinkevich b (1980) effects of oil pollution on coral reef communities. mar ecol prog ser 3: 167–180\nlyke eb, robson ea (1975) spermatogenesis in anthozoa: differentiation of the spermatid. cell tissue res 157: 185–205\nmarshall sm, stephenson ta (1933) the breeding of reef animals. i. the corals. great barrier reef exped 1928–29, sci rep 3: 219–245\nmergner h (1971) cnidaria. in: reverberi g (ed) experimental embryology of marine and fresh - water invertebrates. elsevier / north holland, new york\nmoseley hn (1881) on the deep sea madreporaria. report on the scientific results of the voyage of h. m. s. challanger (1873–1876). zoology 2: 127–248\nmuller wa, wieker f, eiben r (1976) larval adhesion, releasing stimuli and metamorphosis. in: mackie go (ed) coelenterate ecology and behavior. plenum press, new york, pp 339–346\npolicansky d (1982) sex change in plants and animals. annu rev ecol syst 13: 471–495\n. in: lenhoff hm, muscatine l, davis lv (eds) experimental coelenterate biology. university of hawaii press, honolulu\n. ii. synchronization in breeding and seasonality of planula shedding. mar ecol prog ser 1: 145–152\nsammarco pw (1982) polyp bail - out: an escape response to environmental stress and a new means of reproduction in corals. mar ecol prog ser 10: 57–65\nschmidt h, holtken b (1980 a) the anthozoan egg: trophic mechanisms and oocyte surface. in: tardent p, tardent r (eds) developmental and cellular biology of coelenterates. elsevier / north holland, new york, pp 41–46\nschmidt h, holtken b (1980 b) the anthozoan egg: differentiation of the internal oocyte structure. in: tardent p, tardent r (eds) developmental and cellular biology of coelenterates. elsevier / north holland, new york, pp 47–52\nschmidt h, holtken b (1980 c) peculiarities of spermatogenesis and sperm in anthozoa. in: tardent p, tardent r (eds) developmental and cellular biology of coelenterates. elsevier / north holland, new york, pp 53–59\nstephens gc (1962) uptake of organic material by aquatic invertebrates. i. uptake of glucose by the solitary coral\nstephens gc, schinske ra (1975) uptake of amino acids from scawater by ciliary - mucoid filter feeding animals. biol bull 113: 356–357\nstimson js (1978) mode and timing of reproduction in some common hermatypic corals from hawaii and enewetak. mar biol 48: 173–184\nvandermeulen jh (1974) studies on reef corals. ii. fine structure of planktonic planulae larvae of\nvandermeuden jh (1975) studies on reef corals. iii. fine structural changes of calicoblast cells in\nvaughan tw (1908) geology of florida keys and marine bottom deposits and recent corals of southern florida. carnegie inst washington yearb 7: 131–136\nvaughan tw (1909) geology of the keys, the marine bottom deposits, and recent corals of southern florida. carnegie inst washington yearb 8: 140–144\nvaughan tw (1910) the recent madreporaria of southern florida. carnegie inst washington yearb 9: 135–144\nvaughan tw (1914) corals of the bahamas and of southern florida. carnegie inst washington yearb 13: 222–226\nvaughan tw, wells jw (1943) revision of the suborders, families and genera of the scleractinia. spec pap geol soc am 44: 1–336\nveron jen, pichon m (1976) scleractinia of eastern australia, part i: families thamnasteriidae, astrocoeniidae, pocilloporidae. aust inst mar sci monogr ser 1: 1–86\nveron jen, pichon m (1979) scleractinia of eastern australia, part iii: families agariciidae, siderastereidae, fungiidae, oculinidae, merulinidae, mussidae, pectiniidae, caryophylliidae, dendrophyllidac. aust inst mar sci monogr ser 4: 1–433\nveron jen, pichon m, wijsman - best m (1977) scleractinia of eastern australia, part 2: families faviidae, trachyphylliidae. aust inst mar sci monogr ser 3: 1–233\nwells jw (1956) scleractinia. in: moore rc (ed) treatise on invertebrate paleontology. geol soc am univ kans press. new york, part f, pp 328–444\nwells jw (1973) new and old scleractinian corals from jamaica. bull mar sci 23: 16–58\n, the only eupsammiid coral in the british fauna. j mar biol assoc uk 28: 219–224\nyonge cm (1935) studies on the biology of tortugas corals i. observations on\nyonge cm (1940) the biology of reef building corals. great barrier reef expedition (1928–1929), sci rep 1: 353–391\ncopyright © 1999 - 2018 john wiley & sons, inc. all rights reserved\nenter your email address below. if your address has been previously registered, you will receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password. if you don' t receive an email, you should register as a new user\nclimate changes have been identified as one of the greatest threads to coral reef ecosystems. as a result of this, unisense is experiencing an increasing interest in applying microsensor technology for monitoring coral reef ecosystems .\nunisense oxygen microsensors have been used in combination with unisense light trigger to determine the gross photosynthesis of corals. light status is logged with data from a unisense fast responding oxygen microsensor using the sloper software, photosynthesis can be calculated from the respiration rate determined by sloper .\nfor microsensor measurements the sensor is placed in direct contact with the coral tissue surface using a manually operated micromanipulator. measurements can be completed in situ e. g. using a unisense underwater meter or corals can be brought to laboratory for analysis .\n( 2007), zooxanthellae harvested by ciliates associated with brown band syndrome of corals remain photosynthetically competent, applied and environmental microbiology, 1968 -, vol. 73\nulstrup, k. e. , kühl, m. , bourne, d. g. (2007), applied and environmental microbiology, vol. 73, 1968 -\n( 2005), photosynthetic impact of hypoxia on in hospite zooxanthellae in the scleractinian coral pocillopora damicornis, meps, 125 - 132, vol. 286\nralph, p. j. , larkum, a. w. d. , kühl, m. (2007), marine biology, vol. 152, 395 - 404\nthis species is found in the red sea, gulf of aden, eastern africa, madagascar, seychelles, mauritius, chagos archipelago, maldives, pakistan and central indian coast, southern india, and myanmar coast of andaman sea." ]

{ "text": [ "goniastrea australensis , the lesser star coral , is a species of stony corals in the merulinidae family .", "it occurs in shallow water in the indo-pacific region . " ], "topic": [ 22, 13 ] }

[ "goniastrea australensis, the lesser star coral, is a species of stony corals in the merulinidae family. it occurs in shallow water in the indo-pacific region." ]

[ "four extant species currently are recognized; the rock hyrax (procavia capensis), the yellow - spotted rock hyrax (heterohyrax brucei), the western tree hyrax (dendrohyrax dorsalis) and the southern tree hyrax (dendrohyrax arboreus) .\nthe southern tree hyrax (dendrohyrax arboreus) or also known as the eastern tree dassie, eastern tree hyrax, southern tree dassie is a species of mammal in the family procaviidae. the southern tree hyrax is mainly found in the south central eastern side of africa .\nthe tree hyrax inhabits mainly forest areas forming a band across mid - africa extending from the eastern to the western coast .\nwilliams, a. 2004. dendrohyrax arboreuseastern tree hyrax (also: southern tree hyrax). animal diversity web. retrieved january 30, 2014 .\nwhile following chimpanzees in the forest, we recorded two cases in which chimpanzees captured a western tree hyrax (dendrohyrax dorsalis, order hyracoidea) .\nmilner jm, harris s. habitat use and ranging behavior of tree hyrax ,\nsome species are arboreal (the western tree hyrax and southern tree hyrax) and some live on rock outcrops (rock hyrax and yellow - spotted rock hyrax). while southern tree hyraxes are arboreal, and tend to live in dens created in trees and feed primarily in trees, there are reports of them sometimes occupying rocks (williams 2004) .\nin both of these cases, chimpanzees did not eat the western tree hyraxes. probably chimpanzees at bossou do not regard the western tree hyrax as prey. interestingly, the adolescent female who held the dead hyrax for 15 hr in case 2 was present at the scene of case 1 when she was 3 years old, and watched the adolescent males’ treatment of that hyrax. in case 2, two infants approached the hyrax holder and watched her hold the hyrax without eating it; these infants may also come to disregard the hyrax as prey .\nthe soft furs of the eastern tree hyrax are sold for a high price value in many regions .\neastern tree hyrax - dendrohyrax arboreus (a. smith, 1827) - details - encyclopedia of life\noccurs. a chimpanzee at bossou was observed capturing a western tree hyrax, carrying it to her nest, and and sleeping with and grooming it. this suggests that chimpanzees in bossou may not regard hyraxes as a prey animal .\nfor the audio recordings of the benin tree hyrax (used in bearder et al. 2015) please see above or click here\nhyraxes are classified into four distinct species, the procavia capensis (rock hyrax), heterohyrax brucei (yellow - spotted rock hyrax), dendrohyrax arboreaus (southern tree hyrax), and the dendrohyrax dorsalis (western tree hyrax). hyraxes, as is the case with all african wild animals, are faced with the increased threat of extinction due to human activities. while human hunting of hyraxes is minimal, the prime threat to their existence is the destruction of their natural habitat by human activity .\nthe status of the tree hyrax is said to be rare. although not endangered, they are thought to be threatened due to habitat destruction .\nunlike the other species of hyrax, the tree hyrax is a nocturnal forager. it is mainly herbivorous, feeding on leaves, fruits, bark, twigs, and grasses as well as an occasional insect .\nthere is one extant family of hyraxes, procaviidae, distributed only in africa and the middle east. four species are recognized: the rock hyrax (procavia capensis), the yellow - spotted rock hyrax (heterohyrax brucei), the western tree hyrax (dendrohyrax dorsalis) and the southern tree hyrax (dendrohyrax arboreus). however, in evolutionary history hyraxes were more diverse, and with larger and smaller representatives, and for many millions of years they were the primary terrestrial herbivore in africa. hyraxes are often mistaken for rodents, but are more closely related to elephants .\ntree hyraxes inhabit various regions ranging from wooded areas and savannas to coastal dunes and tropical rainforests .\n, are used near mt. kilimanjaro. the fur of tree hyraxes is generally quite soft .\n. is a resemblable group, not related with the true hyraxes. many of this false hyrax have hyrax related names by this topic :\nthe rock hyrax is found throughout sub - saharan africa, with the exception of the congo basin, and in north - east africa, eastwards to the western and southern coast of the arabian peninsula (1) .\nnot the most familiar order of mammals, hyraxes are thick, stubby - legged, plant - eating mammals that look a bit like a cross between a house cat and a rabbit; there are only four species (the yellow - spotted hyrax, the rock hyrax, the western tree hyrax and the southern tree hyrax), all of them native to africa and the middle east. one of the strangest things about hyraxes is their relative lack of internal temperature regulation; they' re technically warm - blooded, like all mammals, but spend an inordinate amount of time huddling together in the cold or basking in the sun in the heat of midday .\nthe southern tree hyrax is a herbivore. it consumes many different parts of the plants such as the leaves, petioles, twigs, shoots, fleshy fruit, and hard seeds .\nspringer ms, stanhope mj, madsen o, de jong ww. molecules consolidate the placental mammal tree .\nrubsamen k, hume id, engelhardt wv. physiology of the rock hyrax .\nturner mim, watson rm. an introductory study on the ecology of hyrax (\nwelker wi, carlson m. somatic sensory cortex of hyrax (procavia) .\nsale jb. the behaviour of the resting rock hyrax in relation to its environment .\nmartial and tawny eagles, leopards, lions, jackals, spotted hyenas, and snakes prey upon the southern tree hyrax. in rwanda, the most common predators are feral dogs. it has been speculated that the limited amount of time the hyrax spends on the ground at night may be a predator avoidance strategy to avoid the dogs. also humans are known to eat the hyrax .\nrock and bush hyraxes are diurnal and gregarious, but tree hyraxes are generally nocturnal and mainly solitary. hyrax activity patterns are strongly influenced by ambient temperature and predator exposure. bush and rock hyraxes sometimes occur in mixed - species groups and respond to each other' s alarm calls. bush and tree hyraxes are excellent climbers and jumpers .\nmilner, j. , s. harris. 1999b. habitat use and ranging behaviour of tree hyrax, dendrohyrax arboreus, in the virunga volcanoes, rwanda. african journal of ecology, 37: 281 - 294 .\ncoe mj. notes on the habits of the mount kenya hyrax (procavia johnstoni mackinderi) .\nfairall n, eloff ak, mcnairn is. integration of metabolism and digestion in the hyrax .\nmilner, j. , s. harris. 1999a. activity patterns and feeding behaviour of the tree hyrax, dendrohyrax arboreus, in the parc national des volcans, rwanda. african journal of ecology, 37: 267 - 280 .\nthe words\nrabbit\n,\nhare\nor\nconey\nappear as terms for the hyrax in some english translations of the bible. early english translators had no knowledge of the hyrax (\nthree genera of living hyraxes are recognized: procavia (rock hyrax), heterohyrax (bush hyrax), and dendrohyrax (tree hyraxes). hoeck (2011) recognizes a single species each in procavia and heterohyrax and three species of dendrohyrax, but notes that further study is likely to confirm additional cryptic species in each of these genera .\n^\nhyrax: the little brother of the elephant\n, wildlife on one, bbc tv .\nthe rock hyrax occurs in many protected areas and is protected by law in israel (1) .\nthe previously recognized dendrohyrax validus true, 1890 (schlitter, in wilson and reeder 1993), called the mountain forest tree hyrax, is included in dendrohyrax arboreus until detailed taxonomic research is conducted (shoshani, in wilson and reeder 2005) .\n[ milner, j. , s. harris. 1999a. activity patterns and feeding behaviour of the tree hyrax, dendrohyrax arboreus, in the parc national des volcans, rwanda. african journal of ecology, 37: 267 - 280. ]\nalthough hyrax populations are believed to be generally stable, the tree hyraxes are hunted for fur and food and are likely very sensitive to habitat degradation as they are confined to primary forests. they also have uses in traditional rituals and traditional medicine .\nthe western tree hyrax is found in west and central africa: benin, cameroon, central african republic, republic of the congo, democratic republic of the congo, ivory coast, equatorial guinea, gabon, gambia, ghana, guinea, guinea - bissau, liberia, nigeria, rwanda, senegal, sierra leone, sudan, togo, uganda, and possibly niger. its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests, moist savanna, and rocky areas .\nafter a gestation period of 7 months, 1 - 2 young are born. at birth they are well developed and they weigh approximately 380 g (13. 4 oz .). the southern tree hyrax reaches maturity at about 12 months old .\nis a group unrelated to the true hyraxes. many genera within this family have hyrax - related names :\nthe rock hyrax is classified as least concern (lc) on the iucn red list (1) .\none of such animals is the hyrax. hyrax is a name given to small rodent - like animals under the order of hyracoidea. while their small stature, as well as diet, resembles that of rodents, scientific studies show that the hyrax is surprisingly related to the elephant and sea cows (manatees and dugongs) .\ngaylard, a. , g. kerley. 1997. diet of tree hyraxes dendrohyrax arboreus (hyracoidea: procaviidae) in the eastern cape, south africa .\nspringer ms, cleven gc, madsen o, de jong ww, waddell vg, amrine hm, stanhope mj. endemic african mammals shake the phylogenetic tree .\nbrown kj, downs ct. seasonal patterns in body temperature of free - living rock hyrax (procavia capensis) .\nthis rodent - looking mammal has short ears and legs, thick, soft fur with gray - brown to black colorings. the hyrax has a distinct patch of lighter colored hair on its back which covers a scent gland and bristles when the animal is excited or mating. typically the tree hyrax is about 1 - 2. 5 feet in length, has a height at the shoulders of 10 - 12 inches .\neach species of hyrax (family procaviidae) has its own unique set of vocalizations. their advertisement calls are particularly loud and useful in distinguishing species. during primate surveys in africa, members of the nocturnal primate research group, oxford brookes, uk, recorded the vocalizations of hyrax, belonging to three genera. we will, gradually, add hyrax recordings to the list below .\n. it also details that the hyrax chews its cud. however, this observation is due to the habit of the hyrax chewing without having ingested anything, resembling the chewing of cud (the hyraxes studied by the hebrews may have been in captivity) .\nwestern tree hyraxes tend to be solitary, and only occasionally are found in groups of two or three. they are nocturnal and generally feed at night. it has been noted that this species is an especially adept climber. in captivity they have been observed to climb up the edge of an open door with ease, as well as being able to quickly scale smooth tree trunks. they are aided in climbing with their black, pliant footpads with numerous ridges. captive animals were observed using their teeth to help hold onto wires and vines while climbing. anticipatory to copulation the female produces a secretion from the dorsal gland that smells similar to cinnamon .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below. < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - rock hyrax (procavia capensis )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - rock hyrax (procavia capensis )\ntitle =\narkive species - rock hyrax (procavia capensis )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nhyraxes are small animals without tails. they resemble guinea pigs. the animals grow to 28 inches in length and have a maximum weight of 11 pounds. the hyrax’s skin is covered with thick fur and has varied coloration depending on the species. the yellow - spotted rock hyrax’s fur is yellowish brown and has a white patch just above its eyes. the rock hyrax is greyish - brown in color and has no distinct marks on its face .\nkleinschmidt t, czelusniak j, goodman m, braunitzer g. paenungulata: a comparison of the hemoglobin sequences from elephant, hyrax, and manatee .\nthe southern tree hyrax has a guinea pig - like appearance. it has long, soft, grey - brown fur that covers the body, while the underside is paler. hairs are lighter near their tips and the ears have a fringe of white hair. they weigh about 2. 27 kg on average, and have an average length of 520 mm .\ngaylard, a. , g. kerley. 1997. diet of tree hyraxes dendrohyrax arboreus (hyracoidea: procaviidae) in the eastern cape, south africa. journal of mammalogy, 78 / 1: 213 - 221 .\nsale, j. b. 1966a. the habitat of the rock hyrax. je afr. nat. hist. soc. 25: 205 - 214 .\nsale, j. b. 1966b. daily food consumption in the hyrax. je afr. nat. hist. soc. 25: 215 - 224 .\n[ gaylard, a. , g. kerley. 1997. diet of tree hyraxes dendrohyrax arboreus (hyracoidea: procaviidae) in the eastern cape, south africa. journal of mammalogy, 78 / 1: 213 - 221. ]\nthere are reports that the hyrax can chew regurgitated food, however, this is infrequent and they do not do this for nutrition or as part of their diet .\neconomist. 2009. the song of songs: a hyrax’s song gives a detailed account of his wares. the economist january 15, 2009. retrieved february 2, 2104 .\na gregarious mammal, the rock hyrax lives in colonies of 2 to 26 individuals, typically consisting of a breeding male, sometimes a subordinate male, and several adult females and their offspring (4). the rock hyrax is typically active during the day, although it may occasionally be active and heard calling on moonlit nights (4) (6). when it emerges from its resting place, the rock hyrax spends one or two hours basking in the sun to warm up before an afternoon spent foraging. on overcast, rainy or cold days, the rock hyrax will often remain under cover (4) (6) and it will also seek shade during very hot weather (4) .\nthrough systematic immunohistochemical analysis using anti - protein gene product 9. 5 (pgp, a universal neuronal marker and cytoplasmic enzyme) as a standard in combination with antibodies against several other neural antigens, we were able to functionally characterize the innervation of hyrax vibrissal fscs and to definitively determine for the first time that the long postfacial hairs on the hyrax body (\nsouthern tree hyraxes disperse the seeds of fruits they eat. their waste products contain high amounts of calcium carbonate, which eventually form\noutcroppings\nand may play a role in localized nutrient cycling. as hyraxes generally are the major prey of verreaux eagles ,\nparticularly in leviticus 11, where they are described correctly as lacking a split hoof and therefore being not kosher. it also details that the hyrax chews its cud. however, this observation is due to the habit of the hyrax chewing without having ingested anything, resembling the chewing of cud (the hyraxes studied by the hebrews may have been in captivity) .\nclassifying a family of vertebrates as broad and diverse as mammals is a notoriously difficult undertaking: different people have different views about what constitutes orders, superorders, clades, cohorts, and all the other confusing terms biologists use when untangling the branches of the tree of life .\nbbc tv. 2000. hyrax: the little brother of the elephant. wildlife on one season 29, episode 8, air date oct. 2, 2000. retrieved february 2, 2014 .\nthe descendants of the giant hyracoids evolved in different ways. some became smaller, and gave rise to the modern hyrax family. others appear to have taken to the water (perhaps like the modern\n). no pacinian corpuscles or meissner corpuscles were observed. numerous merkel ending complexes (mecs) were observed terminating at the rrc of hyrax fscs and at the base of the adjacent epidermis in all areas (\ndespite their rodent - like appearance the hyrax have been placed in their own group due to their unique characteristics. however, their closest relatives are believed to be proboscidea (elephants). both have developed a pair of upper incisors that are used as defensive tusks. secondly the hyrax had flat nails on their feet that resemble the hoofs of elephants. according to amino acid sampling, these two groups are closely related as well .\nlarge - caliber aβ fibers ascended from the deep vibrissal nerve in each hyrax fsc to supply dense networks of merkel ending complexes. merkel ending complexes appeared to be uniformly distributed in the outer root sheath surrounding each follicle (\nnever heard of colugos? well, there' s a good reason: there are only two living colugo species in the world today, both residing in the dense jungles of southeast asia. colugos are characterized by the wide flaps of skin extending from their forelimbs, which enable them to glide 200 feet from tree to tree in a single journey - - far beyond the capabilities of similarly equipped flying squirrels, which are only distantly related. oddly enough, while molecular analysis has demonstrated that colugos are the closest living relatives of our own mammalian order, the primates, their child - rearing behavior most resembles that of marsupials !\nthe words\nrabbit ,\nhare ,\nor\nconey\nappear as terms for the hyrax in some english translations of the bible. early english translators had no knowledge of the hyrax (hebrew שָּׁפָן shaphan), and therefore no name for them. there are references to hyraxes in the old testament (lev 11: 4 - 8; deut 14: 7; ps 104: 18; prov 30: 26) and notably leviticus 11 in which they are described as lacking a split hoof and therefore being not kosher. it also incorrectly claims that the hyrax chews its cud. some of the modern translations refer to them as rock badgers .\n( 1800 camera days). the study found tree hyrax seventh - ranked in order of occupancy in a checklist of 26 medium - to - large mammals, with a remarkable occupancy of 0. 48 (detection probability of 0. 11). occupancy modelling with habitat covariates indicates that its occupancy increases with distance from large rivers; moreover, its detection probability increases with distance from forest edge, which may reflect shyness of this species near disturbed / more open forest areas (f. rovero, e. martin, unpubl. data) .\nthe hyrax has several physical attributes that differentiate it from rodents and link it to elephants and manatees. the hyrax’s feet have rubber - like moist soles which are crucial in climbing. hyraxes have three toes on the hind feet and four toes on the front feet. the toes have nails (with the exception of the hind foot’s inner toe which has a claw used for scratching itches) which resemble hoofs unlike the usual long, claw - like nails found in rodents. the dental characteristics of the hyrax are also close to that of elephants with elongated incisors which resemble tusks found in manatees and elephants. these tusk - like teeth are more prominent in male hyraxes than in females .\ndue to its extensive range and presumed large range the rock hyrax is not currently considered to be a threatened species (1). however, in some areas, such as egypt, the rock hyrax has been killed for food (4), while in others it is considered to be a pest, due to the damage it can inflict on crops. in the past, in south africa, this resulted in campaigns to cull rock hyraxes (7) .\nthe tree hyrax has an unusually long gestation period for its size; ranging from 6. 5 to 7. 5 months. sexual maturity is reached around 16 months of age. litter sizes of 1 - 2 are common, unlike the larger litters of other hyraxes. the young are born fully furred and rather large. by the age of one day they are competent climbers. there is little data on the mating systems of these animals due to their nocturnal lifestyle, however it is believed that within the small groups there is one dominant male and the rest of the males form bachelor herds .\na rather vocal species, the rock hyrax produces a series of intermittent “harsh yips” which build up to “guttural grunts” to defend its territory (5) (6), and a sharp bark is used to warn others if danger threatens (4) .\nsouthern tree hyraxes spend long periods inactive in the high canopy or tree holes and so often escape notice. locally common and abundant in the virunga mts (uganda, drc, rwanda; 13. 4 / ha; milner and harris 1999), ruwenzori mts (uganda, drc), and aberdares range and mount kenya region (kenya). in southern africa, where d. arboreus is considered rare (lawes et al. 2000), relative density has been estimated by means of counts of latrines in cavity trees (i. e. catch per unit effort; gaylard 1994): 0. 07 [ rn ] 0. 29 latrines / man hour searching were found in the eastern cape province of south africa .\n). these complexes consisted of merkel endings, which colabeled with nf200 and pgp, and associated with merkel cells, which colabeled with cgrp and pgp. an unusual feature of merkel innervation in hyrax fscs included semicircular dermal bulges laden with merkel ending complexes at the rrc level (\nalso known as scaly anteaters, pangolins are characterized by the large, plate - like scales (made of keratin, the same protein as human hair) covering their bodies. when these creatures are threatened by predators, they curl up into tight balls, sharp - edged scales pointing outward - - and for good measure, they can also expel a smelly, skunk - like excretion from a specialized gland near the anus. all that said, you may be relieved to learn that pangolins are native to africa and asia, and are practically never seen in the western hemisphere except in zoos .\n). no transverse lanceolate endings, such as those seen in rodent fscs, were observed at the inner conical body level of hyrax fscs across all body regions sampled. there were also no trabeculae at the superficial end of the ring sinus, differing from the arrangement observed in manatees [\n, but speculate that it may be facultative monogamy / polygyny, similar to some folivorous marsupial or primate species. nonetheless ,\nit was quite apparent that their social system was very different from that of the colonial rock and bush hyrax .\n( milner and harris 1999b, p. 292 )\nthe number of distinct species of hyrax recognized. as recently as 1995 there were eleven or more recognized species; only four are recognized today. the remaining species are regarded as subspecies of the remaining four. there are over 50 recognized subspecies and species, many of which are considered highly endangered .\nanti - s - 100 (s100, rabbit polyclonal, used neat; biogenesis inc. , brentwood, nh, catalog # 8200 - 0184, lot # a2255). the antigen was purified bovine s100 protein. although western blot information was not available, this protein has been localized to brain glial cells and ependymal cells, in addition to schwann cells of the peripheral nervous system and the antibody has been found to have no cross - reactivity in rats (manufacturer' s technical information; [ moore 1965, 1982; stefansson et al. 1982 ]. controls for the specificity of s100 labeling were provided in other species including rats [ fundin et al. 1997a; rice et al. 1997 ] and monkeys [ pare et al. 2001; pare et al. 2002 ] by the use of pre - adsorption controls and the demonstration that labeling was limited to glia. staining in hyrax follicle sections produced a pattern of immunoreactivity that was identical to descriptions in the previous studies of other species listed above .\nthese mammals are nocturnal and usually live a solitary life. there are some exceptions where they live in small family groups. vocalization is a very important method for transferring information in these animals. they are known for their very loud and piercing contact calls that are generally made after dark when the hyrax is leaving to forage .\n“tangle endings, ” described previously only in florida manatees [ sarko et al. 2007 ], were also present within rock hyrax fscs; terminated in similar locations (along the mesenchymal sheath of the upper ring sinus / lower icb level); and exhibited similar immunohistochemical characteristics as “tangles” of nf - positive fibers within a pgp - positive cytoplasmic envelope associated with glia. the rock hyrax tangle endings were notably smaller compared to those observed in the manatee, possibly due to relative scaling with body size or diminished function. in manatees, tangle endings were present in both facial and postfacial fscs and were thought to enhance directionality detection [ sarko et al. 2007 ] .\nthe breeding season of the rock hyrax varies depending on location, with mating taking place from august to september in israel, and august to november in kenya. the female gives birth to between one and six young after a gestation period of 202 to 245 days. the young, which are typically born in a rocky crevice, are well developed at birth and can move about with agility after just a day. the young feed on the female’s milk for one to five months, but may begin taking solid food within two weeks. the rock hyrax reaches sexual maturity at 16 to 17 months, and may live for up to 11 years (4) .\nremains abundant in patches of suitable forest on pemba island, tanzania, although the area of forest on pemba has been greatly reduced over the past century (t. butynski and y. de jong, pers. comm .). a recent survey of pemba found hyrax in ngezi forest in 2012 (a. perkin pers. comm .) .\nhyraxes are endemic to africa, with the exception of the rock hyrax, whose range extends eastward to syria and the arabian peninsula. rock hyraxes live in a wide range of habitats, from arid deserts to rainforest and from sea level to the alpine zone of mount kenya at 3200 - 4200 m. bush hyraxes are found from eritrea and sudan south to south africa and namibia. rock and bush hyraxes require the presence of suitable refuges in kopjes, large boulder piles, or cliffs. in several parts of africa, bush and rock hyraxes co - occur. in serengeti national park, for example, they are the most important resident herbivores of the kopjes. tree hyraxes occur in appropriate habitat in west, central, and east africa, as well as in southern africa. they are found in arboreal habitats, but in some areas are also rock - dwellers .\nthe small modern hyraxes share other features with elephants, such as toenails, excellent hearing, sensitive pads on their feet, small tusks, good memory, higher brain functions compared to other similar mammals, and the shape of some of their bones (bbc 2000). dna evidence also supports the hypothesis of a close connection between hyrax, elephants, and sirenians .\nanti - protein gene product 9. 5 (pgp, rabbit polyclonal, 1: 800; ultraclone, isle of wright, uk; catalog # ra95101). the antigen was human pgp 9. 5 protein purified from pathogen - free human brain. the antibody shows one band at 26 - 28 kd on western blot (tested in rabbits; [ wilkinson et al. 1989 ]). anti - pgp has been found to be a universal neuronal marker in other species including rats [ fundin et al. 1997a; rice et al. 1997 ], raccoons [ rice and rasmusson 2000 ], monkeys [ pare et al. 2001; pare et al. 2002 ], naked mole - rats [ park et al. 2003 ], humans [ albrecht et al. 2006 ], and florida manatees [ sarko et al. 2007 ]. controls for the specificity of pgp labeling were provided in these species by the use of pre - adsorption controls and the demonstration that labeling was limited to neuronal innervation and glia. staining in hyrax follicle sections produced a pattern of immunoreactivity that was identical to descriptions in the previous studies of other species listed above .\nthroughout their range, southern tree hyraxes are particularly well known for their nighttime screaming. during the dry season, males will call in the early morning hours (between 2 an 4 am). there appears to be a social communicative function to these calls .\neach animal builds up to a strained crescendo of screams and a calling animal appears to initiate responses from its neighbours so that on a suitable night there may be concert periods of croaking screams ringing out through the forest .\n( kingdon 1971, p. 328 )\nanimals who prey on hyraxes include leopards, pythons, birds of prey and serval cats. their primary defensive response is biting and clawing the predator. hyraxes are rather impressive in their toilet manners as they usually have a defined location used for defecation away from their shelter crevasse. the hyrax reaches sexual maturity at the age of 17 months where females mate with the dominant male. the female hyrax has a gestation period of seven to eight months (which is rather long for an animal of its size) after which it gives birth to a litter of four youngsters who spend the most of their childhood in the safety of the crevasses. after reaching adulthood, male hyraxes are banished from their home territory and spend their solitary lives in the margins of established territories .\nthe descendants of the giant hyracoids evolved in different ways. some became smaller, and evolved to become the modern hyrax family. others appear to have taken to the water (perhaps like the modern capybara), ultimately giving rise to the elephant family and perhaps also the sirenians. hyraxes have highly charged myoglobin, which has been inferred to reflect an aquatic ancestry (yong 2013) .\nphoenician sailors visiting the coast of spain circa 1100s b. c. e. , mistaking the european rabbit for the rock hyrax from their native homeland, gave it the name i - shepan - ham. a theory exists that an adaptation and / or corruption of this name, used by the romans, became hispania, leading to spanish españa and english spain, although this theory is somewhat controversial .\na second type of novel mechanoreceptor previously described only in manatee facial vibrissae [ sarko et al. 2007 ], the trabecular ending, was not detected in rock hyrax fscs. these mechanoreceptors were thought to be an adaptation to detection of underwater stimuli, particularly in detecting tension along the trabeculae as the particularly rigid manatee facial vibrissae are deflected [ sarko et al. 2007 ]. in fact, innervation was absent in the rock hyrax fsc cavernous sinus, and branches from the deep vibrissal nerve terminated exclusively along the mesenchymal sheath. the absence of trabecular endings in rock hyraxes supports the hypothesis that these mechanoreceptors are an aquatic adaptation optimized to facilitate tactile exploration and object recognition. instead, spiny and reticular endings – absent in manatees, but present in rock hyrax fscs – may serve a related function. these endings have been noted in a wide range of species in the cavernous sinus and are thought to detect stresses within the mesenchymal sheath parallel to the long axis of the follicle, in the case of spiny endings, or to detect tension perpendicular to the long axis of the follicle with directional sensitivity, in the case of reticular endings [ ebara et al. 2002; fundin et al. 1997b; rice et al. 1997 ] .\nmore species used to be recognized, but in the 2000s, taxonomists reduced the number of recognized species of hyrax. in 1995, there were eleven or more recognized species; in 2013, only four are recognized. the animals which are no longer recognized as species are regarded as subspecies of the recognized four. there are over 50 recognized subspecies and species, many of which are considered highly endangered (shoshani 2005) .\nelephant shrews (order macroscelidea) are small, long - nosed, insect - eating mammals native to africa. there are about 20 allusively named species of elephant shrew alive today, including the golden - rumped elephant shrew, the checkered elephant shrew, the four - toed elephant shrew, the short - eared elephant shrew, and the dusky elephant shrew. the classification of these small mammals has been a matter of debate; in the past, they' ve been adduced as close relatives of hoofed mammals, hares and rabbits, insectivores, and tree shrews (the latest molecular evidence points to a kinship with, appropriately enough, elephants! )\na) image of a rock hyrax with post - facial vibrissae present as long, black hairs (arrows) dispersed among shorter pelage hair. picture © tony northrup 2014. b) body regions sampled for follicle - sinus complexes included, from rostral to caudal: mystacial, submental, shoulder, and carpal; dorsal, lateral, and ventral aspects of the mid - region; and both caudal and tarsal regions (nomenclature follows [ sokolov and kulikov 1987 ] .\nif you made it through the afrosoricida (slide # 11) and the eulipotyphia (slide # 13), you know that classifying small, insect - eating mammals can be a wearisome affair. once lumped in the now - discarded order insectivora, tree shrews aren' t true shrews, and not all of them live in trees; the 20 or so extant species are native to the tropical forests of southeast asia. members of the order scandentia are omnivorous, feasting on everything from insects to small animals to the\ncorpse flower\nrafflesia, and oddly enough, they have the highest brain - to - body - size ratio of any living mammal (including humans) .\nthe rock hyrax feeds on grasses, shrubs and forbs, and has a preference for new shoots, buds, fruits and berries (1), which it may obtain by grazing on the ground, or climbing trees to reach fresh leaves (4). while the group is feeding or basking, either the breeding male or a female will keep look out from a high rock or branch, and will give a sharp bark alarm call if danger threatens, at which point the group will scurry for cover (4) .\n). the fscs from all body regions were innervated by two deep vibrissal nerves that penetrated the thick fsc capsule bilaterally at the cavernous sinus level and supplied sensory endings primarily to the ring sinus level. several superficial vibrissal nerves supplied innervation primarily to the rete ridge collar as well as the outer and inner conical body levels of each fsc in addition to innervating adjacent skin and guard hairs. as observed in manatees, no papillary muscle slings – which are present in most other species examined to date – were observed in association with any of the hyrax fscs including those on the mystacial pad .\nhyrax guard hair innervation. in contrast to fscs, guard hairs lacked a circumferential ring sinus and exhibited only limited density and types of innervation. this innervation was characterized by piloneural complexes that included circumferential longitudinal lanceolate endings (a - b; longitudinal plane of section shown in a, oblique plane of section shown in b). immunolabeling shown consisted of nf200 (red; 200kd subunit of neurofilament) paired with pgp (green, universal neuronal marker; protein gene product 9. 5) or s100 (green, glial and ependymal marker). scale bars = 150μm. epi = epidermis, hs = hair shaft, lles = longitudinal lanceolate endings .\nthe family procaviidae (hyraxes or\nrock rabbits\n) is the only family in the order hyracoidea. although hyraxes superficially resemble large rodents or rabbits, both morphological and molecular phylogenetic studies indicate that they are actually most closely related to elephants and sea cows. the clade including these three groups is known as paenungulata and paenungulata together with sengis (elephant shrews), aardvarks, tenrecs, and golden moles comprise afrotheria. the family was named\nprocaviidae\n(\nbefore the guinea pigs\n) in the late 1700s to reflect a perceived resemblance to guinea pigs. the name hyrax is similarly misleading as it is derived from a greek word meaning\nshrew mouse\n.\nprimary antibodies against myelin basic protein (mbp; mouse monoclonal, 1: 1, 000; sternberger monoclonals, lutherville, md, cat. no. smi99, lot no. 1), tyrosine hydroxylase (th; rabbit polyclonal, 1: 800; chemicon international, inc .), and trpv1 / vr1 (vanilloid receptor 1; capsacin binder; guinea pig polyclonal, 1: 1, 000; neuromics antibodies, northfield, mn, cat. no. gp14100, lot no. 400511) used successfully in previous rat, monkey and human studies [ albrecht et al. 2006; fundin et al. 1997a; pare et al. 2001 ] did not produce significant labeling on hyrax tissue .\nperipheral specializations that involve dense innervation, such as vibrissae, are reflected by enlarged representations within the central nervous system. microelectrode mapping of the rock hyrax primary somatosensory cortex mirrors physiological specializations in the periphery by demonstrating enlarged perioral and intraoral representations [ welker and carlson 1976 ]. in fact, 67% of primary somatosensory cortex was taken up by the head representation, an expansion thought to facilitate tactile feedback during grazing on vegetation [ welker and carlson 1976 ] similar to sheep [ johnson et al. 1974 ]. in closely related taxa such as manatees, the perioral region is also believed to be represented by large cortical regions [ marshall and reep 1995; reep et al. 1989; sarko and reep 2007 ] further indicating convergent evolutionary paths for hyracoidea and sirenia .\ncharacterization of hyrax follicle - sinus complex (fsc) innervation at the cavernous sinus (cs) level, including innervation within the hair papilla (hp) (longitudinal planes of section). a) spiny ending at the superficial cs level of a dorsal body fsc. b) submental fsc at the cs level showing spray and reticular endings immunolabeled for nf200. c - e) limited c - and aδ - fiber innervation (arrowheads pointing to nf200− labeling and arrows pointing to nf200 + labeling, respectively, in c) within the hair papilla was not superficially extensive (i. e. , did not extend very far in the direction of the epidermis). scale bars = 300μm (a), 75μm (b, d), 150μm (c, e). bm = basement membrane .\nconfocal surface reconstructions illustrating the three - dimensional structure of representative hyrax follicle - sinus complex (fsc) innervation and mechanoreceptors. a) epidermal and rete ridge collar (rrc) innervation, including small - caliber fibers and merkel endings (submental fsc). b) small - caliber innervation at the level of the inner conical body (mystacial fsc). c - d) semicircular cusp of merkel innervation at the level of the rete ridge collar (mystacial fsc). arrowheads demarcate edges of the merkel complex cusp. e) extensive large - caliber innervation and merkel endings at the level of the ring sinus (mystacial fsc). f) large - caliber innervation and club endings at the level of the ring sinus (mystacial fsc). immunolabeling shown consisted of pgp (universal neuronal marker; protein gene product 9. 5) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference (book, 2005) [ worldcat. org ]\nyour web browser is not enabled for javascript. some features of worldcat will not be available .\nyour list has reached the maximum number of items. please create a new list with a new name; move some items to a new or existing list; or delete some items .\nnote: citations are based on reference standards. however, formatting rules can vary widely between applications and fields of interest or study. the specific requirements or preferences of your reviewing publisher, classroom teacher, institution or organization should be applied .\nthe e - mail address (es) field is required. please enter recipient e - mail address (es) .\nthe e - mail address (es) you entered is (are) not in a valid format. please re - enter recipient e - mail address (es) .\ni thought you might be interested in this item at urltoken title: mammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference author: don e wilson; deeann m reeder publisher: baltimore: johns hopkins university press, ©2005. isbn / issn: 0801882214 9780801882210 0801882389 9780801882388 0801882397 9780801882395 oclc: 57557352\nwilson and reeder' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today. the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and, for the first time, common names. each concise entry covers type locality, distribution, synonyms, and major reference sources. the systematic arrangement of\ninformation indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level. this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\n- - publisher' s website .\nplease choose whether or not you want other users to be able to see on your profile that this library is a favorite of yours .\nthis indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\na uniquely valuable compendium of taxonomic and distributional data on the world' s living and historically extinct mammalian species. contributors and editors alike deserve the thanks of all\nadd tags for\nmammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference\n.\nyou may have already requested this item. please select ok if you would like to proceed with this request anyway .\nwilson and reeder' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today. the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and, for the first time, common names. each concise entry covers type locality, distribution, synonyms, and major reference sources. the systematic arrangement of information indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level. this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\n- - publisher' s website .\nworldcat is the world' s largest library catalog, helping you find library materials online. learn more ››\ndon' t have an account? you can easily create a free account .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\nbutynski, t. , dowsett - lemaire, f. & hoeck, h .\njustification: listed as least concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large population, its occurrence in a number of large protected areas and remote sites, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category. although it is used by local residents over much of the known range, there are no specific data suggesting that populations are in significant decline. however, forest habitats are continually being modified and cleared, so the status of this species should be closely monitored\nthis species is confined to west and central africa from sierra leone to northern uganda and southwards to northern angola and northeastern democratic republic of the congo. also on bioko (equatorial guinea) (shultz and roberts 2013) .\nthere is no reliable information on population densities and structure. observations from tai n. p. , cote d’ivoire, provide a rough estimate of 1 - 2 individuals / km² based on nocturnal calls (shultz and roberts 2013). densities may be much higher than this on parts of bioko island (t. butynski, pers. comm .) .\nusually found in lowland moist forests, as well as moist savannas, but also in montane habitats to elevations of 3, 500 m. reviewed in detail in shultz and roberts (2013) .\nthere is subsistence and commercial use of skins and meat. part of the bush meat trade .\nthere are no major threats to this species, although they are presumably sensitive to severe habitat fragmentation as a result of deforestation, and they are also hunted for food and skins (shultz and roberts 2013). fa et al. (2000) recorded a significant increase in the number of carcasses of this species found in bushmeat markets in bioko (equatorial guinea) between 1991 and 1996. heavily hunted on bioko; densities low near villages as a result, but densities often high at the more remote sites (t. butynski pers. comm. )\noccurs in many large, well - protected areas in its range, including tai national park and the national park of upper niger (guinea), as well as over a vast area comprised of remote sites .\nbutynski, t. , dowsett - lemaire, f. & hoeck, h. 2015 .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\nbarbara lundrigan (author), michigan state university, gretchen yurk (author), michigan state university .\nliving in sub - saharan africa (south of 30 degrees north) and madagascar .\nhaving body symmetry such that the animal can be divided in one plane into two mirror - image halves. animals with bilateral symmetry have dorsal and ventral sides, as well as anterior and posterior ends. synapomorphy of the bilateria .\nanimals that use metabolically generated heat to regulate body temperature independently of ambient temperature. endothermy is a synapomorphy of the mammalia, although it may have arisen in a (now extinct) synapsid ancestor; the fossil record does not distinguish these possibilities. convergent in birds .\nforest biomes are dominated by trees, otherwise forest biomes can vary widely in amount of precipitation and seasonality .\nthe area in which the animal is naturally found, the region in which it is endemic .\nrainforests, both temperate and tropical, are dominated by trees often forming a closed canopy with little light reaching the ground. epiphytes and climbing plants are also abundant. precipitation is typically not limiting, but may be somewhat seasonal .\na terrestrial biome. savannas are grasslands with scattered individual trees that do not form a closed canopy. extensive savannas are found in parts of subtropical and tropical africa and south america, and in australia .\na grassland with scattered trees or scattered clumps of trees, a type of community intermediate between grassland and forest. see also tropical savanna and grassland biome .\na terrestrial biome found in temperate latitudes (> 23. 5° n or s latitude). vegetation is made up mostly of grasses, the height and species diversity of which depend largely on the amount of moisture available. fire and grazing are important in the long - term maintenance of grasslands." ]

{ "text": [ "the western tree hyrax ( dendrohyrax dorsalis ) , also called the western tree dassie or beecroft 's tree hyrax , is a species of tree hyrax within the family procaviidae .", "it can be distinguished from other hyraxes by short coarse fur , presence of white patch of fur beneath the chin , lack of hair on the rostrum , and lower crowns of the cheek teeth compared to other members of the same genus . " ], "topic": [ 25, 23 ] }

[ "the western tree hyrax (dendrohyrax dorsalis), also called the western tree dassie or beecroft's tree hyrax, is a species of tree hyrax within the family procaviidae. it can be distinguished from other hyraxes by short coarse fur, presence of white patch of fur beneath the chin, lack of hair on the rostrum, and lower crowns of the cheek teeth compared to other members of the same genus." ]

[ "holzschuh c. : beschreibung neuer bockkäfer aus europa und asien (cerambycidae, col .). koleopterologische rundschau, wien 59: 153 - 183, 1989. [ download ]\nambrus r. , grosser w. and hrbek j. : contribution to the knowledge of longhorn beetles from cyprus (coleoptera: cerambycidae). humanity space international almanac 3 (2): 173 - 190, 2014. [ download ]\nin western cyprus (860 m; ca 1 km nnw of stavros tis psokas' forest station, paphos district) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nall pictures and content © philippe bourdon | log in | site map | rss 2. 0 | designed and powered by webshake\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnote: you should have a urltoken account to upload new topics and comments. please, create an account or log in to add comments\n* our website is multilingual. some comments have been translated from other languages .\nthere are no photos of this species on the website yet. you can offer your photo by logging into your account\ncurators: konstantin efetov, vasiliy feoktistov, svyatoslav knyazev, evgeny komarov, stan korb, alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion, flight time, etc. .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 0 transitional / / en\n2004 - 05 - 07 by prof. paolo audisio & by mr. gianfranco sama\nthis work is licensed under a creative commons attribution - share alike 3. 0 license\npesi is funded by the european union 7th framework programme within the research infrastructures programme. contract no. ri - 223806. activity area: capacities. period 2008 - 2011 - website hosted & developed by vliz banner picture: gannet (morus bassanus (linnaeus, 1758) ) by karl van ginderdeuren - contact pesi\nspecimen type: holotype sex: f institution: holzschuh determiner: schrift. forstlichen bundesversuchsanstalt collection location: mandria, limassol province, cyprus 31398" ]

{ "text": [ "agapanthia gemella is a species of beetle in the lamiinae subfamily , that is endemic to cyprus .", "the species is 8 – 12 millimetres ( 0.31 – 0.47 in ) long , and is covered with eight yellowish-black hairs .", "they feed on fabaceae species , particularly erophaca baetica orientalis .", "they fly from march to april . " ], "topic": [ 27, 23, 29, 28 ] }

[ "agapanthia gemella is a species of beetle in the lamiinae subfamily, that is endemic to cyprus. the species is 8 – 12 millimetres (0.31 – 0.47 in) long, and is covered with eight yellowish-black hairs. they feed on fabaceae species, particularly erophaca baetica orientalis. they fly from march to april." ]

[ "magicicada neotredecim is the most recently discovered species of periodical cicada... .\n: there are 13 year cicadas too! there are four species of 13 - year cicadas: magicicada tredecim, magicicada neotredecim, magicicada tredecassini, and magicicada tredecula .\nno one has contributed data records for magicicada neotredecim yet. дізнайтеся, як робити внесок .\ndana campbell added text to\ntext\non\nmagicicada neotredecim marshall and cooley, 2000\n.\nmagicicada broods iii and xxii will emerge in 2014\n. www. magicicada. org .\na mixed chorus of m. neotredecim and m. tredecim is audible in the background of the recording .\ngeographically; the sample below is taken from this overlap zone. outside of that region, m. neotredecim\nmagicicada neotredecim marshall and cooley, 2000. virtually indistinguishable from the 17 - year variety (m. septendecim). broods: xix, xxiii. more info .\nthe population seems to be entirely made up of magicicada septendecim. no magicicada cassini or septendecula were found (so far) .\nmagicicada septendecim (linnaeus, 1758). virtually indistinguishable from the 13 - year variety (m. neotredecim). broods: i - x, xiii, xiv. more info .\nyou can also try imitating male cicada calls to get the females to click their wings. magicicada tredecim and magicicada neotredecim are probably the easiest to imitate with their “waaah ooh” / ”weeooh” calls. you can find sound files on the urltoken site so you can practice .\nmagicicada tredecim (walsh and riley, 1868). lower pitched call than m. neotredecim. no dark bands on abdomen; very orange. broods: xix, xxii, xxiii. more info .\nwas described in 2000 (see evolution vol. 54, no. 4, pp. 1313 - 1325). m. neotredecim\nbrood v contains magicicada septendecim, m. cassini, and m. septendecula. thus, in 2016, you can see three species of magicicada .\nclick this link to download a photocopy of the paper containing the description of m. neotredecim: marshall _ and _ cooley _ 2000. pdf\nclick this link (or right - click) to download the 8 - bit, wav - format holotype recording: magicicada _ neotredecim _ marshall _ and _ cooley _ 2000 _ holotype _ male _ song _ phrase. wav\nm. neotredecim & m. septendecim have broad orange stripes with more orange than black on their abdomens. male on left; female on right .\nmarshall, d. c. and j. r. cooley. 2000. reproductive character displacement and speciation in periodical cicadas, with description of a new species, 13 - year magicicada neotredecim. evolution 54: 1313 - 1325 .\noverlap, male calling songs (and female song preferences) of these species have evolved to become more distinct. in this overlap zone, m. neotredecim\nmarshall, d. c. , and j. r. cooley. 2000. reproductive character displacement and speciation in periodical cicadas, with description of a new species, 13 - year magicicada neotredecim. evolution 54: 1313 - 1325 .\nmarshall, d. c. , and j. r. cooley. 2000. reproductive character displacement and speciation in periodical cicadas, with description of a new species, 13 - year magicicada neotredecim. evolution 54: 1313 - 1325 .\nthe photos show that m. neotredecim is extremely similar to 17 - year m. septendecim in appearance. the dark bands on the underside of the abdomen are similar to those of m. septendecim. again, the calling song of m. neotredecim is very high - pitched only where it overlaps m. tredecim geographically; the sample below is taken from this overlap zone. outside of that region, m. neotredecim songs sound like those of m. septendecim .\nthe photos below show that m. neotredecim is extremely similar to 17 - year m. septendecim in appearance. the dark bands on the underside of the abdomen are similar to those of m. septendecim. again, the calling song of m. neotredecim is very high - pitched only where it overlaps m. tredecim geographically; the sample below is taken from this overlap zone. outside of that region, m. neotredecim songs sound like those of m. septendecim .\nmiller, f. 1997. effects and control of periodical cicada magicicada septendecim and magicicada cassini oviposition injury on urban forest trees. j. arboriculture 23: 225 - 232 .\n( which tends to be found alone along the northern edge of the 17 - year range), and 13 - year brood xxii lacks the new species m. neotredecim\ncheck the cicada central magicicada database to see the counties where cicadas have appeared in the past .\nthere are seven recognized species within magicicada. three of them follow a 17 - year cycle :\na magicicada neotredecim emits an alarm call while being handled on june 15, 2011 near osceola, missouri. this particular species, part of brood xix of the periodical cicadas, emerges every 13 years, and was only recently identified as a separate species from m. tredecim .\nthe two 13 - year - decim species have a special geographic relationship - - they are not sympatric (living together) across the entire 13 - year range. m. neotredecim\nverify that they' re coming to your state. check the magicicada brood chart on this page .\nmagicicada septendecula is a species of insect in family cicadidae. it is endemic to the united states .\nmagicicada do not have any specialized predators, but periodical cicadas are subject to infection by the specialized fungal parasite massospora cicadina peck. the effects of this fungus on magicicada population densities are not well understood .\nthe songs and morphology of the three 17 - year species are described in detail below, as are the songs and morphology of the 13 - year - decim species (m. neotredecim\ndominant song pitch varies within m. neotredecim from 1. 25 khz to 1. 90 khz, while m. tredecim (walsh and riley) dominant song pitch varies between 1. 00 khz and 1. 25 khz. the holotype male of m. neotredecim (dominant pitch 1. 68 khz) was deliberately chosen from a region of overlap of the two species in northern arkansas, where the song pitch of m. neotredecim is most divergent from its 13 - year relative (reproductive character displacement). note that song pitch does not distinguish m. neotredecim from its closest 17 - year relative m. septendecim l. – only life - cycle length can distinguish those species, as far as is known. however, the song pitch of 13 - year m. tredecim does differ from that of m. septendecim, which is also higher than 1. 25 khz but does not range as high as that of m. neotredecim .\nthe 13 - year periodical cicada magicicada neotredecim was first described in 2000 by marshall and cooley on the basis of a diagnostic difference in the dominant pitch (frequency) of the male calling song. this character alone is sufficient to distinguish all males of m. neotredecim from males of the species' closest 13 - year relative, m. tredecim, across the entire range of both species. marshall and cooley demonstrated that females of both species respond preferentially to songs with conspecific frequency characteristics .\nfor each 17 - year species, there is at least one morphologically and behaviorally similar species with a 13 - year life cycle; these four 13 - year species are listed below. m. neotredecim\n. also, the four 13 - year species are all found together in only a limited portion of the 13 - year range (see below for more on this and the range of m. neotredecim\nreproductive character displacement and speciation in periodical cicadas, with description of new species, 13 - year magicicada neotredecem .\nthis page is strictly for magicicada periodical cicadas, aka 17 & 13 - year cicadas, aka\nlocusts\n.\nworld conservation monitoring centre 1996. magicicada septendecula. 2006 iucn red list of threatened species. downloaded on 10 august 2007 .\nfeed from a wide variety of deciduous plants and shrubs, but usually not from grasses. the picture below shows magicicada septendecula\ndunning, d. c. , j. a. byers, and c. d. zanger. 1979. courtship in two species of periodical cicadas, magicicada septendecim and magicicada cassini. anim. behav. 27: 1073 - 1090 .\nnames: people call these cicadas “ locusts ” but they are not true locusts — real locusts look like grasshoppers. the phrase “ 17 year cicada ” indicates that they arrive every 17 years. the name “ periodical cicadas ” indicates that they arrive periodically and not each and every year. the scientific name for the genus of these cicadas is magicicada, and there are 3 types of 17 year magicicadas: magicicada septendecim, magicicada cassini and magicicada septendecula. this is a true locust :\nfrom roy troutman: “i shot a video back in 1991 of a 17 year magicicada cassini singing right on my hand. ”\nreproductive character displacement and speciation in periodical cicadas, with description of new species, 13 - year magicicada neotredecem. - pubmed - ncbi\nbodies of magicicada cicadas provide mass pulses of nutrients that encourage growth of the forest trees they feed on thanks to their periodical lifecycle .\nwhite or blue eyed magicicada are very rare! typically they have red or orange eyes. there was even an urban legend that scientists were offering a reward for white - eyed magicicada (well, that was a legend, until roy troutman actually offered a reward in 2008). aside from blue or white - eyed magicicada, you can find other colors like yellow eyes, and multicolored eyes .\na carolina grasshopper (dissosteira carolina) next to a “locust” (magicicada septendecim). more photos from this emergence in the gallery .\nheath, j. e. 1964. temperature regulation of the periodical cicada, magicicada cassini. am. zool. 4: 31 .\nm. neotredecim was described in 2000 (see evolution vol. 54, no. 4, pp. 1313 - 1325). m. neotredecim and its closest relative, m. septendecim, are consistently distinguishable only in life cycle length. the new species is similar to 13 - year m. tredecim, but distinguishable in male song pitch, female song pitch preferences (marshall and cooley 2000), abdomen color, and mitochondrial dna (mtdna) lineage (simon et al. 1998, martin and simon 1988, 1990). these findings are consistent with the theory that m. neotredecim evolved from populations of m. septendecim by a life cycle change (martin and simon 1988, 1990, marshall and cooley, 2000, simon et al. 2000) .\nfiled under: brood xiv, magicicada, roy troutman, sounds, video — tags: m. cassini — dan @ 8: 48 am\nroy troutman found this brood xiv magicicada straggler in the cincinnati ohio area this weekend. this cicada emerged 2 years after it should have. amazing .\nallochronic speciation, secondary contact, and reproductive character displacement in periodical cicadas (hemiptera: magicicada spp .): genetic, morphological, and behavioural evidence\nthe two 13 - year - decim species have a special geographic relationship - - they are not sympatric (living together) across the entire 13 - year range. m. neotredecim inhabits the midwestern part of the 13 - year range, while m. tredecim inhabits the southern and southeastern part. the two species overlap only along a narrow region in northern arkansas, western kentucky, and southern missouri, illinois, and indiana. by comparison, the three 17 - year species are found together from connecticut to kansas, and the remaining 13 - year species together inhabit most 13 - year populations. where m. neotredecim and m. tredecim m. neotredecim songs are much higher - pitched, while m. tredecim songs are slightly lower - pitched. this suggests that the songs have evolved to reduce wasteful sexual interactions between the species .\nmagicicada tredecassini alexander and moore, 1962. virtually indistinguishable from 17 - year m. cassini. broods: xix, xxii, xxiii. more info .\nmagicicada tredecula alexander and moore, 1962. virtually indistinguishable from 17 - year m. septendecula. broods: xix, xxii, xxiii. more info .\nallard, h. 1937. some observations on the behavior of the periodical cicada magicicada septendecim l. am. nat. 71: 588 - 604 .\nkarban, r. 1984. opposite density effects of nymphal and adult mortality for periodical cicadas (magicicada spp .). ecology 65: 1656 - 1661 .\n, but distinguishable in male song pitch, female song pitch preferences (marshall and cooley 2000), abdomen color, and mitochondrial dna (mtdna) lineage (simon et al. 1998, martin and simon 1988, 1990). these findings are consistent with the theory that m. neotredecim\na female magicicada septendecim starting to construct an eggnest. the red arrow points to the tip of her ovipositor, which she is about to insert into the branch .\ndeay, h. o. 1952. the periodical cicada magicicada septendecim (l .) in indiana. proc. indiana acad. sci. 62: 203 - 206 .\nthe two 13 - year - decim species have a special geographic relationship - - they are not sympatric (living together) across the entire 13 - year range. m. neotredecim inhabits the midwestern part of the 13 - year range, while m. tredecim inhabits the southern and southeastern part. the two species overlap only along a narrow region in northern arkansas, western kentucky, and southern missouri, illinois, and indiana. by comparison, the three 17 - year species are found together from connecticut to kansas, and the remaining 13 - year species together inhabit most 13 - year populations. where m. neotredecim and m. tredecim overlap, male calling songs (and female song preferences) of these species have evolved to become more distinct. in this overlap zone, m. neotredecim songs are much higher - pitched, while m. tredecim songs are slightly lower - pitched. this suggests that the songs have evolved to reduce wasteful sexual interactions between the species .\ncox, r. t. 1992. a comment on pleistocene population bottlenecks in periodical cicadas (homoptera: cicadidae: magicicada spp .). evolution 46: 845 - 846 .\nhamilton, d. w. 1961. periodical cicadas, magicicada spp. , as pests in apple orchards. proc. indiana acad. sci. 71: 116 - 121 .\nkarban, r. 1983. sexual selection, body size and sex - related mortality in the cicada magicicada cassini. am. midl. nat. 109: 324 - 330 .\npechuman, l. l. 1985. the periodical cicada (magicicada septendecim): brood vii revisited (homoptera: cicadidae). entomol. news 96: 59 - 60 .\nallochronic speciation, secondary contact, and reproductive character displacement in periodical cicadas (hemiptera: magicicada spp .): genetic, morphological, and behavioural evidence | christopher j ehrhardt - urltoken\nmagicicada cassini (fisher, 1851). virtually indistinguishable from 13 - year m. tredecassini. broods: i - v, viii - x, xiii, xiv. more info .\nmagicicada septendecula alexander and moore, 1962. virtually indistinguishable from 13 - year m. tredecula. broods: i - vi, viii - x, xiii, xiv. more info .\njacobs, m. 1954. observations on the two forms of the periodical cicada magicicada septendecim (l .). proc. indiana acad. sci. 63: 177 - 179 .\ncontrary to popular belief, adults do feed by sucking plant fluids; adult cicadas will die if not provided with living woody vegetation on which to feed (see picture below of magicicada septendecula feeding. adult magicicada feed from a wide variety of deciduous plants and shrubs, but usually not from grasses. the piercing - and - sucking mouthparts are visible just behind the forelegs) .\nhewitt, g. m. , r. a. nichols, and m. g. ritchie. 1988. 1868 and all that for magicicada. nature 336: 206 - 207 .\nostry, m. e. , and n. a. anderson. 1979. infection of populus tremuloides by hypoxylon mammatum at oviposition sites of cicadas magicicada septendecim. phytopathology 69: 1041 .\nwhite, j. 1981. flagging: host defences versus oviposition strategies in periodical cicadas (magicicada spp. , cicadidae, homoptera). can. entomol. 113: 727 - 738 .\ncooley, j. r. , and d. c. marshall. 2001. sexual signaling in periodical cicadas, magicicada spp. (hemiptera: cicadidae). behaviour 138: 827 - 855 .\nkeywords: periodical cicada, periodical cicadas, magicicada, septendecim, cassini, septendecula, tredecassini, tredecula, tredecim, 17 - year locust, 13 - year locust, homoptera, cicadidae, harvestfly .\nkritsky, g. 1988. the 1987 emergence of the periodical cicada (homoptera: cicadidae: magicicada spp. : brood x) in ohio. ohio j. sci. 88: 168 - 170\nkritsky, g. 1992. the 1991 emergence of the periodical cicadas (homoptera: cicadidae: magicicada spp. : brood xiv) in ohio. ohio j. of science 92: 38 - 39\nleonard, d. e. 1964. biology and ecology of magicicada septendecim (l .) (hemiptera: cicadidae). j. new york entomol. soc. 72: 19 - 23 .\nlloyd, m. , and j. white. 1983. why is one of the periodical cicadas (magicicada septendecula) a comparatively rare species? ecol. entomol. 8: 293 - 303 .\ndybas, h. s. , and m. lloyd. 1962. isolation by habitat in two synchronized species of periodical cicadas (homoptera: cicadidae: magicicada). ecology 43: 444 - 459 .\nheath, j. e. 1968. thermal synchronization of emergence in periodical\n17 - year\ncicadas (homoptera, cicadidae, magicicada). am. midl. nat. 80: 440 - 448 .\nheath, j. e. 1968. thermal synchronization of emergence in periodical\n17 - year\ncicadas (homoptera: cicadidae: magicicada). am. midl. nat. 80: 440 - 447 .\nchilcote, c. a. , and f. w. stehr. 1984. a new record for magicicada septendecim in michigan (homoptera: cicadidae). great lakes entomol. 17: 53 - 54 .\ndybas, h. s. , and d. d. davis. 1962. a population census of seventeen - year periodical cicadas (homoptera: cicadidae: magicicada). ecology 43: 432 - 444 .\nheath, j. e. 1967. temperature responses of the periodical\n17 - year\ncicada, magicicada cassini (homoptera, cicadidae). am. midl. nat. 77: 64 - 76 .\nheath, j. e. 1968. thermal synchronization of emergence in periodical\n17 - year\ncicadas (homoptera: cicadidae: magicicada). am. midl. nat. 80: 440 - 447 .\nkritsky, g. , and s. simon. 1996. the unexpected 1995 emergence of periodical cicadas (homoptera: cicadidae: magicicada) in ohio. ohio j. sci. 96: 27 - 28 .\nbryce, d. , and n. aspinwall. 1975. sympatry of two broods of the periodical cicada (magicicada) in missouri. am. midl. nat. 93 (2): 450 - 454 .\nmaier, c. t. 1982. observations on the seventeen - year periodical cicada, magicicada septendecim (hemiptera: homoptera: cicadidae). ann. entomol. soc. am. 75: 14 - 23 .\nwilliams, k. s. , and k. g. smith. 1991. dynamics of periodical cicada chorus centers (homoptera: cicadidae: magicicada). j. insect behav. 4: 275 - 291 .\ndybas, h. s. , and m. lloyd. 1974. the habitats of 17 - year periodical cicadas (homoptera: cicadidae: magicicada spp .). ecol. monogr. 44: 279 - 324 .\nwilliams, k. s. , and k. g. smith. 1993. host plant choices of periodical cicadas, magicicada tredecassini. bull. ecol. soc. am. 74: 489 (suppl .) .\ngoldstein, b. 1929. a cytological study of the fungus massospora cicadina, parasitic on the 17 - year cicada, magicicada septendecim. am. j. bot. 16: 394 - 401, plates xxiii - xxv .\nalexander, r. d. , and t. e. moore. 1958. studies on the acoustical behavior of seventeen - year cicadas (homoptera: cicadidae: magicicada). ohio j. sci. 58: 107 - 127 .\nwhite, j. , and m. lloyd. 1985. effect of habitat on size of nymphs in periodical cicadas (homoptera: cicadidae: magicicada spp .). j. kansas entomol. soc. 58: 605 - 610 .\ninhabits the southern and southeastern part. the two species overlap only along a narrow region in northern arkansas, western kentucky, and southern missouri, illinois, and indiana. (for a map of these species' distributions in brood xix click here .) by comparison, the three 17 - year species are found together from connecticut to kansas, and the remaining 13 - year species together inhabit most 13 - year populations. where m. neotredecim\nmated females excavate aseries of y - shaped eggnests in living twigs and lay up to twenty eggs in each nest (marlatt 1923). a female may lay as many as 600 eggs (marlatt 1923). below is a photograph of magicicada\nmaier, c. t. 1980. a mole' s - eye view of seventeen - year periodical cicada nymphs, magicicada septendecim (hemiptera: homoptera: cicadidae). ann. entomol. soc. am. 73: 147 - 152 .\nwhite, j. , p. ganter, r. mcfarland, n. stanton, and m. lloyd. 1983. spontaneous, field tested, and tethered flight in healthy and infected magicicada septendecim l. oecologia 57: 281 - 286 .\ncantrall, i. j. 1937. notes on the infection of the seventeen - year cicada, magicicada septendecim (linn .) by the fungus, massospora cicadina peck. bull. of the brooklyn entomol. soc. 32: 120 - 121 .\ncox, r. t. , and c. e. carlton. 1988. paleoclimatic influences in the evolution of periodical cicadas (insecta: homoptera: cicadidae: magicicada spp .). am. midl. nat. 120: 183 - 193 .\nreding, m. e. , and s. i. guttman. 1991. radionuclide contamination as an influence on the morphology and genetic structre of periodical cicada (magicicada cassini) populations. am. midl. nat. 126: 322 - 337 .\nwheeler, g. l. , k. s. williams, and k. g. smith. 1992. role of periodical cicadas (homoptera: cicadidae: magicicada) in forest nutrient cycles. for. ecol. man. 51: 339 - 346\nhahus, s. c. , and k. g. smith. 1990. food habits of blarina, peromyscus, and microtus in relation to an emergence of periodical cicadas (magicicada). j. mammol. 71 (2): 249 - 252 .\nmaier, c. t. 1982. abundance and distribution of the seventeen - year periodical cicada, magicicada septendecim (linnaeus) (heniptera: cicadidae - brood ii), in connecticut. proc. entomol. soc. wash. 84: 430 - 439 .\nsmith, k. g. , n. c. wilkinson, k. s. williams, and v. b. steward. 1987. predation by spiders on periodical cicadas (homoptera, magicicada). j. arachnol. 15: 277 - 279 .\nwilliams, k. s. , k. g. smith, and f. m. stephen. 1993. emergence of 13 - yr periodical cicadas (cicadidae: magicicada): phenology, mortality, and predator satiation. ecology 74: 1143 - 1152 .\nyoung, d. , and r. k. josephson. 1983. pure - tone songs in cicadas with special reference to the genus magicicada. j. comp. physiol. a. sens. neural. behav. physiol. 152: 197 - 207 .\nkarban, r. 1985. addition of periodical cicada (magicicada spp .) nymphs to an oak (quercus ilicifolia) forest: effects on cicada density, acorn production, and rootlet density. j. kans. entomol. soc. 58: 269 - 276 .\nsteward, v. b. , k. g. smith, and f. m. stephen. 1988. red - winged blackbird predation on periodical cicadas (cicadidae: magicicada spp .): bird behavior and cicada responses. oecologia 76: 348 - 352 .\ncox, r. t. , and c. e. carlton. 1991. evidence of genetic dominance of the 13 - year life cycle in periodical cicadas (homoptera: cicadidae: magicicada spp .). am. midl. nat. 125: 63 - 74 .\nmoore, t. e. , f. huber, t. weber, u. klein, and c. bock. 1993. interaction between visual and phonotactic orientation during flight in magicicada cassini (homoptera: cicadidae). great lakes entomol. 26: 199 - 221 .\ndybas, h. s. ; davis, d. d. (1962) .\na populations census of seventeen - year periodical cicadas (homoptera: cicadidae: magicicada )\n. ecology 43 (3): 432–444. doi: 10. 2307 / 1933372. jstor 1933372 .\nschildberger, k. , h. u. kleindienst, t. e. moore, and f. huber. 1986. auditory thresholds and acoustic signal processing in the cns of the periodical cicadas magicicada septendecim and m. cassini. verhandlungen der deutschen zoologischen gesellschaft 79: 377 - 378 .\n. there are seven species - - four with 13 - year life cycles (including one new species described in 2000), and three with 17 - year cycles. the three 17 - year species are generally northern in distribution, while the 13 - year species are generally southern and midwestern. magicicada\nhoback, w. w. , r. l. rana, d. w. stanley. 1999. fatty acid compositions of phospholipids and triacylglycerols of selected tissues, and fatty acid biosynthesis in adult periodical cicadas, magicicada septendecim. compar. biochem. and physiol. 122: 355 - 362 .\ncox, r. t. , and c. e. carlton (1988) .\npaleoclimatic influences in the evolution of periodical cicadas (homoptera: cicadidae: magicicada spp. )\n. american midland naturalist 120 (1): 183–193. doi: 10. 2307 / 2425898. jstor 2425898 .\nkarlin, a. a. , k. s. williams, k. g. smith, and d. w. sugg. 1991. biochemical evidence for rapid changes in heterozygosity in a population of periodical cicadas (magicicada tredecassini). am. midl. nat. 125: 213 - 221 .\ntoolson, e. c. , and e. k. toolson. 1991. evaporative cooling and endothermy in the 13 - year periodical cicada, magicicada tredecim (homoptera: cicadidae). j. comp. physiol. b: biochem. system. environ. physiol. 161: 109 - 116 .\njames, d. a. , k. s. williams, and k. g. smith. 1986. survey of 1985 periodical cicada (homoptera: magicicada) emergence sites in washington county, arkansas, with reference to ecological implications. proc. ark. acad. sci. 40: 37 - 39\nperiodical cicadas are grouped into broods based on the calendar year when they emerge (see chart below and maps on www. magicicada. org). for example, in 2014, 13 - year brood xxii is scheduled to emerge in louisiana and 17 - year brood iii is scheduled to emerge in western illinois and eastern iowa .\nklein, u. , c. bock, w. a. kafka, and t. e. moore. 1988. antennal sensilla of magicicada cassini (fisher) (homoptera: cicadidae): fine structure and electrophysiological evidence for olfaction. int. j. of insect morphol. and embryol. 17: 153 - 167\nthe sota et al. data suggest that the founders of the southern 13 - year cicada populations we see today originated from the decim group. these were later joined by cassini originating from the western cassini clade and decula originating from eastern, middle, and western decula clades. as cassini and decula invaded the south they became synchronized with the resident m. tredecim. today these cassini and decula are known as m. tredecassini and m. tredecula. more data is needed to lend support to this hypothesis and others hypotheses related to more recent 13 - 17 - year splits involving m. neotredecim and m. tredecim .\ncox, r. t. , and c. e. carlton (1991) .\nevidence of genetic dominance of the 13 - year life cycle in periodical cicadas (homoptera: cicadidae: magicicada spp. )\n. american midland naturalist 125 (1): 63–74. doi: 10. 2307 / 2426370. jstor 2426370 .\nmaier, c. t. 1985. brood vi of 17 - year periodical cicadas, magicicada spp. (hemiptera: homoptera: cicadidae): new evidence from connecticut (usa), the hypothetical 4 - year deceleration, and the status of the brood. j. new york entomol. soc. 93: 1019 - 1026 .\nunfortunately, song phenotypes do not persist in dead insect specimens. along with the holotype male specimen, which is stored at the university of michigan museum of zoology, marshall and cooley deposited a short recording of one calling song phrase taken from that specimen. a copy of that recording is being made available here to facilitate long - term persistence of the file and taxonomic comparison. note that this year, 2011, is the first emergence of 13 - year brood xix since the original discovery of m. neotredecim in that brood, and the first opportunity to examine the reproductive character displacement pattern that helped unmask this new periodical cicada species .\nwilliams, k. s. ; smith, k. g. ; stephen, f. m. (1993) .\nemergence of 13 - year periodical cicadas (cicadidae, magicicada): phenology, mortality, and predator satiation\n. ecology 74 (4): 1143–1152. doi: 10. 2307 / 1940484. jstor 1940484 .\nalexander, r. d. , and t. e. moore. 1962. the evolutionary relationships of 17 - year and 13 - year cicadas, and three new species (homoptera, cicadidae, magicicada). univ. of mich. mus. zool. misc. pub. 121: 1 - 59. (download a pdf version )\ncook, william m. ; robert d. holt (2002) .\nperiodical cicada (magicicada cassini) oviposition damage: visually impressive yet dynamically irrelevant\n. american midland naturalist 147 (2): 214–224. doi: 10. 1674 / 0003 - 0031 (2002) 147 [ 0214: pcmcod ] 2. 0. co; 2 .\ncooley, j. r. , c. simon, d. c. marshall, k. slon, and c. ehrhardt. 2001. allochronic speciation, secondary contact, and reproductive character displacement in periodical cicadas (hemiptera: magicicada spp .): genetic, morphological, and behavioural evidence. mol. ecol. 10: 661 - 671 .\ncrowdsourcing is a key part of the magicicada project. you can help by learning how to find and identify periodical cicadas and by providing information about where you see them. crowdsourced records have led to important discoveries about previously unknown portions of brood i and brood ii. your information can help us spot small or unknown populations and help us learn more about these fascinating insects .\ntunaz, h. , j. c. bedick, j. s. miller, w. w. hoback, r. l. rana, and d. w. stanley. 1999. eicosanoids mediate nodulation reactions to bacterial infections in adults of two 17 - year periodical cicadas, magicicada septendecim and m. cassini. j. insect physiol. 45: 923 - 931 .\ngene kritsky observed a similar unexpected emergence in 1995. see “the unexpected 1995 emergence of periodical cicadas (homoptera: cicadidae: magicicada spp .) in ohio”, gene kritsky and sue simon, department of biology, college of mount st. joseph, cincinnati, oh. (ohio j. sci. 96 (1): 27 - 28, 1996). an excerpt from the article :\ncooley, j. r. , d. c. marshall, a. f. richards, r. d. alexander, m. d. irwin, j. r. coelho, and c. simon. 2013. the distribution of periodical cicada brood iii in 1997, with special emphasis on illinois (hemiptera: magicicada spp .). the american entomologist 59: 9 - 14 .\nweber, t. , t. e. moore, f. huber, and u. klein. 1988. sound production in periodical cicadas (homoptera: cicadidae: magicicada septendecim, m. cassini). pp. 329 - 336 in: vidano, c. and a. arzone, eds. 6th auchenorrhyncha meeting, turin, italy, september 7 - 11, 1987. proceedings. consiglio nazionale delle ricerche .\npremature appearances by 17 - year cicadas, and these events sometimes involve many thousands at once. in 2000, many cicadas emerged four - years early across the range of brood x. a similar event was observed in 1969 in the chicago area, four years before the normal emergence in 1973 (dybas 1969). these events help us to understand the origin of the various same - cycle broods as well as the developmental mechanisms underlying magicicada\nperiodical cicadas achieve astounding population densities, as high as 1. 5 million per acre (dybas 1969). densities of tens to hundreds of thousands per acre are more common, but even this is far beyond the natural abundance of most other cicada species. apparently because of their long life cycles and synchronous emergences, periodical cicadas escape natural population control by predators, even though everything from birds to spiders to snakes to dogs eat them opportunistically when they do appear. magicicada\nadult periodical cicadas live only for a few weeks—by mid - july, all have disappeared. their short adult life has one purpose: reproduction. the males\nsing\na species - specific mating song; like other cicadas, they produce loud sounds using their tymbals. singing males of a single magicicada species form aggregations (choruses) that are sexually attractive to females. males in these choruses alternate bouts of singing with short flights from tree to tree in search of receptive females .\nmagicicada adults have black bodies and striking red eyes and orange wing veins, with a black\nw\nnear the tips of the forewings. most emerge in may and june. some of the annual cicada species are sometimes mistaken for the periodical cicadas, especially those in the genera diceroprocta and okanagana; these other species emerge somewhat later in the year but may overlap with magicicada. the okanagana species are the most potentially confusing because some have similar black - and - orange coloration. other common north american non - periodical cicadas include the large, greenish\ndog - day\ncicadas (genus tibicen) found throughout the u. s. in the summer. non - periodical cicadas are often called\nannual cicadas\n( even though they typically have multiple - year life cycles) because in a given location adults emerge every year. the best way to identify cicada species is by the sounds that they make, because cicada songs are nearly always species - specific .\nmany people know periodical cicadas by the name\n17 - year locusts\nor\n13 - year locusts\n, but they are not true locusts, which are a type of grasshopper. their uniqueness has given them a special appeal and cultural status. members of the onondaga nation near syracuse ny maintain the oral tradition of being rescued from famine by periodical cicadas. early european colonists viewed periodical cicadas with a mixture of religious apprehension and loathing. modern americans maintain numerous websites to assist in planning weddings, graduations, and other outdoor activities around magicicada emergences .\nperiodical cicadas achieve astounding population densities, as high as 1. 5 million per acre. densities of tens to hundreds of thousands per acre are more common, but even this is far beyond the natural abundance of most other cicada species. apparently because of their long life cycles and synchronous emergences, periodical cicadas escape natural population control by predators, even though everything from birds to spiders to snakes to dogs eats them opportunistically when they do appear. magicicada population densities are so high that predators apparently eat their fill without significantly reducing the population (a phenomenon called\npredator satiation\n), and the predator populations cannot build up in response because the cicadas are available as food above ground only once every 13 or 17 years .\nperiodical cicadas are found only in eastern north america. there are seven species - - four with 13 - year life cycles and three with 17 - year cycles. the three 17 - year species are generally northern in distribution, while the 13 - year species are generally southern and midwestern. the periodical cicadas can be divided into three species groups (- decim, - cassini, and - decula) with slight ecological differences. magicicada are so synchronized developmentally that they are nearly absent as adults in the 12 or 16 years between emergences. when they do emerge after their long juvenile periods, they do so in huge numbers, forming much denser aggregations than those achieved by most other cicadas. periodical cicada emergences in different regions are not synchronized, and different populations comprise the 15 largely parapatric periodical cicada\nbroods ,\nor year - classes .\na chorusing male perceiving a female signal increases his number of calls relative to movement distance, increasing the odds that he will elicit further responses from any nearby female. if the male receives multiple responses, he ceases sing - fly behavior, begins ci courtship, and engages in a signaling duet with the wing flicking female, evidently for the purpose of locating her. between calls, duetting males often walk towards the signaling female, and while approaching, begin cii calling. after contacting the female or while preparing to mount, the male begins ciii calling, which he continues until he mounts and copulates. under some circumstances, males engaged in duets acoustically obscure the downslurs of potential competitors, reducing the likelihood of a female response and increasing the likelihood that competing males will continue chorusing, depart and search elsewhere. although female wing - flick signaling is known in some australian and new zealand cicadas (e. g. , lane 1995), this is the first reported incidence of female signaling in north american cicadas. for more detail about female signals in magicicada\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmore information on the periodical cicada complex, and examples of the songs of the other species, can be found at urltoken .\nthe holotype male was collected by j. r. cooley and d. c. marshall on 18 may 1998 approximately 0. 25 miles south of county road 62 on country road 51 (lat. n 36°, 15. 36'; w 91°, 27. 72'), near the harold e. alexander wildlife management area, sharp co. , arkansas .\nsummer cicada sound # 60 minutes song of cicada. amazing sound # 1080p video\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29: registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin, july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia, june 4 - 7. photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona, july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell, iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\ndisclaimer: dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service. we strive to provide accurate information, but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world. if you need expert professional advice, contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content. click the contributor' s name for licensing and usage information. everything else copyright © 2003 - 2018 iowa state university, unless otherwise noted .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndisclaimer: itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available, and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties. however, it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes. while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available, ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party, wildlife statutes, regulations, and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register. for further information on u. s. legal requirements with respect to protected taxa, please contact the u. s. fish and wildlife service .\nwarning: the ncbi web site requires javascript to function. more ...\ndepartment of biology and museum of zoology, university of michigan, ann arbor 48109 - 1079, usa. dmarshal @ urltoken\na comment on gene introgression versus en masse cycle switching in the evolution of 13 - year and 17 - year life cycles in periodical cicadas .\nfull text from the univ. of michigan library - mlibrary (deep blue )\nthis spring brood vii is emerging in the finger lakes area of new york state. cicadas from other broods area also emerging off - schedule. use this link to report sightings .\nthis does not cover annual cicada species in north america and other parts of the world .\nthe brood chart features the names of the broods, their life cycle length, when they will emerge next, which states they' ll emerge in, links to maps, the species that will emerge, other other information. click the maps for larger, detailed maps .\ngenerally speaking, these cicadas will begin to emerge when the soil 8\nbeneath the ground reaches 64 degrees fahrenheit. a nice, warm rain will often trigger a emergence. they typically emerge in may, but have been known to emerge in late april or early june. it all depends on the weather .\nlook out for cicada chimneys also known as turrets. these are structures cicadas build out of soil, positioned above the spot where they will emerge .\nlook for holes the diameter of an adult' s finger near the root system of a tree. these are sure signs that cicadas will emerge in the area .\nyou might discover some cicada nymphs while turning over stones or when performing landscaping chores .\nthis is a recently emerged nymph crawling up a tree. note that its eyes are red .\nonce cicadas nymphs have emerged from the ground, they will try to find a tree (or similar vertical surface), and then begin the process of exiting their old nymph skins (ecdysis), expanding their wings, and changing to their adult coloring. watch this amazing transformation .\nm. tredecassin & m. cassini have black abdomens with virtually no orange at all. orange stripes are possible in the mid - west (important to note for brood iv). female on left; male on right .\nnote how it makes quick burst of sound, followed by some rapid clicks .\nm. septendecula & m. tredecula have stripes that feature more black than orange. female on left; male on right .\ncheck cicada brood maps linked from this page to see if they' re coming to your general area .\nyour local county and town parks department (parks and rec). some county parks departments plan events around cicada emergences .\nthey typically emerge once the soil 8 inches (20 cm) below the surface gets to 64 degrees fahrenheit (18 degrees celcius). at that temperature, they will start digging their tunnels to the surface. after a couple of days with above - ground temperatures near the 80' s f, and after a good rain, they will definitely emerge .\ncicadas in sunny areas of your yard will emerge before cicadas in shady areas .\ncicadas in the southern - most states will emerge before cicadas in northern states .\nfoil around the trunk (to keep them from crawling up) (thanks deborah) .\nplace netting over your precious ornamental trees: try a landscaping supply place - where you bought the baby trees in the first place .\nbagpipes (no joke, it worked at my friend' s wedding) .\ndon' t use pesticide - we like all insects (especially pollinating bees) .\ntry a hat, an umbrella, a bee - keepers' outfit, a suit of armor ...\nanswer: some possibilities: 1) they are stragglers, periodical cicadas that emerge too soon or late, 2) they are not periodical cicadas, and are another north american species, or 3) you live on a continent other than north america, in which case, try one of these pages .\nanswer: two possibilities: 1) they went extinct or otherwise died off in your area, or 2) they aren' t everywhere in a state - normally there are large gaps in their range .\nanswer: * h stands for haplotype group. information from teiji sota, satoshi yamamoto, john r. cooley, kathy b. r. hill, chris simon, and jin yoshimu. independent divergence of 13 - and 17 - y life cycles among three lineages of periodical cicada lineages. proceedings of the national academy of sciences of the usa .\nanswer: stragglers can emerge 1 or 4 years early or 1 or 4 years late. don' t be surprised if you see some periodical cicadas emerge earlier than planned this year. 17 year brood members are most likely to straggle 4 years early, and 13 year brood members are most likely to straggle 4 years late. straggler probability chart .\nquestion: why are there no brood xi, xii, xv, xvi... ?\nanswer: perhaps you' ve noticed there are no brood xi (11), xii (12), xv (15), xvi (16), xvii (17), xviii (18), xx (20), xxi (21), xxiv (24), etc. don' t worry about that. they never existed or are exinct (xi, xxi) .\nfor more information about the brood ii 17 - year cicadas appearing in 2013 see the smithsonian' s natural history highlight page. for an extensive list of references on periodical cicada literature current through oct 12, 2000, see cooley j. and marshall, d. c. 2000. urltoken (retrieved september 19, 2011) .\nthe emergence of cicadas may be triggered by their sensing of cyclical cues from nearby tree roots .\n) with remarkable rhythms live in the united states. in the south, nymphs spend 13 years underground before emerging within a few days of each other and transforming into adults. in the north, the nymph stage lasts 17 years\nhowever, recent studies suggest that the cicadas may use cues from nearby tree roots (such as sap quality, which varies cyclically) to time their emergence .\n( shuker 2001: 97 )\nshuker, kpn. 2001. the hidden powers of animals: uncovering the secrets of nature. london: marshall editions ltd. 240 p .\nforest trees in the eastern usa grow quicker in years after large numbers of cicadas have emerged. cicadas spend most of their lives underground, where they consume tree root juices, depriving leaves of valuable nutrients. some periodical species then emerge en masse every 13 or 17 years and feast on tender tree branches before laying their eggs and dying. now louie yang at the university of california at davis has established that, in dying en masse in this way, the insects provide a deluge of compost that fertilises forest soils and helps trees grow faster. yang applied various densities of dead cicadas to 1 - metre - square forest plots. after a month, plots laden with a typical 240 cicadas contained more microbes, three times the concentration of available ammonium and 2. 5 times the concentration of nitrates compared with untreated plots .\n( courtesy of the biomimicry guild )\nresource pulses are occasional events of ephemeral resource superabundance that occur in many ecosystems. aboveground consumers in diverse communities often respond strongly to resource pulses, but few studies have\ninvestigated the belowground consequences of resource pulses in natural ecosystems. this study shows that resource pulses of 17 - year periodical cicadas (\nspp .) directly increase microbial biomass and nitrogen availability in forest soils, with indirect effects on growth and reproduction in forest plants. these findings suggest that pulses of periodical cicadas create' bottomup cascades,' resulting in strong and reciprocal links between the aboveground and belowground components of a north american forest ecosystem .\n( yang 2004: 1565 )\nyang, l. h. 2004. periodical cicadas as resource pulses in north american forests. science. 306 (5701): 1565 - 1567 .\nemerge at any given locality, synchronously and in tremendous numbers. after such a prolonged developmental phase, the adults are active for about 4 to 6 weeks .\nthe males aggregate into chorus centers and attract mates. within two months of the original emergence, the life cycle is complete, the eggs have been laid and the adult cicadas are gone for another 13 or 17 years .\n( adult) periodical cicada has red eyes and a black dorsal thorax. the wings are translucent and have orange veins. the underside of the abdomen may be black, orange, or striped with orange and black, depending on the species .\nadults are typically 2. 4 to 3. 3 cm (0. 9 to 1. 3 in), depending on species, slightly smaller than the annual cicada species found in the same regions of the united states. mature females are slightly larger than males .\nmales typically form large aggregations that sing in chorus to attract receptive females. different species have different characteristic calling songs. the call of\nis said to resemble someone calling\nweeeee - whoa\nor\npharaoh .\ncicadas do not bite or sting. like other auchenorrhyncha, they have mouthparts used in piercing plants and sucking their sap. a cicada' s proboscis can also pierce human skin when it is handled, which is painful but in no other way harmful. these cicadas are not venomous, and there is no evidence that they transmit diseases. they pose little threat to mature vegetation, although planting new trees or shrubs is best postponed until after an expected emergence of the periodical cicadas. mature plants rarely suffer lasting damage, although twig die - off or\nnearly all cicadas spend years underground as juveniles, before emerging above ground for a short adult stage of several weeks to a few months. the seven periodical cicada species are so named because, in any one location, all of the members of the population are developmentally synchronized—they emerge as adults all at once in the same year. this periodicity is especially remarkable because their life cycles are so long—13 or 17 years. cicadas of all other species (perhaps 3000 worldwide) are not synchronized, so some adults mature each summer and emerge while the rest of the population continues to develop underground. many people refer to these non - periodical species as annual cicadas since some are seen every summer. the life cycles of most annual species range from two to ten years, although some could be longer." ]

{ "text": [ "magicicada neotredecim is the most recently discovered species of periodical cicada .", "like all magicicada species , m. neotredecim has reddish eyes and wing veins and a black dorsal thorax .", "it has a 13-year life cycle but seems to be most closely related to the 17-year species magicicada septendecim .", "both species are distinguished by broad orange stripes on the abdomen and a unique high-pitched song said to resemble someone calling \" weeeee-whoa \" or \" pharaoh . \"", "they differ only in life cycle length .", "another closely related 13-year species magicicada tredecim differs very slightly from m. neotredecim , and for many years the two were considered one species with slight differences in abdomen color and mitochondrial dna .", "then in 1998 , scientists studying the calls of brood xix distinguished two different peak frequencies in the - decim species call .", "because of their many similarities , m. neotredecim , m. tredecim , and m. septendecim are often described together as \" decim periodical cicadas . \" " ], "topic": [ 26, 23, 19, 23, 19, 23, 6, 1 ] }

[ "magicicada neotredecim is the most recently discovered species of periodical cicada. like all magicicada species, m. neotredecim has reddish eyes and wing veins and a black dorsal thorax. it has a 13-year life cycle but seems to be most closely related to the 17-year species magicicada septendecim. both species are distinguished by broad orange stripes on the abdomen and a unique high-pitched song said to resemble someone calling \" weeeee-whoa \" or \" pharaoh. \" they differ only in life cycle length. another closely related 13-year species magicicada tredecim differs very slightly from m. neotredecim, and for many years the two were considered one species with slight differences in abdomen color and mitochondrial dna. then in 1998, scientists studying the calls of brood xix distinguished two different peak frequencies in the - decim species call. because of their many similarities, m. neotredecim, m. tredecim, and m. septendecim are often described together as \" decim periodical cicadas. \"" ]

[ "stenoglene uelei dall' asta, &. poncin, 1980 life insecta lepidoptera eupterotidae stenoglene\nthis is the place for uelei definition. you find here uelei meaning, synonyms of uelei and images for uelei copyright 2017 © urltoken\nstenoglene uelei dall' asta, &. poncin, 1980 - - discover life\nhere you will find one or more explanations in english for the word uelei. also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word uelei and, of course, uelei synonyms and on the right images related to the word uelei .\ndall' asta u. & poncin g. 1980. nouvelles espèces des genres stenoglene felder et epijana holland de l' afrique centrale (eupterotidae, lepidoptera). - revue de zoologie et botanique africaines 94 (2): 457—488 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnb: the taxon name search is for single names only. for example, to locate dysodia vitrina flammata warren, 1904 you should enter flammata only .\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site. view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\nwe parsed the following live from the web into this page. such content is managed by its original site and not cached on discover life. please send feedback and corrections directly to the source. see original regarding copyrights and terms of use .\n[ democratic republic of congo, province orientale ], uele, paulis [ isiro ], 26. vi. 1960, leg. m. fontaine .\nholotype ♂, genitalia slide eu 76♂, rmca; paratype 1♂, rmca .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\npopular: trivia, history, america, cities, world, usa, states, television, ... more\nmoths of the central african republic represent about 240 known moth species. the moths (mostly nocturnal) and butterflies (mostly diurnal) together make up the taxonomic order lepidoptera .\nthis is a list of moth species which have been recorded in the central african republic .\nthis article is issued from wikipedia - version of the 8 / 31 / 2015. the text is available under the creative commons attribution / share alike but additional terms may apply for the media files." ]

{ "text": [ "stenoglene uelei is a moth in the eupterotidae family .", "it was described by dall ' asta and poncin in 1980 .", "it is found in the democratic republic of congo ( orientale ) and the central african republic . " ], "topic": [ 2, 5, 20 ] }

[ "stenoglene uelei is a moth in the eupterotidae family. it was described by dall' asta and poncin in 1980. it is found in the democratic republic of congo (orientale) and the central african republic." ]

[ "html public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmclaughlin et al. 2005. common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada: crustaceans. american fisheries society special publication 31\nwilliams, austin b. , lawrence g. abele, d. l. felder, h. h. hobbs, jr. , r. b. manning, et al .\ndisclaimer: itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available, and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties. however, it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes. while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available, ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party, wildlife statutes, regulations, and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register. for further information on u. s. legal requirements with respect to protected taxa, please contact the u. s. fish and wildlife service .\n- - natureserve explorer is a source for authoritative conservation information on more than 50, 000 plants, animals and ecological communtities of the u. s and canada. natureserve explorer provides in - depth information on rare and endangered species, but includes common plants and animals too. natureserve explorer is a product of natureserve in collaboration with the natural heritage network .\nitis reports - - itis (the integrated taxonomic information system) is a source for authoritative taxonomic information on plants, animals, fungi, and microbes of north america and the world .\nfws digital media library - - the u. s. fish and wildlife service' s national digital library is a searchable collection of selected images, historical artifacts, audio clips, publications, and video .\ndata and apps idaho fish and wildlife information system bringing information to bear on the management and conservation of fish, wildlife, and plants in idaho .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page: myers, p. , r. espinosa, c. s. parr, t. jones, g. s. hammond, and t. a. dewey. 2018. the animal diversity web (online). accessed at https: / / animaldiversity. org .\ndisclaimer: the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. adw doesn' t cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283, drl 0628151, due 0633095, drl 0918590, and due 1122742. additional support has come from the marisla foundation, um college of literature, science, and the arts, museum of zoology, and information and technology services .\nthis species is only known from its type locality in a fish hatchery near smithville, bastrop county, texas (k. crandall pers. comm. 2009). this species has a distribution of approximately 100 km\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance. if your browser does not accept cookies, you cannot view this site .\nthere are many reasons why a cookie could not be set correctly. below are the most common reasons :\nyou have cookies disabled in your browser. you need to reset your browser to accept cookies or to ask you if you want to accept cookies .\nyour browser asks you whether you want to accept cookies and you declined. to accept cookies from this site, use the back button and accept the cookie .\nyour browser does not support cookies. try a different browser if you suspect this .\nthe date on your computer is in the past. if your computer' s clock shows a date before 1 jan 1970, the browser will automatically forget the cookie. to fix this, set the correct time and date on your computer .\nyou have installed an application that monitors or blocks cookies from being set. you must disable the application while logging in or check with your system administrator .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance by remembering that you are logged in when you go from page to page. to provide access without cookies would require the site to create a new session for every page you visit, which slows the system down to an unacceptable level .\nthis site stores nothing other than an automatically generated session id in the cookie; no other information is captured .\nin general, only the information that you provide, or the choices you make while visiting a web site, can be stored in a cookie. for example, the site cannot determine your email name unless you choose to type it. allowing a website to create a cookie does not give that or any other site access to the rest of your computer, and only the site that created the cookie can read it." ]

{ "text": [ "procambarus texanus ( the \" bastrop crayfish \" ) is a species of crayfish in the family cambaridae .", "it is only known from a fish hatchery near smithville , bastrop county , texas .", "and is listed as data deficient on the iucn red list . " ], "topic": [ 28, 15, 17 ] }

[ "procambarus texanus (the \" bastrop crayfish \") is a species of crayfish in the family cambaridae. it is only known from a fish hatchery near smithville, bastrop county, texas. and is listed as data deficient on the iucn red list." ]

[ "the dianchi carp (cyprinus micristius) is a species of ray - finned fish in the cyprinidae family. it is found only in china. source - * world conservation monitoring centre 1996. cyprinus micristius. more\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below. < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - dianchi carp (cyprinus micristius )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - dianchi carp (cyprinus micristius )\ntitle =\narkive species - dianchi carp (cyprinus micristius )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\npicture of cyprinus micristius has been licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial. original source: fishbase - information center chinese academy of fishery sciences - author: information center chinese academy of fishery sciences permission: some rights reserved\nconservation status, identification, distribution, abundance, habitat and ecology, conservation actions and recommendations of a endemic cyprinid fish, cyprinus micristius were introduced based on data and knowledge from a gef project in lake dianchi, yunnan, china .\nmaturity: l m? range? -? cm max length: 20. 0 cm tl male / unsexed; (ref .); common length: 10. 4 cm sl male / unsexed; (ref. 35840 )\nbody red in upper half part of eyes; dark gray on back, light yellow on lower sides and abdomen; dorsal and caudal fins grayish green and margins of other fins yellow. body carp - shaped, compressed and back slightly convex; barbels 2 pairs .\niucn, 1994. 1994 iucn red list of threatened animals. international union for conservation of nature and natural resources, gland, switzerland and cambridge, u. k. (ref. 6376 )\nphylogenetic diversity index (ref. 82805): pd 50 = 0. 5000 [ uniqueness, from 0. 5 = low to 2. 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight: a = 0. 01175 (0. 00560 - 0. 02463), b = 2. 98 (2. 81 - 3. 15), in cm total length, based on lwr estimates for this (sub) family - body shape (ref. 93245) .\ntrophic level (ref. 69278): 3. 2 ±0. 5 se; based on size and trophs of closest relatives\nresilience (ref. 69278): medium, minimum population doubling time 1. 4 - 4. 4 years (preliminary k or fecundity .) .\nvulnerability (ref. 59153): low to moderate vulnerability (30 of 100) .\n: missing argument 2 for checkecotox (), called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary. php on line 1995 and defined in\n: missing argument 3 for checkecotox (), called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary. php on line 1995 and defined in\ninformation on the dianchi carp is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly .\nclassified as critically endangered (cr) on the iucn red list (1) .\nthis information is awaiting authentication by a species expert, and will be updated as soon as possible. if you are able to help please contact: arkive @ urltoken\nterms of use - the displayed portlet may be used as a link from your website to arkive' s online content for private, scientific, conservation or educational purposes only. it may not be used within apps .\nmyarkive offers the scrapbook feature to signed - up members, allowing you to organize your favourite arkive images and videos and share them with friends .\nteam wild, an elite squadron of science superheroes, needs your help! your mission: protect and conserve the planet’s species and habitats from destruction .\nthis species is affected by global climate change. to learn about climate change and the species that are affected, visit our climate change pages .\nwildscreen is a registered charity in england and wales no. 299450 wildscreen usa is a registered 501 (c) (3) non - profit organisation in the usa\nonly ever known from lake dianchi and it tributaries. it may now only survive in songhuaba reservior .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\nchen xl, huang hj (1977) cyprininae. in: wu xw (ed) the cyprinid fishes of china, vol. 2. science press, beijing, china, pp 395–438\ngroombridge b (ed) (1994) 1994 iucn red list of threatened animals. iucn, gland, switzerland\nluo yl, yue pq (2000) cyprininae. in: yue pq (ed) fauna sinica, osteichthyes, cypriniformes iii. science press, beijing, pp 391–433\nwang s, xie y (eds) (2004) china species red list, vol. 1. red list. higher education press, beijing, p 468\nwu xw, yang gr, yue pq, huang hj (eds) (1963) fauna sinica, freshwater fishes. science press, beijing, china, pp 1–152\nyue pq, chen yy (eds) (1998) china red data book of endangered animals. pisces. science press, beijing, p 247\nzhou w (1989) cyprininae. in: chu xl, chen yr (eds) the fishes of yunnan, china part i. science press, beijing, china, pp 377\nyang, j. , chen, xy. & yang, jx. environ biol fish (2008) 83: 221. urltoken\nthis translation tool is powered by google. fao is not responsible for the accuracy of translations .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthe dianchi carp is a species of ray - finned fish in the cyprinidae family .\nthe dianchi carp is classified as critically endangered (cr), facing an extremely high risk of extinction in the wild .\ninformation on the dianchi carp is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly... more\nour website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site. we suggest you upgrade to a modern browser .\nregan, c. t. 1906. descriptions of two new cyprinid fishes from yunnan fu, collected by mr. john graham. annals and magazine of natural history, 7 17: 332 - 333 .\nchinese academy of fishery sciences (2003) chinese aquatic germplasm resources database. : urltoken\nfroese, r. & d. pauly (editors). (2018). fishbase. world wide web electronic publication .\nhanel, l. and j. novák (2002) české názvy zivočichů v. ryby a ryboviti obratlovci (pisces) 3. , maloústí (gonorhynchiformes) - máloostní (cypriniformes). : národní muzeum (zoologické oddělení), praha .\niucn (1994) 1994 iucn red list of threatened animals. : international union for conservation of nature and natural resources, gland, switzerland and cambridge, u. k .\nwang, s. (ed .) (1998) china red data book of endangered animals. pisces. : national environmental protection agency. endangered species scientific commision. science press, beijing, china. 247p .\nwu, h. l. , k. - t. shao and c. f. lai (eds .) (1999) latin - chinese dictionary of fishes names. : the sueichan press, taiwan. 1028 p." ]

{ "text": [ "cyprinus micristius , the dianchi carp , is a critically endangered species of ray-finned fish in the family cyprinidae .", "it is found only in lake dianchi and its tributaries in yunnan , china .", "the nominate subspecies from the lake itself has not been confirmed since the 1960s . " ], "topic": [ 27, 20, 6 ] }

[ "cyprinus micristius, the dianchi carp, is a critically endangered species of ray-finned fish in the family cyprinidae. it is found only in lake dianchi and its tributaries in yunnan, china. the nominate subspecies from the lake itself has not been confirmed since the 1960s." ]

[ "lahontan cutthroat trout from whitehorse creek should be reintroduced above this barrier once water returns .\nin the willow - whitehorse basin: all streams including but not limited to cottonwood, doolittle, fifteeenmile, little whitehorse, whitehorse and willow creeks .\na map of the original native range of the whitehorse basin cutthroat trout. data source: behnke (2002) and trotter (2008) .\nthese cutthroat were caught in far southeast oregon. the whitehorse basin cutthroat are only found in 2 creeks - whitehorse and willow, and just became open to the public again this year after many years of no fishing the streams .\nthe burned area includes oregon' s only pure native lahontan cutthroat trout populations .\nthe lahontan cutthroat trout occurs in the following streams in southeastern oregon: willow creek, whitehorse creek, little whitehorse creek, doolitle creek, fifteen mile creek (from the coyote lake basin) and indian, sage, and line canyon creeks, tributaries of mcdermitt creek in the quinn river basin (nevada) .\nthe purpose of this memo is to inform you regarding sampling for lahontan cutthroat trout (lct) by the malheur fish district on willow creek, whitehorse creek, little whitehorse creek, and tributaries .\nthe fire destroyed decades worth of restoration work that had helped threatened lahontan cutthroat trout rebound .\nthe species profile for oncorhynchus clarkii ssp. 3 (whitehorse basin cutthroat trout) is currently unavailable. it has recently undergone major revisions and is currently being reviewed for public distribution. please check back at a later date .\nin 1989 biologists counted only 8, 000 lahontan trout in the whitehorse basin. during the most recent population survey in 2011, the population was estimated at 23, 800, the odfw reported .\nusfws. 1975. threatened status for three species of trout (lahontan cutthroat, salmo clarki henshawi; paiute cutthroat, salmo clarki seleniris; arizona trout, salmo apache). fr 40: 29863 - 29864 .\nmalheur fish district staff and three volunteers sampled willow creek, whitehorse creek, little whitehorse creek, and tributaries october 28 - 30, 2014 .\nusfws. 1995. lahontan cutthroat trout, oncorhynchus clarki henshawi, recovery plan. portland, or. 147 .\nin the quinn basin (malheur county): indian and sage creeks will remain closed .\nsampling occurred at nine locations; three in the whitehorse creek drainage, four in the little whitehorse creek drainage, and two in the willow creek drainage .\nsampling was done to verify presence - absence of lahontan cutthroat trout (lct) following the holloway fire in 2012 .\nthe lahontan cutthroat trout is one subspecies of the wide - ranging cutthroat trout species (o. clarki) that includes at least 14 recognized forms in the western united states. cutthroat trout have the most extensive range of any inland trout species of western north america, and occur in anadromous, non - anadromous, fluvial, and lacustrine populations (behnke 1979). many of the basins in which cutthroat trout occur contain remnants of much more extensive bodies of water which were present during the wetter period of the late pleistocene epoch (smith 1978) .\nwilliams, r. n. 1991. genetic analysis and taxonomic status of cutthroat trout from willow creek and whitehorse creek in southeastern oregon. bsu evolutionary genetics lab report 91 - 3. boise, id. 15pp .\nusfws threatened & endangered species system (tess) lahontan cutthroat trout species profile (for listing rules, critical habitat, recovery plan, etc. )\nsmith, g. r. 1978. biogeography of intermountain fishes. great basin nat. mem. 2: 17 - 42 .\ntv trout unlimited: lahontan cutts - se oregon... .. update\nthe coloration of the whitehorse basin cutthroat is very similar to that of the humboldt cutthroat. typically these fish are a brownish - olive color on their backs, which transitions to dull brassy or yellowish color along their sides. some fish may be rather silvery, especially during the early summer and they often display a rosy coloration along their lateral line. parr marks are often retained into adulthood and are typically a purplish color. these fish are typically more sparesly spotted than their lahontan cutthroat cousins and have relatively large spots distributed primarily above the lateral line .\nthe lahontan cutthroat trout was originally listed as endangered in 1970 but was downlisted to threatened in 1975. a recovery plan was published in 1995. there is no critical habitat designation .\nusdi. 1997. 1996 whitehorse butte allotment evaluation. u. s. bureau of land management, vale, or. 45 pp .\nwydoski, r. s. 1978. responses of trout populations to alterations in aquatic environments: a review. pages 57 - 92 in j. r. moring, ed. proceedings of the wild trout - catchable trout symposium, eugene, or. feb. 15 - 17, 1978 .\n© 2008 - 2011 native trout fly fishing. all rights reserved last updated january 9, 2011 11: 05 pm\nthis happens to be one of the areas where lahontan cutthroat exist and carry natural populations - odfw staff are dedicated to this unique region and have been for decades. the species has been protected since 1973 and is currently listed as threatened under the federal endangered species act. in 2006, it was identified in the oregon conservation strategy as a species in need of conservation. in 1989 biologists counted only 8, 000 lahontan trout in the whitehorse basin. during a population survey in 2011, the population was estimated at 23, 800. several streams were opened to catch - and - release fishing in 2001 due to growing or stable populations [\ntopics of interest welcome and overview hunting & fishing information american recovery & reinvestment act avian influenza barred owls bats birds bull trout climate change coastal cutthroat trout culvert replacement dry forest ecosystems ecosystem services experience nature federal programs assessment fire grants gravel mining gray wolf invasive species jr. duck stamp lamprey marbled murrelet new carissa plant conservation pollinators portland harbor salmon spotted owl stream habitat surrogate species west nile virus\nbehnke, r. j. 1992. native trout of western north america. am. fish. soc. monog. 6 .\ngerstung, e. r. 1986. draft fishery management plan for lahontan cutthroat trout (salmo clarki henshawi) in california and western nevada waters. california dept. of fish and game. inland fisheries admin. rept. no. 86. fed aid proj. no. f33 - r - 11. 53pp .\nbiologists credit the population rebound in the 1990s to the efforts of the trout creek mountain working group - - ranchers, government agencies and environmental advocacy groups .\nshow your love for the beautiful whitehorse basin cutthroat trout with this hand painted pewter refrigerator magnet, it makes a wonderful gift for any of your friends or that special someone. hand made in the usa with lead - free pewter by creative pewter designs. this beautiful refrigerator magnet was hand sculpted in clay and then made into a mold to be cast in lead - free fine english pewter. each refrigerator magnet is carefully painted by hand with fine detailing to create the realism and beauty of the real life subject. three coats of clear acrylic are applied to ensure the paint will not chip and provides uv protection so that it will never fade. the painted refrigerator magnet truly becomes a wearable work of art. proudly made by american artists. 100% satisfaction guarantee. * * * * please note the sizes listed are the packaging sizes only, not the actual product size. for actual product size information please contact us, thank you * * * * *\nthe tualatin valley chapter of trout unlimited meets on the second wednesday of each month at the lucky labrador public house located at 7675 sw capitol hwy [ multnomah village ]. meetings begin at 6: 30pm and are free and open to the public. we sponsor a wide range of program speakers, conservation efforts and club events. this blog is dedicated to sharing information about our many club activities. read more\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nalthough coloration is variable, this species is generally heavily marked with large, rounded black spots, more or less evenly distributed over the sides, head, and abdomen. spawning fish generally develop bright red coloration on the underside of the mandible and on the opercle. in spawning males, coloration is generally more intense than in females .\nthese fish are unusually tolerant of both high temperatures (> 27 c) and large daily fluctuations (up to 20 c). they are also quite tolerant of high alkalinity (> 3000 mg / l) and dissolved solids (> 10000 mg / l). they are apparently intolerant of competition or predation by non - native salmonids, and rarely coexist with them (behnke 1992, larivers 1962) .\nbehnke, r. j. 1979. monograph of the native trouts of the genus salmo of eastern north america. unpub. man. 215pp .\ncoffin, p. d. 1988. nevada' s native salmonid program: status, distribution, and management. nevada dept. of wildlife. reno, nv. 17pp .\nlarivers, i. 1962. fish and fisheries of nevada. nevada state fish and game commission. carson city .\nusdi. 1991. biological opinion for the jordan meadows allotment grazing decision. document no. 1 - 5 - 91 - f - 23. u. s. fish and wildlife service. reno, nv. 16pp .\nusfws. 1970. united states list of endangered native fish and wildlife. federal register 35: 16047 - 16048 .\noregon fish & wildlife office home pacific region ecological services home pacific region home u. s. fish and wildlife service national home page | department of the interior | urltoken | about the u. s. fish and wildlife service | accessibility | privacy | notices | disclaimer | foia\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthe oregon department of fish and wildlife announced it suspended fishing in several streams in southeastern oregon near the nevada border due to severe habitat damage .\nin the mcdermitt creek subbasin: cottonwood, mcdermitt and n. fork mcdermitt creeks .\nodfw said in its press release that the fire destroyed the vegetation on some stream sections and fire fighters observed fish dying from asphyxiation during the fire. long - term impacts could include higher water temperatures in summer, lower water temperatures in winter and increased sediment from eroding soils, she said .\nuse of and / or registration on any portion of this site constitutes acceptance of our user agreement (updated 5 / 25 / 18) and privacy policy and cookie statement (updated 5 / 25 / 18) .\n© 2018 advance local media llc. all rights reserved (about us). the material on this site may not be reproduced, distributed, transmitted, cached or otherwise used, except with the prior written permission of advance local .\ncommunity rules apply to all content you upload or otherwise submit to this site .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthe nonindigenous occurrences section of the nas species profiles has a new structure. the section is now dynamically updated from the nas database to ensure that it contains the most current and accurate information. occurrences are summarized in table 1, alphabetically by state, with years of earliest and most recent observations, and the tally and names of drainages where the species was observed. the table contains hyperlinks to collections tables of specimens based on the states, years, and drainages selected. references to specimens that were not obtained through sighting reports and personal communications are found through the hyperlink in the table 1 caption or through the individual specimens linked in the collections tables .\nthe data represented on this site vary in accuracy, scale, completeness, extent of coverage and origin. it is the user' s responsibility to use these data consistent with their intended purpose and within stated limitations. we highly recommend reviewing metadata files prior to interpreting these data .\ncitation information: u. s. geological survey. [ 2018 ]. nonindigenous aquatic species database. gainesville, florida. accessed [ 7 / 10 / 2018 ] .\ncontact us if you are using data from this site for a publication to make sure the data are being used appropriately and for potential co - authorship if warranted. for queries involving fish, please contact pam fuller. for queries involving invertebrates, contact amy benson .\n- over 250, 000 acres were in oregon. the fire was devastating at the time due to already worsening range conditions and moisture levels in that far se corner of our state. though many people do not venture out to this portion of oregon there is more to it than just range grasslands and scrub .\nmany of the drainages they call home were burned to creeks edge with devastating habitat and riparian loss; in turn, water temps not only immediately rose from the surrounding flames but without cover the average stream temperatures would raise .\nfrom odfw to restore areas damaged by the fire [ the general reaction for our team was this was too far from' our' area to serve and perhaps groups from idaho may better serve this cause ]. odfw and others moved in and did some immediate plantings to help restore the habitat work that occurred in the past .\nfast forward to november 2014 - tom wolf forwarded a note from se district - hines fish biologists on a recent survey of the system. the intrepid wild fish has held fast :\nthree of the nine sites contained no fish, however only one of these sites (cottonwood creek) was dry at the time of sampling .\nthe number of fish captured varied among drainages as did average and median lengths (table 1) .\ntotal length of lct ranged from 42 mm to 360 mm and there appear to be at least five age - classes of fish among the three drainages (figure 1) .\nmultiple sizes of lct were captured at both the upper and lower extremes of the drainages .\nriparian willow generation was substantial in some areas making it difficult to sample effectively .\nbeaver dams and complexes provided refuge habitat for lct during this drought year and possibly during the holloway fire .\nwhile enough sites were not sampled to say anything statistically, the general distribution observed during sampling will allow lct to recolonize areas without fish from both the upper and lower portions of the drainages .\nthe one exception is cottonwood creek which has a natural fish barrier due to a head - cut .\nsampling of two locations above the head - cut barrier in 2005 observed fish densities of 0. 01 to 0. 50 fish / m\noops, it looks javascript is disabled in your browser. enable javascript to enable menu functions and other features of fishexplorer. com .\nwe caught cutthroats like that at flaming gorge this spring. they looked exactly like that anyway .\nfree account registration | fxr + subscription | forgot password? | re - send activation email ...\nbuilt for colorado anglers, by colorado anglers. july 10, 2018 3: 53: 00 am acu\nsorry, we just need to make sure you' re not a robot. for best results, please make sure your browser is accepting cookies .\nplease make sure that you' ve entered a valid question. you can edit your question or post anyway .\nthere was a problem completing your request. please try your search again later .\nvisit the delivery destinations help page to see where this item can be delivered .\nprime members enjoy fast & free shipping, unlimited streaming of movies and tv shows with prime video and many more exclusive benefits .\nafter viewing product detail pages, look here to find an easy way to navigate back to pages you are interested in." ]

{ "text": [ "the whitehorse basin cutthroat trout refers to a population segment of the cutthroat trout complex ( oncorhynchus clarkii ) from the streams of the whitehorse basin ( or the coyote basin ) , southeastern oregon .", "it is alternatively considered as a part of the lahontan cutthroat trout subspecies ( oncorhynchus clarkii henshawi ) , or of the humboldt cutthroat trout ( o. c. humboldtensis ) whose main range is in nevada . " ], "topic": [ 7, 7 ] }

[ "the whitehorse basin cutthroat trout refers to a population segment of the cutthroat trout complex (oncorhynchus clarkii) from the streams of the whitehorse basin (or the coyote basin), southeastern oregon. it is alternatively considered as a part of the lahontan cutthroat trout subspecies (oncorhynchus clarkii henshawi), or of the humboldt cutthroat trout (o. c. humboldtensis) whose main range is in nevada." ]

[ "silver biddy | humane killing of fish - freshwater - estuary - offshore maximum quality, minimum fuss .\ninformation on the long - rayed silver biddy is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly .\nthe long - rayed silver biddy is classified as least concern (lc) on the iucn red list (1) .\nthe various species of silver biddies found in australian estuaries and inshore areas have similar brain locations to the common silver biddy. they should be killed humanely in an ice slurry or by iki jime or a knock to the head .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below. < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - long - rayed silver biddy (gerres filamentosus )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - long - rayed silver biddy (gerres filamentosus )\ntitle =\narkive species - long - rayed silver biddy (gerres filamentosus )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nsilver biddies are marketed in sydney and perth. the largest quantities are from new south wales waters .\nsilver biddies are caught with beach seines in inshore waters. they are small silvery fish reaching about 23 cm total length .\nthese fish have silver coloured bodies and highly protrusible jaws. the dorsal fin is long based with the anterior spines longer than those in the rest of the fin .\nmarine; brackish; reef - associated; depth range 0 - 20 m (ref. 11441). tropical; 36°n - 35°s, 25°e - 174°w\nindo - pacific: red sea to south africa, east to marshall and samoa islands; north to the ryukyus and south to the queensland, australia (great barrier reef) and new caledonia .\nmaturity: l m? , range 22 -? cm max length: 30. 0 cm tl male / unsexed; (ref. 4323); common length: 20. 0 cm sl male / unsexed; (ref. 37816 )\ndorsal spines (total): 9; dorsal soft rays (total): 10; anal spines: 3; anal soft rays: 7. body silvery with 6 - 8 irregular, faint dusky oblique and vertical bands dorsolaterally and ventrolaterally (usually more apparent in young stressed or preserved specimens. u - shaped premaxilla groove mostly without scales (tiny scales anteriorly in specimens over 13 cm sl). posterior margin of maxillary beyond a vertical through anterior margin of pupil. supraneural bones 3. spinous dorsal fin with an indistinct dusky patch (2nd - 6th spines) and very narrow dusky distal margins on upper membranes between spines. scales between 5th dorsal fin spine and lateral line 3 - 4, usually 3. 5. pelvic fin when fresh is semi - transparent or dull yellow color with an indistinct dusky band and dull white distal margin posteriorly (ref. 35850); pectoral fins reaches beyond level of anus; caudal fin forked deeply and with long lobes (ref. 90102) .\nfound along the coast, saltwater lagoons, and estuaries (ref. 5213). also in sand bottoms in sheltered waters near reefs (ref. 90102). occurs singly or in groups (ref. 9710). feeds on small organisms living on sandy bottoms. utilized as fish meal and duck food. sold fresh in markets .\niwatsuki, y. , s. kimura and t. yoshino, 1999. redescriptions of gerres baconensis (evermann & seale, 1907), g. equulus temminck & schlegel, 1844 and g. oyena (forsskål, 1775), included in the\ng. oyena complex\n, with notes on other related species (perciformes: gerreidae). ichthyol. res. 46 (4): 377 - 395. (ref. 35850 )\n): 25. 2 - 29. 3, mean 28. 5 (based on 3352 cells) .\nphylogenetic diversity index (ref. 82805): pd 50 = 0. 5000 [ uniqueness, from 0. 5 = low to 2. 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight: a = 0. 01259 (0. 00726 - 0. 02183), b = 3. 14 (3. 00 - 3. 28), in cm total length, based on lwr estimates for this species & genus - body shape (ref. 93245) .\ntrophic level (ref. 69278): 2. 7 ±0. 24 se; based on food items .\nresilience (ref. 69278): high, minimum population doubling time less than 15 months (preliminary k or fecundity .) .\nvulnerability (ref. 59153): low vulnerability (17 of 100) .\n: missing argument 2 for checkecotox (), called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary. php on line 1995 and defined in\n: missing argument 3 for checkecotox (), called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary. php on line 1995 and defined in\nmarine; freshwater; brackish; demersal; amphidromous (ref. 51243); depth range 1 - 50 m (ref. 4372). tropical; 26°c - 29°c (ref. 4959); 32°n - 36°s, 24°e - 171°e\nindo - pacific: east africa and madagascar to japan and australia; new caledonia (ref. 26587) and vanuatu (ref. 13300). enters rivers and lakes in madagascar and the east coast of africa. not in the middle east (ref. 103159) .\nmaturity: l m 19. 0 range? -? cm max length: 35. 0 cm tl male / unsexed; (ref. 4323); common length: 15. 0 cm sl male / unsexed; (ref. 4967 )\ndorsal spines (total): 9; dorsal soft rays (total): 10 - 11; anal spines: 2 - 3; anal soft rays: 7 - 8 .\nadults are coastal inhabitants found on soft bottoms (ref. 44894), over sandy substrate (ref. 12693). juveniles are found in brackish mangrove estuaries, sometimes enter fresh water (ref. 2847, 44894), lakes (ref. 4323), tidal creeks (ref. 44894) and lower freshwater reaches of rivers (ref. 12915). feed on small crustaceans, polychaetes and forams on sand or muddy - sand bottoms (ref. 12915), worms and insect larvae (ref. 12693). length at first reproduction was reported to be around 12 cm sl, for a population in a south african estuary (d. woodland, pers. comm. 07 / 13). salted or made into fish sauce .\njuveniles enter estuaries and mangrove areas at 1 cm sl and stay until they reach maturity, at which stage they move out to sea (ref. 36558) .\nwoodland, d. j. , 1984. gerreidae. in w. fischer and g. bianchi (eds .) fao species identification sheets for fishery purposes. western indian ocean fishing area 51. vol. 2. [ pag. var. ]. fao, rome. (ref. 3409 )\n): 24. 8 - 29. 1, mean 28. 2 (based on 1220 cells) .\nbayesian length - weight: a = 0. 01148 (0. 00892 - 0. 01478), b = 3. 08 (3. 03 - 3. 13), in cm total length, based on lwr estimates for this species (ref. 93245) .\ntrophic level (ref. 69278): 3. 3 ±0. 2 se; based on diet studies .\nresilience (ref. 69278): high, minimum population doubling time less than 15 months (k = 0. 7) .\nvulnerability (ref. 59153): low to moderate vulnerability (34 of 100) .\nenvironment agency - abu dhabi is a principal sponsor of arkive. ead is working to protect and conserve the environment as well as promoting sustainable development in the emirate of abu dhabi .\nthis information is awaiting authentication by a species expert, and will be updated as soon as possible. if you are able to help please contact: arkive @ urltoken\nterms of use - the displayed portlet may be used as a link from your website to arkive' s online content for private, scientific, conservation or educational purposes only. it may not be used within apps .\nmyarkive offers the scrapbook feature to signed - up members, allowing you to organize your favourite arkive images and videos and share them with friends .\nteam wild, an elite squadron of science superheroes, needs your help! your mission: protect and conserve the planet’s species and habitats from destruction .\nthis species is featured in jewels of the uae, which showcases biodiversity found in the united arab emirates in association with the environment agency – abu dhabi .\nwildscreen is a registered charity in england and wales no. 299450 wildscreen usa is a registered 501 (c) (3) non - profit organisation in the usa\na common silverbiddy, gerres subfasciatus, at fly point, port stephens, new south wales, 13 november 2016. source: erik schlogl / inaturalist. org. license: cc by attribution - noncommercial\na silvery fish with black tips on the elevated anterior dorsal fin spines, and a short - based anal fin. the highly protrusible jaws allows the common silverbiddy to find polychaete worms and other invertebrates in sandy and muddy bottoms .\nwidespread in australia from albany in the southwest, northwards around the tropical north and eastern australia to metung, victoria. forms schools over sandy bottoms in estuaries and coastal waters, with juveniles sometimes found in the upper tidal regions of rivers .\ngerres subfasciatus cuvier, 1830, hist. nat. poiss. 6: 477. type locality: port jackson, nsw .\nhe marine fishes of north - western australia. a field guide for anglers and divers .\nperth, wa: western australian museum vi 201 pp. , 70 pls .\nblaber, s. j. m. , j. w. young & m. c. dunning. 1985. community structure and zoogeographic affinities of the coastal fishes of the dampier region of north - western australia .\ncuvier, g. l. in cuvier, g. l. & valenciennes, a. 1830 .\nhutchins, b. 2004. fishes of the dampier archipelago, western australia .\ncomplex from the indo - west pacific, with three new species (perciformes: gerreidae) .\njohnson, j. w. 2010. fishes of the moreton bay marine park and adjacent continental shelf waters, queensland, australia. pp. 299 - 353 in davie, p. j. f. & phillips, j. a. proceedings of the thirteenth international marine biological workshop, the marine fauna and flora of moreton bay .\n. sydney, nsw, australia: new holland publishers xvii, 434 pp .\nlarson, h. k. , williams, r. s. & hammer, m. p. 2013. an annotated checklist of the fishes of the northern territory, australia .\nlarson, h. k. & williams, r. s. 1997. darwin harbour fishes: a survey and annotated checklist. pp. 339 - 380 in hanley, h. r. , caswell, g. , megirian, d. & larson, h. k. (eds) .\nthe marine flora and fauna of darwin harbour, northern territory, australia. proceedings of the sixth international marine biology workshop .\nmorgan, d. l. , m. g. allen, p. bedford & m. horstman. 2004. fish fauna of the fitzroy river in the kimberley region of western australia - including the bunuba, gooniyandi, ngarinyin, nyikina and walmajarri aboriginal names .\na field guide to the common sea & estuary fishes of non - tropical australia .\nwoodland, d. j. 2001. gerreidae. pp. 2946 - 2960 in carpenter, k. e. & niem, v. h. (eds) .\nthe living marine resources of the western central pacific. fao species identification guide for fisheries purposes\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\ndirectory & info for fishing, angling, fishing tackle, fishing guides, fly fishing, bass fishing, sports fishing, game fishing... . see > > info on all types of fishing | angling | tackle etc\nphotos of australian seafood, fish, crustaceans & cephalopods and information on each... .\nthey are distributed in temperate waters between central new south wales and southern western australia .\nsaltwater fish - what bait to use for fishing - a list of saltwater baits with the main\ndiners\nwho will be tempted .\nindo - pacific: currently known only from the andaman sea, malay peninsula, gulf of thailand, java, sulawesi, maluk is. , southern china (southward from hong kong), southwestern taiwan, vietnam, the philippines, and ryukyu is. , japan\nmaturity: l m? range? -? cm max length: 11. 8 cm sl male / unsexed; (ref. 58476 )\noccurs along the coast of southeast asia, and generally most abundant in the vicinity of estuaries and shallow sandy beaches affected by freshwater (ref. 58476). .\niwatsuki, y. , s. kimura and t. yoshino, 2007. a review of the gerres subfasciatus complex from the indo - west pacific, with three new species (perciformes: gerridae). ichthyol. res. 54 (2): 168 - 185. (ref. 58476 )\n): 25. 3 - 29. 3, mean 28. 7 (based on 1669 cells) .\nbayesian length - weight: a = 0. 01000 (0. 00244 - 0. 04107), b = 3. 04 (2. 81 - 3. 27), in cm total length, based on all lwr estimates for this body shape (ref. 93245) .\ntrophic level (ref. 69278): 3. 3 ±0. 3 se; based on size and trophs of closest relatives\nvulnerability (ref. 59153): low vulnerability (12 of 100) .\nalso known as blacktip silverbelly, blacktip silverbiddy, black - tipped silverbiddy, common mojarra, cotton silverbiddy, darnley island silverbelly, longtail silverbelly, oceanic silverbiddy, oyena mojarra, pacific silverbiddy, pursemouths, shining silverbiddy, silverbellies, silverbiddies, singapore silverbiddy, slender silverbelly, slender silverbiddy, slenderspine pursemouth. found singly or in small schools over sandy bottoms of sheltered waters in estuaries and coastal lagoons. they feed on benthic crustaceans and invertebrates. length - 25cm depth - 0 - 20m widespread indo pacific deep bodied fish with huge expandable mouths usually found over sand swimming slowly in a stop start motion while searching for small invertebrates .\ncreated to help individuals around the world identify tropical fish found during their scuba dive and snorkelling excursions .\nboth jaws can protrude out and down forming a tube which is used to suck up sand or mud when the fish feeds on bottom - dwelling invertebrates .\nthis species occurs in estuaries and shallow coastal waters throughout the tropical indo - west pacific region .\nin australia they can be encountered from south western australia, around the tropical north of the country, and along the entire east coast to southern new south wales .\nfor assistance with identifying fishes, see urltoken. for information on size and bag limits, check out the website of your state fisheries department. we thank urltoken and australia' s various fisheries departments for some of the thumbnail images used to assist with fish identification on this website and its applications, as licensed for use under creative commons attribution 3. 0 australia. thanks also to michigan state university and georgia aquarium for generous donation of xrays of some us fish species." ]

{ "text": [ "silver biddies ( singular : silver biddy ) , also spelled silver-biddies , is the name used to refer to bony fishes belonging to the gerreidae family in the order perciformes .", "they are also known as jerki ( sin ) or mudro ( bal ) .", "in french , silver biddies are known as blanches , and called mojarras in spanish .", "fishes in the gerreidae family that include \" silver biddy \" in their common names include : gerres equulus , japanese silver-biddy gerres filamentosus or gerres filamentosis ( cuvier , 1829 ) , also known as gerres punctatus ( cuvier , 1830 ) , pertica filamentosa ( munro , 1955 ) and gerres macracanthus ( bleeker , 1854 ) .", "g. filamentosus is known as whipfin silver biddy or long-rayed silver biddy in english , as blanche fil in french and as mojarra del hebra in spanish .", "gerres methueni , striped silver biddy gerres oyena ( forsskål , 1775 ) , also known as lined silver biddy and common silver biddy in english , as blanche commune in french and as mojarra común in spanish .", "gerres poieti ( cuvier , 1829 ) , also known as strongspine silver biddy in english , blanche armée in french and mojarra espinuda in spanish .", "gerres setifer , small bengal silver-biddy gerres subfasciatus pentaprion longimanus ( cantor , 1850 ) , also known as longfin silver-biddy in english , as blanche à pagaies in french and mojarra alona in spanish .", "parequula melbournensis or melbourne silver biddy , a species similar to g. subfasciatus" ], "topic": [ 2, 27, 3, 17, 3, 20, 28, 26, 26 ] }

[ "silver biddies (singular: silver biddy), also spelled silver-biddies, is the name used to refer to bony fishes belonging to the gerreidae family in the order perciformes. they are also known as jerki (sin) or mudro (bal). in french, silver biddies are known as blanches, and called mojarras in spanish. fishes in the gerreidae family that include \" silver biddy \" in their common names include: gerres equulus, japanese silver-biddy gerres filamentosus or gerres filamentosis (cuvier, 1829), also known as gerres punctatus (cuvier, 1830), pertica filamentosa (munro, 1955) and gerres macracanthus (bleeker, 1854). g. filamentosus is known as whipfin silver biddy or long-rayed silver biddy in english, as blanche fil in french and as mojarra del hebra in spanish. gerres methueni, striped silver biddy gerres oyena (forsskål, 1775), also known as lined silver biddy and common silver biddy in english, as blanche commune in french and as mojarra común in spanish. gerres poieti (cuvier, 1829), also known as strongspine silver biddy in english, blanche armée in french and mojarra espinuda in spanish. gerres setifer, small bengal silver-biddy gerres subfasciatus pentaprion longimanus (cantor, 1850), also known as longfin silver-biddy in english, as blanche à pagaies in french and mojarra alona in spanish. parequula melbournensis or melbourne silver biddy, a species similar to g. subfasciatus" ]