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[ "don’t confuse the bristle - tail filefish with the tassel filefish or prickly leatherjacket (chaetodermis pencilligerus) .\norangespotted filefish, small: over 1. 5 - 2\n, indo pacific\norangespotted filefish, large: over 3 - 4. 5\n, indo pacific\nin new research, scientists discovered the filefish can hide their smell as well .\nfilefish use chemical camouflage to hide from predators, study reveals for first time .\nsince filefish feed exclusively on acropora and coral reefs are places where predators often hunt, brooker believed the filefish might also be using a form of chemical camouflage .\nspecificationsmpnf91 0007 0542manufacturerthat fish placecommon namegreen filefish scientific namemonacanthus ciliatus difficultymoderate reef safeno ...\na video that also demonstrates the slender filefish & apos; s ability to change color .\na few years ago researchers detailed the colorful camouflage abilities of the orange - spotted filefish, also known as the harlequin filefish or oxymonacanthus longirostris. in that research, scientists found that the filefish has spotted markings that match the coral it usually uses as shelter, says live science :\nthe cod was less active and spent less time hunting around the filefish that ate acropora than around the fish that ate pocillopora, indicating that the cod could not detect the acropora - eating filefish .\nfilefish are egg depositors too, which adds to the ease with which you can collect the fry .\naccording to national geographic, when the filefish get to eat and hide amongst acropora coral, their normal meal, predatory fish have trouble finding them compared to filefish that eat and shelter in a different kind of coral .\nthe filefish' s scent was so strong, in fact, that some crabs treated the filefish as if they were coral, the study says. (watch a video of the incredible world of coral reefs. )\nthey have skin like sandpaper and can be fascinating and entertaining masters of disguise. dave wolfenden spotlights the filefish .\nfilefish, also known as the leatherjackets, closely resemble triggers and puffers, with features common to both groups .\nbönig, iris (2007) - monacanthidae - filefish - breeding, mating, spawning and rearing overview. urltoken\nfood habits the scrawled filefish feeds on algae, seagrass, hydrozoans, gorgonians, colonial anemones, and tunicates .\nnick hope added the english common name\nbristletail filefish\nto\nacreichthys tomentosus (linnaeus, 1758 )\n.\nscrawled filefish coloration varies from olive brown to gray with blue spots and lines and black spots. image © judy townsend\nbut the team needed to take the work one step further and find out if the coral smell masked filefish from predators .\nfilefish have a thickened first dorsal fin spine and a fleshy flap of skin attached to a spinous ray on their underside. during displays with other fish, particularly other filefish, they erect these to increase size and posture to rivals or potential partners .\nfilefish skin was reportedly once used as a substitute for sandpaper and if you’ve ever held one in your hands you’ll understand why .\nnick hope added the english common name\nbristle - tail filefish\nto\nacreichthys tomentosus (linnaeus, 1758 )\n.\nrelatively slow moving, juvenile plane - head filefish monacanthus hispidus (monacanthidae) travel along with the algae. they pick off and eat small animals as they move around in the rotating sargassum ball. adult filefish only grow to be about 11 inches long .\ndivers often observe the slow - moving scrawled filefish during their diving activities making it a popular species to photograph. image © joe marino\ndespite the diminutive size of many filefish, some species can attain large adult sizes, so research any potential purchase and ensure positive id .\nby keeping just a single filefish you’ll be missing out on some fascinating behaviour and the chance to spawn them. if room, get a pair. many filefish will pair off without too many problems and simply adding one of each sex is usually all you need to do .\nparasites scrawled filefish are known to be parasitized by the copepods caligus haemulonis and c. ballistae as well as the monogenean ectoparasite neobenedia melleni .\nthey’re also pretty and look cute when small. like other filefish they display fascinating behaviour, especially if there’s more than one in your tank .\nthe scrawled filefish (aluterus scrptus) can be kept as a juvenile but will eventually outgrow most home aquariums. photo by scott w. michael\nakagawa, i. , y. tsukamoto and m. okiyama. 1995. sexual dimorphism and pair spawning into a sponge by the filefish ,\nthe orange - spotted filefish has evolved to absorb and re - emit smelly compounds from the coral it eats, a chemical mask that makes the fish smell like its food. this act of olfactory camouflage means that, to its predators, the filefish seems to blend into the background .\nan orange - spotted filefish, oxymonacanthus longirostris, is seen in front of its favorite food, corals in the acropora genus, in 2010 .\nthe diet of the filefish is varied. most species are opportunistic omnivores that include macroalgae, filamentous algae, sea grasses, coralline algae, sponges, hydrozoans, bryozoans and tunicates in their diets. other animals that are typically a minor component of filefish diets include foraminiferans (shelled protozoa), polychaete worms, bivalves (usually smaller species), snails, ostracods, amphipods and shrimps. some of the large filefish (e. g. , cantherhines) also feed on sea urchins. the barred filefish (c. dumerilii) was reported to bite the tips of the clublike spines from slate pencil sea urchins (heterocentrotus mammillatus) (hobson 1974). heart urchins (order spatangoida) are also an uncommon component of filefish diets .\nprovided below is a short guide to some of the more popular filefish species entering the aquarium trade, with a brief husbandry summary for each one .\nfilefish can be hardy, but choose specimens already allowed to settle after the stresses of transport. i’d always want to see one feeding before purchasing .\nfair play to those keeping them, but this 12cm / 4. 7” filefish is best left, if only because of its poor captive survivability .\nadd to this the fact that newly - hatched filefish fry are of a relatively large size — making artemia nauplii a suitable first food for them .\nlike their triggerfish cousins, some of the large filefish also feed on sea urchins. the barred filefish (cantherhines dumerilii) was reported to bite the tips of the club - like spines from the slate pencil sea urchin (heterocentrotus mammillatus). heart urchins are also sometimes a component of their diets .\nwhile often overlooked, filefish are truly worthy candidates for the live rock–only fish aquarium and may be kept with some of the more noxious soft corals. if you feed them often, provide suitable hiding places, and nurture a peaceful setting, filefish should live happily for many years in your home aquarium .\norange - spotted filefish (oxymonacanthus longirostris), which feed exclusively on acropora corals in australia, ingest chemicals in the corals that cause them to take on the scent of their food. this hides the filefish from their own predators, such as cod. (see stunning pictures of coral reefs. )\nthe filefish family name monacanthidae — meaning one spine — is derived from the prominent dorsal spine that’s used to wedge the fish into crevices, triggerfish style .\nin addition to camouflage, filefish use spines for protection from predation. when threatened, the filefish will dive quickly into a crevice in the reef, wedging itself into the shelter by erecting the dorsal spine on its head. this large spine is locked into place by the smaller spine located behind it while another spine located on the belly extends to further securely wedging the fish in the crevice. this behavior is also used when the filefish rests on the reef at night .\na good first species to try out would be aiptasia - eating filefish (acreichthys tomentosus), which has already been successfully raised by several breeders in captivity .\nthe longnose filefish (oxymonacanthus longirostris) is a highly specialized species that only feeds on small - polyped stony coral polyps. . photo by scott w. michael\nfilefish have an unusual scale morphology, in which setae (or spines) are present. these give the fishes’ skin a particularly rough texture, hence the name .\niris says her bristle - tail filefish had laid their slightly adhesive masses of around 300 1mm eggs in the sand and around clumps of algae, and she observed the female defending the clutch from other fish. filefish eggs often have oil globules in the egg and, according to iris, bristle - tail eggs are no exception .\nthe mimic filefish (paraluteres prionurus) derives protection from being almost identical in color to the toxic saddled toby (canthigaster valentini). photo by scott w. michael\nsome species regularly associate with floating algae and / or debris. in many of these filefish species, it is the juveniles that associate with flotsam. for example, i have seen groups (numbering in the dozens) of young scrawled filefish (aluterus scriptus) hanging out under floating plant material, trash and sargassum algae. the inflator filefish (brachaluteres spp .) often live among soft coral “trees” and may even grip a polyp in their jaws when they sleep at night to maintain their position among the branches. the inflator filefish are also unique in that they will expand their stomachs with water like a pufferfish in order to make themselves more difficult to swallow .\nthe sea grass filefish (acreichthys tomentosus) is often employed to clear the aquarium of pestilent anemone species, such as aiptasia and anemonia. photo by scott w. michael\nthe teeth of the scrawled filefish are moderately strong with six in the outer row along the upper jaw and six or less in the outer row along the bottom jaw .\nthe clown filefish (cantherhines macrocerus) from the western atlantic earns its name thanks to its bizarre coloration. growing to 40cm / 16”, the fish’s front half tends to be black, while its rear is a deep golden yellow. white spots adorn the body and it’s easy to see why this species ranks among the most expensive of filefish .\nwe take a look at a filefish being hailed as the answer to anyone with pest anemones such as aiptasia and manjano. but all is not what it seems ...\n( capt. charles santos), on october 30, 1951. it is also likely that a\nfilefish\ntaken at beverly on the north shore of massachusetts in 1933\nas expected, t. glaberrima crabs clearly preferred the smell of the filefish that had eaten acropora over those fed pocillopora— indicating the fish were taking on acropora' s scent .\ntwo filefish of the same species, especially of the same sex, are likely to duke it out. on the other hand, filefishes are sometimes picked on by larger angelfishes, large damsels, surgeonfishes, and triggerfishes. if a newly introduced filefish is picked on by a belligerent tankmate, it is likely to hide all the time and become anorexic .\nthe first dorsal spine of the scrawled filefish exhibits small notches along its length, resembling a file in appearance. this dorsal spine, then, contributes to the species common name .\nthe green filefish (monacanthus ciliatus) has a pale green body that is flattened and very thin from side to side. the body is diamond - shaped and desi ...\nthe tasselled filefish (chaetodermis penicilligerus) — pictured at the top of the page — comes from the indo - pacific and looks bizarre. growing to 20cm / 8” in captivity, possibly more, this cryptic filefish sports weedy outgrowths over the body with disruptive coloration serving to disguise the animal. despite its delicate looks, this is a hardy species benefitting from regular feeds .\ncoloration adult scrawled filefish are olive brown to gray in color with irregular blue spots and short lines as well as small black spots while the juveniles may be yellowish brown with dark spots .\nare filefish reef safe? bearing in mind that these are mainly opportunistic feeders on a variety of invertebrates, with some species specifically feeding just on coral polyps, they’re risky in reef aquaria .\nhowever, there are exceptions — specifically the harlequin filefish (oxymonacanthus longirostris) — which, along with others of the genus, is an obligate corallivore and unsuited to life in the aquarium .\nbristle - tail filefish are from the indo - west pacific and found between the coast of east africa and far off the coast of western australia. they’ve also been found recently in tonga .\ntyler j c and lange m d (1982) - redescription of the indo - australian filefish acreichthys radiatus (popta) (monacanthidae, tetraodontiformes). number 2727, pp 1 - 14 .\nwhile these may be the most abundant groups found there, and some of the most prominent selections in aquarium stores, many other families are also noteworthy. one that is often overlooked by aquarists, which contains some very interesting species, is the filefish clan of the monacanthidae family. considered to be one of the most highly “advanced” bony fishes, filefish (also known as leatherjackets) belong to the order tetraodontiformes, also called plectognathi. this group also includes some very popular aquarium families: puffers, porcupinefish, and triggerfish. let’s take a brief look at the biology and care requirements of filefish .\ndespite the name, even true aiptasia - eating filefish don’t feed exclusively on pest anemones. so be cautious as it’s possible that any specimen can feed on other polyps – including your prized sps corals .\nthe bristle - tail filefish, (acreichthys tomentosus) is a fish of the moment. it might be drab, but many enthusiasts are claiming that it’s the solution to aiptasia in the reef tank .\nthey don’t appear to cause significant problems in the reef tank while young and in a really big system with rapid coral growth this might not cause too many problems, especially if the filefish are small .\nfilefish can be challenging, so are not for beginners. however, as these are omnivorous and not an obligate corallivore that must have coral polyps in its diet, they’re much easier to cater for. mark worboys, of wholesaler tropical marine centre says: “we don’t think they’re particularly difficult, as a filefish will accept other foods, such as frozen brineshrimp, so readily. they appear quite hardy. ”\nfemales get plumper prior to spawning. unlike many other marine fish, which lay tiny pelagic eggs that float in the plankton, filefish are egg depositors and lay spherical, adhesive eggs usually near the substrate .\nthis beautiful fish is all too frequently purchased based on its looks alone without any thought as to its long - term husbandry. an obligatory corallivore in the wild, the orangespotted filefish is a highly selective feeder that only identifies live coral as appropriate foodstuff. it has now been proven that the orangespotted filefish can survive and thrive on a captive diet not inlude live coral flesh, but weaning a wild - caught fish onto that captive diet can test the patience of even the most dedicated advanced aquarist. this is why blue zoo aquatics offers the orangespotted filefish starter pack, which includes one orangespotted filefish and one live, browned - out acropora frag. it also includes a screening call from the husbandry staff at blue zoo to the potential buyer in order to insure that the aquarist is prepared to maximize the chances of successfully keeping this amazing marine aquarium fish. anyone considering this fish should be sure to read matt pedersen' s article\na new future for the harlequin filefish\nin the march / april 2009 issue of coral magazine .\nbrooker, then at james cook university in australia, and colleagues captured filefish near lizard island research station on the great barrier reef. the team placed the fish in large aquariums and divided them into two groups—one that ate an exclusive diet of the coral species acropora spathulata and one that ate only pocillopora damicornis, which is not part of the filefish' s regular diet. the fish ate this diet for four weeks .\nthe exquisite orange - spotted filefish will eat the polyps of some stony corals. due to its highly specialized diet and poor track record when it comes to captive survival, it is best left on the reef .\nyes, unfortunately. these are sold when very small and a few other filefish species can be mistaken for the bristle - tail. some might not be particularly good reef tank inhabitants and might not eat aiptasia .\nnow this is one fish that would beat you in a game of hide - and - seek. new research shows coral - dwelling filefish camouflage themselves by not only looking, but also smelling like their prey .\nwhen filefish swim, they propel themselves by undulating the soft dorsal and anal fins. as a result, they are adequate but not strong swimmers, and they rely more on coloration / pattern and hiding to avoid being eaten. the filefish have nonoverlapping scales that have spicules (raised points) protruding from the center of each scale. in australia, the name “leatherjackets” has been applied to the monacanthids because of the sandpaperlike texture. many filefish have a patch of enlarged spicules just in front of the tail; these are larger on male specimens. most members of the family fall in the 4 - to 12 - inch range, though there is one “giant” that reaches more than 3 feet in length. when it comes to pigmentation, some of the filefish are brightly colored, while many exhibit more subdued earth tones that facilitate their camouflage (they may even change their hue to better blend with the background). some have filaments on the body to help break up the body outline (these weedlike extensions are most well - developed in the tasseled filefish ,) .\nfilefish certainly have the dentition to damage both stony and soft corals and, as mentioned above, some regularly include them in their diets. however, they have been housed in reef tanks without damaging their scleractinian neighbors .\np. prionurusis among the toughest filefish and its mimicry is really interesting. i’ve kept both mimic and true puffer together in a public aquarium and this can work well, provided there’s enough room for both of them .\nthe so - called aiptasia - eating or bristletail filefish (acreichthys tomentosus) from the indo - west pacific is now top of many wish lists, thanks to its wonderful habit of munching on aiptasia and majano anemones .\na voracious feeder in captivity, the fringed filefish (monacanthus ciliatus) reaches 8 inches (20 cm) and does well in tanks as small as 75 gallons (284 liters). main components of its diet include algae, sea grass, and tiny crustaceans. it will not behave aggressively toward unlike species, but may spar with close relatives or other fringed filefish of the same sex. it can be housed in a reef tank .\nif going to add a one to a mixed fish / invertebrate system, accept that some inverts may be eaten. while some enthusiasts successfully maintain filefish in invertebrate systems, i’d be wary of adding one to a reef .\nthe aiptasia eating filefish lives up to its name, but care should be exercised when introducing one to a tank heavily stocked with xenia, mushrooms, or polyps. while not all will nip at corals, some do .\nthe highly specialized orange - spotted filefish oxymonacanthus longirostris feeds almost entirely on stony coral polyps (namely those from various acropora spp .), and does so by neatly plucking only the polyps from the skeleton without ingesting the latter .\nif you decide to try a filefish in your reef tank, know that there is an inherent risk to corals. they have the ability and natural propensity to feed on sessile invertebrates. remember that a hungry filefish is more apt to stray, so feed it well. without question, the exquisite longnosed filefish will eat the polyps of some stony corals. yet because of its highly specialized diet and poor track record when it comes to captive survival, it is best left on the reef, anyway. other ornamental invertebrates that may be accosted by these fishes include polychaete worms (including tube worms), shrimps, small crabs, serpent stars, sea urchins and small sea cucumbers .\nask a store partner about petco' s selection of books on filefish and the variety of petco brand products available for the care and happiness of your new pet. all petco brand products carry a 100% money - back guarantee .\nthe scribbled filefish (aluterus scriptus) is found in all tropical oceans and is the largest of the family. growing to just over 1m / 3. 3’ in length, it’s an awesome sight and definitely best left to public aquariums .\nthe critter is a slender filefish (monacanthus tuckeri) and it is found in the shallow waters of the caribbean sea. its color - changing skin pigment is essential for survival as it helps the fish avoid being spotted by hungry predators .\nmembers of the balistidae family, filefish are closely related to triggerfish. they have rough scales and tiny mouths. the first of their two dorsal fins is a spine that can be locked in place. recommended for more experienced marine aquarists .\nalthough not as aggressive as their triggerfish cousins, filefish, especially larger specimens, can deliver a painful bite and should be treated with respect. consider, for example, the story of the nude skin diver in south australia. a biologist i know escorted some students on an educational excursion to the coast. they found an inquisitive filefish at the water’s edge and proceeded to feed it some lunch leftovers. a pair of rambunctious young men thought it would to amusing to disrobe and snorkel past the students. their fun was soon interrupted when the hungry filefish decided to take a bite of one of the snorkelers. according to my biologist friend, there was a lot of blood and tissue damage, which resulted in medical treatment .\nbrooker got the idea for studying filefish camouflage when he read about the biston robustum caterpillar, which takes on the smell of the plants it eats via molecules in those plants. by doing so, the caterpillar\nhides\nfrom predatory ants .\nthe filefish have two dorsal fins, the first usually having two stout spines (a few have one). like their cousins the triggerfish, the pelvic fins are lacking; instead there is an extension of the pelvic bone (known as the pelvic rudiment) that has a “spinous” knob on its end (some species lack this structure) and skin attached to it. in some filefish, this bone is moveable and has an attached skin flap that is erected when they display toward a rival .\nthe green filefish (monacanthus ciliatus) has a pale green body that is flattened and very thin from side to side. the body is diamond - shaped and designed for picking tiny crustaceans and inverts from crevices in the reef and rockwork. filefish are related to the\ntriggerfish\ncommon to the aquarium trade but are generally much more docile and peaceful in nature. although they are compatible with most fish of a similar temperament, they are generally not reef safe and will pick at corals, polyps, crabs and other invertebrates. they are best kept in a peaceful, fish - only community aquarium. some filefish may be tricky to acclimate to an aquarium diet. most will accept meaty foods like plankton, clams, brine shrimp, mysis shrimp and similar items. filefish have small mouths designed for picking food items from small crevices and they cannot eat large items. they may still pick at or attempt to eat crustaceans like shrimp however and may pick at or eat some corals and polyps .\nthe scrawled filefish is not listed as endangered or vulnerable with the world conservation union (iucn). the iucn is a global union of states, governmental agencies, and non - governmental organizations in a partnership that assesses the conservation status of species .\nassociated with lagoons and seaward reefs, the scrawled filefish may be found in subtropical waters at depths from 10 - 394 feet (3 - 120 m) but more typically seen at 10 - 66 feet (3 - 20 m). it is also sometimes observed swimming under floating objects with juveniles traveling with weed rafts in the open ocean until reaching a large size. juvenile scrawled filefish often swim in a vertical, head - down position when associated with drifting vegetation to avoid being detected by potential predators .\nmost members of the family fall in the 4 - to 12 - inch (10 - to 30 - cm) range, although there is one “giant” that attains more than 3 feet (90 cm) in length: the scrawled filefish (aluterus scriptus) reaches a length of 43 inches (108 cm). it is found in the atlantic, indian, and pacific oceans. when it comes to pigmentation, some filefish are brightly colored, while many exhibit more subdued earth tone colors that facilitate their camouflage. however, some they may change their hue to better blend in with their environment. some have filaments on the body to help break up their outline (these weed - like extensions are most well developed in tasseled filefish [ chaetodermis penicilligerus ]) .\nhobson (1974) reports that small - polyped stony corals are fed upon frequently by the commonly kept fantail filefish (). rather than biting off chunks of the coral skeleton, as well as the soft tissue, pervagor tend to scoop the polyps from the coral’s calcareous armor, taking some skeletal material in the process. the highly specialized longnosed filefish (oxymonacanthus longirostris) feeds almost entirely on stony coral polyps (particularly from various acropora) by neatly plucking only the polyps from the skeleton without ingesting the latter .\nyou must not bother your filefish during the acclimation process. this may mean targeting food into a preferred hiding place to ensure it gets enough to eat. these fish will often adapt to aquarium life more readily if their tank is not in a high traffic area. the commonly kept pervagor species can be housed in tanks as small as 55 to 70 gallons as adults. however, the adults of the larger filefish species (e. g. , cantherhines spp .) will need to be kept in tanks of 180 gallons or larger. be aware that most of the larger species can grow quite rapidly. for example, a juvenile tasseled filefish () may do quite well in a 20 - gallon tank, but it will rapidly increase in size and need a tank of at least 100 gallons when it reaches adult size (close to 12 inches long). when it comes to size, avoid juvenile scrawled filefish (aluterus scriptus). although beautiful fish, they can reach a length of 3 feet. chaetoderma pencilligera\nalthough there are a number of filefish species found in coral reef ecosystems, they are by no means restricted in their distribution to tropical seas or coral reefs. in fact, there are just as many species that make their homes on warm temperate rocky reefs .\n“it’s misleading to market them as aiptasia controllers. we do have them in the shop sometimes, as i’m a fan of filefish. however, i wouldn’t consider them to be a reef - safe species at all and we don’t sell them for reef tanks. ”\nif you decide to try a filefish in your reef tank, know that there is an inherent risk involved. these fish have the dentition and the natural propensity to feed on sessile invertebrates, so you are tempting fate if you attempt to keep them in your reef tank. remember that hungry filefish are more apt to stray, so feed them well. ornamental invertebrates that may be accosted by these fish include polychaete worms (including tube worms), shrimp, small crabs, serpent stars, sea urchins, and small sea cucumbers .\nthe orangespot filefish can be weaned onto a captive diet consisting of frozen foods for omnivores, frozen enriched adult brine shrimp, frozen mysis shrimp, flake and pellet food. keep in mind what matt pedersen wrote in his groundbreaking article on orangespotted filefish in the march / april issue of coral magazine :\nlive coral is your insurance policy and safety net... . you must continue to offer live coral until the fish no longer needs it .\nbe sure to read his article for a full description of weaning this fish onto a captive diet .\nfilefish spawn in pairs and are classified as egg scatters. they vary in their choice of spawning substrate. some lay their eggs on sand, others on algae and still others on stony corals. i once watched a pair of scrawled filefish spawn over a colony of star coral (madracis). they adopted a head - down posture and would jointly chomp on the coral they hung over. after engaging in alternating bites and displays for about five minutes, the female deposited her eggs among the intact and now broken tips of the stony coral, followed by the male’s contribution. filefish do not care for the fertilized gametes, at least not for long. in some species (e. g. ,), the female may hang around the deposition site and defend the eggs for a short time (only minutes). stephanolepis cirrhifer\nin fact, some filefish may be used to help control pestilent invertebrates in tanks. one of these is the majano anemone. the seagrass filefish (acreichthys tomentosus) will feed on—and wipe out—majano populations, as well as aiptasia (they usually feed on the latter first, and then move on to the former). and be warned, when they run out of these small sea anemones, they may begin feeding on your more desirable cnidarians, including xenia corals, leather corals (they pick at sarcophyton coral polyps), and large - polyp stony corals .\na fascinating species that looks just like the poison - laden saddled toby (canthigaster valentini), the mimic filefish (paraluteres prionurus) is merely displaying a case of batesian mimicry—that is, a harmless species mimicking a harmful one. unless you know what to look for, it can be easy to confuse these species (the filefish has two dorsal fins, while the toby has one). it is a great aquarium fish that can be kept in a reef tank, as long as it remains well fed—if not, it will damage corals. that being said, there is always a degree of risk when adding a filefish to a venue with cnidarians. a 30 - to 55 - gallon (113 - to 208 - liter) tank will adequately house an adult, which can reach a length of 4 inches (10 cm) .\nthe filefish, which are considered to be some of the most highly “advanced” bony fish, belong to a group of fish known as the order tetraodontiformes (formerly known as the order plectognathi). this group also includes some very popular aquarium families: puffers, porcupinefish and triggerfish .\nwhile there are a number of filefish found in the coral reef ecosystem, by no means is their distribution restricted to tropical seas or coral reefs. in fact, there are just as many species that make their homes on warm - to - temperate rocky reefs. some regularly associate with floating algal species and / or debris. in many of these species, it is the juveniles that associate with flotsam. for example, i have seen groups of young scrawled filefish, numbering in the dozens, hanging out under floating plant material, trash, and sargassum algae .\none of the best aquarium filefish, the slender filefish (m. tuckeri) remains small (reaching 4 inches [ 10 cm ]) and readily acclimates to a new environment. it is one of the better suited species for the reef tank because it feeds mostly on small planktonic crustaceans. you can keep more than one m. tuckeri in a larger tank (180 gallons [ 681 liters ] or more). a 55 - gallon (208 - liter) tank will adequately house an adult of this species. in the wild, it often associates with gorgonians .\nthe rough skin of filefish, with its prickly setae, can become entangled in fine - mesh nets, which can lead to tangling and potential trauma when handling. it’s less risky to use a net simply for manoeuvring the fish, then using a beaker or bucket to capture it .\nwas of this species. an occasional filefish straying from the south is thus to be expected anywhere on georges bank, or in the western side of the gulf. but we find no evidence that they ever enter its eastern side, or that they ever reach the bay of fundy .\noxymonacanthus, harlequin filefish, 1 male, 2 females, in one of my 24 gallon nanocubes. these are\nbackup\nfish, not my spawning pair. note the male still showing signs of emmaciation... it can take a long time for these fish to recover from the rigors of capture, transport, and adjusting to captive life. this is actually the\nonyx percula\ntank... my spawning pair is pretty mellow about sharing their tank with the 3 filefish as well as a pearly jawfish, blue star leopard wrasse and a fathead anthias .\nthe commonly kept pervagor spp. can be housed in tanks as small as 55 to 75 gallons (208 to 284 liters) as adults. however, adults of the larger filefish species (e. g. , cantherhines spp .) will need to be kept in tanks of 180 gallons (680 liters) or larger. they can grow quite rapidly, so be prepared for this eventuality. for example, a juvenile tasseled filefish (chaetodermis penicilligerus) may be quite happy in a 20 - gallon (76 - liter) tank, but it will rapidly increase in size and need one that’s at least 100 gallons (378 liters) when it reaches maturity (around 12 inches [ 30 cm ] long). the same is true for the juvenile scrawled filefish (aluterus scriptus) —while it is a beautiful fish, its size can quickly become an issue .\none of the most overlooked groups of fish in the marine hobby has to be the filefish. many believe them too sensitive to be maintained successfully and some species are definitely unsuitable for aquarium life. yet several are worth considering, providing you know their requirements and are aware of potential pitfalls .\nyou can’t simply dose reef tanks with treatments without affecting the growth of sensitive and desirable inverts such as corals. bristle - tail filefish are therefore growing in popularity as a natural form of aiptasia control. some reports also claim they can have similar effects on manjano anemones (anemonia manjano) .\nodd specimens of this filefish have been recorded from hingham, lynn, nahant, and boston harbor in massachusetts bay; and from cape cod; all many years ago. more recent records of it in the gulf are of 181 fry, 1 - 2 inches long, picked up from the\nit is an elongate, strongly compressed filefish. the upturned mouth is small and opens above center line and the snout is concave. the openings of the gills are oblique and the pelvic fin is absent. the caudal fin is long and rounded with a back edge that is often ragged .\nthe harlequin or orange - spotted filefish (oxymonacanthus longirostris) from the indo - pacific is truly stunning, displaying a psychedelic livery of orange spots on a bright green background. it’s also a specialist feeder, being an obligate corallivore feeding exclusively in the wild on sps coral polyps — specifically acropora .\ntheir skin flaps and camouflage ability are effective enough to bamboozle a barracuda, confuse a crab or even stump a scientist .\nthese animals have tricked my visual system more than once ,\nallen says .\nthe slender filefish & apos; s fast, adaptive camouflage behavior is remarkable .\non balance, a fish only with live rock (fowlr) system is perfect for these fish. tank mates should be non - aggressive, as overly boisterous species will not only harass filefish but may also out - compete them for food. that includes large angels, big puffers and large triggers .\nmost, but by no means all, species are easy to feed, thanks to their mainly catholic tastes. omnivorous filefish will graze the biofilm of algae and invertebrates from the reef’s rock, as well as consuming sponges, sea squirts, anemones, gorgonians, worms and molluscs, plus other fare .\ninflator filefish (brachaluteres spp .) often live among soft coral “trees” and grip a polyp in their jaws when they sleep at night to maintain their position among the branches. these fish are also unique in that they will expand their stomachs with water like pufferfish in order to make themselves appear more difficult to swallow to predators. filefish spawn in pairs and are classified as egg scatterers. they vary in their choice of spawning substrate. some lay their eggs on the sand, some on algae, and still others on stony corals. i once watched a pair of scrawled filefish spawn over a colony of madracis, or star coral. they adopted a head - down posture and would jointly chomp on the coral they hung over. after engaging in alternating bites and displays for about five minutes, the female deposited her eggs among the intact and now - broken tips of the stony coral, followed by the male’s contribution .\nthe hawaiian orange - tail filefish (pervagor spilosoma) is recommended only for experienced aquarists. hailing from the eastern pacific, especially around hawaii, this occasionally - imported species can be delicate and difficult to get feeding. however, once trained to accept prepared foods, it should do well in the aquarium .\nfilefish have two dorsal fins. the first dorsal usually has two stout spines (though a few have one) and—like their cousins the triggerfish—the pelvic fins are lacking. instead, there is an extension of the pelvic bone, known as the pelvic rudiment, that has a “spinous” knob on its end with skin attached to it (some species lack this structure). in some filefish, this bone is moveable and has an attached skin flap that is erected when the species displays toward a rival. when swimming, they propel themselves by undulating their soft dorsal and anal fins. though they are adequate (but not strong) swimmers, they rely more on crypsis and hiding to avoid being eaten. filefish have non - overlapping scales that have spicules (small, needle - like anatomical structures) protruding from the center of each scale. in australia, the name “leatherjackets” has been applied to the monacanthids because of their sandpaper - like squamation .\nthese fish do not care for the fertilized gametes, at least for long. in some species, such as the threadsail filefish (stephanolepis cirrhifer), the female may hang around the deposition site and defend the eggs for a few minutes, but otherwise will leave their eggs almost immediately to hatch on their own .\nthe bristle - tail is a monacanthid filefish and a member of the acreichthys genus which contains just two other species; a. hajam and a. radiatus. acreichthys are a subgenus of pervagor filefishes but, unlike pervagor, don’t have a groove in their back to accommodate the chunky dorsal fin spine when not erected .\nthere are some monacanthids that do eat gorgonians and / or nip the tips off of small - polyped stony corals. hiatt and stratsburg (1961) report examining the stomach of an unidentified filefish 11 inches long that had an alimentary tract packed with bits of acropora and pocillopora corals. these coral pieces were up to 1 inch in length. the authors also found coral fragments in the stomach of the broom filefish (amanses scopas). the cantherhines are known stony coral eaters. the smaller pervagor species, which are popular with aquarists because of their more colorful attire, feed heavily on algae and detritus, but some also eat stony corals .\nwe’ve seen a few bristle - tail filefish on sale at uk shops over the past year and demand appears to be growing. they’re available now from most retailers who purchase stock from tmc, who say they’re bringing in fresh batches from indonesia every week. expect to pay £14 - 16 for each small or medium specimen .\nsize, age, and growth although this species commonly reaches a total length of 22 inches (55 cm), the maximum reported length of the scrawled filefish is 43 inches (110 cm) tl. in addition, the maximum documented weight of this fish is 5. 5 pounds (2. 5 kg) .\nbe careful when capturing and moving filefish. because they are so prickly, they have a tendency to get stuck in net mesh. it is a better idea to herd them into a specimen container or shipping bag when removing them from a tank. the dorsal and pelvic spines (which are often adorned with smaller spines) are particularly prone to getting stuck. if you do this, you may have to cut the mesh away from the spine with a scalpel. this process can be very stressful for the fish. also, while not as aggressive as their triggerfish cousins, filefish—especially larger specimens—can deliver a painful bite and should be treated with respect .\nenglish language common names are scrawled filefish, broom - tail file, broomtail filefish, filefish, scrawled leatherjacket, scrawled tilefish, scribbled filefish, scribbled fish, scribbled leather jacket, scribbled leatherjacket, scribbled leatherjacket filefish, scrolled filefish, and tobaccofish. other common names are alutera pisana (polish), baliste écriture (french), barat - barat (malay), bekrapte leerbaadjie (afrikaans), bourse écriture (french), bourse graffiti (french), bourse loulou (french), bourse robe - de - cuir (french), cabra (portuguese), cabrinha (portuguese), cachua (spanish), cachúa lija azul (spanish), cangulo de areia (portuguese), cangulo - pavão (portuguese), cangulo - velho (portuguese), cangulovelho (portuguese), chien katounou (french), falala (samoan), fathi - rondu (mahl), großer feilenfisch (german), langhalet filfisk (danish), lija (spanish), lija trompa (spanish), lioma (carolinian), loulu (hawaiian), paal (carolinian), pakol (waray - waray), panitan (waray - waray), papae (tongan), paratet (carolinian), pariyen (carolinian), pareva (tahitian), peixe - porco - galhudo (portuguese), pesce lima (italian), pez lija puntiazul (spanish), phwa (kumak), porgo rabiscado (portuguese), puerco de altura (spanish), puerco de lijatrompa (spanish), ravi (fijian), sagok - sok (surigaonon), sagoksok (cebuano), sagugsok (davaweyno), samarang (maranao / samal / tao sug), sôshihagi (japanese), sulay bagyo (visayan), sulyo bagyo (visayan), tato kambing (malay), te kabanei (kiribati), tiwarik (( tagalog), ume - aleva (samoan), and unicornios (spanish) .\nthis is an expert - only species due, in large part, to its dietary needs. while the orangespotted filefish starter pack increases the chances of success with this fish, this animal should not be considered by anyone not fully prepared to meet its dietary needs. for more information on this species, please see this article .\nmark worboys, of the marine fish wholesaler tropical marine centre, agrees. “we don’t class the bristle - tail filefish as a reef - safe species, ” he says, “as they may peck at corals and polyps. this is a problem because most people who have aiptasia problems have them in a reef tank alongside corals. ”\nfilefishes are small - mouthed and flattened from side to side, and they have two dorsal - fin spines, the first of which is large and erectile and can be locked upright by the smaller second spine. filefishes also have small scales whose small spines give the skin a velvety or sandpapery feel, hence the name filefish. in some\naccording to filefish ichthyologists james tyler and mark lange, females begin to develop eggs when about 4. 5cm / 1. 8” long. most caught at around 4. 5 - 6. 5cm / 1. 8 - 2. 6” have moderately developed eggs and these are fully developed when females hit the 8cm / 3. 1” mark .\na patch of well - defined bristles on the caudal peduncle is a characteristic of all members of the acreichthys genus, to which the bristle - tail belongs. in every species known the bristles are shorter towards the head end and longer at the tail end, so this is a handy characteristic to look for when trying to identify these from similar filefish .\nit' s a clever study design and a nice contribution to the literature on chemical camouflage. they showed that by smelling like coral, filefish can blend in and avoid predators ,\nsaid jelle atema, a marine biologist at boston university who was not involved in the study. (also see\nspider disguises itself as bird droppings .\n)\none potential imposter species is the radial filefish (a. radiatus), a species incredibly similar in appearance and long considered the same species. it has four or more chalky white vertical bars in the middle of the body and a pale anterior bar at the front of the soft dorsal fin. the bars are wider and more obvious in young fish than adults .\nfilefish possess a varied diet: they are opportunistic omnivores that dine on macroalgae, filamentous algae, sea grasses, coralline algae, sponges, hydrozoans, bryozoans, and tunicates. other animals that are typically a minor component of their diets include foraminiferans (shelled protozoa), polychaete worms, bivalves (usually smaller species), snails, ostracods, amphipods, and shrimp .\nfrom the same genus, it’s not hard to see why the flame filefish (p. melanocephalus) gets its common name. having a length of up to 15cm / 6” and originating from the indo - west pacific, this species sports a black head, but a bright red rear half. this is another species for seasoned aquarists, as feeding can be problematic .\neasy to keep so long as the fish is eating at the time of purchase. care should be taken when introducing to a heavily stocked aquarium as other fish may see this camouflaged filefish as a piece of algae, and try to nip it. once they are acclimated, they seem to do very well. my experience lead me to a rating of\n2\n.\nreproduction filefish breed in groups consisting of one male and two to five females. the females lay demersal eggs in safe areas such as a depression in the sand, then the male comes along and fertilizes them. the male or female will guard these fertilized eggs from predators and will attack any intruders that approach too closely. upon hatching, the female will take care of the young fish .\na hawaiian beauty, the fantail filefish (p. spilosoma) is one of the most common filefish species in the aquarium trade. it tends to be hardy and readily acclimates to captivity. while it tends to be less shy than others in the genus, provide it with plenty of suitable hiding places. stony coral polyps are an important component of its natural diet, but it readily accepts and thrives on aquarium fish foods. because of its bill of fare, it is not usually welcome in the reef tank. keep one per aquarium, as they grow to 7 inches (18 cm), unless you can acquire a male - female pair. males will quarrel and may damage each other. adults are best housed in tanks of 75 gallons (284 liters) or larger." ]

{ "text": [ "the filefish ( monacanthidae ) are a diverse family of tropical to subtropical tetraodontiform marine fish , which are also known as foolfish , leatherjackets or shingles .", "they live in the atlantic , pacific and indian oceans .", "filefish are closely related to the triggerfish , pufferfish and trunkfish .", "the filefish family comprises approximately 102 species in 27 genera .", "more than half of the species are found in australian waters , with 58 species in 23 genera .", "their laterally compressed bodies and rough , sandpapery skin inspired the filefish 's common name ; it is said that dried filefish skin was once used to finish wooden boats . " ], "topic": [ 17, 13, 6, 26, 26, 4 ] }

[ "the filefish (monacanthidae) are a diverse family of tropical to subtropical tetraodontiform marine fish, which are also known as foolfish, leatherjackets or shingles. they live in the atlantic, pacific and indian oceans. filefish are closely related to the triggerfish, pufferfish and trunkfish. the filefish family comprises approximately 102 species in 27 genera. more than half of the species are found in australian waters, with 58 species in 23 genera. their laterally compressed bodies and rough, sandpapery skin inspired the filefish's common name; it is said that dried filefish skin was once used to finish wooden boats." ]

[ "genetic divergence among sympatric colour morphs of the dalmatian wall lizard (podarcis melisellensis) .\ngenetic divergence among sympatric colour morphs of the dalmatian wall lizard (podarcis melisellensis). - pubmed - ncbi\nlailvaux captured dalmatian wall lizards and placed them in the territories of other dalmatian wall lizards, or of sharp - snouted rock lizards. he also plonked sharp - snouted rock lizards into the territories of dalmatian wall lizards .\nsomeone needs to tell the dalmatian wall lizard about this unwritten rule – preferably through a megaphone from a safe distance. in field tests it picks fights with a neighbouring lizard species that poses no threat to it at all. is it just a thug, or is there a good reason for its aggressive behaviour ?\nwatching the lizards on the croatian island of lastovo, simon lailvaux of the university of new orleans in louisiana noticed that the dalmatian wall lizards were very aggressive and the sharp - snouted rock lizards were docile. wondering what would happen if he introduced one lizard into another’s territory, he began experimenting .\n“that’s really weird, ” he says. “theory predicts it shouldn’t happen. ” lailvaux couldn’t find evidence that any other animal attacks members of another species more aggressively than its own kind. this suggests that the dalmatian wall lizards are unique in their aggression. when two species look similar, mistaken identity can result in fights, but dalmatian wall lizards look nothing like sharp - snouted rock lizards .\ndalmatian wall lizards are named after the dalmatia region of southern croatia – as is the notoriously fecund breed of dog. as lizards go they look quite ordinary, measuring about 6 centimetres long, not counting their tails .\nwhichever animal owned the territory was generally more aggressive than the intruder & colon; first raising its head in threat, then charging and even biting. but to lailvaux’s surprise, the dalmatian wall lizards were much more aggressive towards the sharp - snouted rock lizards than towards their own kind .\nthe two species also have different diets. although they both eat insects, dalmatian rock lizards go for hard - bodied insects while sharp - snouted rock lizards, which can’t bite as hard, go for soft - bodied insects .\nzootoca vivipara is a poorly investigated lizard species in bosnia and herzegovina. the species is often associated with mountain ecosystems in the dinaric area. for the first time we present all records of this species in bosnia and herzegovina. by analysing data from literature, the herpetological collection (national museum) and from field work, we conclude that this species mainly inhabits... [ show full abstract ]\nif alternative phenotypes in polymorphic populations do not mate randomly, they can be used as model systems to study adaptive diversification and possibly the early stages of sympatric speciation. in this case, non random mating is expected to support genetic divergence among the different phenotypes. in the present study, we use population genetic analyses to test putatively neutral genetic divergence (of microsatellite loci) among three colour morphs of the lizard podarcis melisellensis, which is associated with differences in male morphology, performance and behaviour. we found weak evidence of genetic divergence, indicating that gene flow is somewhat restricted among morphs and suggesting possible adaptive diversification .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\ncox, n. and temple, h. j. (global reptile assessment )\njustification: listed as least concern in view of its wide distribution, tolerance of a degree of habitat modification, presumed large population, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category .\nthis species occurs in mediterranean and sub - mediterranean zones from extreme northeastern italy through southwestern slovenia, croatia, southern bosnia - herzegovina, southern montenegro to northwestern albania. it is present on many adriatic islands. the species ranges from sea level up to 1, 400 m asl .\nit is found in dry open woodland, scrub, pastures and overgrown areas. it can be found on cliffs, rocks and stone walls. the females lays two to eight eggs per clutch .\nthere appear to be no major threats to this species overall. some distinct island populations may be threatened by the introduction of cats and other predators (such as the indian mongoose on some adriatic islands [ roberto sindaco pers. comm. , october, 2008 ]) .\nthis species is listed on annex ii of the bern convention and annex iv of the ec habitats directive. it is known from the skadar lake protected area in montenegro. there are no further conservation actions currently needed .\nrastko ajtic, wolfgang böhme, petros lymberakis, jelka crnobrnja isailovic, roberto sindaco. 2009 .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\nthe number of species increased from 10, 711 to 10, 793, i. e. an increase of 82 species. 66 new species have been described, 9 species have been revalidated from synonymy and 16 subspecies were elevated to full species ...\nover the past 4 months, the number of species increased from 10, 639 to 10, 711 .\nthe number of species has grown from 10, 544 in the may release to now 10, 639 (+ 95 species) .\noverall, 212 new taxa have been added or changed their status or name .\nthe reptile database is a taxonomic database that provides basic information about all living reptile species, such as turtles, snakes, lizards, and crocodiles, as well as tuataras and amphisbaenians, but does not include dinosaurs .\ncurrently there are more than 10, 000 species and an additional 2, 700 subspecies. this is making reptiles the largest vertebrate group after fish (~ 25, 000 species) and birds (~ 10, 000 species), and significantly larger than mammals (~ 5, 000 species) or amphibians (~ 6, 000 species) .\nthe reptile database provides taxonomic information for the catalogue of life and the encyclopedia of life. our taxonomic information has also been used by genbank and many other resources and is the only comprehensive reptile database on the web .\nthe reptile database can be used to find all species within a certain geographic area (e. g. all snakes of egypt). its collection of more than 2, 500 images allow users to identify a species or at least get an idea how the species or genus may look like. more than 30, 000 references provide a guide to further information .\nthis database is maintained by peter uetz (database content) and jakob hallermann, zoological museum hamburg (new species and updates) .\njavascript is disabled on your browser. please enable javascript to use all the features on this page .\na 903 bp section of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene was sequenced from 73 specimens of podarcis melisellensis collected at 52 localities distributed over the major part of the species’ range. in addition, parts of the 12s (about 470 bp) and 16s rrna (about 500 bp) genes were analysed for 11 representative samples leading to a congruent phylogeny. our study includes representatives of all 20 subspecies recognized today. the phylogenetic analysis of the sequence data revealed three main clades: mainland with nearby islands, vis archipelago, and lastovo archipelago. the degree of mitochondrial dna divergence among these clades suggests a separation of the respective population groups during the earliest pleistocene. the phylogenetic pattern observed within the species is in sharp contrast to the actual taxonomic division into subspecies. a correlation between genetic diversity of p. melisellensis populations and paleogeography of the regions they inhabit is discussed .\ncopyright © 2018 elsevier b. v. or its licensors or contributors. sciencedirect ® is a registered trademark of elsevier b. v .\nfor full functionality of researchgate it is necessary to enable javascript. here are the instructions how to enable javascript in your web browser .\nbolkay, s. (1924) popis vodozemaca i gmizavaca, koji se nalaze u bos. - herc. zemaljskom muzeju u sarajevu\nbiodiversity of herpetofauna of the prenj and čvrsnica mts. (bosnia and herzegovina) bioraznolikost herpetofaune planina prenj i čvrsnica (bosna i hercegovina )\najtic, r. , böhme, w. , lymberakis, p. , crnobrnja - isailovic, j. & sindaco, r. (2009) podarcis melisellensis. in: iucn 2012. iucn red list of threatened species. version 2012. 2. < www. iucnredlist. org > .\npopis vodozemaca i gmizavaca, koji se nalaze u bos. - herc. zemaljskom muzeju u sarajevu s morfološkim, biološkim i zoogeografskim bilješkama\nbolkay, s. (1924) popis vodozemaca i gmizavaca, koji se nalaze u bos. - herc. zemaljskom muzeju u sarajevu s morfološkim, biološkim i zoogeografskim bilješkama. spomenik srpske kraljevske akademije, 41 (11), 1–29 .\ntiedemann, f. & henle, k. (1986) podarcis melisellensis (braun, 1877); adriatische mauereidechse, karstla¨ufer. in: handbuch der reptilien und amphibien europas. band 2 / ii (ed. by w. bo¨hme), pp. 111–141. wiesbaden: aula - verlag .\niucn. (2003) guidelines for application of iucn criteria at regional levels. version 3. 0. iucn species survival commission. iucn, gland, switzerland and cambridge, uk .\n- estimate evolutionary significant units (esu) among populations of black salamanders in the dinarides (croatia, b & h, montenegro) using integrative approach (genetic, physiology, morphometry). - con…\n[ more ]\nour database primarily consists of variety of amphibian and reptile tissue samples collected in past several years mainly from bosnia and herzegovina. our goal is to preserve all potential and impo…\n[ more ]\ntriturus dobrogicus is one of the rarest amphibian species in b & h. its area of distribution is limited to the pannonian area of the country (5% of the state) which is mentioned only in sporadic and…\n[ more ]\nnew sightings of zootoca vivipara (lichenstein, 1823) (squamata, lacertidae) in bosnia and herzegovi ...\nitalian crested newt – triturus carnifex laurenti, 1768 (amphibia, caudata, salamandridae, pleurodel ...\nfirst data on the fauna of amphibians (vertebrata: chordata: amphibia) of the mount visočica .\nsystematic research of batrahofauna on mount visoĉica has never been carried out so far. high mountainous areas with the canyons of ljuta and rakitnica rivers represent one of the best preserved, the most natural part of the environment of bosnia and herzegovina andeurope. preliminary batrachological research in the area of mt. visoĉica (from august 2012 to march 2013) has shown 11 present... [ show full abstract ]\nprocjena brojnosti jedinki u lokalnoj populaciji vrste bombina variegata (linnaeus, 1758) (amphibia: ...\nzimić, a. , & zgonjanin, j. estimation of the population size in the local population of species bombina variegata (linnaeus, 1758) (amphibia: anura: bombinatoridae) on the locality of rujište (mt. prenj, bosnia and herzegovina). in this paper authors present information about the population size of bombina variegata species on locality rujište (mt. prenj). using the repeated... [ show full abstract ]\na selection of top articles hand - picked by our editors available only to registered users .\nfancy getting into a fight? here’s a tip & colon; don’t. even if you win you’ll probably get hurt, and that will mean you have to spend weeks recovering when you could be doing something worthwhile, like curing cancer or having sex .\nmost animals know this instinctively and are reluctant to get into all - out fights. in particular, animals don’t fight with members of other species. there’s just no point & colon; they aren’t sexual rivals, and they have a different diet so they’re not likely to steal food either. with some exceptions, including predator - prey struggles, animals only fight their direct competitors & colon; members of their own species .\nthey spend most of their time on the ground under vegetation or on low rocks. that keeps them separate from the neighbouring sharp - snouted rock lizards (dalmatolacerta oxycephala), which tend to hang out on higher rocks where it’s cooler .\nlailvaux says the difference in bite force could explain the dalmatians’ aggressiveness. if they are much better fighters than the sharp - snouted rock lizards, as stronger bites would suggest, picking fights may be perfectly safe .\nthe other possibility is that the two species competed with each other in the past, either for territory or food or both. nowadays they live separately, but that may not always have been the case. in that case, the “ghosts of competitions past” may influence their behaviour .\nlailvaux points out that the two species never meet, let alone fight, if they’re left alone. he only saw fights because he put them into each other’s territory. that suggests they have carved up the habitat between them .\nhis work suggests there really could be plausible reasons for animals of two different species to fight – and this suggests that such fights might be more common than anyone suspected. because no one expected them to happen, no one has looked for them .\njournal reference & colon; journal of zoology, doi & colon; 10. 1111 / j. 1469 - 7998. 2012. 00943. x\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nenglish - german online dictionary developed to help you share your knowledge with others. more information! contains translations by tu chemnitz and mr honey' s business dictionary (german - english). thanks on that account! links to this dictionary or to single translations are very welcome! questions and answers\n, it can be found in italy. you can see 2 photos of this reptile .\nmobile version - juza. ea @ urltoken - terms of use and privacy - p. iva 01501900334 - rea 167997 - pec juzaphoto @ urltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nit is forbidden to publish or distribute content of these web pages without agreement of redaction or mentioned author. © 2006 - 2012 urltoken, all rights reserved! issn 1802 - 3258, redaction e - mail: balcanica @ urltoken. privacy policy (gdpr) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwarning: the ncbi web site requires javascript to function. more ...\nhuyghe k 1, small m, vanhooydonck b, herrel a, tadić z, van damme r, backeljau t .\ndepartment of biology, university of antwerp, antwerp, belgium. katleen. huyghe @ urltoken" ]

{ "text": [ "the dalmatian wall lizard ( podarcis melisellensis ) is a species of lizard in the family lacertidae .", "it is found in albania , bosnia and herzegovina , croatia , italy , serbia and montenegro , and slovenia .", "its natural habitats are temperate forests , mediterranean-type shrubby vegetation , rocky areas , and pastureland .", "dalmatian wall lizards grow up to 65 mm ( 2.6 in ) in snout – vent length .", "tail is about twice as long as the body .", "female lizards lay 2 – 8 eggs .", "juveniles are about 25 mm ( 0.98 in ) in snout – vent length upon hatching .", "these lizards display three ventral color morphs : yellow , orange and white .", "a male that is an orange color morph is seen as a more dominant male than any other morph in intrasexual competition , since the orange color displays the lizard as more aggressive .", "orange morph lizards have a larger size and bite force so they can ward off competing males in order to mate with a female of choice and claim territory in this species of lizards , the females prefer the orange males since the orange males are bigger and healthier and can give a female ’s offspring high quality indirect benefits .", "even though females prefer to mate with orange morphs , they will still mate with yellow morphs .", "yellow morph lizards give females more direct benefits like protection and small territory than indirect benefits .", "meanwhile , white males are only able to mate by intruding on another male ’s territory and mating with other male ’s females . " ], "topic": [ 25, 20, 24, 0, 23, 28, 0, 23, 23, 9, 19, 19, 9 ] }

[ "the dalmatian wall lizard (podarcis melisellensis) is a species of lizard in the family lacertidae. it is found in albania, bosnia and herzegovina, croatia, italy, serbia and montenegro, and slovenia. its natural habitats are temperate forests, mediterranean-type shrubby vegetation, rocky areas, and pastureland. dalmatian wall lizards grow up to 65 mm (2.6 in) in snout – vent length. tail is about twice as long as the body. female lizards lay 2 – 8 eggs. juveniles are about 25 mm (0.98 in) in snout – vent length upon hatching. these lizards display three ventral color morphs: yellow, orange and white. a male that is an orange color morph is seen as a more dominant male than any other morph in intrasexual competition, since the orange color displays the lizard as more aggressive. orange morph lizards have a larger size and bite force so they can ward off competing males in order to mate with a female of choice and claim territory in this species of lizards, the females prefer the orange males since the orange males are bigger and healthier and can give a female ’s offspring high quality indirect benefits. even though females prefer to mate with orange morphs, they will still mate with yellow morphs. yellow morph lizards give females more direct benefits like protection and small territory than indirect benefits. meanwhile, white males are only able to mate by intruding on another male ’s territory and mating with other male ’s females." ]

[ "jenny mould dies, aged 54; owner' s horses included charter party and barton bank .\nblame - mighty forever... charter party by: document from... | facebook\nact party leader david seymour has officially launched his party' s election campaign promising supporters the election is\nnot a two - horse race\n.\njenny mould dies, aged 54; owner' s horses included charter party and barton bank. - free online library\ncharter party put down at age of 22; nicholson pays tribute to 'very talented and brave' gold cup winner .\nin 1940, the notorious house un - american affairs committee published the trojan horse in america, a compendium of domestic organisations believed to work for foreign powers. chapter titles included “mussolini’s trojan horse in america” and “a trojan horse of german war veterans” .\nriis, jacob a .\ntheodore roosevelt: the horse and the gun—iv .\nthe latest on charter party and above board (full brothers by its without doubt) ridden by molly keys, is that they both covered themselves in glory at hickstead dressage with charter party winning elementaries and above board, the advanced eventer, winning a medium section .\ncharter party put down at age of 22; nicholson pays tribute to 'very talented and brave' gold cup winner. - free online library\nwinning the gold cup with charter party was a great day, and winning the king george with barton bank was a great day as well .\nindicative of his heart problem, he went his best races fresh but was never the same horse .\ncharter party (by its without doubt) has been highly successful in his dressage career with molly key recently winning the medium open title at sparsholt regional championships .\nthose conditions give gabbay — a newcomer to the labor party himself, and a former minister in the center - right kulanu party — freedom to incorporate big - name candidates into the party .\nthe labor party on thursday approved a series of revisions to its charter proposed by newly elected chairman avi gabbay, giving the new leader expanded powers and allowing him to reserve four slots for the candidates of his choice on the party’s knesset list .\nriver lee cruises operate charter cruises on a beautiful stretch of the river lee in hertfordshire, offering catered party trips, discos, business lunches, wedding receptions, jazz cruises and outings .\nwith colin and claire smith they bought their first horse, a four - year old chestnut gelding called charter party, for £8, 000. trained by david nicholson, he repaid their investment when he won the cheltenham gold cup in 1988. it was, mould recalled, the best moment of his life. five years later another nicholson - trained horse, barton bank, romped home to victory in the king george vi chase .\nmla style :\njenny mould dies, aged 54; owner' s horses included charter party and barton bank. .\nthe free library. 2000 mgn ltd 10 jul. 2018 urltoken\nchicago style: the free library. s. v. jenny mould dies, aged 54; owner' s horses included charter party and barton bank. .\nretrieved jul 10 2018 from urltoken\ncharter party (ire) g, 1978 { 22 - d } dp = 4 - 2 - 2 - 0 - 4 (12) di = 1. 40 cd = 0. 17\ndavid nicholson, the trainer of charter party - who was joint - owned by claire smith - and barton bank, was, with his wife diana, a long - standing friend of the moulds .\n. animal powered transport, in particular horse powered transport, is also sustainable provided that sufficient care is taken to ensure animal welfare .\nspeaking at the convention, gabbay had implored party members to support the changes .\nadvertisements for progressive (\nbull moose\n) party campaign meetings, 1912 .\na letter from col. roosevelt to the progressive party of hawaii .\nmacdonald, william .\nwhy the republican party needs mr. roosevelt .\nmike schmitz, the general manager of the north dakota horse park who organizes these bus trips, attended his first kentucky derby last year .\nmla style :\ncharter party put down at age of 22; nicholson pays tribute to 'very talented and brave' gold cup winner. .\nthe free library. 2000 mgn ltd 10 jul. 2018 urltoken\ntr453 all - weather charter agreements that override the captain' s authority, and thus endangers lives of the crew, would be outlawed .\nleading national hunt owner jenny mould, whose best - known horses included 1988 cheltenham gold cup hero charter party and 1993 king george vi chase winner barton bank, died on sunday after a lengthy illness. she was 54 .\nchicago style: the free library. s. v. charter party put down at age of 22; nicholson pays tribute to 'very talented and brave' gold cup winner. .\nretrieved jul 10 2018 from urltoken\nanother amendment grants gabbay full control over the party’s budget and economic affairs, allowing him to fully set the tone of the party’s next political campaign. moreover, should labor win an upcoming election and be tasked with forming a government, the labor party leader will be solely responsible for appointing ministers, after consulting with other party officials .\ntr510 the green party seeks a reduction in the amount and impact of air transport .\napa style: jenny mould dies, aged 54; owner' s horses included charter party and barton bank. . (n. d .) > the free library. (2014). retrieved jul 10 2018 from urltoken\nthe empress is a beautiful riverboat, with tin ceilings, and a stained glass horse shoe shaped bar. enjoy the gorgeous views of the st. croix river from the large top viewing deck with patio tables and chairs. come and see what groups like about this private charter single wheel paddleboat !\nepsom mp david seymour launched his party' s election campaign at the ellerslie events centre .\nsean lawler is the former education program coordinator of the boston tea party ships & museum .\ntheodore roosevelt accepting the nomination of the progressive party in orchestra hall, chicago .\nof course, american pharoah ended up winning the preakness and the belmont stakes after that to become the first horse since 1978 to win the coveted triple crown .\nraymond mould, who has died aged 74, was a leading figure in the property industry and a racehorse owner who won a gold cup (with charter party), grand national (with bindaree) and champion chase (with sprinter sacre) .\napa style: charter party put down at age of 22; nicholson pays tribute to 'very talented and brave' gold cup winner. . (n. d .) > the free library. (2014). retrieved jul 10 2018 from urltoken\ntr242 the green party would greatly increase rail investment to expand and improve the network and services .\nmunsey, frank a .\nroosevelt, the fighting leader of the new progressive party .\nhe said :\nshe had an eye for a horse and used to say, 'i can pick' em!', which caused a lot of amusement .\nhorse racing: true legend; racing: national hunt great david nicholson will be sadly missed' the duke' was one of the jump game' s best trainers .\nameche played six seasons for the colts before injuring his achilles’ tendon. two championships, 4, 045 yards and 40 touchdowns later, the horse’s pro career was over .\neducation was the focus of the launch with a five - minute video promoting the progress of act' s charter schools policy screened to attendees before seymour took the stage .\naldon horse trials produced some good results for two or three horses by brendon hill stallions. natta on by hot rumour won his section. he was bred by us out of a brilliant hunter mare lady di and was sold as brendonhill royal chatter. it is always a shame when breeders lose their prefix during the change of a horse' s ownership .\nwith the hunting season now over we are preparing to bring in and back and school some of the young horses. brendonhill affaere has been in and hunted regularly this spring. he has proved to be a really sensible, kind horse and has adapted to crossing the exmoor terrain with skill and courage. he will make someone a lovely hunter / fun horse .\ntr101 the green party supports the' walking bus' method of accompanying smaller children to and from school .\nin july, gabbay, 50, was elected as the new chairman of labor, beating veteran lawmaker and former faction leader amir peretz in a dramatic turn of events for the long - embattled party. during that campaign, gabbay, a former bezeq telecommunications ceo was seen as the dark horse in the race, bringing fresh blood and a right - wing political history to the traditionally dovish party. he claimed to have brought thousands of new members to the labor party, a fact that may explain his surprise victory .\na very hard decision was made at the end of the covering season to geld its highley likely. he is a beautiful horse, but for one or two reasons and through no fault of his whatsoever, it was decided he would have a different life. he has been quietly backed here at home and is being ridden out in company. he simply loves the change of scene and we feel sure given the right opportunity he will make a useful competition horse. with his extravagant paces maybe he will become a dressage horse but at the moment we wait and see .\nthat' s what dar zimmerman of fargo has planned for saturday, may 7, to be a part of the 141st running of the kentucky derby—dubbed\nthe most exciting two minutes of sports .\nzimmerman and 11 of her friends hopped on the charter bus thursday evening at the north dakota horse park—where, by the way, she and chris huus will get married on june 11 .\nit was really pleasing to read in the latest issue of horse and hound that clayton mudlark who was by ben faerie, was listed as one of two influentual sports horse brood mares. she has produce eight foals including advanced eventers faerie dazzler and ben auk. it is amazing that twenty years after his death ben faerie' s name still keeps cropping up in the world of competition horses .\nthe increasing size of road vehicles used. the green party' s aim will be to reverse this trend by :\n© the green party 2006 - 2018 code, design and photo credits published and promoted by penny kemp for the green party, both at the biscuit factory, unit 201 a block, 100 clements road, london, se16 4dg .\nattention all boston tea party museum visitors: \u0003receive a discounted parking rates at farnsworth street garage and stillings street garage .\nnews has just reached us from dinah macdonald that the two horses she bred by its without doubt, won both their sections at hickstead recently and will be competeing in the nationals. the two are charter party and above board ridden by molly key. above board will then go on to continue his eventing career .\nexperience a relaxing and unique private charter on this cozy double paddlewheeler! as one of our oldest boats, all three levels offer extraordinary views of the st. croix river valley with authentic décor .\ncharter party was a pivotal horse for nicholson. he was ridden by richard dunwoody, one of a number of outstanding jockeys who rode for the nicholson stable. emulating the academy element of his father, nicholson nurtured the early careers of dunwoody and peter scudamore - both of whom became champion jockeys - as well as adrian maguire, who was unlucky not to achieve the same feat, and richard johnson, who would have been champion many times over were he not from the same weighing - room generation as the incomparable tony mccoy .\ntr036 the green party will seek to create car - free developments wherever feasible, through both planning arrangements and financial incentives .\ntr064 the green party supports the introduction of fuel tax on aviation fuel and emission charges and increased landing charges on aircraft .\nroosevelt’s attempt to win the 1912 republican presidential nomination failed, due to taft’s control of the party and the newly - formed progressive (or\nbull moose\n) party nominated the former president as their candidate. roosevelt fared better at the polls than taft, but the split in republican party ranks between the two led to the narrow victory of democrat woodrow wilson .\nfans in kenosha threw the ameches a party after his senior year. the gifts included a 1, 500 - lb. horse and 3, 212 one - dollar bills—one for each of the yards he had gained at wisconsin. but ameche’s football career was not over yet; he still had to make his mark on the nfl .\nin the charter review document published the same day, he wrote :\nthe bbc is approaching its centenary in 2022 and the decisions taken over the coming months will shape the bbc for the next generation .\nchesterfield canal trust, charter boat trips, children' s pirate trips and santa trips. hot and cold drinks, toilet, central heating. 4 trip boats based at retford, worksop, hollingwood and chesterfield .\nwaterways experiences. day or residential crewed boat trips from hemel hempstead, charter only. all 3 wide - beam boats designed for wheelchair access. new volunteers welcome to help with crewing, marketing, it etc .\ntr174 where the cycle infrastructure is shared with pedestrians or horse riders, or where the cycle provision on roads is shared with bus priority measures, adequate space must be provided for the two users to share it safely .\nstill, once the duck was broken, the festival winners flowed. nicholson' s biggest success as a trainer came with charter party when the long shot ran out a six - length winner of the 1986 cheltenham gold cup. the following season he finished third to desert orchid in an epic running of the season' s top chase .\ntr456 the green party would ensure that an adequate cover of emergency tugboats with sufficient bollard pull exists in english and welsh waters .\nmany canal trip boats also offer chartered cruises for just your party, which must be booked in advance. some offer trips for school groups, business hire, party cruises & wedding receptions, complete with skipper, crew and catering & entertainment if required .\ndespite his success - and help from a loyal band of friends - david walked a financial tightrope during the 1980s. by 1990 one of the partners in his gold cup winner charter party, property developer colin smith, had built, with david' s help, a state of the art training establishment, jackdaws castle, at nearby ford .\ndar zimmerman, left, and naomi schempp are taking a charter bus to the kentucky derby in louisville, ky. both are showing off the hats they plan to wear at the derby. eric peterson / the forum\nmore good news for its without doubt progeny... ...... ...... .. his son beaurepaire jasper won the open intermediate section at the south of england horse trials !\ntr413 the green party would strengthen planning guidance in relation to waterways development and would develop regional policies of planning provision for inland ports .\ntr472 the green party would implement an immediate ban on the shipment of all nuclear fuel, plutonium and high - level radioactive waste .\nthe rose bowl game was a hard - fought match that remained scoreless until the last few minutes. although they lost 7 - 0, wisconsin’s stats were more than respectable, and the horse rushed for 133 yards in 28 attempts .\na charter city is a city, built from scratch, with a set of rules that may be different to established areas. the charter city is designed to provide a way to fulfil a demand that cannot currently be met because there is too much local opposition. this opposition may be because the cultural and economic objectives the existing city and the vision for the future may not match well. for example, although it is advantageous to have high density cities, local opposition of current inhabitants of existing cities makes achieving that density difficult. the charter of the city will encourage long term design decisions, ensuring the success of the city in terms of development pace and quality of life .\ntr344 the green party would strictly regulate the working hours and conditions of drivers in the haulage industry to ensure that road safety is paramount .\nnorbury wharf. enjoy the heart of the beautiful shropshire union canal aboard our 42 seater trip boat, all year public & charter trips. just 15 minutes from junction 14 m6, or junction 3 m54, a cruise to remember !\nin the recent charter agreement with the uk government, the bbc agreed with the department for digital, culture, media and sport (dcms) to undertake and publish a review of its research & development (r & d) activity .\ntr253 the green party recognises that there can be difficulties for cyclists as a result of light rail provision on the same roads. light rail provision should be designed to minimise any inconvenience or danger to pedestrians or cyclists. the green party would give priority to researching ways to facilitate this .\nanother of our home bred youngsters brendonhill ardent by ben' s affaere has been sold to go and be an all round hunter / fun horse in cornwall. his new owners originally had brendonhill hamish and came here for another by the same stallion .\nas part of our strategic and investment plans for the next charter, this document outlines our ambition to transform the majority of the bbc' s in - house production unit into bbc studios, a wholly - owned subsidiary of the bbc group .\nthe exact origin of his nickname is unclear, although wisconsin assistant george lanphear insisted that he christened “the horse” because he worked like a horse in practice. each of the other reasons invoked, however, seems just as likely: his unflagging stamina, how he personified sheer brute strength, his signature high - stepping gait. whatever its origin, the name stuck because it fit; by all accounts a reserved, polite man in his personal life, ameche was a force to be reckoned with on the gridiron .\ncathy twiston - davies, the trainer' s wife, said yesterday :\njenny and raymond were our neighbours in guiting power. when we took out a full licence, they were the first people to send us a horse, and he was called tipping tim .\nthe horse had lost it ,\nfrank ritchie admitted when, nearly two years later, the heart issue was finally revealed .\nhis marvellous courage, the fire in his belly, was gone. he was 10 lengths below his best after the cup .\nthen came an upturn in david' s fortunes: the marquis of northampton' s broadsword was second in the 1981 triumph hurdle and runner - up in the champion hurdle the following year. though cheltenham was on his door - step, david did not have a winner at the festival until scudamore and solar cloud won the triumph hurdle in 1986. indeed, that day saw a memorable double for trainer and jockey, completed with charter party in the national hunt handicap chase. having broken the ice, david went on to train many more cheltenham festival winners, including the gold cup with charter party in 1988. he won another triumph hurdle with mysilv in 1994, the arkle challenge trophy in 1989 with waterloo boy, the queen mother chase with viking flagship in 1994 and 1995 and, finally, the stayers' hurdle in 1999 with anzum .\ntr314 the green party would introduce no new restrictions on the use of historic vehicles and would impose safety and pollution standards appropriate to the age of the vehicle .\nthe bbc’s royal charter sets out a clear framework for governing and regulating the bbc: a new board that sets its strategy, runs its operations and is responsible for its output. it also sets out, for the first time, external regulation of the bbc by ofcom .\nother news coming in, faere spirit by tinsley faerie legend has had a recent win at bricky and has been regularly placed. also role on ozzie by future role has started competing. another name change, sadly, as this horse was bred here and originally had the brendonhill prefix .\nthe\njess - lu iv\nfrom freeport, ny and skippered by captain jay porter circa 1965. gillikin boat works, harkers island, nc, built her in 1964 and she later became the\ncapt. wayne\nfrom captree, ny. she changed hands again and became captain ed bunting' s\nsea horse\nfrom atlantic highlands, nj. in 1992, captain bunting took her back to gillikin for a complete refurbishing. she returned to new jersey with a new look and still sails as the\nsea horse\nfrom atlantic highlands, nj .\nseymour said he had inherited\na bit of a fixer - upper\nwhen he took over the act party and emphasised that no vote for act was a wasted one. if act achieved 1. 2 per cent of the party vote, it would be enough to see act' s deputy leader, beth houlbrooke, elected .\ntr244 the green party believes that long - distance service provision should not concentrate on high speeds where this will affect local service provision or take up an excessive amount of limited resources. the green party supports the principle of a new north - south high speed line which would reduce the number of short - haul flights within the uk .\ngabbay quit netanyahu’s cabinet after coalition talks brought the yisrael beytenu party into the coalition, with a dramatic tirade accusing the governent of leading israel on a path to destruction .\ntr072 the green party would encourage the provision of any private vehicle hire type services that provide for improved accessibility for disabled people, such as dial - a - ride .\nretirement party idea: everyone wrote wishes and farewell messages on rocks and put it in vase. retiree loved it! | gift ideas | pinterest | farewell message, …\nin 1991, ameche was one of 35 charter members inducted into the uw athletic hall of fame. in a special ceremony at camp randall on september 9, 2000, alan ameche’s number was retired and his name was added to the historic stadium’s façade, following that of ron dayne .\ntr230 the green party believes that the rail system, including track and operators, needs to be publicly owned, and would seek to bring the service back into public ownership .\nboston tea party ships & museum® is a registered service mark of historic tours of america®, inc. copyright © 2018 historic tours of america®, inc. all rights reserved .\nfebruary 2016 since last making entries on this page, the weather this winter has been so diabolical that there has not been much to report other than keeping the horses fed and comfortable through the winter period! ! we have been hunting masterful all season and he is a remarkable character taking everything in his stride. news came into today that charter party, by the same sire as our its highley likely, has become advanced medium regional champion. congratulations to all concerned .\nby major generals of the horse militia who were made responsible for law and order in groups of counties. but he soon abandoned this experiment when it met with protests and reverted to more normal methods of government. in the spring of 1657 he was tempted by an offer of the crown by a majority in\nthe following year they formed london & stamford, which merged with the retail landlord metric property investments in 2012, after which mould, whose fortune was estimated at £60 million in 2010, left and it became londonmetric. in 2013 he stepped down from property to focus on his other passion, horse racing .\ntr430 the green party supports the increased use of shipping, particularly for the necessary movement of goods, to reduce the current reliance on more polluting methods of transport over longer distances .\nin recent years mould had success with sprinter sacre, the nicky henderson - trained gelding, which won 10 successive chases between 2011 and 2013, including the 2013 queen mother champion chase, and has been rated by the timeform organisation as the third best national hunt horse of all time, behind arkle and flyingbolt .\ncharter party' s owner colin smith, meanwhile, was instrumental in taking nicholson to the next level as a trainer by setting him up, in october 1992, in the new purpose - built jackdaws castle stables, near cheltenham. prior to that, nicholson' s business acumen had not proved as astute as his handling of horses and jockeys. it was even reported once that he had asked scudamore for financial aid as he was unable to pay his stable staff their weekly wages .\nthe science party has a vision for creating a brand new city which aims to be relevant to the modern world. this charter city which will be a university town. the university will initially specialise in low - capital - cost areas such as computer science and mathematics. with time, the university will have an institute to dedicated to energy research, whose aim is to develop super - low - cost and lower environmental impact sources of energy, health / life extension research and agricultural research .\n). however, simplicity in technology is of paramount importance to encourage the greatest use of bicycles, and the green party will encourage manufacturers to make bicycles for everyday use widely available .\ntr422 the green party would seek to provide all the necessary infrastructure, such as piers, and maintenance of waterways, through dredging of navigable channels, for the development of these services .\nstate marine enforcement officers issued eight tickets and 22 warnings last month after people aboard a party boat were spotted throwing “hundreds of pounds” of illegal fish overboard in montauk harbor, authorities said .\nconsidering his successes as a rider at the cheltenham festival, the most important jump meeting of the season, held in march each year, nicholson initially had a frustrating time there as a trainer and it was not until 1986 that he had his first winners, with solar cloud in the triumph hurdle and charter party in the national hunt handicap chase. before that he had come closest to the hallowed cheltenham winner' s enclosure with the talented broadsword in the 1981 triumph hurdle and 1982 champion hurdle .\ntrade was thrown open for three years, but in the end cromwell granted the company a new charter (october 1657) in return for financial aid. satisfactory methods of borrowing had not yet been discovered; hence—like those of practically all european governments of his time—cromwell’s public finances were by no means free from difficulties .\n2018 / 19 is the second year of the bbc’s new charter, and the first when our new operating framework is fully in operation. this document - our second annual plan - is an essential part of our accountability to licence fee payers, ofcom, partners and stakeholders. it performs a number of functions :\na further change, aimed at cementing gabbay’s control over the party’s parliamentary affairs in the knesset as he is not a sitting mk, gives him the authority to appoint the faction leader, as well as knesset committee chairs and members. the changes to the labor code also include new transparency requirements on spending and calls for the formation of various election campaigning bodies within the party .\ntr052 the green party believes that regulation of transport development cannot be undertaken according to the above principles through private finance initiatives (pfis), and will oppose the use of this financing method .\ntr163 the highway code allows for priority to pedestrians crossing at side road junctions and access roads. the green party will seek to effect this in road design, education and enforcement. (see\nearly this month brendonhill affaere was sold and has left us to go to a lovely home in dorset where they are planning to hunt and compete with him. we were very sad to see him leave because he was such a lovely horse in every way and so easy to do. the sort that is hard to find .\nbut after two years of collecting specimens, speaking engagements and traveling—including as special ambassador to england for the funeral of king edward vii—roosevelt became disgruntled with taft’s weak enforcement of progressive policies, and decided to make another run for the presidency. to do so, though, meant launching a third party initiative, as taft was running on the republican party ticket. so roosevelt formed the progressive party, also known as the\nbull moose party ,\nand began campaigning for the 1912 election. while delivering a speech on the campaign trail in milwaukee, wisconsin, roosevelt was shot in the chest in an assassination attempt by john nepomuk schrank. shockingly, he continued his speech for 90 minutes before seeing a doctor, later chalking up the incident to the hazards of the business .\nshe was the only woman in racing who stood up to the duke [ nicholson ]. when adrian was injured, she wanted david walsh to ride barton bank in the martell cup in 1997 instead of richard johnson. that was against the duke' s wishes, but she stood up to him and the horse won .\ntr254 urban rail systems, whether light rail or underground, must be run as an integrated system. the green party opposes privatisation of such provision and would return these services to local public ownership .\nlabor party chairman avi gabbay attends a memorial ceremony marking 20 years since the passing of former president chaim herzog, at the rabin center in tel aviv, on september 7, 2017. (flash90 )\ntr065 the green party will introduce a vehicle purchase tax on the purchase of all new vehicles, which would be steeply graded according to a vehicle' s pollution level, fuel consumption and type of fuel .\ntr523 the green party would regulate more strictly the use of helicopters. these operate in more locations and at much lower heights than almost all other aircraft. helicopters and heliports are extremely noisy to those nearby .\nroosevelt & apos; s progressive policies in new york ran him afoul of his own party, so republican party bosses plotted to quiet him by naming him on the mckinley ticket in the thankless post of vice president. however, after his re - election in 1901, president mckinley was assassinated. at age 42, theodore\nteddy\nroosevelt became the youngest man to assume the u. s. presidency .\nwhen red ran below his best, running third in the rawson stakes at his next start, mitchell had the horse' s heart checked by leading sydney vet percy sykes. t wave changes were detected, indicating myocarditis or inflammation of the heart muscle. the camp kept the diagnosis a secret but it dogged the crusher until his retirement in december, 1989 .\nfargo - how does this sound for a bachelorette party? hop on a charter bus for a 16 - hour ride to louisville, ky. ; set up camp on the infield of the kentucky derby with 80, 000 other people; drink mint juleps, wear fancy hats; observe other people drinking and wearing fancy hats; observe celebrities partying in a premium seating area across the track; watch kids race on the top of infield' s porta - potties; and oh yes... catch a glimpse of horses racing around the 1¼ - mile track .\ntr033 the green party would promote the use of life cycle assessment and the best practicable environmental option approach for appraisal of transport infrastructure developments. these should be linked to sustainable development policies being developed under local agenda 21\ntr051 the green party believes that regulation needs to be done in a fully open manner for public accountability. this must include all financing arrangements of regulatory bodies and all links between those bodies and the service providers .\ntr322 for the safety of other users, the green party does not feel it appropriate for motorcyclists to be able to use any priority measures put in for pedestrians and cyclists, including those shared with public transport .\nour current capital cities were established in times when horse drawn carts were the only available transportation other than walking, and when building above 6 - storeys high was difficult given the building technology of the time. since then, technological and cultural changes have resulted in a situation where the currently built cities are incapable of delivering to the requirements of individual and national economic desires .\ntr280 the green party does not support the introduction of park and ride services generally, as they tend to enhance the culture of driving in rural areas to nearby towns and can be detrimental to other rural bus services .\ntr275 the green party would aim to enforce giving buses priority pulling away from bus stops over moving traffic on those roads. to this end, the use of bus lay - bys for bus stops would be gradually removed .\nroosevelt lost to woodrow wilson in the 1912 election, in a rather close popular vote. he considered running again in 1916, winning the progressive nomination, but bowed out in favor of republican party nominee charles evans hughes .\ntr282 the green party does not support the building of park and ride sites on greenfield land. we will support park and tour systems for tourists provided that this is properly integrated into the existing public transport infrastructure for that place .\nlargely through the entrepreneurial initiative of a 25 year - old, lieutenant john macarthur, aided by a complaisant lieutenant governor major francis grose, in 1792 a consortium of nsw military and civil officers privately chartered the british supply ship and whaler britannia. the charter fee was £2000 with a further £2, 200 allocated as trading capital for the purpose of obtaining foodstuffs, livestock and general goods from the dutch - controlled cape of good hope. (£4, 200 = $ 840, 000 in 1998 aud). despite this being an obvious breach of the british east india company' s charter, the ailing governor phillip did not use his power of veto and thus the first of three private charters went ahead. around the same time that britannia was unloading its first cargo at port jackson in june 1793, during government talks held in london to renew their royal charter, the chairman of the british east india company sir francis baring, expressed his strong feelings concerning\n.... . the serpent that we are nursing at botany bay .\nas it turned out, junior officer lieutenant john macarthur was no doubt considered to be the\nking serpent .\ntr070 the green party supports a non - residential parking levy to be levied on off - street parking. the introduction of parking levies would need to be done over wide areas to ensure local economies are not adversely affected by these .\ntr151 both walking and cycling are dependent on their facilities being well maintained and cleaned. the green party will ensure that priority is given to this, in funding and enforcement, including fines against those allowing dogs to foul the footway .\ntr205 the green party recognises that one of the major barriers to people using public transport, particularly women and the elderly, is a concern for personal safety. to this end, we promote policies on staffing at rail stations (see\nnicky henderson described mould as a man who “loved racing, loved people and loved to party”. he died from cancer after a weekend spent at his house in the south of france, during which he dined at his favourite restaurant .\nit was jenny, too, who instigated his love of racing. “my wife and i couldn’t have children, ” he recalled in an interview. “she had always been mad keen on horses and, because we didn’t have to pay school fees, one day she said:' can i have a horse and train it? ’ we ended up having the equivalent of 20 boys at eton. ”\nthe esso company charter on august 21, 1965 aboard the\nmiss moore\nfrom shoals dock, great kills, staten island, ny. captains freddie and eve moore operated the\nmiss moore\n. she was built in 1963 by gillikin boat works, harkers island, nc and later became the\nsea wolf\nfrom sheepshead bay, brooklyn, ny. photo courtesy of ken ekberg .\ntr251 the green party supports the further expansion and construction of new light rail systems, with the aim of seeing their introduction into all towns and cities where there is local support. any construction must be done in an environmentally sensitive manner .\nthat breakout moment for gabbay, a relatively unknown minister who was not elected to knesset but rather appointed as an external candidate by kulanu party leader moshe kahlon, was followed by his crossing the political aisle and joining the fight for the labor leadership. gabbay’s victory in the labor primaries saw him immediately taking the post of party leader, and launching an election campaign to oust netanyahu. since he is not a knesset member, labor’s ousted leader mk isaac herzog remains opposition leader in parliament .\ntr262 the green party will generally support the introduction of these alternatives to light rail and buses, if these offer a better means of attracting passengers in the locality. the provisos outlined for both light rail and buses will apply to these as well .\nred' s trip to otago for the white robe lodge stakes at wingatui came out of left field but owner peter mitchell was never afraid to look outside the square and his organisational skills were always without peer. mitchell figured the white robe was the perfect fresh - up race to get him ready for the air new zealand stakes. otago officials welcomed the auckland entourage like no other and when the crusher got up on the line to beat robinski by a head the cow cockies yelled him home to a man. but the race was not without incident when the crusher was kicked by the clerk of the course' s horse on returning to scale, receiving a small cut near his off hind tendon. it said a lot for mitchell, forever thinking of red' s welfare, when he slipped away from the victory celebrations to check on his horse .\n[ 65 ] papers, colonial series, vol. ii, 102. george washington to robert dinwiddie, october 11, 1755. “in all things i meet with the greatest opposition no orders are obey’d but what a party of soldier’s or my own drawn sword enforces; without this a single horse for the most urgent occasion cannot be had, to such a pitch has the insolence of these people arrivd by having every point hitherto submitted to them; however, i have given up none where his majestys service requires the contrary, and where my proceedings are justified by my instruction’s, nor will i, unless they execute what they threaten i. e, to blow out my brains. ”\ntrump’s comments are in line with his vicious verbal attacks on mexicans and other immigrant groups in the united states. but they betray his own family background. his grandfather, friedrich trump, a german, lived a migrant life in the us on the edge of illegality and rejection. during the world war i, he belonged to an immigrant group which was sweepingly labelled the “enemy within” or – in his grandson’s parlance – a trojan horse .\ntr114 in rural areas, apart from trunk roads, the maximum speed limit would be 40m. p. h. local communities would be encouraged to set lower limits on country lanes where pedestrians, cyclists and horse riders would be particularly vulnerable. they would also be encouraged to designate green lanes where these modes would have priority, and where feasible, to close lanes that act as through routes to allow only for these modes plus local access .\nbrendonhill chatter, one of last young horses by hot rumour, has been sold to gillian anderson and moved to his new home near callington. he is to join another hot rumour horse and be trained by the parelli method. he is very quick to learn and gillian spent some time with him here, bonding with him and introducing him to her methods. we wish them both well for the future and look forward to seeing him eventing .\ntr050 the uncoordinated privatisation and deregulation of many parts of the uk transport industry has contributed to a lack of coherent transport policy for freight and passenger movements. the green party believes that public regulation allowing democratic accountability of transport providers is generally the best management system .\ntr550 there is insufficient public awareness of the resources wasted and damage done by excessive use of air transport. the green party considers that governments should run public awareness campaigns about the impact of air travel on the global climate, the local environment and human health .\ntr164 the green party will encourage the development of car - free city centres, aiming to make these the norm. pedestrians improve the attractiveness and commercial success of central areas, and pedestrianised zones will mean a reduction in pollution, noise and accidents from powered vehicles .\ntr321 the green party would take measures to encourage a transfer of motor cycle manufacture and use from larger, powerful machines to less powerful ones including scooters and mopeds. these would include setting and enforcing strict noise limits and, for higher powered machines, speed limiters .\ntr431 however, current shipping practices cause unnecessary environmental impact and endanger ships, crew and passengers. the green party would strengthen regulations within english and welsh waters and would work towards better regulations and improved enforcement for international shipping through the international maritime organisation (imo) .\ntr542 the green party notes that air freight in particular exhibits both dramatic growth and by far the highest pollution per weight of goods transported compared with other modes. we would therefore introduce specific uk levies on air freight as well as working towards european and global agreements .\ntr569 the green party is committed to proper precautions against air piracy and adequate public sector inspection of those on aircraft and at airports. consideration should be given to refusing licences to operate from the uk to airlines that operate from airports overseas considered to have inadequate security .\nroosevelt’s loss of the 1886 new york mayor’s race was merely a temporary setback in his rising political career. republican president benjamin harrison appointed roosevelt to the civil service commission as a reward for his work on behalf of the party in the 1888 presidential election. his reputation as a reformer grew, and his work in undermining the power of political parties to hand out government jobs, in favor of merit - based appointments, attracted favorable attention across party lines. returning democratic president grover cleveland decided to keep roosevelt at the commission in 1893 .\ntr020 a key distinction between green party transport policy and others is the emphasis on demand management rather than provision for anticipated demand. we want to provide what is necessary and efficient within ecological constraints. we reject simply providing for anticipated demand as wasteful, damaging and unsustainable .\ntr343 the green party will encourage the home delivery of goods by companies (including incentives for small companies to work together for this) so that non - car owners are not excluded from the availability of products and to encourage a reduction in car journeys to retail outlets .\nalan dante ameche arrived at the university of wisconsin - madison to play football in 1951. although the coaches realized he had potential, the 205 - lb. freshman was not selected as a starter his first jv game. but by the time he left four years later, “the horse” required special shoulder pads for his 212 - lb. frame and had accumulated nearly every award and honor available to a college football player, up to and including the heisman trophy .\n“if we can’t bring unity to our party, the public will not believe we can bring unity to israel, ” said gabbay of labor, long plagued by internal divisions. “if we aren’t able to change, why should the public believe we can change the country? ”\ntr120 traditional road safety has concentrated on removing road designs that could be contributory factors in accidents. regrettably, this has also resulted in road design that allows drivers to manoeuvre with less caution, allowing greater speeds. the green party will concentrate road design on reducing vehicle speeds .\ntr415 to enable the above to take place, the green party would set up a national water freight unit to coordinate waterway freight development in the uk and to ensure that the uk participates in all eu waterway development programmes. this unit' s main tasks would be to :\ntr440 the seas are used as dumping grounds for the majority of waste produced by ships. the green party supports the complete elimination of intentional pollution of the marine environment by oil and other harmful substances. on - board incineration of waste / engine room sludge will be banned .\ntr511 it is essential that the demand for air transport is managed in a way compatible with wider social and environmental objectives. the green party advocates a drastic reduction in the number of journeys made by air for whatever purpose. we must first discourage the growth of air transport .\nthe drama surrounding bonecrusher' s sudden illness in tokyo just before the japan cup was unforgettable. for a while grave fears were held for the horse and his connections will forever be grateful to the jra vets for helping him recover. to this day both trainer frank ritchie and jockey gary stewart believe he would have won the cup, given he was flying in his trackwork. there were no celebrations on this trip, wicked prices in japan restricting dinner out to a shared sukiyaki." ]

{ "text": [ "charter party ( 4 may 1978 – june 2000 ) was an irish-bred british-trained thoroughbred racehorse , best-known for his win in the 1988 cheltenham gold cup .", "he overcame persistent injury problems to win twelve races under national hunt rules .", "he showed promise as a hurdler and as a novice steeplechaser before recording his first major win in the 1986 national hunt handicap chase .", "as a ten-year-old in 1988 he defeated desert orchid in the gainsborough chase , before taking the gold cup at cheltenham in march .", "he never won again , but produced a fine effort to finish third on heavy ground in the 1989 gold cup . " ], "topic": [ 22, 14, 14, 14, 14 ] }

[ "charter party (4 may 1978 – june 2000) was an irish-bred british-trained thoroughbred racehorse, best-known for his win in the 1988 cheltenham gold cup. he overcame persistent injury problems to win twelve races under national hunt rules. he showed promise as a hurdler and as a novice steeplechaser before recording his first major win in the 1986 national hunt handicap chase. as a ten-year-old in 1988 he defeated desert orchid in the gainsborough chase, before taking the gold cup at cheltenham in march. he never won again, but produced a fine effort to finish third on heavy ground in the 1989 gold cup." ]

[ "morphometrische analyse der architectonica maxima - gruppe im indo - pazifik (mollusca: gastropoda: architectonicidae) .\nbelongs to architectonica (architectonica) according to a. j. w. hendy 2007\ndie gattungen der architectonicidae (gastropoda :\nheterogastropoda\n). teil 2: architectonica, philip ...\ndie gattungen der architectonicidae (gastropoda :\nheterogastropoda\n). teil 2: architectonica, philippia, stellaxis, discotectonica, solatisonax, climacopoma, granosolarium\narchitectonica maxima (philippi, 1849): héros et al. (2007) [ statut pour la nouvelle - calédonie ] héros, v. , lozouet, p. , maestrati, p. , von cosel, r. , brabant, d. , bouchet, p. 2007. mollusca of new caledonia. in: payri, c. & richer de forges, b. [ eds ]. compendium of marine species of new caledonia. doc. sci. tech. ird, nouméa. ii7 (2): 199 - 254. [ urltoken ]\nheliacus (pyrgoheliacus) n. subgen. , based on the type species heliacus turritus n. sp. , and architectonica (adelphotectonica) n. subgen. , based on the type species solarium reevei hanley 1862, are described and compared to similar forms .\ncomparing principal genera, architectonica shells are distinctively flattened sundials, whereas heliacus shells have a wider aperture opening to the side. the operculum is also different in having a several turn chitonous spiral. philippia are found on sea anemones and other cnidarians, on which the snail typically feeds .\nbieler r. (1993). architectonicidae of the indo - pacific (mollusca, gastropoda). abhandlungen des naturwissenschaftlichen vereins in hamburg (nf) 30: 1 - 376 [ 15 december ]. page (s): 52 [ details ]\nspencer, h. g. , marshall, b. a. & willan, r. c. (2009). checklist of new zealand living mollusca. pp 196 - 219. in: gordon, d. p. (ed .) new zealand inventory of biodiversity. volume one. kingdom animalia: radiata, lophotrochozoa, deuterostomia. canterbury university press, christchurch. [ details ]\nliu j. y. [ ruiyu ] (ed .). (2008). checklist of marine biota of china seas. china science press. 1267 pp. (look up in imis) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of solarium maximum philippi, 1849) bieler r. (1993). architectonicidae of the indo - pacific (mollusca, gastropoda). abhandlungen des naturwissenschaftlichen vereins in hamburg (nf) 30: 1 - 376 [ 15 december ]. page (s): 52 [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nversion 43. 0 went live 11 / 6 / 2018 - i hope that the majority of issues have been fixed. my email address is on the home page if you see anything wrong .\nin continuing your browsing of this site, you accept the use of cookies to offer you suitable content and services and realize visits statistics. learn more about cookies .\ntröndlé & boutet (2009) [ source de l' enregistrement ] tröndlé, j. & boutet, m. 2009. inventory of marine molluscs of french polynesia. atoll research bulletin, 570: 1 - 87 .\nnational inventory of natural heritage, website: https: / / inpn. mnhn. fr .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\njavascript is required to use this web site. please turn it on before proceeding .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nshell gallery view « shell encyclopedia, conchology, inc. » conchological megadatabase on mollusks\nthe star system calculates the number of pieces that were handled by conchology, inc. in the last 15 years :\nwe want to point out that the star system is only very reliable for philippine shells only, as we handle very few foreign shells in general. as time goes, the system will become more and more performant .\nenter your email address and we will send you an email with your username and password .\ne - mail jecilia sisican if you do not receive your email with your username and password .\nclick on an image to view all the information: family, species, author, date, and full locality .\n© 1996 - 2018 guido t. poppe & philippe poppe - conchology, inc. (3. 835 seconds. )\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\nthe symbols k. a. c. f. m. an. are used to indicate the geographical range of the species. they have been adopted to give an approxomation of the range of each species within new zealand .\nbieler, r. , petit, r. e. 2005: catalogue of recent and fossil taxa of the family architectonicidae gray, 1850 (mollusca: gastropoda), zootaxa, 1101 (p. 49 )\nbieler, r. 1993: architectonicidae of the indo - pacific (mollusca, gastropoda), abhandlungen des naturwissenschaftlichen vereins in hamburg (nf), 30 (p. 52 )\nnote: localities are approximate, and represent only some of the known localities for the species .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia, please upload using the upload tools .\nphilippi, r. a. 1849 ,\ncenturia tertia testaceorum novorum\n, zeitschrift für malakozoologie, vol. 5, no. 11, pp. 161 - 176\nhanley, s. 1863 ,\nmonograph of the recent species of the genus solarium of lamarck\n, ed. sowerby, g. b. (ed), thesaurus conchyliorum, or monographs of genera of shells, vol. 3, pp. 227 - 246, pls 250 - 254, sowerby, london\nmarshall, w. b. 1887 ,\nmonograph of the family solariidae\n, ed. tryon, g. w. (ed .), solariidae, ianthinidae, trichotropidae, scalariidae, cerithiidae, rissoidae, littorinidae. manual of conchology, vol. 9, pp. pp. 3 - 32, pls 1 - 6, g. w. tryon, philadelphia\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: 116c8bcc - 92ac - 4f98 - 896b - 98afad15fdf6\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: 2618872e - db4f - 4e53 - a3d3 - 9b97d08b1287\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: d22068a0 - 2827 - 49fe - a1eb - d8152c07ce20\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. name: 516307\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment. find records and model species distributions. export reports, maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area, or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something? photograph something? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities. we honour and celebrate the spiritual, cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\nour website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site. we suggest you upgrade to a modern browser .\nbieler r. (1993). architectonicidae of the indo - pacific (mollusca, gastropoda). < i > abhandlungen des naturwissenschaftlichen vereins in hamburg < / i > (nf) 30: 1 - 376 [ 15 december ] .\nliu j. y. [ ruiyu ] (ed .). (2008). checklist of marine biota of china seas. < em > china science press. < / em > 1267 pp .\nspencer, h. g. , marshall, b. a. & willan, r. c. (2009). checklist of new zealand living mollusca. pp 196 - 219. < em > in: gordon, d. p. (ed .) new zealand inventory of biodiversity. volume one. kingdom animalia: radiata, lophotrochozoa, deuterostomia. < / em > canterbury university press, christchurch .\nsundial shells are rather unique in being markedly flattened and in showing a lenticular edgewise appearance. ever - widening whorls leave a deep umbilicus open to the tip of the spire, showing a beautifully detailed banding pattern that is reminiscent of a spiral staircase. the operculum is beehive shaped and chitonous (horny) rather than calcareous .\nshallow sands are normal habitat, and the mollusc is fairly widely distributed in warmer waters of the west and east coasts of north and south america, as well as indo - pacific regions .\nthe photos in our gallery are in most cases just a sample from our stock, except when only one specimen is offered. we try to match the original color but it can vary if your screen is not correctly adjusted (gamma correction) .\nitems shipping internationally may be subject to customs processing depending on the item' s declared value .\nsellers set the item' s declared value and must comply with customs declaration laws .\nthis amount includes applicable customs duties, taxes, brokerage and other fees. this amount is subject to change until you make payment. for additional information, see the global shipping program terms and conditions - opens in a new window or tab\nthis amount includes applicable customs duties, taxes, brokerage and other fees. this amount is subject to change until you make payment. if you reside in an eu member state besides uk, import vat on this purchase is not recoverable. for additional information, see the global shipping program terms and conditions - opens in a new window or tab\nestimated delivery dates - opens in a new window or tab include seller' s handling time, origin zip code, destination zip code and time of acceptance and will depend on shipping service selected and receipt of cleared payment - opens in a new window or tab. delivery times may vary, especially during peak periods .\nany international shipping and import charges are paid in part to pitney bowes inc. learn more - opens in a new window or tab\ninternational shipping and import charges paid to pitney bowes inc. learn more - opens in a new window or tab\ninternational shipping paid to pitney bowes inc. learn more - opens in a new window or tab\nany international shipping is paid in part to pitney bowes inc. learn more - opens in a new window or tab\na brand - new, unused, unopened, undamaged item (including handmade items). see the seller' s\nlisting for full details. see all condition definitions - opens in a new window or tab\nthis item will be shipped through the global shipping program and includes international tracking. learn more - opens in a new window or tab\nthere are 1 items available. please enter a number less than or equal to 1 .\n* estimated delivery dates - opens in a new window or tab include seller' s handling time, origin zip code, destination zip code and time of acceptance and will depend on shipping service selected and receipt of cleared payment - opens in a new window or tab. delivery times may vary, especially during peak periods .\nwill usually ship within 1 business day of receiving cleared payment - opens in a new window or tab .\nqualifying purchases could enjoy no interest if paid in full in 6 months on purchases of $ 99 or more. other offers may also be available .\ninterest will be charged to your account from the purchase date if the balance is not paid in full within 6 months. minimum monthly payments are required. subject to credit approval. see terms - opens in a new window or tab\nwe combine auction and store items. please wait for our invoice for mutiple items purchase items will be sent by philippine post regular small packet mail (up to 2 kilograms) and philippine post air parcel (over 2 urltoken 30 kgs) w / n 1 working day upon receipt of cleared payment. tracking no. will be posted as soon as its available. travel time usually takes 3 to 4 weeks worldwide. dhl and ups available upon request. note: we charge additonal $ 12. 00 for hawaii buyer to get commodity clearance .\ncopyright © 1995 - 2018 ebay inc. all rights reserved. accessibility, user agreement, privacy, cookies and adchoice\nbieler r. (1993). architectonicidae of the indo - pacific (mollusca, gastropoda) .\nnon solarium depressum grateloup, 1832, nec s. depressum alth, 1850, nec s. depressum piette in terquem & piette, 1865 [ details ]\nshell very particular with in sight internal spiral. the specie has a unique feature: it is screwing (see photo) in the hollow of another shell, the thatcheria mirabilis, although the two gastropods have never met, living in different seas .\n© copyright 2015 by l' arca di noè - sede legale via renzo rossi, 22 - 00157 roma - italia - p. iva 06999231001 - r. e. a. n. 1008516. e' vietata la riproduzione anche parziale. le informazioni riportate sono soggette a modifiche senza preavviso .\n( pdf) die gattungen der architectonicidae (gastropoda: “heterogastropoda”). allgemeines und teil 1 :\nfor full functionality of researchgate it is necessary to enable javascript. here are the instructions how to enable javascript in your web browser .\ndie gattungen der architectonicidae (gastropoda: “heterogastropoda”). allgemeines und teil 1 :\nan introduction to the family architectonicidae (= solariidae auct .) is given. part i of the revision of genera (recent and fossil) in the family includes those names which have been used for, or in connection with, the genus pseudomalaxis. a revised system for the recent species of this genus is proposed and type figures are given .\n... the alimentary tract of merrill 1970; climo 1975; bieler 1984 bieler, 1985). the buccal system of gegania valkyrie is quite different and much more primitive than that of opimilda and the above mentioned architectonicids... .\n... these dissimilarities clearly show that the acrembolic proboscis of these groups and in the architectonicoidea is of separate origin (even heteroglossa might be an artificial in contrast, there are several similarities between the buccal systems of the architectonicoidea and the pyramidellidae. the positions of nerve ring and buccal ganglia are identical (fretter & graham 1949; maas 1965 bieler 1985) represents an aberrant offshoot, and in the pyramidellids the buccal system is additionally modified due to the their specialized mode of feeding (sucking parasites). group)... .\nrecognition of the paieocene gastropod\nsolariella\nalabamensis (aldrich, 1886) as a member of lower heterobranchs (mathildidae), with description of toulminella n. gen\nnon - native and potentially invasive marine species are often difficult to recognize and to monitor, especially those that are small and cryptic. special focus of the current project is on non - nati…\n[ more ]\nlike other groups with long - range (teleplanic) larvae, species - level diversity of architectonicids need to be assessed in ocean - basin - wide, if not global studies. with individual morphospecies appa…\n[ more ]\nusing morpho - anatomical, ultrastructural, molecular, and behavioral data, the project looks at the diversity of the marine worm - snails at the species and higher clade levels .\npart 2 of the revision of genera (recent and fossil) in the architectonicidae includes those names which have been used for larger forms with smooth shell surface and / or with a single prominent marginal keel. genera and subgenera are re - defined and illustrated by figures of type species .\ndie gattungen der architectonicidae (gastropoda: allogastropoda). teil 3: pseudotorinia, nipteraxis, ...\npart 3 of the revision of genera (recent and fossil) in the architectonicidae includes those names which have been used for small to medium - sized forms with a sculptured shell surface. genera and subgenera are re - defined and illustrated by figures of type species .\ndie gattungen der architectonicidae (gastropoda: allogastropoda). teil 4: heliacus (pyrgoheliacus) n ...\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\n, select family and click on' identification by pictures' to display all available pictures in sealifebase for the family .\n, select country and click on' identification by pictures' to display all available pictures in sealifebase for the country .\n, select ecosystem and click on' identification by pictures' to display all available pictures in sealifebase for the ecosystem .\ncfm script by, 30. 11. 04, , php script by, 05 / 11 / 2010, last modified by kbanasihan, 06 / 28 / 2010\npoint radius (mm) 0. 1 0. 2 0. 3 0. 4 0. 5 0. 6 0. 7 0. 8 0. 9 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10\ndid you see something? photograph something? contribute your sighting to the ala .\nthe ala is made possible by contributions from its partners, is supported by ncris and hosted by csiro." ]

{ "text": [ "architectonica maxima , common name giant sundial , is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family architectonicidae , which are known as the staircase shells or sundials . " ], "topic": [ 2 ] }

[ "architectonica maxima, common name giant sundial, is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family architectonicidae, which are known as the staircase shells or sundials." ]

[ "abisara is a genus of butterflies in the family riodinidae, found in africa and southeast asia .\nabisara caeca is a butterfly in the family riodinidae. it is found in cameroon, gabon, the republic of the congo, angola, the democratic republic of the congo, uganda and tanzania. [ 2 ] the habitat consists of swamp forests .\nabisara - species dictionary - global: ispot nature - your place to share nature. ispot is a website aimed at helping anyone identify anything in nature. once you' ve registered, you can add an observation to the website and suggest an identification yourself or see if anyone else can identify it for you .\n© 2016, butterfly conservation society, ghana - african butterfly research institute - icom ltd .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nrepresent the african taxa and the oriental taxa. within the oriental taxa, species groups are indicated as per callaghan (2009) .\nackery pr, smith cr, and vane - wright ri eds. 1995. carcasson' s african butterflies. canberra: csiro .\ncallaghan, cj. 2009. the riodinid butterflies of vietnam (lepidoptera). journal of the lepidopterists' society 63, 61 - 82 .\ncorbet as, pendlebury hm, and eliot jn. 1992. the butterflies of the malay peninsula. malayan nature society, kuala lumpur .\nvane - wright ri, and de jong r. 2003. the butterflies of sulawesi: annotated checklist for a critical island fauna. zoologische verhandelingen 343: 1 - 267 .\nthis media file is licensed under the creative commons attribution - sharealike license - version 2. 0 .\nthis media file is licensed under the creative commons attribution - sharealike license - version 2. 5 .\ncorrespondence regarding this page should be directed to andrew v. z. brower at\n. note that images and other media featured on this page are each governed by their own license, and they may or may not be available for reuse. click on an image or a media link to access the media data window, which provides the relevant licensing information. for the general terms and conditions of tol material reuse and redistribution, please see the\neach tol branch page provides a synopsis of the characteristics of a group of organisms representing a branch of the tree of life. the major distinction between a branch and a leaf of the tree of life is that each branch can be further subdivided into descendent branches, that is, subgroups representing distinct genetic lineages .\nfor a more detailed explanation of the different tol page types, have a look at the structure of the tree of life page .\ntree of life design and icons copyright © 1995 - 2004 tree of life project. all rights reserved .\nthe source code for the wiki 2 extension is being checked by specialists of the mozilla foundation, google, and apple. you could also do it yourself at any point in time .\nwould you like wikipedia to always look as professional and up - to - date? we have created a browser extension .\nit will enhance any encyclopedic page you visit with the magic of the wiki 2 technology .\ni use wiki 2 every day and almost forgot how the original wikipedia looks like .\nof perfecting techniques; in live mode. quite the same wikipedia. just better .\nbasis of this page is in wikipedia. text is available under the cc by - sa 3. 0 unported license. non - text media are available under their specified licenses. wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation, inc. wiki 2 is an independent company and has no affiliation with wikimedia foundation." ]

{ "text": [ "abisara talantus , the blue judy , is a butterfly in the riodinidae family .", "it is found in nigeria ( south and the cross river loop ) and cameroon .", "the habitat consists of primary , dense forests . " ], "topic": [ 2, 20, 24 ] }

[ "abisara talantus, the blue judy, is a butterfly in the riodinidae family. it is found in nigeria (south and the cross river loop) and cameroon. the habitat consists of primary, dense forests." ]

[ "common grass yellow butterfly (eurema hecabe) – complete detail. description of common grass yellow butterfly – eurema hecabe. classification of common grass yellow butterfly (eurema hecabe) .\na japanese sulfur butterfly - eurema hecabe hecabe - sucks a white flower nectar in august .\nsexual isolation between two sympatric types of the butterfly eurema hecabe (l. )\nsexual isolation between two sympatric types of the butterfly eurema hecabe (l. )\ncommon grass yellow butterfly, hand drawn graphic butterfly illustration. eurema hecabe, lepidoptera .\nlife cycle of common grass yellow - eurema hecabe | dr. saji k | flickr\ndry - season form. common grass yellow (eurema hecabe) in kawal ws, ap w img 1784 - lepidoptera - common grass yellow eurema hecabe in kawal wildlife… | pinteres…\nlarge group of grass yellow or eurema hecabe butterfly and several species feeding on the ground .\nsexual isolation between two sympatric types of the butterfly eurema hecabe (l .) | springerlink\ntwo mating pairs of the common grass yellow (eurema hecabe contubernalis) on a mulberry leaf .\nfamily - wise offspring sex ratio data for female eurema hecabe sampled in north queensland (2008 and 2009) .\na natural population of the butterfly eurema hecabe with wolbachia - induced female - biased sex ratio not by feminization .\nimage of common grass yellow butterfly (eurema hecabe contubernalis moore, 1886) on nature background. insect animal .\na natural population of the butterfly eurema hecabe with wolbachia - induced female - biased sex ratio not by feminization. - pubmed - ncbi\neurema hecabe is a beautiful yellow butterfly. they have a wingspan of 35 to 45 mm. common grass yellow butterflies are small in size .\ncommon grass yellow butterfly (eurema hecabe) mud puddling, ie, sucking up fluid from moist area. image shot at sikkim, india .\n, thomson fe, edwards w, iturbe - ormaetxe i (2016) data from: incomplete offspring sex bias in australian populations of the butterfly eurema hecabe .\na bunch of common grass yellow butterflies (eurema hecabe) mud puddling, ie, sucking up fluid from moist area. image shot at sikkim, india .\nbutterfly on a sunny day. finding out the nutrients eaten by a waterfall in the woods or on the water, the common grass yellow, eurema hecabe contubernalis\n442 hecabe stock photos, vectors, and illustrations are available royalty - free .\ncommon grass yellow (eurema hecabe) beautiful butterflies in the garden, butterflies are insects in the macrolepidopteran clade rhopalocera from the order lepidoptera, which also includes moths .\nthere are several very similar species in the genus eurema, in particular the large grass yellow (eurema hecabe), the scalloped grass yellow (eurema alitha), and the no - brand grass yellow (eurema brigitta). the small grass yellow can be distinguished from these through the lack of a black terminal band on the upperside of the hind wing and a small but conspicuous indent in the black terminal band on the upperside of the fore wing .\neurema hecabe is found across the entire african continent, throughout most of asia south of the himalayas, on most of the islands of the south pacific, and across much of australia .\nthe ranges of several such as hecabe overlap into in 2 or more of the zoogeographical regions .\nphenotypic attributes of male e. hecabe sampled as either in - copula pairs or free - flying individuals\nkemp dj, thomson fe, edwards w, iturbe - ormaetxe i (2017) incomplete offspring sex bias in australian populations of the butterfly eurema hecabe. heredity 118 (3): 284 - 292. urltoken\nhi shiju, do you have a picture taken of the grass yellow to confirm that it is the common grass yellow (eurema hecabe)? if so, please share it here. that the butterfly observed laid so many eggs on the same leaf suggests that it is more likely to be the three - spot grass yellow (eurema blanda) .\nthe common grass yellow is often referred to as the most abundant butterfly in malaysia and singapore. the species can be found throughout singapore, even in the heart of the city. when in flight, it is almost indistinguishable from the other 4 eurema species found in singapore. perhaps the status of eurema hecabe is overestimated, as, in several catch - and - release surveys in the nature reserves, i have discovered that the more common species is the three - spot grass yellow (eurema blanda snelleni) .\n{ author1, author2... }, (n. d .). eurema hecabe (linnaeus, 1758). [ online ] india biodiversity portal, species page: { name of species field } available at: urltoken [ accessed date jul 10, 2018 ] .\neurema is my favourite genus of butterflies. we don' t get any here in europe, but i saw eurema floricola in mauritius last year and i have just returned from st lucia where i saw three different species. they are such bright cheerful butterflies! thanks for posting these lovely pictures .\ni am glad that you like the pictures of this eurema species. :) here in singapore, it is so ubiquitous that they are often overlooked by most .\nthe foodplants of hecabe vary according to the region and habitat. they include caesalpinia and cassia, (caesalpiniaceae), pithecellobium (mimosaceae) and wagatea (fabaceae) .\nthere are several similar species in the genus eurema, in particular the small grass yellow (eurema smilax) and the scalloped grass yellow (eurema alitha). the large grass yellow can be distinguished from the small grass yellow through the presence of a black terminal band on the upperside of the hind wing and a large, sharp indent in the black terminal band on the upperside of the fore wing. the scalloped grass yellow has the black terminal band on the upperside of the hind wing much broader compared to the large grass yellow, but otherwise looks very similar .\nthe eggs of eurema species are always spindle - shaped, and pale yellow or straw coloured when first laid, changing to a darker shade before hatching. they are laid singly on the upperside of leaves of the foodplants .\nphotographs of the dorsal and ventral wing surfaces of male (top) and female (bottom) e. hecabe. the “dorsal uv” image indicates reflectance in the limited uv range of approximately 350–400 nm. although some populations of this species may be polymorphic for wing fringe color (e. g. , kobayashi et al. 2001), all work in this study was performed using monomorphic australian stock .\non: papilio hecabe linnaeus, 1758 od: syst. nat. (ed. 10) 1: 470. tl :\nasia\n[ s. china, hong kong ]. distribution: nepal to myanmar, thailand, laos, vietnam, hainan, china, japan, formosa, langkawi, w. malaysia, tioman, aur, singapore, borneo, sumatra, java, palawan, luzon, etc .\n( a) mean reflectance spectra obtained from normal (untreated) male e. hecabe forewings (white line) and forewings treated with the rutin solution (black line). the shaded regions indicate 95% confidence intervals around each mean of 10 wings. left and right forewings from the same 10 individuals were haphazardly assigned between groups, and spectrometry was performed as per the methods outlined in the text. mean percent reflectance in the uv region (i. e. , r 300–400) was reduced by approximately 25% in the treatment group (control = 59. 0 ± 4. 6% ; treatment = 35. 3 ± 5. 3% ; t 18 = 7. 63, p < 0. 0001). (b) mean (black line) and range (shaded area) of reflectance spectra obtained from the forewings of all n = 349 field - sampled males. descriptive statistics summarizing reflectance data for in - copula versus free - flying males are given in table 1 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ngaden s. robinson, phillip r. ackery, ian j. kitching, george w. beccaloni and luis m. hernández\nrecords of caterpillar hostplants are scattered through published and manuscript sources worldwide and are difficult to retrieve. many rearing records are never published and so are not accessible to other entomologists. but collected hostplant records form a valuable scientific resource that can be used eventually to answer broader biological questions about how lepidoptera and plants interact (eg, letourneau, hagen & robinson, 2001). it provides information of immediate relevance to agriculture, ecology, forestry, conservation and taxonomy .\nhosts brings together an enormous body of information on what the world' s butterfly and moth (lepidoptera) caterpillars eat. the web - based version presented here offers a synoptic data set drawn from about 180, 000 records comprising taxonomically' cleaned' hostplant data for about 22, 000 lepidoptera species drawn from about 1600 published and manuscript sources. it is not (and cannot be) exhaustive, but it is probably the best and most comprehensive compilation of hostplant data available .\nwe hope that it will be useful to a wide range of biologists and that it will act as a spur to further recording and analysis of caterpillar - plant interactions .\nhosts can be searched in two ways, using text search and drill - down search modes .\nin text search mode, use either lepidoptera or hostplant criteria or a combination of the two. hosts operates only using scientific names. it is not possible to search for the hostplants of the red admiral butterfly but a search for hostplants using its scientific name, vanessa atalanta, will be successful. enter the generic name (vanessa) in the - lepidoptera criteria - genus box; enter atalanta in the species: box; click search .\nhint: leave the' starts with' command as the default and in the species entry box omit the last few letters of the species - name (eg, atalant). this will get around the problem of variable gender - endings. hosts uses original orthography of species - group names as far as possible, but some checklists follow the convention of altering the species - group name to accord with the presumed gender of the generic name (eg flava, flavus) .\nrestrict or refine searches using additional criteria; choosing' usa' from the drop - down location box and entering [ starts with ]' urt' in the hostplant family box will return hostplant records of vanessa atalanta from urticaceae in the usa .\nhint: restricting location may deliver a very incomplete subset of records: in the previous example all records specified as from the nearctic region (usa + canada) would be missed .\ndrill - down search mode allows the user to home in from the starting - point of either the lepidoptera or the plant family. choose a family group from the drop - down box and allow time for all genera of that family in the database to load to the genus drop - down box; choose a genus and wait for the species to load. the search button can be pressed at any time, but the record delivery limit may be exceeded at higher taxonomic levels. drill - down search allows the user to see by scrolling all the taxa that are represented in the database. following the previous example, choose nymphalidae, then choose vanessa from the genus drop - down box and then atalanta from the ten possible species of vanessa included in hosts .\nthe preliminary search results pages give family, genus and species of the caterpillar and its hostplant. note that many hostplants are recorded as a plant genus only. clicking the caterpillar name will give the full record. the full record listing gives, additionally, the author of the lepidoptera species, subspecific information on the insect and the plant, if available, together with details of larval damage. laboratory rearings where the food utilised may not be the natural hostplant are indicated. the status of the record (whether considered true, erroneous or suspect) is not currently implemented in this version of hosts .\nleguminosae (c) - caesalpinioideae. leguminosae (m) - mimosoideae. leguminosae (p) - papilionoideae .\nall lepidoptera groups are covered and subspecific taxa are differentiated. the original source of the record, original form of the names used (prior to taxonomic' cleaning' and standardisation of nomenclature) and validation and verification fields are not included. this information is, however, retained in the databases used to generate this site. while we have included species that do not feed on green plants, the known food substrates of these are not listed exhaustively. such species comprise detritophages and predators and include, for example, most tineidae and the stored - products pests. the published compilations from hosts (see more detail - publications from hosts) include record status and the sources of all records .\ndetailed published compilations from hosts are available in press. these books give greater detail than the website, together with comprehensive cross - indexes, record status and full bibliographies. they are indispensable tools for naturalists and professional entomologists .\nrobinson, g. s. , ackery, p. r. , kitching, i. j. , beccaloni, g. w. & hernández, l. m. 2001. hostplants of the moth and butterfly caterpillars of the oriental region. 744 pp .\nrobinson, g. s. , ackery, p. r. , kitching, i. j. , beccaloni, g. w. & hernández, l. m. 2002. hostplants of the moth and butterfly caterpillars of america north of mexico. 824 pp. [ memoirs of the american entomological institute, volume 69. ]\nbeccaloni, g. w. , viloria, a. l. , hall, s. k. & robinson, g. s. 2008. catalogue of the hostplants of the neotropical butterflies / catálogo de las plantas huésped de las mariposas neotropicales. m3m - monografías tercer milenio, volume 8. zaragoza, spain: sociedad entomológica aragonesa (sea) / red iberoamericana de biogeografía y entomología sistemática (ribes) / ciencia y tecnología para el desarrollo (cyted) / natural history museum, london, u. k. (nhm) / instituto venezolano de investigaciones científicas, venezuela (ivic). 1 - 536 pp. , 1 fig, 3 tabs .\ngaden robinson was responsible for the overall project design and management of the hosts database, and for records of lepidoptera exclusive of butterflies and bombycoid moths. phillip ackery and george beccaloni were responsible for butterfly data, including data drawn from card catalogues developed by ackery, whilst ian kitching was responsible for hostplant data of bombycoid moths. luis m. hernández was responsible for abstracting in the latter two years of the project and for development of the bibliography for the hardcopy versions of the data .\nwe are extremely grateful to the many people who contributed their own rearing records of lepidoptera or personal accumulations of data for inclusion in the hosts database, particularly mike bigger (uk), john w. brown (usa), chris conlan (usa), rob ferber (usa), konrad fiedler (germany), jeremy holloway (uk), frank hsu (usa), jurie intachat (malaysia), alec mcclay (canada), bill palmer (australia), pierre plauzoles (usa) and the generous individuals who contributed rearing records through the worldwideweb and who are known to us only as an email address .\nwe are particularly grateful to julian donahue and the los angeles county museum of natural history for allowing us to include data on microlepidoptera from the card catalogue prepared by the late j. a. comstock and c. henne, and for access to manuscript records by noel mcfarland .\nmarian fricano (santa clara university) and aileen giovanello (clark university, international internship 1996) made substantial contributions of abstracted data; fran love (north carolina) painstakingly checked scanned texts and reformatted them for import to paradox .\nwe are indebted to all our helpers for their diligence, accuracy and patience, and for their unswerving faith that this daunting project would reach a conclusion .\nour colleagues here and overseas provided substantial help, advice and assistance with the checking of names of lepidoptera and with many other aspects of this project: kim and david goodger and jeremy holloway (macrolepidoptera families), martin honey (noctuoidea), brian pitkin (computing), malcolm scoble and linda pitkin (geometroidea), klaus sattler (gelechioidea), michael shaffer (pyraloidea, thyridoidea, pterophoroidea), alma solis (usda, washington - pyraloidea), fernley symons (oxford university - technical support) and kevin tuck (tortricoidea). julie harvey and the staff of the bmnh entomology and general libraries provided sterling support in locating obscure source material and intuitively correcting bowdlerized references .\nwe thank the trustees of the loke wan tho memorial foundation for their generous support for this project .\nrobinson, g. s. , p. r. ackery, i. j. kitching, g. w. beccaloni & l. m. hernández, 2010. hosts - a database of the world' s lepidopteran hostplants. natural history museum, london. urltoken. (accessed: 18 aug. 2010) .\nbrummitt, r. k. 1992. vascular plant families and genera. [ vi ] + 804 pp. , royal botanic gardens, kew .\nkartesz, j. t. 1994. a synonymized checklist of the vascular flora of the unites states, canada and greenland. timber press, portland. 1, checklist, lxi + 622 pp; 2, thesaurus, vii + 816 pp .\nkitching, i. j. & cadiou, j. - m. 2000. hawkmoths of the world: an annotated and illustrated revsionary checklist. xx + 500 pp. , cornell university press, ithaca .\nkitching, i. j. & rawlins, j. e. 1999. the noctuoidea. pp. 355 - 401. in: kristensen, n. p. (ed .) lepidoptera, moths and butterflies. 1. evolution, systematics and biogeography. handbook of zoology, 4 (35). lepidoptera. x + 491 pp. de gruyter, berlin .\nletourneau, d. k. , hagen, j. a. & robinson, g. s. 2001. bt crops: evaluating benefits under cultivation and risks from escaped transgenes in the wild. pp. 33 - 98. in: letourneau, d. k. & burrows, b. e. (eds), genetically engineered organisms: assessing environmental and human health effects. [ viii ] + 438 pp. , crc press, boca raton .\nmabberley, d. j. 1987. the plant book. a portable dictionary of the higher plants. xii + 707 pp. , cambridge university press. [ the 1993 reprint edition is currently used in editing. ]\nnielsen, e. s. , edwards, e. d. & rangsi, t. v. (eds) 1996. checklist of the lepidoptera of australia. monographs on australian lepidoptera. 4. xiv + 529 pp. , csiro, melbourne .\nnye, i. w. b. (ed .) 1975 - 91. the generic names of moths of the world. 1: 568 pp. (noctuoidea (part) - nye, i. w. b. , 1975); 2: xiv + 228 pp. (noctuoidea (part) - watson, a. , fletcher, d. s. & nye, i. w. b. , 1980); 3: xx + 243 pp. (geometroidea - fletcher, d. s. , 1979); 4: xiv + 192 pp. (bombycoidea to zygaenoidea - fletcher, d. s. & nye, i. w. b. , 1982); 5: xv + 185 pp. (pyraloidea - fletcher, d. s. & nye, 1984); 6: xxix + 368 pp. (microlepidoptera - nye, i. w. b. & fletcher, d. s. , 1991). british museum (natural history) / the natural history museum, london .\nrawlins, j. e. 1984. mycophagy in lepidoptera. pp. 382 - 483. in: wheeler, q. & blackwell, m. (eds) fungus - insect relationships. perspectives in ecology and evolution. 514 pp. , columbia university press .\nrobinson, g. s. 1999. hosts - a database of the hostplants of the world' s lepidoptera. nota lepidopterologica, 22: 35 - 47 .\nrobinson, g. s. , ackery, p. r. , kitching, i. j. , beccaloni, g. w. & hernández, l. m. 2001. hostplants of the moth and butterfly caterpillars of the oriental region. 744 pp. southdene sdn bhd, kuala lumpur .\nrobinson, g. s. , ackery, p. r. , kitching, i. j. , beccaloni, g. w. & hernández, l. m. 2002. hostplants of the moth and butterfly caterpillars of america north of mexico. memoirs of the american entomological institute, 69: 1 - 824 .\nscoble, m. j. (ed .) 1999. a taxonomic catalogue to the geometridae of the world (insecta: lepidoptera). 2 vols. csiro publications, melbourne .\nroyal botanic garden edinburgh dipterocarpaceae database: http: / / 193. 62. 154. 38 / diptero /\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site. view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\nlondon: taylor and francis; calcutta and simla, thacker, spink, & co. ; [ etc. , etc. ]\nevidence reported by james - hixon for item butterflies02bingiala on november 18, 2006: no visible notice of copyright; stated date is 1907 .\nthere are no reviews yet. be the first one to write a review .\nlinnaeus, 1758 – common grass yellow. kunte, k. , s. sondhi, and p. roy (chief editors) .\nif mentioning specific images please give media code (s). for misidentifications please list reasons to assist in diagnosis .\ncopyright © 2018, all rights reserved. national centre for biological sciences (ncbs) holds copyright for all the original material and compilations on this website, although contributing writers and photographers may hold copyright for their material as cited. material from this website can be used freely for educational, basic research and conservation purposes, provided that this website is acknowledged and properly cited as the source. contact us to obtain prior permission for any other use, including for large data downloads and collaborative research .\nthe grass yellows are all fairly small butterflies, readily recognised by their bright yellow wings and their habit of gathering in small groups on patches of damp sand or soil. despite their name, none of their caterpillars feed on grasses - the name is derived from the fact that most species are found in disturbed grassy habitats .\ngrass yellows are among the most familiar of tropical butterflies, with a total of 70 known species worldwide, of which 36 are found in the neotropical region, 13 in north america (including mexico), 10 in africa, 25 in the oriental region and 10 in australia / papua new guinea. many of the species are migratory in behaviour, with the ranges of several such as\nthis species is found in secondary or disturbed habitats including forest clearings, along roadsides and riverbanks, and in parks and gardens at elevations between sea level and about 1500 metres .\nthe caterpillar when first hatched is green, cylindrical, and covered in tiny tubercules from each of which arises a single long stiff hair. in later instars the hairs (setae) become progressively shorter. the fully grown larva is dull green with a thin dark dorsal stripe, and a broader cream lateral stripe below the spiracles. each segment of the body is ribbed vertically, and covered in small tubercules, giving it a rough textured appearance .\nthe pale green chrysalis is slim, sharply pointed at head and tail, and with prominent wing cases .\nmales congregate to imbibe mineralised moisture from damp sandbanks, often in scores. females are more discreet in behaviour, normally being seen singly when nectaring. they will visit many different flowers including lantana and various asteraceae. both sexes roost overnight and during overcast weather under the leaves of bushes or low herbage .\nall photographs, artwork, text & website design are the property of adrian hoskins (unless otherwise stated) and are protected by copyright. photographs or text on this website must not be reproduced in part or in whole or published elsewhere without prior written consent of adrian hoskins / urltoken\n70 known species worldwide, of which 36 are found in the neotropical region, 13 in north america, 10 in africa, 25 in the oriental region and 10 in australia / papua new guinea. many are migratory in behaviour\nthis species is highly migratory in behaviour and consequently can be encountered in almost any habitat. it breeds mainly in open or disturbed habitats including forest clearings, along roadsides and riverbanks, and in parks and gardens. it can be found from sea level and about 1\nthe caterpillars when first hatched are green, cylindrical, and covered in tiny tubercules from each of which arises a single long stiff hair. in later instars\nhairs become progressively shorter. the fully grown larva is dull green with a thin dark dorsal stripe. there is a broader cream lateral stripe below the spiracles. each segment of the body is ribbed vertically, and covered in small tubercules, giving it a rough textured appearance .\nfemales are more discreet in behaviour, normally being seen singly when nectaring. they will visit many different flowers including lantana and various asteraceae .\nare green with a white band along each side edged with yellow, and are covered in short hairs. the caterpillars grow to a length of about 3 cms. their foodplants include ;\nthe pupae are held by cremaster and girdle to a stem of the food plant, and is green, and has a length of about 2 cms. it has a pointed head, and a\nthe upper surface of each wing of the adult butterfly is yellow with a black band around the edge, which has a characteristic double indentation on each forewing. the black edge to each hindwing is quite narrow, especially in the males .\nthe undersides are yellow with variable brown markings. the brown markings vary with season, being fainter in the wet season. the wingspan is about 4 cms .\n, signifying 32 redescriptions of the same species or subspecies in the scientific literature .\nthe eggs are laid singly on the upper side of a foodplant leaf, and are off - white, spindle - shaped, and finely ribbed. the eggs have a height of about 1. 3 mm .\ncsiro publishing, melbourne 2000, vol. 1, pp. 307 - 308 .\nvolume 1, edition 10 (1760), class 5, part 3, p. 470 ,\nthe butterfly, with its bright lemon yellow wings with black bordering on the upperside and dark brown markings on the underside, is often very variable, particularly in the underside markings. the female is larger and a paler yellow, with broader black but diffused markings on the uppersides of both wings .\nin the specimen photographed, the dark brown marking at the apex of the forewing is rather distinct. however, there are specimens where this marking is very small or even not present .\nrefer to the butteflycircle' s blog article - the life history of the common grass yellow .\nthis checklist is updated regularly and validated in consultation with dr laurence g kirton (forest research institute of malaysia), and previously, the late col john n eliot, (of the butterflies of the malay peninsula, edition 4). contributions to the sightings and latest additions to the singapore checklist are with special thanks to the hardworking members of butterflycircle .\nsingapore is home to 324 species of butterflies, that are feeding on 188 species of hostplants .\nthe latest update in 2008 is consistent with the recent re - classification developments and updates to c & p4; in the malaysian nature journal 59 (1), pp 1 - 49, and dna mapping of the family nymphalidae by wahlberg et al, whereby the subfamilies nymphalinae, heliconiinae, limenitidinae, cyrestinae and apaturinae are now applicable to the singapore checklist. the family riodinidae, which was earlier placed as a subfamily of lycaenidae, has also been reinstated to the family level .\ncopyright © 2004 - 2018, butterflycircle. com. all rights reserved. no part of this website and its contents may be reproduced without prior permission from the webmaster .\nrajkamal goswami, ashoka trust for research in ecology and the environment, bangalore .\ndescribes average size, max, range; type of size (perimeter, length, volume, weight ...) .\nunderwing yellow to bright yellow. forewing with broadly black excavated border in the apex and termen. hindwing with narrow irregular border. the borders broader in female. underside both wings yellow. forewing with 2 cell black spots and the border not or less excavated in dry season form. irregular ring spots outside the cell in both wings .\ndescribes the general appearance of the taxon; e. g body plan, shape and color of external features, typical postures. may be referred to as or include habit, defined as the characteristic mode of growth or occurrence associated to its environment, particularly for plants. comprising its size, shape, texture and orientation. example: tree, shrubs, herbs. may also be referred to include anatomy .\ngeneral description of the sites where the species is found (ecosystem, forest, environment or microhabitat). includes realm (e. g terrestrial etc) and climatic information (e. g boreal); also includes requirements and tolerances; horizontal and vertical (altitudinal) distribution. also includes information referring to territorial extension of the individual or group in terms of its activities (feeding, mating, etc .), associated mostly to vertebrates .\ndescribes the likelihood of the species becoming extinct in the present day or in the near future. population size is treated under population biology, and trends in population sizes are treated under trends. however, this is the preferred element if an object includes all of these things and details about conservation listings .\nevans, w. h. (1927) the identification of indian butterflies, bombay natural history society, mumbai, india .\nkunte, k. and u. kodandaramaiah. 2011. history of species pages on butterflies of india website. in k. kunte, s. kalesh and u. kodandaramaiah (eds .). butterflies of india, v. 1. 05. indian foundation for butterflies. url: urltoken accessed on 23. 8. 2012 .\nbingham, c. t. 1907. fauna of british india. butterflies. vol. 1 .\nunderstanding wild biodiversity of agroecosystems and other human dominated landscapes are crucial ...\nwe present a systematic, updated checklist of larval host plants of the butterflies of the western ...\nthe present study was made to assess the butterfly diversity of peringome vayakkara panchayath loca ...\non the reproductive ecology of premna latifolia l. and premna tomentosa willd. (lamiaceae )\npremna latifolia and premna tomentosa shed their foliage during winter but produce foliage at diffe ...\nbutterfly of assam university campus in silchar: can academic institutions contribute to conservati ...\ndiversity of butterflies (order: lepidoptera) in assam university campus and its vic ...\nthe brahmaputra valley of assam plains supports several protected areas for the conservation of ...\nin a recent survey at the taleigao plateau in goa, a total of 98 species of butterflies belonging t ...\na study was conducted to understand the diversity and abundance of butterflies of kole wetlands. fi ...\nthe butterfly diversity of baghmundi, purulia district (22. 600–23. 500n & 85. 750–86. 650e), west beng ...\nnortheast butterfly meet is organized by butterflies of north - eastern india is a group. it is an ...\nsatara district of maharashtra state is a part of northern western ghats and deccan plateau biogeog ...\nin a preliminary study on the butterflies of dakshina kannada district, located in the southwestern ...\npollination ecology and fruiting behavior of pavetta indica l. (rubiaceae), a keystone shrub species i ...\npavetta indica is a massive bloomer for a brief period in may. the flowers are hermaphroditic, stri ...\nchinsurah is a small town on the western bank of the hugli river, a distributary of the river gange ...\nthe butterfly diversity of four sacred groves in goa, viz. , nirankarachi rai, alvatinichi rai, mhar ...\nanaikatty hills of the western ghats in tamil nadu witness the annual spectacle of mass movement o ...\nseasonal diversity of butterflies and their larval food plants in the surroundings of upper neora vall ...\nseasonal butterfly diversity in the adjacent areas of the upper neora valley national park, a part ...\nbutterflies of sundarban biosphere reserve, west bengal, eastern india: a preliminary survey of their ...\nthe indian sundarbans, part of the globally famous deltaic eco - region, is little - studied for butter ...\nthe present study was conducted to understand the species richness of butterflies in the kerala agr ...\nthe butterfly community of an urban wetland system - a case study of oussudu bird sanctuary, puducherr ...\nin a study on the butterfly community of the oussudu (ousteri) bird sanctuary and its environs at p ...\nbutterfly species diversity, relative abundance and status in tropical forest research institute, jaba ...\na survey was conducted to record the butterfly diversity, status and occurrence of butterfly specie ...\nvidarbha region of maharashtra state, india, is gifted with diverse butterfly habitats. a comprehen ...\nseasonal population trends of butterflies inhabiting the campus of department of atomic energy (dae ...\nbutterfly diversity in relation to nectar food plants from bhor tahsil, pune district, maharashtra, in ...\nfloral attributes are well known to influence nectar feeding butterflies. however, there is paucity ...\nlight attracted butterflies: a review from the indian sub - region with an inventory from west bengal, i ...\nbutterflies are generally considered diurnal and crepuscular. several reports regarding occasional ...\ndetrimental effects of low atmospheric humidity and forest fire on a community of western himalayan bu ...\ncompared to previous years, the period from october 2008 to march 2009 showed marked reductions in ...\nbutterfly diversity in tropical moist deciduous sal forests of ankua reserve forest, koina range, sara ...\nbutterflies were sampled during february and september 2008 using pollard walk method to assess the ...\nspecies composition and seasonal variation of butterflies in dalma wildlife sanctuary, jharkhand, indi ...\ndalma wildlife sanctuary is located 10km from jamshedpur in jharkhand, india. the species compositi ...\nobservation on a collection of tawny coster acraea terpsicore (pieridae: lepidoptera) in the web of th ...\nseveral wildlife sanctuaries in the world are home to the surviving populations of many endemics ...\nan assessment of entomofauna for management and conservation of biodiversity in the gangotri landscape ...\n| | best supported on google chrome, firefox 3. 0 +, internet explorer 8. 0 +, safari 4. 0 +, opera 10 +. powered by the open source biodiversity informatics platform. technology partner strand life sciences\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\ncommon grass yellow is one of the most common butterflies in singapore. this is likely due to its many host plants being common in the wild or widely cultivated in parks and other public areas. the adults can be seen fluttering tirelessly in parks, wastelands and even urbanised areas. they regularly visit flowers for nectar and puddle on wet grounds for minerals .\nthe early stages of common grass yellow are polyphagous with most of its host plants belonging to the fabaceae family. the caterpillars feed on the young and tender leaves of the host plants .\nthe eggs of the common grass yellow are laid singly on a leaf / leaflet of the host plant. the spindle shaped egg is laid standing at one end with a length of about 1. 2 - 1. 3mm. it is whitish in color and has quite a few shallow vertical ridges and indistinct horizontal striations. the micropylar sits at the tip of the standing egg .\nan egg laid on a young leaf of the peacock flower growing in a hill park .\nthe egg takes about 2. 5 - 3 days to hatch. the newly hatched has a length of about 1. 8mm and has a pale whitish head capsule. it has a cylindrical and pale whitish green body covered with dorso - lateral and lateral rows of tubercles running lengthwise. each tubercle has a setae emerging from the middle of it. a miniscule droplet of fluid can be found at the tip of each setae. the droplet - bearing setae is a feature seen in all five instars of the larval phase .\nthe dorsal view of a newly hatched caterpillar of the common grass yellow, length: 1. 9mm .\nafter hatching, the young caterpillar eats the empty egg shell for its first meal, and then moves on to eat the leaf lamina for subsequent meals. the body colour turns yellowish green as growth progresses. the growth in this first instar is moderately paced and the body length reaches about 3. 5mm in about 2 - 3 days before the moult to the 2nd instar .\ntop: a late 1st instar caterpillar, dormant before its moult. bottom: a newly moulted 2nd instar caterpillar, length: 3. 5mm .\nthe 2nd instar caterpillar is yellowish green in body colour. the head capsule is similarly coloured and has the same tiny setae - bearing tubercles as those on the body surface. compared to those in the previous instar, these setae carpeting the body and head capsule are proportionately shorter and greater in number. a pale white to yellowish band runs laterally along each side of the body. this instar is fast paced and lasts about 1 - 1. 5 days with the body length reaching 6 - 6. 5mm .\nthe body and the head capsule of the 3rd instar caterpillar are yellowish green. its numerous setae are again proportionately shorter compared to the previous instar. the lateral white / yellowish bands, first appeared in the 2nd instar, has become broader and more distinct. this instar takes about 1 - 2. 5 days to complete with body length reaching about 9mm .\ntwo views of 3rd instar caterpillar, dormant prior to its moult, length: 8mm .\nthe appearance of the 4th instar caterpillar is little changed from the 3rd instar. the colour of both the body and the head capsule takes on a stronger green tone. this instar lasts about 1. 5 days with body length reaching about 14 - 15mm .\ntwo views of a 4th instar caterpillar feeding on a leaflet, lengths: 10mm (top), 9mm (bottom) .\ntwo views of a 4th instar caterpillar, dormant prior to its moult, length: 13mm .\nthe 5th and final instar caterpillar resembles the 4th instar caterpillar closely. the 5th instar lasts for 3 - 3. 5 days, and the body length reaches up to 27mm .\ntwo views of a 5th instar caterpillar, newly moulted, length: 16mm .\non the last day of the 5th instar, the body of the caterpillar shortens and changes to either a dull shade or bright shade of green. it ceases feeding and comes to a halt on the underside of a stem / stalk on the host plant. here the caterpillar spins a silk pad and a silk girdle. with its posterior end secured to the silk pad via claspers, and the body suspended at the mid - section with the girdle, the caterpillar soon becomes immobile in this pre - pupatory pose .\nan animated sequence showing how the caterpillar takes up the pre - pupatory pose .\npupation takes place about 0. 5 day later. the yellowish green pupa secures itself with the same silk girdle as in the pre - pupal stage, but with the cremaster replacing claspers in attaching the posterior end to the silk pad, the pupa has a pointed head and a keeled wing pad, and its body is mostly unmarked except for a faint pale brownish and narrow dorsal band. length of pupae: 18 - 20mm. .\ntwo views of a mature pupa of the common grass yellow. the now transparent wing pad shows the yellow forewing upperside with its black border\nafter about 4 days of development, the pupal skin turns translucent as the development within the pupal case comes to an end. the yellow coloration and back borders on the forewing upperside are now discernible. the following day, the adult butterfly emerges from the pupal case .\nthe butterflies of the malay peninsula, a. s. corbet and h. m. pendlebury, 4th edition, malayan nature society .\na field guide to the butterflies of singapore, khew s. k. , ink on paper communications, 2010 .\noddly, i' ve been researching a butterfly in my garden. your article was very helpful. great pictures too! this was the article i had been looking for! thank you: )\ni am from kerala, india, i have been watching this variety of butterflies for last few nonths. i could see two butterflies of this species come together and inspected the most tender leaves of a plant. the butter flies sit side by side on the leaf and started laying eggs. they laid about 50 eggs on a single leaf. i usually found that this variety of butterflies laying single eggs in different leaves. what is your findings in this case. your article was so helpful to know in detail about all the aspects of the life cycle of grass yellow .\nthe contents of all material available on this blog are copyrighted by butterflycircle and its members unless otherwise stated. all rights are reserved by butterflycircle, and the contents may not be reproduced, downloaded, disseminated, published, or transferred in any form or by any means, except with the prior written permission of butterflycircle and the photographer .\ncopyright infringement is a violation of law and is subject to criminal and civil penalties .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 0 transitional / / en\n♂, 1985. 08. 15. doi suthep, chiang mai, thailand .\n♀, 1984. 03. 11. ban na plachat, mae hong son, thailand .\n♂, 1993. 11. 27. muang chone, ranong, thailand .\n♂, 1992. 01. 19. doi phu kha, nan, thailand .\n♂, 1991. 09. 24. doi phu kha, nan, thailand .\n♀, 1991. 07. - -. doi phu kha, nan, thailand .\nlinnaeus, c. , 1758: systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis .\nholmiae, laurentii salvii. (edition 10). 1 (animalia): [ iv ] + 824pp .\ndescription de nouvelles especes de lepidopteres appartenant aux collections entomologiques du musee de paris .\nmenetries, e. , 1855 - 1857: enumeratio corporum animallum musei imperialis academiae scientiarum petropolitanae .\npart i + ii. lepidoptera diurna. petropoli (1): 16 + 101pp, 1cpl; (2): 96pp, 8 pls .\nfelder, c. & r. felder, 1862: observationes de lepidopteris nonullis chinae centralis et japoniae .\nwallace, a. r. , 1867: on the pieridae of the indian and australian regions .\nde l' orza, p. , 1869: les lepidopteres japonais a la grande exposition internationale de 1867. catalogue raisonne des especes qui y ont figure avec la description des especes nouvelles. paris: 49pp (8vo )\nmoore, f. , 1878: list of lepidopterous insects collected by the late r. swinhoe in the island of hainan .\nbutler, a. g. , 1880: on a second collection of lepidoptera made in formosa by h. e. hobson, esq .\nmoore, f. , 1882: list of the lepidoptera coleected by the rev. j. h. hocking chiefly in the kangra district. , n. w. himalaya ;\nlist of the lepidoptera of mergui and its archipelago, collected for the trustees of the indian museum, calcutta, by dr. john anderson .\nstrand, e. , 1922: h. sauter' s formosa - ausbeute .\nthey have a wingspan of 35 to 45 mm. common grass yellow butterflies are small in size. the female is larger and a paler yellow, with broader black but diffused markings on the upper sides of both wings. in the larvae stage the color of body is dull green with a white line edged with yellow, and the color of head is green. the larvae of this species feed on a variety of plants and grasses, depending on the region, although they often include plants from euphorbiaceae, the family of spurges, and fabaceae, the family of legumes, peas and beans………… .\nthey like to fly quickly, close to the ground, are found in open grassy or bushy terrain, hence their name. they regularly visit flowers for nectar and puddle on wet grounds for minerals .\nthey have bright yellow wings, with blackish brown bordering on the upper side and the underside of the wings are paler yellow with brown speckles. they have a narrow black band on the hind wing .\nthey have different coloration in their wings depending on the season. males have a brand lying along the cubital vein on the forewing underside .\nthe female is larger and a paler yellow, with broader black but diffused markings on the upper sides of both wings .\nthere are typically two cell spots on the forewing – a characteristic that is mainly used to identify the lookalike species in the genus .\nin the larvae stage the color of body is dull green with a white line edged with yellow, and the color of head is green .\nthe larvae of this species feed on a variety of plants and grasses, depending on the region, although they often include plants from euphorbiaceae, the family of spurges, and fabaceae, the family of legumes, peas and beans .\nin the pupa stage the length of body is between 16 to 22 mm. the pupa has a pointed head and a keeled wing pad, and its body is mostly unmarked except for a faint pale brownish and narrow dorsal band. ordinarily the pupa is solitary and green, but sometimes on a twig in large numbers .\nthey found throughout most of asia, africa, madagascar, saudi arabia, india, sri lanka, south pacific islands, australia, and the solomons to fiji and tonga .\nthey prefer open forest areas, wastelands and grasslands. they also found along roadsides and riverbanks, and in parks and gardens at elevations between sea level and about 1000 metres .\nthey are found flying close to the ground in open grass and scrub. their habit of gathering in small groups on patches of damp sand or soil .\nmale butterflies are often seen in large groups, and the females usually fly about by themselves to find nectar from a wide variety of plants .\nmales congregate to imbibe mineralized moisture from damp sandbanks, often in scores. females are more discreet in behavior, normally being seen singly when nectaring .\nthe eggs of the common grass yellow are laid singly on a leaf / leaflet of the host plant and whitish in color and has quite a few shallow vertical ridges and indistinct horizontal striations. eggs are always spindle - shaped, and changing to a darker shade before hatching .\nthe caterpillars when first hatched are green, cylindrical, and covered in tiny tubercules from each of which arises a single long stiff hair. in later instars these hairs become progressively shorter. the caterpillars feed on the young and tender leaves of the host plants .\nafter hatching, the young caterpillar eats the empty egg shell for its first meal, and then moves on to eat the leaf lamina for subsequent meals. the body color turns yellowish green as growth progresses .\nsave my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time i comment .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis butterfly, with its bright lemon yellow wings with black bordering on the upperside and dark brown markings on the underside, is often very variable, particularly in the underside markings. female is larger and paler yellow, with broader black but diffused markings on the uppersides of both wings. the dark brown marking at the apex of the forewing is rather distinct. however, there are specimens where this marking is very small or even not present .\nthe common grass yellow feeds on a variety of leguminosae. females are known to oviposit large number of eggs in her lifetime. it is able to vary its host plants which may have resulted in its ability to adapt easily. host plant: senna sp. , caesalpinia pulcherrima, paraserianthes falcataria, breynia disticha, pithecellobium dulce, cratoxylum formosum & c. cochichinensis .\nkhew, s. k. 2010. a field guide to the butterflies of singapore. singapore: ink on paper communications pte ltd. 342pp" ]

{ "text": [ "eurema hecabe , the large grass yellow or common grass yellow , is a small pierid butterfly species found in asia or africa .", "they are found flying close to the ground and are found in open grass and scrub habitats .", "it is simply known as \" the grass yellow \" in parts of its range ; the general term otherwise refers to the entire genus eurema . " ], "topic": [ 0, 28, 25 ] }

[ "eurema hecabe, the large grass yellow or common grass yellow, is a small pierid butterfly species found in asia or africa. they are found flying close to the ground and are found in open grass and scrub habitats. it is simply known as \" the grass yellow \" in parts of its range; the general term otherwise refers to the entire genus eurema." ]

[ "lyric fantasy was sired by oratorio out of the dam the three graces lyric fantasy was foaled on 19 of september in 2007 .\nlyric fantasy has a 0% win percentage and 0% place percentage. lyric fantasy' s last race event was at otaki .\nlarsson: lyric fantasy, for orchestra, op. 54 - 1998 remastered version\nlyric fantasy is a 9 year old bay filly. lyric fantasy is trained by ms r frost, at otaki (nz) and owned by d r freeman & miss r a frost partnership .\nthe lyric opera of chicago' s fantasy of the opera gala: the lyric opera' s february event in chicago had a\nmidnight ...\nbrown skin iii: my favorite fantasy - featuring ed mabrey lyric ishani - ty fo ...\nfinal fantasy potion: relaxin' with final fantasy (nobuo uematsu) · fantasy (münchener freiheit) · fantasy (carole king) · double fantasy (john lennon) · shoot out at the fantasy factory (traffic) · return to fantasy (uriah heep) · flights of fantasy (the ventures) · don' t go to strangers [ fantasy ] (etta jones) · american fantasy (on stage) (ferrante & teicher) · oceans of fantasy (boney m .) – and 90 other albums »\nlyric fantasy' s exposed form for its last starts is 0 - 6 - 0 - 0 - 0 .\n眾藝人 (various) - larsson: lyric fantasy, for orchestra, op. 54 - 1998 remastered version - kkbox\nsamling academy opera returns this summer to present a new production of ravel’s lyric fantasy, the child and the spells .\nlyric fantasy’s last race event was at 09 / 03 / 2012 and it has not been nominated for any upcoming race .\nlyric fantasy career form is wins, seconds, thirds from 8 starts with a lifetime career prize money of $ 0 .\nwhere: lyric stage company, 140 clarendon st. , copley square, boston\nwintersun - sons of winter and stars 1. 5 (official lyric video )\nwintersun - darkness and frost & time 1. 5 (official lyric video )\na music video of the song is included in the\nbeyond final fantasy\nfeature included with the international and pal versions of final fantasy x .\nlyric fantasy was not displayed, nor given its title, until 1940. john devoted his early career to these decorative murals, which he based on drawings and colour sketches .\ngrieg: 6 lyric pieces, book 3, op. 43: i. butterfly (allegro grazioso )\ngrieg: 6 lyric pieces, book 3, op. 43: v. erotikon (lento molto )\n“autumn, the fool, ” the lyric, fall 2002. october roses (cd), 2006 .\none - winged angel\nappears on this final fantasy 25th anniversary arrangement album .\ngrieg: 6 lyric pieces, book 3, op. 43: iii. at home (poco andante )\ngrieg: 6 lyric pieces, book 3, op. 43: iv. little bird (allegro leggiero )\ngrieg: 6 lyric pieces, book 3, op. 43: vi. to spring (allegro appassionato )\ngrieg: 6 lyric pieces, book 5, op. 54: i. sherherd’s boy (andante espressivo )\nuse structural features to distinguish among types of poetry such as ballad, narrative, lyric, elegy, etc .\nmr brooks and the canadian horse, diamonds galore, gave chase but the power lyric fantasy somehow summons from that pony club body was propelling her away from the early mobbing. roberts said he had calculated that it would be daft to' compete with older, more experienced horses' through the first couple of furlongs, and that lyric fantasy' has always come good half - way through her races' .\nfantasy (bad boy remix) by mariah carey (ft. ol' dirty bastard )\nsunleth waterscape\nand\narchylte steppe\nreappear as field music sequences for final fantasy xiii. the former also appears on the best of theatrhythm final fantasy curtain call album .\nfantasy kaleidoscope ~ the spring snow incident ~ (august 12, 2011. comiket 80 )\ngrieg: 6 lyric pieces, book 5, op. 54: iv. notturno (andante - più mosso )\nonly four members of the lyric fantasy generation (all colts) have taken this five - furlong rush and the last of those victories was way back in 1956. if you had your memory cleansed of all form and were asked to find the winner of yesterday' s race from a paddock inspection alone, lyric fantasy would have been plum last on the list. nadia comaneci among wrestlers might be your first thought .\ngrieg: 6 lyric pieces, book 5, op. 54: ii. gangar, norwegian march (allegretto marcato )\nsuteki da ne\nappears on this album released to commemorate the final fantasy 20th anniversary .\none - winged angel\nis typically performed as an encore on the final fantasy concerts .\nin his account of how he acquired this work, hugo pitman says that it was untitled until 1940 when it was about to be loaned for the national gallery exhibition. ‘i asked him (john) to give it a title. he said he would think it over and let me know. two days later “lyric fantasy” came the answer. it must have been about 1952 when over at fryern john said that he wasn’t all that pleased with the title of “lyric fantasy” and wanted it in future to be known as “the blue lake”. ’ (from hugo pitman’s account the story of’lyric fantasy’ and ‘the blue lake’, tate file, p. 4. )\none - winged angel - orchestra version - from final fantasy vii\nis an orchestral arrangement from final fantasy vii: reunion tracks. it appears as one of the two default final fantasy vii battle themes. it is the second track of the dissidia final fantasy original soundtrack second disc. although the lyrics are the same as usual, the melody has bars from the advent children version .\nearly in the race that impression seemed about right. lyric fantasy broke like a hare among canines, but contrary to dog track norms was unable to establish the kind of authoritative lead she usually grabs against her own kind. that scampering action almost betrayed distress, yet by the mid - point of york' s straight and flat home stretch the approaching dot was beginning to swell in the crowd, and little lyric fantasy was starting to suck them in .\ng. henle publishers | classical music in urtext editions | ludwig van beethoven | fantasy op. 77\ngrieg: 6 lyric pieces, book 5, op. 54: iii. trolltog, march of the dwarfs (allegro moderato )\na\nprototype\nversion of the theme is included in the final fantasy xiii: original soundtrack plus .\nfantasy kaleidoscope 「the scarlet mist incident (part one) 」 (may 26, 2013. reitaisai 10 )\nfantasy kaleidoscope 「the scarlet mist incident (part two) 」 (december 30, 2013. comiket 85 )\nfantasy kaleidoscope ~ the flower incident ~ (part two) (october 18, 2015. autumn reitaisai )\nfantasy kaleidoscope 「the eternal night incident (part one) 」 (december 29, 2016. comiket 91 )\nfantasy kaleidoscope 「the eternal night incident (part two) 」 (august 11, 2017. comiket 92 )\nthis pv was also used as the opening for all episodes of fantasy kaleidoscope ~ the flower incident ~ .\nbut before we call it a season, it’s time to hand out awards to the players who have helped you achieve fantasy glory, as well as the players who helped you consider taking up fantasy finger jousting .\nyee yee! we' ve found 6, 926 lyrics, 18 artists, and 100 albums matching fantasy .\nfantasy kaleidoscope 「the eternal night incident (final part ①) 」 (december 29, 2017. comiket 93 )\nindeed royal applause was a rarity in that his dam produced more group 1 winners than his sire. flying melody had already foaled the speedy filly lyric fantasy, winner of the nunthorpe as a two - year - old in 1992, and came up with a third group 1 winner four years later when in command won the dewhurst. in command was a rarity by sadler’s wells in that he didn’t train on, while lyric fantasy (by sadler’s wells’ brother tate gallery) was also best as a two - year - old .\nan instrumental version of\nsunleth waterscape\nhas been released on the final fantasy xiii: original soundtrack plus album .\nin lightning returns: final fantasy xiii retro - spective trailer, the 16 - bit version of the theme appears .\nuematsu initially had difficulty composing the theme song for final fantasy x, even after having found the perfect singer. in the\nbeyond final fantasy\nfeature, uematsu explains the way he went about composing\nsuteki da ne\n.\nthe arranged track from dissidia final fantasy and the original playstation version can be bought from the shop for 3, 600 gil .\nthe question roberts will have asked himself over his steak last night is how long lyric fantasy can last. that she possesses precocious brilliance is beyond dispute, but as the successes accumulate and equine adulthood begins to set in, hannon is imagining challenges beyond the touch - paper discipline of sprinting .\n‘lyric fantasy’ is one of three decorative schemes commissioned by sir hugh lane for lindsay house, cheyne walk in 1909, the other two being ‘the mumpers’ (collections detroit institute of arts) and ‘forzeed amore’ (subsequently over - painted as ‘the flute of pan’, collection sir philip dunn) .\nnielsen: 2 fantasy pieces, for oboe and piano, op. 2, fs 8: ii. humoresque (allegretto scherzando )\nand then there was lyric fantasy - or the pocket rocket as she was popularly known - who won the queen mary stakes in 1992. she was the most amazing filly and the first two - year - old to run five furlongs in under a minute - a record which, i believe, still stands .\nmy father picked four horses from the sales catalogue on pedigree with a view to winning the newbury super sprint, which he had concocted. richard hannon was duly dispatched to doncaster sales to look at the quartet and returned with lyric fantasy, who was 14. 3 hands and cost just 13, 000 gns !\nnielsen: 2 fantasy pieces, for oboe and piano, op. 2, fs 8: i. romanze (andante con doulo )\nthe original version of\none - winged angel\nplays in the cinematic ending for all of the playable characters from final fantasy vii (cloud, sephiroth, tifa, vincent, yuffie and zack). the ending is a montage of fmv scenes from final fantasy vii .\n“nymphs finding the head of orpheus, ” jabberwocky 1, 2005. the year’s best fantasy and horror: nineteenth annual collection, 2006 .\n“ the changeling, ” journal of mythic arts, winter 2005. the year’s best fantasy and horror: eighteenth annual collection, 2005 .\ng. henle publishers | classical music in urtext editions | robert schumann | fantasy pieces op. 12 (with appendix: nachgelassenes stück )\nit has been a long season, but the finish line finally is in sight. some of you are making last - minute moves in an effort to get your hands on the coveted fantasy crown, while the rest of you have been concentrating on fantasy football since june .\nadvent: one - winged angel\nwas performed by the earthbound papas at the 2012 edition of vanafest, the final fantasy xi festival .\nl izzie: “closer” is a song. but it’s not this song. according to the chainsmokers, “paris” is a “condition for fantasy. ” according to me, a “condition for fantasy” is this song, because it makes me fantasize about being somewhere else. so the definition checks out .\nthe orchestral version of\none - winged angel\nfrom the final fantasy vii: reunion tracks was included on this album as the eight track .\nmotomu toriyama said that\ncaius' s theme\nfrom final fantasy xiii - 2 was meant to surpass even\none - winged angel\n.\n“ what her mother said, ” journal of mythic arts, fall 2004. the year’s best fantasy and horror: eighteenth annual collection, 2005 .\nso, before the final pitch is thrown, it’s time for roto files to hand out awards to the players who helped you achieve fantasy glory, as well as those who helped you consider starting up fantasy woolsack racing league. here’s a look at the best (and worst) of 2016 :\nfeaturing fromt. v. one' s verses & flows ed mabrey & the undisputed queen of exotic poetry ms. lyric ishani with special performaces from mr. poetic wine himseld. ty foard\nsir hugh’s death in 1915 relieved john from the task of having to finish ‘lyric fantasy’ although dr malcolm easton suggests that he continued to work upon it in 1915. it was left unfinished in his studio until hugo pitman rediscovered it in the spring of 1934 and borrowed it to hang at odstock on the understanding that john would finish it there. by 1936 when hugo pitman moved to 16 cheyne walk, he records that john had given up the idea of working on the picture, although there is another version of ‘lyric fantasy’ painted over a photograph of the original composition (23 x 45 in. , collection national gallery of wales) which is thought to have been done in 1945 .\na piano arrangement combining\nfinal fantasy xiii - the promise\nwith\nsunleth waterscape\nwas included. it is the second track of this album .\na piano arrangement of the theme by shiro hamaguchi and performed by seiji honda is included on the final fantasy vii iteration of piano collections as the eleventh track .\nthis song can be found on the sing up website - my fantasy football team - these flashcards helped as a song promt when singing it in assembly etc .\nby sunday night, another fantasy baseball season will have come to an end and a champion will be crowned. this is it, the final day of the season .\nsimilarly, the aidan o’brien - trained maybe enjoyed an unblemished juvenile career and she is named cartier two - year - old filly, getting the nod over lyric of light, fire lily, lightening pearl and elusive kate .\nlyric fantasy restructured the conventions of sprinting here yesterday when becoming the first two - year - old filly to win the nunthorpe stakes. michael roberts, her jockey, may have felt' a bit lost, a bit tiny' in the swirl of older toughs down at the start, but it was the youth and combustive energy of this tiny runner that prevailed over age, height and weight .\nlord carnarvon, owner of both lyric fantasy and niche, covets the prix de l' abbaye at longchamp on arc day. hannon believes a graduation to six - furlong races' shouldn' t be a problem' and does not object to questions about next year' s 1, 000 guineas, for which ladbrokes are quoting her at 14 - 1. stand by for a rush of anticipation .\nto ride lyric fantasy at 7st 8lb (1lb overweight) the country' s leading jockey has been surviving on virtually no food, and was cautious about gorging himself last night lest it made him sick. he also admits to have been feeling' miserable' with pain in his back from a fall on the gallops, and has felt the pull each time he has left the stalls in recent days .\nthe archylte steppe - original - from final fantasy xiii\nappears as the overworld music for lightning, and is the fifteenth track of the second disc of the original soundtrack .\n“buyer & cellar” is a one - man show that picks up on a single fact and uses it as a point on which to spin an elaborate, witty, improbable fantasy .\nboth\nyuna' s theme\nand\na fleeting dream\nplay in their original versions (including in the remaster) during scenes in final fantasy x: eternal calm .\nthe theme is featured in a robot chicken skit that parodies final fantasy vii. here, the only lyrics featured is the word\nhamburger\nplayed comically when sephiroth appears in the skit .\nas showcased during the uncovered: final fantasy xv event ,\nsunleth waterscape\nwill be one of the tracks from the series that can be played on the party' s car while driving .\ncontent is available under creative commons attribution - noncommercial - sharealike unless otherwise noted, granblue fantasy content and materials are trademarks and copyrights of cygames, inc. or its licensors. all rights reserved .\nlyric ishani is an active spoken word artist, musician, singer, photographer, and self published author of four books: sensual experiences, love and lamentations lyrical liasons, and eargasms. all of which are available on amazon. com. her poetry is a blend of sensuality, realness, and attitude. guaranteed to take you on an emotional ride that keeps your senses heightened. currently based in dallas, tx, lyric is pursuing her craft in the art of spoken word and music full time .\nthe song was included within the repertoire of the distant worlds ii: music from final fantasy series of concerts. the song was performed in english by susan calloway on the live recording of the album .\none - winged angel - orchestra version - from final fantasy vii\ncan be automatically selected for battles including tifa lockhart, sephiroth or cloud strife, or taking place at planet' s core .\nthe original\none - winged angel\nis a bms .\nadvent: one - winged angel\nappears as both the event music sequence for final fantasy vii: advent children and as a stand - alone dlc bms track, the latter having fewer notes than the original theatrhythm but still being one of the longest songs. it also appears on the best of theatrhythm final fantasy curtain call album .\n“octavia is lost in the hall of masks, ” mythic delirium 8, spring 2003. the 2004 rhysling anthology, 2004. nebula awards showcase 2006: the year’s best sf and fantasy, 2006 .\nchuckle, for example, at the memory of tenby, hailed as a champion and made odds - on favourite for the derby after winning the dante stakes in may. on his next five starts he finished nowhere, third, nowhere, nowhere and fourth. joining him in the' where are they now?' file are all those other leading two - year - olds of 1992: armiger, lyric fantasy, taos, fatherland, wharf ...\nal: gary sanchez — michael fulmer came out of nowhere to win 11 games for the tigers, but sanchez came out of nowhere to set records and carried fantasy teams’ offense over the last two months .\nfeature titles: michael won the south african 2, 000 guineas eight times, the south african derby six times, and was champion jockey of south africa 11 times. he was also england’s champion jockey in 1992, with 206 winners history making: in 1992, michael created history by being the first jockey to ride a 2 - year - old juvenile filly to win the group i nunthorpe sprint at york, the meeting’s major sprint event. the filly was lyric fantasy .\n[ … ] fantasy & reality in intellectual property policy | the public domain |. share this: twitterfacebooklike this: likebe the first to like this post. this entry was posted in uncategorized. [ … ]\nfantasy kaleidoscope ~ the memories of phantasm ~ (幻想万華鏡～the memories of phantasm～ gensou mangekyou ~ the memories of phantasm ~), or simply memories of phantasm is a fan - made animated video series produced by manpuku jinja .\nkanye west’s “gorgeous” from his 2010 critically acclaimed my beautiful dark twisted fantasy contrasts beautiful production with lyrics describing the ugly nature of racial injustice in america, ironically (and patronizingly) calling the nation “gorgeous” because of it .\nfor more from the fantasy sports network, watch fntsy on rcn cable in hd on ch. 583 and sd on ch. 367, on cablevision ch. 238 and as an app on xbox one and xbox 360 .\nit was impossible not to dwell on these issues of buying and selling. richard hannon, lyric fantasy' s trainer, won the first three races here yesterday with horses who cost a combined total of pounds 35, 000 (niche, in the lowther stakes, was the other big success). contrast that with the case of map of stars, a dollars 400, 000 yearling heavily backed for his debut in the convivial stakes but defeated by hannon' s 14, 000 - guinea colt, revelation .\nprofessor alex sayf cummings, author of a fascinating book called democracy of sound: music piracy and the remaking of american copyright in the 20th century (recommended as a thought - provoking read) has an interesting post up about attempts to shut down music lyric sites such as rapgenius. com .\ncafe sq: final fantasy x\nsuteki da ne\n/ smiler feat. miina (sayonara ponytail )\nis a track on this arrangement album with music arranged to sound like music that would play in a cafe .\none - winged angel\nis one of the most popular tracks of the final fantasy series. its name refers to safer∙sephiroth, who has six white wings where his legs should be and a grotesque black wing where his right arm should be. since its original appearance, the title is commonly used to refer to sephiroth himself, and serves as a motif for the character (sephiroth' s original character theme from final fantasy vii is\nthose chosen by the planet\n). with sephiroth' s popularity ,\none - winged angel\nhas received several arrangements and had several appearances outside final fantasy vii, never far from the presence of the villain it is associated with .\nthe promise\nand\nsunleth waterscape\nappear for the final fantasy xiii series mode as its opening and field music, respectively .\nsunleth waterscape\nis also one of two themes chosen for the downloadable 3ds eshop demo .\nwhich is what the whole thing is. scouring the lower sections of the bloodstock industry' s produce will not, of course, guarantee sucess by itself. you need eyes like hannon' s, and a vantage point nearer the tail than the mouth. asked to explain the source of lyric fantasy' s strength, hannon said:' you' ve just got to walk behind her to see that,' and indeed she does look like a composite of a derby winner' s posterior and feminine, chocolate box front .\nthe play, by jonathan tolins, is being performed at the lyric stage company of boston as a holiday show, with courtney o’connor skillfully directing it. phil tayler plays alex more with clever deftness and considerable energy and also takes on the voices of the other characters, including streisand and alex’s boyfriend barry .\nnl: jason heyward — every year, he is drafted as a top - 25 outfielder (67. 6 adp) and every year fantasy owners are severely disappointed. maybe 2017 finally will be the year people realize how overrated he is .\nnl: jake arrieta — you can make the case for a handful of pitchers in the nl, but i like arrieta — a seventh - round pick in fantasy drafts this year who carried plenty of teams to the top of the standings .\nnot inscribed. oil, pencil, brown monochrome underpainting on canvas, 92 x 185 (233. 8x470). bequeathed by mrs reine pitman 1972. coll: hugo pitmaen; mrs reine pitman. exh: british painting since whistler, national gallery, 1940 (183) as ‘decoration: lyric fantasy’; r. a. diploma gallery 1954 (37); r. a. , 1962 (124) as ‘the blue lake’. lit: john rothenstein, augustus john, 1944, pp. 15–16, repr. pls. 83 and 35; augustus john, chiaroscuro, 1952, p. 139 .\nk aitlyn: oh, lizzie, how nice for you to be able to maintain your fantasy life while at work! most of the footage in the music video for “paris” looks like it was shot in orlando or the adirondacks. is that where you hope to go ?\nthe show is a gay man’s fantasy about getting close to barbra. “i was not that big a barbra queen, ” said alex, although he admits enjoying tutorials given by his boyfriend barry. “i appreciated this stuff as part of my gay birthright, my heritage. ”\nmain theme\n-\nmt. gulg\n-\nmain theme\n-\neternal wind\n-\nmain theme of final fantasy iv\n-\nwithin the giant\n-\nfour hearts\n-\nmambo de chocobo\n-\nterra' s theme\n-\nsearching for friends\n-\nmain theme of final fantasy vii\n-\njudgment day\n-\nblue fields\n-\nover the hill\n-\nmi' ihen highroad\n-\nronfaure\n-\ngiza plains\n-\nsunleth waterscape\nthe lyric opera' s february event in chicago had a\nmidnight in paris\ntheme. in the lobby of the downtown opera house, event creative designer jeffrey foster erected giant replicas of parisian street signs. an illuminated windmill nodded to the iconic signage of the moulin rouge; downstairs, cocktail tables were covered in giant tutus in a cheeky reference to the dancers .\none - winged angel\nbroke new ground in the final fantasy series by being the first song in a final fantasy game with vocals. the developers experimented with the song and took the recording of it and reduced it in a way it would fit the game; composer nobuo uematsu has mentioned that\none - winged angel\nis a good example of an experimental song, or a result that they didn' t expect from the beginning. having composed many battle themes for the series before, uematsu wanted to create something new and unique for\none - winged angel\n. [ 1 ]\nan orchestrated arrangement of\none - winged angel\nby shiro hamaguchi was included in the final fantasy vii best - of music album. some versions of the album contain a hidden pregap track accessed by rewinding from the start of the album. this track is an instrumental version of\none - winged angel\n.\nmillay actually lost the prize, probably by conducting what epstein calls an\nepistolary striptease\nwith one of the contest' s judges, ferdinand earle, who began by assuming the author of\nrenascence\n(\ne. vincent millay\n) to be a young man and then nearly lost his wife over his correspondence with a pretty girl up in maine. millay was learning to work both her talent and her ticket. losing the prize brought her more fame than winning it would have, because established poets complained that her poem was obviously superior to all the others in the volume. proceeding from a fantasy of suffocation (\nawful weight! infinity\n) ,\nrenascence\nturns into a lyric cry of rebirth :\nthe lyrics for\nserah' s theme\nand\nthe sunleth waterscape\nwere revised for the english localization of final fantasy xiii (even though the original recordings were already in english) because of the opinion of the english - language staff that the lyrics needed to sound more natural to native speakers. [ 1 ]\nthe promise\nwas also included in the medley of ending themes created for\ndissidia 012 [ duodecim ] - ending - from dissidia 012 [ duodecim ] final fantasy\n, the twentieth track of the soundtrack' s second disc. it is the last theme to play before the themes representing the two dissidia titles .\nal: mark teixeira — there were 45 first - base eligible players taken before teixeira in fantasy drafts this year. there weren’t many who predicted, or even cared if, tex would play in half as many games he did (111), let alone be as productive as he was before suffering a season - ending injury .\nthirty years have passed since nancy milford published her best - selling biography of zelda fitzgerald, a subject with obvious links to a poet she now says\ngave the jazz age its lyric voice .\nboth millay and fitzgerald made an endless stream of daredevil, look - at - me gestures; both had a childish need for adoration. but the latter, a woman of little talent and monotonous instability, was more than anything a bore. (so, finally, was zelda .) millay, with her genuinely complex talent, is a much richer subject—if one resists the impulse to overrate her. she may have given the jazz age its lyric voice, but she also had the big - top touch of carl sandburg and some other literary hustlers of the time. (epstein did his warm - up for a millay book with a 1993 biography of aimee semple mcpherson. )\nshelley was an important influence, as was american advertising. millay began mailing her picture to all the editors and poets who wrote to her after publication of the lyric year. a somewhat later image of her, caught by the photographer arnold genthe, in which she looks like a beautiful insect amid a tracery of magnolia branches, would perform the sort of retail seduction that has been achieved by photos of authors from rupert brooke to the young joan didion .\nduring the voices: music from final fantasy concert, the encore piece was\none - winged angel\nperformed by both the black mages and the orchestra. afterward uematsu has stated :\nat that moment, i knew that was the complete\none - winged angel\n. so i still think\none - winged angel\nis a rock piece .\n[ 3 ]\nnl: jung - ho kang — kris bryant had the better season, but he was on all kinds of radars — we even knew the date the cubs were going to call him up. but kang came out of nowhere, began the season on the bench, then exploded. real life, bryant wins. fantasy, kang was too good of an addition to teams .\n“with humor, ”slow and tender, “extremely brisk”: the very expression marks of the op. 12 “fantasy pieces” illuminate their musical universe, a kaleidoscope of ideas and moods. our revised new edition presents not only the eight original pieces, but also an appendix containing a ninth piece that schumann excised during the final stages of publication. several of the composer’s friends, including the work’s dedicatee robena ann laidlaw, played some of op. 12 in public before it appeared in print. later the work achieved rapid and widespread popularity. perhaps the greatest compliment came from franz liszt, who excitedly wrote to the composer, “your ‘fantasy pieces’ have captured my interest in an extraordinary way. i play them truly with delight, and lord knows there are not many things of which i can say the same. ”\nlee soo young sung the korean version of the song, titled\n얼마나 좋을까\n( eolmana joh - eulkka, lit .\nwouldn' t it be wonderful ?\n). it appears in the korean version of final fantasy x international. the spanish group charm made a spanish version of the song called\nno sería mejor ?\n(\nwouldn' t it be best ?\n) .\nthe exact date of beginning work on ‘lyric fantasy’ is not certain although clearly the idea behind it had been conceived as early as 1907 as john’s letter to j. fothergill of this year indicates: ‘i am about to paint a picture which will prove conclusively that the finest decoration can be produced without any direct reference to visual “nature”—that is it will be as it were a natural growth itself— coming unbidden and self sufficient like any flower and not at all concerned to imitate other flowers. i will dwell on the thoughts of noah’s ark as you bid me. i think the idea grand—the construction however is puzzling. i hope in the foregoing i have not suggested to your suspicious mind the blighted notion of a picture “beautiful and meaningless”. all imitative art is a bore! ’ (letter in tate archive dated 1907 by reference to fothergill’s translation of e. m. loewy’s the rendering of nature in early greek art which was published in this year) .\nthe original version of\none - winged angel\nwas selected as the battle music sequence for the final fantasy series play. the game' s director, ichiro hazama, has noted that\none - winged angel\nwas one of the two main songs the team was told to include when the development on the game was started. the other song was\nclash on the big bridge\n. [ 5 ]\ni know that with every concert that we have, when we have the orchestra perform' one - winged angel', for some reason or another that' s the one that has the biggest reaction, and everyone sort of expects that to be in a final fantasy concert. i still can' t figure out why. i know that i pushed everyone to his / her limits, but then it worked out in the end .\nbody positivity is just one of the issues exum sings about on the forthcoming miss eaves album feminasty, out aug. 4. she says the album title is a play on the word\nfeminazi ,\na derogatory term used to insult staunch feminists, combined with a beloved janet jackson lyric :\nmy first name ain' t' baby,' it' s janet — ms. jackson if you' re nasty .\nfeminasty includes songs that celebrate aging, that confront men who tell women to smile and that detail her\nevil scientist\nscheme to cobble together a perfect partner .\nthroughout her girlhood she published poems in the children' s magazine st. nicholas, and by the age of sixteen, milford claims convincingly, millay had a genuine\nsense of vocation\nas a poet. four years after that, in 1912, just when her life might have smothered itself in drudgery, her mother noticed the announcement of a lucrative poetry contest whose best entries would be published in a volume to be called the lyric year. the long poem millay entered ,\nrenascence ,\nwould become for a time almost as often recited in some american schoolrooms as\nthe highwayman\nand\nhiawatha .\nonce you get beyond the government’s fabricated statistics and the industry groups’ fanciful ones, the answer to that question is far from obvious. in fact, government action to shore up one business model may produce net welfare losses to society as a whole. the uspto recently asked for comments on the enforcement of intellectual property rights online. one hopes that the answers it received were more substantive, nuanced and data - rich than those that have dominated the discussion so far. fantasy figures make for nightmarish policy choices .\nal: jeff samardzija — the writing was on the wall, folks. he entered the season 36 - 48 with a 3. 85 era and 1. 27 whip in 222 appearances (99 starts), yet was drafted as the 16th best starting pitcher. he has allowed a league - high 220 hits and 116 runs en route to a 5. 04 era, earned just 10 wins and registered his lowest strikeouts per nine since 2010. and fantasy owners thought spelling his name was the biggest concern ?\nthe promise\ncan be heard in some cutscenes, and the original\nserah' s theme\nfrom final fantasy xiii makes several appearances as well due to the now protagonist nature of the character, for example when in new bodhum, serah tells noel kreiss about how snow left her and started his search for lightning, and in the fate and freedom paradox ending .\nthe promise\nwas also used in the debut trailer for the game .\nfabula nova crystallis\nplays during the secret ending of requiem of the goddess downloadable content scenario .\nminiboss battle\n-\nfinal battle\n-\ndon' t be afraid\n-\nmaybe i' m a lion\n-\nswords of fury\n-\nfestival of the hunt\n-\nthe land breathes\n-\nfallen angel\n-\ntorn from the heavens\n-\nunder the weight\n-\nbattle 1\n-\nbattle 2\n-\nanswers\n-\nultima' s transformation\n-\nlet me blow you a kiss\n-\nyrp, fight! no. 1\n-\nresting place\n-\nmonster ronde\n-\nunited, heaven - sent\n-\nthis is the end for you !\n-\nthose who fight (piano version )\n-\ndivinity ii\n-\nj - e - n - o - v - a (ac version )\n-\nencounter\n-\nthe soldier way\n-\nthe price of freedom\n-\ndungeon hero x' s theme\n-\nraffaello battle\n-\nguardian of the dark ii\n-\nthe troops' advance\n-\nthe decisive battle - arrangement - from final fantasy vi\n-\ndissidia - ending -\n-\ndissidia final fantasy [ final trailer ]\n-\ncantata mortis\n-\ndissidia 012 [ duodecim ] final fantasy [ final trailer ]\n-\nwar: warrior worth a thousand\n-\nwar: the white weapon\n-\nvermilion fire\n-\nthe last hunter\n-\nheart of chaos\n-\ncrimson blitz\n-\nchaos\n-\nlightning returns\n-\nthe chaos shrine - tffcc bms arrangement - from ff\nthe promise\n' s motif is also included in several other tracks, including\nforever fugitives\n;\nglory' s fanfare\n; the background theme for the ending cutscene of the game ,\ndetermination\n.\nfinal fantasy xiii - miracles -\nincludes the motif of\nthe promise\nat its conclusion, and is the seventeenth track of the soundtrack' s fourth disc. the\nending credits\nare an extended orchestral performance of\nthe promise\n, and is the twenty - second track of the soundtrack' s fourth disc .\nfor the movie' s extended cut, advent children complete, the song was again redone and titled\nadvent: one - winged angel - acc long version\n, and features new orchestration. since the scene during which the song plays had been lengthened, a new passage was added toward the end. it repeats the song as heard from 1: 29–2: 15, without the latin chorus and metal band accompaniment. this new arrangement of\none - winged angel\nwas released as the twelfth track of the final fantasy vii: advent children complete reunion tracks album .\none - winged angel\nwas rearranged for the movie, to play during the final battle between cloud strife and sephiroth. this arrangement is titled\nadvent: one - winged angel\n, and was meant to be the main focus of the film' s soundtrack. notable from any past iteration of the piece, this new version features an orchestral performance accompanied by the black mages, arranged by shiro hamaguchi and kenichiro fukui, and new lyrics by director tetsuya nomura. this theme was released as the ninth track from the second disc of the final fantasy vii: advent children original soundtrack .\nmain theme\n-\nopening theme\n-\nmatoya' s cave\n-\nmt. gulg\n-\nsunken shrine\n-\nmain theme\n-\ndungeon\n-\ntower of the magi\n-\nfinale\n-\ncrystal cave\n-\neternal wind\n-\naria, the maiden of water\n-\nthe crystal tower\n-\nthe red wings\n-\ntheme of love\n-\nmain theme of final fantasy iv\n-\nwithin the giant\n-\nfour hearts\n-\nhome, sweet home\n-\nmambo de chocobo\n-\na new world\n-\nin search of light\n-\nterra' s theme\n-\nceles' s theme\n-\nsearching for friends\n-\nmain theme of final fantasy vii\n-\ncosmo canyon\n-\njudgment day\n-\nblue fields\n-\nwaltz for the moon\n-\nfisherman' s horizon\n-\nride on\n-\nthe castle\n-\nending theme\n-\nover the hill\n-\ndark city treno\n-\nnot alone\n-\nbehind the door\n-\nmelodies of life ~ final fantasy\n-\na place to call home\n-\nzanarkand\n-\nmovement in green\n-\nmi' ihen highroad\n-\nsuteki da ne (isn' t it wonderful? )\n-\na fleeting dream\n-\nvana' diel march\n-\nronfaure\n-\ngustaberg\n-\nsarutabaruta\n-\nthe sanctuary of zi' tah\n-\nstreets of rabanastre\n-\nthe dalmasca estersand\n-\ngiza plains\n-\nthe archadian empire\n-\nthe sunleth waterscape\n-\nmarch of the dreadnoughts\n-\nthe archylte steppe\n-\nsound of the wind\nwe are posting excerpts from our new coursebook intellectual property: law and the information society which will be published in two weeks is out now! it will be is of course freely downloadable, and sold in paper for about $ 135 less than other casebooks. (and yes, it will include discussions of whether one should ever use the term “intellectual property. ”) the book is full of practice examples. . this is one from chapter one, on the theories behind intellectual property: “what if you came up with the idea of fantasy football? ” no legal knowledge necessary. why don’t you test your argumentative abilities… ?\nthe fantasy played a relatively small role in the piano music of viennese classicism. beethoven’s sole contribution is perfectly suited to its genre designation in that the work, written in 1809, provides “a faithful portrayal of the way he used to improvise” (to use the words of beethoven’s student carl czerny). meandering through keys and tempos, the piece presents a variety of different musical ideas that only relatively late in the piece flow into a self - contained allegretto in b major and reveal its real goal to be a set of variations. this section could hardly be more distant from the gloomy g minor opening. the challenging work is now available as a separate henle urtext publication .\nfinal fantasy vii symphony in three movements\nis a symphony arranged and orchestrated by jonne valtonen for the final symphony concert series. the first movement of the symphony, titled\nnibelheim incident\n, is based on sephiroth. the 3 - note motif of sephiroth is used throughout the first movement as an element of structural integrity. in the final phase\nthe one - winged angel\nemerges before gradually distorting as all of the earlier themes are gradually built on top of each other. this distortion is a reflection of sephiroth' s internal chaos as he becomes aware of his past. in the end of the movement things slow down. as sephiroth is reborn, the familiar pulse is heard\nin almost spiritual context\n. [ 6 ]\ntesfaye had long wanted to be a musician, and he started pursuing it in earnest. he formed a hip - hop duo called bulleez n nerdz, rapping under the name kin kane. (abel = kin to cain .) later, he joined a local production team called the noise and wrote songs he imagined being performed by justin timberlake, drake and chris brown. he also started partying a lot. “i never needed detox or anything, ” he says. “but i was addicted in the sense of ‘fuck, i don’t want to spend this day without getting high.' ” for a while he was homeless and couch - surfing; he didn’t talk to his mom for a year. “like, ’08 to 2010 — those are my hazy years, ” tesfaye says. “i have this lyric that goes, ‘i’m not scared of the fall / i’ve felt the ground before. ’ and in this industry, i’m not really scared of failing, because i already know what it means to be on the ground. ”\nnobuo uematsu apparently got his inspiration for\none - winged angel\nthrough alfred hitchcock' s psycho theme. uematsu himself states it so in the final fantasy vii: advent children special feature ,\nthe distance: making of featurette\non disc two of the two - disc special edition. uematsu has also said he had wanted to fuse\nmusical styles of russian composer igor stravinsky and rock musician jimi hendrix\nwith the song. [ 2 ] specifically ,\none - winged angel\nappears to be based on stravinsky' s\nthe rite of spring\nin terms of form and orchestration, using the\naugur chord\n, one of the most famous motifs stravinsky came up with. uematsu has also said he wanted to create something that would sound like' 60s or' 70s rock music performed by a full orchestra, and for the piece to have the same destructive impact as rock music. [ 1 ]\nfive outings, five victories. the july cup winner beaten. a course record for two - year - olds. history made. it is some scroll for a filly bought for 3, 300gns as a foal before being resold for just 12, 500gns as a yearling. no doubt the second vendor was pleased with their profit. how do they feel now ?\n' i can' t believe she' s just a two - year - old,' roberts said, and in that he is not alone. if you had to query the merit of this achievement it would be by pointing out that this year' s leading sprinters belong far below the vintage shelf, though to pursue the argument beyond a couple of sentences would make you some kind of cynic .\nfor roberts the completion of this high - speed mission has brought more than just historical stature and another lump of prize - money. although his weight when he arrived in this country was 7st 10lbs he has allowed it to rise to above 8st,' a more comfortable' figure which has increased his reserves of stamina .\nluca cumani' s filly cunning gained an easy six - length victory in the listed galtres stakes yesterday and now appears to have a fine opportunity of winning the valuable krug trophy at next month' s festival of british racing. cunning has been given 7st 12lb in the ascot race, which cumani won four years ago with casey .\nfollow the independent sport on instagram here, for all of the best images, videos and stories from around the sporting world .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nroyal ascot will obviously be very different this year but the northern enthusiasm for racing, combined with york having the most knowledgeable crowd in the country, should make for a fantastic five days and a very special atmosphere .\ni first visited royal ascot when i was 17 during my last year at eton and my early memories include my father (lord carnarvon) winning the gold cup in 1983 with little wolf. he was ridden by willie carson and i remember all the family cheering him home to a glorious victory .\nit has to be said, i am not slumming it this week. i will be staying with the duke of devonshire at bolton abbey, while the royal ascot racing club has a facility with a champagne bar near the pre - parade ring at york racecourse." ]

{ "text": [ "lyric fantasy was an irish-bred , british-trained champion thoroughbred racehorse .", "she was named european champion two-year-old filly at the 1992 cartier racing awards , and was the highest rated filly in the international classification .", "in her championship season lyric fantasy won five of her six races including the group three queen mary stakes and the newbury sales super sprint .", "her most notable win however , was in the nunthorpe stakes in which she became one of only three juveniles to win a group one race in open-age competition .", "her speed and diminutive stature led to her being nicknamed \" the pocket rocket \" . " ], "topic": [ 22, 25, 14, 14, 16 ] }

[ "lyric fantasy was an irish-bred, british-trained champion thoroughbred racehorse. she was named european champion two-year-old filly at the 1992 cartier racing awards, and was the highest rated filly in the international classification. in her championship season lyric fantasy won five of her six races including the group three queen mary stakes and the newbury sales super sprint. her most notable win however, was in the nunthorpe stakes in which she became one of only three juveniles to win a group one race in open-age competition. her speed and diminutive stature led to her being nicknamed \" the pocket rocket \"." ]

[ "this is the place for itatiaia definition. you find here itatiaia meaning, synonyms of itatiaia and images for itatiaia copyright 2017 © urltoken\nhere you will find one or more explanations in english for the word itatiaia. also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word itatiaia and, of course, itatiaia synonyms and on the right images related to the word itatiaia .\nfigures 265 - 268. female genitalia, lateral views (scale = 1 mm). figure 265. minacraga itatiaia, paratype (bmnh 86 - 1), corpus bursae missing. figure 266. minacraga aenea (zsbs 86 - 4), reconstructed from flattened specimen. figure 267. dalcerina tijucana (usnm 22495), with ventral view of sterigma (b). figure 268. minacraga disconitens (usnm 22584), with ventral view of steriqma (b) .\nbiostor is built by @ rdmpage, code on github. page images from the biodiversity heritage library .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmiller, s. e. 1994. systematics of the neotropical moth family dalceridae (lepidoptera). bulletin of the museum of comparative zoology 153 (4): 1 - 495 .\n. note that images and other media featured on this page are each governed by their own license, and they may or may not be available for reuse. click on an image or a media link to access the media data window, which provides the relevant licensing information. for the general terms and conditions of tol material reuse and redistribution, please see the\neach tol branch page provides a synopsis of the characteristics of a group of organisms representing a branch of the tree of life. the major distinction between a branch and a leaf of the tree of life is that each branch can be further subdivided into descendent branches, that is, subgroups representing distinct genetic lineages .\nfor a more detailed explanation of the different tol page types, have a look at the structure of the tree of life page .\ntree of life design and icons copyright © 1995 - 2004 tree of life project. all rights reserved .\npopular: trivia, history, america, cities, world, usa, states, television, ... more\nclick here to view book online to see this illustration in context in a browseable online version of this book .\nplease note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work .\npopular: trivia, history, america, cities, world, states, usa, television, ... more\njährlich werden tausende tierarten und pflanzenarten, pilze und bakterien neu benannt und man geht davon aus, dass noch millionen auf ihre entdeckung und ihre taxonomische einordnung warten. da es sich bei zoologie, botanik, mykologie und bakteriologie um wissenschaften handelt, geht man davon aus, dass die wissenschaftler ihren entdeckungen immer seriöse namen geben, die vorwiegend aus dem griechischen oder lateinischen stammen. dies ist auch überwiegend der fall. aber bei den vielen tausend benennungen bleibt immer noch genug spielraum, so dass sich einzelne junggebliebende wissenschafter bei der vergabe von kuriosen namen austoben können. da findet man namen von personen, göttern, aus der literatur, namen von orten und dingen, anzügliches, akronyme, interjektionen, lautmalerische bezeichnungen, wortspiele, eigennamen, anagramme, isogramme, palindrome, reime, tautonyme, oxymorons. und zu den gewählten namen gibt es manchmal auch äußerst interessante erklärungen zum grund der namenswahl. manchmal nimmt ein artname bezug auf eine eigenschaft des bezeichneten tieres oder der pflanze. es gibt aber auch fälle, da geht es dem namensgeber einzig und allein darum, aufzufallen, oder die aufmerksamkeit auf ein bestimmtes anliegen, wie etwa das artensterben, zu lenken .\nscientific names of organisms are not usually known for their entertainment value. they are indispensable for clarity in communication, but most people skip over them with barely a glance. here i collect those names that are worth a second look .\nsome names are interesting for what they are named after (for example ,\narthurdactylus conandoylensis\n,\ngodzillius\n), some are puns (\nla cucaracha\n,\nphthiria relativitae\n), and some show other kinds of wordplay (such as the palindromic\norizabus subaziro\n). some have achieved notability through accident of history, and many show the sense of humor of taxonomists .\nrules\ngives a brief overview of the rules governing biological naming (and, along the way, includes several curious examples) .\netymology\nlists names that are notable for what they are named after .\nwordplay\nincludes all unusual features of names other than their meaning and pronunciation .\ngene names\nlists a few of the interesting names which have been given to genes .\nmisc .\nincludes things which do not fit elsewhere, including other curious biological terms, interesting stories about names, and some creative writing .\nreferences\nincludes also links, acknowledgements, and a list of the newest entries .\nfeedback\ngives directions and requests to those who want to contact me .\nthe names which are recent additions to this collection will be shown in a brighter shade of red. (how recent depends on how often i update. i' ll try to keep the newest names distinctive for about a month .) the most recent additions are also listed separately, with links to the page each appears on .\nour knowledge of the many life - forms on earth - of animals, plants, fungi, protists and bacteria - is scattered around the world in books, journals, databases, websites, specimen collections, and in the minds of people everywhere. imagine what it would mean if this information could be gathered together and made available to everyone - anywhere - at a moment’s notice .\nour mission: to increase awareness and understanding of living nature through an encyclopedia of life that gathers, generates, and shares knowledge in an open, freely accessible and trusted digital resource .\ngood managers of natural resources and policy - makers know that their best decisions are based on results from the most accurate scientific analyses. such analyses are based on solid, documentable data that have been recorded directly from the observation of nature. such records are called\nprimary\ndata .\nbiodiversity\nis a handy, one - word name for all the species on the earth, the genetic variety they possess, and the ecological systems in which they participate. another way of thinking about biodiversity is as the\nliving resources\nportion of\nnatural resources\n. a large part of the primary data on biodiversity are the 1. 5 - 2. 0 billion specimens held in natural history collections, as well as many geographical and ecological observations recorded by various means and stored in various media .\nin making living resource policy and management choices, decision - makers are often forced to rely on analyses that are not based on primary data. this is because the world' s store of primary data about biodiversity is not at present readily and easily accessible .\nfuture generations depend on the efforts made today to develop methods for sustainably using biodiversity. one very important part of the solution is rapidly, openly and freely delivering primary data about biodiversity to everyone in the global community, using digital technologies. another part is ensuring that the primary data being collected today are stored in such a way that they will remain accessible to future generations .\nluca\nist so etwas wie\nadam und eva\n. es ist die abkürzung für\nlast universal common ancester\n. man vermutet die entstehung dieser urzelle, aus der alle lebensformen abstammen vor etwa 3 mird. jahren .\nthe\ntree of life\nweb project (\ntol\n) is a collaborative effort of biologists and nature enthusiasts from around the world. on more than 10, 000 world wide web pages, the project provides information about biodiversity, the characteristics of different groups of organisms, and their evolutionary history (phylogeny) .\neach page contains information about a particular group, e. g. , salamanders, segmented worms, phlox flowers, tyrannosaurs, euglenids, heliconius butterflies, club fungi, or the vampire squid. tol pages are linked one to another hierarchically, in the form of the evolutionary tree of life. starting with the root of all life on earth and moving out along diverging branches to individual species, the structure of the tol project thus illustrates the genetic connections between all living things .\nthe tree of life currently consists of more than 3000 pages with information about different groups of organisms. this part of the website is too extensive to present a full map here .\nthe tol glossary is still under construction. we expect to greatly expand it over the next few months. the current page contains a listing of all the available tol glossary terms .\nyou can set your preferences for browsing the tol web site so that words contained in the glossary list are highlighted on tol pages, and definitions are displayed when you move the cursor over a highlighted word. if you would like to try this now, click on the turn glossary on button below, and then go to a tol page that features some of the terms in the list below (the eukaryotes page is a good one). note that you can turn the glossary function on and off on any tol branch page, leaf page, other article, note, or treehouse. open the preferences menu and select either show glossary entries or hide glossary entries .\nthese categories are explained in more detail on the structure of the tree of life page .\nchelomophrynus | rhinophrynus | rhinophrynus dorsalis | rhinophrynus sp. | (i) |' pipids' | cordicephalus | eoxenopoides | saltenia | shomronella | thoraciliacus | palaeobatrachidae | albionbatrachus | lithobatrachus | neusibatrachus | palaeobatrachus | pliobatrachus | pipidae\ncorydoras | corydoras garbei | etc. | brochis | brochis britskii | brochis multiradiatus | brochis splendens\nagaricophagus | allocolenisia | ansibaris | cainosternum | colenis | colenisia | dermatohomoeus | neohydnobius | perkovskius | pseudcolenis | zelodes | scotocryptini | aglyptinus | aglyptinus s. l. | creagrophorus | cyrtusiola | parabystus | popeus | scotocryptodes | scotocryptus | synaristus | termitoglobus | agathidiini | afroagathidium | agathidium | amphicyllis | anisotoma | besuchetionella | cyrtoplastus | decuria | gelae | liodopria | sphaeroliodes | stetholiodes | catopocerinae | catopocerus | glacicavicola\naleocharini | aleocharina | aleochara | aleochara (heterochara) | aleochara (aleochara s. str .) | aleochara (aidochara) | aleochara (euryodma) | aleochara (ceranota) | aleochara (emplenota) | aleochara obscurella | aleochara phycophila | aleochara albopila | aleochara fucicola | aleochara puetzi | aleochara pacifica | aleochara curtidens | aleochara (triochara) | aleochara trisulcata | aleochara zerchei | aleochara nubis | aleochara (maseochara )\naleochara brunneipennis | aleochara ituriensis | aleochara horni | aleochara javana | aleochara argentina | aleochara comorensis | aleochara (echochara) | aleochara lobata | aleochara lucifuga | aleochara ocularis | aleochara fenyesi | aleochara (calochara) | aleochara (mesochara) | aleochara (xenochara s. l .) | aleochara (rheochara) | aleochara (polystomota) | aleochara grisea | aleochara punctatella | aleochara (coprochara )\nceratoderina | ceratoderus | merismoderus | paussomorphus | leleupaussus | paussina | amphipaussus | apopaussus | bathypaussus | batillopaussus | bicornipaussus | cochliopaussus | crenatopaussus | curtispaussus | edaphopaussus | enneapaussus | falcopaussus | flagellopaussus | hylopaussus | hylotorus | idupaussus | katapaussus | klugipaussus | latipaussus | lineatopaussus | malgasipaussus | manicanopaussus | paussus | scaphipaussus | semipaussus | spinicoxipaussus | squamipaussus | trepopaussus | anapaussus | platyrhopalina | euplatyrhopalus | lebioderus | platyrhopalopsis | platyrhopalus | stenorhopalus | eopaussus baliticus | arthropterites klebesi | protocerapterus | protocerapterus primigenius | protocerapterus incola | succinarthropterus | succinarthropterus andreei | succinarthropterus antiquus | succinarthropterus aterrimus | succinarthropterus balticus | succinarthropterus fritschi | | succinarthropterus hermenaui | succinarthropterus kuntzeni | succinarthropterus schaufussi | succinarthropterus simoni | succinarthropterus skawarrae | succinarthropterus subtilis | protopaussini | protopaussus feae | protopaussus almorensis | protopaussus pristinus | protopaussus walkeri | protopaussus kaszabi | protopaussus jeanneli | protopaussus javanus | protopaussus bakeri | nototylus fryi | nebriitae | notiophilus | notiokasis chaudoiri | pelophilini | pelophila rudis | pelophila borealis | opisthiini | opisthius richardsoni | paropisthius | nebriini | leistus | nippononebria | nebria | etc. | carabitae | carabini | ceroglossus | ceroglossus buqueti | ceroglossus chilensis | ceroglossus darwini | ceroglossus guerini | ceroglossus magellanicus | ceroglossus ochsenii | ceroglossus speciosus | ceroglossus suturalis | pamborini | pamborus | maoripamborus | cychrini | cychrus | sphaeroderus | scaphinotus | cychropsis | cicindelitae | collyridini | megacephalini | ctenostomatini | manticorini | cicindelini | loricerini | loricera wollastoni\nd. chalybeus group | d. heydeni group | d. minutus group | d. bengalensis group | d. hessei group\nd. filiformis group | d. exochus group | d. integer group | dyschiriodes (paradyschirius) | aspidoglossa | scaritini | carabidae conjunctae | psydrini | psydrus piceus | nomius | laccocenus ambiguus | melaenus | cymbionotum | broscini\npercolaus | percolaus championi | percolaus guillermo | allotriopus | allotriopus (s. str .) | allotriopus (s. str .) brachypterus | allotriopus (s. str .) ashei | allotriopus (s. str .) hallbergi | allotriopus (s. str .) hemingi | allotriopus (s. str .) oscitans | allotriopus (s. str .) serratipes | allotriopus (s. str .) shpeleyi | allotriopus (s. str .) whiteheadi | allotriopus (mayaferonia) | allotriopus (mayaferonia) aeniola | allotriopus (mayaferonia) triunfo | pterostichus | pterostichus s. str. | hypherpes complex | hypherpes | hypherpes alamedae | hypherpes algidus | hypherpes amethystinus | hypherpes annosus | hypherpes baldwini | hypherpes barbarinus | hypherpes californicus | hypherpes canallatus | hypherpes castaneus | hypherpes castanipes | hypherpes congestus | hypherpes crenicollis | hypherpes cuneatulus | hypherpes diabolus | hypherpes ecarinatus | hypherpes esuriens | hypherpes gliscans | hypherpes gracilior | hypherpes gregalis | hypherpes herculaneus | hypherpes hornii | hypherpes humboldti | hypherpes illustris | hypherpes intectus | hypherpes isabellae | hypherpes jacobinus | hypherpes kansanus | hypherpes laborans | hypherpes lacertus | hypherpes lama | hypherpes lassulus | hypherpes mercedianus | hypherpes neobrunneus | hypherpes nigrocaeruleus | hypherpes obsidianus | hypherpes occultus | hypherpes ordinarius | hypherpes ovalipennis | hypherpes panticulatus | hypherpes parallelus | hypherpes parens | hypherpes pergracilis | hypherpes placerensis | hypherpes planctus | hypherpes plutonicus | hypherpes protensiformis | hypherpes protensipennis | hypherpes protractus | hypherpes restrictus | hypherpes scutellaris | hypherpes sejungendus | hypherpes serripes | hypherpes setosus | hypherpes sierranus | hypherpes sponsor | hypherpes spraguei | hypherpes suffusus | hypherpes tahoensis | hypherpes tarsalis | hypherpes tuberculofemoratus | hypherpes vandykei | hypherpes vicinus | hypherpes zunianus\neripus | eripidius franzi | eripus s. str. | eripus suturalis | eripus subcaecus | eripus microphthalmus | eripus nitidus | eripus scydmaenoides | eripus oaxacanus | eripus globipennis | eripus breedlovei\npelecium | pelecidium | pelecidium sulcatum | pelecidium sulcipenne | pelecidium laevigatum | pelecium s. str. | pelecium violaceum group | pelecium striatipenne | pelecium violaceum | pelecium drakei | pelecium tenellum | pelecium parallelum | pelecium punctatum | pelecium longicolle | pelecium brasiliense | pelecium cyanipes | pelecium renati group | pelecium renati | pelecium striatum | pelecium punctatostriatum group | pelecium bolivianum | pelecium atroviolaceum | pelecium semistriatum | pelecium punctatostriatum | pelecium rotundipenne group | pelecium paulae | pelecium helenae | pelecium purpureum | pelecium rotundipenne | pelecium refulgens group | pelecium refulgens | pelecium fulgidum | pelecium negrei | pelecium faldermanni group | pelecium foveicolle | pelecium obtusum | pelecium bisulcatum | pelecium besckii | pelecium faldermanni | pelecium laeve group | pelecium laeve | pelecium obscurum | pelecium nicki | stricteripus | stricteripus impressus | stricteripus peruvianus | stricteripus banningeri\ndyschiridium | dyschiridium concinnum | dyschiridium ebeninum | dyschiridium lasti | dyschiridium natalicum | dyschiridium subdepressum | disphaericus | disphaericus alluaudi | disphaericus benadirensis | disphaericus carinulatus | disphaericus clavicornis | disphaericus conradti | disphaericus deplanatus | disphaericus gambianus | disphaericus insulanus | disphaericus katangensis | disphaericus kolbei | disphaericus meneghettii | disphaericus multiporus | disphaericus quangoanus | disphaericus rhodesianus | disphaericus silvestrii | disphaericus tarsalis | disphaericus zavattarii | chaetogenyini | oodini | panagaeini | chlaeniini | dercylini | rhysodini | leoglymmius lignarius | sloanoglymmius planatus | medisores abditus | dhysorina | dhysores | dhysores thoreyi | dhysores basilewskyi | dhysores rhodesianus | dhysores quadriimpressus | dhysores pan | dhysores liber | dhysores biimpressus | neodhysores | neodhysores seximpressus | neodhysores schreiberi | tangarona pensus | rhysodina | rhysodes | rhysodes sulcatus | rhysodes comes | kupeus arcuatus | kaveinga | kaveinga (angekiva) | kaveinga frontalis | kaveinga stiletto | kaveinga walfordi | kaveinga (ingevaka) | kaveinga orbitosa | kaveinga bellorum | kaveinga (vakeinga) | kaveinga setosa | kaveinga lusca | kaveinga (kaveinga s. str .) | kaveinga abbreviata | kaveinga poggii | kaveinga waai | kaveinga fibulata | kaveinga pignoris | kaveinga kukum | kaveinga nudicornis | kaveinga ulteria | kaveinga parva | kaveinga cylindrica | kaveinga lupata | kaveinga okapa | kaveinga marifuanga | kaveinga occipitalis | kaveinga histrio | kaveinga strigiceps | clinidiina | grouvellina\nrhyzodiastes fairmairei | rhyzodiastes spissicornis | rhyzodiastes alveus | rhyzodiastes fossulatus | rhyzodiastes riedeli | rhyzodiastes mindoro | rhyzodiastes (rhyzostrix) | rhyzodiastes quadristriatus | rhyzodiastes davidsoni | rhyzodiastes nitidus | rhyzodiastes menieri | rhyzodiastes maderiensis | rhyzodiastes (rhyzodiastes s. str .) | rhyzodiastes pentacyclus | rhyzodiastes parumcostatus | rhyzodiastes liratus | rhyzodiastes costatus | rhyzodiastes suturalis | clinidium | clinidium (mexiclinidium) | clinidium mexicanum | clinidium balli | clinidium triplehorni | clinidium blomi | clinidium iviei | clinidium guatemalenum | clinidium newtoni | clinidium championi | clinidium halffteri | clinidium reyesi | clinidium extrarium | clinidium (tainoa) | clinidium curvicosta | clinidium chevrolati | clinidium darlingtoni | clinidium xenopodium | clinidium (arctoclinidium )\nclinidium rosenbergi | clinidium sculptile | clinidium (clinidium s. str .) | clinidium impressum | clinidium hammondi | clinidium granatense | clinidium incudis | clinidium dubium | clinidium insigne | clinidium howdenorum | clinidium boroquense | clinidium integrum | clinidium pilosum | clinidium jolyi | clinidium oberthueri | clinidium alleni | clinidium whiteheadi | clinidium humboldti | clinidium trionyx | clinidium haitiense | clinidium corbis | clinidium jamaicense | clinidium chiolinoi | clinidium rossi | clinidium dormans | clinidium penicellatum | clinidium segne | clinidium kochalkai | clinidium guildingii | clinidium microfossatum | clinidium smithsonianum | clinidium planum | clinidium rojasi | clinidium bechyneorum | clinidium excavatum | clinidium pala | clinidium mathani | clinidium humile | clinidium curvatum | clinidium foveolatum | clinidium cavicolle | clinidium crater | clinidium centrale | clinidium validum | clinidium spatulatum | clinidium moldenkei | clinidium sulcigaster | clinidium argus | clinidium beccari | clinidium onorei | clinidium gilloglyi | omoglymmiina | xhosores figuratus | yamatosa | yamatosa kryzhanoskiji | yamatosa longior | yamatosa peninsularis | yamatosa niponensis | yamatosa kabakovi | yamatosa arrowi | yamatosa reitteri | yamatosa draco | yamatosa smetanorum | yamatosa boysi | yamatosa sinensis | shyrodes dohertyi | srimara planicollis | plesioglymmius | plesioglymmius (plesioglymmius s. str .) | plesioglymmius elegans | plesioglymmius silus | plesioglymmius compactus | plesioglymmius (ameroglymmius) | plesioglymmius meridionalis | plesioglymmius reichardti | plesioglymmius compactus | plesioglymmius (juxtaglymmius) | plesioglymmius jugatus | plesioglymmius negara | arrowina | arrowina rostrata | arrowina punctatolineata | arrowina taprobanae | arrowina pygmaea | arrowina nilgiriensis | arrowina anguliceps | omoglymmius | omoglymmius (hemiglymmius) | omoglymmius africanus | omoglymmius hemipunctatus | omoglymmius javanicus | omoglymmius germaini | omoglymmius occultus | omoglymmius ineditus | omoglymmius rimatus | omoglymmius inermis | omoglymmius (boreoglymmius) | omoglymmius lewisi | omoglymmius hamatus | omoglymmius americanus | omoglymmius (pyxiglymmius )\nomoglymmius trisinuatus | omoglymmius gorgo | omoglymmius (navitia) | omoglymmius intrusus | omoglymmius peckorum | omoglymmius stylatus | omoglymmius (caeconavitia) | omoglymmius zimmermani | omoglymmius okei | omoglymmius (indoglymmius) | omoglymmius lineatus | omoglymmius astraea | omoglymmius (nitiglymmius) | omoglymmius semioculatus | omoglymmius greensladei | omoglymmius hornabrooki | omoglymmius offafinus | omoglymmius lustrans | omoglymmius fulgens | omoglymmius toxopei | omoglymmius (orthoglymmius) | omoglymmius sulcicollis | omoglymmius microtis | omoglymmius feae | omoglymmius alticola | omoglymmius longiceps | omoglymmius cavifrons | omoglymmius crenatus | omoglymmius coomani | omoglymmius (carinoglymmius) | omoglymmius nicobarensis | omoglymmius hexagonus | omoglymmius carinatus | omoglymmius (omoglymmius s. str .) | omoglymmius germari | omoglymmius continuus | omoglymmius malabaricus | omoglymmius sakuraii | omoglymmius laticeps | omoglymmius bicarinatus | omoglymmius bituberculatus | omoglymmius summissus | omoglymmius fringillus | omoglymmius wittmeri | omoglymmius gurneyi | omoglymmius semperi | omoglymmius oroensis | omoglymmius ichthyocephalus | omoglymmius viduus | omoglymmius puncticornis | omoglymmius tolai | omoglymmius scopulinus | omoglymmius vicinus | omoglymmius ferrugatus | omoglymmius classicus | omoglymmius princeps | omoglymmius lindrothi | omoglymmius rusticus | omoglymmius modicus | omoglymmius manni | omoglymmius regius | omoglymmius vadosus | omoglymmius crassicornis | omoglymmius aristeus | omoglymmius sabah | omoglymmius amplus | omoglymmius modiglianii | omoglymmius morditus | omoglymmius caelatus | omoglymmius oceanicus | omoglymmius batchianus | omoglymmius humeralis | omoglymmius renutus | omoglymmius trepidus | omoglymmius cavea | omoglymmius philippensis | omoglymmius imugani | omoglymmius politus | omoglymmius opticus | omoglymmius duplex | omoglymmius bouchardi | omoglymmius nasalis | omoglymmius wallacei | omoglymmius data | omoglymmius ephemeris | omoglymmius mycteroides | omoglymmius thoracicus | omoglymmius coelebs | omoglymmius malaicus | omoglymmius fraudulentus | omoglymmius nemoralis | omoglymmius evasus | omoglymmius brendelli | omoglymmius sectatus | omoglymmius seriatus | omoglymmius gracilicornis | omoglymmius consors | omoglymmius hiekei | omoglymmius quadruplex | omoglymmius pectoralis | omoglymmius tabulatus | omoglymmius bucculatus | omoglymmius patens | omoglymmius solitarius | omoglymmius impletus | omoglymmius pulvinatus | omoglymmius sedlaceki | omoglymmius biroi | omoglymmius cheesmanae | omoglymmius asetatus | omoglymmius quadraticollis | omoglymmius gressitti | omoglymmius repetitus | omoglymmius follis | omoglymmius iridescens | omoglymmius craticulus | omoglymmius planiceps | omoglymmius sus | omoglymmius monteithi | omoglymmius cupedoides | omoglymmius lentus | omoglymmius capito | omoglymmius largus | omoglymmius auratus | omoglymmius massa | omoglymmius denticulatus | omoglymmius emdomani | gehringiini | gehringia olympica | helenaea | helenaea torretassoi | helenaea bisignata\noleriina | megoleria | megoleria orestilla | megoleria susiana | hyposcada | hyposcada anchialia | hyposcada attilodes | hyposcada [ n. sp. ] | hyposcada illinissa | hyposcada schausi | hyposcada taliata | hyposcada virginiana | hyposcada zarepha | oleria | oleria [ n. sp. 1 ] | oleria aegineta | oleria aegle | oleria agarista | oleria alexina | oleria amalda | oleria antaxis | oleria aquata | oleria assimilis | oleria astrea | oleria athalina | oleria attalia | oleria baizana | oleria [ n. sp. 2 ] | oleria bioculata | oleria [ n. sp. 3 ] | oleria canilla | oleria [ n. sp. 4 ] | oleria cyrene | oleria deronda | oleria derondina | oleria enania | oleria estella | oleria fasciata | oleria flora | oleria fumata | oleria gunilla | oleria ilerdina | oleria [ n. sp. 5 ] | oleria makrena | oleria olerioides | oleria onega | oleria padilla | oleria paula | oleria phenomoe | oleria quadrata | oleria quintina | oleria radina | oleria rubescens | oleria santineza | oleria sexmaculata | oleria similigena | oleria synnova | oleria tigilla | oleria tremona | oleria vicina | oleria victorine | oleria [ n. sp. 6 ] | oleria zea | oleria zelica\nceratinia | ceratinia cayana | ceratinia iolaia | ceratinia neso | ceratinia tutia | episcada | episcada apuleia | episcada carcinia | episcada clausina | episcada doto | episcada hemixanthe | episcada hymen | episcada hymenaea | episcada [ n. sp. 1 ] | episcada mira | episcada philoclea | episcada [ n. sp. 2 ] | episcada polita | episcada [ n. sp. 3 ] | episcada [ n. sp. 4 ] | episcada salvinia | episcada suphurea | episcada sylpha | episcada ticidella | episcada vitrea | episcada [ n. sp. 5 ]\npteronymia | pteronymia alcmena | pteronymia aletta | pteronymia [ n. sp. 1 ] | pteronymia alida | pteronymia alissa | pteronymia artena | pteronymia calgiria | pteronymia [ n. sp. 2 ] | pteronymia cotytto | pteronymia [ n. sp. 3 ] | pteronymia dispaena | pteronymia donella | pteronymia euritea | pteronymia [ n. sp. 4 ] | pteronymia forsteri | pteronymia fulvimargo | pteronymia fumida | pteronymia gertschi | pteronymia glauca | pteronymia granica | pteronymia [ n. sp. 5 ] | pteronymia hara | pteronymia latilla | pteronymia laura | pteronymia lonera | pteronymia medellina | pteronymia obscuratus | pteronymia olimba | pteronymia oneida | pteronymia ozia | pteronymia parva | pteronymia [ n. sp. 6 ] | pteronymia picta | pteronymia primula | pteronymia rufocincta | pteronymia sao | pteronymia serrata | pteronymia simplex | pteronymia sylvo | pteronymia tamina | pteronymia teresita | pteronymia ticida | pteronymia tucuna | pteronymia veia | pteronymia vestilla | pteronymia zerlina | haenschia | haenschia derama | haenschia sidonia | haenschia [ n. sp. 1 ] | haenschia [ n. sp. 2 ]\nveladyris | veladyris pardalis | veladyris [ n. sp. ] | velamysta | velamysta peninna | velamysta phengites | velamysta pupilla\ngodyris | godyris cleomella | godyris crinippa | godyris dircenna | godyris duillia | godyris [ n. sp. 1 ] | godyris kedema | godyris lauta | godyris mantura | godyris nepos | godyris nero | godyris panthyale | godyris sappho | godyris zavaleta | godyris [ n. sp 2 ]\nhypoleria | hypoleria adasa | hypoleria alema | hypoleria aureliana | hypoleria jaruensis | hypoleria lavinia | hypoleria ocalea | hypoleria sarepta | hypoleria xenophis | mcclungia | brevioleria | brevioleria aelia | brevioleria arzalia | brevioleria coenina | brevioleria seba | brevioleria [ n. sp. ]\ngreta | greta alphesiboea | greta andromica | greta annette | greta [ n. sp. 1 ] | greta [ n. sp. 2 ] | greta [ n. sp. 3 ] | greta cubana | greta [ n. sp. 4 ] | greta depauperata | greta dercetis | greta diaphanus | greta enigma | greta [ n. sp. 5 ] | greta esula | greta [ n. sp. 6 ] | greta [ n. sp. 7 ] | greta gardneri | greta hermana | greta libethris | greta lojana | greta lydia | greta morgane | greta [ n. sp. 8 ] | greta ochretis | greta oneidodes | greta ortygia | greta [ n. sp. 9 ] | greta polissena | greta theudelinda | greta [ n. sp. 10 ]\nhyalyris | hyalyris antea | hyalyris coeno | hyalyris excelsa | hyalyris fiammetta | hyalyris juninensis | hyalyris latitimbata | hyalyris leptalina | hyalyris mestra | hyalyris ocna | hyalyris oulita | hyalyris praxilla | hyalyris schlingeri | hyalyris [ n. sp. ] | hypothyris | hypothyris anastasia | hypothyris cantobrica | hypothyris connexa | hypothyris daphnis | hypothyris euclea | hypothyris fluonia | hypothyris gemella | hypothyris leprieuri | hypothyris lycaste | hypothyris mamercus | hypothyris mansuetus | hypothyris moebiusi | hypothyris ninonia | hypothyris semifulva | hypothyris thea | hypothyris vallonia | hypothyris xanthostola | hypothyris [ n. sp. ]\nplacidina euryanassa | pagyris | pagyris cymothoe | pagyris priscilla | pagyris ulla | pagyris [ n. sp. ] | (new tribe) | eutresis | eutresis dilucida | eutresis hypereia\ndismorphia | dismorphia altis | dismorphia amphione | dismorphia astyocha | dismorphia boliviana | dismorphia crisia | dismorphia cubana | dismorphia eunoe | dismorphia hyposticta | dismorphia laja | dismorphia lelex | dismorphia lewyi | dismorphia lua | dismorphia lycosura | dismorphia lygdamis | dismorphia lysis | dismorphia medora | dismorphia medorilla | dismorphia melia | dismorphia mirandola | dismorphia niepelti | dismorphia spio | dismorphia teresa | dismorphia thermesia | dismorphia thermesina | dismorphia theucharila | dismorphia zaela | dismorphia zathoe | dismorphia [ n. sp. ] | dismorphia arcadia | lieinix | lieinix christa | lieinix cinerascens | lieinix lala | lieinix neblina | lieinix nemesis | lieinix viridifascia\nhesperocharis | hesperocharis anguitia | hesperocharis costaricensis | hesperocharis crocea | hesperocharis emeris | hesperocharis erota | hesperocharis graphites | hesperocharis leucania | hesperocharis marchalii | hesperocharis nera | hesperocharis nereina | hesperocharis paranensis | hesperocharis [ n. sp. ] | mathania | mathania agasicles | mathania aureomaculata | mathania carrizoi | mathania leucothea | mathania [ n. sp. ]\nhypsochila | hypsochila argyrodice | hypsochila galactodice | hypsochila huemul | hypsochila microdice | hypsochila penai | hypsochila wagenknechti | hypsochila [ n. sp. ]\ncharonias | charonias eurytele | charonias theano | catasticta | catasticta affinis | catasticta albofasciata | catasticta amastris | catasticta anaitis | catasticta apaturina | catasticta arborardens | catasticta atahuallpa | catasticta aureomaculata | catasticta bithys | catasticta cerberus | catasticta chelidonis | catasticta chrysolopha | catasticta cinerea | catasticta colla | catasticta collina | catasticta cora | catasticta corcyra | catasticta ctemene | catasticta discalba | catasticta distincta | catasticta duida | catasticta eurigania | catasticta ferra | catasticta flisa | catasticta frontina | catasticta fulva | catasticta grisea | catasticta hebra | catasticta hegemon | catasticta huancabamensis | catasticta huebneri | catasticta incerta | catasticta lanceolata | catasticta leucophaea | catasticta lisa | catasticta ludovici | catasticta lycurgus | catasticta manco | catasticta marcapita | catasticta modesta | catasticta nimbata | catasticta nimbice | catasticta notha | catasticta paucartambo | catasticta pharnakia | catasticta philais | catasticta philodora | catasticta philone | catasticta philoscia | catasticta philothea | catasticta pieris | catasticta pinava | catasticta pluvius | catasticta potameoides | catasticta poujadei | catasticta prioneris | catasticta radiata | catasticta reducta | catasticta revancha | catasticta rileya | catasticta rosea | catasticta scaeva | catasticta scurra | catasticta seitzi | catasticta sella | catasticta semiramis | catasticta similis | catasticta sinapina | catasticta sisamnus | catasticta smithia | catasticta socorroensis | catasticta striata | catasticta suadela | catasticta suasa | catasticta superba | catasticta susiana | catasticta tamsa | catasticta teutamis | catasticta teutila | catasticta theresa | catasticta thomasorum | catasticta toca | catasticta tomyris | catasticta tricolor | catasticta troezene | catasticta truncata | catasticta uricoecheae | catasticta vulnerata | catasticta watkinsi | catasticta [ n. sp. 1 ] | catasticta [ n. sp. 2 ] | catasticta [ n. sp. 3 ] | catasticta [ n. sp. 4 ] | catasticta [ n. sp. 5 ]\nprodoxus cinereus | prodoxus aenescens | prodoxus phylloryctus | agavenema sp. | cecidosidae | cecidoses eremita | dicranoses capsulifex | dicranoses congregatella | eucecidoses minutanus | oliera argentinana | ptisanora trivialis | scyrothis athleta | scyrothis diplosamma | scyrothis granosa | xanadoses nielseni | incurvariidae | perthida | alloclemensia | excurvaria | incurvaria | paraclemensia | procacitas | subclemensia | protaephagus capensis | basileura | simacauda | vespina quercivora | crinopteryx familiella | adelidae | adela | cauchas | nemophora | ceromitia | nematopogon | tridentaforma | heliozelidae | lamprozela | plesiozela | hoplophanes | holocacista | antispilina | phanerozela | monachozela | heliozela | antispila | coptodisca | nepticuloidea | nepticulidae | pectinivalvinae | roscidotoga | pectinivalva | nepticulinae | acalyptris | areticulata | bohemannia | ectoedemia | enteucha | parafomaria | simplimorpha | stigmella | trifurcula | varius | opostegidae | opostegoidinae | notiopostega | eosopostega | opostegoides | paralopostega | oposteginae | opostega | exoporia | mnesarchaea | mnesarchaea acuta | mnesarchaea fallax | mnesarchaea fusca | mnesarchaea fusilella | mnesarchaea loxoscia | mnesarchaea hamadelpha | mnesarchaea paracosma | mnesarchaea similis | hepialoidea | hepialidae\neumastacoidea | proscopiidae | eumastacoidea s. s. | mastacideidae | cryptophalli | chorotypidae | mnesicleinae | chininae | eruciinae | erianthinae | prionacanthinae | chorotypinae | episactidae | espagnolinae | episactinae | disclerophalli | euschmidtiidae | stenoschmidtiinae | euschmidtiinae | thericleidae | thericleinae | chromothericleinae | loxicephalinae | afromastacinae | plagiotryptinae | bathythericleinae | stenophalli | eumastacidae | eumastacopinae | temnomastacinae | paramastacinae | eumastacinae | parepisactinae | masynteinae | morseinae | morabidae | biroellinae | morabinae | miraculidae | heteromastacinae | malagassinae | miraculinae | teicophryinae | gomphomastacinae\naustrophasma caledonensis | austrophasma gansbaaiensis | adicophasma spinosa | zoraptera | xenozorotypus burmiticus | zorotypus s. l. | zorotypus cretatus | zorotypus (octozoros) | zorotypus acanthothorax | zorotypus nascimbenei | zorotypus (zorotypus) | zorotypus barberi | zorotypus brasiliensis | zorotypus buxtoni | zorotypus caudelli | zorotypus congensis | zorotypus cramptoni | zorotypus delamarei | zorotypus goeleti | zorotypus guineensis | zorotypus huxleyi | zorotypus juninensis | zorotypus lawrencei | zorotypus leleupi | zorotypus manni | zorotypus medoensis | zorotypus mexicanus | zorotypus neotropicus | | zorotypus shannoni | zorotypus silvestrii | zorotypus sinensis | zorotypus snyderi | zorotypus swezeyi | zorotypus vinsoni | zorotypus zimmermani\ncubitermes group | apilitermes | basidentitermes | batillitermes | crenetermes | cubitermes | euchilotermes | fastigitermes | forficulitermes | furculitermes | gibbotermes | lepidotermes | megagnathotermes | mucrotermes | nitiditermes | noditermes | okavangotermes | ophiotermes | orthotermes | ovambotermes | pilotermes | proboscitermes | procubitermes | profastigitermes | thoracotermes | trapellitermes | unguitermes | unicornitermes | termes group | angulitermes | apsenterotermes | capritermes | cavitermes | cornicapritermes | coxocapritermes | crepititermes | cristatitermes | dicuspiditermes | dihoplotermes | ekphysotermes | ephelotermes | hapsidotermes | hesperotermes | homallotermes | indocapritermes | inquilinitermes | kemneritermes | krishnacapritermes | labiocapritermes | lophotermes | macrognathotermes | malaysiocapritermes | mirocapritermes | neocapritermes | oriencapritermes | paracapritermes | pericapritermes | planicapritermes | procapritermes | promirotermes | protocapritermes | quasitermes | saxatilitermes | sinocapritermes | syncapritermes | termes | tuberculitermes | xylochomitermes | sphaerotermes | gnathamitermes magnoculus | rhinotermitidae | coptotermes | heterotermes | reticulitermes | tsaitermes | psammotermes | acorhinotermes | dolichorhinotermes | macrorhinotermes | parrhinotermes | prorhinotermes | rhinotermes | schedorhinotermes | stylotermes | parastylotermes | termitogeton | archeorhinotermes rossi | serritermitidae | serritermes serrifer | glossotermes | kalotermitidae | allotermes | bicornitermes | bifiditermes | calcaritermes | ceratokalotermes | comatermes | cryptotermes | epicalotermes | eucryptotermes | glyptotermes | incisitermes | kalotermes | marginitermes | neotermes | paraneotermes | postelectrotermes | procryptotermes | proneotermes | pterotermes | rugitermes | tauritermes | eotermes grandeava | prokalotermes hageni | electrotermes affinis | oligokalotermes fischeri | proelectrotermes | proelectrotermes berendti | proelectrotermes fodinae | proelectrotermes roseni | termopsidae | archotermopsis | hodotermopsis | porotermes | stolotermes | zootermopsis | paleotermopsis oligocenicus | parotermes insignis | cretatermes carpenteri | lutetiatermes prisca | asiatermes | huaxiatermes | mesotermopsis | valditermes | valditermes acutipennis | valditermes brenanae | ulmeriella | ulmeriella straussi | ulmeriella willershausensis | ulmeriella pliocenica | ulmeriella latahensis | ulmeriella uemurai | ulmeriella shizukuishiensis | ulmeriella martynovi | ulmeriella cockerelli | ulmeriella bauckhorni | ulmeriella aquisextana | ulmeriella rubiensis | hodotermitidae | hodotermes | microhodotermes | anacanthotermes | jitermes | yanjingatermes | yongdingia | meiatermes | meiatermes bertrani | meiatermes araripena | carinatermes nascimbeni | luteitermes prisca | mastotermitidae | mastotermites stuttgartensis | spargotermes costalimai | mastotermes | mastotermes darwiniensis | mastotermes minor | mastotermes haidingeri | mastotermes croaticus | mastotermes electrodominicus | mastotermes electromexicus | mastotermes picardi | mastotermes heerii | mastotermes anglicus | mastotermes gallica | mastotermes bournemouthensis | aff. mastotermes sarthensis | blattotermes | blattotermes massiliensis | blattotermes neoxenus | blattotermes wheeleri | miotermes | miotermes insignis | miotermes spectabilis | miotermes randeckensis | miotermes procerus | mantodea | baissomantis | baissomantis maculata | baissomantis picta\ncambarus (lacunicambarus) | cambarus (lacunicambarus) acanthura | cambarus (lacunicambarus) diogenes | cambarus (lacunicambarus) ludovicianus | cambarus (lacunicambarus) miltus | cambarus (tubericambarus) | cambarus (tubericambarus) acanthura | cambarus (tubericambarus) thomai | cambarus (tubericambarus) sp. a\nhabrocestum acerbum | habrocestum bufoides | habrocestum pulex | habrocestum xerophilum | habrocestum parvulum | old world | habrocestum albimanum | habrocestum algericum | habrocestum annae | habrocestum arabicum | habrocestum bitaeniatum | habrocestum bovaei | habrocestum diversipes | habrocestum dotatum | habrocestum flavimanum | habrocestum flavipes | habrocestum graecum | habrocestum hongkongiensis | habrocestum ibericum | habrocestum insignipalpe | habrocestum kweilinensis | habrocestum latifasciatum | habrocestum laurae | habrocestum lepidum | habrocestum luculentum | habrocestum nigricans | habrocestum nigristernum | habrocestum orientale | habrocestum ornaticeps | habrocestum papilionaceum | habrocestum peckhami | habrocestum pullatum | habrocestum punctiventre | habrocestum rubroclypeatum | habrocestum schinzi | habrocestum simoni | habrocestum speciosum | habrocestum subdotatum | habrocestum subpenicillatum | habrocestum verattii | ilargus | klamathia | laufeia | lepidemathis | maeota dichrura | maratus | margaromma | mopiopia | neon | neon avalonus | neon convolutus | neon ellamae | neon laevis | neon minutus | neon muticus | neon nelli | neon nigriceps | neon pictus | neon pixii | neon plutonus | neon punctulatus | neon pusio | neon rayi | neon reticulatus | neon robustus | neon valentulus | neonella | neonella antillana | neonella lubrica | neonella minuta | neonella montana | neonella nana | neonella vinnula | ocnotelus | pensacola | pensacola castanea | pensacola cyaneochirus | pensacola darlingtoni | pensacola electa | pensacola gaujoni | pensacola maxillosa | pensacola montana | pensacola murina | pensacola ornata | pensacola poecilocilia | pensacola peckhami | pensacola radians | pensacola signata | pensacola silvestris | pensacola tubercolotibiata | plotius | pristobaeus | pystira | saitis | semnolius | servaea | sidusa | sidusa angulitarsis | sidusa borealis | sidusa carinata | sidusa dominicana | sidusa femoralis | sidusa gratiosa | sidusa inconspicua | sidusa marmorea | sidusa mona | sidusa nigrina | sidusa olivacea | sidusa pallida | sidusa pavida | sidusa recondita | sidusa stoneri | sidusa tarsalis | sidusa turquinensis | sidusa unica | sidusa variegata | sidusa sp. (~ arizona) | siloca | spilargis | stoides | talavera | talavera aequipes | talavera inopinata | talavera minuta | tariona | thiania | thorelliola | thyenula | tylogonus | neotropical | tylogonus auricapillus | tylogonus craneae | tylogonus dentichelis | tylogonus miles | tylogonus parabolicus | tylogonus pichincha | tylogonus prasinus | tylogonus putumayo | tylogonus vachoni | tylogonus viridimicans | nearctic | tylogonus arizonensis\nammonoidea | coleoidea | belemnoidea | neocoleoidea | decapodiformes | oegopsida | architeuthis | architeuthis dux | architeuthis martensi | architeuthis sanctipauli | brachioteuthidae | brachioteuthis | slosarczykovia | chiroteuthid families | joubiniteuthis portieri | chiroteuthidae | new genus c | new genus b | asperoteuthis | asperoteuthis acanthoderma | asperoteuthis sp. a | asperoteuthis sp. b | chiroteuthis | chiroteuthis sp. b2 | chiroteuthis calyx | chiroteuthis joubini | chiroteuthis mega | chiroteuthis picteti | chiroteuthis spoeli | chiroteuthis veranyi | grimalditeuthis bonplandi | planctoteuthis | planctoteuthis danae | planctoteuthis exopthalmica | planctoteuthis levimana | planctoteuthis lippula | planctoteuthis oligobessa | batoteuthis skolops | mastigoteuthis | mastigoteuthis agassizii | mastigoteuthis atlantica | mastigoteuthis cordiformis | mastigoteuthis danae | mastigoteuthis dentata | mastigoteuthis famelica | mastigoteuthis flammea | mastigoteuthis grimaldii | mastigoteuthis hjorti | mastigoteuthis magna | mastigoteuthis psychrophila | mastigoteuthis pyrodes | mastigoteuthis schmidti | mastigoteuthis tyroi | mastigoteuthis glaukopis | promachoteuthis | promachoteuthis megaptera | promachoteuthis sloani | promachoteuthis sp. b | promachoteuthis sp. c | promachoteuthis sp. d | magnapinna | magnapinna pacifica | magnapinna sp. a | magnapinna sp. b | magnapinna sp. c | magnapinna talismani | cranchiidae | cranchiinae\ncranchia scabra | liocranchia | liocranchia reinhardti | liocranchia valdiviae | leachia | leachia atlantica | leachia cyclura | leachia danae | leachia dislocata | leachia lemur | leachia pacifica | leachia sp. a | taoniinae\nmegalocranchia | megalocranchia sp. a | megalocranchia fisheri | megalocranchia maxima | megalocranchia oceanica | egea inermis | cycloteuthidae | cycloteuthis sirventyi | discoteuthis | discoteuthis discus | discoteuthis laciniosa | discoteuthis sp. a | discoteuthis sp. b | enoploteuthid families | ancistrocheirus lesueurii\ngonatopsis octopedatus | gonatopsis sp. a | berryteuthis | berryteuthis anonychus | berryteuthis magister | berryteuthis magister nipponensis | berryteuthis magister shevtsovi | berryteuthis magister magister | eogonatus tinro | gonatus | gonatus onyx | gonatus madokai | gonatus middendorffi | gonatus berryi | gonatus pyros | gonatus oregonensis | gonatus ursabrunae | gonatus fabricii | gonatus antarcticus | gonatus californiensis | gonatus steenstrupi | gonatus kamtschaticus | histioteuthid families | histioteuthidae | histioteuthis bonnellii - group | histioteuthis bonnellii | histioteuthis macrohista | histioteuthis reversa - group | histioteuthis atlantica | histioteuthis eltaninae | histioteuthis reversa | stigmatoteuthis | stigmatoteuthis arcturi | stigmatoteuthis dofleini | stigmatoteuthis hoylei | histioteuthis celetaria - group | histioteuthis sp. a | histioteuthis celetaria | histioteuthis inermis | histioteuthis pacifica | histioteuthis corona - group | histioteuthis berryi | histioteuthis cerasina | histioteuthis corona | histioteuthis miranda - group | histioteuthis miranda | histioteuthis oceani | histioteuthis meleagroteuthis - group | histioteuthis heteropsis | histioteuthis meleagroteuthis | psychroteuthis glacialis | lepidoteuthid families | lepidoteuthis grimaldii | octopoteuthidae | octopoteuthis | octopoteuthis danae | octopoteuthis deletron | octopoteuthis indica | octopoteuthis neilseni | octopoteuthis megaptera | | octopoteuthis sicula | taningia danae | pholidoteuthis | pholidoteuthis adami | pholidoteuthis boschmai | neoteuthidae | alluroteuthis antarcticus | neoteuthis thielei | nototeuthis dimegacotyle | narrowteuthis nesisi | ommastrephidae | todarodinae | todarodes | martialia\nheteroteuthis | heteroteuthis serventyi | heteroteuthis dispar | heteroteuthis hawaiiensis | nectoteuthis pourtalesi | iridoteuthis iris | new genus sp. a | stoloteuthis | stoloteuthis leucoptera | stoloteuthis maoria | stoloteuthis weberi | sepiolina nipponensis | sepiolinae | euprymna | euprymna berryi | euprymna hoylei | euprymna morsei | euprymna phenax | euprymna scolopes | euprymna stenodactyla | euprymna tasmanica | euprymna hyllebergi | euprymna penares ?\nhomobasidiomycetes | cantharelloid clade | gomphoid - phalloid clade | hymenochaetoid clade | hymenochaetales sensu oberwinkler 1977 (pro parte) | inonotus s. str. | fomitiporella | inocutis | phylloporia | fulvifomes | aurificaria | mensularia | phellinus s. str. | fomitiporia | porodaedalea | onnia | coltricia | coltriciella | pyrrhoderma | hyphodontia | schizoporia | asterodon | inonotopsis | phellinidium | fuscoporia | trichaptum | oxyporus | phellopilus | basidioradulum | hymenochaete | bridgeoporus | cotylidia | rickenella | contumyces | sphagnomphalia\nathelioid clade | trechisporoid clade | corticioid clade | gloeophyllum clade | polyporoid clade | russuloid clade | thelephoroid clade | auriculariales | dacrymycetales | tremellomycetidae | trichosporonales | tremellales s. s. | filobasidiales | cystofilobasidiales | christianseniales | ascomycota | taphrinomycotina | schizosaccharomycetes | pneumocystidiomycetes | neolectomycetes | taphrinomycetes\nsophoreae pro parte b | genistoid clade | sophoreae pro parte (acosmium, ormosia, diplotropis, etc. )\nsophoreae sens. strict. (sophora, maackia, etc .) | euchresteae | thermopsideae\n... type locality. western city limits of chatsworth, murray county, georgia, in lawn and rose garden of mr. charles s. dunn, off chestnut street... .\nhome of\ncurious scientific names\n, along with assorted links to entomology, ecology, biodiversity, reference sites, utilities, and a little entertainment. it' s a spotty list at first glance, sure, but you can track down a lot from here in only a few steps .\nin diesem artikel werden wissenschaftliche benennungen gesammelt, die im rahmen gültiger biologischer nomenklaturregeln eine gewisse skurrilität aufweisen. die namensgebung in der biologie ist eindeutig durch verschiedene international gültige regelwerke und vereinbarungen reglementiert. in werken wie beispielsweise den\ninternationalen regeln für die zoologische nomenklatur\n, den\nnomina anatomica\noder dem\ninternationalen code der botanischen nomenklatur\nist festgelegt, wann ein wissenschaftlicher name rechtmäßig ist und wann er nicht akzeptiert wird .\nimmer wieder gibt es kreative benennungen mit einem gewissen „unterhaltungswert“. dies kann aufgrund der auswahl des namens (benennung etwa nach einer musikgruppe, einem film o. ä .), der länge des namens, seiner buchstabenzusammensetzung (palindrom, viele vokale) oder anderer eigenschaften sein .\n2. 2. 4 aus den romanen von j. r. r. tolkien\n2. 4 sexuelle bezeichnungen in wissenschaftlichen namen 2. 4. 1 weibliche seite" ]

{ "text": [ "minacraga itatiaia is a moth in the dalceridae family .", "it was described by s.e. miller in 1994 .", "it is found in southern brazil .", "the habitat consists of subtropical wet , subtropical lower montane moist and warm temperate moist forests .", "the length of the forewings is 14 – 15 mm for males and 19 mm for females .", "the forewings are buff with submarginal shading .", "the hindwings are buff with brown shading around the anal angle .", "adults are on wing in march and april . " ], "topic": [ 2, 5, 20, 24, 9, 1, 1, 8 ] }

[ "minacraga itatiaia is a moth in the dalceridae family. it was described by s.e. miller in 1994. it is found in southern brazil. the habitat consists of subtropical wet, subtropical lower montane moist and warm temperate moist forests. the length of the forewings is 14 – 15 mm for males and 19 mm for females. the forewings are buff with submarginal shading. the hindwings are buff with brown shading around the anal angle. adults are on wing in march and april." ]

[ "acleris shepherdana (male), minsmere rspb, suffolk, 10 august 2005 .\nacleris shepherdana (female), rushmere st. andrew, suffolk, 18 august 2005 .\nacleris shepherdana (female), rushmere st. andrew, suffolk, 31 july 2005 .\nacleris shepherdana (meadow - sweet button) - norfolk micro moths - the micro moths of norfolk .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 1 / / en\nurltoken\nnotes: nationally scarce (nb) in fens, marshes, river - banks and other damp areas in parts of england. in hampshire very local in marshes and water meadows on sites such as titchfield haven, winnall moors, bransbury common and leckford. there have been no recent records from the isle of wight. wingspan 13 - 16 mm. the distinctive cinnamon - brown coloration together with the reticulate pattern and the blackish plumbeous outer margin of the costal blotch of the forewing is characteristic [ bradley ]. larva feeds on meadowsweet, living within a spun or rolled leaf .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 3. 2 / / en\nthe larva lives in spun shoots on filipendula ulmaria. pupation takes place in the larval feeding place, a folded leaf - edge, or on the ground .\nthe adults fly from mid june till the end of september. they are active at night and readily come to light .\nbelgium, antwerpen, viersel, 23 july 2004. (photo © maarten jacobs )\na relatively local and scarce species, occurring in scattered locations, in marshy and fenland habitats, particularly in east anglia and the southern half of england .\nthe adult moths are on the wing in august and september and come readily to light, although can be difficult to locate by day .\nukmoths is built, run and maintained by ian kimber, with thanks to the many kind contributors who provide photos and information .\nthe ukmoths facebook page is a great place to post your identification queries. more often than not you' ll get a positive id on most photos fairly quickly .\nlooking for a specific moth species? enter just part of the name below .\nprocache: v317 render date: 2018 - 06 - 28 10: 25: 07 page render time: 0. 4359s total w / procache: 0. 5132s\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nrecorded in 17 (25 %) of 69 10k squares. first recorded in 1874. last recorded in 2017 .\nunderlying maps using digital map data © norfolk online lepidoptera archive - nola™ 2018. © james wheeler - n o r f o l k m o t h s 2007 - 2018. data © nola™ 2018\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site. view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\nblå punkter visar fynd registrerade i artportalen och övriga databaser anslutna till lifewatch. kan innehålla observationer som inte är validerade. kartan uppdateras var fjärde vecka .\ni det avancerade verktyget kan man söka ut och få fram artlistor, t ex arter i ett visst län, i en viss biotop, substrat, som påverkas av en hotfaktor, eller som är knutna till en sk värdart, t ex trädet alm. dessa kan även kombineras .\nsöka fram arter som är rödlistade, knutna till alm, är beroende av död ved och som finns i kronobergs län .\nsöka fram arter som är rödlistade, lever i småvatten och som påverkas negativt av igenväxning .\ndefaultläget i verktyget är arter som är rödlistade 2015 och dessa är klassade på samtliga sökfaktorer. under fliken rödlistekategori kan man dock välja att även inkludera arter som inte är rödlistade. om man väljer att inkludera icke rödlistade arter behöver man vara medveten om att samtliga arter inte är klassade på samtliga faktorer. nedan en sammanställning av vad som är komplett .\ndenna funktion används när du vill skapa din egen lista av arter att hantera. du kan t. ex. navigera mellan arterna i listan genom att klicka på deras namn. du kan också välja att använda knappen ”jämför arter” för att se bilder, kartor och kännetecken i en jämförelsevy .\ndu kan komponera ditt eget urval av arter genom att klicka dig fram via släktträdet och där välja arter eller artgrupper till din lista. ett annat sätt att göra ditt urval är att använda fliken ”filtrera”, där du kan söka på olika egenskaper. ovanför listan med sökresultatet finns en knapp ”lägg i mitt urval” .\nthe mit license copyright (c) 2014 - 2016 google, inc. urltoken permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the\nsoftware\n), to deal in the software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and / or sell copies of the software, and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software. the software is provided\nas is\n, without warranty of any kind, express or implied, including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability, fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement. in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim, damages or other liability, whether in an action of contract, tort or otherwise, arising from, out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software .\nthe mit license (mit) copyright (c) 2011 - 2015 twitter, inc permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the\nsoftware\n), to deal in the software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and / or sell copies of the software, and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software. the software is provided\nas is\n, without warranty of any kind, express or implied, including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability, fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement. in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim, damages or other liability, whether in an action of contract, tort or otherwise, arising from, out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software .\ncopyright (c) 2008 - 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2014 openlayers contributors. all rights reserved. redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met: 1. redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. 2. redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation and / or other materials provided with the distribution. this software is provided by openlayers contributors '` as is'' and any express or implied warranties, including, but not limited to, the implied warranties of merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose are disclaimed. in no event shall copyright holder or contributors be liable for any direct, indirect, incidental, special, exemplary, or consequential damages (including, but not limited to, procurement of substitute goods or services; loss of use, data, or profits; or business interruption) however caused and on any theory of liability, whether in contract, strict liability, or tort (including negligence or otherwise) arising in any way out of the use of this software, even if advised of the possibility of such damage. the views and conclusions contained in the software and documentation are those of the authors and should not be interpreted as representing official policies, either expressed or implied, of openlayers contributors .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with nbn atlas, please upload using the upload tools .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nsingle - brooded; late july to mid - august. literature gives august to september\nthelnetham fens (a aston, 25. viii. 1959; smg, 6. viii. 1999; 28. vii. 2000), market weston fen (smg, 25. vii. 1998), ipswich (n sherman, 8. viii. 2004), minsmere (r harvey, 13. viii. 2005 )\nhardly known in britain outside eanglia; feeding on common meadowsweet in marshes. it was found to be' very abundant on both sides of the river little ouse below thetford' by the revd. h. williams of croxton in norfolk, about 1890. not noted later." ]

{ "text": [ "acleris shepherdana , the meadow-sweet button , is a species of moth of the tortricidae family .", "it is found in europe , where it has been recorded from great britain , france , the benelux , germany , denmark , austria , switzerland , italy , the czech republic , slovakia , poland , hungary , norway , sweden , finland , the baltic region and european russia .", "it is also found in the russian far east ( ussuri ) , manchuria , mongolia , china and japan .", "the habitat consists of fens , marshes , river-banks and other damp areas .", "the wingspan is 13 – 16 mm .", "the wings are cinnamon-brown with a reticulate ( net-like ) pattern and a blackish plumbeous ( lead colored ) outer margin of the costal blotch .", "adults are on wing from mid-june to the end of september .", "the larvae feed on spiraea ulmaria , sanguisorba officinalis , sanguisorba parviflora , ulmaria and filipendula species ( including filipendula kamtschatica ) .", "they live in spun shoots of their host plant .", "larvae can be found from may to june .", "pupation may take place in the larval feeding place , in a folded leaf-edge or on the ground . " ], "topic": [ 2, 20, 20, 24, 9, 1, 8, 7, 11, 20, 11 ] }

[ "acleris shepherdana, the meadow-sweet button, is a species of moth of the tortricidae family. it is found in europe, where it has been recorded from great britain, france, the benelux, germany, denmark, austria, switzerland, italy, the czech republic, slovakia, poland, hungary, norway, sweden, finland, the baltic region and european russia. it is also found in the russian far east (ussuri), manchuria, mongolia, china and japan. the habitat consists of fens, marshes, river-banks and other damp areas. the wingspan is 13 – 16 mm. the wings are cinnamon-brown with a reticulate (net-like) pattern and a blackish plumbeous (lead colored) outer margin of the costal blotch. adults are on wing from mid-june to the end of september. the larvae feed on spiraea ulmaria, sanguisorba officinalis, sanguisorba parviflora, ulmaria and filipendula species (including filipendula kamtschatica). they live in spun shoots of their host plant. larvae can be found from may to june. pupation may take place in the larval feeding place, in a folded leaf-edge or on the ground." ]

[ "additional e - books by dipterra are: propagation of black soldier fly larvae in nurseries; black soldier fly applications; and building your own black soldier fly food scrap recycler .\nregistration for the thirteenth inaugural black fly regatta is closed. please join the swarm for the fourteenth inaugural black fly regatta on saturday june 27, 2015 .\ntags: bite wounds, black flies, black fly, entomology, prof. jeb owen, spokane regional health district\nuse black fly repellents containing deet. consult a physician before applying deet to young children .\nin north idaho, the panhandle health district also reported an upswing in black fly calls .\nblack fly larvae are considered an important part of the food chain of streams and rivers .\npramual p, chaliow k, baimai v, walton c. phylogeography of the black fly\nfinn ds, adler ph. population genetic structure of a rare high - elevation black fly ,\nhumans can develop severe allergic reactions to the bite of a female black fly, requiring medical attention .\nspokane, wash. – health officials said monday that black fly populations seem to be on the rise .\nblack fly attacks can be sudden and vicious, depending on the number of insects near you, victims said .\nblack flies, also known as “buffalo gnats” or “turkey gnats” can be quite annoying to people and mammals. what are black flies attracted to? much like mosquitoes, both the male and female black fly feed on nectar. it is only the female black fly who bites since she requires blood for the development of her eggs .\nhas an excellent chapter devoted to black flies that covers biology, behavior, medical and veterinary risk, and information on personal protection and approaches to black fly control .\nthis e - book describes the biology of the black soldier fly. it includes an overview of the importance of the black soldier fly in waste recycling, farming and biofuel production; a general description of the black soldier fly, its classification and geographic distribution; the life cycle of the black soldier fly; the chemical composition and nutritional value of various life stages; and the physiology of black soldier fly, their behavior and ecology. it is available in pdf format and will be sent by email to the address specified in your order. all sales are final .\nblack fly veterans know that the only reason i host the regatta is to give me an excuse to make t - shirts. and by now black fly veterans should know better than to give me an excuse to do anything .\nthere can be anywhere from 1 to 6 generations in a year, depending on the region’s temperature and the black fly species .\nin warmer regions the black fly’s life cycle is continuous and each stage is short in length; in some cooler regions, it will overwinter in the larval stage; while in much colder regions, the black fly usually spends the winter in the egg stage .\nwhat is a fly? while most winged insects have four wings, flies have only two wings. a fly has mouthparts designed to suck up liquids and for piercing, if the fly is one that bites other animals .\nwhat are black flies attracted to? much like mosquitoes, both the male and female black fly feed on nectar. in terms of the black flies' breeding cycle, it is only the female black fly who bites since she requires blood for the development of her eggs. depending on the species of black fly, the female will seek warm - blooded creatures such as humans, animals, and birds for her bloodmeal, or she may prefer cold - blooded animals. if you are tired of being what black flies are attracted to, then a mosquito trap may be the answer .\nthe winner will be forthwith installed as the black fly scullers' poet laureate with all the honors, privileges, and obligations pertaining thereto .\nbecause flowing water is a key part of the black fly life cycle, this year’s heavy precipitation may be at work, he said .\nhey, the black fly scullers are on facebook. it' s only natural; black flies love to swarm around faces. join the group. i will post updates there from time to time .\n. the upper right side of the biplot is composed of sites with lower discharge and smaller streams. black fly species found predominantly at these sites were\nhershey, a. e. , 1988. effect of a caddisfly on black fly density: interspecific interactions limit black flies in an arctic river. j. n. am. benthol. soc. 7: 188–196 .\nin response to black fly concerns from citizens in washington county, maryland, governor larry hogan has allocated $ 200, 000 for a black fly suppression pilot project (house bill 870​), directed by maryland department of agriculture (mda) and maryland department of natural resources (dnr) in conjunction with university of maryland department of entomology. the pilot black fly treatment and monitoring project will be implemented this summer (2017) on the potomac river in washington county\nto combat black fly and other blood - thristy bugs, experts recommend using insect repellent, wearing light - colored clothing and covering the neck and hair lines .\nhow long the black fly season will last is anybody’s guess, but owen said he expects the season to last longer than normal, probably well through summer .\nthe black fly scullers t - shirt is more than a work of art. it is the epitome of our\ngo green\ninitiative. every year, the black fly scullers order bales of organic - free - trade - micro - loan hemp and bamboo to make our t - shirts from renewable and sustainable resources .\ncontrol efforts for the black fly are hampered by the vastness of their range and the variety in their breeding locations. some states in the u. s. spray insecticides to combat black flies, while others prefer not to put anything into its now - clean rivers and streams, fearing that insecticides could harm beneficial insects or fish. another form of outdoor black fly protection is the mosquito trap .\n‘god in his wisdom made the fly, and then forgot to tell us why. ’\nblack fly larvae and pupae develop in flowing water, typically non - polluted water with a high level of dissolved oxygen. suitable aquatic habitats for black fly larval development vary greatly and include large rivers, icy mountain streams, trickling creeks, and waterfalls. larvae of most species typically are found in only one of these habitats .\nlow vl, adler ph, takaoka h, ya’cob z, lim pe, et al. mitochondrial dna markers reveal high genetic diversity but low genetic differentiation in the black fly\npramual p, thaijaren j, sofian - azirun m, ya’cob z, hadi uk, takaoka h. cytogenetic and molecular evidence of additional cryptic diversity in high elevation black fly\navoid unnecessary outdoor activities at dawn and dusk when black flies are most active .\nhealth officials said black flies lurk near running water, marches and high grass .\nhealth officials said black flies lurk near running water, marshes and high grass .\nwildlife experts said the tiny insect, which is also known as the black fly, can leave bites which often turn infectious and potentially leaving some victims in need of hospital treatment .\nonly $ 1. 00 each. all proceeds will go toward the black fly scullers community boathouse. or my honeymoon with the heiress of my dreams. or my legal defense .\nthe lifespan of black flies is short, lasting only 2 - 3 weeks. the black flies breeding ground is clear running water. the female black fly will not lay her eggs in polluted water. females deposit from 150 to 500 eggs in submerged vegetation, and the eggs hatch in four to five days, making the black flies breeding cycle very fast. the eggs proceed through the larval and pupal stages before becoming adults .\none woman, responding to a facebook request for black fly information, said that she and her family were attacked within minutes of arriving at manito park on saturday and forced to flee .\nthe comfort inn in st. johnsbury is offering a discount to black fly scullers stranded overnight in the northeast kingdom. call 802 - 748 - 1500 for reservations. tell them you are participating in the black fly regatta. wait for the laughter to subside. the comfort inn is conveniently located off exit 20 on interstate 91 and is approximately 20 minutes from the launch site .\nblack flies will fly up to 10 miles in search of blood. they do not transmit disease to humans in the united states. however, injury from black fly bites can threaten the lives of livestock and even people when present in very large numbers, typically in late spring and early summer. deaths have been reported from allergic reactions and blood loss from the bites, and even from inhaling the flies. black fly bites often cause considerable swelling and bleeding, may be itchy and slow to heal. they prefer to attack the head and where clothing fits tightly .\nto suck blood from animals and people, black flies cut a hole in the skin. the blood, pain and itching associated with the bite is the body’s response to the fly’s saliva .\nit is estimated that females of 90% of the black fly species require a blood meal for the development of eggs. those of most species feed on mammals, while others feed on birds. females of some black fly species feed on only one host, whereas others are known to feed on over 30 different host species. no north american species feed exclusively on humans. male black flies are not attracted to humans, and their mouthparts are not capable of biting .\n) were found co - occurring in 46% of total samplings. therefore, patterns of species assemblage of the black flies in tropical streams in malaysia mirror previous findings in thailand and suggest that ecological conditions of the larval habitat play a significant role in determining black fly species assemblage .\n, were largely associated with these stream characters and abundantly found at low altitude. in fact, stream velocity has been emphasized as one of the important factors determining the distribution of black fly larvae [\ncouceiro srm, hamada n, sagot lb, pepinelli m. black - fly assemblage distribution in streams in disturbed areas in southern brazil. act trop. 2014; 140: 26–33. doi :\nuse repellent sprays on animals and yourself if black flies are present. homs insect repellents are excellent for personal use and arbico organics holistic fly defense is formulated for use on horses and other animals .\nwhere do black flies live? black flies can be found throughout the world from the warm tropics to the cold regions of the arctic circle. their main criteria appear to be clean water and a sufficient supply of bloodmeal hosts, which means black flies live virtually everywhere .\nhuman activities can lead to an increase in black fly numbers in an area. structures such as concrete dams and concrete - lined stream channels provide excellent developmental sites for larvae and pupae of certain black fly species. in addition, the restoration of polluted streams, especially in new england, has increased the dissolved oxygen content of streams and created suitable larval habitat for some of our most important pest species .\npalmer rw, craig da 2000. an ecological classification of primary labral fans of filter - feeding black fly (diptera: simuliidae) larvae. can j zool 78: 199 - 121. [ links ]\npramual p, wongpakam k. seasonal variation of black fly (diptera: simuliidae) species diversity and community structure in tropical streams of thailand. entomol sci. 2010; 13 (1): 17–28 .\npalmer rw, craig da. an ecological classification of primary labral fans of filter - feeding black fly (diptera: simuliidae) larvae. can j zool. 2000; 78 (2): 199–218 .\nblack fly assemblage is a colony of different species occurring in similar ecological or habitat requirements. defining this assemblage is of paramount importance in evaluating the comparative richness of populations, and the effect of isolation or fragmentation [\npramual p, kuvangkadilok c. agricultural land use and black fly (diptera: simuliidae) species richness and species assemblages in tropical streams, northeastern thailand. hydrobiol. 2009; 625 (1): 173–84 .\nmccreadie jw, adler ph, grillet me, hamada n. sampling statistics in understanding distributions of black fly larvae (diptera: simuliidae). act entomol serb. 2006; 11 (suppl): 89–96 .\nwhat are black flies? black files, also known as “buffalo gnats” or “turkey gnats” can be annoying to people and mammals. although they are called black flies, they can be gray, brown, or yellow in color. the “buffalo gnat” nickname came from their hump - like body .\nthe early part of every summer for the last four decades has been spoilt for many blandfordians by the arrival of a fly with a very nasty bite. colin trueman tries to find some truth among the many legends about the ‘blandford fly’ .\nas a parent, hole said it is worrisome and he is not alone. krem 2 has received a number of pictures from viewers of black fly bites on people and pet. many wondered if they are dangerous .\nblack soldier fly biotechnologies are sustainable, eco - friendly, low odor, low energy and low cost alternatives to conventional methods of processing waste. unlike common houseflies, black soldier flies do not spread diseases. this, in combination with their fast growth rate, makes them very attractive for controlled processing of organic waste .\nthere is little that an affected homeowner or person engaging in outdoor activities can do to control black flies. for personal protection, it is best to avoid peak periods of black fly activity. information pertaining to the predicted\nblack fly season\nin a particular area often can be obtained by contacting a local cooperative extension office. when venturing outdoors in infested areas, apply an insect repellent containing deet, wear protective clothing, and minimize openings such as buttonholes through which black flies crawl in an attempt to feed. outdoor activities in heavily infested areas may require the wearing of fine - mesh head nets, similar to those worn by beekeepers .\n“like all cold blooded things, the warmer the temperature, they better and further they can fly, ” he added .\nat the other end of the pomp - and - circumstance spectrum is the black fly regatta... it' s tough to imagine a more irreverent rowing race - or one that is as much fun .\nas part of our ongoing\ngo green\ninitiative, the black fly scullers want to remind everyone that consuming raw or undercooked eggs or bacon saves time and energy. please do your bit to reduce our carbon footprint !\nfigure 2. black fly life cycle. (illustration by: scott charlesworth, purdue university, based in in part on peterson, b. v. , in: in: manual of nearctic diptera, volume 1 )\n]. the host biting habits and vectorial capacity of malaysian black flies, however, remain unknown .\nstay away from areas where black flies are active during the day, especially at dusk and dawn .\nthis study has provided insight into the distribution pattern of preimaginal black fly assemblages along an altitudinal gradient in peninsular malaysia. this study could deepen our knowledge on the ecology and biology of the specialised taxa in response to environmental changes .\nanother chemical control is larviciding, the application of pesticides designed to kill fly larvae. formulations containing bacillus thuringiensis (such as bti) or growth regulators (such as methoprene) have been widely and successfully used against mosquito larvae living in the stagnant water of ditches, lagoons and catch basins. bti has been used successfully against black fly larvae in streams .\nsand flies are related to non - biting drain flies (see house fly and other filth flies: < urltoken >) .\nthe fly feeds on blood with an insidiously effective biological game plan. their mouths inject saliva with an anti - coagulant to keep blood flowing. the saliva anesthetizes the wound for a period of time, helping the fly go undetected in its sneak attack .\nhalgos j, illésová d, krno i 2001. the effect of some ecological factors on longitudinal patterns of black fly community structure (diptera: simuliidae) in a foothill stream. biologia 56: 513 - 523. [ links ]\nhalgos j, illésová d, krno i. the effect of some ecological factors on longitudinal patterns of black fly community structure (diptera: simuliidae) in a foothill stream. biologia. 2001; 56 (5): 513–23 .\nthe stable fly is a about ¼ - inch long and gray with four dark stripes on its thorax (behind the head). this fly looks like a house fly, except for the pointed proboscis beneath its head through which it sucks blood. they are most abundant in late summer and fall, and will fly several miles to bite livestock (hence the name), pets and people. they typically bite in early morning or late afternoon and often attack the ankles, inflicting a sharp, stabbing pain .\ndanniele hall was with her two young children and dog in the dishman hills when the black flies attacked .\nblack flies are known to travel up to 10 miles from their breeding sites in search of a bloodmeal .\nmorde me !\nindeed, flies. chip davis, the introspective, humble, and virtuous publisher of rowing news magazine (aka the magazine of rowing) poignantly compared the black fly regatta with england' s henley royal regatta in his september 2009 publisher' s note. unfortunately, a last - minute editorial decision left staff photos of both events on the newsroom floor. can you guess which one is the black fly regatta and which one is henley royal ?\nblack flies can be found throughout the world from the warm tropics to the cold regions of the arctic circle .\nfemales of most species of black flies feed during the day, usually biting on the upper body and head. unlike certain species of mosquitoes and biting midges, black flies do not enter human structures to seek blood meals .\nhamada et al. (2002) pointed out the relative scarcity of ecological studies on the black fly fauna of the neotropical region. in addition to this limited number of studies, most of the literature on this subject is restricted to a few geographical areas; in the specific case of brazil, a large number of biomes lack ecological studies on their black fly fauna (figueiró & gil - azevedo 2010), as most of the studies concentrate on the central amazon (e. g. , hamada et al. 2002), southeastern (e. g. , araújo - coutinho et al. 2004, figueiró et al. 2006, pepinelli et al. 2005) and southern (strieder 2004, santos et al. 2010) mata atlântica biomes. another issue raised in hamada et al. (2002) is that most of the studies on neotropical black flies approach the ecology of the individual species population (e. g. , hamada & mccreadie 1999), rather than the whole black fly community. in recent years, some authors attempted to research the ecology of the black fly community (hamada et al. 2002, mccreadie et al. 2004, pepinelli et al. 2005, figueiró et al. 2006, 2008, landeiro et al. 2009); however, contributions to this particular field of neotropical black fly ecology are still very limited .\nmost sand fly species feed on the blood of mammals, reptiles and amphibians at night. in many parts of the world, including southern texas in the united states, certain sand fly species (lutzomyia) are suspected of transmitting cutaneous leischmaniasis, a disfiguring protozoan disease of humans .\n, respectively. cca indicated that temperature, stream size and discharge were the most important factors in differentiating streams from different altitudes. therefore, these factors are good predictors for black fly species assemblages. the relationship between species and stream variable conditions was high (> 0. 569) for the first three canonical axes, indicating that the variables used in this study were strongly related to black fly species assemblage. temperature was the most important factor on the cca axis 1. species that associated with normal stream temperature were\ndogs are also susceptible to attack. readers reported that their pets were getting numerous bites from dozens of black flies .\nanyway, they wanted to convey five acres to the black fly scullers. but there was another suitor in the weeds. wants to build a\ndream house\non our original five - acre parcel. and claims to have the moo - lah on hand .\nflies, you will recall - - and i won' t let you ever forget - - last year we had a dissenter questioning my claim that the black fly regatta is the largest mass start north of the tropic of cancer. here' s what he wrote :\nrest assured as part of our socially responsible program, the black fly scullers take every step to insure that your t - shirts are made in safe, humane conditions right here in the u s of a. our manufacturer in arizona is currently experiencing a labor shortage .\nthis study reports on the density, growth, and production response of the dominant black fly, prosimulium martini, to whole river fertilization of the kuparuk river in arctic alaska during the summer of 1984. beginning in 1983, a long term study of fertilization effects was initiated in the kuparuk river. increased nutrient supply stimulated algal and microbial biomass and microbial activity, which in turn affected the larval growth and abundance of prosimulium. this experiment allowed us to isolate the effects of nutrient supply from other factors in determining black fly growth and abundance .\nchildren are often the targets of these bloodsucking insects while nearby adults may not be bothered by the black flies at all .\nblack flies seem to prefer the head area of its bloodmeal host, although these bloodsucking insects will also bite under clothing .\nin conclusion, this comprehensive surveillance on the vertical distribution of black flies was conducted for the first time in peninsular malaysia and yielded 35 species, representing 42. 7% of total simuliids in malaysia. the current study has provided new insight into the distribution patterns of preimaginal black fly along an altitudinal gradient in peninsular malaysia. our results indicated that physicochemical characteristics of the stream habitats that are associated with black fly distribution (e. g. stream size, velocity and temperature) varied along an altitudinal gradient. thus, species diversity and assemblages varied accordingly. we found that certain black fly species are habitat specialists, whereas some are habitat generalists and distributed in wide range of ecological conditions. these species are likely to contain cryptic taxa and further taxonomic study using cytogenetic and molecular methods are required to support this hypothesis. moreover, this study could deepen our knowledge on the ecology and biology of the specialised taxa in response to environmental changes .\nfigueiró r, gil - azevedo lh, maia - herzog m, monteiro rf. diversity and microdistribution of black fly (diptera: simuliidae) assemblages in the tropical savanna streams of the brazilian cerrado. mem inst oswaldo cruz. 2012; 107 (3): 362–9 .\n- and last but not least, you can win a year' s subscription to rowing news! and i hear that this fall they will do a feature article :\nblack fly scullers: infrared or ultraviolet ?\nif you don' t win, you better subscribe .\ncomparative studies on the affinities of two black flies, simulium metallicum and s. ochraceum for the larvae of onchocerca volvulus in guatemala\nblack flies are true flies (order diptera) in the family simuliidae, which includes more than 1, 700 species worldwide. in north america, 255 species in 11 genera have been identified, but additional species remain to be discovered and named. very little is known about black flies in indiana, and there are no estimates of the number of species in the state. for perspective, 12 species have been documented in illinois, while over 30 species have been documented in both minnesota and wisconsin, where black fly habitats are more abundant .\nblack flies are members of the diptera order and there are 255 identified species in north america. adult black flies are small (5 - 15 mm), dark with short legs, broad wings and have a humpbacked shape. while most species are black, yellow and orange species have been identified. eggs are pale white and laid in a single group of 200 - 500 after females take a blood meal. hatching occurs in 4 - 30 days depending on the species and environmental conditions. hatched larvae mature through 4 - 9 stages in flowing water over 1 - 6 months and usually overwinter in this stage. larval\ndrift\ncan occur resulting in pupae developing downstream of where prior black fly development occurred. adult black flies emerge from pupae ready to mate, feed and lay the next generation of eggs .\nover 250 species of black flies have been found in north america, while there are about 2, 000 species throughout the world .\ncolorimetric values of four nominal colors (red, yellow, blue, black) evaluated in esperanza window traps in chiapas, mexico .\nas an added bonus, your membership entitles you to participate in the\nblack flyathlon\n( copyright black fly scullers, inc. 2010), a nordic ski schuss amid the backwoods of the northeast kingdom which starts precisely at noon on the saturday after the crash - bs. (details below) two races for the price of one! double your chances of winning a prize! or catastrophic injury! what a deal !\n, infective fly day periods of different air temperature conditions are shown together with the estimated number of gonotrophic cycles in terms of the number of blood - feedings. takaoka\nwe hypothesized that stream conditions vary according to the altitude, thus black fly diversity and assemblages are expected to change along the altitudinal gradient. certain preimaginal stages of black flies would have a broad range of vertical distribution (i. e. generalist species), while others might show a specific range of distribution (i. e. specialist species). the specialised taxa may limit their distribution to certain preferred microhabitat / niche conditions [\nblack flies, also known as buffalo gnats and turkey gnats, are persistent and irritating pests that swarm around humans and other animals. found in large parts of the united states, black flies can be a major public health hazard in some areas. adult black flies are most active during the summer months and bite mammals to feed on blood but can cause serious irritation by crawling into the ears, eyes, nose, or mouths of affected host animals. on cattle, horses and other livestock the ears seem to be the favorite feeding location. black fly biting can be so severe in the upper midwest and northeast regions of the united states that outdoor activities like fishing, kayaking and hiking must be avoided .\nwhile black flies are small (2 - 5 mm length), they can have a big impact on outdoor activities. some black flies (diptera: simuliidae) can impact outdoor recreation and tourism cause serious by their persistent biting and swarming behavior. the black fly life cycle has four stages: egg, larva, pupa, and adult. all are aquatic except the adults, which leave the water to search for food and mates. larval growth is very temperature dependent, with relatively slow growth during the cold winter months and very rapid growth during warm summer water temperatures .\nthe aquatic stages of black flies are often abundant organisms in river ecosystems, where the larvae filter and eat fine food particles from the water column. the immature stages of black flies are aquatic and exclusively inhabit flowing waters. however, black flies are not found in lakes, ponds, swamps, and other standing water habitats. stream flow is essential for transporting food and oxygen to the immature stages. black flies can play in important role in local food chains where they are preyed upon by many insect predators, fish, amphibians and birds. ​\nfrom cameron highland, an earlier described species and previously considered as locally extinct, was discovered in our study. these findings indicated that all sampled streams are the natural breeding habitats for black flies. as far as medico - veterinary importance of black flies is concerned, we collected\ndeer flies are most prevalent in the spring. they are medium - size flies, approximately ¼ - inch long, about the size of a house fly. they are typically yellow - brown to black with dark bands on their wings. the eyes of some deer flies and horse flies are iridescent green .\nmillinocket, maine - mainers call the black fly the state bird. residents and tourists have long steeled themselves against the flies' annual warm - weather onslaught, sometimes duct - taping pant legs and wearing screened hoods to keep the deceptively small bugs from delivering bloody bites or crawling into seemingly every body crevice .\nour accountants at cooke & debuchs have scoured our balance sheets (we have several). there' s no question that any mortgage to the black fly scullers, inc. is a toxic asset. so our crack legal staff at steele & lye has formed a hedge fund to buy it: meniscus .\nmany studies show riffle litter association for many neotropical black fly species (e. g. , shelley et al. 2000, figueiró et al. 2006) as well as the association of s. nigrimanum to rocky substrates (shelley et al. 2000). s. cuasiexiguum was probably associated with riparian vegetation because it was common to find in the tocantins river, where the only suitable microhabitat patches for black fly immatures were riparian vegetation patches at the margin. the association of s. minusculum with current velocity in the larger tocantins river confirms previous studies (coscarón 1983, shelley et al. 2000) .\nthe blandford fly, a tiny insect normally found in the country, appears to have reproduced in city areas, largely thanks to the growing popularity of garden water features .\nonce you discover a bite, wash it vigorously to remove the fly saliva and apply an anti - itch lotion or cream. some people use ice to reduce swelling .\nthe blackfly image itself was born on a sunny afternoon in key west after a painting session where vaughn was practicing his japanese sumi - brush techniques when the thought came to him to try painting a fishing fly using the same method. it was as if he had been struck by a lightning bolt from the\nmuse\n, painting feverishly for the rest of the day on any paper he could find until paper grocery bags became his canvas. nearly 300 fly paintings later, one fly painting inspiring the next, for hours and hours, the blackfly was born. 20 years later the blackfly has become one of the most recognized brand logos in saltwater fly fishing and licensed worldwide .\n( hey, chip. you didn' t say which end of the spectrum the black flies inhabit. are we infrared or ultraviolet? )\nanimal victims of black flies have included horses, cows, birds, hogs, sheep, turkeys and chickens, and even dogs and cats .\nadler ph, currie dc, wood dm. the black flies (simuliidae) of north america. ithaca: cornell university press; 2004 .\nthey fear the blandford fly, which measures only about two or three millimetres long, is spreading amid reports of a rise in infected insect bites over the past few weeks .\ndespite the use of various control methods, control of biting flies is seldom complete. but by supplementing preventive measures with fly management, bites from these vexing pests can be avoided .\nde leon and duke [ 14 ] elucidated the effects of the intake of microfilariae against the longevity of blackflies. the longevity of s. ochraceum was not affected when an average of 9 microfilariae per fly were ingested, but 14. 2% and 39. 3% of s. ochraceum died within 24 hours when an average of 170 and 390 microfilariae per fly, respectively, were ingested. on the other hand, 12% and 100% of s. metallicum died when 5 or 6 microfilariae per fly and 190 microfilariae per fly, respectively, were ingested. all s. callidum died when ingesting an average of 160 microfilariae per fly, as observed for s. metallicum. on day 2 and later, the longevity of the survived blackflies harboring larvae was almost the same as that of blackflies without larvae. similar results were reported by omar and garms [ 33 ], collins [ 20 ] and ito et al. [ 17 ]. the maximum number of microfilariae ingested that could not affect the longevity of s. metallicum was calculated as 168 microfilariae per fly by ito et al. [ 17 ] .\nadult black flies are small, no more than 1 / 8 - inch long with broad wings and a humpbacked appearance. like other flies, black flies are creatures of moist environments. also known as “buffalo gnats, ” they are usually encountered near creeks and rivers where the larvae attach to submerged stones .\nan outbreak of biting black flies is spreading in pockets across the inland northwest, bringing misery in the form of itchy bleeding bite wounds and allergic reactions .\nthe pesticide, vectobac 12 as was chosen because of its effectiveness for this use and because it is harmful to a very limited variety of aquatic organisms that only includes midge larvae, black fly larvae, mosquito larvae and a few other aquatic dipteran (flies) insects. it is not harmful to fish, crabs or other aquatic invertebrates. more information​\nblack flies are attracted to humans largely through the carbon dioxide we exhale, but these bloodsucking insects are also attracted by dark colored clothing, perfumes and sweat .\n. the bottom right panel of the biplot is characterized by low water temperature, which is characteristic of high altitude streams. black flies predominating at these sites were\ncurrie dc, adler ph. global diversity of black flies (diptera: simuliidae) in freshwater. hydrobiol. 2008; 595 (1): 469–75 .\nregrettably, the blandford fly has become known over much of england – there are reports of bites blamed on it from herefordshire to hertfordshire – and one oxford resident, the journalist (and insect fan) martin wainwright, burned an effigy of the fly on guy fawkes’ night in revenge for its savage bites in their part of the world. the fly has even come to the notice of the house of lords. in a debate on the subject, lord campbell of croy asked: ‘my lords, can my noble friend assure us that this fly, which sounds most pernicious, is neither a threatened nor protected species? ’ to which the earl of dundee replied: ‘no, my lords, the fewer the better. ’ all of blandford is with him on that. ◗\nbiting flies transmit debilitating diseases to millions of people worldwide. sand flies (psychodidae) transmit sand fly fever, bartonellosis and leischmaniasis in many parts of the world. in the united states, one deer fly species (chrysops discalis) can transmit tularemia. biting midges (ceratopogonidae) transmit a variety of diseases and, in the u. s. , infect livestock with blue tongue virus. in addition, the bites of black flies (simuliidae), horse flies (tabanidae) and stable flies (stomoxys calcitrans), can produce severe allergic reactions .\nblack flies range in size from 5 to 15 mm, and they are relatively robust, with an arched thoracic region (figure 1). they have large compound eyes, short antennae, and a pair of large, fan - shaped wings. most species have a black body, but yellow and even orange species exist .\nadler ph, mccreadie jw. the hidden ecology of black flies: sibling species and ecological scale. am entomol. 1997; 43 (3): 153–62 .\ncurrie, d. c. & d. grimaldi, 2000. a new black fly (diptera: simuliidae) genus from mid cretaceous (turonian) amber of new jersey. in d. grimaldi (ed .), studies on fossils in amber, with particular reference to the cretaceous of new jersey. backhuys publishers, leiden, the netherlands: 473–485 .\ndalmat ht. the black flies (diptera, simuliidae) of guatemala and their role as vectors of onchocerciasis. washington d. c. : smithsonian institution; 1955 .\nhart dd 1986. the adaptive significance of territoriality in filter - feeding larval black flies (diptera: simuliidae). oikos 46: 88 - 92. [ links ]\nmccreadie jw, hamada n, grillet me 2004. spatial - temporal distribution of preimaginal black flies in neotropical streams. hydrobiologia 513: 183 - 196. [ links ]\nhart dd. the adaptive significance of territoriality in filter - feeding larval black flies (diptera: simuliidae). oikos. 1986; 46 (1): 88–92 .\ntakaoka h, davies dm. the black flies (diptera: simuliidae) of west malaysia. fukuoka: kyushu university press; 1995. p. viii + 175pp .\ntakaoka, h. , 2003. the black flies (diptera: simuliidae) of sulawesi, maluku and irian jaya. kyushu university press, fukuoka, japan: 581 .\nlike mosquitoes, biting flies locate humans and other animals by sensing certain substances, including the carbon dioxide and moisture in exhaled breath, dark colors and movement, warmth and perspiration. once a suitable host is located, a biting fly inserts its piercing mouthparts, lacerates the skin, then injects its anticoagulant - containing saliva to keep the blood flowing. in sensitive individuals, the fly’s saliva can trigger life - threatening allergic reactions .\nstable flies lay eggs in piles of rotting vegetable matter, such as haystacks, grass clippings, manure and vegetation along shorelines. like the adults, stable fly larvae are nearly identical to the larvae of house flies .\nflies, i know you know that everyone who is in the know knows that sculling is really cross - training for cross - country skiing. and to prove that point you are welcome to participate in the ever - inaugural black flyathlon. come join the mass - start schuss about the arduous yet scenic hand - hewn cross - country ski trails surrounding the black fly scullers world headquarters in north danville, vermont. it' s held, as always, at high noon (great movie, gary cooper, grace kelly) on the saturday following the crash b' s .\nowen said the larvae of black flies attach to rocks or concrete in flowing water and can survive the winter. the water might be no more than a rivulet, he said .\n]. to test this hypothesis, we made our first attempt to investigate the distribution pattern of black flies and their associated environmental factors, along an altitudinal gradient in peninsular malaysia .\ntakaoka h. the black flies (diptera: simuliidae) of sulawesi, maluku and irian jaya. fukuoka: kyushu university press; 2003. p. xxii + 581 pp .\nblack flies are on the attack in the area. i spoke with this girl' s dad and he said she was bitten 6 times so far this season. @ krem2 urltoken\ninfective fly day periods in four groups of s. ochraceum, which were fed on a carrier of o. volvulus microfilariae and were kept at various constant air temperatures, and their relation to the number of gonotrophic cycles .\nzahar, a. r. , 1951. the ecology and distribution of black - flies (simuliidae) in south - east scotland. j. animo ecol. 20: 33–62 .\nthe present study, together with the work of landeiro et al. (2009), stands as one of the first contributions to the literature about the ecological traits of the brazilian cerrado black flies. although biotic factors can influence community structure in lotic systems, abiotic factors probably play a dominant role in defining species assemblages (allan 1995). thus, the main objective of the present paper is to describe the abiotic factors affecting the distribution of black flies at a microhabitat scale, rather than at the regional scale usually found in the literature on the neotropical region. we sampled black fly assemblages in microhabitats, defined here as 30 x 30 cm areas (quadrats), at four sites and assessed abiotic factors that might facilitate coexistence of the species and contribute to the diversity of the assemblages .\nciborowski jj, adler ph 1990. ecological segregation of larval black flies (diptera: simuliidae) in northern saskatchewan, canada. can j zool 68: 2113 - 2122. [ links ]\npreimaginal black flies (diptera: simuliidae) are important components of the stream ecosystem. however, there has been limited research undertaken on the vertical distribution of preimaginal black flies and their associated ecological factors. stream conditions are generally variable along the altitudinal gradient. therefore, we conducted an in - depth entomological survey to investigate the simuliid distribution pattern along an altitudinal gradient in peninsular malaysia .\nciborowski jj, adler ph. ecological segregation of larval black flies (diptera: simuliidae) in northern saskatchewan, canada. can j zool. 1990; 68 (10): 2113–22 .\nsophia’s father, chris hole said “she started getting bit and we thought it was spiders at first but then we found it was black flies, they started getting her around the neck. ”\nhribar lj, [! (surname)! ], foil ld (1991) increasing horse fly (diptera: tabanidae) catch in canopy traps by reducing ultraviolet light reflectance. j med entomol 28: 874 - 877. pubmed :\nhe added: “mosquitoes are the biggest biter, but over the last few years there has been a greater incidence of black flies. they are beginning to breed more in towns and cities. ”\nblack flies (diptera: simuliidae) are insects of medical and veterinary significance. they are vectors of human diseases, notably human onchocerciasis or river blindness, the second ranking cause of infectious blindness [\n]. our study also revealed 74. 3% of the sampled black flies as rare species (fo < 10 %). this pattern was consistent with our previous study in peninsular malaysia [\nby removing pollutants in our streams and rivers, we are actually creating inviting breeding grounds for black flies. (but we still must continue to clean up our streams and rivers despite that fact! )\nadler ph, cheke ra, post rj. evolution, epidemiology, and population genetics of black flies (diptera: simuliidae). infect gen evol. 2010; 10 (7): 846–65 .\nmccreadie jw, adler ph. scale, time, space, and predictability: species distributions of preimaginal black flies (diptera: simuliidae). oecologia. 1998; 114 (1): 79–92 .\npangjanda s, pramual p. trait - based and phylogenetic community ecology of black flies (diptera: simuliidae) in tropical streams of thailand. hydrobiol. 2015; 763 (1): 345–56 .\nspokesperson kim papich for the spokane regional health district said, “the good news is black flies do not transmit disease in our community so really what we' re dealing with here is a nuisance .\nporter ch, collins rc (1988) biting activity of black flies in guatemala: parity rates and differences between localities and habitats. am j trop med hyg 38: 142 - 152. pubmed :\nso what' s this going to cost? plenty. after all, how many euros would you expect to pay to be at the opposite end of the spectrum from the henley royal regatta? 100? 200? more? i like the way you' re thinking. you can' t buy this kind of insouciance just anywhere, you know. but with the greek banks foundering like odysseus on the wine - dark sea, i must request you pay in u. s. dollars this year. don' t fret. self - restraint is the hallmark of the black fly scullers. we' re not gonna let this media blitz go to our swollen heads. so for the low, low, price of only $ 40. 00 you, too, can become a member of the black fly scullers for the entire year which entitles you to come play with us on the comerford reservoir .\ngersabeck, e. f. & r. w. merritt, 1979. the effect of physical factors on the colonization and relocation behavior of immature black flies. envir. ent. 8: 34–39 .\ncurrie, d. c. , 1986. an annotated list of and keys to the immature black flies of alberta (diptera: simuliidae). memoirs of the entomological society of canada 134: 1–90 .\nlast year i reported that the real - life counterparts to reg and chet campbell (see fly 4 and fly 5 director' s notes) sold their dairy herd - - something to do with getting paid $ 1. 00 for a hundredweight of milk when it costs $ 1. 50 to make a hundredweight of milk. now i' m no farmer but it seems to me like these cows are getting paid way too much. they should make wage concessions. we' ll wait and see .\nthe elimination guidelines set forth by the onchocerciasis elimination program for the americas (oepa) and the world health organization (who) use the prevalence of the infective stage of o. volvulus larvae in the black fly vectors as a major metric for determining whether or not transmission has been successfully interrupted in an endemic community [ 13, 14 ]. the threshold used for declaring elimination is less than one o. volvulus per 2, 000 female black flies per endemic community. at least 6, 000 flies must be tested by polymerase chain reaction (pcr - pool screening) in each endemic community to satisfy this standard [ 13 - 15 ]. to date, the collection of such large numbers of black flies has been problematic, as the primary method for collecting host - seeking black flies is the use of human landing collections [ 16 - 18 ]. this method involves stationing adult humans in areas of high simulium densities and collecting black flies that attempt to land and blood - feed. apart from the fact that this method has been a subject of criticism due to the potential risk of human collector’s exposure to infection during the early stages of a control program [ 19 ], it may be difficult for fly collectors to capture the large number flies needed to document that transmission has been interrupted where biting rates are low or highly seasonal. thus, the development of trap (s) to replace human landing collections is becoming increasingly important as the focus in onchocerciasis shifts from control to elimination, and in some cases post - treatment surveillance [ 20 ] .\nthis study showed that the five principal components had eigenvalues > 1. 0 and accounted for 71. 2% of total intersite variance of the stream condition variables. streams at low altitude, with normal water temperature (23–25 °c), wider, deeper and faster, low conductivity, higher discharge, more canopy covers and riparian vegetations and with larger stream - bed particles, accommodate more preimaginal black fly species. some of these core factors were consistent with previous studies [" ]

{ "text": [ "a black fly ( sometimes called a blandford fly , buffalo gnat , turkey gnat , or white socks ) is any member of the family simuliidae of the culicomorpha infraorder .", "they are related to the ceratopogonidae , chironomidae , and thaumaleidae .", "over 1,800 species of black flies are known ( of which 11 are extinct ) .", "most species belong to the immense genus simulium .", "most black flies gain nourishment by feeding on the blood of mammals , including humans , although the males feed mainly on nectar .", "they are usually small , black or gray , with short legs , and antennae .", "they are a common nuisance for humans , and many u.s. states have programs to suppress the black fly population .", "they spread several diseases , including river blindness in africa ( simulium damnosum and s. neavei ) and the americas ( s. callidum and s. metallicum in central america , s. ochraceum in central and south america ) . " ], "topic": [ 26, 26, 26, 26, 8, 19, 17, 15 ] }

[ "a black fly (sometimes called a blandford fly, buffalo gnat, turkey gnat, or white socks) is any member of the family simuliidae of the culicomorpha infraorder. they are related to the ceratopogonidae, chironomidae, and thaumaleidae. over 1,800 species of black flies are known (of which 11 are extinct). most species belong to the immense genus simulium. most black flies gain nourishment by feeding on the blood of mammals, including humans, although the males feed mainly on nectar. they are usually small, black or gray, with short legs, and antennae. they are a common nuisance for humans, and many u.s. states have programs to suppress the black fly population. they spread several diseases, including river blindness in africa (simulium damnosum and s. neavei) and the americas (s. callidum and s. metallicum in central america, s. ochraceum in central and south america)." ]

[ "species - level identification of any bucculatrix is very difficult and usually requires dna and / or dissection to confirm. all species - level identifications on bugguide, without expert analysis including dna and dissection, should be considered tentative, at best. bob patterson is conducting a review of this genus at the moth photographers group with help from terry harrison and other experts. every attempt will be made on bugguide to align our taxonomy with the mpg which may require some previously submitted images to be moved back to genus. (randy hardy, in consult with bob patterson and steve nanz, may 2011 )\nphotographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed. contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29: registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin, july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia, june 4 - 7. photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona, july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell, iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\ncontributed by abigail m. parker on 25 september, 2009 - 9: 01pm additional contributions by randy hardy last updated 24 may, 2011 - 2: 26pm\ndisclaimer: dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service. we strive to provide accurate information, but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world. if you need expert professional advice, contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content. click the contributor' s name for licensing and usage information. everything else copyright © 2003 - 2018 iowa state university, unless otherwise noted .\n80x5 - 240x3 - 240x4 - 320x1 - 320x2 - 320x3 - 640x1 - 640x2 set display option above. click on images to enlarge .\ndata and apps idaho fish and wildlife information system bringing information to bear on the management and conservation of fish, wildlife, and plants in idaho .\nhodges # 0559 4 - 30 - 11 my sheet has 20 threads per inch (or 3 / mm). that gives some scale to the size of this moth .\nwildlife preserves is a private, nonprofit land conservation corporation dedicated to the preservation of natural areas, open space, wildlife, and wildlife habitats for conservation, education, and research .\nits land is administered as natural areas and wildlife sanctuaries for the protection of wild animals, plants, and their habitats and open to the public for passive recreational uses such as hiking, biking, bird watching, photography, nature observation and study, with prohibitions against hunting, fishing, trapping, dumping, and off - trail motor vehicles .\nwildlife preserves owns and manages approximately 6, 000 acres of land in the state of new jersey in the counties of atlantic, cumberland, essex, morris, and warren. wildlife preserves also owns land in westchester county, new york .\nwildlife preserves maintains habitats in each of its sanctuaries for common, threatened, and endangered species of fauna and flora. its land and habitat is varied, including freshwater wetland marsh, rivers, streams, ponds, mountains, hardwood forests, pine forests, coastal marsh and shore habitat. some of the land serves as flood storage, which also serves as an economic benefit to the public .\nthe lands are open to the public. most visitors are residents of new jersey or the greater new york region. visitors vary from tourists and casual strollers to proficient amateur and professional naturalists. educational use ranges from that of students in grade school on up to graduate school; from formal educational institutions, to a variety of students from organizations and research institutions and those on their own programs, including girl scouts and boy scouts .\nall wildlife preserves sanctuaries are accessible and parking is available. some areas are roadless, but all areas are accessible by foot .\ninterview with wildlife preserves founder— robert l. perkins, jr. and land manager— leonardo fariello\none gateway center, suite 2500 newark, nj 07102 973 - 887 - 0096 copyright © 2016 wildlife preserves, inc. all rights reserved" ]

{ "text": [ "bucculatrix coronatella is a moth in the bucculatricidae family .", "it is found in north america , where it has been recorded from alabama , georgia , indiana , kentucky , maine , maryland , massachusetts , new jersey , ohio , oklahoma , ontario , pennsylvania , south carolina , tennessee , virginia , washington d.c. and west virginia .", "the wingspan is 7.5 – 8 mm .", "the forewings are uniform orange-ocherous or sometimes brownish .", "the hind wings are grey or pale reddish fuscous .", "adults have been recorded on wing from april to september .", "the larvae feed on betula nigra .", "they mine the leaves of their host plant .", "the mine is thread-like and irregularly winding .", "it is filled with blackish frass .", "older larvae live freely , feeding on the underside of the leaf .", "mature larvae are pale green with a reddish tinge .", "pupation takes place in a pale to brownish ocherous cocoon . " ], "topic": [ 2, 20, 9, 1, 23, 8, 8, 11, 11, 11, 8, 8, 11 ] }

[ "bucculatrix coronatella is a moth in the bucculatricidae family. it is found in north america, where it has been recorded from alabama, georgia, indiana, kentucky, maine, maryland, massachusetts, new jersey, ohio, oklahoma, ontario, pennsylvania, south carolina, tennessee, virginia, washington d.c. and west virginia. the wingspan is 7.5 – 8 mm. the forewings are uniform orange-ocherous or sometimes brownish. the hind wings are grey or pale reddish fuscous. adults have been recorded on wing from april to september. the larvae feed on betula nigra. they mine the leaves of their host plant. the mine is thread-like and irregularly winding. it is filled with blackish frass. older larvae live freely, feeding on the underside of the leaf. mature larvae are pale green with a reddish tinge. pupation takes place in a pale to brownish ocherous cocoon." ]

[ "breeding. there is no specific information available for this species, but a litter of one young has been reported for wolffsohn’s mountain viscacha .\nenglish: peruvian mountain viscacha, common mountain viscacha; french: viscache du pérou .\ndistribution. andes in c & s peru, s & w bolivia, n & c chile, and nw & w argentina as far s as 42° s in chubut .\nmovements, home range and social organization. there is no specific information available for this species, but wolffsohn’s mountain viscacha is reported to occur at elevations of 800–4500 m. it is found in rocky outcrops in mountain areas .\nfood and feeding. the wolffsohn’s mountain viscacha is herbivorous, with a diet of tender buds, roots, seeds, and fruits; it also eats hard and coriaceous plants in the genus festuca (poaceae). it drinks very little water .\nl. m. petilidens hollister, 1914 – s argentina (s buenos aires, la pampa, and río negro provinces) .\nactivity patterns. the wolffsohn’s mountain viscacha is diurnal and gregarious. it lives in caves and rocks 5–10 m apart. in the open, individuals sit erect while sunbathing in the morning. they often take dust baths and give deep whistles when threatened, alerting the colony and producing general running of individuals .\nthe number of species of mountain viscachas was considered to be three by most authors: l. peruanum (northern or montane viscacha), l. viscacia (southern or mountain viscacha), and l. wolffsohni (wolffsohn’s viscacha). however, taxonomy usually differs by authors (e. g. l. peruanum is included within l. viscacia according to anderson 1997). [ 1 ] l. ahuacaense is a new species from ecuador described in june 2009 [ 2 ]\nall species are herbivorous, feeding on grass and seeds. both the mountain viscacha and the chinchilla eat while sitting erect. the plains viscacha forages at dusk and during the night. the intensity of grazing by the plains viscacha has been observed to result in open patches where forbs become the\ndistribution. only known from the type locality in loja province, s ecuador .\na. s. l. it is found in rocky outcrops in mountainous areas .\nstatus and conservation. classified as data deficient on the iucn red list. r. a. ojeda classified wolffsohn’s mountain viscacha in “danger” category in 2000. it occurs in a few protected areas such as the perito moreno and los glaciares national parks in argentina, and lago jeineimeni and tamango national reserves in chile; c. 50% of its known distribution is included in protected areas .\nl. m. inmollis thomas, 1910 – se bolivia, s & w paraguay, and nc argentina .\nplains viscachas excavate complex burrow systems with their front feet that can be occupied for up to 70 years. burrow systems of the plains viscacha are colloquially known as a\nviscacheras ,\na term used to describe the characteristic piles of debris collected and placed at the burrow' s entrance. both the mountain viscacha and chinchilla are equipped for leaping and generally live in crevices under rocky outcrops. like chinchillas, plains viscachas are nocturnal, whereas the mountain viscacha is active during the day. all species of chinchillids are colonial, yet vary in the\nstopping at a roadside pullover on our way to the southern beech forest, we scanned a rock - strewn slope below a cliff, and very quickly saw a wolffsohn' s viscacha sunning itself atop a large boulder. to secure photographs, sergio indicated the best plan was to proceed up the hill in a line off to the side of the small colony and stop at a point slightly above the animals. approaching from the side and above would make them less nervous than coming at them directly from below .\nthis species has been commonly referred to as c. brevicaudata, but h. lichtenstein’s earlier name chinchilla has priority. monotypic .\ngrzimek, b. 1990. rodentia: chinchillas. grizmek’s encyclopedia of mammals, vol. 3, pp. 320 - 321 .\nviscachas and chinchillas (chinchillidae) .\ngrzimek' s animal life encyclopedia. . retrieved july 10, 2018 from urltoken urltoken\nhutchins, m. 2004. viscachas and chinchillas. grizmek’s animal life encyclopedia 2nd edition, vol. 16, pp. 377 - 384 .\nnowak, r. m. walker' s mammals of the world. vol. 2. baltimore: johns hopkins university press, 1991 .\nboth mountain viscachas and chinchillas occur in andean regions, distributed from peru to patagonia, while the plains viscacha occurs at lower elevations in portions of southern paraguay and northern argentina .\npuig, s. , f. videla, m. cona, s. monge, and v. roig .\ndiet of the mountain vizcacha (lagidium viscacia molina, 1782) and food availability in northern patagonia, argentina .\nzeitschrift fur saugetierkunde 63 (1998): 228–238 .\ndistribution. n chile, actual identified colonies are restricted to highlands of antofagasta (23° s) to atacama region (27° s). according to recent reports, relict populations may still persist in the border regions of bolivia (potosí) and argentina (jujuy, catamarca, and salta) .\nthe southern viscacha occurs in southern peru, southern and western bolivia, northern chile, and western argentina. they occur between 2, 500 and 5, 100 m above sea level .\nviscachas and chinchillas (chinchillidae) .\ngrzimek' s animal life encyclopedia. . encyclopedia. com. (july 10, 2018). urltoken\nthe northern viscacha occurs in central and southern peru and northern chile. the distribution is shown to be the andes mountains in peru at elevations between 3, 000 and 5, 000 m .\nrowland, i. w .\nmountain viscacha .\nin the biology of hystricomorph rodents, edited by i. w. rowlands and barbara j. weir. london: academic press, 1974 .\nbecause each style has its own formatting nuances that evolve over time and not all information is available for every reference entry or article, urltoken cannot guarantee each citation it generates. therefore, it’s best to use urltoken citations as a starting point before checking the style against your school or publication’s requirements and the most - recent information available at these sites :\nall species live in burrows or rocky crevices. elevations of preferred habitats vary from below 1, 640 ft (500 m) for the plains viscacha to 13, 120–16, 400 ft (4, 000–5, 000 m) for chinchillas and mountain viscachas. the plains viscacha occurs in steppe or grassland regions characterized by barren vegetation near the burrow system. species of the other genera reside in rocky areas with sparsely distributed vegetation .\nsome authors consider populations in peru and northern chile as a valid species (the “northern mountain viscacha, ” l. peruanum), but this taxon is not accepted here; taxonomic revision is urgently needed. monotypic .\nweir, b. j .\nthe tuco - tuco and plains viscacha .\nin the biology of hystricomorph rodents, edited by i. w. rowlands and barbara j. weir. london: academic press, 1974 .\nfood and feeding. the diet of the ecuadorean mountain viscacha is poorly understood. feces and traces of herbivory were present at the base of a rock face at 2310 m, bordering a scrubby cattle pasture, rich in rocky debris .\ntaxonomy. lagidium ahuacaense ledesma et al. , 2009, “cerro el ahuaca, parroquia cariamarga, canton calvas, loja province, ecuador (04° 18’ 2” s, 79° 32’ 47” w). ”\ndegree of social structure. according to some accounts, colonies of the plains viscacha are restricted to a communal burrow system and consist of a dominant male and other member of the family group. colony size range is 15–30 individuals. both chinchillas and mountain viscachas live in smaller family groups, with a more dispersed colonial structure of individual groups within an area. these large, more sparsely distributed colonies range in size from as few as four up to 100 individuals. plains viscachas have a broad repertoire of vocalizations consisting of high - pitched whines, alarm calls, and the characteristic\nuh - huh\nsound. the mountain viscacha' s warning call consists of a tweeter or high - pitched whistle .\nspotorno, a. (2004) .\nmolecular divergence and phylogenetic relationships of chinchillids (rodentia: chinchillidae )\n. journal of mammalogy 2004: vol. 85, issue 3, pg (s) 384 .\nbesides being the chief food source of the andean mountain cat, the southern viscacha is often hunted for its meat and fur, but it is still a very common species. its population is not thought to be declining at a rate to warrant significant concern. [ 9 ]\ntaxonomy. viscaccia wolffsohni thomas, 1907, “sierra de los baguales y de las vizcachas, lat. 50° 50’ s. , long. 72° 20’ w. , on the boundary between chili [ = chile ] and argentina. ”\nwalker, rs (2000) .\nhabitat use by mountain vizcachas (lagidium viscacia molina, 1782) in the patagonian steppe\n. zeitschrift für saugetierkunde 2000: vol. 65, issue 5, pg (s) 293 - 300 .\npereira, j. a. , r. n. d. quintana, and s. monge .\ndiets of plains vizcacha, greater rhea, and cattle in argentina .\njournal of range management 56 (2003): 13–20 .\nmost online reference entries and articles do not have page numbers. therefore, that information is unavailable for most urltoken content. however, the date of retrieval is often important. refer to each style’s convention regarding the best way to format page numbers and retrieval dates .\nwith a special place in my heart for high country small mammals such as pikas and marmots, i really wanted to see a viscacha. having missed these fascinating chinchilla relatives on earlier trips to bolivia, i was happy to learn from sergio, our parque patagonia guide, that there was an accessible colony we could visit not far from the lodge .\nenglish - german online dictionary developed to help you share your knowledge with others. more information! contains translations by tu chemnitz and mr honey' s business dictionary (german - english). thanks on that account! links to this dictionary or to single translations are very welcome! questions and answers\nstatus and conservation. classified as least concern on the iucn red list. with increases in cattle grazing, overall distribution of the plains viscacha has increased, although many local populations have been eliminated because they damage pastures and provide meat and pelts to local farmers and hunters. more than 370, 000 skins of plains viscachas were exported in 1976–1979 through buenos aires, argentina .\nfood and feeding. the diet of the short - tailed chinchilla is known only from the morro negro site near the llullaillaco volcano, where it feeds mainly on s. chrysophylla (59·1% of diet) and secondarily consumes other plant such as a. erinacea, c. andicola, and other shrubs (solanaceae) and herbs (malvaceae) .\nstatus and conservation. the ecuadorean mountain viscacha has not been assessed on the iucn red list. those at cerro ahuaca are unknown to local people in cariamanga, and thus, they are not hunted. nevertheless, this population faces other threats. fire is the major threat, widely used to establish and maintain crop fields and pasture at the summit and periphery of the inselberg. this population may have no more than a few dozen individuals, and no other populations are known .\nfood and feeding. the plains viscacha is strictly herbivorous; it eats a wide variety of plant species, mainly grasses in central argentina, but also 27 herbaceous species, eleven shrub species, and occasionally seeds, fruits, and barks in dry scrub habitats. by intense and selective grazing and clipping, plains viscachas alter species composition, cover, and vegetation structure around their burrows, called vizcacheras, usually increasing amount of bare ground. groups of up to 30 individuals may forage together. adult males forage with females and young in winter but alone during the rest of the year. between foraging bouts, individuals return to their natal vizcachera. on nights with no wind, feeding may last until after sunrise. individuals spend more time feeding and less time at vizcacheras in winter than in other seasons, reversing the pattern in other seasons. female plains viscachas nurse young inside vizcacheras for 2–3 months in spring, spending large amounts of time between foraging bouts during summer. coprophagy has been observed .\nbreeding. the short - tailed chinchilla produces 2–3 litters / year. in optimal conditions, wild females can produce a litter in october, january, and april. gestation in bolivia and north - western argentina is c. 128 days. the short - tailed chinchilla can be sexually mature as early as 5·5 months, but average is closer to c. 8 months. semi - precocial neonates weigh c. 35 g, have open eyes, are fully furred, and are able to creep under their mother’s body for warmth while she dries them. females have one pair of inguinal and two pairs of lateral thoracic mammae. neonates can eat plant food, which creates a smooth transition during weaning at c. 6 weeks. experimental breeding in captivity is difficult, resulting in high percentages of sterility. some crosses between the chilean chinchilla and the short - tailed chinchilla have been produced during captive breeding .\nbibliography. anderson (1997), barquez et al. (2006), cabrera (1961), cabrera & yepes (1960), canevari & vaccaro (2007), cortés et al. (2002), crespo (1963), dunnum et al. (2008), eisenberg (1974), galende & raffaele (2012), george & weir (1974), glade (1988), iriarte (2008), kleiman (1974), kleiman et al. (1979), ledesma et al. (2009), mann (1978), morgan & álvarez (2013), muñoz - pedreros & gil (2009), osgood (1943), parera (2002), pearson (1948, 1949), redford & eisenberg (1992), spotorno & patton (2015), spotorno et al. (2004), tarifa, aparicio & yeensens (2007), tarifa, fontúrbel et al. (2004), thomas (1921a), walker, e. p. (1968), walker, r. s. et al. (2008), weir (1974), weir & rowlands (1974), woods & kilpatrick (2005) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\njustification: listed as data deficient in view of the absence of recent information on its status and ecological requirements. in the future this species may qualify for a threat category under criteria b1 + 2ab (i, ii, iii), due to its restricted range, however further information is needed on population decline and true distribution .\nthis species is found in the sierra de los baguales on both sides of the border between argentina and chile; one locality in aysen province, chile (spotorno and patton 2015) .\nit occurs up to approximately 4, 000 m asl. it is found in rocky outcrops in mountainous areas .\nlisted as endangered in argentina. it occurs in a few protected areas, more or less half of the known distribution is protected in park .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\nit occurs up to approximately 4, 000 m asl. it is found in rocky outcrops in mountainous areas. very little is known about this species\nkari pihlaviita added the finnish common name\nchilenvuoriviskatsa\nto\nlagidium wolffsohni (thomas, 1907 )\n.\nc. michael hogan marked\nrange description\nas visible on the\nlagidium wolffsohni (thomas, 1907 )\npage .\nc. michael hogan marked\nrange description\nas trusted on the\nlagidium wolffsohni (thomas, 1907 )\npage .\nc. michael hogan marked\nrange description\nas hidden on the\nlagidium wolffsohni (thomas, 1907 )\npage .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthe pilquín or chinchillón anaranjado (lagidium wolffsohni) is a species of vizcacha unique to santa cruz province and southernmost chile .\nfollowing instructions, i carefully trudged up a steep guanaco path paralleling the talus slope and, at the appropriate point made my way across to the viscachas. plonking myself down among the boulders, i waited, kept company by a pair of grey - hooded sierra finches and a white - sided hillstar hummingbird. soon enough, the viscachas appeared, and the photographs started. thanks parque patagonia !\nit occurs up to about 4, 000 m (13, 000 ft) above sea level. it is found in rocky outcrops in mountainous areas .\nlagidium is a genus of rodents in the family chinchillidae. it contains these species :\nl. peruanum prefers dry, rocky, habitats between the timber line and snow line of the andes mountains, with sparse vegetation and coarse grasses. it is an herbivorous species and is found near water that offers better vegetation than the drier regions within its habitat .\nl. viscacia inhabits rocky mountain areas, as well as rock outcrops in steppe habitat. it is restricted to sparsely vegetated areas from 2, 500 to 5, 100 m above sea level. this herbivorous species is specialized and restricted to rocky habitats where it colonizes rock crevices and also associates with available habitat that is patchy. [ 3 ]\nin large, steeper portions of the cliffs were more heavily used than less steep portions. habitat use both on and away from the cliffs appears to be driven by predator avoidance. they can probably more easily escape terrestrial predators on a steep slope. they rarely venture away from rocks which provide a means for escape from both aerial and terrestrial predators. [ 4 ]\nmembers of this species are medium - to large - sized rodents which also look remarkably like a long - tailed rabbit. [ 5 ] soft, dense fur covers its body, from the tips of its elongated fur - covered ears, edged with a fringe of white fur to the end of its long, curled tail. its tail is bushy and can range up to about one - third of the length of its body. the fore limbs are relatively short, while the contrastingly long and muscular hind limbs enable it to run and jump with ease. however, the number of digits on the hind feet is reduced to four (apparent in chhinchillas, as well). the color of its fur varies seasonally and with age, but generally the upper parts are grey to brown, with tints of cream and black, while the underparts are pale yellow or tan. [ 6 ] however, contrary to the former statement, it has been stated elsewhere that they have pale yellow or grey upper parts, and a black tail tip. [ 5 ] they weigh up to 6. 6 lbs (3 kg) and have fairly delicate incisors in which the enamel of the incisors is not colored .\nl. peruanum, a diurnal species, is active throughout the year. it leaps among rocks and performs a series of whistles and trills associated with warning. colonial structures are composed of small family units of two to five individuals in a subdivided colony that can be as large as 75 animals .\nl. viscacia is also diurnal and is most active near sunrise and sunset. it spends the day on perches, grooming and sunning. it is adept at moving over rocky surfaces and does not hibernate .\nin l. peruanum, males tend to be promiscuous. the gestation period for the female is 140 days, and the usual litter size is one. it is viviparous and lactation lasts about eight weeks. in peru, mating takes place from october through november. both female and male sexual maturities are reached after one year and weaning has been found to occur after 59 days. [ 7 ]\nin l. viscacia, mating occurs from october through december. after a gestation of 120–140 days, a female gives birth to a single, precocious young. the young are born fully furred, with their eyes open, and are able to eat solid food on their first day of life. [ 6 ]\ntheir diet is principally composed of grasses, mosses, and lichens. [ 8 ]\nthe genus of lagidium, as a whole, is listed to be of\nleast concern\non the red list category because it occurs in multiple protected areas and is restricted to rock formations. [ 10 ] however, there is a deficiency in data .\nde magalhaes, j. p. , and costa, j. (2009 )\na database of vertebrate longevity records and their relation to other life - history traits .\njournal of evolutionary biology 22 (8): 1770 - 1774 .\ndunnum, j; vargas, j; bernal, n; zeballos, h; lessa, e; ojeda, r. & bidae, c. 2008. lagidium viscacia. in: iucn 2008. iucn red list of threatened species. downloaded on 5 january 2009 .\nthis page is based on a wikipedia article written by authors (here). text is available under the cc by - sa 3. 0 license; additional terms may apply. images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses .\npopular: trivia, history, america, cities, world, usa, states, television, ... more\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\ntaxonomy. dipus maximus desmarest, 1817, type locality not given. restricted by a. cabrera in 1961 to southern corrientes province, argentina .\nhabitat. lowland habitats of dry thornscrub in bolivia, paraguay, and north - central argentina; subtropical, humid grasslands in north - eastern argentina; semiarid grasslands of central argentina; and desert scrub in its south - western distribution. annual precipitation in habitats occupied by plains viscachas varies from more than 1000 mm in north - eastern argentina to less than 300 mm in west - central argentina; predictability also varies annually .\nbibliography. barquez et al. (2006), branch (1993a, 1993b, 1993c), branch et al. (1993, 1994), cabrera (1961), cabrera & yepes (1960), canevari & vaccaro (2007), diaz & ojeda (2000), george & weir (1974), jackson et al. (1996), llanos & crespo (1952), morgan & álvarez (2013), muñoz - pedreros & gil (2009), parera (2002), redford & eisenberg (1992), spotorno & patton (2015), spotorno et al. (2004), walker (1968), weir (1974), wiegmann (1835), woods & kilpatrick (2005) .\ndistribution. n chile (coquimbo and atacama regions), extant wild populations are restricted to las chinchillas national reserve, 24 km n aucó, and surrounding areas (quebrada curico and quebrada el cuyano), and the new colony recently reported in la higuera, c. 100 km n coquimbo; it was also reported in the atacama region during the first part of the 20 th century, particularly around vallenar .\nactivity patterns. the chilean chinchilla is nocturnal, but it is sometimes crepuscular. in the atacama region, one individual was seen at midday between large cracked rocks .\nmovements, home range and social organization. the chilean chinchilla is a social and colonial species. there are c. 700 individuals in aucó, with densities of 4·4–72·9 ind / km 2 in the quebrada el cobre. some colonies have been identified outside the aucó reserve in the areas of quebrada curico and quebrada el cuyano, with 17·5–82·6 ind / km 2 and 12·3–58·3 ind / km 2, respectively. isolated colonies form a metapopulation, with frequent local extinctions and colonization of suitable habitat patches. in the atacama region, the population seems to be small, with densities of 24·7–115·4 ind / km 2. main predators of chilean chinchillas in the coquimbo region are the culpeo (pseudalopex culpaeus) and the south american gray fox (lycalopex griseus). the magellanic horned owl (bubo magellanicus) is also a predator of the chilean chinchilla .\nbibliography. albert (1900, 1901), bernal & silva (2003), bidlingmaier (1937), cabrera (1960, 1961), cabrera & yepes (1960), cofré & marquet (1999), cortés et al. (2003), espejo et al. (2004), glade (1988), grau (1986), iriarte & jaksic (1986), jiménez (1996), lagos et al. (2012), miller et al. (1983), muñoz - pedreros & gil (2009), parera (2002), redford & eisenberg (1992), spotorno & patton (2015), spotorno et al. (2004), tamayo & frassinetti (1980), tirado et al. (2012), valladares (2002), valladares, espinosa et al. (2012), valladares, zuleta & spotorno (2014), woods & kilpatrick (2005) .\ntaxonomy. eriomys chinchilla lichtenstein, 1830, type locality not given. identified by h. prell in 1934 as “peru. ” in contrast, g. m. allen in 1942 stated that lichtenstein (1830) “implied that the specimen came from chile, not peru. ”\nactivity patterns. the short - tailed chinchilla is crepuscular and nocturnal, occasionally resting at the surface of rocks and basking in the sun for long periods during the day .\nmovements, home range and social organization. little is known about the ecology, population biology, home range, or movements of the short - tailed chinchilla. it lives in colonies of one territorial male and indeterminate numbers of females and juveniles, which usually are expulsed later by the male .\nbibliography. allen (1942), anderson (1997), bernal & silva (2003), bidlingmaier (1937), brass (1911), cabrera (1960, 1961), cabrera & yepes (1960), chacon (1892), chebez & oliveras (2008), cofré & marquet (1999), cortés et al. (2003), d’elia & ojeda (2008), dennler (1939), diaz & ojeda (2000), glade (1988), grau (1986), iriarte & jaksic (1986), jiménez (1996), lagos et al. (2012), miller et al. (1983), muñoz - pedreros & gil (2009), ostojic et al. (2002), parera (2002), prell (1934), redford & eisenberg (1992), spotorno & patton (2015), spotorno, valladares et al. (2004), spotorno, zuleta et al. (1998), tamayo & frassinetti (1980), tarifa (2009), tirado et al. (2012), valladares (2002), valladares, espinosa et al. (2012), valladares, zuleta & spotorno (2014), walle (1914), waterhouse (1848), woods & kilpatrick (2005) .\nmovements, home range and social organization. a group of at least two adult and one juvenile ecuadorean mountain viscachas was observed in july 2005. individuals were resting in close vicinity to a den entrance, a deep rock crevice on a c. 80° cliff at 2450 m. they were shy and did not move farther than c. 2 m from their den during several hours of observation. moderate amounts of fecal pellets were found scattered on top of rocks and boulders and in entrances to dens around the summit .\nbibliography. ledesma et al. (2009), pacheco (2002), werner et al. (2006), woods & kilpatrick (2005) .\ntaxonomy. lepus viscacia molina, 1782, type locality not given. restricted by w. h. osgood in 1943 to “chilean andes; cordillera of santiago. ”\nas treated here, this species includes l. boxi as a synonym. monotypic .\ndistribution. sw argentina and adjacent chile, known from the sierra de los baguales on both sides of the border between argentina (santa cruz province) and chile (magallanes region) and nearby from perito moreno and los glaciares national parks in argentina; it has been also reported in a single locality in aysén region, chile .\nhabitat. rocky outcrops in mountainous areas up to elevations of c. 4000 m .\nbibliography. barquez et al. (2006), cabrera (1961), cabrera & yepes (1960), canevari & vaccaro (2007), crespo (1963), iriarte (2008), ledesma et al. (2009), mann (1978), muñoz - pedreros & gil (2009), ojeda (2012), osgood (1943), parera (2002), redford & eisenberg (1992), spotorno & patton (2015), spotorno et al. (2004), thomas (1907) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nsize head and body 11. 8–23. 6 in (300–600 mm); tail 2. 9–10. 5 in (75–267 mm); weight 1. 1–19. 8 lb (0. 5–9 kg )\ndominant vegetation. if colonies are removed from these regions, grasses displace forbs as the dominant vegetative cover. mountain viscachas feed on vegetation such as lichens, mosses, and grasses that occur at high altitudes .\nall chinchillids have long gestation periods ranging from 90 to 154 days. average at sexual maturity for females is eight to 15 months. young are born precocial, and one to three litters are produced each year with size of litters ranging from one to six .\nboth species of chinchilla were commercially harvested in chile, with over 500, 000 pelts exported between 1900 and 1909. the plains viscachas compete with domestic livestock, and this species has also been intensely harvested, with over 370, 000 skins exported over a three year period in the 1970s. mountain viscachas also are prized for their meat and fur .\nlagostomus maximus (desmarest, 1817), type locality unknown; possibly from pampas of buenos aires, argentina .\nlarge rodents with head and body length averaging over 19. 7 in (500 mm). tail length averages 6. 9 in (175 mm) and total weight up to 19. 8 lb (9 kg). males tend to be larger than females by approximately 15% in body length and 30% in body weight. individuals have large, broad heads, and males have a distinctive black mustache and stiff whiskers. broad black and white stripes on face. underparts are white and dorsal pelage ranges from gray to brown, depending upon soil color. the tail has stiff hairs, is bare ventrally, and provides support for sitting upright. digits reduced to three on the hind foot .\nprefers grassland and steppe habitats at elevations below 9, 840 ft (3, 000 m). areas around burrow systems are sparsely vegetated with piles of debris around openings located under bushes .\nconstruct elaborate burrows that house successive colonies for decades. single males defend burrow systems and are the dominant breeders. variety of vocalizations and gestures are used during aggressive interactions among individuals. members of colonies produce alarm calls and perform allogrooming .\nfeed at night on grasses and seeds. heavy grazing alters the abundance and diversity of grass species. they are ecologically similar to north american prairie dogs. almost 94% of diet is grass, resulting in severe grass cover depletion. cattle and plains viscachas share the same diet .\npolygamous. gestation 152 days, seasonal breeder with one litter per year in southern portion of range, no more than two litters per year in other ranges. litter size is two .\nnot listed by the iunc though extinction of local colonies as a result of eradication programs is common .\nconsidered a competitor with domestic species of livestock. burrow system presents a potential threat to horses and cattle. harvested for food and fur. in the past, pelts were exported .\nweight averages 2. 9 lb (1. 3 kg), head and body length 14. 8 in (375 mm), and tail 10. 5 in (267 mm). rabbit - sized with powerful legs and long tail. fur is thick and soft, dorsal pelage is gray to orange with lighter ventral region. tip of tail is dark, ears long, and four digits on front and hind feet .\nandes mountains in peru at elevations ranging between 9, 840 and 16, 400 ft (3, 000–5, 000 m) .\nprefers dry, rocky, habitats between the timber line and snow line of the andes mountains with sparse vegetation and coarse grasses. often found near water that offers better vegetation than the drier regions within their habitat. seeks shelter in rocky crevices .\ndiurnal species that is active throughout the year. leaps among rocks and performs a series of whistles and trills associated with warning. colonial structure composed of small family units of two to five individuals in a subdivided colony that can be as large as 75 animals .\nherbivorous, feeds on grasses, lichens, and mosses occurring at high elevations .\nmales tend to be promiscuous. gestation is 140 days, litter size of one precocial offspring .\nchinchilla lanigera (molina, 1782), coquimbo, coquimbo province, chile .\naverage total length of 14. 4 in (365 mm), tail length 5. 6 in (141 mm), and weight 0. 9 lb (0. 4 kg). appearance is rabbit - like with larger ears than c. brevicaudata and a longer brushy tail. dorsal fur is gray and black. tympanic bullae are inflated .\narid to semi - arid, montane regions between 9, 840–16, 400 ft (3, 000–5, 000 m). prefers rocky habitats with sparse vegetation .\neither nocturnal or crepuscular, excellent leapers, and colonial. colony size can be several hundred individuals organized into smaller subgroups. highly vocal with females apparently dominant sex displaying higher levels of aggression .\nfemale chinchillas are mostly monogamous. predominantly herbivorous feeding on grasses and seeds, yet will eat insects. eats while sitting on hind legs and holding food with front paws .\nproduces two litters per year, and females experience postpartum estrus. gestation averages 111 days, and litter size is two on average .\nlisted as vulnerable with a high risk of extinction by iucn. chilean government lists both species as endangered. according to a 1996 account, c. lanigera is almost extinct in the wild, with the last official citing in 1953. commercial hunting resulted in the decimation of populations, with almost seven million pelts exported from chile prior to protection .\nprized for pelts. captive stocks are maintained for the fur industry, and these stocks are the result of cross breeding .\nupper coat bluish, pearl, or gray with black - tipped hairs, underside yellowish white. soft, dense fur. head and body length 12–13 in (30–33 cm), tail length 5–6 in (12–15 cm), weight 17. 6–28. 2 oz (500–800 g) .\nmountain shrub and grassland at elevations of 9, 800–4, 775 ft (3, 000– 4, 500 m). nocturnal and vocal animals. live in colonies from a few individuals to over 100 .\nandes of southern bolivia, southern peru, northwestern argentina, and northern chile .\nupperparts gray to brown; underparts white, yellow, or pale gray; black tail tip. soft, dense fur; coarse hair on tail. long ears. head and body length 12–18 in (30–45 cm), tail length 7. 8–15. 7 in (20–40 cm), weight up to 6. 6 lb (3 kg) .\ndry, rocky, mountainous areas with sparse vegetation. diurnal; most active at dusk and dawn .\nwestern argentina, southern and western bolivia, northern chile, and southern peru .\nupperparts gray to brown; underparts white, yellow, or pale gray; black to reddish brown tail tip. soft, dense fur; coarse hair on tail. long ears. head and body length 12–8 in (30–45 cm), tail length 7. 8–15. 7 in (20–40 cm), weight up to 6. 6 lb (3 kg) .\neisenberg, j. f .\nthe function and motivational basis of hystricomorph vocalizations .\nin the biology of hystricomorph rodents, edited by i. w. rowlands and barbara j. weir. london: academic press, 1974 .\nkleiman, d. g .\npatterns of behaviour in hystricomorph rodents .\nin the biology of hystricomorph rodents, edited by i. w. rowlands and barbara j. weir. london: academic press, 1974 .\nredford, k. h. , and j. f. eisenberg. mammals of the neotropics: the southern cone. vol. 2. chicago: university of chicago press, 1992 .\nwilson, d. e. , and d. m. reeder. mammal species of the world. washington, dc: smithsonian institution press, 1993 .\nwoods, c. a. , and j. w. hermanson .\nmyology of hystricognath rodents: an analysis of form, function, and phylogeny .\nin evolutionary relationships among rodents: a multidisciplinary analysis, edited by w. patrick luckett and jean - louis hartenberger. new york: plenum press, 1985 .\nadkins, r. m. , e. l. gelke, d. rowe, and r. l. honeycutt .\nmolecular phylogeny and divergence time estimates for major rodent groups: evidence from multiple genes .\nmolecular biology and evolution 18 (2001): 777–791 .\nbranch, l. c. , j. l. hierro, and d. villarreal .\npatterns of plant species diversity following local extinction of the plains vizcacha in semi - arid scrub .\njournal of arid environments 41 (1999): 173–182 .\ngrand, t. i. , and j. f. eisenberg .\non the affinities of the dinomyidae .\nsaugetierkundliche mitteilungen 30 (1982): 151–157 .\nhuchon, d. , and e. j. p. douzery .\nfrom the old world to the new world: a molecularchronicle of the phylogeny and biogeography of hystricognath rodents .\nmolecular phylogenetics and evolution 20 (2001): 238–251 .\njiménez, j. e .\nthe extirpation and current status of wild chinchillas c. lanigera and c. brevicaudata .\nbiological conservation 77 (1996): 1–6 .\nurltoken gives you the ability to cite reference entries and articles according to common styles from the modern language association (mla), the chicago manual of style, and the american psychological association (apa) .\nwithin the “cite this article” tool, pick a style to see how all available information looks when formatted according to that style. then, copy and paste the text into your bibliography or works cited list .\nin addition to the mla, chicago, and apa styles, your school, university, publication, or institution may have its own requirements for citations. therefore, be sure to refer to those guidelines when editing your bibliography or works cited list." ]

{ "text": [ "wolffsohn 's viscacha ( lagidium wolffsohni ) is a rare species of rodent in the family chinchillidae .", "this species occurs in southwestern argentina and adjacent chile . " ], "topic": [ 29, 13 ] }

[ "wolffsohn's viscacha (lagidium wolffsohni) is a rare species of rodent in the family chinchillidae. this species occurs in southwestern argentina and adjacent chile." ]

[ "froese, rainer and pauly, daniel, eds. (2012) .\npangasius pangasius\nin fishbase. february 2012 version .\nhora sl (1952) control of molluscan fauna through the culture of pangasius pangasius (hamilton). current science 21: 164 - 165 .\nrahman mk (1992) aquaculture of pangasius pangasius. annual report (1989 - 91). fisheries research institute, riverine station, chandpur, bangladesh .\nmolla mfa, khan mhk (1999) observations on induced breeding of pangasius pangasius (hamilton). bangladesh journal of fisheries 22: 125 - 128 .\nislam r, paul dk, rahman a, parvin t, islam d, et al. (2012) comparative characterization of lipids and nutrient contents of pangasius pangasius and pangasius sutchi available in bangladesh. journal of nutrition and food science .\nthis article by bonnie waycott for thefishsite provides an overview of how to farm pangasius. pangasius farming: an overview is part one in a four part series .\nkhan mhk, mollah mfa (2004) further trials on induced breeding of pangasius pangasius (hamilton) in bangladesh. asian fisheries science 17: 135 - 146 .\nsarder mri, mollah mfa (1991) effects of feed on growth and production of pangas (pangasius pangasius) in the ponds. progressive agriculture 2: 83 - 87 .\nramakrishniah n (1986) studies on the fishery and biology of pangasius pangasius (hamilton) of the nagarjunasagar reservoir in andhra pradesh. indian journal fisheries 33: 320 - 335 .\npangasius pangasius is widely distributed in pakistan, india, bangladesh, and the irrawaddy river delta in myanmar (roberts and vidthayanon 1991). shrestha (2008) reports it from nepal .\npangasius pangasius is widely distributed in india, bangladesh, pakistan, myanmar, malaya - peninsula, indonesia, vietnam, java and thailand [ 1, 7, 10 - 15 ] .\nsystematic position phylum: chordata class: actinopterygii (ray - finned fishes) order: siluriformes (catfishes) family: pangasiidae (shark catfishes) genus: pangasius species: p. pangasius\nmonalisa k, islam mz, khan ta, abdullah atm, hoque mm (2013) comparative study on nutrient contents of native and hybrid koi (anabas testudineus) and pangas (pangasius pangasius, pangasius hypophthalmus) fish in bangladesh. international food research journal 20: 791 - 797 .\nhannan am, alam akmn, mazid ma, humayun nm (1988) preliminary study on the culture of pangasius pangasius (ham .). bangladesh journal of fisheries 11: 19 - 22 .\nferosekhan s, sahoo sk, giri ss, saha a, paramanik m (2015) embryonic and larval development of yellow tail catfish, pangasius pangasius. j ournal of aquaculture research and development .\ndavid a (1963) fishery biology of the schilbeid cat - fish, pangasius pangasius (hamilton) and its utility and propagation in culture ponds. indian journal of fisheries 10: 521 - 600 .\ncitation: gupta s (2016) pangasius pangasius (hamilton, 1822), a threatened fish of indian subcontinent. j aquac res development 7: 400. doi: 10. 4172 / 2155 - 9546. 1000400\nghosh a, saigal bn (1981) observations on the digestive enzymes in the catfish pangasius pangasius (ham .) in relation to its food habits. journal of inland fisheries society of india 13: 91 - 92 .\nali mm, day pc, islam a, hanif ma (1985) food and feeding habits of pangasius pangasius (ham .) of the river bishkhali, patuakhali. bangladesh journal of zoology 13: 1 - 6 .\npangasius aquaculture first began in the 1940' s in vietnam and continues today along the mekong river delta region .\npantulu vr (1962) on the use of pectoral spine for the determination of age and growth of pangasius pangasius (hamilton - buch). j. cons. int. explor. mer. 27: 192 - 216 .\ngupta sd, reddy pvgk, rath sc, das gupta s, sahoo sk, sar uk (1998) a note on artificial propagation of a teleosts, pangasius pangasius (ham). j aqua 6: 23 - 26 .\npangasius exhibits a range of potential advantages in terms of reproductive capacity, resistance to low dissolved oxygen and production yields. further development of aquaculture standards will help define how the pangasius aquaculture industry can improve further and secure a sustainable future .\nalam ma, siddik mab, nahar a, mahmud s, parvez i (2014) genetic divergence in natural populations of yellowtail catfish pangasius pangasius (hamilton - buchanan, 1822) using allozyme marker. world applied sciences journal 29: 926 - 932 .\ndavid a. 1962. brief taxonomic account of the gangetic pangasius pangasius (hamilton) with a description of a new subspecies from the godavary. proceedings of the indian academy of sciences section b v. 56 (no. 3): 136 - 156 .\nas the demand for safe and sustainable seafood continues to go up, it' s likely that the culture and consumption of pangasius could become more mainstream .\nmarket demand and associated product prices for different pangasius species reflect consumer preferences. basa is the preferred imported variety of pangasius due to a mild to sweet flavor, whiter meat color and somewhat flaky cooked texture. in contrast the swai or tra can appear more off - white to beige and the fillets are thinner with a more coarse texture. the characteristics of the traditional united states farm raised catfish seems to fall somewhere between the two pangasius selections. consumer preferences are usually influenced by price or the intended recipes .\navailable catch data for pangasius pangasius suggests that it is being overexploited resulting in inferred population declines. in the absence of such data from throughout its entire range and observations that this species is still commonly encountered, this species is assessed as least concern for now, but further monitoring is needed to fully ascertain the effects of fishing mortality on this species .\npangasius has a range of qualities that make it a suitable candidate for aquaculture. its geographic range for potential culture covers areas with adequate water resources such as the global tropics .\ndrastic decline of the natural populations of pangasius pangasius has been reported [ 26 ] and numbers of factors like over exploitation, habitat degradation, water pollution, destruction of the breeding grounds and lack of proper management have been put reasonable behind this situation. habitat loss through divergence of streams for irrigation is probably the most important factor that has threatened the species in its wide geographical range [ 27 ]. jhingran [ 28 ] has stated that dams located in the lower reaches obstruct the runs of pangasius also is adversely affecting its stocks .\nreduction of pressure on the natural populations of any fish species under threat is the first and foremost measure to conserve the particular fish species and in this regard, captive culture of that particular fish species has been suggested by the experts as the most logical step. pangasius pangasius has already been documented as a suitable candidate species for both mono and poly - culture with carps either in ponds or in net cages [ 13, 24, 29, 30 ] but unavailability of fry is the main constraint towards the culture of this fish species [ 26 ]. this problem can be solved by production of the fry in captivity following induced breeding. so far few works [ 15, 26, 31 - 33 ] have been done on induced breeding of pangasius pangasius. success of induced breeding in the sense of achieving maximum fry survivability depends on proper knowledge on the feeding habit and reproductive biology of that particular fish species. till date, notable information has been documented on these two aspects of pangasius pangasius by earlier workers [ 7, 13, 16 - 25 ] .\njustification: available catch data for pangasius pangasius suggests that it is being overexploited resulting in inferred population declines. in the absence of such data from throughout its entire range and observations that this species is still commonly encountered, this species is assessed as least concern for now, but further monitoring is needed to fully ascertain the effects of fishing mortality on this species .\npangasius is a term used for a special variety of imported freshwater fish that have become the tenth most popular seafood product eaten in the united states. consumers are eating about 6 ounces of pangasius per year and demand for this moderately priced selection is expected to continue to increase. it is a primary example of the increasing demand and dependence on aquaculture or farm raised seafood products .\npangasius species have a low to moderate fat content with high levels of protein. the amount and composition of the fat content will be influenced by the feed used in aquaculture operations. a nutrition label for a four ounce raw portion of pangasius is provided. the actual nutrient content of products that are consumed will be affected by added ingredients and the cooking method that is used .\ndavid [ 13 ] has reported that pangasius pangasius used to attain maturity at about 54 cm size at the end of the third year age or it would take a year more to become fully ripe while rahman [ 24 ] on the other side has reported that it attains maturity in the fourth year of its life. pangasius pangasius is a seasonal spawner; david [ 13 ] has reported that it breeds between june and august while rahman [ 24 ] has reported its breeding season in between july and october. there are diversified views regarding the spawning location of pangas; according to pantulu [ 25 ], this species used to spend their adult life in the rivers and migrate to estuaries for spawning whereas david [ 13 ] has documented that pangas attains maturity in the estuary, then migrates and breeds in the freshwater and the young ones drift into the tidal stretch of the river where they grow and attain maturity. david [ 13 ] has reported pangasius pangasius as a highly fecund fish with fecundity range of 8, 85, 400 - 58, 07, 560 while ramakrishniah [ 20 ] has documented a range of 73, 000 - 154, 000 for the same .\npangasius tends to be exported as skinless, boneless fillets, and its flesh colour will vary from white, cream, yellow or rose depending on feed, processing, culture conditions and the environment .\nmarket preference for basa has boosted prices above that for similar portions of swai or tra. the hardier swai or tra grow rapidly and can yield market size products within less than 10 months which is another factor that makes this species more economical. illegal substitution of pangasius for more valuable fish like grouper has been documented in the u. s. pangasius should be identified both by the correct market name and country of origin .\npangasius tends to be exported as skinless, boneless fillets, and its flesh colour will vary from white, cream, yellow or rose depending on feed, processing, culture conditions and the environment. photo: shutterstock\nalthough pangasius is mostly found in freshwater, it can live in salt concentrations of around 0. 7% - 1% and alum water (ph > 5) which can be tolerated at temperatures of around 30°c .\nprimarily reared in ponds and cages, pangasius is usually stocked at high densities (around 60 - 80 fish per m 2) and grown for around 6 - 8 months before reaching its harvest weight of around 1kg .\npangasius are also highly fecund; females can produce up to 80, 000 eggs / kg and can be spawned several times. pond production can lead to yields of around 250 - 300mt / ha, more than 4 times that of other aquaculture species .\npangasius by - products are also used in various applications such as fishmeal, bio - diesel and cosmetics, and because the flesh has a medium firm fine - grained texture and mild flavour, it' s also suitable for a range of value - added products .\ncontinuing world wide demand for seafood will require more aquaculture production. the rapid growth in the popularity of pangasius in the united sates is a prime example of this trend. various organizations, regional and national authorities, and third parties have focused on measures to assure sustainability. producers, buyers, international organizations, and national authorities are advancing and mandating the use of best aquaculture practices (bap’s) to minimize impacts on local environments and communities. it is likely that pangasius production will continue to increase with numerous measures to assure responsible practices and sustainability .\nwith a streamlined body, dark grey coloured back, silver belly, wide mouth and long twin beard, pangasius has more red blood cells than other fish, an additional respiratory organ and can breathe through bubbles and skin. this means it is able to tolerate environments with little dissolved oxygen .\nthe culture of pangasius has faced some issues concerning environmental impact. for example, the collection of fry from the mekong river reduced natural fisheries and impacted on other species, but this problem is being addressed through home spawning techniques as well as governmental restrictions on collecting fry and harvesting wild stocks .\npangasius pangasius (hamilton, 1822) is a catfish species of the family pangasiidae under the order siluriformes. it forms a good fishery of considerable value and is used to fetch high market price as a food fish due to its good taste and deliciousness [ 1 ] with high protein, mineral and fat content in its flesh [ 2, 3 ]. it is also popular as a game fish [ 1 ]. recently it has made its entry into ornamental fish markets [ 4, 5 ] and has also been documented to be exported from india as indigenous ornamental fish [ 6 ] .\nproduction methods such as hormone induced spawning have allowed pangasius aquaculture to develop rapidly and for the fish to become a globally important product. areas such as hybridization, genetic selection for positive production traits and increased introduction to suitable culture environments also appear to offer potential for further improvement, opportunities and development .\nample information is available on feeding habit of adult pangasius pangasius, but the same is really scarce for the larva, fry and juvenile stages. so, further study should be made to gather proper knowledge on this particular aspect; this will support proper rearing of these stages in artificial propagation and enhance survivability finally. information available on its reproductive biology is also not much satisfactory; further study on this part will also be helpful for its artificial propagation. last but not the least, general people should be made aware about this problem and using their support and willingness conservation programs can be arranged to get the ultimate goal .\nthe fish' s relatively low cost, mild flavour and delicate texture have allowed consumption to rise across the world. in the meantime, large - scale production in vietnam and additional production by countries such as china have led to the marketing of pangasius filets at low prices. this has significantly contributed to the fish' s rapid growth and acceptance on world markets .\npangasius is available in the same forms available for most fish. the most popular form is boneless, skinless fillets or portions in different sizes and shapes cut from fillets. fillets can range in size up to 6 - 8 ounces. most products are shipped to the u. s. frozen and are available as a frozen item or thawed and sold as a previously frozen refrigerated product .\nadult of pangasius pangasius is bottom feeding, carnivorous in habit; mainly prefer molluscs [ 13, 16 - 21 ]. apart from molluscs, fishes, insects, crustaceans etc have also been documented from the gut content of adult pangas [ 18, 19 ]. ghosh and saigal [ 22 ] and ali et al. [ 23 ] on the other hand have reported adult pangas as an omnivorous fish. larval and post - larval stages of this fish species live mainly upon the planktonic food and small insects [ 7 ]; the fry is having selective feeding on small insects, like caddis fly cocoons (trichoptera), small ant remains, scaly insect (moths), haliplus larvae, amphipods and copepods while juveniles mainly consume various types of both animal (crustacean, molluscs, insects, fish etc) and plant organisms [ 13 ] .\npangasius is the scientific family name for certain types of freshwater catfish primarily found in vietnam, cambodia and neighboring nations. like the u. s. catfish industry, aquaculture production techniques have been applied to these species, and the number of fish being raised in cages and ponds in the mekong river delta region of vietnam has increased rapidly. the demand for these fish is driving an expansion of farming operations in other nations including china, cambodia, laos and thailand. all of the species being raised in these countries are asian catfish .\nfreshwater; brackish; benthopelagic; ph range: 6. 0 - 7. 5; dh range: ? - 25; potamodromous (ref. 51243); depth range 50 -? m (ref. 4833). tropical; 23°c - 28°c (ref. 2059); 35°n - 8°n\nasia: large rivers of indian subcontinent and myanmar (ganges, krishna? , godavari, irrawaddy). widely introduced in its geographical range for aquaculture. reports from thailand, malaysia and indonesia are based on misidentifications .\nmaturity: l m? , range 63 -? cm max length: 300 cm sl male / unsexed; (ref. 2686 )\ndorsal spines (total): 2; dorsal soft rays (total): 7; anal spines: 0; anal soft rays: 29 - 32. eye small, its diameter more than 7 times in head length (in 18 cm long specimens); bright yellow caudal fin in adults; maxillary barbel extends to gill aperture; 23 - 28 gill rakers on first arch (ref. 12693) .\nfound in large rivers and estuaries (ref. 4833). occurs in high estuary (freshwater tidal zone) as juveniles, moving to brackish water as sub - adults, and finally as adults to river mouths and inshore areas (ref. 12693). longevity given as 10 years (ref. 2686) but appears too low. feeds on snails, other mollusks (ref. 1479) and plants (ref. 4833). reared for consumption in thailand, cambodia and vietnam; excellent food fish with very white fine grained sweet flesh (ref 2686). marketed fresh (ref. 12693) .\nroberts, t. r. and c. vidthayanon, 1991. systematic revision of the asian catfish family pangasiidae, with biological observations and descriptions of three new species. proc. acad. nat. sci. philad. 143: 97 - 144. (ref. 7432 )\nphylogenetic diversity index (ref. 82805): pd 50 = 0. 5000 [ uniqueness, from 0. 5 = low to 2. 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight: a = 0. 00912 (0. 00451 - 0. 01844), b = 2. 98 (2. 79 - 3. 17), in cm total length, based on lwr estimates for this species & (sub) family - body (ref. 93245) .\ntrophic level (ref. 69278): 3. 4 ±0. 51 se; based on food items .\nresilience (ref. 69278): very low, minimum population doubling time more than 14 years (k = 0. 04; tmax = 10 (?) ) .\nvulnerability (ref. 59153): very high vulnerability (90 of 100) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\nthis species was previously thought to occur in myanmar. the population from myanmar has since been described as a distinct species (p. myanmar; roberts and vidthayanon 1991). records of this species from southeast asia are misidentifications .\nit was previously abundant in ganges and brahmaputra rivers, but serious declines have been reported (hossain et al. 2009). there is no empirical evidence to support this decline for this species throughout its range. however, localized catch data suggests that this species is being overfished (hoq 2007) .\nit inhabits large rivers, streams, lakes, coastal waters and estuaries. it mainly inhabits estuaries where it breeds during the rains. it does not breed in ponds. it feeds on plants, molluscs, worms and shrimps (hossain et al. 2009) .\nthis catfish grows upto 1. 5 m and inhabits lower portions of large rivers and estuaries. it is a food - fish but its flesh is not graded among that of good varieties of fishes. a good fishery exists in the gangetic estuaries during july - august. it mainly inhabits the estuaries where it, during the rains, breeds. because of its dirty feeding habits, this fish is not much liked. since it attains a good size, it affords a good sport to anglers. it has been successfully bred in bangladesh (khan and mollah 2004 )\nthia species is said to be susceptible to threats such as overexploitation, destruction of habitats and breeding grounds from damming and pollution (hossain et al. 2009). other than catch data that suggests that this species is indeed overexploited, there is no empirical evidence to suggest that the other threats hold true (h. h. ng pers. comm .) .\nmore catch data and information on harvest levels throughout the range of this species is needed. the threats to this species also need to be further ascertained .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\n: missing argument 2 for checkecotox (), called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary. php on line 1995 and defined in\n: missing argument 3 for checkecotox (), called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary. php on line 1995 and defined in\nfound in large rivers and estuaries (ref. 4833). occurs in high estuary (freshwater tidal zone) as juveniles, moving to brackish water as sub - adults, and finally as adults to river mouths and inshore areas (ref. 12693). longevity given as 10 years (ref. 2686) but appears too low. feeds on snails, other mollusks (ref. 1479) and plants (ref. 4833). reared for consumption in thailand, cambodia and vietnam; excellent food fish with very white fine grained sweet flesh (ref 2686). marketed fresh (ref. 12693) .\neye small, its diameter more than 7 times in head length (in 18 cm long specimens); bright yellow caudal fin in adults; maxillary barbel extends to gill aperture; 23 - 28 gill rakers on first arch (ref. 12693) .\nit inhabits large rivers, streams, lakes, coastal waters and estuaries. it mainly inhabits estuaries where itbreedsduring the rains. it does not breed in ponds. it feeds on plants, molluscs, worms and shrimps (hossain et al. 2009) .\nbenthopelagic; potamodromous (ref. 51243); freshwater; brackish; ph range: 6. 0 - 7. 5; dh range: 25; depth range 50 -? m (ref. 4833 )\npotamodromous. migrating within streams, migratory in rivers, e. g. saliminus, moxostoma, labeo. migrations should be cyclical and predictable and cover more than 100 km .\nfeeds on crustaceans, mollusks, insects, plant material, and worms (ref. 8609) .\n. this species grows to a length of 3 metres (9. 8 ft )\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\nmake the best use of scientific research and information from our 700 + peer reviewed, open access journals that operates with the help of 50, 000 + editorial board members and esteemed reviewers and 1000 + scientific associations in medical, clinical, pharmaceutical, engineering, technology and management fields .\ncopyright: © 2016 gupta s. this is an open - access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited .\npangas / pungus / pangash in india [ 1, 7 ]; pangus in bangladesh [ 1, 7 ]; nga - dam, nga - tan in myanmar [ 7 ]; pla - sawai in thailand [ 7 ] .\ncritically endangered, both in india [ 8 ] and bangladesh [ 9 ] .\nbody is elongated and laterally compressed, without any scale. head and abdomen are flat; tail is constricted behind the adipose fin but a bit extended before the caudal peduncle. head is slightly granulated above; occipital process is used to reach to basal bone of dorsal fin; snout is fairly prominent. eyes are in the anterior half of the head, partly on the lower surface of head. mouth is sub - terminal; upper jaw is longer than the lower jaw; mouth gape is of moderate size. cleft of mouth is used to reach opposite the centre of front edge of the eye. four groups of teeth are present on the palate; palatine teeth are in a crescent row, vomarine patches are separate from or nearly confluent with those on palate. barbels are two pairs; the maxillary pair reaches the base of pectoral fin and the mandibular pair is half as long as the head in length. first dorsal fin is with a moderately strong spine which is strongly serrated on its inner edge but finely serrated on its outer edge. adipose dorsal fin is short, posteriorly free, and originates almost opposite to the middle of the anal fin. pectoral fin spine is serrated, strong and as long as dorsal spine. anal fin is large and well developed. caudal fin is deeply forked; upper lobe is slightly the longer. body color is silvery, darkest along the back and glossed with purple on sides; cheeks and the under surface of head is golden; caudal fin is bright yellow [ 1, 10 ] .\ntalwar pk, jhingran ag (1991) inland fishes of india and adjacent countries. oxford and ibh publishing co. pvt. ltd. new delhi, bombay and calcutta, india .\ngupta s, banerjee s (2012a) indigenous ornamental fish: a new boon in ornamental fish trade of west bengal. fishing chimes 32: 130 - 134 .\ngupta s, banerjee s (2012b) present status of galiff street market, the wholesale ornamental fish market of kolkata. fishing chimes 32: 34 - 35, 39 - 42 .\ngupta s, banerjee s (2014) indigenous ornamental fish trade of west bengal, narendra publishing house, new delhi, india .\nchondar sl (1999) biology of finfish and shellfish. scsc publishers, india .\ncamp (1998) conservation assessment and management plan for freshwater fishes of india. workshop report. molur s, walker s (eds .). zoo outreach organization, coimbatore / cbgs and nbfgr, lucknow, india .\niucn bangladesh (2000) red book of threatened fishes of bangladesh, iucn - the world conservation union, bangladesh .\nday f (1878) the fishes of india being a natural history of the fishes known to inhabit the seas and fresh waters of india, burma and ceylon. william dowson and sons, london .\njob tj, david a, das kn (1955) fish and fisheries of the mahanadi in relation to the hirakund dam. indian journal of fisheries 2: 1 - 40 .\nmisra ks (1959) an aid to the identification of the common commercial fishes of india and pakistan. records of indian museum 57: 1 - 320 .\nroberts tr, vidthayanon c (1991) systematic revision of the asian catfish family pangasiidae, with biological observations and descriptions of three new species. proceedings of the academy of natural sciences of philadelphia 143: 97 - 144 .\ntripathi sd (1996) present status of breeding and culture of catfishes in south asia. in: legendre m, proteau jp (eds). the biology and culture of catfishes. aquatic living resources 9: 219 - 228 .\nrahman aka (2005) freshwater fishes of bangladesh. zoological society of bangladesh, dhaka, bangladesh .\nalikunhi kh (1957) fish culture in india. farmers bulletin of indian council of agricultural research .\nmenon md, chacko pi (1958) the food and feeding habits of some freshwater fishes of madras state. journal of bombay natural history society 55: 117 - 124 .\nsengupta s, homechaudhuri s (2011) comparison of trophic niche and digestive enzymes of four species of catfishes of the punarbhaba river in india. indian journal of fisheries 58: 79 - 85 .\njhingran vg (1975) fish and fisheries of india. hindustan publishing corporation, new delhi .\n© 2008 - 2018 omics international - open access publisher. best viewed in mozilla firefox | google chrome | above ie 7. 0 version\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\noops! it appears that you have disabled your javascript. in order for you to see this page as it is meant to appear, we ask that you please re - enable your javascript !\ncommon / local names english: pungas catfish and yellowtail catfish bangladesh: pangas (পাঙ্গাস), pungus (পাঙ্গুস) and pungwas (পাঙ্গুয়াস) india: ponga, pangas, pangsa, panghas, pungas, pangra, periasi, payas, jellum, banka - jella, choluva - jella, aie, manga - keluthi and coola - kellette (talwar and jhingran, 1991) .\ndistribution: bangladesh, pakistan, india, myanmar, thailand, malaysia and indonesia (iucn bangladesh, 2000) .\nconservation status: critically endangered in bangladesh due to over exploitation and habitat loss (iucn bangladesh, 2000) .\nmorphology: the body is elongated and laterally compressed. upper surface of head is unpolished and snout obtusely rounded. upper jaw longer than lower jaw and mouth gape moderate. two pairs of barbels present. dorsal spine serrated anteriorly. pectoral spine comparatively strong than dorsal spine and serrated internally. caudal; fin deeply forked. lateral line complete .\ncolor on abdomen silvery, side of head contains golden tinge, above the lateral line whitish grey, silvery purple on flanks and yellowish green / dark on back .\nfin formula d. 1 / 7; p 1. 1 / 12; p 2. 6; a. 3 - 4 / 26 - 29 (rahman, 1989; iucn bangladesh, 2000) b. ix - x; di. 1 / 7; d2. 0; p. 1 / 12; v. 6; a. 31 - 34 (4 - 5 / 27 - 29) (bhuiyan, 1964) d. i 6 - 7; a iv - v 26 - 29; p i 12 - 13; v i 5 (talwar and jhingran, 1991) .\nmaximum length and weight: over 120 cm (rahman, 2005), 120 cm (bhuiyan, 1964), 150 cm (talwar and jhingran, 1991), 80 cm (iucn bangladesh) and 79 cm (rahman, 1989) .\nrahman (1989) recorded a weight of 4 kg fish from chadpur (bangladesh) .\nhabitat: found in freshwater and brackish water. some common habitats are big rivers, floodplains, estuaries, canal etc. usually inhibits lower portions of large rivers and estuaries (talwar and jhingran, 1991) .\nfood and feeding: this fish is not only carnivorous species but also voracious. it also feeds on decaying animal and vegetative matter (talwar and jhingran, 1991). in rivers it shows predatory on snails and other mollusks (iucn bangladesh, 2000; rahman, 2005) .\nbreeding: mainly breeds in estuary during rain (talwar and jhingran, 1991) .\nimportance: used as food fish in bangladesh. it also a sporting fish. has great economic importance because of its good flesh (bhuiyan, 1964). flesh of mature and older fish contains thick layer of fat (rahman, 2005). the liver of this fish contains vitamin ‘a’ (seshan, 1940). however, talwar and jhingran (1991) mentioned that because of dirty feeding habits, this fish is not much liked .\nfishery info: they are exclusively caught in winter season (bhuiyan, 1964). from july to august, a good fishery exists in the gangetic estuaries (talwar and jhingran, 1991) .\nbhuiyan al. 1964. fishes of dacca, asiat. soc. pakistan, pub. 1, no. 13, dacca, p. 79 .\ncuvier g and valenciennes a. 1840. histoire naturelle des poissons. tome quinzième. suite du livre dix - septième. siluroïdes. histoire naturelle des poissons. v. 15: i - xxxi + 1 - 540, pls. 421 - 455. [ valenciennes authored volume. i - xxiv + 1 - 397 in strasbourg edition. ]\nhamilton f. 1822. an account of the fishes found in the river ganges and its branches. edinburgh & london. an account of the fishes found in the river ganges and its branches. : i - vii + 1 - 405, pls. 1 - 39 .\niucn bangladesh. 2000. red book of threatened fishes of bangladesh, iucn - the world conservation union. xii + 116 pp .\nrahman aka. 1989. freshwater fishes of bangladesh, 1st edition, zoological society of bangladesh, department of zoology, university of dhaka, dhaka - 1000, pp. 179 - 180 .\nrahman aka. 2005. freshwater fishes of bangladesh, 2 nd edition, zoological society of bangladesh, department of zoology, university of dhaka, dhaka - 1000, pp. xviii - 263 .\nseshan. 1940. in: bhuiyan al. 1964. fishes of dacca, asiat. soc. pakistan, pub. 1, no. 13, dacca, p. 79 .\nsrivastava gj. 1968. fishes of eastern uttar pradesh. vishwavidyalaya prakashan, varanasi, india. fishes of eastern uttar pradesh. : i - xxii + 1 - 163 .\ntalwar pk and jhingran ag. 1991. inland fishes of india and adjacent countries, vol. 2, oxford & ibh publishing co. pvt. ltd. new delhi - calcutta, pp. 613 - 614 .\nstudent, department of fisheries, university of rajshahi, rajshahi - 6205, bangladesh. email: nymphish10 @ gmail. com. more ...\nthis site uses akismet to reduce spam. learn how your comment data is processed .\nlicense. you may use any content (of this site) only non - commercial purpose with proper citation under the same license at your own caution. | the contents and opinions expressed herein are those of the author (s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of bdfish. |\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndisclaimer: itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available, and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties. however, it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes. while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available, ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party, wildlife statutes, regulations, and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register. for further information on u. s. legal requirements with respect to protected taxa, please contact the u. s. fish and wildlife service .\na joint project by the universities of oregon state, cornell, delaware, rhode island, florida, and california, and the community seafood initiative .\nconfusion about the variety of different catfish species produced in many different countries has created problems for buyers trying to distinguish product attributes and price. the nomenclature is complicated by similar names for different fish species and by the production of the same fish species in different locations. the current approved market name specified by the u. s. food and drug administration for various catfish species from different parts of the world are provided in the table below .\nall of these fish are produced by aquaculture. wild harvest is possible but very limited, and the wild fish are subject to considerable variation in quality .\nmarket attempts to distinguish product sources have resulted in publicity claims about food safety issues related to pollution or the use of antibiotics in these products. while some of these concerns may have been partially true in prior and limited situations, both growers and governments have responded to these claims by imposing additional food safety controls and specific product monitoring procedures .\n© copyright 2018. project partially funded through a grant from from the national aquaculture extension initiative of the national sea grant program (grant no. na13oar4170203), noaa, u. s. department of commerce and the national integrated food safety initiative (grant no. 2007 - 51110 - 03815) of the national institute of food and agriculture, u. s. department of agriculture. this website is owned and maintained by delaware sea grant .\nlong popular with the vietnamese, it is exported to over 100 nations with principle markets in europe, the united states and russia. demand for the fish is high and expected to go up, while a range of aquaculture production techniques has allowed the number of fish being produced to rise sharply .\nits growth rate is rapid and it can live in the wild for as long as 20 years. after around 2 months during breeding, it reaches about 10 - 12cm long and 14 - 15 grams in weight .\nby the age of 10, it can reach around 25kg in farming ponds, and those weighing between 800 - 1, 100 grams after 6 - 8 months (not including the breeding stage) are best for harvesting .\nmore recently, aquaculture operations have moved to ben tre, tien giang and vinh long provinces near the mekong river' s mouth where ecological conditions are favourable thanks to natural tidal movements twice a day and some large and small islands far from residential areas .\nmales and females grow at similar rates, with the reproduction temperature between 26 and 28°c .\nthe spawning period is between february and october, with the age of sexual maturity known to be 3 - 3. 5 years .\ncage production occurs in impoundments, lakes or rivers, and stocking densities tend to be around 100 - 150 fish / m 3 and yields from around 100 - 120kg / m 3. floating cages also help maintain continuous water exchange and allow higher fish densities and productivity .\nfloating feeds and good water quality lead to white fillets, while yellow flesh is said to come from non - commercial or natural food sources .\ntoday, farms are obliged to provide information on any possible environmental impact before farming operations can begin .\nghana' s ministry of fisheries and aquaculture has announced a ban on the import of “all ornamental fishes and tilapia species” .\nthe bangla adage mache bhate bengali – ‘fish and rice make a bengali’ – sums up the importance of fish in the diet of bangladeshis. but with capture fisheries in decline, bangladesh is increasingly lo…\nin the past few years the world of online aquaculture academia has been increasingly blighted by non - peer - reviewed papers masquerading as real science. here’s what you can do to avoid the worrying tre…\nbiomar has opened a state - of - the - art marine fish larval trial unit for both larval rearing and the production of live feed .\nthe team behind a project that aims to improve the health of farmed sea bass and sea bream in the mediterranean has launched an discussion forum on sparicotylosis today .\n©2000 & hyphen; 2018 & hyphen; 5m publishing, benchmark house, 8 smithy wood drive, sheffield, s35 1qn, england .\n5m enterprises inc. , suite 4120, cbot, 141 west jackson boulevard, chicago, il, 60604 - 2900, usa. & hyphen; a benchmark holdings plc. company\nno part of this site may be reproduced without permission. co. registration 3332321 vat no. 100 1348 86" ]

{ "text": [ "pangasius pangasius , the pangas catfish , is a species of shark catfish native to fresh and brackish waters of bangladesh , india , myanmar , and pakistan .", "it has also been introduced to cambodia and vietnam .", "this species grows to a standard length of 3 metres ( 9.8 ft ) .", "this species is important as a food fish .", "it is one of only two species of pangasius native to south asia , the other being p. silasi from the krishna river . " ], "topic": [ 27, 13, 0, 15, 3 ] }

[ "pangasius pangasius, the pangas catfish, is a species of shark catfish native to fresh and brackish waters of bangladesh, india, myanmar, and pakistan. it has also been introduced to cambodia and vietnam. this species grows to a standard length of 3 metres (9.8 ft). this species is important as a food fish. it is one of only two species of pangasius native to south asia, the other being p. silasi from the krishna river." ]

[ "sally brown is the secondary tritagonist in the peanuts franchise, and the sister of charlie brown .\ncharlie brown and sally' s school building. sally talks to it on occasion, and it drops bricks on people who insult it .\nsally is the sister of charlie brown and she has a crush on linus van pelt .\nalso, sally when drawing a picture of a horse :\ni' m having trouble with the hoofseses .\nwhy, when i win the first prize ribbon, there will be no one who hasn' t heard the name sally brown, and her trusty horse, broomstick .\nproud moment: sally brown carried the olympic flame on the torch relay leg from derry londonderry to sion mills .\nleft to right: aperture; the wall street journal, via little, brown and company; sally mann .\nsally, to charlie brown and marcie. alhough she does it with her usual lack of grace and sensitivity :\nalso it' s flashbeagle, charlie brown and snoopy' s getting married, charlie brown (both of which coincided with stacy ferguson' s tenure as sally) .\nnumerous school reports by peppermint patty and sally. here are some of them :\none 1985 strip showed sally coming home from a tiny tots concert, charlie brown asks what was her favorite part, and sally went\nwhen the towel rack fell off the wall in the ladies' room .\ngoodna snake catchers, sally and norman hill. photo inga williams / the queensland times\nhe moved critter from moore to conatser. treiber spent that summer learning about his horse .\nif you are not already registered for the saddle horse report, you can register here .\ntop row, left to right: woodstock, snoopy, charlie brown. bottom row, l to r: franklin, lucy van pelt, linus van pelt, peppermint patty, sally brown .\nlucy is right behind sally in volume, and beats her out in terms of hamminess .\nshe is not my girlfriend: linus denies it when sally calls him her sweet babboo .\nmax whitlock: it was great to get back on the (pommel) horse ...\nvector sally brown free vector download (926 free vector) for commercial use. format: ai, eps, cdr, svg vector illustration graphic art design\n, with sally and truffles getting into a shouting match over which one of them linus liked better (it was in this 1977 storyline that sally first called him\nsweet babboo\n) .\npeppermint patty occasionally shows a mild straw feminist streak. lucy and sally sometimes do, too .\ni do know of one notable instance where a car dealer procured his first horse as a\ntrade in\non an automobile purchase. the man who received the horse was the noted horseman of days gone by\nabhorrent admirer: sally to linus, lucy to schroeder, possibly even peppermint patty to charlie brown. in a weird, deranged way, clara to snoopy too .\nsimilarly, what a nightmare, charlie brown! centers around snoopy, with charlie brown only appearing at the beginning and end .\n, but there are several other of these pairings: snoopy (red) / charlie brown (blue); sally (red) / charlie brown (blue); lucy (red) / schroeder (blue); sally (red) / linus (blue); peppermint patty (red) / marcie (blue) .\nsally: i' m practicing my y' s. linus: why? sally: no, y' s! i did a whole row of them. linus: oh. sally: not o' s, y' s! linus: i see. sally: i c? who said anything about i' s and c' s? these are y' s! don' t you ever listen? linus: gee! sally: not g! y' s! ! now pay attention these are u' s linus: they don' t look like me at all (sally throws papers at linus )\n“john told me i’d waited five years to show this horse, ” she said with a laugh. they left the virginia horse center as amateur three - gaited champions and grand champions, a feat they repeated at midwest charity .\nthe school that charlie brown, sally, et al. attend is variously referred to as james street elementary, pinecrest elementary, and (in the specials) birchwood elementary .\nkids in unison: well, charlie brown? ! charlie brown: well what? violet: that dog is impossible! lucy: charlie brown, you' ve got to do something about that dog! linus: it' s up to you, charlie brown. charlie brown: why me? kids: (shouting) because (titles appear) he' s your dog, charlie brown !\nthoroughbred horse green monkey that sold for $ 16million but won $ 10k at races is euthanized after prolonged ...\nhair decorations: the original patty wore a bow in her hair. so did sally early in the strip .\n: a common gag - the kids, especially sally, find some way to blame brown for everything that goes badly, even if he had nothing to do with it. charlie brown, naturally, rarely even knows what' s going on .\nheaddesk: charlie brown does this in you' re a good man, charlie brown, during the song\nlittle known facts\n.\nsally laplant began her association with the conatsers when they were with the groves’ family. “i started with them when i had a broodmare bred to foxfire prophet. i moved a show horse about the time the groves left, ” she said .\nsally was once asked to factor a pretty scary math problem that shouldn' t show up until algebra i in 1974 .\nthe following note was received from dr. glen brown the owner of fan hanover and adds nicely to my story. my thanks to dr. brown .\nnz connemara soc. nz farriers assn. aust / nz friesian soc. nz hanoverian soc. irish draught horse soc. advertising options\nnorman and wife sally were called to ipswich hospital to collect the snake, and helped clear up the case of mistaken identity .\nanxiety dreams: snoopy and charlie brown blame theirs on eating pizza before bed .\nclassical anti - hero: charlie brown is one of the most prominent examples .\neven the dog is ashamed: snoopy frequently feels this way about charlie brown .\ncharlie brown and lucy' s football. could it get any more classic ?\nlucy' s unrequited crush on schroeder, sally' s unrequited crush on linus, linus' s unrequited crush on miss othmar, charlie brown' s unrequited crush on the little red - haired girl, peppermint patty' s and marcie' s unrequited crushes on charlie brown ...\nsally boynton brown, idaho democratic party executive director, joined other candidates vying for the coveted job at a george washington university forum in washington, d. c. , on monday to make their case. ms. brown garnered a round a applause for her racially charged pitch to attendees .\nsummer campy: used in numerous storylines in the strip, as well as the tv specials it was a short summer, charlie brown and he' s a bully, charlie brown and the feature film race for your life, charlie brown .\ncharlie brown, obviously, to everyone except peppermint patty (who calls him\nchuck\n), marcie (\ncharles\n), and snoopy (\nthe round - headed kid\n, because he doesn' t remember charlie brown' s name). since you don' t call your own family members by by your own last name, sally calls him\nbig brother .\nalthough sally did refer to her own brother as\ncharlie brown\nin some early strips after she first began talking, and peppermint patty also called him charlie brown in some of her early appearances .\nbreak the cutie: poor charlie brown can barely go a day without being miserable .\ncharlie brown' s curse is to fail spectacularly at most of what he attempts .\nthe special it' s the girl in the red truck, charlie brown stars snoopy' s brother, spike, and charlie brown himself only gets a small cameo .\n: completely inverted with sally, who on numerous occasions has not hesitated to let charlie brown know that she has zero respect for him and considers him a nothing. that hasn' t stopped her from asking, or occasionally\ni' m not your sweet babboo !\nnot that linus' endless cries of this do anything to dissuade sally ...\ndouble subverted with charlie brown and peggy jean. they actually become an item for awhile and it looks like charlie brown will finally be happy. then she reveals that she' s got another guy waiting for her on the soccer field and dumps charlie brown .\nvector sally brown free vector we have about (926 files) free vector in ai, eps, cdr, svg vector illustration graphic art design format. almost files can be used for commercial. (1 / 25) pages\nonly child syndrome: in the first couple years of the strip, each kid (charlie brown, shermy, patty, violet, schroeder and lucy) was an only child. then months after lucy' s debut in 1952, linus was born. in 1959, sally brown was born, making charlie brown a big brother. by the end of the strip' s run, the only peanuts kids that weren' t only children included charlie and sally brown, lucy and linus and rerun van pelt, and the kids 3, 4 and 5 95472. even snoopy was shown to have siblings beginning in the' 70s .\nhe' s your dog, charlie brown! deals in this. highlights include snoopy actually physically attacking charlie brown, schroeder, and linus, peppermint patty treating snoopy as a slave, and even charlie brown himself at one point nearly strangling snoopy with a leash !\nboth sally and norman also urged people who see a snake in their home or yard to call a professional snake catcher, despite the cost .\nseveral other objects occasionally have thought balloons as a punchline, including the pitcher' s mound and a leaf sally brought for show and tell .\nsally morgan still has many connections to the royal world. for a start, she gets her hair cut — rather beautifully, i must say — by denise mcadam, the royal hairdresser who also attends to prince charles and the princes william and harry. ‘she’s going to the wedding, ’ says sally, who is not. yet sally herself still has royal clients, although she cannot say who they are. so discreet !\nif this horse can be termed a\nbargain horse\n, he will not be the first to grace the duford' s life. their famous trotter claybrook van who won over $ 400 k was purchased for a mere $ 500 and is living in retirement at the ripe old age of 26 .\nbrutus from race for your life, charlie brown wasn' t exactly friendly, either .\nhurricane of excuses: lucy, after striking out for charlie brown' s baseball team .\nin race for your life, charlie brown, charlie brown' s team is set to win the river race, but the bullies sabotage his boat, allowing woodstock to win .\nsally boynton brown, idaho democratic party executive director, tells a crowd at george washington university on monday, jan. 24, 2017, that her job is to make white people realize they have “privilege. ” (c - span3 )\n“the most fun i’ve ever had was driving final solution. i had never driven a harness horse but he was older and had always been pretty steady. i thought john was pretty brave to take on an older horse that has done his thing and an even older driver who had never done it before. ”\nheroic b. s. o. d. : happens twice to charlie brown in two of the movies; once after coming home after losing the spelling bee in a boy named charlie brown, and once again after snoopy leaves charlie brown for lila in snoopy come home .\nfollowing the race a trackside presentation was made by pat brown, mrs. dr. glen brown, accompanied by her daughter lynn brown and diane bittner of brampton. receiving the trophy was trainer jerry silverman the driver' s father, who accepted on behalf of the owners .\nsally swift, through centered riding, understood us and helped people learn to\nspeak horse\nto us through the balanced use of their bodies, their breathing and their centers. sally showed riders how their minds affected their bodies and how their minds and their bodies affected the horse' s body. what had so often been unclear to us horses, and sometimes even frightened us, became easy to understand as our riders began to realize that often their bodies would actually tell us the exact opposite of what their brains, their spurs and their hands expected us to do. we horses clearly understand centered riders .\nmarcie used to ship charlie brown / peppermint patty. it was later revealed that she liked charlie brown herself, but figured he' d never go for her because she wore glasses .\nthe horses of the world would like to come forth to honor our dear departed friend sally swift. a strong new england horsewoman, sally lived a good life and ran a long, strong race. her centered riding teaching technique has been a breakthrough worldwide, improving the lives of horses and their humans. sally showed riders and trainers how to put their attention on themselves, before they put all of their attention on riding and training their horses .\n: a storyline in 1962 had sally filled with fear about her first day of kindergarten. on the day before school starts, charlie brown tells lucy that sally is so scared about her first day of kindergarten that if someone even mentions kindergarten while she' s around, she' d jump 30 feet in the air. putting this theory to the test, lucy says\nkindergarten\nto sally, who then promptly jumps up into the air in fear. lucy then muses ,\nonly 10 feet. i knew you were exaggerating .\ndecided by one vote: the class election in you' re not elected, charlie brown .\ncharlie brown: not\nhoofseses .\nhooves .\nlike in\nbehooves .\nsmart animal, average human: the unlucky boy charlie brown and his intelligent pet beagle snoopy .\nwho would be stupid enough? : used several times, with charlie brown as the punchline .\nanother good horse, why not, was competed at pony club championships by the dalrymple girls, sally and kathrin. eric was also to be seen on the field with the dannevirke hunt, where, as in all other aspects of his life, he and his horses turned heads because of their immaculate grooming and presentation .\nright out of my clothes: a running gag is that whenever charlie brown pitches for his baseball team, the opposing batter hits the ball so hard it knocks charlie brown out of his clothes .\nin a later sunday strip which became part of one of the later christmas specials, linus tries to explain the true meaning of christmas to sally by quoting the same scriptural passage, only to give up when sally, who obviously isn' t listening, interrupts him with complaints about how much she hates christmas shopping .\n“the lady came over to me saying john has to put that horse on the rail, ” he recalled. “i told her ‘you’re not telling that trainer anything. ’”\n“i called on john’s birthday and asked if he would take my horse, ” thomas said. “when i made it clear i was moving, he said ok. ”\nbeginning of dialog window. it begins with a heading 1 called\nplease login or register to saddle horse report .\n. escape will cancel and close the window .\nthe pictured horse is york boy owned by his driver mrs. mary stein of nearby chester new york. he is a sharpshooter colt that is stabled at the nearby track. a slogan which the new bank issued with this news release says... .\nyou can always bank on the standardbred horse in goshen new york\n.\nthe next time you suspect that your horse is\ndipping\ninto your account, it might be advisable to check some bank security camera footage just to make sure .\ncharlie brown also dealt with this after yelling at sally (then still a baby) for messing up his picture puzzle (1959) and trading snoopy to peppermint patty' s baseball team in exchange for some new players (1967). in the latter storyline, charlie brown decided to call off the deal, which turned out to be a moot point because the players patty would have traded to him steadfastly refused to join charlie brown' s team anyway .\ndark horse victory: in you' re in the super bowl, charlie brown, melody - melody ends up coming out of the stands to beat linus in the punt, pass, & kick competition. in the process she wins a bike and super bowl tickets .\ncharlie brown' s ineptitude on the baseball diamond tends to prompt an anguished cry from his teammates .\nthe sally horsfall eaton school of nursing offers certificate, diploma and degree programs that can lead you into teaching, research, health care administration, and even sales .\n“about half - way through college, i finally decided i wanted to be a horse trainer, ” john said. he set his sights on being one of the best .\nthe american hackney horse society limited breeder' s sweepstakes committee is raffling off a kennedy harness to raise money to support the 2019 ahhs limited breeder' s sweepstakes grand weekend .\nnever trust a title: you' re not elected, charlie brown is actually about linus running in a school election (though technically charlie brown isn' t elected so it' s still accurate) .\none story arc had charlie brown' s team in the championship game. charlie brown balks and ends up losing the game as the other team gets an extra run added to their score for the balks .\nwhile patty and especially violet subjected poor charlie brown to this on various occasions, it was lucy who turned this trope into an art form in regard to charlie brown. lucy never misses a chance to list off all of charlie brown' s faults: in a 1964 storyline (later adapted into the script of\none particularly weird instance happened in 1959, when sally was born. linus (also introduced as a baby a couple years earlier) had already gone through this process, but he explicitly mentions being five years older than sally. by the time of the christmas special (1965), they' re in the same class at school .\nlinus has done this himself to sally on at least one occasion, when he tricked her into delivering a lecture about the dangers of\nrock snakes\nin class .\nof course, her most celebrated client was princess diana. according to sally, they spoke every day for four years, which makes one wonder about poor diana’s sanity .\nin a boy named charlie brown, he loses the big spelling bee when he misspells\nbeagle ,\nsnoopy' s breed. even charlie brown himself reacts in this manner, instantly realizing he misspelled it .\ncharlie brown was a lot more confident and aggressive. his shirt also lacked its trademark zig - zag .\n. pulling the football away from charlie brown is one thing. causing their football team to lose the game because of it, then managing to convince everyone it was charlie brown' s fault, is another .\nthe three certainties in life: one sunday strip where lucy, holding a football, challenged charlie brown to name three things that are certain. charlie brown guessed death and taxes but drew a blank at the third... until lucy pulled the football away .\nit was so obvious, charlie brown .\nvery special episode :\nwhy, charlie brown, why ?\n( aka the cancer special) .\neveryone does this to charlie brown when he trades snoopy for five players from peppermint patty' s team .\nsally did once as well. charlie brown, irritated with his sister for laughing at his inability to draw a circle using a compass without smudging it, told her to see if she could do better - and she did :\nit' s all in the wrist .\nthis started to happen to schroeder sometime in the' 80s. also, sally and linus fell victim of this trope in the' 90s, when rerun gained more prominence .\na 1959 storyline has charlie brown losing a book from the library, leading to lucy accusing him of having\nstolen\nit and charlie brown working himself up to a state of stark terror at the imagined consequences .\ncharlie brown once said\nall i can make is cold cereal and maybe toast .\nin a chex cereal commercial from the early' 90s charlie brown admits that\ni can' t even make toast .\nscheduled for july 4 - 6 and located in the rolex arena at the kentucky horse park. fill the stands and cheer on the us team as they compete for world cup gold !\n: as mentioned in comic book time above, in the early days, schulz introduced characters as babies – schroeder, linus, and sally – only to age them up to within a couple years of charlie brown with absolutely no explanation nor indication they had ever been so much younger .\nthis is a compendium of things i’ve written myself, and with sally brown and ruth pickford, on large group teaching. the materials date from 2002 - 7. throughout, the emphasis is on what we get students to do during lectures, as well as on our own actions .\n: charlie brown is seen feeding chocolate to snoopy in some strips. dog owners can tell you this is a\n: in an early strip, schroeder plays a note on his piano, then runs over to charlie brown .\ndeus angst machina: everything in the universe conspires against charlie brown and his search for a bit of happiness .\nvolumetric mouth: frequently seen when charlie brown screams\naaugh !\n, as demonstrated on the page image .\nsally mann is one of america’s most renowned photographers. her many books include “what remains, ” “deep south, ” “immediate family” and “at twelve. ” she lives in virginia .\nin one sunday strip from 1969, lucy delivered a reason you suck speech to charlie brown using a variety of sports analogies in one session at her psychiatric booth. fortunately, this time charlie brown had the perfect comeback ready .\nin olden days, she days, sally would have been drowned in the village pond as a witch. today, her role as britain’s favourite psychic raises more questions than it answers .\nthe thoroughbred racing horse is descended from three desert stallions brought to england between 1689 and 1724; all of the thoroughbred s of the world today trace their ancestry to one of these stallions. …\nwhy? ‘because someone very close to diana told the police, don’t go to sally morgan. ’ it is hard to imagine someone telling lord stevens whom he could and could not interview, but at this suggestion sally just gives me one of her raised - eyebrow looks and a knowing smirk for good measure. anyway, by 1997, she and the princess were estranged .\ncharlie brown' s baseball glove has attempted to avoid associating with him, even attempting to crawl away from him .\nstill, none of this compares to one 1959 strip in which charlie brown' s team lost 600 - 0 .\noblivious to love: charlie brown never seems to figure out that peppermint patty is sort of in love with him .\nlinus: poor charlie brown. of all the charlie browns in the world, he' s the charlie browniest .\ncharlie brown and linus angrily tell off frieda for reporting snoopy to the head beagle when he refused to chase rabbits .\none of laplant’s more humorous memories goes back to the 2002 all american horse classic. eleanor pederson had metro heirea with john; the two ladies were getting ready to show in the fine harness championship .\noverly long gag: in be my valentine, charlie brown, everyone receives and reads out the message printed on their candy hearts. everyone has simple messages on theirs except sally, whose heart contains the entirety of sonnet 43 by elizabeth barrett browning (\nhow do i love thee ...\n) .\nsally was a gifted and generous teacher who skillfully guided riders and trainers around the world in an approach to teaching and working with horses in a humane, compassionate way, while at the same time incorporating the age old classical techniques that made the lives and training of horses better. sally' s hands, voice and her clear intent calmed, balanced and empowered horses and humans alike .\n‘this person in my head... a young man who has taken his own life. mark? ’ says sally. ‘did he swallow his tongue? ’ a woman in the audience nods. ‘i don’t mean to be rude, but when they found him, his eyes was bulged, ’ ventures sally, causing a ripple of ghoulish pleasure to run through the cheap seats .\nalso, you' re in the super bowl, charlie brown has an intelligible announcer / narrator. as did she' s a good skate, charlie brown. snoopy' s reunion featured the appearance of the daisy hill puppy farm owner, and it' s flashbeagle, charlie brown had a number of teenagers / adults in the disco where snoopy goes .\nsharilyn glover, a friend in alabama, called john in 1979 to tell him of a horse she had. she had gotten him out of the field for “next to nothing” and put him in training .\nof course they are — it’s showtime! and in the spotlight, psychic sally’s sequins sparkle, her perfect coiffure gleams, her manicured nails, painted with lilac gel, flutter around her head .\n: well, they' re always cruel to charlie brown. they can occasionally be cruel to each other as well .\nin the tv special you' re in love, charlie brown, peppermint patty tried to set charlie brown and lucy up on a blind date. charlie brown assumed patty was trying to get him together with the little red - haired girl; we don' t know for sure but we could assume lucy assumed patty was setting her up with schroeder. when charlie brown and lucy saw each other, they immediately shouted in unison ,\nyou? ?? blecchhh! ! !\nhe also only appears briefly in the peppermint patty and marcie - centric she' s a good skate, charlie brown .\nthe most prominent case is in a boy named charlie brown, where he is one of the two remaining contestants on a winner - takes - all national spelling bee. charlie brown screws up spelling\nbeagle\ndue to a combination of snoopy (who is a beagle) following him along and worry over linus getting angry at charlie brown for a trivial reason .\nfan hanover, the only filly to win the little brown jug, died on august 23, 2011 at inglewood, ontario. she has been leading a life of well deserved retirement since producing her last foal in 2001. at the time of her death, she was the oldest living horse of the year, standardbred or thoroughbred .\nfailure is the only option: ... when you' re charlie brown and lucy' s holding the football for you to kick. or, really, when you' re charlie brown and you' re trying to do any thing .\nviolet: what are you reading? charlie brown: this is an adaptation of sherlock holmes. violet: an adaptation? charlie brown: yes, it' s been adapted for children... it' s not unlike drinking diluted root beer !\none arc has charlie brown, peppermint patty, and marcie all getting lost in the woods in the middle of a snowstorm .\ncharlie brown does go to his father' s barber shop and comments on how great his father is for showing him affection .\ncharlie brown: you mean\na perfect pitch\n... besides, who cares? the baseball season is over !\ngood grief !\nwas the expression of exasperation of choice for most of the characters, charlie brown most of all .\nyou blockhead !\nwas the insult of choice for most of the characters, with charlie brown the most common object .\nfreudian excuse: lucy' s mistreatment of charlie brown suddenly makes a lot more sense when you look at the early strips .\nthe famous sequence where lucy would pull away the football at the last second always resulted in charlie brown landing on his backside .\njohn will not suffer fools gladly. if he works hard to make a horse, he doesn’t want the rider to mess it up. he’s very blunt, some say caustic, but he wasn’t to us. ”\nworked, but invariably something happened to make him\nrelapse\n: for example, charlie brown buying him a new blanket to make up for the one snoopy had made into two sport coats (1971), or the discovery that his only pupil for his\nsecurity blanket cessation\nclinic was sally in disguise (1983) .\nif you die, i call your stuff: sally asks charlie brown if she can have his room, should something happen to him while he' s away at summer camp. sometimes she doesn' t even wait for him to go to camp - once she started moving her things into his room while he was out shopping .\nif it isn' t charlie, then it' s his sister sally, or peppermint patty, especially in class. the only real difference between them is that at least patty is the ace at baseball .\njohn showed mary sally aylward’s world’s champion fine harness horse, gone platinum, to four straight victories at bonnie blue and midwest this spring. he has the 2006 upha park pleasure national champion, the rock star, back in winning form for dirk peterson of locksley hall llc. emily druckman and league of nations are a comparatively - new junior exhibitor country pleasure team with a pair of wins at midwest charity already in their 2007 record book .\nlinus yells at charlie brown for blowing every single chance he had to talk to the little red haired girl before she moved away .\nyou said you couldn' t dance: in it' s your first kiss, charlie brown, after the titular event, charlie brown can suddenly dance, and does so with all the girls... and can' t remember it the next morning .\ncharacters grow up, but reach a certain cap. lucy is introduced as a toddler; schroeder, linus, and then sally and rerun are all introduced as babies. they grow up and eventually reach or become within a few years of charlie brown' s age. charlie brown himself also aged somewhat over the course of the strip; he stated that he was four in a 1950 strip, six in a 1957 one, and eight and a half in a 1979 one .\nthose knowing both men might smile at the friendship between one of the most intense people in the saddle horse business, and one who, on the surface, seems very laid back. knight agrees john is a perfectionist–in everything .\nthere was scarcely a race held in many jurisdictions of western canada that did not have at least one and often several entries sired by this great horse. many carried the name\nsenga\nwhich was agnes spelled in reverse .\nin this mid 1960' s photo a horse was actually captured on camera\nin the act\n, thus leaving little doubt about what was happening. when the county trust company bank opened in goshen new york, one of the bank' s first customers was a horse. this seemed fitting since this branch was built on property adjacent to the famed historic track, an area that is often referred to as\nthe cradle of the trotter\n. the bank which is also a neighbour of the hall of fame of the trotter, is a successor to the goshen national bank which dates back to 1851 the year that the great horse hambletonian was first introduced to the public .\nnorman' s wife sally urged people who find a wild or unfamiliar snake in their home to respect it, even if they do have pet snakes. she said it was illegal to catch or kill a snake .\nin a late run of strips, sally had to teach sunday school classes to younger kids, one of whom persistently confused the details of the christmas story (and every other biblical story) with the great gatsby .\nthe speechless: the characters first introduced as infants (schroeder, lucy, linus, sally, rerun) were justifiable examples of this, although their thoughts were frequently\nverbalized\nvia thought balloons a la snoopy .\nblunder correcting impulse: in this strip, linus has taken over for charlie brown as the pitcher for their baseball team. when charlie brown sees that linus is trying to pitch while wearing his blanket over his head, he comes out and takes over the pitching again .\nsubverted in a charlie brown christmas. lucy, for the first and only time, calls charlie brown\ncharlie\nwhen she gives her theory on how christmas is a racket controlled by a syndicate. it also happened a few other times in the early tv specials .\nin a 1967 storyline, sally took a crayon home from school and broke it, and, afraid that her teacher would\ngive her a judo chop\nif she confessed to the truth, lied to her teacher about it; charlie brown finally shamed her into feeling guilty about it by yelling\ngeorge washington! !! !\nat her .\nschulz wasn' t above making these now and then. sally would often use her school presentations to set up a punchline, but she was by no means the only one to make puns that other characters disapproved of .\nthis article was adapted from “hold still: a memoir with photographs, ” to be published in may by little, brown and company .\nbreak the haughty: sometimes charlie brown will get a few small victories, making him cocky, only to fail due to his overconfidence .\nmillie bobby brown puts on a brave face as she returns to the set of stranger things season 3... after splitting her kneecap\nin september 1995, john showed at the all american horse classic on saturday night. he and tammie married the following day with their friends and family around. after a hawaiian honeymoon they moved to the glenn werrys’ glenmore farm in illinois .\nlucy often makes wild, ridiculous claims and then laughs charlie brown to scorn for talking sense. this bothers him to the point of feeling terribly ill. the song\nlittle known facts\nfrom you' re a good man, charlie brown covers how seemingly uneducated lucy is .\npsychic sally shakes her head with the rueful air of one who has gone to the market to buy cakes, but finds the stalls full of plain loaves instead. there are a lot of suicides coming through to her tonight .\nsurprisingly, given this intimacy with the princess and being the holder of her secrets, sally was not interviewed during the official three - year - long police investigation into diana’s death, led by former metropolitan police chief lord stevens .\noften work out! anyway the resulting colt was\nquinte lad\nwho was, while not the fastest i ever trained, probably my favourite all time race horse. and, although a lot smaller, he was just like his dad in\ni am\nsong /\ni want\nsong: a few have cropped up over the years .\nyou' re a good man charlie brown\ngives charlie brown the title song, which is both; lucy has an i want song (\nschroeder\n); and snoopy gets one of each (\nsnoopy\nand\nsuppertime\n). it' s flashbeagle, charlie brown has\nlucy says\n, which serves both purposes for lucy. and someday you' ll find her, charlie brown has the heartbreaking\nalone\n, an i want song for charlie brown (although he doesn' t sing it, it plays in the background and obviously represents his perspective) .\nboth stage musicals, you' re a good man, charlie brown and snoopy! !! , were adapted into' 80s animated specials .\nsnoopy in you' re a good sport, charlie brown; after losing a tennis match, he goes on a tirade that would make john mcenroe blush. also memorably in bon voyage, charlie brown! (and don' t come back !), at wimbledon no less .\nmalaproper: several characters did this, especially in the fifties (after all, they were little kids), but later on sally became the main malaproper. a compilation of the many ways she' s fractured the english language .\nin one peanuts strip, lucy decides to drench charlie brown with water, despite their team never having won a game. when she does follow through with it, linus screams\nare you out of your mind? charlie brown is gonna hate you for the rest of your life !\nlucy was a crib - bound toddler in her first appearances, and aged until she reached a point where she' s apparently slightly older than charlie brown (based on the fact that charlie brown and her little brother, linus, are usually depicted as being in the same class) .\nsally swift leaves this world a better place with the legacy of her books, teaching and exercises, and with a network of over 700 teachers of centered riding worldwide who offer the riders of the world techniques for working to balance and educate themselves in order to communicate and work with their horses. thank you, sally, from the horses of the world for making our riders and our lives better. you are a treasure and you ran an incredible race for us .\nand in a 1978 storyline, sally borrowed a ruler from one of her classmates. after the ruler ended up broken when sally tried to measure the width of the street in front of the school (with a 12 - inch ruler), she again put off dealing with the issue (despite admitting she was afraid that the ruler' s owner would retaliate). however, this time she did the right thing in the end and bought the kid a new ruler .\nprofessor sally brown is emerita professor of higher education diversity in teaching and learning at leeds metropolitan university and was until july 2010 pvc (academic). she is also a visiting professor at the university of plymouth and adjunct professor at the university of the sunshine coast and james cook university (both in queensland, australia). sally has worked in education for more than forty years and was, for five years, director of membership services for the institute for learning and teaching, prior to which she worked at the university of northumbria at newcastle for almost 20 years as a lecturer, educational developer and head of quality enhancement .\noff - screen, there had to be a whole townful of adults giving halloween trick - or - treaters treats, and rocks to charlie brown .\nnevertheless, charlie brown' s team has been shown to win some games - mainly the ones in which charlie brown does not play. a rare exception to this rule occurred in a 1973 storyline in which charlie brown' s team managed to eke out a victory because rerun kept getting\nwalked\nat bat. however, even this ended badly, as the team were forced to forfeit due to a gambling scandal involving rerun and snoopy .\n: when snoopy became the (temporary) manager for charlie brown' s baseball team, this was his solution for whenever the team messed up .\nwhenever charlie brown has any real chance of winning something, someone has to be around specifically to prevent him from achieving the victory, usually snoopy .\nshane recalled those days. “john worked for us in the summers as a groom and riding colts for his father. marvin was on record as saying his son was not going to be a horse trainer but would get an education and amount to something .\n“the basic, consistent thing i think of over the years is john’s meticulous preparation for every event. one of his greatest skills is preparing a horse for an amateur rider. he leaves no stone unturned. a lot of people are hard to ride behind. john is very good about it. he is a wonderful instructor who can really teach you to ride a horse. that’s something you can hold onto and use later on other horses. being with him is a growing experience, ” gabe said .\nsimcoe was a stallion by flemington and this was his lone victory of a 5 start season in which he earned $ 4, 175 trotting to a season' s best of 2: 11 in this race. this young horse was truly a homebred .\nschroeder: you girls are very thoughtless. don' t you think charlie brown has feelings? all of you are the most thoughtless bunch i' ve ever known! you don' t care anything about charlie brown! he' s been loyal to you because he thinks you' re his friends. but do you ever act like friends? no! those uniforms meant as much to charlie brown as they did to you, probably more !\nif a boy named charlie brown is to be believed, the gang live about a day' s bus drive from new york city. on the other hand, race for your life, charlie brown has them attending summer camp in what is clearly a western state with mountains, desert, etc .\njohn has been and remains more than a horse trainer to the deknatels. one side of him few know is that he played guitar in a rock band while in high school. he passed that guitar on to gabe, starting gabe on his musical career .\neffective july 1, 2018: in order to comply with the memorandum of understanding between the united states equestrian federation (usef) and the american saddlebred horse association (asha), competitions that wish to have their results recorded must recognize and reciprocate ...\nfan hanover had been inducted into both the hall of fame at goshen, new york, and the canadian horse racing hall of fame. the richest stakes in the sport for 3 year old pacing fillies has been named in her honour by woodbine entertainment group .\nthe adults watching the golf tournament charlie brown and lucy are competing in, in the sunday strips of may 16, 1954 and may 23, 1954 .\nidiosyncratic episode naming: schulz always hated the name\npeanuts\n, so virtually every single tv special ever made has the name\ncharlie brown\nin its title somewhere, as do three of the four films. extra points if it looks something like this :\n( insert phrase here), charlie brown\n. this is also the case with many of the strip' s book collections, although snoopy sometimes gets title billing rather than charlie brown .\nno ending: the last true strip (the actual last strip is a letter from schulz to his fans accompanied by recycled artwork) has charlie brown explaining his vast knowledge of love letters to sally; when she notes his expertise, the punchline has him saying\nif i ever got one, i don' t know what i' d do .\na very poignant kind of no ending .\npoor little me. yet to be fair to sally, i really didn’t want to include her assessment of me in this article and had to force myself to do so. which just goes to show what an emotional control freak i truly am .\nthe first pulling - the - football - away strip had violet instead of lucy, and she pulled it away from charlie brown out of fear he' d kick her hand rather than malice. a later strip had shermy holding the ball for charlie brown, who actually kicked it; albeit not very far .\nlinus ships charlie brown and the little red - haired girl, resulting in him having an utter freak out! at charlie brown for not having the courage to speak to her before she moves away. however, his own penchant for the red - haired girl has occasionally caused him to sabotage his own ship .\n> thoroughbred s with a rider astride or standardbreds with the horse pulling a conveyance with a driver. these two kinds of racing are called racing on the flat and harness racing, respectively. some races on the flat—such as steeplechase, point - to - point, and…\nthe use of photo finish camera technology in horse racing began back in the 1930' s, first at several thoroughbred tracks such as hialeah, santa anita and hawthorne. it eventually came into widespread use at harness tracks as well. the idea was conceived as far back as 1882 but the technology was not yet available. one ingenious photographer back then came up with the idea of putting a thin black thread across the track that could be\ntripped\nas the first horse crossed the finish line, thus setting off his camera! !\nearly on, the name of the strip (which schulz always hated to begin with) led some fans to think charlie brown' s name was peanuts .\nin one 1958 strip, charlie brown says that snoopy eats nothing but pizza ,\nthree times a day, day after day, week after week .\naudience surrogate: charles schulz was for a very long time puzzled why he made such an extreme failure hero in charlie brown. then, one day his son came in after a bad softball game and told him he felt just like charlie brown. that was schulz' s eureka moment than charlie was the everyman .\nblack comedy: no, there' s no death, but laughing at the pathetic tragedy of charlie brown' s life is still an example of this .\n: the first strip about kicking the football had violet (not lucy) moving the ball because she was afraid charlie brown would miss and kick her arm." ]

{ "text": [ "sally brown ( 1982 – 2000 ) was a british thoroughbred racehorse and broodmare .", "she was owned and bred by robert cowell and trained by michael stoute .", "she did not race as a juvenile but emerged as a top-class middle-distance performer in 1985 , winning three of her six races including the ribblesdale stakes and the yorkshire oaks .", "she was retired at the end of the season and had modest success as a broodmare . " ], "topic": [ 22, 22, 14, 7 ] }

[ "sally brown (1982 – 2000) was a british thoroughbred racehorse and broodmare. she was owned and bred by robert cowell and trained by michael stoute. she did not race as a juvenile but emerged as a top-class middle-distance performer in 1985, winning three of her six races including the ribblesdale stakes and the yorkshire oaks. she was retired at the end of the season and had modest success as a broodmare." ]

[ "cleroidea, coleoptera, nomenclature, oriental region, p. bicolor, prionoceridae, prionocerus, taxonomy\n2010. studies on prionoceridae (coleoptera, cleroidea). ii. a revision of the genus\ncase 3511 prionocerus bicolor redtenbacher, 1868 (insecta, coleoptera, cleroidea, prionoceridae): proposed precedence over p. pertii laporte de castelnau, 1836\nhome » case 3511 prionocerus bicolor redtenbacher, 1868 (insecta, coleoptera, cleroidea, prionoceridae): proposed precedence over p. pertii laporte de castelnau, 1836\ncase 3511 prionocerus bicolor redtenbacher, 1868 (insecta, coleoptera, cleroidea, prionoceridae): proposed precedence over p. pertii laporte de castelnau, 1836 | international commission on zoological nomenclature\ngeiser m (2010) studies on prionoceridae (coleoptera: cleroidea). ii. a revision of the genus prionocerus perty, 1831. zootaxa, 2328: 1 - 48 .\ngeiser m (2009) studies on prionoceridae (coleoptera, cleroidea). iii. nomenclatural notes and a lectotype designation for idgia species described by maurice pic. entomologica basiliensia et collectionis frey, 31: 131 - 134 .\nyang y - x, geiser m, yang x - k (2012) a little - known beetle family in china, prionoceridae lacordaire, 1857 (coleoptera: cleroidea). entomotaxonomia (yangling), 34 (2): 378 - 390 .\ngeiser m (2007) geiser, m. (2007). studies on prionoceridae (coleoptera, cleroidea). i. a new species of prionocerus perty, 1831 from sumatra. . entomologica basiliensia et collectionis frey, 29: 167 - 170 .\ngeiser m (2010) case 3511: prionocerus bicolor redtenbacher, 1868 (insecta, coleoptera, cleroidea, prionoceridae): proposed precedence over p. pertii laporte de castelnau, 1836. bulletin of zoological nomenclature, 67 (2): 137 - 139 .\ngeiser mf, hagmann r, nagel p, loader sp (2016) a first broad - scale molecular phylogeny of prionoceridae (coleoptera: cleroidea) provides insight into taxonomy, biogeography and life history evolution. arthropod systematics & phylogeny, 74 (1): 3 - 21 .\nmichael geiser, reto hagmann, peter nagel, simon p. loader (2016): a first broad - scale molecular phylogeny of prionoceridae (coleoptera: cleroidea) provides insight into taxonomy, biogeography and life history evolution – arthropod systematics and phylogeny – 74: 3 - 21 .\nmichael f geiser, reto hagmann, peter nagel, & loader s. p. , (2016). a first broad - scale molecular phylogeny of prionoceridae (coleoptera: cleroidea): using molecular data to understand morphological change, life history and biogeography. arthropod systematics and phylogeny, in press .\nthe purpose of this application, under articles 23. 9. 3 and 81. 2. 3 of the code, is to conserve the name prionocerus bicolor redtenbacher, 1868 for a common species of soft - winged flower beetle (cleroidea, prionoceridae) by giving it precedence over the unused older name p. pertii laporte de castelnau, 1836 whenever these names are considered to be synonyms .\ni' m one of the curators of coleoptera (beetles), specifically looking after the elateroidea (including\ncantharoidea\n) and chrysomelidae collections, occasionally also dealing with other beetle groups. i' m responsible for loan requests and look after visitors for the above beetle taxa. i' m also an active taxonomist working on the former\nmalacodermata\n( prionoceridae, melyridae, cantharidae and their relatives) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance. if your browser does not accept cookies, you cannot view this site .\nthere are many reasons why a cookie could not be set correctly. below are the most common reasons :\nyou have cookies disabled in your browser. you need to reset your browser to accept cookies or to ask you if you want to accept cookies .\nyour browser asks you whether you want to accept cookies and you declined. to accept cookies from this site, use the back button and accept the cookie .\nyour browser does not support cookies. try a different browser if you suspect this .\nthe date on your computer is in the past. if your computer' s clock shows a date before 1 jan 1970, the browser will automatically forget the cookie. to fix this, set the correct time and date on your computer .\nyou have installed an application that monitors or blocks cookies from being set. you must disable the application while logging in or check with your system administrator .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance by remembering that you are logged in when you go from page to page. to provide access without cookies would require the site to create a new session for every page you visit, which slows the system down to an unacceptable level .\nthis site stores nothing other than an automatically generated session id in the cookie; no other information is captured .\nin general, only the information that you provide, or the choices you make while visiting a web site, can be stored in a cookie. for example, the site cannot determine your email name unless you choose to type it. allowing a website to create a cookie does not give that or any other site access to the rest of your computer, and only the site that created the cookie can read it .\nvalter jacinto marked\nescaravelho / / beetle (lobonyx aeneus )\nas trusted on the\nlobonyx aeneus\npage .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nlawrence, j. f. , and a. f. newton, jr. / pakaluk, james, and stanislaw adam slipinski, eds .\nbiology, phylogeny, and classification of coleoptera: papers celebrating the 80th birthday of roy a. crowson, vol. 2\ndisclaimer: itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available, and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties. however, it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes. while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available, ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party, wildlife statutes, regulations, and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register. for further information on u. s. legal requirements with respect to protected taxa, please contact the u. s. fish and wildlife service .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html + rdfa 1. 1 / / en\niczn is supported by the lee kong chian natural history museum, national university of singapore (company registration no. 200604346e). iczn is an associate participant to the global biodiversity information facility (gbif) & a scientific member of the international union of biological science (iubs). correspondence to the iczn should be directed to the secretary (iczn @ urltoken / + 65 6518 8364) .\nexcept where otherwise noted, content on this site is licensed under a creative commons attribution cc by licence .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\njavascript is required to use this web site. please turn it on before proceeding .\nparent taxon: cleroidea according to j. a. robertson et al. 2015\ndiagnosis: similar in habitus to oedemeridae and cantharidae. easily distinguished from oedemeridae by the 5 - segmented hind tarsi. distinguished from cantharidae by simple (not bilobed) fourth tarsomere, well - developed, clearly visible labrum and prolongate head. distinguished from related families of the melyrid clade by slender habitus, relatively long legs and antennae and protarsal combs in males (although some malachiid males show similar tarsal modifications) .\nlife history: larval biology poorly known, found under bark and on foliage during rainy weather, reported to be predators, but also found feeding on insect carcasses. adults relatively short - lived and seasonal; diurnal species feed on pollen of various shrubs and trees, usually in forest habitats, occasionally found feeding on savannah grass seeds (african species); biology of nocturnal species unknown, found attracted to light traps or hiding in foliage of forest understorey shrubs, always sitting on the underside of leaves .\nspecies richness: three genera and 158 species described worldwide. two genera and eight species reported from borneo. at least ten additional, apparently undescribed species from borneo found in museum collections .\nmendelson jr, barclay mvl, geiser m, streicher jw (2016) the taxonomic status of bufo intermedius günther, 1858: forensic entomology confirms what was long suspected from morphology. copeia, 104 (3): 697 - 701. doi: 10. 1643 / ch - 16 - 422\ngeiser m (2013) the soldier - beetle subfamily silinae (coleoptera: cantharidae) in laos: an annotated checklist and new faunistic data, in: beetle diversity of laos. part i. , brancucci m, nagel p, kolibac j, geiser m (eds). pro entomologia foundation & naturhistorisches museum basel: basel, switzerland. 255 - 267 .\ngeiser m, nagel p (2013) coleopterology in laos – an introduction to the nature of the country and its coleopterological exploration, in: beetle diversity of laos. part i. , brancucci m, nagel p, kolibac j, geiser m (eds). pro entomologia foundation & naturhistorisches museum basel: 11 - 46 .\nmember, basel entomological society, basel, switzerland, 2011 - on going .\nmember, vienna coleopterists society, vienna, austria, 2005 - on going .\ngeiser m (2017) first record of the family cantharidae on socotra, with description of a new genus and two new species of the subfamily silinae (coleoptera: elateroidea). acta entomologica musei nationalis pragae, 57 (s1): doi: 10. 1515 / aemnp - 2017 - 0110\ngeiser m (2017) rhagonycha bythinica (coleoptera: cantharidae) – new to europe rhagonycha bythinica (coleoptera: cantharidae) – nový nález pro evropu. klapalekiana, 53: 275 - 277 .\nwiesner j, geiser m (2016) faunistic survey of the tiger beetles (coleoptera, carabidae, cicindelinae) of laos. entomologica basiliensia et collectionis frey, 35: 61 - 117 .\nwalters jm, barclay mvl, geiser mf (2016) xylotoles griseus (fabricius, 1775) (cerambycidae; lamiinae), the new zealand fig longhorn, breeding in devon, new to britain and europe. . the coleopterist, 25 (1): 53 - 56 .\ngeiser m (2016) an update on the distribution of the pyrophilous beetle acanthocnemus nigricans (hope, 1845) (coleoptera: cleroidea: acanthocnemidae), including new records from laos. entomologica basiliensia et collectionis frey, 35: 429 - 432 .\nnagel p, schmidlin l, geiser m (2016) names as legacy: catalogue of taxa described by and for michel brancucci (1950 - 2012). entomologica basiliensia et collectionis frey, 35: 11 - 59 .\nsekerka l, geiser m (2016) sagrinae of laos (coleoptera: chrysomelidae). entomologica basiliensia et collectionis frey, 35: 443 - 453 .\ngeiser m, fanti f (2015) on the nomenclature of cantharis nigra (de geer, 1774) and c. thoracica (a. g. olivier, 1790) (cantharidae) as used in britain and ireland. the coleopterist, 24 (3): 164 - 166 .\nbarclay mvl, garner bh, booth rg, geiser mf, taylor ce (2015) the coleoptera collections of the natural history museum, london. presented at entomological society of america .\ngermann c, geiser m, luka h, sprecher e, schatz i (2015) käfer (coleoptera) im gebiet des furkapasses, kantone uri und wallis. entomo helvetica, 8: 71 - 79 .\nherger p, germann c, uhlig m, vogel j, geiser m, kirejtshuk a (2015) käfer aus lichtfängen am monte san giorgio bei serpiano, kanton tessin (coleoptera). entomo helvetica, 8: 89 - 96 .\nplonski is, geiser mf (2015) studies on the genus intybia pascoe (coleoptera: malachiidae). iii. on intybia rubrithorax (pic) and related taxa. zeitschrift der arbeitsgemeinschaft österreichischer entomologen, 66: 31 - 38 .\nivie ma, geiser mf (2014) the status of tylocerus crassicornis (dalman, 1823), type species of tylocerus dalman, 1823 (coleoptera: cantharidae: silinae). the coleopterists bulletin, 68 (1): 111 - 114. doi: 10. 1649 / 0010 - 065x - 68. 1. 111\nivie m, geiser m (2014) scientific note: the status of tylocerus crassicornis (dalman, 1823), type species of tylocerus dalman, 1823 (coleoptera: cantharidae: silinae). the coleopterists bulletin, 68 (1): 111 - 114 .\nsprecher - uebersax e, geiser m, hicklin m (2013) die käfersammlung frey – ein schatz für die wissenschaft. mitteilungen der naturforschenden gesellschaften beider basel, 3 - 19 .\nhuber c, geiser m (2012) nebria (patrobonebria) megalops sp. n. from yunnan (china) (coleoptera, carabidae). mitteilungen der schweizerischen entomologischen gesellschaft, 85: 159 - 165 .\ngeiser m (2011) nomenclatural note on opisthapalochrus evers, 1987 (coleoptera, cleroidea, malachiidae). japanese journal of systematic entomology, 17 (2): 403 - 404 .\ngermann c, geiser m (2010) coeliastes lamii (fabricius, 1792) - in der schweiz ein bisher übersehener rüsselkäfer? (coleoptera, curculionidae). entomo helvetica, 3: 209 - 212 .\nbrancucci m, geiser m (2009) a revision of the genus lamellipalpus maulik, 1921 (coleoptera, lampyridae). zootaxa, 2080: 1 - 20 .\nbrancucci m, geiser m (2007) a new species of lamellipalpus maulik, 1921 from vietnam (coleoptera, lampyridae). entomologica basiliensia et collectionis frey, 29: 41 - 45 .\nbarclay m, geiser m (null) a replacement name for philonthus colius hromádka, 2016 (coleoptera: staphylinidae). studies and reports, taxonomical series, 13 (1): 61 - 61 .\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site. view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\n2001 - 06 - 28 by prof. paolo audisio & by dr. gianfranco liberti\nthis work is licensed under a creative commons attribution - share alike 3. 0 license\npesi is funded by the european union 7th framework programme within the research infrastructures programme. contract no. ri - 223806. activity area: capacities. period 2008 - 2011 - website hosted & developed by vliz banner picture: gannet (morus bassanus (linnaeus, 1758) ) by karl van ginderdeuren - contact pesi\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nalberto ballerio, vasily v. grebennikov (2016): rolling into a ball: phylogeny of the ceratocanthinae (coleoptera: hybosoridae) inferred from adult morpho - logy and origin of a unique body enrollment coaptation in terrestrial arthropods – arthropod systematics and phylogeny – 74: 23 - 52 .\nadriano zanetti, michel perreau, alexey yurevitsh solodovnikov (2016): two new fossil species of omaliinae from baltic amber (coleoptera: staphylinidae) and their significance for understanding the eocene - oligocene climate – arthropod systematics and phylogeny – 74: 53 - 64 .\nhans - w. pohl, rolf g. beutel, stephan löwe (2016): the female cephalothorax of stylops ovinae noskiewicz & poluszyński, 1928 (strepsiptera: stylopidae) – arthropod systematics and phylogeny – 74: 65 - 81 .\nstephan m. blank, lars vilhelmsen (2016): two new parasitoid wasp species of the australasian genus orussobaius (hymenoptera: orussidae) – arthropod systematics and phylogeny – 74: 83 - 103 .\nrolf g. beutel, thomas hörnschemeyer, hans - w. pohl, pieter knauthe\nrolf g. beutel, thomas hörnschemeyer, hans - w. pohl, pieter knauthe (2016): serial block - face scanning electron microscopy sheds new light on the head anatomy of an extremely miniaturized insect larva (strepsiptera) – arthropod systematics and phylogeny – 74: 107 - 126 .\nivan l. f. magalhaes, luciu r. fernandes, e. ramirez, martin j. …\nivan l. f. magalhaes, luciu r. fernandes, e. ramirez, martin j. ramirez, alexandre bragio bonaldo (2016): phylogenetic position and taxonomic review of the ianduba spiders (araneae: corinnidae) endemic to the brazilian atlantic rainforest – arthropod systematics and phylogeny – 74: 127 - 159 .\njeffrey h. skevington, gil felipe goncalves miranda, stephen a. marshall, …\njeffrey h. skevington, gil felipe goncalves miranda, stephen a. marshall, scott kelso (2016): the genus ocyptamus macquart (diptera: syrphidae): a molecular phylogenetic analysis – arthropod systematics and phylogeny – 74: 161 - 176 .\nchaetotaxy and larval morphometry of cercyon prae - textatus (say) and c. quisquilius (linnaeus) …\nmiguel archangelsky (2016): chaetotaxy and larval morphometry of cercyon prae - textatus (say) and c. quisquilius (linnaeus) (coleoptera: hydrophilidae: sphaeridiinae) and their phylogenetic implications – arthropod systematics and phylogeny – 74: 177 - 193 .\ndominique zimmermann, lars vilhelmsen (2016): the sister group of aculeata (hymenoptera) – evidence from internal head anatomy, with emphasis on the tentorium – arthropod systematics and phylogeny – 74: 195 - 218 .\nd. christopher rogers, jorgen olesen (2016): laevicaudata catalogus (crustacea: branchiopoda): an overview of diversity and terminology – arthropod systematics and phylogeny – 74: 221 - 240 .\nslavko polak, teo delic, rok kostanjsek, peter trontelj (2016): molecular phylogeny of the cave beetle genus hadesia (coleoptera: leiodidae: cholevinae: leptodirini), with a description of a new species from montenegro – arthropod systematics and phylogeny – 74: 241 - 254 .\ndolores gonzalez, larry jimenez - ferbans, pedro reyes - castillo (2016): phylogeny and species delimitation in the group rhodocanthopus of the genus passalus (coleoptera: passalidae) inferred from morphological and molecular data, with description of two new species – arthropod systematics and phylogeny – 74: 255 - 266 .\nbenjamin wipfler, klaus - dieter klass, tom weihmann, kevin weissing (2016): the cephalic morphology of the american cockroach periplaneta americana (blattodea) – arthropod systematics and phylogeny – 74: 267 - 297 .\nstewart b. peck, derek s. sikes, stephen t. trumbo (2016): cryptic diversity in the new world burying beetle fauna: nicrophorus hebes kirby; new status as a resurrected name (coleoptera: silphidae: nicrophorinae) – arthropod systematics and phylogeny – 74: 299 - 309 .\nno pdf offered or problems to download a complete paper? please contact one of the authors or the secretary. we are pleased to send you an electronic version or a reprint .\nrégimbart, 1879, in laos with the description of a new species (coleoptera: dytiscidae) .\n( fabricius, 1792) - in der schweiz ein bisher übersehener rüsselkäfer (coleoptera, curculionidae) .\nlatreille, 1802 from dhofar in oman (coleoiptera: tenebrionidae: diaperinae) .\n( amphibia: anura: brevicipitidae) highlight local endemism and conservation plight of africa' s eastern arc forests .\n2010. kurzflügelkäfer (coleoptera: staphylinidae) im naturschutzgebiet wildenstein (bubendorf, basel - landschaft, nw - schweiz) .\n2010. charakterisierung von quellen anhand saisonaler emergenzfänge von steinfliegen und köcherfliegen. s. 64 - 66 in :\ndeutsche gesellschaft für limnologie (dgl). erweiterte zusammenfassungen der jahrestagung 2009 (oldenburg )\n2010. functional microbial community response to nutrient pulses by artifcial groundwater recharge practice in surface soils and subsoils .\n2010. gradual adaptation toward a range - expansion phenotype initiated the global radiation of toads .\n2010. quellenlehrpfade in der region basel - ein beitrag aus dem bereich biogeographie .\n2010. arten des jahres 2010, teil 4: schwimmender luftanhalter, katzengold und seltener schleimkopf .\n2010. amphibians as indicators of change in ethiopian highlands. p. 14 in spehn em, rudmann - maurer k, körner c, maselli d (eds .) :\n. sss day 2010. museo cantonale di storia naturale lugano, 26th november 2010. abstracts, p. 4 - 5 .\nbrancucci – redescription and notes on habitat and sampling circumstances. pp. 163 - 169 in: jäch m, balke m (eds): water beetles of new caledonia (part 1) .\n2010. environment and the sterile insect technique. pp. 539 - 566 in: in va dyck, j hendrichs & as robinson (eds .) ,\n[ in chinese ]. china agricultural science and technology press, beijing, china, 855pp. (translation of english original, dated 2005) .\nall content on this website, including dictionary, thesaurus, literature, geography, and other reference data is for informational purposes only. this information should not be considered complete, up to date, and is not intended to be used in place of a visit, consultation, or advice of a legal, medical, or any other professional .\nh. christoph liedtke, hendrik müller, mark - oliver rödel, michele menegon, legrand nono gonwouo, michael f. barej, václav gvoždík, andreas schmitz, alan channing, peter nagel, simon p. loader. (2016) no ecological opportunity signal on a continental scale? diversification and life - history evolution of african true toads (bufonidae; anura). evolution, in press .\njohn p. poynton, h. christoph liedtke, simon p. loader, (2016). designation and description of a neotype of amietophrynus maculatus (hallowell), 1854, and reinstatement of amietophrynus pusillus (mertens), 1937 (amphibia: bufonidae). zootaxa, 4098 (1): 073–094 .\ngabriela bueno bittencourt - silva, werner conradie, karen siu - ting, krystal a tolley, alan channing, michael cunningham, harith m farooq, michele menegon, and simon p loader (2016). the phylogenetic position and diversity of the enigmatic mongrel frog nothophryne poynton, 1963 (amphibia, anura). molecular phylogenetics and evolution, 99: 89–102 .\nmenegon, m, loader, s. p. , davenport, t. r. b. , howell, k. m. , tilbury, c. r. , machaga, s. , and tolley, k. a. (2015). a new species of chameleon (sauria: chamaeleonidae: kinyongia) highlights the biological affinities between the southern highlands and eastern arc mountains of tanzania. acta herpetologica, 10, (2) 111 - 120 .\nsimon paul loader, lp lawson, dm portik and m menegon (2015). three new species of spiny throated reed frogs (anura: hyperoliidae) from evergreen forests of tanzania. bmc research notes, 8: 167 .\nlucinda p. lawson, john m. bates, michele menegon, and simon p. loader. divergence at the edges: peripatric isolation in the montane spiny throated reed frog complex (2015). bmc evolutionary biology, 15: 128 .\nsimon p. loader (2015). stormy waters: review of the monkey’s voyage by alan de queiroz. acta zoologica, 96 (3) 398 - 400 .\nf. sara ceccarelli, michele menegon, krystal a. tolley, colin r. tilbury, david j. gower, maiti h. laserna, roman kasahun, ana rodriguez - prieto, reto hagman, and simon p. loader. (2014) evolutionary relationships, species delimitation and biogeography of eastern afromontane horned chameleons (chamaeleonidae: trioceros). molecular phylogenetics and evolution, 80: 125–136 .\nmenegon, m. , loader, s. p. , branch, w. davenport, t. , marsden, s. & ursenbacher, s, (2014). a phylogeny of the east african genus atheris (serpentes: viperidae): the role of rifting and climate in shaping the current pattern of species diversity. molecular phylogenetics and evolution, 79: 12 - 22 .\nloader s. p. , f. sara, ceccarelli, michele menegon, kim m. howell, k. m. , roman kassahun, abebe a. mengistu, samy a. saber, fikirte gebresenbet, rafael de sá, tim b. r. davenport, joanna g. larson, hendrik müller, mark wilkinson & david j. gower, (2014). persistence and stability of eastern afromontane forests: evidence from brevicipitid frogs. journal of biogeography, 41, 1781–1792 .\nváclav gvoždík & tillack, f. , menegon, m. and loader s. p. (2014). the status of leptopelis barbouri ahl, 1929 and eleven other nomina of the current tree - frog genus leptopelis (arthroleptidae) described from east africa, with a redescription of leptopelis grandiceps ahl, 1929. zootaxa, 3793 (1): 165–187 .\nhans c. liedtke, hendrik müller, julian hafner, peter nagel, loader s. p. (2014). interspecific patterns of egg and clutch sizes of african bufonidae (anura). zoologischer anzeiger – a journal of comparative zoology, 253: 309 - 315 .\nkaren siu - ting, david j. gower, davide pisani, fikirte gebresenbet roman kassahun, michele menegon, abebe a. mengistu, samy a. saber, rafael de sá, mark wilkinson and simon p. loader (2014). evolutionary relationships of the critically endangered ethiopian frog ericabatrachus baleensis largen, 1991 with notes on incorporating previously unsampled taxa into large - scale phylogenetic analyses. bmc evolutionary biology, 14: 44 .\ndiego san mauro, david j. gower, hendrik müller, loader s. p. , rafael zardoya, ronald a. nussbaum, mark wilkinson (2014). life - history evolution and mitogenomic phylogeny of caecilian amphibians. molecular phylogenetics and evolution, 73 (2014) 177–189 .\nliedtke h. c. , hügli d, dehling j. m. , pupin f, menegon m, plumptre a. j. , kujirakwinja, d & loader s. p. (2014). one or two species? on the case of hyperolius discodactylus ahl 1931 and h. alticola ahl 1931 (anura: hyperoliidae). zootaxa, 3768 (3): 253–290 .\nlissa mapouyat, mareike hirschfeld, mark - oliver rödel, h. christoph liedtke, simon p. loader, l. nono gonwouo, matthias dahmen, tom doherty - bone & michael f. barej (2013). the tadpoles of nine cameroonian leptodactylodon species (amphibia, anura, arthroleptidae). zootaxa, 3765 (1): 1029– 1053 .\nmichael f. barej, andreas schmitz, rainer günther, simon p. loader, kristin mahlow, mark - oliver rödel (2013). the first endemic west african vertebrate family – a new anuran family highlighting the uniqueness of the upper guinean biodiversity hotspot. frontiers in zoology, 11: 8 .\nmichael f. barej, mark - oliver rödel, loader s. p. , michele menegon, nono l. gonwouo, johannes penner, václav gvoždík, rainer günther, rayna c. bell, peter nagel, and andreas schmitz (2014). light shines through the spindrift – phylogeny of african torrent frogs (amphibia, anura, petropedetidae). molecular phylogenetics and evolution, 71: 261 - 273 .\ndj, gower, t. doherty - bone, s. p. loader, m. wilkinson, mt, kouete, b. tapley, f. orton, o. z. daniel, f. wynne, e flach, h. müller, m. menegon, i. stephen, rk. browne, mc. fisher, aa. cunningham and tw j. garner (2013). batrachochytrium dendrobatidis infection and lethal chytridiomycosis in caecilian amphibians (gymnophiona). ecohealth (doi: 10. 1007 / s10393 - 013 - 0831 - 9) may .\nloader, s. p. , ceccarelli, f. s. wilkinson, m. , menegon, m, mariaux j. , de sá ro, howell, km, and gower, dj. (2013). species boundaries and biogeography of east african torrent frogs of the genus petropedetes (amphibia: anura: petropeditidae). african journal of herpetology 62 (1): 40 - 48 .\nwilkinson, gower, d. j. loader, s. p. , and müller, h. (2013). a visceral synapomorphy of scolecomorphus boulenger, 1883 (amphibia: gymnophiona: scolecomorphidae). african journal of herpetology 62 (1): 21 - 27 .\nloader, s. p. , m. , menegon, howell, km, and müller, h. (2013). a celebration of the works of john charles poynton. african journal of herpetology 62 (1): 1 - 4 .\nmüller, h. , liedtke, hc, menegon, m, beck, j, balesteros - meija, lc, nagel, p. and loader s. p. (2013). do forests promote terrestrialisation of life history strategies in african amphibians? biology letters 9: 20121146 .\nt. m. doherty - bone, n. l. gonwouo, m. hirschfeld, t. ohst, c. weldon, m. perkins, m. t. kouete, r. k. browne, s. p. loader, d. j. gower, m. w. wilkinson, m. o. rödel, j. penner, m. f. barej, a. schmitz, j. plötner, a. a. cunningham (2013). batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in amphibians of cameroon, including first records for caecilians. diseases of aquatic organisms vol. 102: 187–194, 2013 .\nde sá, r. o, streicher, j. w. , sekonyela, r. , forlani, m. c. , loader, s. p. , greenbaum, e. , richards, s. and haddad, c. f. (2012). molecular phylogeny of microhylid frogs (anura: microhylidae) with emphasis on relationships among new world genera, bmc evolutionary biology, 12: 241\ngower, d. j. , aberra, r. k. , schwaller, s. , largen, m. j. , collen, b. , spawls, s. , menegon, m. , zimkus, b. m. , de sá, r. o. , mengistu, a. a. , gebresenbet, f. , moore, r. d. , saber, s. a. , and loader, sp (2013). long - term data for endemic frog genera reveal potential conservation crisis in the bale mountains, ethiopia. oryx, 47 (1) 59 - 69 .\ngower, d. j. , doherty - bone, t. m. , r. k. aberra, mengistu, a. a. , schwaller, s. , menegon, m. , de sá, r. , s. a. saber, cunningham, a. a. &, loader, sp. (2012). high prevalence of the amphibian chytrid fungus (batrachochytrium dendrobatidis) across multiple taxa and localities in the highlands of ethiopia. herpetological journal, 22 (4) 225 - 233 .\nzimkus, bm. , lucinda lawson, l. , loader, sp. , hanken, j. (2012). terrestrialization, miniaturization and rates of diversification in african frogs (anura: phrynobatrachidae). plos one 7 (4): e35118 .\nhirschfeld, m. , barej, mf. , loader, sp & rödel, m - o. (2011). description of two werneria tadpoles from cameroon (amphibia: anura: bufonidae). zootaxa, 3172: 65 - 68 .\nbarratt, c. d. , horsburgh, g. j. , dawson, d. a. , gower, d. j. , wilkinson, m. , loader, s. p. & jehle, r. (2011). characterisation of nine microsatellite loci in the caecilian amphibian boulengerula uluguruensis (gymnophiona), and their cross - species utility in three congeneric species. conservation genet. resour. doi 10. 1007 / s12686 - 011 - 9512 - 6 .\nmenegon, m. , gower dj, and loader sp, (2011). a remarkable new species of callulina (amphibia: anura: brevicipitidae) with massive, boldly coloured limb glands. zootaxa, 3095: 15 - 26 .\ngower, d. j. , papadopoulou, a, doherty - bone, t. m. , pupin, f. , san mauro, d. , loader, sp. & wilkinson, m. (2011). the systematics of boulengerula fischeri (amphibia: gymnophiona: caeciliidae) based on morphological and molecular data, zootaxa 2767: 14–24 .\nloader sp, müller h, gower dj, and menegon m, (2010). two new species of callulina (amphibia: anura: brevicipitidae) from the nguru mountains, tanzania. zootaxa, 2694: 26 - 42 .\nloader sp, gower dj, ngalason w, menegon m. (2010). three new species of callulina (amphibia: anura: brevicipitidae) highlight local endemism and conservation plight of africa’s eastern arc forests. zoological journal of linnean society, 160: 496 - 514 .\nvan bocxlaer i, loader sp, roelants, k, biju, sd, menegon, m, bossuyt f, (2010). gradual adaptation towards a dispersal phenotype initiated the global radiation of toads. science, 327: 679 - 682 .\nbiju, sd, van bocxlaer i, giri vb, loader sp, bossuyt f, (2009). two new endemic genera and a new species of toad (anura: bufonidae) from the western ghats of india. bmc research notes, 2: 241 .\nloader sp, poynton jp, davenport trb, rödel m - o, (2009). re - description of the type series of nectophrynoides viviparus (amphibia: anura: bufonidae), with a taxonomic reassessment. zootaxa, 2304: 41 - 50 .\nloader sp, measey gj, sa rd, malonza pk, (2009). a new brevicipitid species (anura: brevicipitidae: callulina) from the fragmented forests of the taita hills, kenya. zootaxa 2123: 55 - 68 .\nmenegon m, loader sp, burgess n, doggart n, owen n, (2009). the south nguru mountains: a new jewel in the eastern arc crown. oryx 43 (2): 174 - 176 .\nmüller h, wilkinson m, loader sp, wirkner c, gower dj, (2009). morphology and function of the head in foetal and juvenile scolecomorphus kirkii (amphibia: gymnophiona: scolecomorphidae). biological journal of the linnean society 96: 491 - 504 .\nvan bocxlaer i, biju sd, loader sp, bossuyt f, (2009). toad radiation reveals into - india dispersal as a source of endemism in the western ghats - sri lanka biodiversity hotspot. bmc evolutionary biology 2009 9: 131 (pp. 1 - 10) .\npoynton jc, menegon m, loader sp, (2008). a new giant species of arthroleptis (amphibia: anura) from the forests of the nguru mountains, tanzania. african journal of herpetology 57 (2): 63 - 74 .\npoynton jc, loader sp, (2008). clinal variation in the common tanzania forest frog arthroleptis affinis (amphibia: anura): taxonomic complications. copeia 3: 517 - 526 .\nmenegon m, salvidio s, ngalason w, and loader sp, (2007). a new dwarf forest toad (amphibia: bufonidae: nectophrynoides) from the ukaguru mountains, tanzania. zootaxa 1541: 31 - 40 .\nloader sp, pisani d, cotton ja, gower dj, day jj, wilkinson m, (2007). relative timescales reveal multiple origins of parallel disjunct distributions of african caecilian amphibians. biology letters 3: 505 - 508 .\nmuller h, loader sp, ngalason w, howell km gower dj, (2007). reproduction in brevicipitid frogs (amphibia: anura: brevicipitinae) – evidence from probreviceps m. macrodactylus. copeia 2007 (3): 728 - 734 .\npoynton jc, loader sp, sherratt e, clarke bt, (2007). amphibian diversity in an east african biodiversity hotspot: altitudinal and latitudinal patterns. biodiversity and conservation 16: 1103 - 1118 .\nroelants k, gower dj, wilkinson m, loader sp, biju sd, guillaume k, moiau l, bossuyt f, (2007). global patterns of diversification in the history of modern amphibians. proceedings of the national academy of sciences 104: 887 - 892 .\nburgess nd cordeiro n, doggart n, fjeldså j, howell km, kilahama f, loader sp, lovett jc, menegon m, moyer d, nashanda e, perkin a, stanley wt, stuart s, (2007). the biological importance of the eastern arc mountains of tanzania and kenya. biological conservation. 134: 209 - 231 .\nloader sp, channing a, menegon m, davenport t, (2006). a new species of probreviceps from the eastern arc mountains, tanzania. zootaxa 1237: 45 - 60 .\njones d, loader sp, gower dj, (2006). ecological diversity of caecilian amphibian (gymnophiona) predators an in east african forest, and their impact on soil invertebrates. journal of zoology 269: 117 - 126 .\nmüller h, measey gj, loader sp, malonza pk, (2005). a new species of boulengerula tornier (amphibia: gymnophiona: caeciliidae) from an isolated mountain block of the taita hills. zootaxa 1004: 37 - 50 .\ngower d. j. , loader, sp, wilkinson, m. and moncrieff, c. (2004). niche separation and comparative abundance of b. boulengeri and s. vittatus (amphibia: gymnophiona) in east usambara forest, tanzania. african journal herpetology 53 (2): 183 - 190 .\nloader sp, gower dj, clarke bt, howell km, doggart n, rödel m - o, de sá ro, cohen bl, wilkinson m, (2004). phylogenetic relationships of african microhylid frogs inferred from dna sequences of mitochondrial 12s and 16s ribosomal rrna genes. organisms diversity and evolution 4: 227 - 235 .\nmenegon m, salvidio s, loader sp, (2004). five new species of nectophrynoides (amphibia: anura: bufonidae) species from the eastern arc mountains, tanzania. tropical zoology 17: 97 - 121 .\nsa r. d. , loader sp, and channing a. (2004). a new species of callulina (anura: microhylidae) from the west usambara mountains, tanzania. journal of herpetology 38 (2): 219 - 222 .\ngower dj, rasmussen jb, loader sp, wilkinson m, (2004). the burrowing asp atractaspis aterrima günther as a predator of the caecilian amphibian scolecomorphus kirkii boulenger. african journal of ecology 42: 83 - 87 .\ngower dj, loader sp, wilkinson m, (2004). assessing the conservation status of soil dwelling vertebrates: insights from the discovery of typhlops uluguruensis (reptilia: serpentes: typhlopidae). systematics and biodiversity 2 (1): 79 - 82 .\nwilkinson m, loader sp, gower dg, sheps ja, cohen bl. (2003). phylogenetic relationships of african caecilians (amphibia: gymnophiona): insights from mitochondrial rrna gene sequences. african journal of herpetology 52 (2): 83 - 92 .\nloader sp, wilkinson m, gower dj, msuya c. (2002). a remarkable juvenile scolecomorphus vittatus (amphibia: gymnophiona) from the pare mountains, tanzania. journal of zoology 259: 93 - 101 .\ngower dj, kupfer a, oommen ov, himstedt w, nussbaum ra, loader sp, presswell b, müller h, krishna sb, boistel r, wilkinson m, (2002). a preliminary molecular phylogeny of ichthyophiidae: out of india or out of eurasia? proceedings of the royal society of london b 269: 1563 - 1569 .\nkrause j, loader sp, ruxton gd, (2000). refuge use by fish as a function of body weight changes. acta ecologica 2: 29 - 34 .\nkrause j, loader sp, mcdermott j, ruxton gd, (1998). refuge use by fish as a function of body - length - related metabolic expenditure and predation risk. proceedings of the royal society of london b 265: 2373 - 2379 .\nprivacy & cookies: this site uses cookies. by continuing to use this website, you agree to their use. to find out more, including how to control cookies, see here: cookie policy" ]

{ "text": [ "prionoceridae is a small family of beetles , in the suborder polyphaga .", "the form a group within the cleroid beetles and were formerly treated as a subfamily prionocerinae within the family melyridae .", "very little is known of their life history but most species are pollen feeders as adults and occur in large numbers during spring or the host flowering season .", "larvae are predatory or feed on decomposing wood . " ], "topic": [ 27, 26, 8, 8 ] }

[ "prionoceridae is a small family of beetles, in the suborder polyphaga. the form a group within the cleroid beetles and were formerly treated as a subfamily prionocerinae within the family melyridae. very little is known of their life history but most species are pollen feeders as adults and occur in large numbers during spring or the host flowering season. larvae are predatory or feed on decomposing wood." ]

[ "the dermestid beetle, or dermestes maculatus, are the beetles used in skeleton preparation .\nresearch note: the hide beetle, dermestes maculatus degeer (dermestidae), feeds on live turkeys .\nfigure 2. dorsal views of adult (left) and larva (right) of dermestes maculatus .\nlevinson ar, levinson hz, francke w. intraspezifische lockstoffe des dornspeckkäfers dermestes maculatus (de geer )\nkari pihlaviita added the finnish common name\nvuotakuoriainen\nto\ndermestes maculatus de geer, 1774\n.\nclick the button below to add the hide beetles (dermestes maculatus) starter colony to your wish list .\nresearch note: the hide beetle, dermestes maculatus degeer (dermestidae), feeds on live turkeys. - pubmed - ncbi\narcher ms, elgar ma. cannibalism and delayed pupation in hide beetles, dermestes maculatus de geer (coleoptera: dermestidae )\nrichardson ms, goff ml. effects of temperature and intraspecific interaction on the development of dermestes maculatus (coleoptera: dermestidae )\narcher ms, elgar ma. female preference for multiple partners: sperm competition in the hide beetle, dermestes maculatus (degeer )\nshaver b, kaufman p: hide beetle dermestes maculatus degeer. 2009, florida: university of florida ifas extension eeny, 466 -\nfigure 1. dorsal view of an adult hide beetle, dermestes maculatus degeer. photograph by joyce gross, university of california – berkeley .\nfigure 3. ventral view of an adult hide beetle, dermestes maculatus degeer. photograph by joyce gross, university of california - berkeley .\nfigure 2. larva of the hide beetle, dermestes maculatus degeer. photograph by lyle j. buss and brianna shaver, university of florida .\nfigure 5. larvae and adults of the hide beetle, dermestes maculatus degeer, consuming flesh and hide on an animal skull. photograph by troy roper .\nabdel - kader mm, barak av. evidence for a sex pheromone in the hide beetle, dermestes maculatus (de geer) (coleoptera: dermestidae )\njones tm, mcnamara kb, colvin pgr, featherston r, elgar ma. mating frequency, fecundity and fertilization success in the hide beetle, dermestes maculatus .\nfigure 6. larvae of the hide beetle, dermestes maculatus degeer, cleaning the skull of a white tailed deer. photograph by josh watts, www. wattsskulls. com .\nitis. (september 2009). dermestes maculatus de geer, 1774, taxonomic serial no. : 114980. integrated taxonomic information system. urltoken (28 september 2009) .\nvon hoermann c, ruther j, reibe s, madea b, ayasse m. the importance of carcass volatiles as attractants for the hide beetle dermestes maculatus (de geer )\ntable 1. recognition characters for adults of the species of dermestes recorded from cured fish .\ndermestes spp. a field guide to the types of insects and mites infesting cured fish .\narcher ms, elgar ma. 1998. cannibalism and delayed pupation in hide beetles, dermestes maculatus degeer (coleoptera: dermestidae). australian journal of entomology 37: 158 - 161 .\nlevinson ar, levinson hz, francke w: intraspezifische lockstoffe des dornspeckkäfers dermestes maculatus (de geer). mitt dtsch ges allg angew ent. 1981, 2: 235 - 237 .\nrichardson ms, goff ml. 2001. effects of temperature and intraspecific interaction on the development of dermestes maculatus (coleoptera: dermestidae). journal of medical entomology 38: 347 - 351 .\nhavelka, j. 1951 ,\ndermestes maculatus pakistanicus ssp. n. introduced from pakistan to c. s. r. (3rd contribution to knowledge of dermestes l .) (coleoptera, dermestidae )\n, folia entomologica. brno, vol. 10, pp. 143 - 144\ncloud ja, collison ch. 1986. comparison of various poultry house litter components for hide beetle (dermestes maculatus degeer) larval development in the laboratory. poultry science 65: 1911 - 1914 .\na field guide to the types of insects and mites infesting cured fish - 3. dermestes spp .\n* dermestes species: ma. = maculatus; fr. = frischii; ca. = carnivorus; la. = lardarius; at. = ater; ha. = haemorrhoidalis; pe. = peruvianus\n1. 3 effect of s. afzelii leaves powder on larvae and adult emergence of d. maculatus\nfrass: frass, or feces, from dermestes maculatus appear dark brown, fibrous, and resemble horse hair. evidence of frass can indicate the past presence of beetles (schroeder et al. 2002) .\neggs: dermestes maculatus eggs are typically laid in batches of three to 20. the amount of eggs a single female can lay over a lifetime varies greatly, ranging from 198 to 845 (hinton 1945) .\ntable 1 percentage mortality of d. maculatus larvae exposed to various concentrations of s. afzelii over 120 hours\njones tm, mcnamara kb, colvin pgr, featherston r, elgar ma. 2006. mating frequency, fecundity and fertilization success in the hide beetle, dermestes maculatus. journal of insect behavior 19: 357 - 371 .\nrustin mha, munro dd: papular urticaria caused by dermestes maculatus degeer. clin exp dermatol. 1984, 9: 317 - 321. 10. 1111 / j. 1365 - 2230. 1984. tb00806. x .\ndermestes maculatus is native throughout the continental united states and canada, and also hawaii. it is also known to occur in oceania, southeast asia, and italy (integrated taxonomic information system 2009, veer et al. 1996) .\nhaines cp, rees dp: dermestes spp. a field guide to the types of insects and mites infesting cured fish .\narcher ms, elgar ma: female preference for multiple partners: sperm competition in the hide beetle, dermestes maculatus (degeer). anim behav. 1999, 58: 669 - 675. 10. 1006 / anbe. 1999. 1172 .\nosuji f. n. c. , 1975 the effect of salt treatment of fish on the developmental biology of dermestes maculatus (coleoptera: dermrstidae) and necrobia rufipes (cleridae). entomologia experimentia et applicata, 18: 472 – 479 urltoken\n2013. effect of salting on houseflies (musca domestica) and beetles (necrobia rufipes and dermestes maculatus) infestation of fish from lake victoria, kenya. international journal of research in pure and applied microbiology, 3 (1): 30 - 35\nabdel - kader mm, barak av: evidence for a sex pheromone in the hide beetle, dermestes maculatus (de geer) (coleoptera: dermestidae). j chem ecol. 1979, 5: 805 - 813. 10. 1007 / bf00986565 .\nfasakin e. a. , aberejo o. , 2000. effect of some pulverized plant materials on the developmental stages of fish beetle, dermestes maculatus degeer in smoked catfish (clarias gariepinus) during storage. bioresource technology, 85: 173 - 177 urltoken\nthese studies establish basic approaches necessary to use dermestes maculatus as a model system. methods are now available for use of this intermediate - germ insect for future studies of the evolution of regulatory networks controlling insect segmentation, as well as of other processes in development and homeostasis. consistent with the role of paired in long - germ drosophila and shorter - germ tribolium, paired functions as a pair - rule segmentation gene in dermestes maculatus. thus, paired retains pair - rule function in insects with different modes of segment addition .\nrichardson ms, goff ml: effects of temperature and intraspecific interaction on the development of dermestes maculatus (coleoptera: dermestidae). j med entomol. 2001, 38: 347 - 351. 10. 1603 / 0022 - 2585 - 38. 3. 347 .\nakinwunmif. o. , fasakin e. a. , adedire c. o. , 2007. toxic and repellence activities of four plant extract to dermestes maculatus degeer in smoked african mudcat fish clarias gariepinus burchell. journal of entomology, 4: 149 - 154 urltoken\nfigure 4. distal portion of the elytra of the adult hide beetle, dermestes maculatus degeer. notice the serrations on the distal edge of the elytra with each elytra ending in in a point. photograph by lyle j. buss and brianna shaver, university of florida .\narcher ms, elgar ma: cannibalism and delayed pupation in hide beetles, dermestes maculatus de geer (coleoptera: dermestidae). aust j entomol. 1998, 37: 158 - 161. 10. 1111 / j. 1440 - 6055. 1998. tb01564. x .\nthey slave away by the thousands in private, quietly giving their lives for science. no, not graduate students, they are members of the dermestes maculatus species — otherwise known as flesh - eating beetles. and they help the uws burke museum with a sensitive and important job .\nodeyemi o. o. , owoade r. a. , akinkurolere o. , 2000. toxicity and population suppression effects of parkia clappatoniana on dried fish pests (dermestes maculatus and necrobia rufipes). global journal of pure and applied science, 6 (2): 191 - 195\nowoade r. a. , 1993. storage of dried fish, clarias lazera (curvier and valencienres) in different packaging materials and control of the major pest, dermestes maculatus (degeer) m. tech. thesis, federal university of technology, akure, nigeria, pp: 54\nfasakin e. a. , 2003, use of some plant oil extracts as surface protectant against storage insect pest, dermestes maculatus degreer on smoked fish. in. eyo, a. a. (ed .) 18 th annual conference of fisheries society of nigeria proceedings, pp 1 - 6\njones tm, mcnamara kb, colvin pgr, featherston r, elgar ma: mating frequency, fecundity and fertilization success in the hide beetle, dermestes maculatus. j insect behav. 2006, 19 (3): 357 - 371. 10. 1007 / s10905 - 006 - 9032 - 5 .\nvon hoermann c, ruther j, reibe s, madea b, ayasse m: the importance of carcass volatiles as attractants for the hide beetle dermestes maculatus (de geer). forensic sci int. 2011, 212: 173 - 179. 10. 1016 / j. forsciint. 2011. 06. 009 .\nits a sad and emotional event for zoo staff when an animal dies. but the burkes respectful process of processing the remains for research — with the aid of thousands of loyal dermestes maculatus — gives added value to the lives, and afterlives, of what some at the museum fondly call “emeritus members of the woodland park zoo. ”\nspecies of dermestes belong to the beetle family dermestidae. several species have been recorded infesting cured fish (or fishmeal): d. maculatus degeer, d. frischii, kugelann, d. ater degeer, d. carnivorus fabr, d. lardarius, l. , d. haemorrhoidalis küster, and d. peruvianus laporte de castelnau .\nhaines cp, rees dp. (1989). dermestes spp. a field guide to the types of insects and mites infesting cured fish. urltoken (28 september 2009) .\njose and adesina, 2014, larval susceptibility of dermestes maculatus (degeer, 1776) (coleoptera: dermestidae) to secamone afzelii (schult) k schum leaf powder on smoke - dried fish, international journal of aquaculture, vol. 4, no. 17: 102 - 107 (doi: 10. 5376 / ija. 2014. 04. 0017 )\nin a study done in thailand involving 30 cadavers, dermestes maculatus was collected only from bodies that had been deposited in forested areas, as opposed to outdoor and indoor urban or suburban areas (sukontason et al. 2007). it also was noted that this beetle was not present on pig carcasses studied in china during the winter season, but present during other seasons (wang et al. 2008) .\nthe results of this study clearly demonstrate the potential of s. afzelii leaf powder as protectants of smoked dried fish in control of larval of d. maculatus infestation and suppressed damage. the plant is readily and widely available in the rural area of rain forest zone in nigeria, therefore is adoption is recommended for fish farmers or traders for the control of d. maculatus infestation during processing, storage, transportation and marketing of smoked dried fish .\nthe beetle dermestes maculatus, which is known to feed on dry, protein - rich, stored materials, has lately become a pest of wood and insulating polymers of poultry houses. its carnivorous attack on live birds is recorded in this paper for the first time. these attacks resulted in deep wounds to adult male turkeys. when beetle larvae were offered simultaneously calf meat, chicken meat, and pellet feed for rodents, no clear preference was noted .\nin sum, both ernai and prnai were effective tools to analyze gene function in d. maculatus. analysis of the morphology of larvae hatched after knockdown of dmac - prd indicates a role for prd in segmentation in this species .\nthe decreased expression of alternate en stripes, as well as the segmentation defects observed in embryos in which dmac - prd was knocked down, indicate that dmac - prd functions as a pair - rule segmentation gene in d. maculatus .\nlepesme, p. 1939 ,\nnote synonymique sur les dermestes (coleoptera) et description d' une espèce et d' une varieté nouvelles\n, bulletin de la société entomologique de france, vol. 44, pp. 190 - 193\nonui. , baba g. o. , 2003. evaluation of neem products azadirachta indica a. juss for control of dermestid beetle d. maculatus (coleoptera: dermestidae) in dried fish nigeria journal entomology, 20: 105 - 115\nadedire c. o. , lajide l. , 2000. effects of pulverised plant materials on fish damage and growth performance of the fish beetle (demestes maculatus) (degeer). entomological society nigeria occasional publication, 32: 215 - 221\nthe dermestid beetle (also known as skin or carpet beetle) belongs to the family dermestidae. dermestes maculatus feed on moist animal flesh. d. maculatus is easily colonized as they undergo a complete metamorphosis from larva to pupa to adult in about 30 days at optimal conditions. gravid adult females then lay dozen to hundreds of tiny (< 2mm x. 5 mm) eggs. within days tiny larvae emerge and begin looking for their first meal. the larvae are eating machines as they go through up to eight molts or “instars” before they reach about one inch in length. the large larvae then pupate, casting off their last larval skin, leaving them whitish tan. about eight days later (at optimal conditions) adults begin to emerge (see video on this page) .\ndermestes spp. : hide beetles [ en ]; dermestes [ fr ]; speckkäfer; [ ge ]. d. ater: black larder beetle [ en ]; dermeste noir [ fr ]. d. carnivorus: dermeste carnivore [ fr ]. d. frischii: dermeste destructeur du cuir [ fr ]. d. haemorrhoidalis: black larder beetle [ en ]; dermeste africain du lard [ fr ]. d. lardarius: bacon beetle, larder beetle [ en ]; dermeste du lard [ fr ]; speckkäfer [ ge ]; dermeste del tocino [ sp ]. d. maculatus: hide beetle, leather beetle [ en ]; dermeste des peaux [ fr ]; gorgojo del cuero [ sp ]. d peruvianus peruvian larder beetle [ en ]; dermeste péruvien [ fr ] .\namusan a. a. s. , okorie t. g. , 2002. the use of piper guineese fruit oil (pfo) as protected of dried fish against demestes maculatus (degeer) infestation. global journal pure applied science, 8: 197 - 201\nadedire c. o. , obembe o. m. , akinkurolere r. o. , oduleye s. o. , 2011. response callosobruchus maculatus fabricius (coleoptera: chrysomelidae: bruchidae) to extracts of cashew kernels. journal of plant diseases protection, 118 (2): 75 - 79\nadults: dermestes maculatus adults range in size from 5. 5 to 10. 0 mm. each side of the thorax has a band of white hairs. the underside of the abdomen is primarily white with black spots at the sides, and a large black patch on the last segment. the elytra are dark brown or black, with hairs that are mostly black, yellow, or white. the antennae are short and segmented with a club at the tip. the edges of the abdominal end of the elytra are serrated and end in a small spine projecting straight out (haines and rees 1989, hinton 1945) .\nabdullahi n. , ubayi s. m. , and babura s. r. , 2012. determination of the effect of zingiber officianale and allium sativum powder on the mortality of dermestid maculatus larvae on treated dried claris gariepinus fish. international journal applied research and technology, 1 (3): 129 - 133\nthe life cycle of dermestes maculatus on either a carcass in dry - decay or in stored animal products requires approximately five to seven weeks to complete under optimum conditions. the adults consume the remains of the carcass or the animal product (archer and elgar 1998, haines and rees 1989). pheromones, secreted by males through a gland on the base of the abdomen, are used to attract females. males and females will mate multiple times and the female will lay eggs within 24 hours of the first mating (jones et al. 2006). eggs are laid in cracks of the matter on which they are feeding (haines and rees 1989). females are capable of laying eggs continuously (jones et al. 2006) .\nadesina j. m. , ofuya t. i. , 2011. evaluation of leaf and vine powders of secamone afzelii (schult) k. schum for control of callosobruchus maculatus (fab .) (coleoptera: bruchidae) in stored cowpea vigna unguiculata (l .) walp. south asian journal of experimental biology, 1 (3): 158 – 163\ncontact effects of s. afzelii powder on d. maculatus larvae mortality was presented in table 1. the percentage mortality of d. maculatus larvae depends on the concentration and exposure time. for all the treatments used, percentage mortality increased as exposure time increased. the concentration rates significantly exhibit (p < 0. 05) larvae mortality. mortality rates of 33% ; 45% and54. 78% were observed at 2. 5g after 24 - 72h after infestation respectively. on the other hand 72. 29% mortality was recorded within 120h after infestation at 2g; while at 96h after infestation there was no - significant different (p > 0. 05) among the treatments. no mortality was observed in control and 1g treatments (table 1). however, 100% mortality was not achieved in any of the treatment rates .\nlarvae: the bodies of the larvae are covered in rows of hairs of different lengths, called setae. the underside of the abdomen is typically yellowish - brown while the dorsal surface is typically dark brown, usually with a central yellow line. two long horn - like protrusions are located on the upper surface of the last segment, partially hidden by surrounding hairs (haines and rees 1989). the protrusions, called urogomphi, curve upward and away from the tip of the abdomen. this distinguishes the larvae from larvae of dermestes lardarius, which has the urogomphi curving downward toward the tip of the abdomen (hedges and lacey 1996) .\nthe number of d. maculatus adults (f1) that emerged from treated fish was significantly lower (p < 0. 05) than in the control for all the plant concentrations used. moreover, the number of adults that emerged from treated dishes decreased with increase in concentration of plant products. the control dishes had the highest number of adults formed (3. 00) and the least adults formed was recorded in 3g plant powder concentration (0. 33) respectively (table 2). the percentage inhibition rate at all concentrations for the plant product increased significantly (p < 0. 05) when compared to the control. the highest inhibition rate was observed in dish treated with 3g plant powder (83. 85 %) followed by 2. 5g (78. 93 %) and controldish with 0% inhibition rate (table 2). the inhibition rate increased with increase in concentration of the plant products. the weight loss observed in samples of fish treated with the powder of s. afzelii was significantly lower (p < 0. 05) than that of control at 3g, while, no significant difference (p > 0. 05) was observed in weight of fish treated with 1 - 2. 5gand the control (table 2). the same trend was equally observed in the percentage efficacy of the plant powder (table 2) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwarning: the ncbi web site requires javascript to function. more ...\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\npupae: the last larval skin will usually provide a protective covering for the pupa. the end of the pupal chamber toward the surface can be closed by either debris from the substance which the larvae bore into or from the last larval skin (hinton 1945). the pupae are an oval shape, usually smaller than the larvae, and do not have the many long hair - like projections (kulshrestha and satpathy 2001) .\nlarvae will pass through five to 11 instars, the number of instars increasing with unfavorable conditions (haines and rees 1989, hinton 1945). during the last 10 days of the final instar, the larvae will seek out a place to pupate, typically within the meat or a non - food substance such as wood. exposed pupae that have failed to find a suitable pupal chamber are often cannibalized by larvae. larvae without a suitable place to pupate can delay pupation by over 20 days, but at the cost of lower adult body mass and increased risk to fatal disease (archer and elgar 1998). survivorship for individuals is the highest between 25°c and 30°c (richardson and goff 2001) .\nonce adults, the beetles can disperse to other food sources by flying (haines and rees 1989). adult beetles typically live between four to six months .\narnaldos mi, sanchez f, alvarez p, garcia md. 2004. a forensic entomology case from the southeastern iberian peninsula. aggrawal' s internet journal of forensic medicine and toxicology 5: 22 - 25 .\ngennard de. 2007. forensic entomology. john wiley and sons ltd. , england. pp. 64 - 66 .\nhedges sa, lacey ms. 1996. pest control technology field guide for the management of structure - infesting beetles. franzak and foster co. , cleveland, oh. 95 pp .\nhinton he. 1945. a monograph of the beetles associated with stored products, volume i. british museum (natural history), england. pp. 261 - 268 .\nkulshrestha p, satpathy dk. 2001. use of beetles in forensic entomology. forensic science international 120: 15 - 17 .\nmairs s, swift b, rutty gn. 2004. detergent: an alternative approach to traditional bone cleaning methods for forensic practice. the american journal of forensic medicine and pathology 25: 276 - 284 .\nmcnamara kb, brown rl, elgar ma, jones tm. 2008. paternity costs from polyandry compensated by increased fecundity in the hide beetle. behavioral ecology 19: 433 - 440 .\nschroeder h, klotzbach h, oesterhelweg l, püschel k. 2002. larder beetles (coleoptera: dermestidae) as an accelerating factor for decomposition of a human corpse. forensic science international 127: 231 - 236 .\nsukontason k, narongchai p, kanchai c, vichairat k, sribanditmongkol p, bhoopat t, kurahashi h, chockjamsai m, piangjai s, bunchu n, vongvivach s, samai w, chaiwong t, methanitikorn r, ngern - klun r, sripakdee d, boonsriwong w, siriwattanarungsee s, srimuangwong c, hanterdsith b, chaiwant k, srisuwan c, upakut s, moopayak k, vogtsberger rc, olson jk, sukontason kl. 2007. forensic entomology cases in thailand: a review of cases from 2000 to 2006. parisitology research 101: 1417 - 1423 .\nveer v, negi bk, rao km. 1996. dermestid beetles and some other insect pests associated with stored silkworm cocoons in india, including a world list of dermestid species found attacking this commodity. journal of stored products research 32: 69 - 89 .\nwang j, li z, chen y, chen q, yin x. 2008. the succession and development of insects on pig carcasses and their significances in estimating pmi in south china. forensic science international 179: 11 - 18 .\npublication date: october 2009. latest revision: october 2012. reviewed: september 2015 .\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29: registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin, july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia, june 4 - 7. photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona, july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell, iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\n, incl. feathers, fur, bone, cheese, and dried fish (esp. freshwater fish )\nhandbook of urban insects and arachnids: a handbook of urban entomology robinson w. h. 2005. cambridge university press .\nbeetles associated with stored products in canada: an identification guide bousquet y. 1990. research branch agriculture canada, publication 1837 .\ncoleoptera families other than cerambycidae, curculionidae sensu lato, chrysomelidae sensu lato and coccinelidae - - chapter 8. 5 denux o. , zagatti p. 2010. biorisk 4: 315–406 .\nthe derodontidae, dermestidae, bostrichidae, and anobiidae of the maritime provinces of canada (coleoptera: bostrichiformia) c. j. majka. 2007. zootaxa 1573: 1–38 .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content. click the contributor' s name for licensing and usage information. everything else copyright © 2003 - 2018 iowa state university, unless otherwise noted .\nlearn more about flesh - eating beetles and watch a video of them in action produced by the smithsonian national museum of natural history .\nthe burke museum of natural history and culture has about 50, 000 mammal specimens in its collection, most of which come from collectors or were used in research projects. but the museum also has a long and trusting relationship with seattles woodland park zoo. occasionally when an animal there dies, its remains will be sent to the burke for research purposes .\nbut such specimens — animal remains or parts thereof — need to be thoroughly cleaned first. the beetles do this job like they were born to it, as indeed they were .\n“they are unpaid volunteers who sacrifice their lives, ” said jim kenagy, professor emeritus of biology and the burkes curator of mammals. “they live and die and breed and the larvae are propagated. its a reproducing colony of beetles. ” the size of the colony varies, he said, roughly between 5, 000 and 10, 000 insects .\nzoo staff alert the burke when an animal of interest to the museum is about to be euthanized, or has died of natural causes. the one who maintains that close connection is jeff bradley, the burkes mammalogy collection manager .\n“theyve got a list on file of species were interested in, and its basically everything in their collections ive clicked yes, well take it, ” bradley said. “well probably take anything, at minimum a skull and tissue specimen. ”\nkenagy said the museum is interested in fresh tissue from such animals as well as their skeletons. “we take some of that and put it into our frozen tissue collection, where its stored at minus 80 degrees centigrade for possible dna extraction and analysis. ” thats part of the museums genetic resources collection, “and thats why its critical to get some of that tissue right away, after death, ” he said .\n“many of these species are very hard to find in museums, ” bradley said, “particularly in frozen tissue collections (museums didnt start collecting tissue until the past couple of decades), and they add considerably to the burkes current library of animal tissues. ” he added, “once curated at the burke, they are included in our online database and available to researchers anywhere in the world. ”\nflesh - eating beetles clean an animal skull, not at the burke. | photo from wikimedia commons .\nfor the beetles to begin their work, the remains must be dried and prepared. internal organs are removed, kenagy said. “using knives and cleaning tools, big chunks of meat and muscle are cut away and discarded. ” the stripped - down skeleton is then dried in a well - ventilated area. “then they are finally placed — with this very small amount of dried muscle and connective tissue — into the beetle colony, where the beetles have at them. ”\nthe length of the beetles job depends largely on the size of the specimen theyre cleaning. the remains of gertie, who weighed about 5, 000 lbs. , have been months in preparation. for the tiniest mammals such as shrews, or hummingbirds, “it would be on the order of a day or two, ” kenagy said .\nthe beetles do such a thorough job they have to be monitored. “you take a shrew skeleton or a small rodent, you have to be careful to get it out quickly because very thin ribs and delicate processes can actually be destroyed by the beetles if you leave them in too long, ” kenagy said. they cant chew through thick solid bone, but make quick work of cartilage and small, delicate bones .\nbradley said the museum uses a weak ammonia solution to “degrease” the bones of specimens, “so the bones wont be tacky or sticky to the touch. ” but grease and oils also help keep the bones intact, so this process, too, is monitored. “you can make them too dry, and then they wont last as long. ”\nthe museums collections are of interest to researchers across the campus and even the country. “over time one cant even say who all that might be. in that sense, any museum collection is like a library — its for scholars to use on some present or future occasion, ” kenagy said .\nbut for all the talk of flesh - eating bugs, he said the most compelling part of the work remains people - oriented. “its the excitement of knowing that youre bringing together a combination of things that are valuable to many people — its bringing people together around collections that makes it fun to work in museums. ”\nit takes a lot of work to get remains from the zoo to the burke and cremation is less expensive. thats why bradley works, he said, to “make it as easy as possible for the zoo to give us things. ”\nunderstanding the basis for the diversity of plant and animal systems on our planet will require studies of the mechanistic basis of body patterning and developmental strategies used in different species as well as an understanding of how these mechanisms evolved (evo - devo). it is crucial that these studies include sampling of species from a broad range of taxa that represent distinct branches of the tree of life (reviewed in [\n]). rapid progress in the development of genomic technologies has made it possible to readily identify genes in diverse species. however, understanding how these genes control developmental processes will require establishment of model systems in which gene function can be assessed .\n]. additional models are needed from this group to understand diversity in holometabola. the most speciose order of holometabolous insects is coleoptera (beetles), with > 350, 000 named species representing ~ 40% of all insect species [\n]), providing a frame of reference for the development of additional beetle systems to represent the diversity of this large clade .\n]. these different modes of segmentation can be distinguished by the number of segments established in the germ rudiment before gastrulation: long - germ (all or most segments are established more or less simultaneously), short - germ (only anterior segments are specified) and intermediate - germ (head and thorax segments, and sometimes anterior abdominal segments, are specified). both short - and intermediate - germ insects differ from long - germ insects in that posterior segments are added sequentially from a posterior segment addition zone (saz) or growth zone. this strategy of ‘sequential addition’ of segments is thought to be ancestral to arthropods and it is only in holometabolous insects that long - germ development has been observed [\n]. how modes of segment formation switched without disrupting the segmented body plan itself is unclear. the presence of nurse cells, enlarged germ size, acquisition of an anterior patterning center, shifted gap gene expression boundaries, and diminished activity of a segmentation clock have been proposed as prerequisites for long - germ development [\n]. studies of the mechanisms underlying segmentation in an intermediate - germ insect, which may reflect an intermediate state between short - and long - germ modes of segmentation, will yield information on the transition from ancestral sequential specification to long - germ development. in addition, since long - germ development appears to have evolved several times independently within holometabola, it will be of interest to compare mechanisms in species within a single clade rather than just comparing all sequentially segmenting species to\n. these comparative studies will distinguish stages in the evolution of the long - germ mode which may have been gradual, with increasing numbers of segments specified simultaneously in different species, or may have occurred in a punctuated fashion, reflecting developmental constraints that remain to be discovered .\n]. to understand the extent to which mechanisms regulating segmentation vary, the genetic underpinnings of this process must be examined in different species. as first pointed out by patel and davis, coleoptera are an ideal order for this comparison, as short -, intermediate - and long - germ development have all been observed in beetles [\n]. comparison of gene function in species within the same clade displaying these different developmental strategies will provide information about the extent of variation among segmentation regulatory networks, the impact of these changes on downstream targets, and clues about how changes in gene expression and function drive the evolution of alternative developmental modes .\n], making this pair of species ideal for comparative studies, as they represent divergent lineages within the order coleoptera .\nare easy to rear in the lab, with high fecundity and a short life cycle. we characterized the early steps of nuclear division in\nas a prg is highly conserved across holometabolous taxa. additionally, these studies establish methods for in situ hybridization, antibody staining, and both parental and embryonic rnai in\nadults and larvae were purchased from carolina biological supply company. to verify the identity of the species, we amplified the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit i (coi) gene [\n]. genomic dna was extracted using a dneasy tissue kit (qiagen). only wings and legs were taken from four\nadults to avoid contamination by gut content. pcr using the primer pair lco1490 (5′ - ggtcaacaaatcataaagatattgg - 3′) and hco2198 (5′ - taaacttcagggtgaccaaaaaatca - 3′) amplified an approximately 700 base pair (bp) fragment. the sequence of this fragment matched\ncoi (genbank id hm909035. 1) except at position 581 (c to t transition, additional file\n] as follows. cotton balls were carefully torn apart to let embryos fall onto a black sheet of paper. embryos are white, approximately 0. 2 cm in length, and can be seen easily against the black background. embryos were transferred into small beakers and treated with 50% bleach for 4 min followed by several water rinses. embryos were then transferred into 1. 5 ml eppendorf tubes with distilled h\no). tubes were placed in boiling water for 3 min and then on ice for 7 min to swell the eggshell, making embryos easier to dissect before staining. embryos were then fixed in heptane: 4% pfa 1: 1 for 20 min on a shaker at high speed (~ 250 rpm). pfa (lower phase) was removed and meoh was added and the tube was shaken vigorously for 20 s. after several meoh washes, embryos were stored at −20 °c in meoh. a detailed\nembryonic mrna, total rna was extracted from 0 to 1 day (0–1 day) after egg laying (ael) embryos developing at 30 °c using trizol (invitrogen) and an rneasy mini kit (qiagen). reverse transcription was performed using the quantitect reverse transcription kit (qiagen) to prepare 0–1 day embryonic cdna. two rounds of degenerate pcr were performed (forward outer primer :\n]), generating a product of approximately 600 bp length. after purification and insertion into pgem - t easy vector (promega) by ta cloning, sequencing of individual clones revealed partial\ncoding sequence and 3′ utr were isolated through two rounds of 3′race using gene - specific primers and the firstchoice rlm - race kit (ambion) following the manufacturer’s instructions (1st round outer primer: agaaacaggctcgattcgtc, 1st round inner primer gatcgtctcgtcaaggaagg; 2nd round outer primer: 5′ ttagctggtggcattcaaaa, 2nd round inner primer 5′ aagctctgttggtgctggtt). a contiguous fragment spanning part of the paired domain (pd) through the stop codon was verified using gene - specific primers :\ndevelopmental staging, embryos were collected every 2 h (h) ael over an 18 - h period. after fixation, as described above, meoh was removed and embryos were transferred into glass dishes with pbst. they were then hand - dissected with dumont # 5 forceps. for staging, embryos were incubated with 1: 1000 sytox green (invitrogen) in the dark for 30 min at room temperature. they were then washed three times with pbst and visualized under fluorescence microscopy (olympus szx12, leica 501007, or leica sp5x) .\n]. for phalloidin staining, 80% etoh was used instead of meoh for fixation. after hand - dissection in pbta (1× pbs, 0. 1% tritonx - 100, 0. 02% sodium azide), embryos were incubated with alexa fluor 488 phalloidin (1: 200; molecular probes) overnight at 4 °c and then washed several times with pbst. embryos were mounted in vectashield mounting solution with dapi (vector laboratories) and visualized with confocal microscopy (leica sp5x). for in situ hybridization, digoxygenin - labeled\nprobes were synthesized using t7 polymerase (antisense) or t3 polymerase (sense) (roche). the in situ hybridization was performed following modifications of a standard\nfor details). briefly, fixed embryos were hand - dissected in pbst. embryos were pre - hybridized in hybridization solution for one h at 60 °c. after overnight incubation with 1: 50 of digoxygenin - labeled probe (~ 10 ng / µl final concentration) at 60 °c, embryos were washed in hybridization solution and pbst. ap conjugated sheep anti - digoxygenin antibody (1: 2000; roche) was added. embryos were incubated for one h at room temperature. following four washes with pbst, nbt / bcip (roche) was used for detection. antibody staining was performed following a standard\n]. hand - dissected fixed embryos were incubated with anti - en 4d9 primary antibody (1: 5 dilution of antibody stock provided by the developmental studies hybridoma bank at 53 µg / ml) and then with biotinylated anti - mouse antibody (1: 500; vector laboratories). a color reaction was performed after abc (vector laboratories) incubation using dab (sigma). embryos were incubated with sytox green in pbst, washed three times in pbst, and visualized with olympus szx12, leica 501007, or zeiss stereo discovery. v12 microscopy. embryos at germ band stages were hand - dissected to remove yolk before visualization .\nrnai3′r: 5′ taatacgactcactatagggagaccgaaggtttttgatggatt). the pcr products were used as templates for dsrna syntheses. megascript t7 transcription kit (ambion) was used to make dsrna according to the manufacturer’s instructions. for parental rnai, pupae were selected from the\nembryonic development, we tracked nuclear and cytoskeletal dynamics using sytox green, dapi and phalloidin staining (fig .\n). progression of embryogenesis was monitored at 25 °c to slow development and capture all stages. zygotic nuclei were first observed dividing multiple times in the center of the embryo, forming a syncitium (0–6 h ael, fig .\na–c). at very early stages, female and male pronuclei were evident inside the embryo (white arrow, fig .\na), while the polar body nuclei were at the surface of the embryo (red arrow, fig .\na). after several divisions, zygotic nuclei gradually distributed along the length of the embryo (fig .\nb) and, after additional divisions, began migrating toward the egg surface (fig .\nc). between 6 and 8 h ael, most of the nuclei had migrated to the periphery of the egg, forming a syncytial blastoderm (fig .\nd). “cap” - like phalloidin staining was detected in some embryos at this stage, suggesting that nuclei arriving at the surface of the embryo are surrounded by cytoplasmic regions containing cytoskeleton (fig .\n]). later, cell membranes formed between individual energids (nucleus with associated cytoplasm) as “furrow canal” - like phalloidin staining appeared, and a cellular blastoderm was established (8–10 h ael, fig .\n, we were able to capture embryos in which dividing cells with two nuclei still sharing cytoplasm were visible at the cellular blastoderm surface (arrows, fig .\nh), while cells that had finished cytokinesis each exhibited one nucleus enclosed by its own, individual membrane (fig .\nembryo was rapidly transformed from a uniform cellular blastoderm to an elongating germ band (fig .\nb, c, arrowheads indicate the boundary between extraembryonic region and the embryo proper). gastrulation proceeded as the ventral furrow became narrower and reached the posterior end (fig .\nd, d’). head lobes (hl) were visibly distinguished from surrounding extraembryonic tissue (fig .\nd, d’). during the same time period, a posterior amniotic fold (paf) emerged and, shortly after, covered the posterior end of the germ anlage (red arrow in fig .\ne, e’). by approximately 12 h ael, an early germ band with serosal window (sw) was established (fig .\nk, red dashed line). the germ band further extended dorsally over the next 4 h and segmental furrows appeared in an anterior to posterior progression (12–16 h ael; white arrowheads in fig .\nl, m). morphological segments as well as appendage primordia were seen at 16–18 h ael (red arrowheads in fig .\nembryogenesis progressed through pre - blastoderm, cellular blastoderm, gastrulation and germ band extension stages within the first 18 h ael at 25 °c. as expected, at 30 °c, embryos developed faster: a cellular blastoderm formed and gastrulation began between 4 and 6 h ael. an early germ band was established 6–8 h ael and the embryo reached late germ band stages within 10 h ael (additional file\n0–1 day cdna was extended by two rounds of 3′race to generate a 1341 bp fragment that encodes a pd and a hd (fig .\ngenbank accession number kt875123). an octapeptide sequence (op) is present in most pax3 / 7 orthologs but is absent from prd from\n- prd has a serine residue at position 50 (red arrow, fig .\n, rna in situ hybridization in early embryos was performed. no specific staining pattern was detectable using a sense probe (data not shown). using an antisense probe ,\ntranscripts were initially detected as a single stripe at approximately 50% of the blastoderm length (black arrow, fig .\nstripe resolved into a more clearly detectable thin stripe and remained undivided (black arrow, fig .\nstripes first appeared as weak broad stripes in the posterior half of the embryo (red arrows, fig .\nb, c). these two primary stripes split into pairs of thin secondary stripes (red arrowheads, fig .\nstripe arose in the posterior region (late cellular blastoderm, red arrow, fig .\nd), the second primary stripe had completed its split into two secondary stripes (red arrowheads, fig .\nd), and the third primary stripe began to split (black arrowhead, fig .\nstripe, four anterior secondary stripes and a fourth primary stripe were clearly observed (fig .\nduring gastrulation, when the ventral furrow had invaginated further into the yolk and several transverse folds appeared, the fourth primary stripe had resolved into secondary stripes (arrowheads, fig .\nf, g) and a fifth primary stripe was detected (red arrow, fig .\nstripes (5 primary stripes, among which the first remained undivided, three middle stripes split into 6 secondary stripes, and a fifth newly arisen stripe, red arrow) were detected (fig .\nh). anterior stripes started to fade while posterior stripes were embedded into the posterior end due to the saz invagination (fig .\ni, j). as gastrulation proceeded, the embryonic rudiment with bilateral head lobes was clearly distinguishable from the extraembryonic tissue (fig .\ni, j, red dashed line in i indicates the anterior boundary of the germ rudiment). in the embryonic rudiment, secondary stripes resolved from the fifth primary stripe (red arrowheads, fig .\ni, j) and a weak sixth primary stripe (red arrow, fig .\nstripes arose from the region anterior of the saz and resolved into thin secondary stripes by fading expression in the center (fig .\nwas strongly expressed in appendage primordia in gnathal segments (black arrows, fig .\nis involved in pair - rule patterning. the finding that a total of four primary\n, and to determine whether rna interference (rnai) is effective in this species, we performed embryonic rnai (ernai) .\n3′ dsrna, corresponding to a 254 bp region downstream of the hd, was injected into pre - blastoderm stage embryos (target region is indicated in fig .\ndsrna were wild type in appearance with head, three thoracic segments and ten abdominal segments (fig .\n3′ dsrna injections showed segmentation defects with one or several fused segmental boundaries (t2 / t3, a1 / a2, a3 / a4, a5 / a6, a7 / a8; black arrows in fig .\n]. some cases included loss of or abnormal development of t2 legs (red arrow, fig .\ninjection of dsrna into pupal or adult females can result in phenotypes evident in their offspring. this phenomenon was named parental rnai (prnai) and has been observed in\n3′ dsrna was injected into newly eclosed virgin females and their offspring were examined. to ensure specificity, a second dsrna was generated from a non - overlapping target region (\n5′ or 3′ dsrna injected females (data not shown). segmentation in all hatched offspring from control females injected with\nanalysis of segmentation defects revealed a range of defects, phenocopying an allelic series. in mildly affected larvae, partial or complete fusion was observed for one pair of adjacent segments, most often a5 / a6 (figs .\nb). in other cases, fusions were detected between two, three or four adjacent segments (figs .\nc). the fusions occurred in the same alternating fashion as observed for ernai (figs .\nf–h, 5b). missing or defective t2 legs were also observed in some severe cases. very often, the defective t2 legs projected from the lateral edge of instead of the ventral - lateral side of the t2 segment (red arrow, fig .\nin segmentation, defects were quantitated in hatched embryos collected on the third day after injection. more than 70% of\na). of these, ~ 40% displayed one segmental fusion while nearly 60% hatched with more than one segment fused (35% with two fusions, 12% with three fusions and 12% with four fusions; fig .\na). of these, 54% had one segmental fusion, 36% had two, 9% had three, and 1% had four segments fused (fig .\n5′ and 3′ affected larvae, respectively. fusion of a7 / a8 was detected in 27 and 51% of\n5′ and 3′ affected larvae, respectively. fusions of t2 / t3 and a1 / a2 had lower frequencies (11 and 4% for fused t2 / t3 in\n5′ and 3′ affected larvae, respectively). these differences in frequency suggest differential susceptibility of different parasegments to\n. embryos injected with buffer alone showed equally strong en expression in every segment (fig .\nc, e). germ band morphology was also analyzed using nuclear staining with sytox green. this revealed partial or even complete fusion of pairs of adjacent segments into a wider segment (asterisks, fig .\nreduced expression of alternate engrailed stripes after dmac - prd rnai. a – f embryonic rnai. g – j parental rnai. a, c, e, g, i injected embryos 24–27 h ael (ernai) or 0–1 d ael embryos from injected females (prnai), as indicated were fixed and stained using anti - en 4d9 primary antibody and dab staining. b, d, f, h, j sytox green nuclear staining of same embryos for visualization of morphological defects. asterisks indicate reduced en expression, fused segments or partial fusion between two neighboring segments\ndsrna control injected females displayed wild - type - like en expression (fig .\ni). segmental fusion was observed in the posterior region of odd - numbered segments following nuclear staining in the regions where loss of en expression was detected (asterisks, fig .\nas a new system for studying embryonic development, gene expression and gene function." ]

{ "text": [ "dermestes maculatus is a species of beetle with a worldwide distribution , being present on all continents except antarctica .", "in europe , it is present in all countries . " ], "topic": [ 13, 20 ] }

[ "dermestes maculatus is a species of beetle with a worldwide distribution, being present on all continents except antarctica. in europe, it is present in all countries." ]

[ "juniper is the exclusive food plant of the larvae of some lepidoptera species including bucculatrix inusitata and juniper carpet, and is also eaten by the larvae of other lepidoptera species such as chionodes electella, chionodes viduella, juniper pug and pine beauty; those of the tortrix moth (chionodes duplicana) feed on the bark around injuries or canker .\nphotographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed. contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nhodges, r. w. et al. , eds. 1983. check list of the lepidoptera of america north of mexico. e. w. classey limited and the wedge entomological research foundation, london. 284 pp .\ndue to latency between updates made in state, provincial or other natureserve network databases and when they appear on natureserve explorer, for state or provincial information you may wish to contact the data steward in your jurisdiction to obtain the most current data. please refer to\ndistribution data for u. s. states and canadian provinces is known to be incomplete or has not been reviewed for this taxon .\nuse the generic guidelines for the application of occurrence ranks (2008). the key for ranking species occurrences using the generic approach provides a step - wise process for implementing this method .\nzoological data developed by natureserve and its network of natural heritage programs (see local programs) and other contributors and cooperators (see sources) .\nthe small print: trademark, copyright, citation guidelines, restrictions on use, and information disclaimer .\nnote: all species and ecological community data presented in natureserve explorer at urltoken were updated to be current with natureserve' s central databases as of november 2016. note: this report was printed on\ntrademark notice :\nnatureserve\n, natureserve explorer, the natureserve logo, and all other names of natureserve programs referenced herein are trademarks of natureserve. any other product or company names mentioned herein are the trademarks of their respective owners .\ncopyright notice: copyright © 2017 natureserve, 4600 n. fairfax dr. , 7th floor, arlington virginia 22203, u. s. a. all rights reserved. each document delivered from this server or web site may contain other proprietary notices and copyright information relating to that document. the following citation should be used in any published materials which reference the web site .\nnatureserve. 2017. natureserve explorer: an online encyclopedia of life [ web application ]. version 7. 1. natureserve, arlington, virginia. available http: / / explorer. natureserve. org. (accessed :\nridgely, r. s. , t. f. allnutt, t. brooks, d. k. mcnicol, d. w. mehlman, b. e. young, and j. r. zook. 2003. digital distribution maps of the birds of the western hemisphere, version 1. 0. natureserve, arlington, virginia, usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with robert ridgely, james zook, the nature conservancy - migratory bird program, conservation international - cabs, world wildlife fund - us, and environment canada - wildspace .\npatterson, b. d. , g. ceballos, w. sechrest, m. f. tognelli, t. brooks, l. luna, p. ortega, i. salazar, and b. e. young. 2003. digital distribution maps of the mammals of the western hemisphere, version 1. 0. natureserve, arlington, virginia, usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with bruce patterson, wes sechrest, marcelo tognelli, gerardo ceballos, the nature conservancy - migratory bird program, conservation international - cabs, world wildlife fund - us, and environment canada - wildspace .\niucn, conservation international, and natureserve. 2004. global amphibian assessment. iucn, conservation international, and natureserve, washington, dc and arlington, virginia, usa .\ndata developed as part of the global amphibian assessment and provided by iucn - world conservation union, conservation international and natureserve .\nno graphics available from this server can be used, copied or distributed separate from the accompanying text. any rights not expressly granted herein are reserved by natureserve. nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring by implication, estoppel, or otherwise any license or right under any trademark of natureserve. no trademark owned by natureserve may be used in advertising or promotion pertaining to the distribution of documents delivered from this server without specific advance permission from natureserve. except as expressly provided above, nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring any license or right under any natureserve copyright .\n). your comments will be very valuable in improving the overall quality of our databases for the benefit of all users .\nhi there cliff, what a beautiful job! !! i love the beautiful wood nymph, the pandora sphinx, i also like the frogs. anxious to see the dragon flies (love dragon flies) my husband and i sit out side just before the sun goes done and watch them darting all over the place... like little huey helicopters coming in, lol... . anyway thank you for sharing this with me this ill be a web site that i will keep coming back to! !! ...... ... p. s. what? ! no turtles? ? lol\na taxon identifier is composed of name, author, year and attribute, all separated by a blank. these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication. the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words (genus and species) separated by a blank .\nthe author' s name is made up of a string of letters, with no blanks, and multiple authors' names are separated by a comma. spelling of author' s name is based on the original publication. if there are more than three authors, only the names of the first two authors are shown, followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets. this is rarely needed, but to differentiate homo - identifiers, this will contain the page, line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks, hyphens, and apostrophes are eliminated, thus only the following characters are used: a to z, a to z, 0 to 9, blank, comma, and opening and closing square brackets. although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition, it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions (contact information) with supporting references, possibly with pdf or hard copy .\nspecies in this classification. to view subspecies, varieties and populations select the species .\ndata and apps idaho fish and wildlife information system bringing information to bear on the management and conservation of fish, wildlife, and plants in idaho .\njunipers are coniferous plants in the genus juniperus of the cypress family cupressaceae. depending on taxonomic viewpoint, there are between 50 to 67 species of juniper, widely distributed throughout the northern hemisphere, from the arctic, south to tropical africa in the old world, and to the mountains of central america .\njunipers vary in size and shape from tall trees, 65 to 130 feet (20 – 40 m) tall, to columnar or low spreading shrubs with long trailing branches. they are evergreen with needle - like and / or scale - like leaves. they can be either monoecious or dioecious. the female seed cones are very distinctive, with fleshy, fruit - like coalescing scales which fuse together to form a “berry” - like structure, 0. 16 to 1 inch (4 – 25 mm) long, with 1 to 12 unwinged, hard - shelled seeds. in some species these “berries” are red - brown or orange but in most they are blue; they are often aromatic and can be used as a spice. the seed maturation time varies between species from 6 to 18 months after pollination. the male cones are similar to those of other cupressaceae, with 6 to 20 scales; most shed their pollen in early spring, but some species pollinate in the autumn .\nmany junipers (e. g. juniperus chinensis, juniperus virginiana) have two types of leaves: seedlings and some twigs of older trees have needle - like leaves 0. 4 to 1 inch (5 – 25 mm) long; and the leaves on mature plants are (mostly) tiny 0. 08 to 0. 16 inch (2 – 4 mm) long, overlapping and scale - like. when juvenile foliage occurs on mature plants, it is most often found on shaded shoots, with adult foliage in full sunlight. leaves on fast - growing ‘whip’ shoots are often intermediate between juvenile and adult .\nin some species (i. e. juniperus communis, juniperus squamata), all the foliage is of the juvenile needle - like type, with no scale leaves. in some of these (i. e. juniperus communis), the needles are jointed at the base, in others (i. e. juniperus squamata), the needles merge smoothly with the stem, not jointed .\nthe needle - leaves of junipers are hard and sharp, making the juvenile foliage very prickly to handle. this can be a valuable identification feature in seedlings, as the otherwise very similar juvenile foliage of cypresses (cupressus, chamaecyparis) and other related genera is soft and not prickly .\nthe number of juniper species is in dispute, with two recent studies giving very different totals, aljos farjon (2001) accepting 52 species, and adams (2004) accepting 67 species. the junipers are divided into several sections, though (particularly among the scale - leaved species) which species belong to which sections is still far from clear, with research still on - going. the section juniperus is an obvious monophyletic group though .\njuniper berries are a spice used in a wide variety of culinary dishes and best known for the primary flavoring in gin (and responsible for gin’s name, which is a shortening of the dutch word for juniper, genever). juniper berries are also used as the primary flavor in the liquor jenever and sahti - style of beers. juniper berry sauce is often a popular flavoring choice for quail, pheasant, veal, rabbit, venison and other meat dishes .\nmany of the earliest prehistoric people lived in or near juniper forests which furnished them food, fuel, and wood for shelter or utensils. many species, such as juniperus chinensis (chinese juniper) from eastern asia, are extensively used in landscaping and horticulture, and as one of the most popular species for use in bonsai. it is also a symbol of longevity, strength, athleticism, and fertility .\nsome junipers are susceptible to gymnosporangium rust disease, and can be a serious problem for those people growing apple trees, the alternate host of the disease .\nsome junipers are given the common name “cedar, ” including juniperus virginiana, the “red - cedar” that is used widely in cedar drawers .\nin morocco, the tar (gitran) of the arar tree (juniperus phoenicea) is applied in dotted patterns on bisque drinking cups. gitran makes the water more fragrant and is said to be good for the teeth .\namerican indians, such as the navajo, have traditionally used juniper to treat diabetes. animal studies have shown that treatment with juniper may retard the development of streptozotocin - induced diabetes in mice. native americans also used juniper berries as a female contraceptive. the 17th century herbalist physician nicholas culpeper recommended the ripened berries for conditions such as asthma and sciatica, as well as to speed childbirth .\njuniper berries are steam distilled to produce an essential oil that may vary from colorless to yellow or pale green. some of its chemical components are alpha pinene, cadinene, camphene and terpineol .\njuniper in weave is a traditional cladding technique used in northern europe, e. g. at havrå, norway." ]

{ "text": [ "bucculatrix inusitata is a moth in the bucculatricidae family .", "it is found in north america , where it has been recorded from quebec , ontario , indiana , maine , massachusetts , new york and new jersey .", "the wingspan is 9.5 – 10 mm .", "the forewings are lustrous white , with ocherous markings .", "the scales are usually dark-tipped .", "the hindwings are greyish ocherous .", "adults have been recorded on wing from may to july .", "the larvae possibly feed on juniperus communis . " ], "topic": [ 2, 20, 9, 1, 1, 1, 8, 8 ] }

[ "bucculatrix inusitata is a moth in the bucculatricidae family. it is found in north america, where it has been recorded from quebec, ontario, indiana, maine, massachusetts, new york and new jersey. the wingspan is 9.5 – 10 mm. the forewings are lustrous white, with ocherous markings. the scales are usually dark-tipped. the hindwings are greyish ocherous. adults have been recorded on wing from may to july. the larvae possibly feed on juniperus communis." ]

[ "larva: mordellistena is the only genus in this family which larvae have characteristic tergal processes and paired urogomphi (comment by artjom zaitsev) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29: registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin, july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia, june 4 - 7. photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona, july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell, iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\nformerly treated in a much broader sense; many spp. have been moved to other genera, incl .\nsmall, slender, linear or wedge - shaped. scutellum somewhat trianglular, rounded. antennae usually threadlike, sometimes slightly sawtoothed. eyes coarsely granulate. each hind tibia has 1 - 6 short, more or less oblique ridges on outer surface; tarsal segments may also bear ridges. most are solid black, but some have red, orange or yellow markings\nplants in aster family, some trees, mostly oak. for many species, food in unknown .\nford e. j. , jackman j. a. (1996) new larval host plant associations of tumbling flower beetles (coleoptera: mordellidae) in north america. coleopterists bulletin 50: 361 - 368 .\nnomenclatural changes for selected mordellidae (coleoptera) in north america j. a. jackman & w. lu. 2001. insecta mundi 15 (1): 31 - 34 .\ntaxonomic changes for fifteen species of north american mordellidae (coleoptera) a. e. lisberg. 2003. insecta mundi 17 (3 - 4): 191 - 194 .\namerican beetles, volume ii: polyphaga: scarabaeoidea through curculionoidea arnett, r. h. , jr. , m. c. thomas, p. e. skelley and j. h. frank. (eds .). 2002. crc press llc, boca raton, fl .\na manual of common beetles of eastern north america dillon, elizabeth s. , and dillon, lawrence. 1961. row, peterson, and company .\npeterson field guides: beetles richard e. white. 1983. houghton mifflin company .\nthe book of field and roadside: open - country weeds, trees, and wildflowers of eastern north america john eastman, amelia hansen. 2003. stackpole books .\ndisclaimer: dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service. we strive to provide accurate information, but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world. if you need expert professional advice, contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content. click the contributor' s name for licensing and usage information. everything else copyright © 2003 - 2018 iowa state university, unless otherwise noted .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page: myers, p. , r. espinosa, c. s. parr, t. jones, g. s. hammond, and t. a. dewey. 2018. the animal diversity web (online). accessed at https: / / animaldiversity. org .\ndisclaimer: the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. adw doesn' t cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283, drl 0628151, due 0633095, drl 0918590, and due 1122742. additional support has come from the marisla foundation, um college of literature, science, and the arts, museum of zoology, and information and technology services .\nkiwa nederland bv sir wìnston churchilllaan 273... - cappellotto s. r. l .\nyou have already flagged this document. thank you, for helping us keep this platform clean. the editors will have a look at it as soon as possible .\npopular: trivia, history, america, cities, world, usa, states, television, ... more" ]

{ "text": [ "mordellistena uniformis is a species of beetle in the mordellistena genus that is in the mordellidae family .", "it was described by ray in 1946 . " ], "topic": [ 27, 5 ] }

[ "mordellistena uniformis is a species of beetle in the mordellistena genus that is in the mordellidae family. it was described by ray in 1946." ]

[ "species choreutis diana - diana' s choreutis moth - hodges # 2651 - bugguide. net\na very distinctive species which is so far only known from glen affric, inverness - shire in the british isles .\nthe adults occur in july and august and have been found visiting thistle flowers .\nspp .) causing the leaf to curl upwards; frass is caught in the silken web. like that of\nukmoths is built, run and maintained by ian kimber, with thanks to the many kind contributors who provide photos and information .\nthe ukmoths facebook page is a great place to post your identification queries. more often than not you' ll get a positive id on most photos fairly quickly .\nlooking for a specific moth species? enter just part of the name below .\nprocache: v317 render date: 2018 - 06 - 15 08: 37: 58 page render time: 0. 6931s total w / procache: 0. 7455s\nphotographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed. contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\npowell, j. a. & p. a. opler, moths of western north america, pl. 12. 17f, 12. 18f; p. 122. book review and ordering\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29: registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin, july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia, june 4 - 7. photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona, july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell, iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\ndisclaimer: dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service. we strive to provide accurate information, but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world. if you need expert professional advice, contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content. click the contributor' s name for licensing and usage information. everything else copyright © 2003 - 2018 iowa state university, unless otherwise noted .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 1 / / en\nurltoken\nnotes: endangered (proposed as a future red data book species) in birch woodland at just one site in britain, at glen affric, inverness - shire. unlikely to be recorded in hampshire or on the isle of wight. day - flying. wingspan 14 - 18 mm. larva feeds on birch .\nwe parsed the following live from the web into this page. such content is managed by its original site and not cached on discover life. please send feedback and corrections directly to the source. see original regarding copyrights and terms of use .\n80x5 - 240x3 - 240x4 - 320x1 - 320x2 - 320x3 - 640x1 - 640x2 set display option above. click on images to enlarge .\na variety of organizations and individuals have contributed photographs to calphotos. please follow the usage guidelines provided with each image. use and copyright information, as well as other details about the photo such as the date and the location, are available by clicking on the\non apple osx, or right click on the text above to copy the link .\ncomments are published according to our submission guidelines. the eh strickland entomological museum does not necessarily endorse the views expressed .\nblå punkter visar fynd registrerade i artportalen och övriga databaser anslutna till lifewatch. kan innehålla observationer som inte är validerade. kartan uppdateras var fjärde vecka .\ni det avancerade verktyget kan man söka ut och få fram artlistor, t ex arter i ett visst län, i en viss biotop, substrat, som påverkas av en hotfaktor, eller som är knutna till en sk värdart, t ex trädet alm. dessa kan även kombineras .\nsöka fram arter som är rödlistade, knutna till alm, är beroende av död ved och som finns i kronobergs län .\nsöka fram arter som är rödlistade, lever i småvatten och som påverkas negativt av igenväxning .\ndefaultläget i verktyget är arter som är rödlistade 2015 och dessa är klassade på samtliga sökfaktorer. under fliken rödlistekategori kan man dock välja att även inkludera arter som inte är rödlistade. om man väljer att inkludera icke rödlistade arter behöver man vara medveten om att samtliga arter inte är klassade på samtliga faktorer. nedan en sammanställning av vad som är komplett .\ndenna funktion används när du vill skapa din egen lista av arter att hantera. du kan t. ex. navigera mellan arterna i listan genom att klicka på deras namn. du kan också välja att använda knappen ”jämför arter” för att se bilder, kartor och kännetecken i en jämförelsevy .\ndu kan komponera ditt eget urval av arter genom att klicka dig fram via släktträdet och där välja arter eller artgrupper till din lista. ett annat sätt att göra ditt urval är att använda fliken ”filtrera”, där du kan söka på olika egenskaper. ovanför listan med sökresultatet finns en knapp ”lägg i mitt urval” .\nthe mit license copyright (c) 2014 - 2016 google, inc. urltoken permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the\nsoftware\n), to deal in the software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and / or sell copies of the software, and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software. the software is provided\nas is\n, without warranty of any kind, express or implied, including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability, fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement. in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim, damages or other liability, whether in an action of contract, tort or otherwise, arising from, out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software .\nthe mit license (mit) copyright (c) 2011 - 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2013 sprymedia limited urltoken permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the\nsoftware\n), to deal in the software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and / or sell copies of the software, and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software. the software is provided\nas is\n, without warranty of any kind, express or implied, including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability, fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement. in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim, damages or other liability, whether in an action of contract, tort or otherwise, arising from, out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software .\ncopyright 2008 - 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urltoken copyright (c) steven sanderson, the knockout. js team, and other contributors urltoken permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the\nsoftware\n), to deal in the software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and / or sell copies of the software, and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software. the software is provided\nas is\n, without warranty of any kind, express or implied, including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability, fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement. in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim, damages or other liability, whether in an action of contract, tort or otherwise, arising from, out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software .\ncopyright (c) 2009–2015 permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the\nsoftware\n), to deal in the software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and / or sell copies of the software, and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software. the software is provided\nas is\n, without warranty of any kind, express or implied, including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability, fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement. in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim, damages or other liability, whether in an action of contract, tort or otherwise, arising from, out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software .\ncopyright 2005 - 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wise process for implementing this method .\nzoological data developed by natureserve and its network of natural heritage programs (see local programs) and other contributors and cooperators (see sources) .\nthe small print: trademark, copyright, citation guidelines, restrictions on use, and information disclaimer .\nnote: all species and ecological community data presented in natureserve explorer at urltoken were updated to be current with natureserve' s central databases as of november 2016. note: this report was printed on\ntrademark notice :\nnatureserve\n, natureserve explorer, the natureserve logo, and all other names of natureserve programs referenced herein are trademarks of natureserve. any other product or company names mentioned herein are the trademarks of their respective owners .\ncopyright notice: copyright © 2017 natureserve, 4600 n. fairfax dr. , 7th floor, arlington virginia 22203, u. s. a. all rights reserved. each document delivered from this server or web site may contain other proprietary notices and copyright information relating to that document. the following citation should be used in any published materials which reference the web site .\nnatureserve. 2017. natureserve explorer: an online encyclopedia of life [ web application ]. version 7. 1. natureserve, arlington, virginia. available http: / / explorer. natureserve. org. (accessed :\nridgely, r. s. , t. f. allnutt, t. brooks, d. k. mcnicol, d. w. mehlman, b. e. young, and j. r. zook. 2003. digital distribution maps of the birds of the western hemisphere, version 1. 0. natureserve, arlington, virginia, usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with robert ridgely, james zook, the nature conservancy - migratory bird program, conservation international - cabs, world wildlife fund - us, and environment canada - wildspace .\npatterson, b. d. , g. ceballos, w. sechrest, m. f. tognelli, t. brooks, l. luna, p. ortega, i. salazar, and b. e. young. 2003. digital distribution maps of the mammals of the western hemisphere, version 1. 0. natureserve, arlington, virginia, usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with bruce patterson, wes sechrest, marcelo tognelli, gerardo ceballos, the nature conservancy - migratory bird program, conservation international - cabs, world wildlife fund - us, and environment canada - wildspace .\niucn, conservation international, and natureserve. 2004. global amphibian assessment. iucn, conservation international, and natureserve, washington, dc and arlington, virginia, usa .\ndata developed as part of the global amphibian assessment and provided by iucn - world conservation union, conservation international and natureserve .\nno graphics available from this server can be used, copied or distributed separate from the accompanying text. any rights not expressly granted herein are reserved by natureserve. nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring by implication, estoppel, or otherwise any license or right under any trademark of natureserve. no trademark owned by natureserve may be used in advertising or promotion pertaining to the distribution of documents delivered from this server without specific advance permission from natureserve. except as expressly provided above, nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring any license or right under any natureserve copyright .\nall documents and related graphics provided by this server and any other documents which are referenced by or linked to this server are provided\nas is\nwithout warranty as to the currentness, completeness, or accuracy of any specific data. natureserve hereby disclaims all warranties and conditions with regard to any documents provided by this server or any other documents which are referenced by or linked to this server, including but not limited to all implied warranties and conditions of merchantibility, fitness for a particular purpose, and non - infringement. natureserve makes no representations about the suitability of the information delivered from this server or any other documents that are referenced to or linked to this server. in no event shall natureserve be liable for any special, indirect, incidental, consequential damages, or for damages of any kind arising out of or in connection with the use or performance of information contained in any documents provided by this server or in any other documents which are referenced by or linked to this server, under any theory of liability used. natureserve may update or make changes to the documents provided by this server at any time without notice; however, natureserve makes no commitment to update the information contained herein. since the data in the central databases are continually being updated, it is advisable to refresh data retrieved at least once a year after its receipt. the data provided is for planning, assessment, and informational purposes. site specific projects or activities should be reviewed for potential environmental impacts with appropriate regulatory agencies. if ground - disturbing activities are proposed on a site, the appropriate state natural heritage program (s) or conservation data center can be contacted for a site - specific review of the project area (see visit local programs) .\n). your comments will be very valuable in improving the overall quality of our databases for the benefit of all users." ]

{ "text": [ "choreutis diana , diana 's choreutis moth , is a moth of the choreutidae family .", "it is found in northern north america and most of europe .", "the wingspan is 14 – 18 mm .", "it is a variable species .", "the forewings are mottled , often with some green or bluish-green visible .", "the antemedial line is black , strongly jagged and broadest at costa and is followed by pale greenish to white .", "the median area is pale to dark olive to olive brown .", "the postmedial line is black and often only visible as two sharp black teeth on the lower half .", "the postmedial area is mottled cream with brown to olive .", "the subterminal line is black and sometimes very distinct .", "the terminal line is usually reddish brown with a thin dark brown outer border .", "the fringe is pale greyish with dark brown at the anal angle , middle , and apex .", "the hindwings are chocolate brown , but slightly darker towards the outer margin with a thin dark brown border along the outer margin .", "the fringe is pale grey , but darker on the outside .", "the head and thorax are grey to greenish and the abdomen is brown .", "in canada , adults have been recorded from mid april to mid may , in june and from july to september .", "in the uk , adults are on wing in july and august .", "adults have been found visiting thistle flowers .", "the larvae feed on alnus rubra , alnus incana , betula papyrifera , populus balsamifera , salix and prunus species .", "it is a solitary leafroller , found under a silken web on the upper surface of a leaf of the host plant .", "the frass is caught in the web .", "larvae have been recorded from mid june to late july in north america . " ], "topic": [ 2, 20, 9, 26, 1, 1, 23, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 23, 8, 8, 8, 8, 11, 15, 8 ] }

[ "choreutis diana, diana's choreutis moth, is a moth of the choreutidae family. it is found in northern north america and most of europe. the wingspan is 14 – 18 mm. it is a variable species. the forewings are mottled, often with some green or bluish-green visible. the antemedial line is black, strongly jagged and broadest at costa and is followed by pale greenish to white. the median area is pale to dark olive to olive brown. the postmedial line is black and often only visible as two sharp black teeth on the lower half. the postmedial area is mottled cream with brown to olive. the subterminal line is black and sometimes very distinct. the terminal line is usually reddish brown with a thin dark brown outer border. the fringe is pale greyish with dark brown at the anal angle, middle, and apex. the hindwings are chocolate brown, but slightly darker towards the outer margin with a thin dark brown border along the outer margin. the fringe is pale grey, but darker on the outside. the head and thorax are grey to greenish and the abdomen is brown. in canada, adults have been recorded from mid april to mid may, in june and from july to september. in the uk, adults are on wing in july and august. adults have been found visiting thistle flowers. the larvae feed on alnus rubra, alnus incana, betula papyrifera, populus balsamifera, salix and prunus species. it is a solitary leafroller, found under a silken web on the upper surface of a leaf of the host plant. the frass is caught in the web. larvae have been recorded from mid june to late july in north america." ]

[ "species cerithiopsis cynthia bartsch, 1911 accepted as cerithiopsis iota (c. b. adams, 1845 )\ncerithiopsis forbes, e. & s. hanley, 1851 type species: cerithiopsis tubercularis montagu, g. , 1803\nspecies cerithiopsis buijsei de jong & coomans, 1988 accepted as cerithiopsis lata (c. b. adams, 1850 )\ncerithiopsis (cerithiopsida) bartsch, p. , 1911 type species: cerithiopsis (cerithiopsida) diegensis bartsch, p. , 1911\nspecies cerithiopsis aurantiaca melvill & standen, 1896 accepted as cerithiopsis melvilli jay & drivas, 2002 (invalid: junior homonym of cerithiopsis aurantiaca gould, 1861; c. melvilli is a replacement name )\n» species cerithiopsis (joculator) insignis e. a. smith, 1906 represented as cerithiopsis insignis e. a. smith, 1906\nspecies cerithiopsis admirabilis w. h. turton, 1932 accepted as cerithiopsis exquisita g. b. sowerby iii, 1897 (dubious synonym )\nspecies cerithiopsis becki w. h. turton, 1932 accepted as cerithiopsis exquisita g. b. sowerby iii, 1897 (dubious synonym )\nspecies cerithiopsis fulgens w. h. turton, 1932 accepted as cerithiopsis exquisita g. b. sowerby iii, 1897 (dubious synonym )\nspecies cerithiopsis pulchella jeffreys, 1858 accepted as cerithiopsis jeffreysi r. b. watson, 1885 (non c. b. adams, 1850 )\nspecies cerithiopsis infrequens rolán, espinosa & fernández - garcés, 2007 accepted as cerithiopsis singularis rolán & fernández - garcés, 2013 (invalid: secondary junior homonym of cerithiopsis infrequens (c. b. adams, 1852) )\njennifer hammock split the classifications by urltoken import from cerithiopsis to their own page .\nbelongs to cerithiopsis according to a. j. w. hendy et al. 2008\nspecies cerithiopsis rugolosum [ sic ] accepted as cerithiopsis rugulosum (c. b. adams, 1850) accepted as metaxia rugulosa (c. b. adams, 1850) (misspelling )\nsubgenus cerithiopsis (seila) a. adams, 1861 accepted as seila a. adams, 1861\nspecies cerithiopsis multilirata g. b. sowerby iii, 1894 accepted as seilarex turritelliformis (angas, 1877 )\nspecies cerithiopsis bermudensis verrill & bush, 1900 accepted as metaxia rugulosa (c. b. adams, 1850 )\nspecies cerithiopsis valeriae giusti fr. , 1987 accepted as onchodia valeriae (giusti fr. , 1987) (original combination )\nspecies cerithiopsis amblytera (r. b. watson, 1880) accepted as cerithiella amblytera (r. b. watson, 1880 )\nspecies cerithiopsis bicolor (c. b. adams, 1845) accepted as retilaskeya bicolor (c. b. adams, 1845 )\nspecies cerithiopsis emersonii (c. b. adams, 1839) accepted as retilaskeya emersonii (c. b. adams, 1839 )\nspecies cerithiopsis rugulosum (c. b. adams, 1850) accepted as metaxia rugulosa (c. b. adams, 1850 )\nspecies cerithiopsis balteata r. b. watson, 1881 accepted as horologica balteata (r. b. watson, 1881) (original combination )\nspecies cerithiopsis peilei e. a. smith, 1910 accepted as seilopsis peilei (e. a. smith, 1910) (original combination )\nspecies cerithiopsis ridicula r. b. watson, 1886 accepted as joculator ridiculus (r. b. watson, 1886) (original combination )\nspecies cerithiopsis turbonilloides dautzenberg & h. fischer, 1896 accepted as ektonos turbonilloides (dautzenberg & h. fischer, 1896) (original combination )\nspecies cerithiopsis turrigera r. b. watson, 1886 accepted as horologica turrigera (r. b. watson, 1886) (original combination )\nsubgenus cerithiopsis (alaba) h. adams & a. adams, 1853 accepted as alaba h. adams & a. adams, 1853 (original rank )\nidentification verstraelen (1966), pelseneer (1881b) and vonck (1933) have reported cerithium vulgatum. probabely these authers have this species confused with cerithiopsis tubercularis (montagu, 1803). [ details ]\nrosenberg, g. ; moretzsohn, f. ; garcía, e. f. (2009). gastropoda (mollusca) of the gulf of mexico, pp. 579–699 in: felder, d. l. and d. k. camp (eds .), gulf of mexico–origins, waters, and biota. texas a & m; press, college station, texas. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\ndiscover a faster, simpler path to publishing in a high - quality journal. plos one promises fair, rigorous peer review, broad scope, and wide readership – a perfect fit for your research every time .\nthe evolution of gastropod body size in the deep sea is reexamined. using an extended and updated data set, and improved statistical methods, it is shown that some results of the previous study may have been artifactual, but that its central conclusion is robust. it is further shown that the effect is not restricted to a single gastropod clade, that its strength increases markedly with depth, but that it applies even in the mesopelagic zone .\nthe replication of the island rule in a distant taxonomic group and a partially analogous ecological situation could help to uncover the causes of the patterns observed—which are currently much disputed. the gastropod pattern is evident at intermediate depths, and so cannot be attributed to the unique features of abyssal ecology .\ncitation: welch jj (2010) the “island rule” and deep - sea gastropods: re - examining the evidence. plos one 5 (1): e8776. urltoken\ncopyright: © 2010 john j. welch. this is an open - access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited .\nfunding: some preliminary work undertaken when jw was funded by bbsrc grant do17750 awarded to andrew rambaut. the funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript .\nthe island rule states that after island colonisation, animals undergo predictable patterns of body size evolution, with larger colonising species becoming smaller, and smaller species becoming larger. the result is a graded trend from dwarfism in the largest colonists to gigantism in the smallest [ 1 ] – [ 4 ]. because insular habitats are distinctive in a number of ways, this pattern might be variously explained, and a variety of hypotheses have indeed been proposed in the literature [ 1 ] – [ 11 ]. recently, mcclain et al. [ 12 ] made an important advance by testing for analogous patterns of body size evolution in a non - insular system. specifically, they compared body sizes of animals living in deep - sea benthic habitats with their shallow - water living congeners. using the malacolog database version 3. 3. 3 of rosenberg [ 13 ], mcclain et al. [ 12 ] took the gastropods of the western atlantic as a case study, and reported that a highly significant trend from dwarfism to gigantism was evident in the deep - sea species .\nhere, i re - examine whether deep - sea gastropods manifest the island rule, making use of the improved statistical methods, and data collated from the recently updated malacolog database [ 24 ], which has been both expanded, and revised to reflect advances in gastropod systematics [ 25 ]. it is found that the central conclusion of mcclain et al. [ 12 ] is robust, and that gastropod colonists of the deep - sea benthos do indeed exhibit island - rule - like evolution .\npart a shows how different tests of the ‘island rule’ can give qualitatively different results. “deep - sea” species were defined as those with a depth range midpoint > 200m, and all other species defined as “shallow - water”. the ordinary - least - squares regression (dashed line) differs significantly from the 1∶1 line of the null (dotted line), but the standardized - major - axis regression (solid line) shows no significant departure. part b shows a less ambiguous case: “deep - sea” species are those never observed above 400m, and “shallow - water” species those never observed below 200m; body sizes are within - genus means, taking equal numbers of deep - and shallow - water species in each genus .\naveraging across species has untested statistical properties [ 30 ], but it does have the advantage of reducing noise and the influence of anomalous data. for example, figure 1b plots results for balanced samples with “deep - sea” defined as > 400m. these data are clearly noisy, and the slope is strongly influenced by a single outlier (the largest value on both axes). this point represents the genus fasciolaria, which contains just a single deep - sea species, the recently discovered fasciolaria tephrina [ 32 ]. to restrict the influence of such isolated observations, mcclain et al. [ 12 ] excluded from their analyses all genera with fewer than two shallow and two deep species. despite reducing sample size by ∼2 / 3, this procedure strengthens the observed effect, with a highly significant departure from the null now apparent at the shallowest cutoff depth (table 1 part b; figure 2) .\nthe body sizes of deep - sea gastropods are plotted against those of their shallow - water congeners. “shallow - water” species were never observed below 200m, and “deep - sea” species never observed above depths of a: 200m, b: 400m and c: 600m. separate standardized - major - axis regression lines are shown for the neogastropoda (black points) and all other groups (grey points). the dotted line is the 1∶1 expected under the null. genera with fewer than two deep and two shallow species were excluded .\nsimilarly, predator release is a particularly plausible explanation of the vertebrate island rule [ 1 ], [ 4 ], [ 6 ], [ 11 ]; this is partly because it can naturally account for both dwarfism and gigantism (by assuming that large and small body sizes evolve as alternative strategies for predator avoidance), and partly because predator release is so clearly implicated in other unusual characteristics of island endemics (such as tameness) [ 37 ], [ 38 ]. but there is little evidence that reduced predation characterises the deep - sea [ 12 ], [ 14 ], and indeed there is direct evidence of substantial predation acting on deep - sea gastropods [ 12 ], [ 39 ] – [ 41 ]. the gastropod results therefore argue against the predator release hypothesis as a general explanation of the island rule [ 12 ] .\nwe are therefore still far from understanding the causes of the patterns observed – and particularly the roles of inter - and intra - specific competition [ 3 ], [ 4 ], [ 11 ], [ 12 ]. a detailed clarification of where the pattern does and does not hold will be an important step toward achieving this goal [ 4 ], [ 12 ], [ 19 ], [ 20 ] .\nmany thanks are due to andrew rambaut for providing a script to mine the malacolog database. many thanks also to lucy weinert, nicolas bierne, gary rosenberg, shai meiri. simon joly and an anonymous reviewer, who all greatly improved the manuscript with their comments and advice .\nconceived and designed the experiments: jw. performed the experiments: jw. analyzed the data: jw. wrote the paper: jw .\nfoster jb (1964) evolution of mammals on islands. nature 202: 234–235 .\nvan valen l (1973) pattern and balance in nature. evolutionary theory 1: 31–49 .\nlomolino mv (1985) body size of mammals on islands: the island rule re - examined. am nat 125: 310–316 .\nlomolino mv (2005) body size evolution in insular vertebrates: generality of the island rule. j biogeog 32: 1683–1699 .\nmacarthur rh, wilson eo (1963) an equilibrium theory of insular zoogeography. evolution 17: 373–387. 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(doi :\nwelch jj (2009) testing the island rule: primates as a case study. proc r soc b 276: 675–682 .\nprice td, phillimore ab (2007) reduced major axis regression and the island rule. j biogeog 34: 1998–1999 .\nmartin rd, barbour ad (1989) aspects of line–fitting in bivariate allometric analyses. folia primatologica 53: 65–81 .\nwarton di, wright ij, falster ds, westoby m (2006) bivariate line–fitting methods for allometry. biological reviews 81: 259–291 .\nrosenberg g (2009) malacolog 4. 1. 1: a database of western atlantic marine mollusca. available :\nbouchet p, rocroi j–p (2005) classification and nomenclator of gastropod families. malacologia 47: 1–397 .\nsmith cr, de leo fc, bernardino af, sweetman ak, martinez arbizu p (2008) abyssal food limitation, ecosystem structure and climate change. trends ecol evol 23: 518–528 .\nsokal rr, rohlf fj (1995) biometry: the principles and practice of statistics in biological research. 3rd edition. new york: w. h. freeman and co .\nr development core team (2006) r: a language and environment for statistical computing. vienna: r foundation for statistical computing. available :\nguo h, weiss re, gu x, suchard ma (2007) time squared: repeated measures on phylogenies. mol biol evol 24: 353–362 .\ngage jd, bett bj (2005) deep–sea benthic sampling. in: eleftheriou a, mcintyre a, editors. methods for the study of marine benthos: third edition. oxford: blackwell science ltd. pp. 273–325 .\n( mollusca: caenogastropoda) from the southwestern caribbean. zootaxa 49: 1–7 .\nmcclain cr, rex ma, jabbour r (2005) deconstructing bathymetric body size patterns in deep–sea gastropods. mar ecol prog ser 297: 181–187 .\nschmidt nm, jensen pm (2003) changes in mammalian body length over 175 years - adaptations to a fragmented landscape? conservation ecology 7: 6 .\nreyment ra (1983) palaeontological aspects of island biogeography: colonization and evolution of mammals on mediterranean islands. oikos 41: 299–306 .\nlomolino mv (1984) immigrant selection, predatory exclusion and the distributions of microtus pennsylvanicus and blarina brevicadua on islands. am nat 123: 468–483 .\nmcnab bk (2002) minimizing energy expenditure facilitates vertebrate persistence on oceanic islands. ecol lett 5: 693–704 .\nduncan rp, blackburn tm (2004) extinction and endemism in the new zealand avifauna. global ecol biogeogr 13: 509–517 .\nvale fk, rex ma (1988) repaired shell damage in deep - sea prosobranch gastropods from the western north atlantic. malacologia 28: 65–79 .\nvale fk, rex ma (1989) repaired shell damage in a complex of rissoid gastropods from the upper continental slope south of new england. nautilus 103: 105–108 .\nwalker se, voight jr (1994) palecological and taphonomic potential of deep - sea gastropods. palaios 9: 48–59 .\nmccollom tm (1999) geochemical constraints on primary productivity in submarine hydrothermal vent plumes. deep sea research i: oceanographic research papers 47: 85–101 .\nwassersug rj, yang h, sepkoski jj jr, raup dm (1979) the evolution of body size on islands: a computer simulation. am nat 114: 287–295 .\nwilliams gc. natural selection: domains, levels and challenges. oxford: oxford university press. .\nraia p, meiri s (2006) the island rule in large mammals: paleontology meets ecology. evolution 60: 1731–1742. (doi :\ndo these subject areas make sense for this article? click the target next to the incorrect subject area and let us know. thanks for your help !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\njavascript is required to use this web site. please turn it on before proceeding .\nlower pinecrest beds, upper tamiami formation, sarasota county, florida. sems produced in collaboration with dr. ann heatherington, dept. of geology, university of florida, gainesville, fl .\nscientists aim to describe a single' tree of life' that reflects the evolutionary relationships of living things. however, evolutionary relationships are a matter of ongoing discovery, and there are different opinions about how living things should be grouped and named. eol reflects these differences by supporting several different scientific' classifications'. some species have been named more than once. such duplicates are listed under synonyms. eol also provides support for common names which may vary across regions as well as languages .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ncubalaskeya rolán, e. m. & r. fernández - garcés, 2008 type species: cubalaskeya nivea faber, m. j. , 2007\ngranulopsis cecalupo, a. & i. perugia, 2012 type species: granulopsis thelcterium tomlin, j. r. le b. , 1929\noparopsis cecalupo, a. & i. perugia, 2015 type species: oparopsis floresi cecalupo, a. & i. perugia, 2014\nataxocerithium tate, r. , 1894 type species: ataxocerithium serotinum adams, a. , 1855\nbinda laseron, c. f. , 1951 type species: binda tasmantis laseron, c. f. , 1951\ncerithiopsidella bartsch, p. , 1911 type species: cerithiopsidella cosmica bartsch, p .\ncerithiopsina bartsch, p. , 1911 type species: cerithiopsina necropolitana bartsch, p. , 1911\nclathropsis laseron, c. f. , 1956 type species: clathropsis impedita laseron, c. f. , 1956\ndizoniopsis bellardi, l. in sacco, f. , 1895 type species: dizoniopsis bilineata hörnes, m. , 1851\nektonos bouchet, ph. & a. warén, 1993 type species: ektonos turbonilloides dautzenberg, ph. & h. fischer, 1896\neumetula thiele, j. , 1912 type species: eumetula dilecta thiele, j. , 1912\neumetula (altispecula) powell, a. w. b. , 1930 type species: eumetula (altispecula) geniculosa hedley, c. , 1911\nfurukawaia kuroda, t. & t. habe in habe, t. , 1961 type species: unknowngenustype\nhorologica laseron, c. f. , 1956 type species: horologica bicolor laseron, c. f. , 1956\njoculator hedley, c. , 1909 type species: joculator ridicula watson, r. b. , 1886\nkoilofera jay, m. & j. drivas, 2002 type species: koilofera koilofera jay, m. & j. drivas, 2002\nkrachiopsis smriglio, c. & p. mariottini, 1999 type species: krachiopsis giannuzzii smriglio, c. & p. mariottini, 1999\nmarshallopsis cecalupo, a. & i. perugia, 2012 type species: marshallopsis albachiarae cecalupo, a. & i. perugia, 2012\nmendax finlay, h. j. , 1926 type species: mendax trizonalis trizonalis odhner, n. h. j. , 1924\nonchodia dall, w. h. , 1924 type species: onchodia benthica dall, w. h. , 1924\nondulopsis cecalupo, a. & i. perugia, 2012 type species: ondulopsis annae cecalupo, a. & i. perugia, 2012\nparaseila laseron, c. f. , 1951 type species: paraseila heronensis laseron, c. f. , 1951\npilaflexis laseron, c. f. , 1951 type species: pilaflexis regularis laseron, c. f. , 1951\npotenatomus laseron, c. f. , 1956 type species: potenatomus caputumere laseron, c. f. , 1956\nprolixodens marshall, b. a. , 1978 type species: prolixodens infracolor laseron, c. f. , 1951\nretilaskeya marshall, b. a. , 1978 type species: retilaskeya zelandica marshall, b. a. , 1978\nretilaskeya (marshallaskeya) gründel, 1980 type species: retilaskeya (marshallaskeya) elegantula powell, a. w. b. , 1930\nsocienna finlay, h. j. , 1926 type species: socienna apicicostata may, w. l. , 1919\nspecula finlay, h. j. , 1926 type species: specula styliformis suter, h. h. , 1908\nsundaya oliver, w. r. b. , 1915 type species: sundaya exquisita oliver, w. r. b. , 1915\nsynthopsis laseron, c. f. , 1956 type species: synthopsis cylindrica laseron, c. f. , 1956\ntubercliopsis laseron, c. f. , 1956 type species: tubercliopsis capricornia laseron, c. f. , 1956\nzaclys finlay, h. j. , 1926 type species: zaclys sarissa murdoch, r. , 1905\nalipta finlay, h. j. , 1926 type species: alipta crenistria suter, h. h. , 1907\naliptina marshall, b. a. , 1978 type species: aliptina acheronae marshall, b. a. , 1978\nbelonimorphis jay, m. & j. drivas, 2002 type species: belonimorphis belonimorphis jay, m. & j. drivas, 2002\ncerithiella verrill, a. e. , 1882 type species: cerithiella metula lovén, s. l. , 1846\ncerithiopsilla thiele, j. , 1912 type species: cerithiopsilla cincta thiele, j. , 1912\nseila adams, a. , 1861 type species: seila dextroversa adams, a. & l. a. reeve, 1850\nseila (hebeseila) finlay, h. j. , 1926 type species: seila (hebeseila) bulbosa suter, h. h. , 1908\nseila (lyroseila) finlay, h. j. , 1928 type species: seila (lyroseila) chathamensis suter, h. h .\nseila (notoseila) finlay, h. j. , 1927 type species: seila (notoseila) terebelloides hutton, f. w. , 1873\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\n, select family and click on' identification by pictures' to display all available pictures in sealifebase for the family .\n, select country and click on' identification by pictures' to display all available pictures in sealifebase for the country .\n, select ecosystem and click on' identification by pictures' to display all available pictures in sealifebase for the ecosystem .\ncfm script by, 30. 11. 04, , php script by, 05 / 11 / 2010, last modified by kbanasihan, 06 / 28 / 2010\nforbes e. ; hanley s. c. (1848 - 1853). a history of british mollusca and their shells. london, van voorst. vol. 1: i - lxxx [ 1853 ], 1 - 486 [ 1848 ], pl. a - w, aa - zz, aaa - zzz [ dates uncertain ]; vol. 2: 1 - 480 [ 1 dec. 1849 ], 481 - 557 [ 1850 ]; vol. 3: 1 - 320 [ 1850 ], 321 - 616 [ 1851 ]; vol. 4: 1 - 300 [ 1852 ], pl. 1 - 114f [ dates uncertain ]. , available online at urltoken page (s): pl. oo [ 1 aug. 1850 ]; 3 (34): pl. 91 [ 2 dec. 1850 ]; 3 (36): 364 [ 1 feb. 1851 ] [ details ]\n( of nanopsis cecalupo & robba, 2010) cecalupo a. & robba e. (2010) the identity of murex tubercularis montagu, 1803 and description of one new genus and two new species of the cerithiopsidae (gastropoda: triphoroidea). bollettino malacologico 46: 45 - 64. page (s): 53 [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nmarshall b. (1978). cerithiopsidae of new zealand, and a provisional classification of the family. new zealand journal of zoology 5 (1): 47 - 120. , available online at urltoken; = pa47 [ details ]\ncecalupo a. & robba e. (2010) the identity of murex tubercularis montagu, 1803 and description of one new genus and two new species of the cerithiopsidae (gastropoda: triphoroidea). bollettino malacologico 46: 45 - 64. [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\ngrammatical gender feminine, despite being treated as neuter in the oroginal publication. under the provisions of iczn art. 30. 1. 2 .\na genus - group name that is or ends in a greek word transliterated into latin without other changes takes the gender given for that word in standard greek dictionaries; examples... names ending in... - opsis (opsis) are feminine\n[ details ]\nfull reference: f. e. eames. 1952. a contribution to the study of the eocene in western pakistan and western india: c. the description of the scaphopoda and gastropoda from standard sections in the rakhi nala and zindar pir areas of the western punjab and in the kohat district. philosophical transactions of the royal society of london series b 236: 1 - 168\ntype specimen: bmnh g. 68164, a shell. its type locality is fossil bed f. 2679, zinda pir, which is in a ypresian marine shale in the ghazij formation of pakistan .\nfull reference: e. vredenburg. 1928. description of mollusca from the post - eocene tertiary formation of north - western india: gastropoda (in part) and lamellibranchiata. memoirs of the geological survey of india 50 (2): 351 - 506\ndistribution: found only at mekran beds (talar stage) - 2 mi. wsw of ban (miocene of pakistan )" ]

{ "text": [ "cerithiopsis aralia is a species of sea snail , a gastropod in the family cerithiopsidae , which is known from the gulf of mexico .", "it was described by olsson and harbison in 1953 . " ], "topic": [ 2, 5 ] }

[ "cerithiopsis aralia is a species of sea snail, a gastropod in the family cerithiopsidae, which is known from the gulf of mexico. it was described by olsson and harbison in 1953." ]

[ "just want to know how rare is the petrochromis macrognathus katumbi point and why? how do you compare this with the red bulu point? their really nice for me... i love how green they are... thanks. .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\ngland, switzerland, 5 july 2018 (iucn) – australia’s unique reptiles – including lizards and snakes – face severe threats from invasive species and climate change, with 7% of th ...\nthe value of medicinal and aromatic plant trade has increased three - fold in the past 20 years, but traditional harvesting practices are being replaced by less sustainable alternatives... .\na recently released iucn technical brief recommends increasing investments in sustainable land management practices, as well as better cooperation between agriculturalists and conservationists to conse ...\nsnoeks, j. (freshwater fish red list authority) & darwall, w. (freshwater biodiversity assessment programme )\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\nlatin, petra = stone + greek, chromis = a fish, perhaps a perch (ref. 45335 )\nfreshwater; demersal; depth range 0 - 0 m (ref. 58018). tropical; 24°c - 26°c (ref. 2059); 3°s - 9°s\nafrica: endemic to lake tanganyika, lake - wide distribution, but not found north of cape kabogo (ref. 46829) .\nmaturity: l m? range? -? cm max length: 17. 2 cm sl male / unsexed; (ref. 35773 )\ncryptic species between rocks near shore (ref. 35773). occurs in the upper 2 - 3 m of the water column (ref. 7343, 46829, 52921). feeds by scraping loose algae from the vertical faces of boulders in turbulent water (ref. 6770, 46829). in order to cope with the movement of the surge its feeding speed is fast; very shy species; males are territorial and hide in large caves when threatened (ref. 46829). often solitary but more than 2 individuals may be seen at once (ref. 7343) .\nkonings, a. , 1998. tanganyika cichlids in their natural habitat. cichlid press. 272 p. (ref. 46829 )\nphylogenetic diversity index (ref. 82805): pd 50 = 0. 5039 [ uniqueness, from 0. 5 = low to 2. 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight: a = 0. 01000 (0. 00244 - 0. 04107), b = 3. 04 (2. 81 - 3. 27), in cm total length, based on all lwr estimates for this body shape (ref. 93245) .\ntrophic level (ref. 69278): 2. 0 ±0. 00 se; based on food items .\nresilience (ref. 69278): high, minimum population doubling time less than 15 months (preliminary k or fecundity .) .\nvulnerability (ref. 59153): low vulnerability (24 of 100) .\n: missing argument 2 for checkecotox (), called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary. php on line 1995 and defined in\n: missing argument 3 for checkecotox (), called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary. php on line 1995 and defined in\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ncopyright © 2011 - 2017 tanganika - moba, africké cichlidy. all rights reserved .\ni would like to have your opinion on p. machrognatus kachese m' sumbu and they stated they would be the same? when do you think it esque business to sell under a different variety ?\npronunciation: refer to our pronunciation key for an explanation of the phonetic symbols .\nhabitat: this is the primary location where the cichlid is found and is a generalization. this does not mean a fish cannot be found in other habitats .\ndiet: many cichlids specialize in eating one type of food; notwithstanding, some of these specialized feeders are flexible and can be opportunistic feeders .\ntemperament: this describes the overall demeanor of a cichlid toward other tankmates that are of a different species. consider that there is variability in temperament due to various factors, including aquarium size, tankmates of similar appearance, stocking levels, and order of introduction. there may even be some variability among individual specimens .\nconspecific temperament: this describes the overall demeanor of a cichlid toward other tank - mates of the same species. consider that there is variability in temperament due to such factors as aquarium size, stocking levels and order of introduction. there may even be some variability among individual specimens .\nmaximum size: this is in regards to total length (including the tail) of typical aquarium specimens. wild specimens may not attain this size, or may in fact grow larger than aquarium raised individuals due to various factors. also consider that this is the typical maximum size and there are exceptional individuals that will exceed it .\ndifficulty: this measure is a relative value, comparing a single species against all other cichlids. this only accounts for maintanence in the aquarium and not breeding considerations. 1 = easy and forgiving, 5 = extremely challenging .\nwarning: require _ once (/ usr / wwws / users / stonembeyu / header. php): failed to open stream: no such file or directory in / usr / www / users / stonembeyu / livestock. php on line 1 fatal error: require _ once (): failed opening required' / usr / wwws / users / stonembeyu / header. php' (include _ path ='. : / usr / share / php: / usr / share / pear') in / usr / www / users / stonembeyu / livestock. php on line 1\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwelcome to the new trophs. com! .... this site is dedicated to all tropheus species, variants and collection points. it is the goal of this site to provide an environment where aquarists from beginner to advanced may find and share reliable information and quality advice regarding all aspects of tropheus care. you are currently browsing our community under limited access to viewing and using our many features. by creating a free account you will have access to post topics, communicate privately with other tropheus keepers (pm), respond to polls, upload content and access many other special features. registration is fast, simple and absolutely free so please, join our community today! if you have any problems with the registration process or your account login, please contact contact us. existing members, please click here to reset your password in order to log in to our new software !\nnice fish. don' t think they' re too rare these days. lots have been brought in the last year\na lot of fish are rare to us because of location of collection points whether its because of wars going on or natural dangers such as crocs .\ni guess the question now is, whick petro have the greenest color and cosistency to it. ?\nnot really rare, i love the kambo ikolas yeelow and greens, the ones i have for sale right now to me blow away katumbi and nsumbus .\ni saw those. . the look really nice. . are they regularly impoted greg ?\ni dont see them on the list as much as the nsumbu or katumbi, ive only imported them twice .\nheres a pic when they first came in, they look a lot nicer now .\nare the male and female have the same color? or the female is not as colorful as the male does .\nmale and female the same, that pic was after like 48hrs from africa, i need to get a updated vid, they are dark green and bright yellow now, to me they blow the moshi away, but thats me .\npowered by vbulletin® version 3. 8. 7 copyright ©2000 - 2018, vbulletin solutions, inc." ]

{ "text": [ "petrochromis macrognathus is a species of cichlid endemic to lake tanganyikafound in areas with rocky substrates where it can graze on algae .", "this species can reach a length of 16.2 cm ( 6.4 in ) .", "it can be found in the aquarium trade . " ], "topic": [ 18, 0, 20 ] }

[ "petrochromis macrognathus is a species of cichlid endemic to lake tanganyikafound in areas with rocky substrates where it can graze on algae. this species can reach a length of 16.2 cm (6.4 in). it can be found in the aquarium trade." ]

[ "neocoenyra butler, [ 1886 ]; proc. zool. soc. lond. 1885 (4): 758; ts: neocoenyra duplex butler\nneocoenyra ypthimoides butler, 1894; proc. zool. soc. lond. 1893: 643; tl: zomba\nneocoenyra cooksoni; [ bafr ], 201; [ bow ]: pl. 117, f. 5; [ afrl ]\nneocoenyra duplex butler, [ 1886 ]; proc. zool. soc. lond. 1885 (4): 758; tl: somalia\nneocoenyra masaica; [ bafr ], 201; [ bk ]: 280, pl. 30, f. 446; [ afrl ]\nneocoenyra duplex; [ bow ]: pl. 118, f. 25; [ bafr ], 200; [ bk ]: 279, pl. 30, f. 444; [ afrl ]\nneocoenyra gregorii; [ bow ]: pl. 118, f. 9; [ bafr ], 200; [ bk ]: 279, pl. 30, f. 445; [ afrl ]\nwoodland, montane grassland on forest margins, at altitudes between 1, 000 and 2, 000 meters .\nthis article is issued from wikipedia - version of the 8 / 16 / 2014. the text is available under the creative commons attribution / share alike but additional terms may apply for the media files .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nackery pr, smith cr, and vane - wright ri eds. 1995. carcasson' s african butterflies. canberra: csiro .\ncorrespondence regarding this page should be directed to andrew v. z. brower at\n. note that images and other media featured on this page are each governed by their own license, and they may or may not be available for reuse. click on an image or a media link to access the media data window, which provides the relevant licensing information. for the general terms and conditions of tol material reuse and redistribution, please see the\neach tol branch page provides a synopsis of the characteristics of a group of organisms representing a branch of the tree of life. the major distinction between a branch and a leaf of the tree of life is that each branch can be further subdivided into descendent branches, that is, subgroups representing distinct genetic lineages .\nfor a more detailed explanation of the different tol page types, have a look at the structure of the tree of life page .\ntree of life design and icons copyright © 1995 - 2004 tree of life project. all rights reserved .\n© 2016, butterfly conservation society, ghana - african butterfly research institute - icom ltd .\nsomalia, s. ethiopia - kenya, n. tanzania, rwanda, e. zaire. see [ maps ]\nzambia, malawi, s. tanzania, w. tanzania, s. zaire? . see [ maps ]\nzambia, malawi, e. zaire, uganda, tanzania, kenya. see [ maps ]\nne. tanzania (usambara mts .), malawi? . see [ maps ]\ns. zaire (shaba), e. angola, n. zambia. see [ maps ]\ns. tanzania (e of l. malawi). see [ maps ]\nchecklist of afrotropical papilionoidea and hesperoidea; compiled by mark c. williams, 7th ed. (2008) (april 2007) ;\n[ ² ] this may require parentheses or not. i don' t have the necessary information for this taxon .\non two collection of lepidoptera sent by h. h. johnston, esq. , c. b. , from british central africa\nlist of lepidoptera collected in somali land, east africa, by mr. william astor chanler and lieutenant von hoehnel\nif you have corrections, comments or information to add into these pages, just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources, and may include many inaccuracies. expert help is welcome .\nlepidoptera and odonata collected by r. c. (tim) dening from all around the world throughout a lifetime of travel and natural history interest from 1930 to 2000. the collection, amounting to more than 70 cases, is now held in the\n, in scotland. it features a large number of zambian butterflies and moths .\nthe names of the butterflies in the cases are listed beneath the pictures, with the country of collection under the name .\nthe numbers next to the names relate to the collector' s original hand written notes. the numbers represent species / subspecies, rather than individual specimen numbers. you can access these original species notes by clicking on the underlined names. this will open a pdf document of the relevant page of notes. locate the correct number on the page to access information on dates and places of collection of that particular species .\nexplanations to help the reader to interpret the collector' s notes are available here .\nclick on the icon on the left and follow the links for a free copy .\npopular: trivia, history, america, cities, world, usa, states, television, ... more\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken" ]

{ "text": [ "neocoenyra kivuensis is a butterfly in the nymphalidae family .", "it is found in the eastern part of the democratic republic of the congo , burundi , western tanzania , zambia and malawi .", "the habitat consists of brachystegia woodland , montane grassland on forest margins , at altitudes between 1,000 and 2,000 meters . " ], "topic": [ 2, 20, 24 ] }

[ "neocoenyra kivuensis is a butterfly in the nymphalidae family. it is found in the eastern part of the democratic republic of the congo, burundi, western tanzania, zambia and malawi. the habitat consists of brachystegia woodland, montane grassland on forest margins, at altitudes between 1,000 and 2,000 meters." ]

[ "cnemaspis aurantiacopes grismer & ngo 2007 cnemaspis aurantiacopes — grismer et al. 2014: 43\ngonatodes quattuorseriatus sternfeld 1912: 202 cnemaspis quattuorseriatus — loveridge 1936: 821 cnemaspis quattuorseriatus — loveridge 1947: 86 cnemaspis bohmanni müller & uthmöller 1950 (fide loveridge 1957) cnemaspis (ancylodactylus) quattuorseriata — perret 1986 cnemaspis quattuorseriata — kluge 1993 cnemaspis (ancylodactylus) quattuorseriata — rösler 2000: 63 cnemaspis quattuorseriata — spawls et al. 2018: 81\ngymnodactylus jerdonii theobald 1868: 31 gonatodes jerdonii — boulenger 1885: 71 cnemaspis jerdoni — m. a. smith 1935: 74. cnemaspis jerdoni — taylor 1953: 1538 cnemaspis jerdonii — kluge 1993 cnemaspis (cnemaspis) jerdonii — rösler 2000: 62\nheteronota kendallii gray 1845: 174 gonatodes kendallii — boulenger 1885: 63 gonatodes affinis — shelford 1901: 49 gonatodes kendallii — de rooij 1915: 25 cnemaspis kendallii — smith 1930: 16 cnemaspis kendallii — hendrickson 1966: 55 cnemaspis kendallii — grandison 1972: 80 cnemaspis kendallii — kluge 1993 cnemaspis kendallii — rösler 1995: 104 cnemaspis kendallii — manthey & grossmann 1997: 212 cnemaspis (cnemaspis) kendallii — rösler 2000: 62 cnemaspis kendallii — grismer 2011 cnemaspis cf. kendallii — koch & schulz 2014 cnemaspis kendallii — grismer et al. 2014: 107\nmentioned in lebreton 1999 only as cnemaspis quattuorseriatus dilepis = cnemaspis dilepis. not listed for tanzania by broadley & howell 1991 .\ngymnodactylus maculatus beddome 1870 (non g. maculatus steindachner 1867) gymnodactylus sisparensis theobald 1876: 86 (nomen novum) gonatodes sisparensis – boulenger 1885: 66 gonatodes bireticulatus annandale 1915: 344 cnemaspis sisparensis — smith 1935: 69 cnemaspis sisparensis — wermuth 1965: 17 cnemaspis sisparensis — kluge 1993 cnemaspis (cnemaspis) sisparensis — rösler 2000: 63\ndiagnostic morphological characters separating species of cnemaspis from one another in the siamensis group .\n( a) karst and limestone forest near the type locality of cnemaspis thachanaensis sp. nov. (b) karst microhabitat of cnemaspis thachanaensis sp. nov .\nmensural and meristic character states for the type series of cnemaspis lineogularis sp. nov .\ndiagnostic morphological characters separating c. lineogularis from species of cnemaspis in the chanthaburiensis group .\n( a) habitat and (b) microhabitat of cnemaspis lineogularis sp. nov .\nmensural and meristic character states for the type series of cnemaspis phangngaensis sp. nov .\nmenusural and meristic character state for the type series of cnemaspis thachanaensis sp. nov .\na new species of rock gecko genus cnemaspis (squamata: gekkonidae) from western sarawak, malaysia .\ndas i 1994. cnemaspis gordongekkoi, a new gecko from lombok, indonesia, and the biogeography of oriental species of cnemaspis (squamata: sauria: gekkonidae). hamadryad 18: 1 - 9 [ 1993 ]\ndiagnostic color pattern characters separating various species of cnemaspis from one another following grismer et al. , 2014d .\ncnemaspis mcguirei grismer, grismer, wood & chan 2008 gonatodes affinis laidlaw 1901: 304 gonatodes affinis — boulenger 1903: 148 gonatodes affinis — boulenger 1912: 38 gonatodes affinis — smith 1930: 16 gonatodes kendalli boulenger 1912: 38 cnemaspis kendallii das and bauer 1998: 13 (part) cnemaspis mcguirei — grismer et al. 2014: 74\na new species of rock gecko genus cnemaspis (squamata: gekkonidae) from western sarawak, malaysia. - pubmed - ncbi\n( a) male holotype byu 62535 and (b) female paratype zmku r 00728 of cnemaspis lineogularis sp. nov .\n( a) adult male holotype byu 62538 and (b) female paratype byu 62537 of cnemaspis phangngaensis sp. nov .\na new species of falcaustra (nematoda, kathlaniidae) from cnemaspis aff. tro pidogaster (squamata, gekkonidae) from sri lanka\ndescription of a new species of < i > cnemaspis < / i > (squamata: gekkonidae) from knuckles range of sri lanka .\na new species of falcaustra (nematoda, kathlaniidae) from cnemaspis aff. tro pidogaster (squamata, gekkonidae) from sri lanka | springerlink\nrathnayake, nimal d. 2004. the sri lankan day - geckos of the genus cnemaspis. gekko 4 (1): 39 - 44\nthree new karst - dwelling cnemaspis strauch, 1887 (squamata; gekkoniade) from peninsular thailand and the phylogenetic placement of c. punctatonuchalis and c. vandeventeri\nwickramasinghe, l. j. mendis; dulan ranga vidanapathirana, r. m. gayan priyankara rathnayake 2016. cnemaspis rajakarunai sp. nov. , a rock dwelling day - gecko (sauria: gekkonidae: cnemaspis) from salgala, an unprotected lowland rainforest in sri lanka. zootaxa 4168 (1): 092–108\ndescription of a new species of < i > cnemaspis < / i > (squamata: gekkonidae) from knuckles range of sri lanka. - pubmed - ncbi\n( a) general karst and limestone forest near the type locality of cnemaspis phangngaensis sp. nov. (b) karst microhabitat where c. phangngaensis occurs .\nfamily: gekkonidae, genus: cnemaspis, species: lineogularis urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: 8e3b21a4 - 93bf - 4d08 - b8d1 - 0a3eef6be44f\nfamily: gekkonidae, genus: cnemaspis, species: phangngaensis urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: 6053c709 - a409 - 4f65 - b15c - 8c647d7edf1c\nfamily: gekkonidae, genus: cnemaspis, species: thachanaensis urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: 3581c94e - 6170 - 4f42 - 9159 - e2b564b576f1\nsystematics and natural history of southeast asian rock geckos (genus cnemaspis strauch, 1887) with descriptions of eight new species from malaysia, thailand, and indonesia .\ndescription of a new ground - dwelling cnemaspis strauch, 1887 (squamata: gekkonidae), from kerala, allied to c. wynadensis (beddome, 1870) .\nreview history three new karst - dwelling cnemaspis strauch, 1887 (squamata; gekkoniade) from peninsular thailand and the phylogenetic placement of c. punctatonuchalis and c. vandeventeri\nthree new karst - dwelling cnemaspis strauch, 1887 (squamata; gekkoniade) from peninsular thailand and the phylogenetic placement of c. punctatonuchalis and c. vandeventeri [ peerj ]\nbauer, a. m. & das, i. (1998) a new cnemaspis (reptilia: gekkonidae) from southeastern thailand. copeia, 1998, 439–444. urltoken\nebscohost | 109200948 | description of a new ground - dwelling cnemaspis strauch, 1887 (squamata: gekkonidae), from kerala, allied to c. wynadensis (beddome, 1870) .\nreview history for three new karst - dwelling cnemaspis strauch, 1887 (squamata; gekkoniade) from peninsular thailand and the phylogenetic placement of c. punctatonuchalis and c. vandeventeri [ peerj ]\nvidanapathirana, dulan ranga; m. d. gehan rajeev, nethu wickramasinghe, samantha suranjan fernando & l. j. mendis wickramasinghe & l. j. mendis wickramasinghe 2014. cnemaspis rammalensis sp. nov. , sri lanka’s largest day - gecko (sauria: gekkonidae: cnemaspis) from rammalakanda man and biosphere reserve in southern sri lanka. zootaxa 3755 (3): 273–286\nmüller, l. , and w. uthmöller. 1950. cnemaspis bohmanni, ein neuer gecko aus tanganyika - territory, für deutsch—ostafrika. zool. anz. 145: 118 - 120 .\nloveridge, a. 1936. revision of the african geckos of the genus cnemaspis, with the description of a new race. proc. zool. soc. london 1935: 817—822. - get paper here\nchan, k. o. & grismer, l. l. (2008) a new species of cnemaspis strauch 1887 (squamata: gekkonidae) from selangor, peninsular malaysia. zootaxa, 1877, 49–57 .\ngrismer, l. l. (2010) the first record of the genus cnemaspis strauch (squamata: gekkonidae) from laos with the description of a new species. zootaxa, 2475, 55 - –63 .\ngrismer, l. l. & chan, k. o. (2009) a new species of karst dwelling cnemaspis strauch 1887 (squamata: gekkonidae) from sarawak, borneo. zootaxa, 2246, 21–31 .\ngrismer, l. l. & chan, k. o. (2010) another new rock gecko (genus cnemaspis strauch 1887) from pulau langkawi, kedah, peninsular malaysia. zootaxa, 2419, 51–62 .\npeer review # 1 of\nthree new karst - dwelling cnemaspis strauch, 1887 (squamata; gekkoniade) from peninsular thailand and the phylogenetic placement of c. punctatonuchalis and c. vandeventeri (v0. 1 )\npeer review # 2 of\nthree new karst - dwelling cnemaspis strauch, 1887 (squamata; gekkoniade) from peninsular thailand and the phylogenetic placement of c. punctatonuchalis and c. vandeventeri (v0. 1 )\npeer review # 3 of\nthree new karst - dwelling cnemaspis strauch, 1887 (squamata; gekkoniade) from peninsular thailand and the phylogenetic placement of c. punctatonuchalis and c. vandeventeri (v0. 1 )\ngrismer, l. lee & chan k. onn 2008. a new species of cnemaspis strauch 1887 (squamata: gekkonidae) from pulau perhentian besar, terengganu, peninsular malaysia. zootaxa 1771: 1–15 - get paper here\nkurita, takaki; kanto nishikawa, masafumi matsui, tsutomu hikida 2017. a new species of rock gecko genus cnemaspis (squamata: gekkonidae) from western sarawak, malaysia. zootaxa 4258 (6): 525–538 - get paper here\ngrismer, l. l. & chan, k. o. (2008) a new species of cnemaspis strauch 1887 (squamata: gekkonidae) from pulau perhentian besar, terengganu, peninsular malaysia. zootaxa, 1771, 1–15 .\ngrismer, l. l. & ngo, v. t. (2007) four new species of the gekkonid genus cnemaspis strauch 1887 (reptilia: squamata) from southern vietnam. herpetologica, 63, 482–500. urltoken; 2\nwerner, y. l. & chou, l. m. (2002) observations on the ecology of the arhythmic equatorial gecko cnemaspis kendallii in singapore (sauria: gekkoninae). raffles bulletin of zoology, 50, 185–196 .\ninger r f; marx h; koshy m 1984. an undescribed species of gekkonid lizard (cnemaspis) from india with comments on the status of c. tropidogaster. herpetologica 40 (2): 149 - 154 - get paper here\ngrismer, l. l. & das, i. 2006. a new species of gekkonid lizard of the genus cnemaspis strauch 1887 from pulau pemanggil, johor, west malaysia. herpetological natural history 10 (1): 1 - 7\ndring, j. c. (1979) amphibians and reptiles from northern trengganu, malaysia, with descriptions of two new geckos: cnemaspis and cyrtodactylus. bulletin of the british museum of natural history (zoology), 34, 181–241 .\ngrismer, j. l. , grismer, l. l. & thou, c. (2010) a new species of cnemaspis strauch 1887 (squamata: gekkonidae) from southwestern cambodia. journal of herpetology, 44, 28–36 .\ngrismer, l. l. & das, i. (2006) a new species of gekkonid lizard of the genus cnemaspis strauch 1887 from pulau pemanggil, johor, west malaysia. herpetological natural history, 10 (1), 1–7 .\ngrismer, l. l. , ngo, v. t. & grismer, j. l. (2010b) a colorful new species of insular rock gecko (cnemaspis strauch 1887) from southern vietnam. zootaxa, 2352, 46–58 .\ngrismer, j. l. ; grismer, l. l. & chav t. 2010. new species of cnemaspis strauch 1887 (squamata: gekkonidae) from southwestern cambodia. journal of herpetology 44 (1): 28–36 - get paper here\ngrismer, l. l. & ngo, v. t. 2007. four new species of the gekkonid genus cnemaspis strauch 1887 (reptilia: squamata) from southern vietnam. herpetologica 63 (4): 482 - 500 - get paper here\ndas, i. & grismer, l. l. (2003) two new species of cnemaspis strauch, 1887 (squamata: gekkonidae) from the seribuat archipelago, pahang and johor states, west malaysia. herpetologica, 59, 544–552. urltoken\ndring j c m 1979. amphibians and reptiles from northern trengganu, malaysia, with descriptions of two new geckos: cnemaspis and cyrtodactylus. bulletin of the british museum (natural history) zoology 34 (5): 181 - 241 - get paper here\nkoch, andré; sebastian schulz 2014. first record of the gekkonid genus cnemaspis strauch, 1887 from gunung mulu national park, northern sarawak, east malaysia may represent an undescribed species. asian herpetological research 5 (3): 209–212 - get paper here\nperret j l 1986. revision des especes africaines du genre cnemaspis strauch, sous - genre ancylodactylus muller (lacertilia, gekkonidae), avec la description de quatre especes nouvelles. revue suisse de zoologie 93 (2) 1986: 457 - 505 - get paper here\nnly recently have scientists begun to critically analyse diversity within south - east asian lizards of the genus cnemaspis. sixteen new species have been described in the past five years, most isolated on mountaintops, tower karst formations, or islands. one of the latest discoveries is\ndas, i. & bauer, a. m. (1998) systematics and biogeography of bornean geckos of the genus cnemaspis strauch, 1887 (sauria: gekkonidae), with the description of a new species. raffles bulletin of zoology, 46, 11–28 .\ndas, i. & grismer, l. l. 2003. two new species of cnemaspis strauch 1887 (squamata, gekkonidae) from the seribuat archipelago, pahang and johor states, west malaysia. herpetologica 59 (4): 544 - 552 - get paper here\njustification: cnemaspis mysoriensis has been assessed as least concern. this species is widespread in southern karnataka and has been reported to be common in certain localities in and around bengaluru and mysore. it inhabits both natural and anthropogenic habitats, and is not facing any significant threats .\nwickramasinghe, l. j. mendis; & d. a. i. munindradasa 2007. review of the genus cnemaspis strauch, 1887 (sauria: gekkonidae) in sri lanka with the description of five new species. zootaxa 1490: 1 - 63 - get paper here\ndas, i. 2005. revision of the genus cnemaspis strauch, 1887 (sauria: gekkonidae), from the mentawai and adjacent archipelagos off western sumatra, indonesia, with the description of four new species. journal of herpetology 39 (2): 233–247 - get paper here\ngrismer, l. lee; chan k. onn; nasir, n. & sumontha, m. 2008. a new species of karst dwelling gecko (genus cnemaspis strauch 1887) from the border region of thailand and peninsular malaysia. zootaxa 1875: 51–68 - get paper here\nmanamendra - arachchi, kelum; batuwita, sudesh & pethiyagoda, rohan 2007. a taxonomic revision of the sri lankan day - geckos (reptilia: gekkonidae: cnemaspis), with description of new species from sri lanka and southern india. zeylanica 7 (1): 9 - 122\ngrismer, l. l. , chan, k. o. , nurolhuda, n. & sumontha, m. (2008a) a new species of karst dwelling gecko (genus cnemaspis strauch 1887) from the border region of thailand and peninsular malaysia. zootaxa, 1875, 51–68 .\ndas, i. & a. m. bauer 1998. systematics and biogeography of bornean geckos of the genus cnemaspis strauch, 1887 (sauria: gekkonidae), with the description of a new species. raffles bull. zool. 46 (1): 11 - 28. - get paper here\nwood, perry jr. l. ; evan s. h. quah, shahrul anuar m. s. , mohd abdul muin 2013. a new species of lowland karst dwelling cnemaspis strauch 1887 (squamata: gekkonidae) from northwestern peninsular malaysia. zootaxa 3691 (5): 538–558 - get paper here\ngrismer, l. lee; p. l. wood, jr. , evan s. h. quah, shahrul anuar, ehwan ngadi & norhayati ahmad 2015. a new insular species of rock gecko (cnemaspis boulenger) from pulau langkawi, kedah, peninsular malaysia. zootaxa 3985 (2): 203–218\ndorsal coloration of the type series of cnemaspis thachanaensis sp. nov. , males: (a) byu 62543, (b) byu 62544 (holotype), (c) zmku r 00731, females: (d) zmku r 00729, (e) zmku r 00730, (f) byu 62542 .\nwood, p. l. jr. , quah, e. s. h. , anuar, s. & muin, m. a. (2013) a new species of lowland karst dwelling cnemaspis strauch 1887 (squamata: gekkonidae) from northwestern peninsular malaysia. zootaxa, 3691 (5), 538–558. urltoken\nventral coloration and sexual dichromatism of the type series of cnemaspis thachanaensis sp. nov. , males: (a) byu 62543, (b) byu 62544 (holotype), (c) zmku r 00731, females: (d) zmku r 00729, (e) zmku r 00730, (f) byu 62542 .\ngrismer, l. lee; norhayati ahmad, chan kin onn, daicus belabut, muin, m. a. , perry l. wood, jr, & jesse l. grismer 2009. two new diminutive species of cnemaspis strauch 1887 (squamata: gekkonidae) from peninsular malaysia. zootaxa 2019: 40 - 56 - get paper here\namong the reptiles the following nine species are considered narrow endemics: atractapsis coalescens, chamaeleo eisentrauti, pfeffer' s chameleon (c. pfefferi), four - horned chameleon (c. quadricornis), cnemaspis gigas, leptosiaphos chriswildi, l. ianthinoxantha, angel' s five - toed skink (l. lepesmei) and panaspis duruarum .\ni would like to see more herpetological taxonomic papers in peerj; this is an excellent paper, but i think that a more general audience should be kept in mind when introducing and discussing cnemaspis. i realize that discussing nocturnally / diurnality could take focus away from the main point, but i think a quick, qualitative discussion would help the paper .\nbauer, a. m. , de silva, a. , greenbaum, e. & jackman, t. (2007) a new species of day gecko from high elevation in sri lanka, with a preliminary phylogeny of sri lankan cnemaspis (reptilia, squamata, gekkonidae). mitteilungen aus dem museum für naturkunde in berlin, zoologische reihe, 83, 22–32. urltoken\ngrismer, l. l. , norhayati, a. , chan, k. o. , belabut, d. , muin, m. a. , wood, p. w. jr. & grismer, j. l. (2009) two new diminutive species of cnemaspis strauch 1887 (squamata: gekkonidae) from peninsular malaysia. zootaxa, 2019, 40–56 .\ngrismer, l. lee; montri sumontha, michael cota, jesse l. grismer, perry l. wood, jr. , olivier s. g. pauwels & kirati kunya 2010. a revision and redescription of the rock gecko cnemaspis siamensis (taylor 1925) (squamata: gekkonidae) from peninsular thailand with descriptions of seven new species. zootaxa 2576: 1–55 - get paper here\ngrismer, l. lee; perry l. wood jr. , maketab mohamed, kin onn chan, heather m. heinz, alex s - i. sumarli, jacob a. chan, ariel i. loredo 2013. a new species of karst - adapted cnemaspis strauch, 1887 (squamata: gekkonidae) from a threatened karst region in pahang, peninsular malaysia. zootaxa 3746 (3): 463–472\namarasinghe, a. a. thasun; patrick d. campbell, majintha b. madawala, w. madhava s. botejue, dinesh e. gabadage, anslem de silva, d. m. s. suranjan karunarathna 2016. the re - discovery of live populations of cnemaspis tropidogaster (boulenger, 1885) (sauria, gekkonidae) from sri lanka after 120 years. zootaxa 4200 (3): - get paper here\ngrismer, l. l. ; grismer, j. l. ; wood jr. , p. l. ; chan k. onn 2008. the distribution, taxonomy, and redescription of the geckos cnemaspis affinis (stoliczka 1887) and c. flavolineata (nicholls 1949) with descriptions of a new montane species and two new lowland, karst - dwelling species from peninsular malaysia. zootaxa 1931: 1–24 - get paper here\nchan kin onn, l. l. grismer, shahrul anuar, e. quah, m. a. muin, a. e. savage, j. l. grismer, norhayati ahmad, a. c. remigio, l. f. greer 2010. a new endemic rock gecko cnemaspis strauch 1887 (squamata: gekkonidae) from gunung jerai, kedah, northwestern peninsular malaysia. zootaxa 2576: 59–68 - get paper here\ngrismer, l. l. , grismer, j. l. , wood, jr. , p. l. & chan, k. o. (2008b) the distribution, taxonomy, and redescription of the geckos cnemaspis affinis (stoliczka 1887) and c. flavolineata (nicholls 1949) with descriptions of a new montane species and two new lowland, karst - dwelling species from peninsular malaysia. zootaxa, 1931, 1–24 .\ngrismer, l. l. , sumontha, m. , cota, m. , grismer, j. l. , wood, p. l. jr. , pauwels, o. s. g. & kunya, k. (2010a) a revision and redescription of the rock gecko cnemaspis siamensis (taylor 1925) (squamata: gekkonidae) from peninsular thailand with descriptions of seven new species. zootaxa, 2576, 1–55 .\nfalcaustra desilvai sp. nov. (ascaridida, kathlaniidae) from the large intestine of cnemaspis aff. tropidogaster (squamata, gekkonidae) is described and illustrated. falcaustra desilvai represents the 4th nematode species from sri lanka to be assigned to the genus and is distinguished from other sri lankan species by the distribution pattern of caudal papillae (12 precloacal, 2 adcloacal, 10 postcloacal, and 1 median), length of spicules (956–1046 μm) and absence of a pseudosucker .\ngrismer, l. l. , chan, k. o. , e. quah, mohd, a. m. , a. e. savage, j. l. grismer, norhayati, a. , greer iii 1, l. f. & remegio, a. - c. (2010c) another new, diminutive rock gecko (cnemaspis strauch) from peninsular malaysia and a discussion of resource partitioning in sympatric species pairs. zootaxa, 2569, 55–66 .\nchan, k. o. , grismer, l. l. , anuar, s. , quah, e. , muin, m. a. , savage, a. e. , grismer, j. l. , norhayati, a. , remegio, a. c. & greer, l. f. (2010) a new endemic rock gecko cnemaspis strauch 1887 (squamata: gekkonidae) from gunung jerai, kedah, northwestern peninsular malaysia. zootaxa, 2576, 59–68 .\ngrismer, l. l. , wood, p. l. , jr. , mohamed, m. , chan, k. o. , heinz, h. m. , sumaril, a. s. - i. , chan, j. a. & loredo, a. i. (2013a) a new species of karst - adapted cnemaspis strauch, 1887 (squamata: gekkonidae from a threatened karst region in pahang, peninsular malaysia. zootaxa, 3746 (3), 463–472. urltoken\ngrismer, l. lee; perry l. wood, jr. , amirrudin b. ahmad, alexandra s. - i. sumarli, jessika j. vazquez, lukman h. b. ismail, ronald nance, muhammad afif b. mohd - amin, mohamad n. a. b. othman, syed a. rizaijessika, maria kuss, matthew murdoch, anthony c 2014. a new species of insular rock gecko (genus cnemaspis strauch, 1887) from the bidong archipelago, terengganu, peninsular malaysia. zootaxa 3755 (5): 447–456 - get paper here\njustification: cnemaspis anaikattiensis has been assessed as critically endangered undercriterion c1. it has only recently been described and is only known from its type locality in the anaikatti hills of the western ghats. the western ghats are highly threatened by habitat degradation and this is impacting c. anaikattiensis. there are less than 250 mature individuals in the population and it is likely to experience a 25% decline in population size over the next three years due to the severe habitat destruction occurring throughout its distribution. conservation measures are needed to ensure this species does not become extinct in the near future .\ngrismer, l. l. , wood. p. l. jr. , amirrudin, b. a. , sumarli, a. s. - i. , vazquez, j. j. , ismail, l. h. b. , nance, r. muhammad, a. b. m. - a. , mohamad, n. a. b. o. , syed, a. r. , kuss, m. , murdoch, m. & cobos, a. (2014) a new species of insular rock gecko (genus cnemaspis strauch), 1887) from the bidong archipelago, terengganu, peninsular malaysia. zootaxa, 3755 (5), 447–456. urltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance. if your browser does not accept cookies, you cannot view this site .\nthere are many reasons why a cookie could not be set correctly. below are the most common reasons :\nyou have cookies disabled in your browser. you need to reset your browser to accept cookies or to ask you if you want to accept cookies .\nyour browser asks you whether you want to accept cookies and you declined. to accept cookies from this site, use the back button and accept the cookie .\nyour browser does not support cookies. try a different browser if you suspect this .\nthe date on your computer is in the past. if your computer' s clock shows a date before 1 jan 1970, the browser will automatically forget the cookie. to fix this, set the correct time and date on your computer .\nyou have installed an application that monitors or blocks cookies from being set. you must disable the application while logging in or check with your system administrator .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance by remembering that you are logged in when you go from page to page. to provide access without cookies would require the site to create a new session for every page you visit, which slows the system down to an unacceptable level .\nthis site stores nothing other than an automatically generated session id in the cookie; no other information is captured .\nin general, only the information that you provide, or the choices you make while visiting a web site, can be stored in a cookie. for example, the site cannot determine your email name unless you choose to type it. allowing a website to create a cookie does not give that or any other site access to the rest of your computer, and only the site that created the cookie can read it .\nsri lanka, sw india (kerala), elevation up to 1300 m .\nnote: tdwg regions are generated automatically from the text in the distribution field and not in every cases it works well. we are working on it .\nlectotype: bmnh 71. 12. 14. 49; syntypes: bmnh; nmsl (fide mendis wickramasinghe & munindradasa 2007, but the nmsl types are invalid, fide t. amarasinghe, pers. comm. , 20 oct 2014 )\namarasinghe, a. a. t. , a. m. bauer, i. ineich, j. rudge, m. m. bahir & d. e. gabadage 2009. the original descriptions and figures of sri lankan gekkonid lizards (squamata: gekkonidae) of the 18th, 19th and 20th centuries. taprobanica 1 (2): 83 - 106 - get paper here\nboulenger, g. a. 1885. catalogue of the lizards in the british museum (nat. hist .) i. geckonidae, eublepharidae, uroplatidae, pygopodidae, agamidae. london: 450 pp. - get paper here\ninger, robert f. ; shaffer, h. bradley; koshy, mammen; bakde, ramesh 1984. a report on a collection of amphibians and reptiles from the ponmudi, kerala, south india. j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 81 (3): 551 - 570 - get paper here\nkarunarathna, suranjan; d. m. s. and a. a. thasun amarasinghe 2011. a preliminary survey of the reptile fauna in nilgala forest and its vicinity, monaragala district, sri lanka. taprobanica 3 (02): 69 - 76\nrösler, h. 2000. kommentierte liste der rezent, subrezent und fossil bekannten geckotaxa (reptilia: gekkonomorpha). gekkota 2: 28 - 153\nsomaweera, r. & somaweera, n. 2009. lizards of sri lanka: a colour guide with field keys. chimaira, frankfurt, 304 pp .\ntaylor, e. h. 1953. a review of the lizards of ceylon. univ. kansas sci. bull. 35 (12): 1525 - 1585 - get paper here\nvenugopal, p. d. 2010. an updated and annotated list of indian lizards (reptilia: sauria) based on a review of distribution records and checklists of indian reptiles. journal of threatened taxa 2 (3): 725 - 738. - get paper here\nwermuth, h. 1965. liste der rezenten amphibien und reptilien. gekkonidae, pygopodidae, xantusiidae. das tierreich (80): 1—246\nziesmann, s. ; janzen, p. & klaas, p. 2007. die vielfalt der geckos [ sri lankas ]. draco 7 (30): 38 - 44 - get paper here\nthis database is maintained by peter uetz (database content) and jakob hallermann, zoological museum hamburg (new species and updates) .\ntype locality: ca. 3 km s. of forest rest house, canacona (poinguinim), goa” (south - western india) .\nsharma, r. c. 1976. records of the reptiles of goa. records zoological survey of india 71 (1975): 149 - 167. - get paper here\nmalaysian peninsula, pahang, selangor, johor: pulau tioman, pulau sibu; singapore, indonesia (borneo, pulau sian, anambas, natuna, pulau, tiom) type locality: borneo (02°34. 44 n, 104°19. 53 e) at 100 m elevation .\ndistribution: erroneously reported from india. not listed for new zealand by daugherty et al. (1994). synonymy: dring (1979) included c. mysoriensis in the synonymy of c. kendalli (it is treated as a synonym of c. kandiana here) .\nbeolens, bo; michael watkins, and michael grayson 2011. the eponym dictionary of reptiles. johns hopkins university press, baltimore, usa - get paper here\ncooper jr. , w. e. 2005. duration of movement as a lizard foraging movement variable. herpetologica 61 (4): 363 - 372 - get paper here\ndas, i. 2004. lizards of borneo. natural history publications, kota kinabalu, borneo\nde rooij, n. de 1915. the reptiles of the indo - australian archipelago. i. lacertilia, chelonia, emydosauria. leiden (e. j. brill), xiv + 384 pp .\ngrandison, a. g. c. 1972. the gunong benom expedition 1967. 5. reptiles and amphibians of gunong benom with a description of a new species of macrocalamus. bull. br. mus. nat. hist. (zool .), london, 23: 45 - 101 .\ngray, j. e. 1845. catalogue of the specimens of lizards in the collection of the british museum. trustees of die british museum / edward newman, london: xxvii + 289 pp. - get paper here\ngrismer, l. l. 2011. amphibians and reptiles of the seribuat archipelago. edition chimaira, frankfurt, 239 pp .\ngrismer, l. l. 2011. lizards of peninsular malaysia, singapore and their adjacent archipelagos. edition chimaira, frankfurt, 728 pp. [ review in herp. rev. 43: 155 ] - get paper here\nhendrickson, j. r. 1966. observations on the fauna of pulau tioman and pulau tulai. 5. the reptiles. bull. nat. mus. singapore 34: 53 - 71\nlim, k. k. p. & ng, h. h. 1999. the terrestrial herpetofauna of pulau tioman, peninsular malaysia. raffles bull. zool. , suppl. no. 6: 131 - 155 - get paper here\nmanthey, u. & grossmann, w. 1997. amphibien & reptilien südostasiens. natur und tier verlag (münster), 512 pp. - get paper here\nonn, chan kin; mohd. shahfiz azman, nor azlin and pan khang aun 2009. additions to the herpetofauna of pasoh forest reserve, negeri sembilan, peninsular malaysia. tropical life sciences research, 20 (1): 71–80 - get paper here\nrösler, herbert 1995. geckos der welt - alle gattungen. urania, leipzig, 256 pp .\nsmith, m. a. 1930. the reptilia and amphibia of the malay peninsula fromt he isthmus of kra to singapore, including the adjacent islands. a supplement to g. a. boulenger’s reptilia and batrachia 1912. bull. raffles mus. no. 3: 1 - 149\nteo, r. c. h. & rajathurai, s. 1997. mammals, reptiles and amphibians in the nature reserves of singapore - diversity, abundance and distribution. proc. nature reserves survey seminar. gardens’ bulletin singapore 49: 353 - 425\nwood, perry l. ; hinrich kaiser; stephany < br / > looper; timothy m. youmans; jesse l. < br / > grismer and l. lee grismer 2004. a first report on the herpetofauna of pulau besar, johor, west malaysia. hamadryad 28 (1 & 2): 106 - 109\nwood, perry l. ; timothy m. youmans, < br / > jesse l. grismer, jonathan wheatley, steven wright, cindy valdivia, armando ponce, linda escobar, suzannah amin, porshia baker, joanna bernard, stephany looper, nicholas marsh, linette martin, nicole padilla, 2004. first report of the herpetofauna of pulau sibu, johor, west malaysia. hamadryad 28 (1 & 2): 116 - 119\nindia (nilghiri hills, kerala) type locality: sholakal, near the bottom of the sispara ghat, nilghiri hills (fide wermuth 1965) .\nannandale, n. 1915. herpetological notes and descriptions. records of the indian museum 11: 341 - 347 - get paper here\nbeddome, r. h. 1870. descriptions of new reptiles from the madras presidency. madras monthly j. med. sci. , 2: 169 - 176 [ reprint. : j. soc. bibliogr. nat. sci. , london, 1 (10): 327 - 334, 1940 ]\npalot, m. j. 2015. a checklist of reptiles of kerala, india. journal of threatened taxa 7 (13): 8010–8022 - get paper here\nsmith, m. a. 1935. the fauna of british india, including ceylon and burma. reptiles and amphibia, vol. ii. sauria. taylor and francis, london, 440 pp .\ntheobald, w. 1876. descriptive catalogue of the reptiles of british india. thacker, spink & co. , calcutta: xiii + 238 pp. - get paper here\ntype locality: kissenyi am kiwu - see (belgisch ruanda - urundi), uvira am tanganyika - see (belgisch - congo) und rugege - wald .\nbauer, a. m. & günther, r. 1991. an annotated type catalogue of the geckos (reptilia: gekkonidae) in the zoological museum, berlin. mitt. zool. mus. berlin 67: 279 - 310\nloveridge, a. 1947. revision of the african lizards of the family gekkondiae. bull. mus. comp. zool. harvard 98: 1 - 469 - get paper here\nloveridge, a. 1957. on a third collection of reptiles taken in tanganyika by c. j. p. ionides, esq. tanganyika notes and records 43: 1 - 19\nspawls, steve; kim howell, harald hinkel, michele menegon 2018. field guide to east african reptiles. bloomsbury, 624 pp. - get paper here\nsternfeld, r. 1912. iv. zoologie ii. lfg. reptilia. in: schubotz. , r. (ed .): wissenschaftliche ergebnisse der deutschen zentral - afrika expedition 1907 - 1908, unter führung a. friedrichs, herzogs zu mecklenburg. klinkhard und biermann, leipzig: 197 - 279 [ published 1912, not 1913, as often cited, see männel & kucharzewski 2017 ] - get paper here\nw malaysia (perak) type locality: 1351 m elevation, bukit larut, perak, peninsular malaysia (04°51. 715 n, 100°47. 993) .\nholotype: zrc 2. 6765, adult male, collected on 24 march 2008 by l. lee grismer at 0130 hrs .\n“this species is named in honor of professor jimmy a. mcguire for his extensive and insightful contributions into the evolutionary biology of some of the more complex components of the herpetofauna of southeast asia and for his tireless field work and observations at bukit larut which ultimately resulted in the discovery of other new species of amphibians and reptiles. ”\nboulenger, g. a. 1903. report on the batrachians and reptiles. fasciculi malayensis, zool. , 1: 130 - 176. - get paper here\nboulenger, g. a. 1912. a vertebrate fauna of the malay peninsula from the isthmus of kra to singapore incl. the adjacent islands. reptilia and amphibia. london (taylor & francis), xiii + 298 s. - get paper here\ngrismer, l. lee; chan k. onn, jesse l. grismer, perry l. wood, jr. , and a. norhayati 2010. a checklist of the herpetofauna of the banjaran bintang, peninsular malaysia. russ. j. herpetol. 17 (2): 147 - 160 - get paper here\nlaidlaw, f. 1901. on a collection of lizards from the malay peninsula, made by members of the “skeat expedition, ” 1899–1900. proc. zool. soc. london 1901 (i): 301 - 311 - get paper here\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\nis endemic to india. though smith (1935) has opined that this species is found in hills of southern india as far north as 130 latitude and up to an altitude of 3000 ft, and murthy (1985, 1990), tikader and sharma (1992), sharma (2002), ishwar\n( 2009) report confirmed sightings from agara village, indira nagar, kanakapura village and sarjapura that are in and around bangalore city and one report from mysore. the species has been recently collected from bannimantap (in mysore city), t. narsipur taluk in mysore district (b. h. c. k. murthy pers. comm. march 2011). it occurs at elevations between 700 to 920 m asl .\n( 2009) report it to be common in and around bangalore from where it has been collected recently and redescribed. it is also common in mysore and is sympatric with\nand on a stone wall. individuals of this species were observed throughout the day (giri\nnothing is known about the threats to this species. it is partly commensal and its unclear how anthropogenic activities may impact the populations .\nthere are no known species - specific conservation measures in place for this species .\nis not known from any protected areas. surveys to determine distribution of the species is recommended .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\nde silva, r. , milligan, h. t. , wearn, o. r. , wren, s. , zamin, t. , sears, j. , wilson, p. , lewis, s. , lintott, p. & powney, g .\nthis species is currently only known from the type locality in the anaikatti hills in the western ghats, india (mukherjee et al. 2005). surveys within the surrounding 10 km² area of dry deciduous forest only located seven specimens, with a subsequent survey failing to locate any individuals at the type locality (n. matthews pers. comm. 2010) .\nsurveys of the area in which this species is found, carried out between 2002 and 2005, suggests that there are no more than 250 mature individuals of this species (n. mathews pers. comm. 2010). in fact, only seven individuals were found in a recent survey, and none in a follow up survey six months later (n. mathews pers. comm. 2010) .\nthis species inhabits dry deciduous forests where it can be found in rocky stream beds (mukherjee et al. 2005). it is diurnal, and is most active at dawn and dusk .\nhabitat loss and degradation is a major threat to the western ghats. this species' dry deciduous forest habitat is being lost due to logging and habitat conversion. riparian areas, which provide important micro - habitats for this species, are being degraded, for example through local fire regimes (n. matthews pers. comm. 2010) .\nthere are no species - specific conservation measures for this species. further research is needed to confirm the current distribution, and population trend of this species. conservation measures, such as establishing a protected area where this species is found, and legal protection should be considered .\n, from one of 92 islands in the rach gia bay, southern vietnam, which has a unique mixture of greenish yellow, blue - grey, black streaks, and bright orange with yellow bars .\nprior to 2007, there was a single species of the gecko genus from vietnam. in the past seven years, four new species have been discovered there, plus one each from borneo and cambodia, and 11 from peninsular malaysia. at least 14 additional new asian species are soon to be named .\nscientists are pondering why this species of diurnal lizard found in rocky, forested terrain has such unique colouration. until more field studies are completed, we can only speculate. sexual selection is ruled out because males and females are similar in appearance. it is not camouflage because the lizards are very conspicuous. perhaps it is aposematism, appearing distasteful to predators .\nquentin wheeler is director of the international institute for species exploration, arizona state university .\n© 2018 guardian news and media limited or its affiliated companies. all rights reserved .\nnorhayati ahmad institute for environment and development, (lestari), universiti kebangsaan malaysia, 43600 bangi, selangor darul ehsan, malaysia .\nmontri sumontha ranong fisheries marine station, 157 m. 1, saphan - pla road, paknam, muang, ranong 85000, thailand\nl. lee grismer, perry jr l. wood, shahrul anuar, awal riyanto, norhayati ahmad, mohd a. muin, montri sumontha, jesse l. grismer, chan kin onn, evan s. h. quah, olivier s. a. pauwels\nauliya, m. a. (2006) taxonomy, life history and conservation of giant reptiles i west kalimantan. natur und tier – verlag gmbh, münster, 432 pp .\nbaker, n. & lim, k. (2008) wild animals of singapore. a photographic guide to mammals, reptiles, amphibians and freshwater fishes. draco publishing and distribution pte. ltd. and nature society, singapore, 180 pp .\nbauer, a. m. (2013) geckos. the animal answer guide. john hopkins university press, baltimore, 159 pp .\nbell, r. c. , mackenzie, j. b. , hickerson, m. j. , chavarría, k. l. , cunningham, m. , williams, s. & mortitz, c. (2011) comparative multi - locus phylogeography confirms multiple vicariance events in co - distributed rainforest frogs. proceedings of the royal society b biological series, 279, 991–999. urltoken\nbell, r. c. , parra, j. l. , tonione, m. , hoskin, c. j. mackenzie, j. b. , williams, s. e. & moritz, c. (2010) patterns of persistence and isolation indicate resilience to climate change in montane rainforest lizards. molecular ecology, 19, 2531–42544. urltoken\nbird, m. i. , taylor, d. & hunt c. (2005) paleoenvironments of insular southeast asia during the last glacial period: a savanna corridor in sundaland? quaternary science reviews, 24, 2228–2242. urltoken\nboulenger, g. a. (1885) catalogue of the lizards in the british museum (natural history). i. geckonidae, eublepharidae, uroplatidae, pygopodidae, agamidae. taylor & francis, london (trustees of the british museum), 436 pp. urltoken\nboulenger, g. a. (1903) report on the batrachians and reptiles. in: fasciculii malayenses. anthropological and zoological results of an expedition to perak and the siamese malay states 1901–1902, undertaken by nelson annandale and herbert c. robinson. volume 1. zoology. university press, liverpool, pp. 130–176. urltoken\nboulenger, g. a. (1912) a vertebrate fauna of the malay peninsula from the isthmus of kra to singapore including the adjacent islands. reptilia and batrachia. taylor & francis, london, 294 pp. urltoken\nbrongersma, l. d. (1934) contributions to indo - australian herpetology. e. j. brill, leyden, 251 pp .\nbullock, j. a. (1966) 7. the food of the amphibians and reptiles. bulletin of the national museum, singapore, 34, 85–96 .\ncamargo, a. , avila, l. , morando, m. & sites, j. (2012) accuracy and precision of species trees: effects of locus, individual, and base pair sampling on inference of species trees in lizards of the liolaemus darwinii group (squamata, liolaemidae). systematic biology, 61, 272–288. urltoken\ncannon, c. h. (2012) quaternary dynamics of sundaland forests. in: gower, d. j. , johnson, k. g. , richardson, j. e. , rosen, b. r. , rüber, l. & williams, s. t. (eds .), biotic evolution and environmental change in southeast asia. cambridge university press, cambridge, pp. 115–137 .\ncannon, c. h. , morley, r. j. & bush, a. b. g. (2009) the current refugial rainforests of sundaland are unrepresentative of their biogeographic past and highly vulnerable to disturbance. proceedings of the national academy of sciences, 106, 11188–93 .\ncattulo, g. , masia, m. , falcucci, a. , maioranob, l. , rondininib, c. & boitani, l. (2008) a gap analysis of southeast asian mammals based on habitat suitability models. biological conservation, 141, 2730–2744 .\nchan - ard, t. , grossmann, w. , gumprecht, a. & schultz, k. - d. (1999) amphibians and reptiles of peninsular malaysia and thailand. bushmaster publications, wuerselen. 240 pp .\ncobbing, e. j. , pitfield, p. e. j. , darbyshire, d. p. f. & mallick, d. i. j. (1992) the granites of the south - east asian tin belt. british geological survey overseas memoir, 10. her majesty’s stationary office, london, 396 pp .\ncorlett, r. t. (2009) the ecology of tropical east asia. oxford university press, oxford, 262 pp .\ncox, m. j. , van dijk, p. p. , nabhitabhata, j. & thirakhupt, k. (1998) a photographic guide to snakes and other reptiles of peninsular malaysia, singapore and thailand. new holland publishers ltd. , london, 144 pp .\ndarevsky, i. s. (1990) notes on the reptiles (squamata) of some offshore islands along the coast of vietnam. in: peters, g. & hutterer, r. (eds .), vertebrates in the tropics. museum alexander koening, bonn, pp. 125–129 .\ndarevsky, i. s. (1999) the herpetofauna of some offshore islands of vietnam, as related to that of the adjacent mainland. in: ota, h. (ed .), tropical island herpetofauna: origin, current diversity, and conservation. elsevier science b. v. , amsterdam, pp. 27–42 .\ndas i. (2006) a photographic guide to the snakes and other reptiles of borneo. new holland publishers, london, 144 pp .\ndas, i. (2010) a field guide to the reptiles of south - east asia. new holland publishers, london, united kingdom, 376 pp .\nde bruyn, m. , nugroho, n. , hossain, m. m. , wilson, j. c. & mather, p. b. (2005) phylogeographic evidence for the existence of an ancient biogeographic barrier: the isthmus of kra seaway. heredity, 94, 370– - 378. urltoken\nde rooij, n. (1915) the reptiles of the indo - australian archipelago. i. lacertilia, chelonia, emydosauria. e. j. brill ltd. , leiden, 384 pp. urltoken\ndenzer, w. & manthey, u. (1991) a nominal checklist of the lizards inhabiting peninsular malaysia and singapore. raffles bulletin of zoology 39, 309–322 .\ndrummond, a. j. , ashton, b. , buxton, s. , cheung, m. , cooper, a. , duran, c. , field, m. , heled, j. , kearse, m. , markowitz, s. , moir, r. , stones - havas, s. , sturrock, s. , thierer, t. & wilson, a. (2011) geneious v5. 6, available from: http: / / www. geneious. com / (accessed 1 october 2014 )\nflower, s. s. (1896) notes on a second collection of batrachians made in the malay peninsula 1895–96, with a list of the species recorded from that region. proceedings of the zoological society of london, 1896, 856–914 .\nflower, s. s. (1899) notes on a second collection of reptiles made in the malay peninsula and siam. proceedings of the zoological society of london 1899, 600–696 .\ngamble, t. , greenbaum, e. , jackman, t. r. , russell, a. p. & bauer, a. m. (2012) repeated origin and loss of adhesive toepads in geckos. plos one, 7, 1–10. urltoken\ngrandison, a. g. c. (1972) the gunong benom expedition 1967. 5. reptiles and amphibians of gunong benom with a description of a new species of macrocalamus. bulletin of the british museum of natural history (zoology), 23, 45–101 .\ngray, j. e. (1845) catalogue of the specimens of lizards in the british museum. elibron classics, london, 289 pp. urltoken\ngrismer, l. l. (2008) a revised and updated checklist of the lizards of peninsular malaysia. zootaxa, 1860, 28–34. urltoken\ngrismer, l. l. (2011a) lizards of peninsular malaysia, singapore and their adjacent archipelagos. edition chimaira, frankfürt am main, 728 pp .\ngrismer, l. l. (2011b) field guide to the amphibians and reptiles of the seribuat archipelago, peninsular malaysia. edition chimaira, frankfurt am main, 258 pp .\ngrismer, l. l. , anuar, s. , muin, m. a. quah, e. s. h. & wood, p. l. jr. (2013c) phylogenetic relationships and description of a new upland species of bent - toed gecko (cyrtodactylus gray, 1827) of the c. sworderi complex from northeastern peninsular malaysia. zootaxa, 3616 (3), 239–252. urltoken\ngrismer, l. l. , grismer, j. l. , wood, p. l. jr. , ngo, v. t. , neang, t. & chan, k. o. (2011a) herpetology on the fringes of the sunda shelf: a discussion of discovery, taxonomy, and biogeography. bonner zoologische monographien, 57, 57–97 .\ngrismer, l. l. , neang, t. , chav, t. & grismer, j. l. (2008c) checklist of the amphibians and reptiles of the cardamom region of southwestern cambodia. cambodian journal of natural history, 1, 12–28 .\ngrismer, l. l. , neang, t. , chav, t. wood, p. l. jr. , oaks, j. r. , holden, j. , grismer, j. l. , szutz, t. r. & youmans, t. m. (2008d) additional amphibians and reptiles from the phnom samkos wildlife sanctuary in the northwestern cardamom mountains, cambodia, with comments on their taxonomy and the discovery of three new species. raffles bulletin of zoology, 56, 161–175 .\ngrismer, l. l. , wood, p. l. jr. , quah, e. s. h. , shahrul, a. , muin, m. a. , sumontha, m. , norhayati, a. , bauer, a. m. , wangkulangkul, s. , grismer, j. l. & pauwels, o. s. g. (2012) a phylogeny and taxonomy of the thai - malay peninsula bent - toed geckos of the cyrtodactylus pulchellus complex (squamata: gekkonidae): combined morphological and molecular analyses with descriptions of seven new species. zootaxa, 3520, 1–55 .\ngrismer, l. l. , youmans, t. m. , wood, p. l. jr. & grismer, j. l. (2006) checklist of the herpetofauna of the seribuat archipelago, west malaysia with comments on biogeography, natural history and adaptive types. raffles bulletin of zoology, 54, 157–180 .\ngünther, a. (1895) the reptiles and batrachians of the natuna islands. novitates zoologicae, 2, 499–502 .\nhall, r. (1998) the plate tectonics of cenozoic se asia and the distribution of land and sea. in: hall, r. & holloway, j. d. (eds .), biogeography and geological evolution of southeast asia. backhuys, leiden, pp. 99–131\nhall, r. (2001) cenozoic reconstructions of se asia and the sw pacific: changing patterns of land and sea. in: metcalfe, i. , smith, j. m. b. , morwood, m. & davidson, i. (eds .), faunal and floral migrations and evolution in se asia - australasia. balkema, lisse, pp. 35–56 .\nhall, r. (2002) cenozoic geological and plate tectonic evolution of se asia and the sw pacific: computer - based reconstructions and animations. journal of asian earth sciences, 20, 353–434 .\nhall, r. (2012) sundaland and wallacea: geology, plate tectonics and paleogeography. in: gower, d. j. , johnson, k. g. , richardson, j. e. , rosen, b. r. , rüber, l. & williams, s. t. (eds .), biotic evolution and environmental change in southeast asia. cambridge university press, cambridge, pp. 32–78 .\nhendrickson, j. r. (1966) observations of the fauna of pulau tioman and pulau tulai. 5. the reptiles. bulletin of the national museum, singapore, 34, 53–71 .\nhudson, r. r. & turelli, m. (2003) stochasticity overrules the ‘three - times rule’: genetic drift, genetic draft, and coalescent times for nuclear loci versus mitochondrial dna. evolution, 57, 182–190 .\nhuelsenbeck, j. p. & ronquist, f. (2001) mrbayes: bayesian inference of phylogenetic trees. bioinformatics (oxford), 17, 754–755 .\nhuelsenbeck, j. p. , ronquist, f. , nielsen, r. & bollback, j. p. (2001) bayesian inference of phylogeny and its impact on evolutionary biology. science, 294, 2310–2314 .\nhughes, j. b. , round, p. d. & woodruff, d. s. (2003) the indochinese - sundaic faunal transition at the isthmus of kra: an analysis of resident forest bird species distributions. journal of biogeography, 30, 569–580 .\njohnson, c. b. , quah, e. s. h. , anuar, s. , muin, m. a. , wood, p. l. jr. , grismer, j. l. , greer, l. f. , chan, k. o. , norhayati, a. , bauer, a. m. & grismer, l. l. (2012) phylogeography, geographic variation, and taxonomy of the bent - toed gecko cyrtodactylus quadrivirgatus taylor, 1962 from peninsular malaysia with the description of a new swamp dwelling species. zootaxa, 3406, 39–58 .\nkluge, a. g. (1987) cladistic relationships among the gekkonoidea. miscellaneous publications of the museum of zoology, university of michigan, 173, 1–54." ]

{ "text": [ "cnemaspis is a genus of diurnal ( day ) geckos found in asia .", "with around 75 species , it is one of the most diverse genera of geckos or even lizards . " ], "topic": [ 14, 26 ] }

[ "cnemaspis is a genus of diurnal (day) geckos found in asia. with around 75 species, it is one of the most diverse genera of geckos or even lizards." ]

[ "no one has contributed data records for cynomops yet. learn how to contribute .\nsome put cynomops in the genus molossops, however, it is now recognized as cynomops (peters et al. 2002). cynomps mexicanus was removed from greenhalli .\ncynomops generally is regarded as either a monophyletic genus or, in some cases, a subgenus of molossops. in the molecular analysis, species traditionally included within molossops and cynomops each comprised two well - supported monophyletic lineages. the data also support the recognition of cynomops and molossops as divergent lineages worthy of generic status. species limits and phylogenetic relationships within cynomops, however, remain unresolved (peters et al. 2002) .\ncynomops abrasus is known from northern and central south america on the eastern side of the andes in venezuela, guyana, suriname, french guiana, ecuador, peru, and brazil, south into paraguay and northern argentina (simmons 2005, eger 2008, gardner 2008). in argentina, it only occupies the provinces of misiones, formosa and santiago del estero (barquez et al. 1999) .\ndb = nuccore | term = (cynomops% 20paranus) | query = 1 | qty = 2 | blobid = ncid _ 1 _ 154183778 _ 130. 14. 18. 34 _ 9001 _ 1531217581 _ 498241250 _ 0meta0 _ s _ megastore _ f _ 1 | ismultiple = false | min _ list = 5 | max _ list = 20 | def _ tree = 20 | def _ list = | def _ view = | url = / taxonomy / backend / subset. cgi? | trace _ url = / stat ?\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference (book, 2005) [ worldcat. org ]\nyour web browser is not enabled for javascript. some features of worldcat will not be available .\nyour list has reached the maximum number of items. please create a new list with a new name; move some items to a new or existing list; or delete some items .\nnote: citations are based on reference standards. however, formatting rules can vary widely between applications and fields of interest or study. the specific requirements or preferences of your reviewing publisher, classroom teacher, institution or organization should be applied .\nthe e - mail address (es) field is required. please enter recipient e - mail address (es) .\nthe e - mail address (es) you entered is (are) not in a valid format. please re - enter recipient e - mail address (es) .\ni thought you might be interested in this item at urltoken title: mammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference author: don e wilson; deeann m reeder publisher: baltimore: johns hopkins university press, ©2005. isbn / issn: 0801882214 9780801882210 0801882389 9780801882388 0801882397 9780801882395 oclc: 57557352\nwilson and reeder' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today. the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and, for the first time, common names. each concise entry covers type locality, distribution, synonyms, and major reference sources. the systematic arrangement of\ninformation indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level. this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\n- - publisher' s website .\nplease choose whether or not you want other users to be able to see on your profile that this library is a favorite of yours .\nthis indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\na uniquely valuable compendium of taxonomic and distributional data on the world' s living and historically extinct mammalian species. contributors and editors alike deserve the thanks of all\nadd tags for\nmammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference\n.\nyou may have already requested this item. please select ok if you would like to proceed with this request anyway .\nwilson and reeder' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today. the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and, for the first time, common names. each concise entry covers type locality, distribution, synonyms, and major reference sources. the systematic arrangement of information indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level. this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\n- - publisher' s website .\nworldcat is the world' s largest library catalog, helping you find library materials online. learn more ››\ndon' t have an account? you can easily create a free account .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\njustification: listed as data deficient since, although it has been recorded over a very wide area, there are only very few records, and very little is known about its status and habitat requirements .\nthere have been insufficient captures in the southern cone (the southernmost areas of south america) (barquez pers. comm .) .\nthis is an open - air insectivore (lópez - gonzález 2004), it is restricted to forests, in high and dense forests in argentina. in paraguay it is found near floodable lands (lópez - gonzález 2004) .\nthere have been no recent studies of this species. the area of occurrence must be defined .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\njustification: this species is listed as least concern because it is widely distributed and unlikely to be declining fast enough to be included in any of the threatened categories .\nthis species is found in central and south america. this bat is distributed through peru, ecuador, venezuela, guianas, suriname and northestern brazil, and trinidad (simmons 2005). this species appears to occupy the northern portions of the range of south america, and is replaced by c. abrasus farther south (eisenberg 1989). it occurs in the lowlands to 1, 500 m asl .\nthis bat is indistinguishable in the field from c. paranus. it is an aerial insectivore and appears to be rare but this may be a relict of sampling bias .\nit occurs at low elevations in association with multistratal tropical forest in venezuela (handley 1976). it is present in deciduous and evergreen forest and clearings, often near water (reid 1997). it has been found roosting in small groups (reid 1997) or in colonies of 50 - 75 (goodwin and greenhall 1961) in hollow branches and buildings (reid 1997). activity begins soon after sunset, and most records are from individuals caught in mist nets set over streams or ponds (gardner et al. 1970, valdez and laval 1971) .\ncopyright © 1999 - 2018 john wiley & sons, inc. all rights reserved\nenter your email address below. if your address has been previously registered, you will receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password. if you don' t receive an email, you should register as a new user\nwarning: the ncbi web site requires javascript to function. more ...\nformat summary genbank genbank (full) fasta asn. 1 xml insdseq xml tinyseq xml feature table accession list gi list gff3\nfinds sub - sequence or patterns in the sequence and highlights the matching region. the tool works with standard single letter nucleotide or protein codes including ambiguities and can match prosite patterns in protein sequences. more ...\nyou came across this error because the pageyou were trying to visit does not exist .\nwe' ve recently redesigned the site so old links may not work. have a look at some of these changes .\nyou may want to update your bookmarks or try to find the updated information using the links below. if you are still unable to find the information you are looking for, please contact the webmaster using the information below .\nfaculties / academics - find links to all faculties, departments and other academic resources e. g. handbooks, prospectus\nmedia centre - find media relations information here eg. news releases, events and announcements information\nprogrammes - view the faculty booklets containing the programmes available at the st. augustine campus\nresearch & innovation - view the cutting - edge research being done at the st. augustine campus\ncopyright 2015 the university of the west indies st. augustine, trinidad and tobago\nour 7 faculties, professional schools offer more than 200 programs to some 15, 000 graduate, undergraduate and continuing studies students .\nthe uwi, st. augustine ranks first in trinidad and tobago among accredited tertiary - level programmes .\nkari pihlaviita added the finnish common name\nparaguaynpikkuhännäkkö\nto\nmolossops planirostris (peters, 1866 )\n.\nkari pihlaviita added the finnish common name\nbrasilianpikkuhännäkkö\nto\nmolossops greenhalli (goodwin, 1958 )\n.\nkari pihlaviita added the finnish common name\nkanelipikkuhännäkkö\nto\nmolossops abrasus (temminck, 1827 )\n.\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\nto cite this page: myers, p. , r. espinosa, c. s. parr, t. jones, g. s. hammond, and t. a. dewey. 2018. the animal diversity web (online). accessed at https: / / animaldiversity. org .\ndisclaimer: the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. adw doesn' t cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283, drl 0628151, due 0633095, drl 0918590, and due 1122742. additional support has come from the marisla foundation, um college of literature, science, and the arts, museum of zoology, and information and technology services .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nsimmons, nancy b. / wilson, don e. , and deeann m. reeder, eds .\nmammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference, 3rd ed. , vols. 1 & 2\ncomments: formerly considered a subspecies of greenhalli (e. g. , koopman, 1994) but apparently distinct, see peters et al. (2002), also see discussion in simmons and voss (1998 )\ndisclaimer: itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available, and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties. however, it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes. while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available, ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party, wildlife statutes, regulations, and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register. for further information on u. s. legal requirements with respect to protected taxa, please contact the u. s. fish and wildlife service." ]

{ "text": [ "cynomops is a genus of central and south american bats in the family molossidae .", "it has sometimes been considered a subgenus of molossops .", "it contains the following species : cinnamon dog-faced bat ( c. abrasus ) greenhall 's dog-faced bat ( c. greenhalli ) mexican dog-faced bat ( c. mexicanus ) para dog-faced bat ( c. paranus ) southern dog-faced bat ( c. planirostris )" ], "topic": [ 26, 26, 25 ] }

[ "cynomops is a genus of central and south american bats in the family molossidae. it has sometimes been considered a subgenus of molossops. it contains the following species: cinnamon dog-faced bat (c. abrasus) greenhall's dog-faced bat (c. greenhalli) mexican dog-faced bat (c. mexicanus) para dog-faced bat (c. paranus) southern dog-faced bat (c. planirostris )" ]

[ "caloreas multimarginata (braun, 1925) includes as a synonym 2640. 1 caloreas melanifera (keifer, 1937) in the 1983 hodges checklist. powell & opler (1996: 122) treated caloreas melanifera as a species but comment that c. melanifera, multimarginata, leucobasis, and augustella may be a single widespread species .\ncaloreas charmonica is a moth in the choreutidae family. it was described by walsingham in 1914. it is found in mexico .\ncaloreas caliginosa is a moth in the choreutidae family. it was described by braun in 1921. it is found in north america .\ncaloreas enantia is a moth in the choreutidae family. it was described by walsingham in 1914. it is found in central america .\ncaloreas lactibasis is a moth in the choreutidae family. it was described by walsingham in 1914. it is found in central america .\ncaloreas loxotenes is a moth in the choreutidae family. it was described by walsingham in 1914. it is found in central america .\ncaloreas coloradella is a moth in the choreutidae family. it was described by dyar in 1900. it is found in north america, where it has been recorded from colorado and new mexico .\nphotographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed. contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\npowell, j. a. & p. a. opler, moths of western north america, pl. 12. 12f, 12. 13m; p. 122. book review and ordering\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29: registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin, july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia, june 4 - 7. photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona, july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell, iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\nmicrolepidoptera of northern utah braun, annette. 1925. transactions of the american entomological society, 51 (3), 183 - 226 .\ndisclaimer: dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service. we strive to provide accurate information, but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world. if you need expert professional advice, contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content. click the contributor' s name for licensing and usage information. everything else copyright © 2003 - 2018 iowa state university, unless otherwise noted .\nselect your preferred way to display the comments and click' save settings' to activate your changes .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nhodges, r. w. et al. , eds. 1983. check list of the lepidoptera of america north of mexico. e. w. classey limited and the wedge entomological research foundation, london. 284 pp .\ndue to latency between updates made in state, provincial or other natureserve network databases and when they appear on natureserve explorer, for state or provincial information you may wish to contact the data steward in your jurisdiction to obtain the most current data. please refer to\ndistribution data for u. s. states and canadian provinces is known to be incomplete or has not been reviewed for this taxon .\nuse the generic guidelines for the application of occurrence ranks (2008). the key for ranking species occurrences using the generic approach provides a step - wise process for implementing this method .\nzoological data developed by natureserve and its network of natural heritage programs (see local programs) and other contributors and cooperators (see sources) .\npoole, r. w. , and p. gentili (eds .). 1996. nomina insecta nearctica: a checklist of the insects of north america. volume 3 (diptera, lepidoptera, siphonaptera). entomological information services, rockville, md .\nthe small print: trademark, copyright, citation guidelines, restrictions on use, and information disclaimer .\nnote: all species and ecological community data presented in natureserve explorer at urltoken were updated to be current with natureserve' s central databases as of november 2016. note: this report was printed on\ntrademark notice :\nnatureserve\n, natureserve explorer, the natureserve logo, and all other names of natureserve programs referenced herein are trademarks of natureserve. any other product or company names mentioned herein are the trademarks of their respective owners .\ncopyright notice: copyright © 2017 natureserve, 4600 n. fairfax dr. , 7th floor, arlington virginia 22203, u. s. a. all rights reserved. each document delivered from this server or web site may contain other proprietary notices and copyright information relating to that document. the following citation should be used in any published materials which reference the web site .\nnatureserve. 2017. natureserve explorer: an online encyclopedia of life [ web application ]. version 7. 1. natureserve, arlington, virginia. available http: / / explorer. natureserve. org. (accessed :\nridgely, r. s. , t. f. allnutt, t. brooks, d. k. mcnicol, d. w. mehlman, b. e. young, and j. r. zook. 2003. digital distribution maps of the birds of the western hemisphere, version 1. 0. natureserve, arlington, virginia, usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with robert ridgely, james zook, the nature conservancy - migratory bird program, conservation international - cabs, world wildlife fund - us, and environment canada - wildspace .\npatterson, b. d. , g. ceballos, w. sechrest, m. f. tognelli, t. brooks, l. luna, p. ortega, i. salazar, and b. e. young. 2003. digital distribution maps of the mammals of the western hemisphere, version 1. 0. natureserve, arlington, virginia, usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with bruce patterson, wes sechrest, marcelo tognelli, gerardo ceballos, the nature conservancy - migratory bird program, conservation international - cabs, world wildlife fund - us, and environment canada - wildspace .\niucn, conservation international, and natureserve. 2004. global amphibian assessment. iucn, conservation international, and natureserve, washington, dc and arlington, virginia, usa .\ndata developed as part of the global amphibian assessment and provided by iucn - world conservation union, conservation international and natureserve .\nno graphics available from this server can be used, copied or distributed separate from the accompanying text. any rights not expressly granted herein are reserved by natureserve. nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring by implication, estoppel, or otherwise any license or right under any trademark of natureserve. no trademark owned by natureserve may be used in advertising or promotion pertaining to the distribution of documents delivered from this server without specific advance permission from natureserve. except as expressly provided above, nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring any license or right under any natureserve copyright .\n). your comments will be very valuable in improving the overall quality of our databases for the benefit of all users .\n[ nacl ]; hodges, 1983 check list of the lepidoptera of america north of mexico check list lep. am. n of mexico\nif you have corrections, comments or information to add into these pages, just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources, and may include many inaccuracies. expert help is welcome .\na taxon identifier is composed of name, author, year and attribute, all separated by a blank. these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication. the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words (genus and species) separated by a blank .\nthe author' s name is made up of a string of letters, with no blanks, and multiple authors' names are separated by a comma. spelling of author' s name is based on the original publication. if there are more than three authors, only the names of the first two authors are shown, followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets. this is rarely needed, but to differentiate homo - identifiers, this will contain the page, line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks, hyphens, and apostrophes are eliminated, thus only the following characters are used: a to z, a to z, 0 to 9, blank, comma, and opening and closing square brackets. although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition, it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions (contact information) with supporting references, possibly with pdf or hard copy .\nthe forewings have a distinctive cream base. beyond the base, they are heavily marked with black spots and bluish scaling. the median area and terminal line have chocolate brown shading and some cream is visible in postmedial area. the fringe is brownish. the hindwings are warm brown, but slightly darker toward the outer margin. the fringe is paler brown. the head and thorax are cream and the abdomen is brown with light scales at the end of each segment." ]

{ "text": [ "caloreas multimarginata is a moth in the choreutidae family .", "it was described by braun in 1925 .", "it is found in north america , where it has been recorded from utah and california . " ], "topic": [ 2, 5, 20 ] }

[ "caloreas multimarginata is a moth in the choreutidae family. it was described by braun in 1925. it is found in north america, where it has been recorded from utah and california." ]

[ "phor robertson, 1903: p. 174, 175, 176; type species: nomada integra robertson, 1893 (not brullé, 1832) = nomada integrrima dalla torre, 1896, by original designation .\ncentrias robertson, 1903: p. 174, 176; type species: nomada erigeronis robertson, 1897, by original designation .\ncephen robertson, 1903: p. 174, 176; type species: nomada texana cresson, 1872, by original designation .\ngnathias robertson, 1903: p. 173, 174, 175; type species: nomada bella cresson, 1863, by original designation .\nholonomada robertson, 1903: p. 174, 175, 176; type species: nomada superba cresson, 1863, by original designation .\nnomada scopoli, 1770: p. 44; type species: apis ruficornis linnaeus, 1758, by designation of curtis, 1832: pl. 419 .\nwith over 850 species, the genus nomada is one of the largest genera in the family apidae, and the largest genus of cleptoparasitic\ncuckoo bees\n. they occur worldwide, and use many different types of bees as hosts, primarily the genus andrena .\nxanthidium robertson, 1903: p. 174, 175, 177 (not ehrenberg, 1833); type species: nomada luteola olivier, 1811, by original designation. [ this name is preoccupies but since it is a synonym, has not been replaced - mich. 2000: p. 625 ] .\nthe species groups recognized for nomada have been classified as per alexander & schwarz, 1994 [ univ. sci. kans. sci. , bull. 55 (7): 239 - 270 ]. these species groups have been related to previously used genus - group names by michener (2000: p. 625) .\nhypochrotaenia holmberg, 1886: p. 234, 273; type species: hypochrotaenia parvula holmberg, 1886, monobasic .\nnomadita mocsáry, 1894: p. 37; type species: nomadita montana mocsáry, 1894, monobasic .\nlamproapis cameron, 1902: p. 419; type species: lamproapis maculipennis cameron, 1902, monobasic .\nnomadosoma rohwer, 1911: p. 24; type species: pasites pilipes cresson, 1865, by original designation .\npolybiapis cockerell, 1916 en 27: p. 208; type species: polybiapis minus cockerell, 1916, by original designation .\ncameron, 1897 mms 41 (4): p. 123 (furva group )\nnurse, 1903 amnh (7) xi: p. 543 (ruficornis group )\nnurse, 1903 amnh (7) xi: p. 544 (ruficornis group )\nnurse, 1903 amnh (7) xi: p. 544 (ruficornis group )\nmorawitz, 1877 hser 14: p. 107; (ruficornis group) [ coxalis only? in nurse, 1904 jbnhs xv: p. 572, from quetta ]\nmorawitz, 1874 hser 10: p. 181; (furva group) [ in nurse, 1904 jbnhs xv: p. 572, from quetta ]\npanzer, 1798 fig, heft 55: p. 23; (furva group) [ furva only? in nurse, 1904 jbnhs xv: p. 572, from quetta ]\nmorawitz, 1872 vzbgw 22: p. 380 [ = cincta lepeletier, 1841: p. 484; = olympica schmeideknecht, 1882: p. 176 ] (ruficornis group) [ in nurse, 1904 jbnhs xv: p. 572, from quetta ]\nmeade - waldo, 1913 amnh (8) 12: p. 98 (furva group )\nmeade - waldo, 1913 amnh (8) 12: p. 99 (furva group )\nmeade - waldo, 1913 amnh (8) 12: p. 100 (furva group )\n[ western part of the state is the present day punjab in pakistan ] .\nby the same author for the authors' linked references mentioned in this document .\ninaugural release 26 sept. , 2003 revised and continued up to 26 nov. 2009 on url: urltoken. redesigned and released on url: urltoken on 08 february 2010\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page: myers, p. , r. espinosa, c. s. parr, t. jones, g. s. hammond, and t. a. dewey. 2018. the animal diversity web (online). accessed at https: / / animaldiversity. org .\ndisclaimer: the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. adw doesn' t cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283, drl 0628151, due 0633095, drl 0918590, and due 1122742. additional support has come from the marisla foundation, um college of literature, science, and the arts, museum of zoology, and information and technology services .\nscientists aim to describe a single' tree of life' that reflects the evolutionary relationships of living things. however, evolutionary relationships are a matter of ongoing discovery, and there are different opinions about how living things should be grouped and named. eol reflects these differences by supporting several different scientific' classifications'. some species have been named more than once. such duplicates are listed under synonyms. eol also provides support for common names which may vary across regions as well as languages .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\npopular: trivia, history, america, cities, world, usa, states, television, ... more\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\n. if you continue to use the site we will assume that you agree with this .\norganic farming - externalities - biodiversity... nearly all non - crop, naturally occurring species observed in comparative farm land practice studies show a preference for organic farming both by abundance... an average of 30% more species inhabit organic farms... many weed species attract beneficial insects that improve soil qualities and forage on weed pests ...\nnemertea - taxonomy... comprises 100 marine species... comprises about 400 species... includes seven species, of which six live as commensals in the mantle of large clams and one in that of a freshwater snail ...\nnemertea - description - nervous system and senses... most nemertean species have just one pair of nerve cords, many species have additional paired cords, and some species also have a dorsal cord... in some species the cords lie within the skin, but in most they are deeper, inside the muscle layers... some species have paired cerebral organs, sacs whose only openings are to the outside ...\nnemertea... all species have a proboscis which lies in the rhynchocoel when inactive but everts (turns inside - out) to emerge just above the mouth and capture the animal' s prey with venom... a few species with stubby bodies filter feed and have suckers at the front and back ends, with which they attach to a host... most nemerteans have various chemoreceptors, and on their heads some species have a number of pigment - cup ocelli, which can detect light but not form an image ...\northoptera - life cycle... orthopteroid species have a paurometabolous life cycle or incomplete metamorphosis... the use of sound is generally crucial in courtship, and most species have distinct songs... the number of moults varies between species growth is also very variable and may take a few weeks to some months depending on food availability and weather conditions ...\nand kind of body as he pleaseth? but i dare not say, that this is the way by which god almighty worketh, because it is past my apprehension: yet it serves very well to demonstrate, that the omnipotence of god implieth no contradiction .\nmight appear, on earth or elsewhere, man would use every means at his disposal to destroy it .\namusingly devitalized by sentimentality, this kind drooping its leaves with the grace of a young widow bowed in controllable grief, this one obscuring them with a smooth silver as of placid tears. they please, like the minor french novelists of the eighteenth century, by suggesting a universe in which nothing cuts deep." ]

{ "text": [ "nomada ceylonica , is a species of bees belonging to the family apidae subfamily nomadinae .", "it is found from sri lanka and south india . " ], "topic": [ 2, 20 ] }

[ "nomada ceylonica, is a species of bees belonging to the family apidae subfamily nomadinae. it is found from sri lanka and south india." ]

[ "( < 100 square km (less than about 40 square miles) ) cicurina vespera is known from only one cave in bexar county, texas .\ncokendolpher, j. c. 2004. cicurina spiders from caves in bexar county, texas (araneae: dictynidae). texas memorial museum, speleological monographs 6: 13 - 58 .\ncicurina vespera is known only from the female holotype (type locality: government canyon vat cave, bexar county, texas). a second cave ,\nunnamed cave 5 miles northeast of helotes ,\nwas once thought to contain the species (usfws 2000) but later found to be incorrectly identified from the cave and actually represent a new species, c. neovespera (cokendolpher and reddell, 2004) .\npaquin, p. , and m. hedin. 2004. the power and perils of\nmolecular taxonomy\n: a case study of eyeless and endangered cicurina (araneae: dictynidae) from texas caves. molecular ecology 13: 3239 - 3255 .\nthere are nine bexar county, texas invertebrates that were listed as endangered on december 26, 2000. the recovery priority number for all bexar county karst invertebrates is 2c, which means that these species face a high degree of threat with a high potential for recovery and there may be conflict between species recovery and economic development. no critical habitat is designated for c. vespera because caves in government canyon state natural area have conservation plans that provide adequate management and protection .\nsubgenus cicurella. previously placed in the family agelenidae. a possible synonymy between c. vespera and c. madla was suggested by the molecular analysis of paquin and hedin (2004), however their results have not yet been confirmed by morphological analysis and no formal synonymy was set forth in their work. this species has been referred to by two common names, the vesper cave spider (usfws 2000) and the government canyon bat cave meshweaver (breene et al. 2003). the latter name has been accepted as the official common name (breene et al. 2003, usfws 2003) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\ngertsch, w. j. 1992. distribution patterns and speciation in north american cave spiders with a list of the troglobites and revision of the cicurinas of the subgenus cicurella. texas mem. mus. , speleol. monogr. 3: 75 - 122 .\nthis cave spider is only known from one cave in bexar county, texas. only a single specimen has ever been collected and its exact status is unknown. although the type locality is located within a state natural area, fire ants have been observed at the cave entrance (reddell, 1993) .\ndue to latency between updates made in state, provincial or other natureserve network databases and when they appear on natureserve explorer, for state or provincial information you may wish to contact the data steward in your jurisdiction to obtain the most current data. please refer to\npopulation estimates are unavailable for any of the nine troglobites listed as endangered in bexar county (usfws, 2000) due to lack of adequate techniques, their cryptic behavior, and inaccessibility of habitat (usfws, 2008). culver et al. (2000) states that while some troglobites are known from a few specimens, detailed studies suggest that\nas a rule\nmost troglobites\nare not numerically rare and thus are not susceptible to the problems of small populations .\nhowever, considering the lack of population estimates and limited study of these species, data are insufficient to indicate whether bexar county karst invertebrates are numerous enough to rule out small population concerns (usfws, 2008) .\nbased on usfws (2008), reduce threats to the species by securing an adequate quantity and quality of caves, including selecting caves or cave clusters that represent the range of the species and potential genetic diversity, then preserving these caves, including their drainage basins and surface communities upon which they rely. maintenance of these cave preserves involves keeping them free from contamination, excessive human visitation, and non - native fire ants by regularly tracking progress and implementing adaptive management to control these and any new threats when necessary. monitoring the population status and threats are also components of recovery. because many aspects of the population dynamics and habitat requirements of the species are poorly understood, recovery is also dependant on incorporating research findings into adaptive management actions .\nuse the generic guidelines for the application of occurrence ranks (2008). the key for ranking species occurrences using the generic approach provides a step - wise process for implementing this method .\nzoological data developed by natureserve and its network of natural heritage programs (see local programs) and other contributors and cooperators (see sources) .\nbreene, r. g. , d. a. dean, g. b. edwards, b. hebert, h. w. levi, g. manning, k. mcwest, and l. sorkin. 2003. common names of arachnids 2003. 5th edition. the american arachnological society committee on common names of arachnids. american tarantula society .\nculver, d. c. , l. l. master, m. c. christman, and h. h. hobbs iii. 2000. obligate cave fauna of the 48 contiguous united states. conservation biology 14 (2): 386 - 401 .\nelliott, w. r. 2000. conservation of the north american cave and karst biota. pages 665 - 689 in wilkens, h. , d. c. culver, and w. f. humphreys (editors). subterranean ecosystems. ecosystems of the world, 30. elsevier, amsterdam. xiv + 791 pp. corrected version online. available: urltoken\nkegley, g. 2002. karst management and maintenance plan. texas parks and wildlife department, december 2002. 18 pp .\nlongacre, c. 2000. endangered and threatened wildlife and plants; final rule to list nine bexar county, texas invertebrate species as endangered. u. s. fish and wildlife service (usfws). federal register 65 (248) .\nrappaport, c. j. 1998. department of interior fish and wildlife service 50 cfr part 17, rin 1018 - af33, endangered and threatened wildlife and plants; proposal to list nine bexar county, texas invertebrate species as endangered. federal register, 63 (250): 71855 - 71867 .\nreddell, j. r. 1993. geologic and biologic investigation of potential habitat for endemic karst fauna in bexar county, texas. biology: the status and range of endemic arthropods from caves in bexar county, texas. report prepared for the u. s. fish and wildlife service and the texas parks and wildlife department, austin, texas. 90 pp .\nreddell, j. r. and j. c. cokendolpher. 2004. the cave spiders of bexar and comal counties, texas. texas memorial museum, speleological monographs 6: 75 - 94 .\nsprouse, p. 2005. fire ant control at government canyon state natural area, november 2005. technical report submitted to texas parks and wildlife department .\nstanford, r. , and a. shull. 1993. department of interior fish and wildlife service 50 cfr part 17; 90 - day finding on a petition to list nine bexar county, tx, invertebrates. federal register, 58 (229): 63328 - 63329 .\nu. s. fish and wildlife service (usfws). 1994. endangered and threatened wildlife and plants; animal candidate review for listing as endangered or threatened species. federal register 59 (219): 58982 - 59028 .\nu. s. fish and wildlife service (usfws). 2003. endangered and threatened wildlife and plants; designation of critical habitat for seven bexar county, texas, invertebrate species; final rule. federal register 68 (67): 17156 - 17231 .\nu. s. fish and wildlife service (usfws). 2008. draft bexar county karst invertebrate recovery plan. 125 pp .\nthe small print: trademark, copyright, citation guidelines, restrictions on use, and information disclaimer .\nnote: all species and ecological community data presented in natureserve explorer at urltoken were updated to be current with natureserve' s central databases as of november 2016. note: this report was printed on\ntrademark notice :\nnatureserve\n, natureserve explorer, the natureserve logo, and all other names of natureserve programs referenced herein are trademarks of natureserve. any other product or company names mentioned herein are the trademarks of their respective owners .\ncopyright notice: copyright © 2017 natureserve, 4600 n. fairfax dr. , 7th floor, arlington virginia 22203, u. s. a. all rights reserved. each document delivered from this server or web site may contain other proprietary notices and copyright information relating to that document. the following citation should be used in any published materials which reference the web site .\nnatureserve. 2017. natureserve explorer: an online encyclopedia of life [ web application ]. version 7. 1. natureserve, arlington, virginia. available http: / / explorer. natureserve. org. (accessed :\nridgely, r. s. , t. f. allnutt, t. brooks, d. k. mcnicol, d. w. mehlman, b. e. young, and j. r. zook. 2003. digital distribution maps of the birds of the western hemisphere, version 1. 0. natureserve, arlington, virginia, usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with robert ridgely, james zook, the nature conservancy - migratory bird program, conservation international - cabs, world wildlife fund - us, and environment canada - wildspace .\npatterson, b. d. , g. ceballos, w. sechrest, m. f. tognelli, t. brooks, l. luna, p. ortega, i. salazar, and b. e. young. 2003. digital distribution maps of the mammals of the western hemisphere, version 1. 0. natureserve, arlington, virginia, usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with bruce patterson, wes sechrest, marcelo tognelli, gerardo ceballos, the nature conservancy - migratory bird program, conservation international - cabs, world wildlife fund - us, and environment canada - wildspace .\niucn, conservation international, and natureserve. 2004. global amphibian assessment. iucn, conservation international, and natureserve, washington, dc and arlington, virginia, usa .\ndata developed as part of the global amphibian assessment and provided by iucn - world conservation union, conservation international and natureserve .\nno graphics available from this server can be used, copied or distributed separate from the accompanying text. any rights not expressly granted herein are reserved by natureserve. nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring by implication, estoppel, or otherwise any license or right under any trademark of natureserve. no trademark owned by natureserve may be used in advertising or promotion pertaining to the distribution of documents delivered from this server without specific advance permission from natureserve. except as expressly provided above, nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring any license or right under any natureserve copyright .\n). your comments will be very valuable in improving the overall quality of our databases for the benefit of all users .\ndesignation of critical habitat for nine bexar county, tx, invertebrates final rule. and a 12 - month finding on a petition to revise critical habitat designation by removing unit 13 from designation under the act - not warranted .\ndesignation of critical habitat for nine bexar county invertebrates: proposed rule; reopening of comment period .\n- - natureserve explorer is a source for authoritative conservation information on more than 50, 000 plants, animals and ecological communtities of the u. s and canada. natureserve explorer provides in - depth information on rare and endangered species, but includes common plants and animals too. natureserve explorer is a product of natureserve in collaboration with the natural heritage network .\nitis reports - - itis (the integrated taxonomic information system) is a source for authoritative taxonomic information on plants, animals, fungi, and microbes of north america and the world .\nfws digital media library - - the u. s. fish and wildlife service' s national digital library is a searchable collection of selected images, historical artifacts, audio clips, publications, and video .\nyour browser does not have support for cookies enabled. some features of this application will not work .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nworld spider catalog, version 11. 0, website (version 11. 0 )\nplatnick, norman i. 2011. the world spider catalog, v. 11. 0. american museum of natural history. database built by robert j. raven from the files underlying the website at urltoken doi: 10. 5531 / db. iz. 0001\nbreene, r. g. , d. allen dean, g. b. edwards, blain hebert, herbert w. levi, gail manning, et al .\nthe american arachnological society committee on common names of arachnids. available online at urltoken\ndisclaimer: itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available, and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties. however, it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes. while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available, ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party, wildlife statutes, regulations, and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register. for further information on u. s. legal requirements with respect to protected taxa, please contact the u. s. fish and wildlife service .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page: myers, p. , r. espinosa, c. s. parr, t. jones, g. s. hammond, and t. a. dewey. 2018. the animal diversity web (online). accessed at https: / / animaldiversity. org .\ndisclaimer: the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. adw doesn' t cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283, drl 0628151, due 0633095, drl 0918590, and due 1122742. additional support has come from the marisla foundation, um college of literature, science, and the arts, museum of zoology, and information and technology services .\nover 40 species of highly adapted, aquatic, subterranean species are known to live in the edwards aquifer. these include amphipod crustaceans, gastropod snails, and interesting vertebrates like blind catfish (longley, 1986). seven aquatic species are listed as endangered in the edwards aquifer system, and one is listed as threatened. the main problems for all the species are reduced springflows caused by increased pumping, elimination of habitat, and degradation of water quality caused by urban expansion .\nthe world wildlife fund has produced a must - have, authoritative reference work for anyone interested in endangered species. it describes 540 endangered or threatened species, including their habitat, behavior, and recovery. excerpts from their guide to endangered species and other sources were used to prepare this section. information on the aquatic invertebrates was prepared using the us fish and wildlife' s published final rule on listing the species .\nin addition to the aquatic species that depend on aquifer water itself, nine cave - dwelling invertebrates that live in the aquifer' s karst formations were listed by the us fish & wildlife service as endangered in december 2000. there are three beetles, one daddy long - legs, and five spiders. in may of 2008 the service released a draft recovery plan (download it). for a general discussion on all these creatures see the section below on the cave - dwelling invertebrates .\na blind salamander stopping for a moment on a rock underwater. these are very difficult to photograph !\nthe texas blind salamander is a sightless, cave - dwelling salamander that reaches a mature length of about 13 centimeters (5 inches). it is a slender, frail - legged amphibian, white or pinkish in color with a fringe of blood - red, external gills. the head and snout are flattened. two small black eyespots mark the location of vestigial eyes .\nthis totally aquatic species feeds on insects and other small invertebrates that live in subterranean waters and are nourished by the droppings of bats in caves. little else of its natural history is known .\nlittle is known, but gravid females have been observed throughout the year. the larvae do not transform .\nthe texas blind salamander is endemic to the underground water system of the limestone caverns of the edwards plateau. it spends its life in complete darkness. it is sensitive to changes of water quality and thus susceptible to groundwater pollutants .\nbiologists know of only one population of the texas blind salamander, which occurs in the edwards aquifer around san marcos. the current population is apparently stable, although of limited numbers. it is possible that other populations may exist in unexplored underground caverns .\nsurvival of this salamander depends upon the stability and continued purity of the edwards aquifer springflows. as with the other endangered species in the edwards region, threats are from diminished springflows and pollution of groundwater and runoff caused by increasing demand for water and burgeoning development over recharge areas .\nthe fountain darter is a reddish brown darter with an average length of 2. 5 centimeters (1 inch). it displays a series of dark, horizontal, stitch - like lines along its sides and three dark spots at the base of the tail. dark bars appear below, behind, and in front of the eyes. breeding males develop black, red, and clear stripes along the dorsal fin .\nthe fountain darter feeds primarily in daylight on aquatic insect larvae and small crustaceans. it is a selective feeder and prefers moving prey, remaining stationary until prey passes within striking distance. the fountain darter spawns year round, with peaks in early spring and august. after attaching eggs to mosses and algae, the female abandons the site, providing no care to eggs or fry .\nthe fountain darter prefers clear, quiet backwaters with a profuse bottom growth of aquatic plants and matted algae. it is found in the san marcos and comal rivers .\nthe historic range of the fountain darter included the sources, headwaters, and sections of the san marcos and comal rivers .\nthe fountain darter is found in spring lake at the headwaters of the san marcos river, in the main channel of the river to the confluence of the blanco river, and in the comal river. the comal river population of fountain darters was completely eliminated when its habitat was reduced to isolated pools by a major drought in the 1950' s, but the river was restocked with 457 darters taken from the san marcos river (usfws, 1984) .\nschenck and whiteside (1976) estimated the population in the san marcos river between spring lake dam and the san marcos wastewater treatment plant outfall to be 102, 966 individuals. until recently, no population estimates had been made for the comal river. linam, mayes, and saunders (1993) conducted a study to determine habitat utilization, the amount of habitat available, and an estimate of population size. fountain darters were found in greatest densities in filamentous algae, and the mean population estimate for the comal river upstream of torrey mill dam was 168, 078 with 95% confidence limits of 114, 178 and 254, 110 .\nthe gambusia has not been seen since 1982 and is believed to be already extinct .\nmost aquatic biologists feel the san marcos gambusia is very likely already extinct. it ranged in length from 2. 5 to 4 centimeters (1 to 1. 6 inches), had lemon yellow median fins and a diffuse midlateral stripe along the length of its body. the dark body displayed a bluish sheen, and scales tended to be strongly cross - hatched .\nthis fish was a livebearer - eggs hatched inside the female' s body and emerge alive. the female was capable of bearing up to 60 young in a single brood. it fed on insect larvae and other invertebrates in slow - moving waters shaded by overhanging trees or bridges .\nthe san marcos gambusia preferred quiet backwaters, adjacent to the main thrust of the river current. its primary habitat requirements appeared to be clean and clear water of a constant temperature. temperatures in the river vary by only a few degrees throughout the year, averaging about 23 degrees c (73 f). the bottom is muddy but generally unsilted. this species was restricted to a limited portion of the san marcos river springrun a few kilometers below the headsprings. it was always rare, and its continued existence has not been documented .\nthe gambusia' s entire known range was restricted to a 1 - kilometer (0. 6 miles) section of the san marcos river near the city of san marcos. most specimens were found between the interstate highway 35 crossing and thompson' s island. this gambusia was always extremely rare as determined by surveys conducted in 1978 and 1979 in the san marcos river. biologists netted more than 20, 000 gambusia specimens but counted only 18 san marcos gambusia among them. san marcos gambusia were captured alive and an artificial culture established in austin and in dexter, new mexico, in 1979 and 1980, respectively. both of these cultures were contaminated by gambusia affinis in the early 1980s and the last individual taken from the wild was captured in 1982. despite considerable efforts to secure this species since then, none have been taken .\nthe species' very restricted known distribution in the river and its absence from the headwaters at spring lake indicate very specific habitat requirements. it was apparently extremely sensitive to any alteration of its habitat. changes in water turbidity caused by runoff from land clearing and construction, an increase in water temperatures caused by lowered water flows, and pumping of groundwater from the edwards aquifer could have easily eliminated the species. even if additional specimens are found, recovery of the san marcos gambusia is considered a remote possibility without the cooperation of all state and local agencies that manage use of the aquifer .\nthe slender - bodied san marcos salamander is about 6 centimeters (2. 4 inches) long and displays a prominent gill fringe behind the head. it is light brown above with a row of pale flecks on either side of the midline and yellowish white below. the large eyes have a dark ring around the lens. limbs are short and slender with four toes on the forefeet and five on the hind feet. at first glance, it is similar to a lizard but lacks scales and claws. the specific name nana is from the greek nanos, meaning\ndwarf .\nthis voiceless salamander is also earless. it was listed as endangered on july 14, 1980 .\nsalamanders lay jelly - covered eggs from which tiny fishlike larvae emerge and develop in the manner of tadpoles. the san marcos salamander breeds and lays eggs in standing pools amid thick mats of aquatic vegetation. eggs hatch in about 24 days. this species is carnivorous and feeds on amphipods, midge fly larvae, and aquatic snails. it remains stationary until prey pass closely and then abruptly snaps its head, taking the prey .\nthe san marcos salamander is found in shallow alkaline springs carved out of limestone with sand and gravel substrates. pools and streambeds are often punctuated with large limestone boulders. aquatic vegetation is profuse, and the pool surfaces are covered with moss (amblystegium riparium) and thick mats of coarse, blue - green algae .\nthe species appears to be endemic to the sources and upper portions of the san marcos river .\nthe limited range of the san marcos salamander comprises the san marcos springs, spring lake, and a few hundred feet of the san marcos river. the most recent estimates of population size indicate there are probably around 50, 000 individuals. tupa and davis (1976) estimated there about 23, 000 in algal mats, and nelson (1993) estimated about 25, 000 in rocks in spring lake and about 5, 200 below the lake .\nalthough the population appears relatively stable for the moment, the salamander is threatened by potential degradation or modification of its very limited habitat. increasing residential and agricultural development along with rising demand for water for human and agricultural uses may cause the spring sources become dry intermittently. the key to preserving the san marcos salamander is controlling the amount of water pumped out of the edwards aquifer .\na canoer glides past submerged streamers of texas wild rice in the san marcos river .\nat left, tubers co - exist with wild rice in sewell park, just below aquarena springs. at right, drooping stalks above the surface produce grain - like seeds .\ntexas wildrice is an aquatic grass with thin, flat, elongated leaves that are typically immersed and long - streaming in river currents. leaves often grow as long as 1. 5 meters (57 inches). flower stalks, when present, extend above the surface of the water, sometimes to a height of 1 meter (40 inches), and produce drooping heads of profuse grain - like seeds. the plant flowers and sets seed at irregular intervals from april to november. seeding plants have become increasingly rare in the wild. it was listed as federally endangered on april 26, 1978 and state endangered on april 29, 1983. it was the first texas plant to be placed on the endangered species list. the leaves are linear, elongate, green, to 45 in. long, 1 / 4 to 1 in. wide. flowers are arranged in a narrow panicle, 6 - 13 in. long, 1 / 2 to 4 in. wide, spreading male branches below, tighter female branches above; pikelet with one flower without glumes; male spikelets 1 / 4 - 1 / 2 in. long. 1 / 16 - 1 / 8 in. wide; female spikelets 5 / 16 - 1 / 2 in. long 1 / 16 - 1 / 8 in. wide, tipped by rough bristles 3 / 8 - 1 3 / 8 in. long; flowering spring and autumn .\ntexas wildrice forms large clones or masses of clones that firmly root in gravel shallows near the middle of the river. this plant is adapted to fast - flowing water of high quality and constant year - round temperatures as provided by adequate spring flows. silting, disturbance of the bottom, or stagnant water will kill off plants .\nthis wildrice was once abundant in the san marcos river, in contiguous irrigation ditches with constant flows, and in spring lake at the river' s headwaters. in the 1930' s it was so abundant that a local irrigation company considered it a difficult task to keep plants from clogging its ditches .\ntexas wildrice is currently distributed along the upper four miles of the river in and near the city of san marcos. in august of 2011, the texas parks and wildlife department proposed designating this stretch of the river a state scientific area, which is allowable under state law for the purposes of education, research, and preservation of plant and animal life .\nthe comal springs riffle beetle is a small aquatic, surface - dwelling species in the family elmidae. adult comal springs riffle beetles are about 1 / 8 inch long, with females slightly larger than males. the closest relative of h. comalensis appears to be h. glabra, a species that occurs farther to the west in the big bend region (bosse, et al. , 1988). some riffle beetle species can fly (brown, 1987), but the hind wings of h. comalensis are short and almost certainly non - functional, making the species incapable of this mode of dispersal (bosse, et al. , 1988) .\nunlike the other two aquatic invertebrate organisms listed here, the comal springs riffle beetle is not a subterranean species. it occurs in the gravel substrate and shallow riffles in spring runs. larvae have been collected with adults in the gravel substrate of the spring headwaters and not on submerged wood as is typical of most\n. usual water depth in occupied habitat is 2 to 10 centimeters (1 to 4 in) although the beetle may also occur in slightly deeper areas within the spring runs. populations have been reported to reach their greatest densities from february to april\nand a single specimen was collected from san marcos springs 32 km (20 mi) to the northeast .\nit was first collected by bosse in 1976 and was described by bosse, et al. , in 1988. nothing is known about whether this species may have historically ranged in other springs that are now dry almost all the time, such as san pedro springs and san antonio springs .\nthe comal springs riffle beetle is known from comal springs and san marcos springs .\nbecause conservation and recovery of the three listed aquatic invertebrate species are very similar, they are discussed together at the end of this page .\nthe comal springs dryopid beetle is the only known subterranean member of the beetle family dryopidae. adult comal springs dryopid beetles are about 1 / 8 inch long. they have vestigial (non - functional) eyes, are weakly pigmented, translucent, and thin - skinned .\nelmid and dryopid beetles live primarily in flowing, uncontaminated waters. collection records for the comal springs dryopid beetle are primarily from spring run 2 at comal springs, but they have also been collected from runs 3 and 4 at comal and from fern bank springs about 20 miles to the northeast in hays county. collections have been from april through august. most of the specimens have been taken from drift nets or from inside the spring orifices. although the larvae of the comal springs dryopid beetle have been collected in drift nets positioned over the spring openings, they are presumed to be associated with air - filled voids inside the spring orifices since all other known dryopid beetle larvae are terrestrial. unlike peck' s cave amphipod, the comal springs dryopid beetle does not swim, and it may have a smaller range within the aquifer .\nthe comal springs dryopid beetle is a recently discovered species. it was first collected in 1987 and described as a new genus and species by barr & spangler, 1992. nothing is known about whether this species may have historically ranged in other springs that are now dry almost all the time, such as san pedro springs and san antonio springs .\nthe comal springs dryopid beetle is known from comal springs and fern bank springs (hays county). the exact depth and subterranean extent of the range of the comal springs dryopid beetle is not precisely known because of a lack of methodologies available for studying karst aquifer systems and the organisms that inhabit such systems. presumably an interconnected area, the subterranean portion of this habitat, provides for feeding, growth, survival, and reproduction of the comal springs dryopid beetle. however, no specimens have appeared in collections from 22 artesian and pumped wells flowing from the edwards aquifer, suggesting this species may be confined to small areas surrounding the spring openings and is not distributed throughout the aquifer (barr, 1993). barr (1993) also surveyed nine springs in bexar, comal, and hays counties considered most likely to provide habitat for endemic invertebrates and found stygoparnus comalensis only at comal and fern bank springs .\npeck' s cave amphipod is a subterranean, aquatic crustacean in the family crangonyctidae. like all members of the exclusively subterranean genus stygobromus, this species is eyeless and unpigmented. the fish and wildlife service has used\ncave amphipod\nas a generic common name for members of this genus, and this name was simply transliterated as\npeck' s cave amphipod\nwithout reference to a particular cave .\nover 300 specimens of peck' s cave amphipod have been collected since its description. most specimens were netted from crevices in rock and gravel near the three largest orifices of comal springs on the west side of landa park in comal county\n. despite extensive collecting efforts, no specimens have been found in other areas of the edwards aquifer, indicating that its primary habitat is a zone of permanent darkness in the underground aquifer feeding the springs. above ground, individuals are easy prey for predators, but they usually take shelter in the rock and gravel crevices and may succeed in reentering the spring orifice. in 1993 barr got most specimens in drift nets at spring orifices and found them less often as she moved downstream, supporting the notion they may be easy prey and do not likely survive for long outside the aquifer .\nnothing is known about whether this species may have historically ranged in other springs that are now dry almost all the time, such as san pedro springs and san antonio springs. the first recorded specimen was collected by peck at comal springs in june 1964. reddell collected a second specimen at the same place in may 1965. in 1967, holsinger named the species stygonectes pecki, in peck' s honor, selecting the 1965 specimen as the type specimen. later he included all the nominal stygonectes species in the synonymy of the large genus stygobromus .\npeck' s cave amphipod is known from comal springs and hueco springs, both in comal county. the exact depth and subterranean extent of the ranges of this species is not precisely known because of a lack of methodologies available for studying karst aquifer systems and the organisms that inhabit such systems. presumably an interconnected area, the subterranean portion of this habitat, provides for feeding, growth, survival, and reproduction of the peck' s cave amphipod. however, no specimens have appeared in collections from 22 artesian and pumped wells flowing from the edwards aquifer (barr, 1993), suggesting this species may be confined to small areas surrounding the spring openings and is not distributed throughout the aquifer. barr also surveyed nine springs in bexar, comal, and hays counties considered most likely to provide habitat for endemic invertebrates and found stygobromus pecki only at comal and hueco springs .\nconservation and management of the peck' s cave amphipod, comal springs riffle beetle, and comal springs dryopid beetle are likely to involve protection and conservation of the edwards aquifer and springflow at comal, hueco, san marcos, and fern bank springs. these species' very limited habitat is likely to be lost through drying or decreased volume of springflow during minor or severe drought. it is likely the effect of natural droughts in south central texas will increase in severity because of the large increase in human groundwater withdrawals. many possible effects of reduced springflow exist. these include changes in the chemical composition of the water in the aquifer and at the springs, a decrease in current velocity and corresponding increase in siltation, and an increase in temperature and temperature fluctuations in the aquatic habitat (mckinney & watkins, 1993) .\nanother threat to the habitat of these species is the potential for groundwater contamination. pollutants of concern include those associated with human sewage, leaking underground storage tanks, animal / feedlot waste, agricultural chemicals (especially insecticides, herbicides, and fertilizers) and urban runoff (including pesticides, fertilizers, and detergents) .\npipeline, highway, and railway transportation of hydrocarbons and other potentially harmful materials in the edwards aquifer recharge zone and its watershed, with the attendant possibility of accidents, present a particular risk to water quality in comal and san marcos springs. comal and san marcos springs are both located in urbanized areas. hueco springs is located alongside river road, which is heavily traveled for recreation on the guadalupe river, and may be susceptible to road runoff and spills related to traffic. fern bank springs is in a relatively remote, rural location and its principal vulnerability is probably to contaminants associated with leaking septic tanks, animal / feedlot wastes, and agricultural chemicals .\nalthough these species are fully aquatic and two of the three require flowing water for respiration, the absolute low water limits for survival are not known. they survived the drought of the middle 1950' s, which resulted in cessation of flow at comal springs from june 13 through november 3, 1956. hueco springs is documented to have gone dry in the past\nthese invertebrates were not extirpated by the only recorded temporary cessation of springflow. however, given that they are fully aquatic and that no water was present in the springs for a period of several months, they were probably negatively impacted. these species are not likely adapted to surviving long periods of drying (up to several years in duration) that may occur in the absence of a water management plan for the edwards aquifer that accommodates the needs of these invertebrates .\nstagnation of water may be a limiting condition, particularly for the comal springs dryopid beetle and peck' s cave amphipod. stagnation of water and / or drying within the spring runs and the photic (lighted) zone of the spring orifices would probably be limiting for the comal springs riffle beetle because natural water flow is considered important to the respiration and therefore survival of this invertebrate species. elmid and dryopid beetles have a mass of tiny, hydrophobic (unwettable) hairs on their underside where they maintain a thin bubble of air through which gas exchange occurs (chapman, 1982). this method of respiration loses its effectiveness as the level of dissolved oxygen in the water decreases. a number of aquatic insects that use dissolved oxygen rely on flowing water to obtain oxygen .\nat present, competition is not known to be a significant threat to these species. however, two exotic snail species, thiara granifera and thiara tuberculata, are common in the spring runs and, as grazers, may compete for food. another exotic species, the giant ramshorn snail (marisa cornuarietis), is present in two of the spring runs and may colonize the other runs at low flow levels. marisa can have a tremendous impact on vegetation, that in turn may affect the habitat for surface - dwelling grazers like the riffle beetle .\nin july of 2007, the u. s. fish and wildlife service designated about 50 acres around four edwards springs as critical habitat for aquatic invertebrate species. although they were listed in 1997, the u. s. fish & wildlife service did not designate any critical habitat, leading to a 2003 lawsuit by the center for biological diversity. under the bush administration, fish & wildlife service officials contended that designating critical habitat has little effect on protecting species. the center for biological diversity disagreed, and the wildlife service made the designation as part of a settlement. such a designation requires federal agencies to analyze activities they undertake, fund, or permit to determine if there may be any harm to the species' habitat. if so, they must consult with the fish & wildlife service to determine how to eliminate or reduce the impacts to an acceptable level .\nthe initial designation of 50 acres as critical habitat was deemed insufficient by scientists because it included only surface water and not the underground orifices critical to the species’ survival. so the center for biological diversity and its allies filed suit again, resulting in a new proposal that was announced in october 2012 .\nthe new proposal expands the critical habitat and includes new subsurface areas for the dryopid beetle and the peck’s cave amphipod. in all, 169 acres of critical habitat are being proposed. the habitat areas overlap and consist of 39 acres of surface habitat and 139 acres of subsurface habitat for the comal springs dryopid beetle; 38 surface acres and 138 subsurface acres for the peck’s cave amphipod; and 54 acres of protected surface habitat for the comal springs riffle beetle .\nin 1992, several local groups, (the alamo group of the sierra club, the balcones canyonlands conservation coalition, the helotes creek association, the texas cave management association, and texas speleological association) petitioned the us fish and wildlife service to add the nine species of karst invertebrates to the list of threatened and endangered wildlife. the nine species of invertebrates are known only from caves in the northern and northwest parts of bexar county. in december 2000 the fish and wildlife service designated the nine species as endangered under the endangered species act .\ninvertebrates are animals without internal skeletons or backbones such as butterflies, beetles, grasshoppers and spiders. the nine bexar county species listed as endangered include three beetles, five spiders, and one harvestman, a relative of the common household daddy - longlegs. although small, ranging from less than 2 millimeters to 9 millimeters long, and generally overlooked because they spend their entire lives underground, these invertebrates are biologically and ecologically unique. they resemble creatures out of tim burton' s animation, with eyes that are either very small or entirely absent, and bodies that are long and thin, with no coloration, appearing white but actually being transparent .\nfour of the species are currently only known from one cave and three others are only known from two to eight caves. it is likely these species also exist in other caves on private property which the fish & wildlife service were not allowed to inspect. although these species are known only from caves, they may also use karst passages that are too small for people or that have no known entrance at the surface. the number of caves known to contain these species is likely to increase in the future as more caves are discovered and inspected. the listing of these species was not based on a known decline in the number of individuals or the known locations, but rather on evidence that all these species are subject to threats to their continued existence throughout all or most of their range .\nthese species are currently being threatened by the rapid pace of development around san antonio and northern bexar county. development can degrade the cave environment through increased vandalism, contamination from sewer or septic tank leaks, storm water run - off, pesticides, or chemical spills. development can also destroy the cave outright through digging or filling. these species are also threatened by the invasion of non - native fire ants which can prey upon them as well as compete with them for their limited sources of food .\na number of the caves where these species are found are located on the texas parks and wildlife department' s government canyon state natural area and the u. s. army' s camp bullis, both of which have developed and implemented protective management plans .\nthe invertebrates are highly adapted to their underground home, an environment which has a very stable temperature; very high, constant humidity; and little food. the lack of food and stability of their environment leads to an ecosystem with very few species. this makes cave environments valuable areas for ecological research. it also means that a sudden change in the environment or loss of a species could quickly wipe out the entire ecosystem .\necologically, cave invertebrates can be described as more similar to large mammals like elephants than to their invertebrate cousins which live on the surface. like elephants, they have few offspring and live relatively long lives (for invertebrates), a characteristic ecologists call\nk - selected\n. this also means their populations are more sensitive to losing even fairly small numbers of individuals, and that it takes a long time for their population sizes to recover from any catastrophe .\ncave invertebrates typically also have very low metabolisms, an adaptation to the sparse amounts of food found in their environment. some biologists have hypothesized that the stereotypical characteristics of cave - dwelling species, such as the lack of pigment (white color) and reduced or absent eyes (blind), have evolved as a measure to conserve energy and channel their limited resources to more useful features like antennae and chemical and touch receptors, which are typically highly developed in cave species. in fact, because they are adapted to an environment with little food, pollution by the addition of large amounts of nutrients to the cave can actually be harmful to the species, because it allows invertebrates that are not cave adapted, such as cockroaches and a variety of flies to survive in the cave and even out - compete the cave species. the healthy cave ecosystem lies in a delicate balance between too little food and too much .\nin general, conservation measures for species listed as endangered or threatened under the endangered species act include recognition, recovery actions, requirements for federal protection, and prohibitions against certain practices. recognition through listing encourages and results in conservation actions by federal, state, and local agencies, private organizations, and individuals. the act provides for possible land acquisition and cooperation with the states and requires that recovery actions be carried out for all listed species .\nthe plan estimates that eventual delisting of the nine species could cost $ 140 million over 25 years. all the bexar county karst invertebrates have been assigned a\nrecovery priority number\nof 2c, which means these species face a high degree of threat and a high potential for recovery and there may be conflict between species recovery and economic development .\nin 2009 the service was forced to re - evaluate its process for critical habitat designation in response to a lawsuit filed by local and national environmental groups concerned about construction projects that would threaten the species. in february of 2011, the fish and wildlife service asked for public comment on designation of an additional 6, 906 acres as critical habitat. if adopted, the designation could have impacts on many development projects proposed for north and northwest bexar county. although critical habitat designations only apply to projects that use federal funding or require a federal permit, the designation would draw focus to tceq rules about not filling in or damaging caves and city of san antonio requirements that developers follow federal laws regarding not harming endangered species .\nthis section was prepared using fish and wildlife service news releases, the 2008 draft recovery plan, and san antonio express - news articles .\na small, essentially eyeless ground beetle with a slender body, about 7. 4 mm in length. (in the photo, the beetle is at right) .\nkarstic (cavelike) formations of bexar county, texas. seldom found near cave entrances - prefers the dark zone deeper in caves .\nhistoric range is unknown, but likely similar to current distribution, with the exception of caves that have been destroyed or adversely impacted by development, other human activities, and non - native species like fire ants .\nknown to inhabit 50 caves in north and northwest bexar county. many are located on camp bullis in the stone oak karst region; with others located in the helotes, utsa, and stone oak karst regions." ]

{ "text": [ "cicurina vespera is a rare species of spider in the family dictynidae known by the common name government canyon bat cave meshweaver .", "it is endemic to texas in the united states , where it is known from only one cave in bexar county .", "this is one of nine invertebrates endemic to the karst caves of bexar county that were federally listed as endangered species in the year 2000 .", "only one specimen of this species was ever collected , a female .", "the type locality is government canyon bat cave in the government canyon state natural area .", "the bexar county karst cave invertebrates are troglobites , species that spend their entire lives in subterranean environments .", "the threats to all nine species are the same : habitat loss when the caves are filled in or quarried , and habitat degradation via pollution , alterations in water flow , and direct human interference . " ], "topic": [ 27, 6, 17, 5, 29, 8, 13 ] }

[ "cicurina vespera is a rare species of spider in the family dictynidae known by the common name government canyon bat cave meshweaver. it is endemic to texas in the united states, where it is known from only one cave in bexar county. this is one of nine invertebrates endemic to the karst caves of bexar county that were federally listed as endangered species in the year 2000. only one specimen of this species was ever collected, a female. the type locality is government canyon bat cave in the government canyon state natural area. the bexar county karst cave invertebrates are troglobites, species that spend their entire lives in subterranean environments. the threats to all nine species are the same: habitat loss when the caves are filled in or quarried, and habitat degradation via pollution, alterations in water flow, and direct human interference." ]

[ "birdlife now reconises two species of ostrich. somali ostrich has been assessed for the first time as vulnerable. photo by peter steward .\nphotos: somali ostrich © peter steward. begun liocichlia © ramana athreya. courtesy of birdlife international\nthe somali ostrich (struthio molybdophanes) is a large flightless bird, a distinct subspecies, sometimes considered a full species, of the ostrich .\nin accord with the taxonomic sub - committee of the bou records committee (sangster et al. 2015), we split ostrich into two species: common ostrich struthio camelus, and somali ostrich struthio molybdophanes. common ostrich is polytypic, and includes subspecies camelus, syriacus (which is extinct), massaicus, and australis; somali ostrich is monotypic .\nstruthio camelus camelus - the largest and most widespread of the ostrich subspecies. commonly called the north african ostrich or the red - necked ostrich .\nhi everyone. wildlife all about lets you explore and provides information about different types of animals. it helps you to learn more about the greatest species of animals. somali ostrich is a large flightless bird, a distinct subspecies, sometimes considered a full species, of the ostrich. to know more about somali ostrich, watch the video. for more such videos: subscribe - urltoken\ndid you know there are two species of ostrich? don’t worry if this is news to you—scientists didn’t know that for sure either until this year, when the somali ostrich (struthio molybdophanes) of ethiopia, somalia, djibouti and kenya was declared a separate species from the common ostrich (s .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below. < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive photo - male somali ostrich ssp. < i > molybdophanes < / i > in habitat\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive photo - male somali ostrich ssp. < i > molybdophanes < / i > in habitat\ntitle =\narkive photo - male somali ostrich ssp. < i > molybdophanes < / i > in habitat\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nstruthio camelus australis - commonly called the southern ostrich because it is found exclusively in southern africa. lives in a range independent of all other supspecies of ostrich .\ncp nel museum is a museum that specializes in the history of the ostrich .\nsomali ostrich somali ostrich food they eat plant, matter, grass, shrubs, flowers, seeds and insects. breeding habits their mature age 2 - 4years mating season march - april incubation period 35 - 45 days, males quard over the eggs. movement they are the fastest bird on land that runs up to 50km per hour. description somali ostriches weigh 62 - 145kg and around 2m tall. they have black feathers, white tail and long legs. habitat they are found in open places such as savannas and grasslands. other information found in eastern africa from north ethiopia across somali to north, eastern kenya known as the horn of africa .\nthe use of ostriches in fashion nearly drove the species to extinction during the 18 th century. ostrich feathers were once considerd a fashion item and sparked the creation of ostrich farms in the 19 th century. the use of ostrich feathers in fashion has died out, but ostrich leather is still a valued commodity. ostrich leather is considered extremely strong and has also been used in the manufacturing of clothing .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below. < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive photo - two males and a female somali ostrich ssp. < i > molybdophanes < / i >\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive photo - two males and a female somali ostrich ssp. < i > molybdophanes < / i >\ntitle =\narkive photo - two males and a female somali ostrich ssp. < i > molybdophanes < / i >\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\naccording to the international union for conservation of nature' s (iucn) red list, most ostrich subspecies are not endangered, though their populations are declining. the somali ostrich is listed as vulnerable, though their population is unknown. it is believed that they are on a rapid decline .\nthe somali ostrich (struthio molybdophanes) is listed as “vulnerable” to threat of extinction and inhabits semi - arid and arid grasslands, dense thornbush and woodlands of northeast africa including ethiopia, somalia, djibouti, and kenya .\nanother controversy with ostrich classification is the presence or absence of a fifth subspecies. based off of morphological studies the somali ostrich (struthio molybdophanes) was considered to be a subspecies of struthio camelus. a mitochondrial dna study conducted by freitag and robinson (1993) showed a definite distinction between the somali subspecies and the other subspecies present in northern africa. currently, as is seen on the tree of life website, struthio molybdophanes is considered an independent species .\nin the 18th century, ostrich feathers were so popular in ladies’ fashion that the ostrich disappeared from all of north africa. if not for ostrich farming, which began in 1838, the ostrich would probably be extinct. today, ostriches are farmed and hunted for feathers, skin, meat, eggs, and fat—which, in somalia, is believed to cure aids and diabetes .\nlife span of an ostrich can extend from 30 to 70 years, with 50 being typical .\nonce found all over africa, asia and the arabian peninsular the wild somali ostrich has been the victim of extensive hunting, so much so that they’re now only found living in the dry, hot savannas and woodlands of sub - saharan africa .\nthis review discusses the historical, developmental and practices of ostrich farming in egypt. in the early 20th century, ostrich farming was very important for production of ostrich feathers and documents were produced to perfect the art of procuring the plumes from the birds and subsequently processing them. pharaohs used ostrich feathers for adornment. of 43 provinces, 12 were featured in... [ show full abstract ]\ns. c. molybdophanes in somalia, ethiopia, and northern kenya, is called the somali ostrich. during the mating season, the male' s neck and thighs turn blue. its range overlaps with s. c. massaicus in northeastern kenya .\nostrich meat is considered by some to be a delicacy, in addition to being a healthy source of protein, iron, and calcium. currently, there are many ostrich farms around the world that raise these birds much like cattle. in addition to slaughtering them for meat, ostrich eggs are another valued commodity .\n, the ostrich is famous for hiding its head in the sand at the first sign of danger. the\nthe ostrich (struthio camelus) was registered by linnaeus in the tenth edition of his systema naturæ in 1758 .\nwhile not exactly a roar, the male ostrich has a booming warning call that can sound like a lion .\nostrich feathers look shaggy because they hang loosely and don' t hook together like feathers on other types of birds .\nuntil now, only one species of ostrich had been recognized and was assessed as least concern. however, somali ostrich struthio molybdophanes, which is found in somalia, ethiopia, djibouti and kenya, is now recognized as a distinct species and listed as vulnerable. its population is thought to be in rapid decline because of hunting, egg - collecting and persecution, and its status could worsen if action is not taken soon .\nuntil now, only one species of ostrich had been recognised and was assessed as least concern on the iucn red list. however, somali ostrich (struthio molybdophanes), which is found in somalia, ethiopia, djibouti and kenya, is now recognised as a distinct species and listed as vulnerable. its population is thought to be in rapid decline because of hunting, egg - collecting and persecution, and its status could worsen if action is not taken soon .\nclark, w. s. 2007. taxonomic status of the forest buzzard buteo oreophilus trizonatus. ostrich 78: 99 - 102 .\nwith your help, awf can continue working on critical initiatives like new conservation tourism lodges that will provide the ostrich with increased space to graze and roam freely. donate for a cause that will help with wildlife conservation and ensure the ostrich does not become an endangered species .\nclark, w. s. (2007) taxonomic status of the forest buzzard buteo oreophilus trizonatus. ostrich 78: 101 - 104 .\nnational geographic society. (2008).' ostrich - struthio camelus.' national geographic official website. accessed on april 22 from urltoken\nthe largest and heaviest living bird, the ostrich is flightless and instead is built for running. with its powerful legs, the ostrich can sprint in short bursts up to 43 mph (70 kph), and can maintain a steady speed of 31 mph (50 kph) .\naccording to some authors there are still in africa five subspecies of the ostrich (struthio camelus). some authors only recognize four of them .\npearson, d. j. and ash, j. s. (1996) the taxonomic position of the somali courser cursorius (cursor) somalensis. bull. brit. ornithol. club 116: 225 - 229 .\na unique behaviour shown by ostriches is their method of temperature regulation. in the savanna, temperatures vary greatly between day and night. the ostrich uses its wings to either cover or uncover its upper legs. in the winter, the ostrich will cover its body with its wings to trap heat in and maintain a high body temperature. during the summer, the ostrich will relax its wings from its body in order to allow heat to dissipate .\nother synonyms afrikaans: volstruis arabic: النعامة azerbaijani: dəvəquşu belarusian: страус bulgarian: щраус breton: struskañval catalan: estruç czech: pštros dvouprstý welsh: estrys danish: afrikansk struds, masaistruds german: arabischer strauß, nordafrikanische strauß, strauß english: african ostrich, arabian ostrich, common ostrich, common / somali ostrich, north african ostrich, ostrich, ostrich or somali ostrich spanish: avestruz spanish (spain): avestruz común / somalí estonian: jaanalind basque: ostruka finnish: strutsi faroese: strutsur french: autruche, autruche d' afrique, autruche d' afrique ou a. de somalie, autruche d' afrique ou a. somalienne, autruche de l' afrique du nord frisian: strúsfûgel irish: ostrais gaelic: struth galician: avestruz manx: eean roie hebrew: יען hungarian: strucc icelandic: strútur italian: struzzo japanese: dachou, dachou / somariadachou japanese: ダチョウ, ダチョウ / ソマリアダチョウ cornish: strus latin: struthio [ camelus or molybdophanes ], struthio camelus, struthio camelus camelus, struthio camelus / molybdophanes lithuanian: afrikinis strutis latvian: strauss macedonian: ној maltese: nama dutch: struisvogel norwegian: struts sotho, northern: mpšhe polish: strus, struś, struś czerwonoskóry, struś masajski, struś północnoafrykański portuguese: avestruz romansh: strut romanian: strut russian: африканский страус, страус, страус африканский slovak: pštros dvojprstý slovenian: noj shona: mhou albanian: struci serbian: hој, ној siswant: inshi sotho, southern: mpšhe swedish: struts swahili: mbuni turkmen: devekuşu tswana: mpshe turkish: devekuşu, tropikal yelkovan tsonga: yinca ukrainian: страус xhosa: inciniba chinese: 非洲鸵鸟 chinese (traditional): 鴕鳥 zulu: intshe\nthis article is part of project struthioniformes / idae, a all birds project that aims to write comprehensive articles on each ostrich, including made - up species .\nostriches are bigger than any other bird in the world. they can grow up to 9 feet (2. 7 meters) tall and can weigh up to 320 lbs. (145 kilograms), according to the african wildlife foundation, and an ostrich' s eyes are 2 inches (5 centimeters) in diameter — the largest of any land animal. the ostrich is the only bird that has two toes on each foot. all other birds have three or four toes, according to the american ostrich association .\nthe ostrich family, struthionidae, is related to all the other extant families of large, flightless birds, the rheas (rheidae) of south america, the ...\nstruthio camelus massaicus - this subspecies, referred to as the masai ostrich, lives in eastern africa and is easily identified by the bright orange neck and thighs of the males .\nunmistakable, the two ostriches are the largest bird species; wholly terrestrial, flightless. male larger than female (see common ostrich) but species - specific biometrics not ...\nfreitag, s. and robinson, t. j. (1993) phylogeographic patterns in mitochondrial dna of the ostrich (struthio camelus). auk 110: 614 - 622 .\n“the latest reassessment of birds for the iucn red list highlights the importance of taxonomic review in accurately identifying the conservation status of species, as well as those areas which require priority conservation action, ” says jane smart, global director, iucn biodiversity conservation group. “thanks to the ongoing assessment work of birdlife, the early recognition of those threatened species such as the somali ostrich should result in timely targeted action to safeguard the species and protect important sites. ”\nthe oldest fossil which currently represents the earliest ostrich - like species was found in central europe and dates back to the middle eocene. the species palaeotis was a moderately sized bird with the characteristic lack of flying ability found in ratites. originally, palaeotis was not considered to be part of the ostrich family, but further research showed that it was an ancestral form .\nthe ostrich is omnivorous and what it eats depends mostly on whatever happens to be available, according to its environment and the time of year. however, generally speaking, ...\nby six months, a chick is almost at its full - grown height; at 3 or 4 years, it will reach maturity. an ostrich can live 50 to 75 years .\ndel hoyo, j. , collar, n. & garcia, e. f. j. (2018). somali ostrich (struthio molybdophanes). in: del hoyo, j. , elliott, a. , sargatal, j. , christie, d. a. & de juana, e. (eds .). handbook of the birds of the world alive. lynx edicions, barcelona. (retrieved from urltoken on 10 july 2018) .\nyoung ostriches are larger than any other baby bird with chicks often as large as a fully grown chicken. both sexes look after the young. if threatened by attack the young will run for cover the with female and the male ostrich will lure the predator away. a baby ostrich has just about reached it’s fully grown height, reaching maturity at between 3 - 4 years old .\nostriches fight with their feet. they kick forward because that' s the direction in which their legs bend, according to the american ostrich association. a solid kick can kill a lion .\nfreitag, s. , and t. robinson. (1993).' phylogeographic patterns in mitochondrial dna of the ostrich.' the aux 110 (3): 614 - 622 .\nthis work discusses some of the important considerations of wild ostrich evolution, behaviour and ecology, as items included in ostrich production. in the process considerable research was conducted by collating information from peer - reviewed papers; textbooks; manuals; and pubmed and agricola searches. selected areas reviewed included activity of ostriches; feeding and water needs; sexual... [ show full abstract ]\n... ostrich expansions into india during the late pleistocene indicate that continental routes of dispersal into india were also possible. predation of ostrich and use of oes by contemporary and prehistoric human populations indicate significant geographic overlap of humans and ostriches in sahel - like and savannah habitats (cooper et al. , 2009). this suggests that the continental routes of expansion exploited by ostrich populations prior to 60 ka, focused upon sahel - like and savannah habitats, may also have been habitable to human populations and offer an alternative dispersal route to those proposed by coastal models... .\nperhaps the most well known use of ostriches is in the feather duster. since 1900, dusters made from ostrich feathers have been manufactured and used all over the world. the appealing part about ostrich feathers is that they produce a static charge which clings to dust, are easily washable, and are durable. the advantage of farming ostriches for feathers is that the birds are unharmed in the process .\none of the typical inhabitants of the great african plains, the ostrich is distributed over much of the continent. it can be found in a variety of different open habitats, ranging from ...\nafrican struthio evolution is very well documented and follows a fairly delineated pathway. however, the evolution of struthio species in asia is less clear. a reason for this is the lack of complete fossils from which paleobiologists may piece together evolutionary histories. at the moment, asian ostrich evolution and its link to african ostrich evolution is sketchy at best, but further fossil evidence should help to elucidate a better understanding .\nthe somali ostrich and the other 360 new species were effectively hidden in plain sight for decades. because they were not recognized as species until now, no one had ever assessed their conservation risks. and they are definitely at risk: according to birdlife, 25 percent of these newly recognized species are considered threatened and have been added to the red list under its vulnerable, endangered or critically endangered categories. that' s compared with just 13 percent of all bird species that have been identified as being at similar risk .\nit may seem amazing that an ostrich' s thin legs can keep their large bodies upright. their legs are perfectly placed so that the body' s center of gravity balances on top of its legs .\nairfoil feathers of flying birds. there are claws on two of the wings' fingers. the strong legs of the ostrich lack feathers. the bird stands on two toes, with the bigger one resembling a\ngoodman, s. m. and weigt, l. a. (2002) the generic and species relationships of the reputed endemic malagasy genus pseudocossyphus (family turdidae). ostrich 73: 26 - 35 .\nthe vocal repertoire of the ostrich is quite extensive and includes whistling, snorting, guttural noises and\nbooming\ncalls, as well as non - vocal sounds, such as bill - snapping and stomach rumbling .\ntheir thin legs give them great speed and maneuverability, too. they can run up to 40 mph (64. 3 km / h) for sustained periods of time, according to the american ostrich association .\ndel hoyo, j. , elliot, a. and sargatal, j. 1992. handbook of the birds of the world, vol. 1: ostrich to ducks. lynx edicions, barcelona, spain .\nstruthio camelus syriacus - endemic to the arabian peninsula, syria, and iraq, the arabian or middle eastern ostrich used to be very common. due to overhunting and habitat restrictions, this subspecies became extinct around 1966 .\nas the largest bird in the world, the ostrich is flightless, has a very long neck which protrudes from their round bodies with their legs positioned as such to enable the body’s centre of gravity to balance on the long spindly legs, giving them great maneuverability and speed. the ostrich can reach speeds in excess of 70 km / h or 43 mph with a single stride of 3 to 5 m or 9. 8 to 16. 4 ft !\nto attract a female, a male ostrich (shown on right wooing a female) will do a little dance in which he crouches down and alternates bringing his black - and - white wings forward, one after the other .\na male ostrich will flap its wings and bow displaying its plumage to attract a female. when a male is ready to mate its beak and shins (an sometimes its neck) turn red. a female’s feathers become a silver colour\nthe ostrich is the largest bird in the world. it is flightless and relies on strong legs with two clawed toes used for running and kicking. males are black with white wings and tail feathers, while females are brownish - gray .\nonwards. while the relationship of the african species is comparatively straightforward, a large number of asian species of ostrich have been described from very fragmentary remains, and their interrelationships and how they relate to the african ostriches is very confusing. in\nostrich communication is rather limited because they are fairly independent animals. ostriches primarily whistle, growl, or boom. in general, most common ostriches are rather silent. communication increases during mating season when males are competing and trying to impress females .\naepyornis. however, the classification of the ratites as a single order has always being questioned, with the alternative classification restricting the struthioniformes to the ostrich lineage and elevating the other groups to order status also. presently, molecular evidence is equivocal while\ngizzard. an adult ostrich typically carries about 1 kg of stones in its stomach. ostriches can go without water for a long time, exclusively living off the moisture in the ingested plants. however, they enjoy water and frequently take baths .\nthe ostrich is the largest living bird and also the heaviest. males stand 2·1 - 2·75 m tall and weigh 100 - 130 kg, or sometimes up to 150 kg, whereas females are about 1·75 - 1·9 m tall and weigh 90 - 110 kg .\nostriches are large enough for a small human to ride them; typically, the human will hold on to the wings while riding. they have been trained in some areas of northern africa and arabia as racing mounts. ostrich races in the united states have been criticized by\nit’s an old wives’ tale… ostriches don’t ‘bury their heads in the sand’ but when they feel threatened they lie down with their heads resting on the ground, giving the appearance of having buried it’s head in the sand because the ostrich’s head and neck blend in with the sand .\ncontrary to popular belief, ostriches don' t bury their heads in the sand, but they do lie down with their heads against the ground when they feel threatened. it only looks like the ostrich has buried its head because its head and neck blend in with the color of the sand .\nuntil the nineteenth century, the ostrich was common in most of africa and south - west asia, but intense persecution by man (see relationship with man), coupled with habitat destruction, mostly in the form of overgrazing, has seen its range considerably reduced. although not globally threatened ...\nthe breeding season of the ostrich varies greatly from one part of africa to another, depending on the rains. in wetter areas it tends to breed in the dry season, between june and october. in arid zones it breeds more irregularly, usually taking advantage of the greater availability of food ...\nostrich feathers have been used for adornment by man for at least 5000 years, as evidenced by both mesapotamian and egyptian art, and the egyptians also utilized them as a symbol of justice, because of their perfect symmetry. the huge eggs have been put to manifold uses, and some african ...\nthe daily activity of the ostrich begins shortly before sunrise and ends soon after sunset, but it varies, depending on food availability. if food becomes scarce, the birds have to spend a lot of time searching for it, and this may involve travel covering great distances (see movements)... .\ndangerous animals in australia, the us and the uk. there are a number of recorded incidents of people being attacked and killed. big males can be very territorial and aggressive and can attack and kick very powerfully with their legs. an ostrich will easily outrun any human athlete. their legs are powerful enough to\nthe classification shown below is generally agreed upon by the scientific community. the ostrich is part of the modern birds (neornithes), but then diverges into the superorder palaeognathae, while most living bird species belong to the superorder neognathae. the unique palate morphology of the palaeognathae is what separates them into a unique group .\nafter the documentation of palaeotis, the ostrich fossil record takes a break until the early miocene, a gap of approximately 15 million years. many fossils have been found in africa, asia, and europe which date back to this time period. these fossils were characteristic of species from the genus struthio, which still has living representatives today .\nostrich eggs have a diameter of 15 cm or 6 ins. weighing up to 1. 3 kg or 3lbs. the ostriches lay their eggs in a ‘dump nest’ or communal nest which can accommodate up to 60 eggs at any time. both male and female ostriches will sit on the eggs until they hatch out – between 42 to 46 days\nthe ostrich' s movements are regulated by the availability of food and water. in deserts and semi - arid areas, this species is more or less nomadic and must wander off frequently in search of food and water, sometimes having to go a long way. on the other hand, in the wetter parts of its range, ...\nostrich offspring are larger than any other bird baby. at birth, chicks can be as big as chickens. the males and females share the responsibility of taking care of the young, according to the san diego zoo. during an attack, the male tries to lure the predator away from the chicks while they run for cover with the female .\nostrich eggs are 6 inches (15 cm) in diameter and can weigh up to 3 lbs. (1. 3 kg). eggs are laid in a communal nest called a dump nest, which can hold about 60 eggs at one time. males, as well as females, sit on the eggs until they hatch, which can take 42 to 46 days .\nthe aim of the current report was to study the literature pertinent to wild populations of ostriches and their ecological and behavioural adaptations in the wild. selected areas included palaeontology; ostrich distribution; conservation status and relationships with humans and habitat. there is an immediate and urgent need to conserve and protect the apparently rapidly declining populations of wild ostriches with the committed involvement of governments and funding bodies. wildlife management is an important complement to the farming of livestock. scientists need to understand the elements of ostrich behaviour in the wild in order to make informed decisions on their management and contact with other animals. information of the like should be included in readily - accessible and annually updated wildlife manuals. we deemed that such information was an essential part in the conservation of this dwindling ratite .\na male ostrich will escort a flock made up of one head female and a couple of subordinate females. courtship is very ritualized and synchronized. all females lay their eggs in the same nest, though the head female usually drives the others away after laying. the male plays a large part in raising the young, from helping to construct the nest to guarding the eggs and chasing off predators .\nstruthio camelus is the largest living bird species on the earth, and among the most unique. the species name struthio camelus comes from the greek words meaning' camel sparrow'. this name was chosen by the swedish scientist carl linnaeus to describe the elongated neck of the species, an often identifying characteristic. the ostrich is endemic to africa but can be seen worldwide in zoos and wildlife refuges .\nto get a female' s attention, males bow and flap their wings outward to display their plumage. when they are ready to mate, the male' s beak and shins will turn bright red. sometimes, his neck will change to a red color to match. females also change color when they are ready to mate. their feathers will turn a silvery color, according to the american ostrich association .\nryan, p. g. , wright, d. , oatley, g. , wakeling, j. , cohen, c. , nowell, t. l. , bowie, r. c. k. , ward, v. and crowe, t. m. (2004) systematics of serinus canaries and the status of cape and yellow - crowned canaries inferred from mtdna and morphology. ostrich 75: 288 - 294 .\nthe aim of the current investigation was to determine wild ostrich reproductive behaviour in orbata nature reserve by observing 16 hens and 28 cocks over a seven - year period. intense laying commenced in january, one month after the cessation of the rainy season, and 92% of the eggs were produced during the dry season (january to may, peaking in march). over the seven years, 1, 322 eggs were... [ show full abstract ]\nostriches can tolerate a wide range of temperatures. in much of its habitat temperature differences of 40°c between night - and daytime can be encountered. their temperature control mechanism is more complex than in other birds and mammals, utilizing the naked skin of the upper legs and flanks (see the photo of the\ndancing\nfemale ostrich below) which can be covered by the wing feathers or bared according to whether the bird wants to retain or lose body heat .\n... with the exception of ibex and ostrich, all frequently depicted species are domesticates and as such clearly had considerable economic value. against the background of the holocene humid phase, it is surprising that all identified wild animals are adapted to arid or even desert conditions and were widespread in arabia until at least the 19th century (cooper et al. , 2009; harrison and bates, 1991; iucn, 2015). moreover, all depicted domesticates can be raised in reasonably arid conditions... .\n... with the exception of ibex and ostrich, all frequently depicted species are domesticates and as such clearly had considerable economic value. against the background of the holocene humid phase, it is surprising that all identified wild animals are adapted to arid or even desert conditions and were widespread in arabia until at least the 19th century (cooper et al. , 2009; harrison and bates, 1991; iucn, 2015). moreover, all depicted domesticates can be raised in reasonably arid conditions... .\nat sexual maturity (two to four years old), male ostriches can be between 1. 8 m and 2. 7 m (6 feet and 9 feet) in height, while female ostriches range from 1. 7 m to 2 m (5. 5 ft to 6. 5 ft). during the first year of life, chicks grow about 25 cm (10 inches) per month. at one year, ostriches weigh around 45 kg (100 pounds). an ostrich can live up to 75 years .\nthe dominant male will dig out a depression in the ground to be used as a nest for the eggs. although there are many females, only the dominant female' s nest is used for all of the eggs. the dominant female' s eggs will get preferential positioning in the nest. each female in the harem will lay between 2 and 12 eggs. ostrich eggs are the largest eggs in the world, weighing on average 1. 5 kg. these eggs are cream coloured with thick shells. only 10% of these eggs will actually hatch .\nostriches typically travel in nomadic groups of 5 to 12 individuals. an alpha male is in control of these herds and will mate with the dominant female. territories can range from 2 to 15 square kilometers depending on the area. ostriches will sometimes lie completely flat on the ground, with the neck stretched to the extreme. this behaviour helps to camouflage the ostrich in the savanna grasses, and is particularly effective for females with brown colouration. if ostriches detect predators they will usually run away, but if cornered or too slow they can deliver powerful kicks with their legs that can severely injure or kill an animal\n... in the context of an ecosystem in which animals adapted to arid conditions thrived, the absence of wild camel and ostrich during the early rock art period is surprising. while there is evidence that both species were present in some areas of the arabian peninsula (cooper et al. , 2009; robinson and matthee, 1999; uerpmann and uerpmann, 2012), their distribution during the holocene is not yet known. the faunal remains listed in table 2also include a number of large animal species that were present in the levant, such as deer, aurochs, hartebeest, wild boar and hippo... .\neggs in a single communal nest, a simple pit scraped in the ground and 30 to 60 cm deep. ostrich eggs can weigh 1. 3 kg and are the largest of all eggs, though they are actually the smallest eggs relative to the size of the bird. the nest may contain 15 to 60 eggs, with an average egg being 6 inches (15 cm) long, 5 inches (13 cm) wide, and weigh 3 pounds (1. 4 kg). they are shiny and whitish in colour. the eggs are incubated by the females by day and by the male by night, making use of the different colors of the two sexes to escape detection. the\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\ndel hoyo, j. , collar, n. j. , christie, d. a. , elliott, a. and fishpool, l. d. c. 2014. hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world. volume 1: non - passerines. lynx edicions birdlife international, barcelona, spain and cambridge, uk .\nstruthio camelus and s. molybdophanes (del hoyo and collar 2014) were previously lumped as s. camelus following sibley and monroe (1990, 1993) .\nmale 210 - 275 cm, 100 - 156 kg, female 175 - 190 cm, 90 - 110 kg. huge flightless bird with massive bare legs and long bare neck and head. loose plumage is solidly black in the male apart from the bright white tail and small wings. females are dark brown. similar spp. to s. camelus but bare areas are blue - grey, eyes are pale grey - brown and the plumage is blacker in the male. the female is more similar to s. camelus, but always has blue - grey eyes .\nbutchart, s. , ekstrom, j. , khwaja, n. , martin, r, symes, a. , taylor, j. , westrip, j .\njustification: this newly - split species is suspected to be undergoing a rapid decline over three generations (50 years) given the apparent severity of a variety of threats including hunting for feathers and food, egg collection and habitat loss and degradation. it has therefore been listed as vulnerable, but better information on population trends and the scope and severity of threats is highly desirable .\n1992). numbers have noticeably decreased since the late 1980s, with total disappearance from some areas, although flocks of 40 are still seen in the southern danakil (ash and atkins 2009) .\nthe population size has not been quantified owing to recent taxonomic splits. trend justification: no trend data are available, but the given the apparently severity of threats including hunting for feathers and food, egg collection and habitat loss and degradation, the species is precautionarily suspected to be undergoing a rapid decline over three generations (50 years) .\nthe species is often encountered alone or in pairs in a variety of habitats including semi - arid and arid grassland, dense thornbush and woodland (davies 2002, ash and atkins 2009) .\nash and atkins (2009) document threats to and apparent declines in ethiopia and eritrea. the eggs are used as ornaments, water containers and symbols or protective devices on churches and graves, birds are shot for target practice, food, leather and feathers, and chased to exhaustion or death by drivers. habitat loss and degradation undoubtedly represents a further threat .\nconservation and research actions in place conservation and research actions proposed obtain population and trend estimates, and ascertain severity of threats. combat hunting and egg collecting via awareness - raising campaigns .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\nthis newly - split species is suspected to be undergoing a rapid decline over three generations (50 years) given the apparent severity of a variety of threats including hunting for feathers and food, egg collection and habitat loss and degradation. it has therefore been listed as vulnerable, but better information on population trends and the scope and severity of threats is highly desirable .\nrecommended citation birdlife international (2018) species factsheet: struthio molybdophanes. downloaded from urltoken on 10 / 07 / 2018. recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species: birdlife international (2018) iucn red list for birds. downloaded from urltoken on 10 / 07 / 2018 .\nlong considered conspecific with s. camelus, but since turn of century commonly given species status, and this view accepted here on basis of strong grey - blue vs pink, reddish or pinkish - grey neck and legs (3); deeper black plumage (1); black scutes on lower tarsi (1); pale brownish - grey (or greyish - blue in female) vs dark brown eye (1); bare crown with raised horny hump (2); parapatric distribution with nominate camelus in ethiopia # r and evidently virtually so with massaicus in kenya # r # r (3). genetic study # r also strongly supports this separation. monotypic .\nwhat do (1) and (2) mean? learn more about the scoring system .\ns & se ethiopia, djibouti and somalia s to n & e kenya .\ninhabits arid and semi - arid grasslands, thornbush and open woodlands. does not require standing ...\nmainly herbivorous, taking grasses, seeds and leaves; succulent plants very important in drier areas. also eats some insects and small ...\nseason variable. in n kenya breeding reported during january–march and also in july–august. breeding behaviour as in common ...\nvulnerable. range includes kenya, somalia, djibuti and ethiopia. rare in eritrea. population size unknown but suspected to be undergoing a rapid decline due to hunting for ...\nonly subscribers are able to see the bibliography. login or subscribe to get access to a lot of extra features !\nonly members are able to post public comments. to make the most of all of hbw' s features, discover our subscriptions now !\nget access to the contents of the hbw including all species accounts, family texts, plates, audiovisual links, updates and related resources .\nalso available: 2 - year subscription package: 55. 90 € (instead of 59. 90 €) 3 - year subscription package: 82 € (instead of 89. 85 € )\nsupporting members help us to develop and update the project more quickly and to reach more people by keeping prices down .\nview more information, tracking references to their source (when available on the internet) .\nalso available: 2 - year subscription package: 82. 5 € (instead of 89. 9 €) 3 - year subscription package: 122. 5 € (instead of 134. 85 € )\nthere is a registration fee of 20€. this is a one - time only fee when you become a subscriber of hbw alive. you won’t pay it again as long as you renew your subscription before it expires .\nif you represent an organization or institution, click here for more information on institutional subscriptions .\nthis map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding (anonymously); markers do not indicate precise localities .\nostriches are omnivores but tend to favour roots, leaves and seeds. they’re diet also consists of lizards, locusts, snakes and rodents. they eat sand and pebbles which aid digestion of food inside their ‘gizzard’ (a small pouch where food is ripped and crushed before it arrives in the stomach\na group of ostriches is referred to as a ‘flock’ – up to 100 birds but generally around 10 birds is more common. within the ‘flock ‘ there’s a dominant male and a dominant female in addition to several other females and single one males come and go during mating season\nwherever in the world you are, our zambezi community is full of easy - going travel - minded friends who take their fun seriously. come and join the adventure .\nin addition to the new species the red list update also provides new information on several previously known birds. the bearded vulture (gypaetus barbatus), which faces threats from diclofenac poisoning and collisions with power lines is now listed as near threatened. the bugun liocichla (liocichla bugunorum) of the himalayas (shown to the right) has been reassessed as critically endangered following the construction of a road through its only habitats, which have also suffered fires .\nthe second half of birdlife' s comprehensive review of the world' s feathered species is due in 2016 and will cover all 5, 000 or so passerine birds—including, no doubt, a few more new species .\nthe views expressed are those of the author (s) and are not necessarily those of scientific american .\njohn r. platt is the editor of the revelator. an award - winning environmental journalist, his work has appeared in scientific american, audubon, motherboard, and numerous other magazines and publications. his\nextinction countdown\ncolumn has run continuously since 2004 and has covered news and science related to more than 1, 000 endangered species. john lives on the outskirts of portland, ore. , where he finds himself surrounded by animals and cartoonists .\ndiscover world - changing science. explore our digital archive back to 1845, including articles by more than 150 nobel prize winners .\nscientific american is part of springer nature, which owns or has commercial relations with thousands of scientific publications (many of them can be found at urltoken). scientific american maintains a strict policy of editorial independence in reporting developments in science to our readers .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmyavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists, and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .\nthere are more than 12, 000 regional checklists in avibase, offered in 9 different taxonomies, including synonyms more than 175 languages. each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community, and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .\nthere are a few ways by which you can help the development of this page, such as joining the flickr group for photos or providing translations of the site in addition languages .\nhoward and moore 4th edition (incl. corrigenda vol. 1 - 2) :\nyou must be logged in to view your sighting details. to register to myavibase click here .\navibase has been visited 263, 329, 530 times since 24 june 2003. © denis lepage | privacy policy\n' song' from a male bird on open, extremely barren (in a prolonged drought) plains .\nsonogram images © xeno - canto foundation. sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .\navibase has been visited 263, 337, 495 times since 24 june 2003. © denis lepage | privacy policy\nbirdlife international uses the taxonomy published in the two volumes of the hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world and subsequent updates .\nbirdlife uses this list as the basis for much of its global, regional and national priority - setting work, including, for example, the assessment of all birds for the iucn red list, and the identification of important bird and biodiversity areas (ibas). however, some national birdlife partners may use other checklists and taxonomic sources that are particularly relevant in their context .\nthe excel version of the checklist includes the scientific and common names used, the authority (for the original description of the taxon), the latest global iucn red list category (e. g. extinct, vulnerable, least concern, etc .), taxonomic notes where relevant, and a record id number unique to the taxonomic entity. previously recognised taxa are also included and distinguished as ‘not recognised’ .\nthe hbw / birdlife international taxonomic working group makes decisions on modifications to the checklist, making extensive use of systematic criteria by which species rank can be consistently assessed where this is necessary (e. g. for newly described species or proposed splits). these criteria (tobias et al. 2010) involve weighting morphological and acoustic differences as compared with the nearest believed relative, and are particularly intended to help make decisions involving allopatric taxa (as opposed to those in sympatric, parapatric or hybrid zone situations, where the situation is generally clearer) .\nprior to the publication of the first volume of the hbw / birdlife checklist (for non - passerines) in 2014 and the second volume (for passerines) in 2016, birdlife published an annually updated taxonomic checklist based on the taxonomies followed in a number of regional lists .\nwe envisage two main types of comment: proposals to consider splitting or lumping of taxa which were not scored against the tobias criteria in the published volumes of the checklist (2014, 2016); and, for those species that were scored in the checklist (whether this resulted in a split, a lump, or no change), proposals involving new information which may lead to revisions of these scores. video and audio recordings, records of presence in key areas, and descriptions of key features, behaviour and ecology, are among the variety of ways in which fieldworkers, ornithologists and birdwatchers can supply new evidence to help resolve ongoing taxonomic challenges and uncertainties .\nto contribute information to aid in future taxonomic revisions, please go to the relevant species or family page on the hbw alive website and add your comment in the ‘comment’ section, leaving your full name and a contact email address (subscription to hbw alive is not necessary to access this). all comments will be taken into consideration, but please note that it will not be possible for birdlife or lynx to give online feedback to comments received, or to provide individual responses to all contributors. where taxonomic changes are to be adopted, note that there will necessarily be some lag time before revised taxa can be assessed against the red list criteria and published on the birdlife and iucn red list websites and in future updates to hbw alive .\ndel hoyo, j. , collar, n. j. , christie, d. a. , elliott, a. and fishpool, l. d. c. 2014. hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world. volume 1: non - passerines. lynx edicions and birdlife international, barcelona, spain and cambridge, uk. passerines\ndel hoyo, j. , collar, n. j. , christie, d. a. , elliott, a. , fishpool, l. d. c. , boesman, p. and kirwan, g. m. 2016. hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world. volume 1: passerines. lynx edicions and birdlife international, barcelona, spain and cambridge, uk .\naerc tac (2003) aerc tac checklist of bird taxa occurring in western palearctic region, 15th draft. association of european rarities committees. available from: urltoken _ the _ wp15. xls. checked: 11 / 5 / 2007 .\naou (1998 + supplements) check - list of north american birds. seventh edition. washington, d. c. : american ornithologists' union .\nbrooke, m. de l. (2004) albatrosses and petrels across the world. oxford: oxford university press." ]

{ "text": [ "the somali ostrich ( struthio molybdophanes ) also known as the blue-necked ostrich is a large flightless bird native to the horn of africa .", "it was previously considered a subspecies of the common ostrich , but was identified as a distinct species in 2014 . " ], "topic": [ 22, 5 ] }

[ "the somali ostrich (struthio molybdophanes) also known as the blue-necked ostrich is a large flightless bird native to the horn of africa. it was previously considered a subspecies of the common ostrich, but was identified as a distinct species in 2014." ]

[ "species turbonilla abrupta clessin, 1902 accepted as turbonilla nesiotes pimenta & absalão, 1998 (invalid: junior homonym of turbonilla abrupta bush, 1899; t. nesiotes is a replacement name )\nturbonilla decussata pease, 1861 accepted as turbonilla varicosa (a. adams, 1855 )\nturbonilla elongata pease, 1861 accepted as turbonilla varicosa (a. adams, 1855 )\nturbonilla macandreae a. adams, 1870 accepted as turbonilla speciosa a. adams, 1869\nturbonilla manorae melvill, 1898 accepted as turbonilla mumia (a. adams, 1861 )\nturbonilla microscopica laseron, 1959 accepted as turbonilla mumia (a. adams, 1861 )\nturbonilla multigyrata dunker, 1882 accepted as turbonilla candida (a. adams, 1855 )\nturbonilla pseudostricta f. nordsieck, 1972 accepted as turbonilla pumila seguenza g. , 1876\nspecies turbonilla decussata pease, 1861 accepted as turbonilla varicosa (a. adams, 1855 )\nturbonilla bella dall & bartsch, 1906 accepted as turbonilla varicosa (a. adams, 1855 )\nturbonilla elegans (d’orbigny, 1841) accepted as turbonilla elegantula a. e. verrill, 1882\nspecies turbonilla elegans verrill, 1872 accepted as turbonilla elegantula a. e. verrill, 1882 (preoccupied by turbonilla elegans d' orbigny, 1841 )\nspecies turbonilla areolata a. e. verrill, 1873 accepted as turbonilla interrupta (totten, 1835 )\nspecies turbonilla bella dall & bartsch, 1906 accepted as turbonilla varicosa (a. adams, 1855 )\nspecies turbonilla cornelliana (newcomb, 1870) accepted as turbonilla varicosa (a. adams, 1855 )\nturbonilla subulata (c. b. adams, 1850) accepted as turbonilla peilei dall & bartsch, 1911\nspecies turbonilla hoecki [ sic ] accepted as turbonilla hoeki dautzenberg & h. fischer, 1896 (misspelling )\nspecies turbonilla albella a. adams, 1861 accepted as turbonilla orientica corgan, 1970 (non lovén, 1846 )\nspecies turbonilla helena thiele, 1925 accepted as turbonilla indonesiae van aartsen & corgan, 1996 (invalid: junior homonym of turbonilla helena semper, 1861 and t. helena bartsch, 1915; turbonilla indonesiae is a replacement name )\nspecies turbonilla corintoensis [ sic ] accepted as turbonilla corintonis hertlein & a. m. strong, 1951 (misspelling )\nspecies turbonilla grossa j. t. marshall, 1894 accepted as turbonilla sinuosa (jeffreys, 1884) (synonym )\n548. * turbonilla (pyrgiscus) species 3 [ this is turbonilla species h of redfern; no. 621 ]\nspecies turbonilla elongata castellanos, 1982 accepted as turbonilla zulmae pimenta & absalão, 1998 (invalid: junior homonym of turbonilla elongata pease, 1861; t. zulmae is a replacement name )\nspecies turbonilla hemphilli bartsch, 1917 accepted as turbonilla vix pimenta & absalão, 1998 (invalid: junior homonym of turbonilla hemphilli bush, 1899; t. vix is a replacement name )\nspecies turbonilla candida de folin, 1870 accepted as syrnola etiennei (dautzenberg, 1912) (preoccupied by turbonilla candida a. adams, 1855 )\n» species turbonilla (dunkeria) eritima e. a. smith, 1890 accepted as turbonilla eritima e. a. smith, 1890 (basionym )\nspecies turbonilla formosa verrill & s. smith [ in verrill ], 1880 accepted as turbonilla bushiana a. e. verrill, 1882 (preoccupied by chemnitzia formosa klipst, 1856 and turbonilla formosa vincent and rutot, 1879 )\nturbonilla gracillima gabb, 1865 accepted as chemnitzia gabbiana j. g. cooper, 1867\n535. * turbonilla (chemnitzia) levis (c. b. adams, 1850 )\nturbonilla acosta bartsch, 1919 accepted as derjuginella rufofasciata (e. a. smith, 1875 )\nturbonilla petri bartsch, 1919 accepted as derjuginella rufofasciata (e. a. smith, 1875 )\nturbonilla vladivostokensis bartsch, 1929 accepted as derjuginella rufofasciata (e. a. smith, 1875 )\nspecies turbonilla acosta bartsch, 1919 accepted as derjuginella rufofasciata (e. a. smith, 1875 )\nspecies turbonilla angusta gabb, 1873 † accepted as turbonilla angustula pilsbry & johnson, 1917 † accepted as chemnitzia angustula (pilsbry & johnson, 1917) † (invalid: treated by pilsbry & johnson as a secondary homonym of turbonilla angusta (carpenter, 1864); t. angustula is a replacement name )\nspecies turbonilla cancellata w. h. turton, 1932 accepted as pyrgiscus altenai van aartsen & corgan, 1996 (invalid: junior homonym of turbonilla cancellata holmes, 1860; pyrgiscus altenai is a replacement name )\nspecies turbonilla elegantula (a. adams, 1860) accepted as asmunda elegantula (a. adams, 1860 )\nturbonilla prolongata w. h. turton, 1932 accepted as pyrgiscus prolongatus (w. h. turton, 1932 )\nturbonilla smithii a. e. verrill, 1880 accepted as eulimella smithii (a. e. verrill, 1880 )\nturbonilla whitechurchi w. h. turton, 1932 accepted as pyrgulina whitechurchi (w. h. turton, 1932 )\nspecies turbonilla awamoaensis p. marshall & murdoch, 1921 † accepted as eulimella awamoaensis p. marshall & murdoch, 1921 †\nclick here for detailed description and more photos of turbonilla (chemnitzia) levis (c. b. adams, 1850) .\nturbonilla polita (a. e. verrill, 1872) accepted as eulimella polita (a. e. verrill, 1872 )\nspecies turbonilla gracillima gabb, 1865 accepted as chemnitzia gabbiana j. g. cooper, 1867 accepted as turbonilla gabbiana (j. g. cooper, 1867) (junior secondary homonym of chemnitzia gracillima carpenter, 1857; chemnitzia gabbiana is a replacement name )\nturbonilla pellucida (g. b. sowerby iii, 1897) accepted as polyspirella pellucida (g. b. sowerby iii, 1897 )\naartsen, j. j. van, 1981. european pyramidellidae: ii. turbonilla. — boll, malac. 17: 61 - 88 .\nspecies turbonilla bathyraphe g. b. sowerby iii, 1901 accepted as peristichia bathyraphe (g. b. sowerby iii, 1901) (original combination )\n547. * turbonilla (pyrgiscus) species 2 [ larger protoconch, sharper axials vs. t. (p .) incisa bush, 1899) ]\n551. * turbonilla (pyrgiscus) species 6 [ slender, straight - sided; fewer spirals than * t. (p .) species 5 ]\n554. * turbonilla (strioturbonilla) species 3 [ like t. (s .) species 1 but whorls more slender, elongate, and straight - sided ]\n536. * turbonilla (chemnitzia) species 1 [ more rugged and conical vs. t. hemphilli; this is species e of h. g. lee ms ]\n538. turbonilla (odostomella) cf. doliolum (philippi, 1844) [ this is the larger, paler, spirally - banded morph discussed by odé, 1993 texas conch 29 (3): species 479, not 480 (which is turbonilla fonteini de jong and coomans, 1988); also bermuda (hgl collection). ]\n550. * turbonilla (pyrgiscus) species 5 [ slender, straight - sided; finer, more numerous spirals vs. t. (p .) species 6 ]\n544. * turbonilla (pyrgiscus) viridaria dall, 1884 [ + t. conradi bush, 1899; close to t. (p .) species 2 and 4 ]\n539. * turbonilla (pyrgiscus) cf. asperula bush, 1899 [ this is t. (p .) species a of lee n. e. florida ms. ]\nspecies turbonilla evermanni baker, hanna & a. m. strong, 1928 accepted as murchisonella evermanni (baker, hanna & a. m. strong, 1928) (original combination )\nspecies turbonilla hampdenensis finlay, 1927 † accepted as pyrgiscilla hampdenensis (r. s. allan, 1926) † accepted as pyrgiscus hampdenensis (r. s. allan, 1926) †\n552. * turbonilla (strioturbonilla) species 1 [ conical, broad mid - whorl spiral groove; smaller protoconch vs. t. (s .) sp. c lee ms ]\ndescriptions of new species of turbonilla of the western atlantic fauna, with notes on those previously known proceedings of the academy of natural sciences of philadelphia 51 145 - 177, pl. 8 .\nspecies turbonilla antiqua p. marshall, 1919 † accepted as pyrgiscilla hampdenensis (r. s. allan, 1926) † accepted as pyrgiscus hampdenensis (r. s. allan, 1926) †\nspecies turbonilla hampdenensis r. s. allan, 1926 † accepted as pyrgiscilla hampdenensis (r. s. allan, 1926) † accepted as pyrgiscus hampdenensis (r. s. allan, 1926) †\nfrøydis lygre, jon anders kongsrud and christoffer schander, four new species of turbonilla (gastropoda, pyramidellimorpha, turbonillidae) from the gulf of guinea, west africa; african invertebrates vol. 52 (2) pages 243–254 pietermaritzburg december, 2011\n( of turbonilla (turbonilla) risso, 1826) howson, c. m. ; picton, b. e. (1997). the species directory of the marine fauna and flora of the british isles and surrounding seas. ulster museum publication, 276. the ulster museum: belfast, uk. isbn 0 - 948150 - 06 - 8. vi, 508 (+ cd - rom) pp. (look up in imis) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nk. j. bush (1899), descriptions of new species of turbonilla of the western atlantic fauna, with notes on those previously known; proceedings of the academy of natural sciences of philadelphia, vol. 51, no. 1 (jan. - mar. , 1899), pp. 145 - 177\n( of turbonilla (chemnitzia) d' orbigny, 1839) vaught, k. c. ; tucker abbott, r. ; boss, k. j. (1989). a classification of the living mollusca. american malacologists: melbourne. isbn 0 - 915826 - 22 - 4. xii, 195 pp. (look up in imis) [ details ]\n( of turbonilla (cylindriturbonilla) nordsieck, 1972) howson, c. m. ; picton, b. e. (1997). the species directory of the marine fauna and flora of the british isles and surrounding seas. ulster museum publication, 276. the ulster museum: belfast, uk. isbn 0 - 948150 - 06 - 8. vi, 508 (+ cd - rom) pp. (look up in imis) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of turbonilla (cyrtoturbonilla) nordsieck, 1972) howson, c. m. ; picton, b. e. (1997). the species directory of the marine fauna and flora of the british isles and surrounding seas. ulster museum publication, 276. the ulster museum: belfast, uk. isbn 0 - 948150 - 06 - 8. vi, 508 (+ cd - rom) pp. (look up in imis) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of turbonilla (graciliturbonilla) nordsieck, 1972) howson, c. m. ; picton, b. e. (1997). the species directory of the marine fauna and flora of the british isles and surrounding seas. ulster museum publication, 276. the ulster museum: belfast, uk. isbn 0 - 948150 - 06 - 8. vi, 508 (+ cd - rom) pp. (look up in imis) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nrosenberg, g. ; moretzsohn, f. ; garcía, e. f. (2009). gastropoda (mollusca) of the gulf of mexico, pp. 579–699 in: felder, d. l. and d. k. camp (eds .), gulf of mexico–origins, waters, and biota. texas a & m; press, college station, texas. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nscientists aim to describe a single' tree of life' that reflects the evolutionary relationships of living things. however, evolutionary relationships are a matter of ongoing discovery, and there are different opinions about how living things should be grouped and named. eol reflects these differences by supporting several different scientific' classifications'. some species have been named more than once. such duplicates are listed under synonyms. eol also provides support for common names which may vary across regions as well as languages .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\neast side of peanut island under rock, lake worth lagoon, palm beach inlet, palm beach county, florida (4. 6 mm .). digital images by marlo krisberg .\nscanning electron micrograph of fossil specimen from the lower pinecrest beds, upper tamiami formation, sarasota county, florida (2. 07 mm .) .\nsem produced in collaboration with dr. ann heatherington, dept. of geology, university of florida, gainesville, fl .\ndistribution: mexico: veracruz, tabasco, campeche state, yucatan state, quintana roo; colombia, venezuela: unlocalized; puerto rico; virgin islands: st. thomas; brazil: rio de janeiro\nreferences: bush (1899) m; odé & speers (1972a); garcía - cubas (1971) w; princz (1982a); rios (1985) se; jong & coomans (1988) s (of ^ t. levis ^); absalao & pimenta (1999) vt\n, illustrated by clench & turner (1950: 403) is not conspecific with the lectotype, fide pimenta & absalao (1999) .\ndie familie der eulimidae systematisches conchylien - cabinet 1 (28) 41 - 224, pl. 10 - 36 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nturgeon, d. d. , j. f. quinn, jr. , a. e. bogan, e. v. coan, f. g. hochberg, w. g. lyons, et al .\ncommon and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada: mollusks, 2nd ed .\ndisclaimer: itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available, and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties. however, it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes. while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available, ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party, wildlife statutes, regulations, and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register. for further information on u. s. legal requirements with respect to protected taxa, please contact the u. s. fish and wildlife service .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwe' ve updated our privacy policy and by continuing you' re agreeing to the updated terms .\nwhen you visit our site, preselected companies may use cookies or other certain information on your device to serve relevant ads and for analytics purposes. learn more\ndiscussions, photo series, how to identify or distinguish a species or between species .\nencyclo. co. uk, online since 2007, is a search engine for english meanings and definitions. the website aims to publish all wordlists, big and small, on the internet, making it much easier to find the word you need. follow us on facebook\ndepth range based on 2 specimens in 1 taxon. environmental ranges depth range (m): 31 - 50 graphical representation depth range (m): 31 - 50 note: this information has not been validated. check this * note *. your feedback is most welcome .\nthe generally slender, bluish - white to milk - white, semitranslucent shell is more or less elongated and has a cylindro - conic shape .\nthe apex is sinistral. the reversed, flattened or projecting protoconch consists of 1½ to 3 whorls that are oblique or tilted from transverse to the axis .\nthe teleoconch contains many planulate or more or less convex whorls. these are sometimes shouldered and are generally ornamented with less prominent longitudinal ribs (= costulate) .\nthe intercostal spaces are smooth or crossed bv more or less distinct, incised, sometimes raised, spiral lines. the spiral ines often also appear on the base of the shell, which varies from short, little rounded (the body whorl is subangulated at the periphery), to elongate and well - rounded .\nthe shape of the aperture varies from subquadrate with a straight columellar lip, to an elongate - ovate shape, well - rounded and produced below, with a curved columellar lip. the peritreme is generally discontinuous, rarely continuous .\nthe outer lip is always thin and entire. the inner lip is more or less thickened and reflected, often with a plication or fold that is not always visible externally .\nthe columella is vertical, not plicate. the columellar fold is single, varying in strength. the horny operculum is subspiral. the shell is usually smaller than in pyramidella and larger than in odostomia .\ngofas, s. ; le renard, j. ; bouchet, p. (2001). mollusca, in: costello, m. j. et al. (ed .) (2001). european register of marine species: a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification. collection patrimoines naturels, 50: pp. 180 - 213\nspencer, h. ; marshall. b. (2009). all mollusca except opisthobranchia. in: gordon, d. (ed .) (2009). new zealand inventory of biodiversity. volume one: kingdom animalia. 584 pp\ndall & bartsch, a monograph of west american pyramidellid mollusks, united states national museum bulletin 68, p. 19: 1909\ng. w. tryon, manual of conchology vol. viii p. 317\nj. j. van aartsen, e. gittenberger & j. goud, pyramidellidae (mollusca, gastropoda, heterobranchia) collected during the dutch cancap and mauritania expeditions in the south - eastern part of the north atlantic ocean (part 2 )\nvaught, k. c. (1989). a classification of the living mollusca. american malacologists: melbourne, fl (usa). isbn 0 - 915826 - 22 - 4. xii, 195 pp .\nspencer, h. ; marshall. b. (2009). all mollusca except opisthobranchia. in: gordon, d. (ed .) (2009). new zealand inventory of biodiversity. volume one: kingdom animalia. 584 pp\nrisso, a. (1826 - 1827). histoire naturelle des principales productions de l' europe méridionale et particulièrement de celles des environs de nice et des alpes maritimes. paris, levrault: vol. 1: xii + 448 pp. , 1 map [ 1826 ]; vol. 2: vii + 482 pp. , 8 pls [ november 1827 ]; vol. 3: xvi + 480 pp. , 14 pls [ september 1827 ]; vol. 4: iv + 439 pp. , 12 pls [ november 1826 ]; vol. 5: viii + 400 pp. , 10 pls [ november 1827 ]. . 3 (xvi): 1 - 480, 14 pls. , available online at urltoken page (s): 224 [ details ]\nrobba e. (2013) tertiary and quaternary fossil pyramidelloidean gastropods of indonesia. scripta geologica 144: 1 - 191. [ april 2013 ] [ details ]\n( of dunkeria carpenter, 1857) howson, c. m. ; picton, b. e. (1997). the species directory of the marine fauna and flora of the british isles and surrounding seas. ulster museum publication, 276. the ulster museum: belfast, uk. isbn 0 - 948150 - 06 - 8. vi, 508 (+ cd - rom) pp. (look up in imis) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of chemnitzia d' orbigny, 1840) landau b. m. & lafollette p. i. (2015). the pyramidellidae (mollusca: gastropoda) from the miocene cantaure formation of venezuela. cainozoic research. 15 (1 - 2): 13 - 54. note: genus treated as valid [ details ]\npopular: trivia, history, america, cities, world, usa, states, television, ... more\nfor full functionality of researchgate it is necessary to enable javascript. here are the instructions how to enable javascript in your web browser .\n... other remains in this sample were chiton fragments, bryozoans, cirripedia, and decapods. all shells were identified based on the taxonomy established by aguirre (1993) and farinati (1994). mollusk assemblage includes 23 species of gastro - pod and 24 bivalve species (aliotta et al. , 2013)... .\n... remarks: this species represents a palaeoclimate indi - cator. its holocene geographical range is southwarths shifted in comparison with its modern range (farinati 1994). it is an indicator of warmer waters than present along the southeastern bonaerensian coastal area in argentina, probably as a consequence of an enhanced brazilian current during the mid - holo - cene climatic optimum / amelioration (brinner et al. 2003... .\n... it is an indicator of warmer waters than present along the southeastern bonaerensian coastal area in argentina, probably as a consequence of an enhanced brazilian current during the mid - holo - cene climatic optimum / amelioration (brinner et al. 2003. vitrinella agulhasensis thiele, recorded from monte hermoso (castel - lanos 1969) could be a synonym (farinati 1994)... .\nradiocarbon dating of holocene marine deposits, bahia blanca area, buenos aires province, argentina .\nthe area distribution and thickness of the shell deposits are shown. these wedge - shaped ridges have been left as beach deposits by a regression of the sea. the 14c ages gradually decrease seawards ranging from 7500 yr to 1000 yr bp, delimiting different shoreline positions during holocene times. - from author\nspecimens of polyschides tetraschistus (watson) from sediments referred to the late pleistocene are described. this record is the first mention of the family cadulidae for that age in argentina. polyschides tetraschistus is living today in the area but was not found in holocene deposits. the occurrence increases the geographic distribution of fossil cadulidae .\npaleontología de los sedimentos marinos holocenos de los alrededores de bahía blanca, provincia de b ...\nevidencias paleontológicas y sedimentológicas de un nivel marino pleistocenico en bahía blanca, prov ...\n> stream hþb '` 'a '` òa 'b 'àmg\u0010a @ \u0000\u0011\u0006f \u0003ghhhxxd (aà * ’\u001aâ\u0002\u0004\u000el\u0002 = ö q ¢' 1žhˆqaí + \b } èz“! 蓵d! ø\u0016›ý‚p9† áëi¬ª\u0017ün0x\u001b * ±°jƒlôsp½çðæðk‡ea‚g; ¿så { 6 ^ \u0003ë g\u001bvª3ü0 } > óö\u0004c { ®8\u0006ûböw\u0013zûøm\u0004¦ { sæ8\u0018ïbnú '¾e¯aÿ + îì ½þ, & \u0017ú $ xl6xv1oü 's—ã´ @ ´ óù\u0007ú¦ì‡' ˜ bw h\u0017åœ _ 'p '\u0019î¬ç0c‚e ~ ƒõaæc\u000ffìa > úaz + ó \u0007†zì / / ¨ _ åðøð2s懕ul? 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ñjj\u0013sòþb\u001bf‘ëlw˜n \u0013zñ uÿï™üs ’è - \u0005ð } + ÷ú6eu¿õ º°±' íami [ ½c—ç¬ ˜¾¥ôzó m¿å (ßâd mmëg\u0005™ 'zt¶è® + qõ\u0002än¦è { ý¼ ] \u0002ôè\u0003x @ rn gf« $ á\u0015p { \u0019¢: òî\u00129uv [ zu ó¹dŽïf•› ^ ‘‘np\u001aè + ¹\u001a‹¾\nõ®ézèö\u0013æ« æ‹öyîh¬ huú! ‰üû ®ù²\u0004 \\ Ž¹ñee $ väo¸jb\u0006ïše '² õû9t‹\u0014Šu1n { 10ô„ò\u0018¼´´ã¬‚ªƒò½56ò\u0001\u0018c\u0013í\u0005 / à? , bæ\u0019ùä  sê²ùoið–²\u0016vmˆ’ïá ž±p¬\u0007Šñy¡ð ~ ¯! ¢˜’híç i\u0007ÿhz¬õ¸\u0018úvînqºŸ @ š\u001ah\u0004ã\u001a¤ûn¨÷ö¬©áþµ% ×ä‹á &, 4mò\u00047÷± s Œ\u0017òŠt¤íy±7ð' |  / v¯ù + ©t×¢ 0®¹ $ ½\u0011 ™óp×òwj * lásoé\u0006. \bê% = ² # ùv˜ / ‰\u0015æ + ºé¯ [ ö¼ågøàsií [ ¶ öîí\u0012›îóàóùîî†õ”d\u001bw9svü”sì“ûç < ¹ž ] ú7: uøö * ® 'Ÿ¯×»¦dæ²t ,) ¸ûëi‹ì\u00179‰”¯štïý $ rເˆç³y± ó \\ \u0001‹ãê \u0014jsõfò ô¥°d› ·˜5 ^ jézlç * òêç. €ó% / \u0015 ýl\u0018' òºçxûö¤v¸pm% é r¤ ~ 2% \u0005íí $ \u000f5ô± > óºñcî cà¥þ8Ž §ûs—™ m§. \u0000 dµ @ j’nïb - úär¦ & ë\u0013. é®­w @ = \u0013o²óþé\u0001er¢Žmöc ] \u0012 ~ ¬‹øé \\ g) k) õ àèg¥s¯uz’§×: @ ¶­lùj«\u000e¥•ýd€ ýi×5\u0005\u001b p0þ: ? ­h\u00171½\u0002œ2w < 9\u0000ghmé© ~ \u00156žáej\u001a\u0014Œ2âèƒáî’\u0004ù¶¥ < { - ´¾îák\u0012àùrú\n5û\u0011ô æêiø `: â # føy½ì\u0015) ƒ¿gõ < ׉í÷gó¸èxób ] ª¿? + 8¤x陼\u0004 ] ct (­à\u0017, úù—n“\u0003% cà\u0010 < } w3qò‰\n` \u000evâ' lªú, çìtª\u0002i \u0010j¢ - ®é ^ 0lá÷ðcñ•c‹—ºðýŽ‡œðˆï ½ÿï¤m8\u0015\u0005g% ràs“‹ | pöñó\u0002“4óà $ \u000eú”è\u0005Šçã w‘ endstream endobj 4 0 obj <\n> stream \u0000\u0000\u0000\u00000\u0000\u0001\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0013\u0000\u0000\u0013ì\u0000\u0000\u0019è\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000p\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0001\u0000\u0001\u0001\u0000\u0000‚ ^ \u0000\u0000\u0003ÿýÿ\u0002þþþ\u0000\u0000\u0002\u0000\u0000\u0002 ~ ™ $ > \u0012\u0004zn } Ÿï¬ã5nú\u0011‘mé¡ # q1òõªœŸm |  (â\u0005–gû\u0010gŸ¿\u0000šà¸àã\u0000 & 8î«ü\u0006xúgœõê¨ 'q\u0000 # l6nß \u000f _? rìr [ l [ ìk ] iíàèk% 7fnµ _ •4¥üzla\boûí4sr 䕖hrºâ, r (ƒ©ý8ò¤ê; ‹\n†·? yè¾¼yj ì \u0017 > ¶s\u000448% õwkœ™p3·måkåœý; \u0019ë§6¸§o ñë6„\u00147 8 * lø«çjó©pŒ\n\u0018st\u001bøª‘üò›\u0017\u0007‰z‡ | ›' ´b6±ã2p / @ ªïo™ú\u0010 'ë\u001bp' ט„ _ b = h\u0014ä®´ï¨9 / åqŸ\u0017’\u0011a痱ê | æ ^ \u0005cô¤ \u000eó _ Šmñ”\u0000ù‹ê½´uôc×ý‹s¯bŠlwá? › - ‰ } àðˆz\u0006néŽø¼\u0000ÿaí\u0004c5è½ * ‹5 # aà 'ìöàl9bc\u0015ôéi› # € | ߝoðî±ð. 8öçì¼õ æ†ì / iä - uš! óøo\u0019 þiåo¾uìåçâat4€ ] vøz\u0015 } \u0010³ \u000e ¨ƒ†w\u000ex´è™ ‰†\u001byaaž1çw6b\u0011b¹áfõ—\u00143é\u000fþ\u0004•üû } øä‰l«z\u0002† - ûë ] ëèrñ # vœanŒƒ¡åíá & ý\u0007 < \u0013«8écgû\u001ago’âíêðáà\u0014x†k\u0002„ßw™xf ] ª§v / m×åŸ4ßn ^ §\u0006j– \\ ±ðð\u0019ߗ + ê³ig\u0016h & $ ò”2 { —d›© / (\u0016zï ¬4 | lì –ñ [ 6\u0001, · < \u0001© # eðé¤i\u0007¯uw—; ajfâd? †ò / 3µfåªø `, \u0012% 4! ^ b¿äh âíþùŽsû4• { - \u0016¶ú\u0001¨»mëgèc8\u0004oúe: ? vz‚® @ 2nå†î j¨ ô * w ã´ñ jb ] £ôð - åí‘ßdà™òþp§¸u÷ - \u0001: j\u001b \u0001fl‰w\u0015¬ï: \u0017ü¿zdá \u001b9yync\u001b7k1„·o¼ b, „ê # aá†f, ”dnnc‰pný€¤p\u0003 # ü\u0016Ạ{ %\npyramidellids (mollusca, gastropoda), in the holocene sediments of the bahia blanca area, argentina. ameghiniana 30 (3): 297 - 310, 1993\nthe genus chaetopleura shuttleworth, 1853 mollusca, polyplacophora in holocene sediments from bahia blanca, argentina el genero chaetopleura shuttleworth, 1853 mollusca, polyplacophora en sedimentos holocenos de bahia blanca, argentina. ameghiniana, 323: 267 - 270, 1995\ntaphonomic analisys of holocene molluscs in the coastal area of bahia blanca estuary, argentina analisis tafonomico de moluscos holocenos en el area costera del estuario de bahia blanca, argentina. universidade federal do rio grande do sul instituto de geociencias pesquisas, 281: 3 - 11, 2001\nscaphopoda mollusca from pleistocene sediments, bahia blanca, argenta presencia de scaphopoda mollusca en sedimentos del pleistoceno del area de bahia blancas, argentina. ameghiniana, 343: 271 - 274, 1997\nthe genus chaetopleura shuttleworth, 1853 (mollusca, polyplacophora) in holocene sediments of bahia blanca, argentina. ameghiniana 32 (3): 267 - 270, 1995\nmicromollusks (gastropoda and bivalvia) from the holocene of bahia blanca, argentina. ameghiniana 31 (4): 303 - 315, 1994\nmicromolluscs (gastropoda and bivalvia) from the holocene of bahia blanca, argentina. ameghiniana 31 (4): 303 - 315, 1994\npyramidellidos (mollusca, gastropoda) en sedimentos holocenos de bahia blanca, argentina. ameghiniana, 303: 297 - 310, 1993\nforaminifera and ostracoda of recent sediments from the bahia blanca estuary, argentina foraminiferos y ostracodos de sedimentos recientes del estuario de bahia blanca, argentina. revista espanola de micropaleontologia. mayo - diciembre; 382 - 3: 395 - 410, 2006\nscaphopoda (mollusca) from pleistocene sediments, bahia blanca, argentina. ameghiniana 34 (3): 271 - 274, 1997\nthis report deals with molluscs collected in waters off the louisiana coast from 1970 to the present. early collecting resulted in only few species obtained principally by scuba diving on the offshore calcareous banks or\npinnacles\n( garcía, 1974). however, beginning in 1993, the use of the\npelican ,\na research vessel belonging to the louisiana universities marine consortium, produced many more species (garcía 1999a, 1999b, 2000, 2001, 2002\na large percentage of these taxa were not known to inhabit the northwestern gulf of mexico; of these, some had never been reported from anywhere in the gulf; and still others, mainly micromollusks, seem to be undescribed species .\nand some have been recently described. for easier access, we have not attempted to rearrange the order of genera formerly assigned to “turridae”. they remain alphabetized under that umbrella taxon\n. as time permits, illustrations will be added to accompany the list; these species - level taxa will be conspicuously identified .\n, and the gulf of mexico research initiative, the latter supported by british petroleum .\nyou are welcome to download any of the images linked from these pages for private non - profit use. if they are to be republished, please request permission from dr. emilio f. garcia. also see urltoken terms of use .\nvoucher specimens for all listed species are in the thorpe, garcía, and / or lee collection .\n50. spathochlamys benedicti (a. e. verrill and bush, 1897 )\n51. cyclopecten nanus (a. e. verrill and bush, 1897 )\n64b. * myrteopsis lens (a. e. verrill and s. smith, 1880 )\n155a. * diodora arcuata (g. b. sowerby ii, 1862 )\n( philippi, 1845) [ = l. sowerbii auctores non (g. b. sowerby i, 1835) ]\n188. * calliostoma sp. aff. benedict i dall, 1889 [ juv. but different ]\n281. * cerithiopsis species 1 [ this is c. species b of lee n. e. florida ms. ]\n299. * “ triphora ” atlantica (e. a. smith, 1898 )\n322. * eulima sp. aff. fulvocincta c. b. adams, 1850 [ nearly identical to e. f. , but the protoconch and early teleo - are massive ]\n323. * melanella sp. [ this is eulimid sp. of redfern, 2001; no. 365 ]\n324. melanella hypsela (a. e. verrill and bush, 1900 )\n472a. gymnobela agassizii (a. e. verrill and s. smith, 1880 )\n519. eulimastoma didymum (a. e. verrill and bush, 1900 )\n523. fargoa dianthophila (h. w. wells and m. j. wells, 1961 )\nscaphander cf. punctostriatus (mighels and c. b. adams, 1842 )\nbright, t. j. and l. h. pequegnat. 1974. biota of the west flower garden bank. gulf publishing co, 435 pp. carney, r. s. 1994. consideration of the oasis analogy for chemosynthetic communities at the gulf of mexico hydrocarbon vents. geo - marine letters 14: 149 - 159 .\ngarcía, e. f. 1974. a variation of conus ranunculus hwass. of sea and shore. 5 (3): 121\n_ _ _ _ _. 1999a. new molluscan records for the northwestern gulf of mexico. american conchologist. 27 (2): 27 .\n_ _ _ _ _. 1999b. three new gastropod species from the new world. apex 14 (3 - 4): 59 - 65 (stated date: december 20, 1999 )\n_ _ _ _ _. 2000. surprising new molluscan records for louisiana and the northwestern gulf of mexico. american conchologist. 28 (3): 5 .\n_ _ _ _ _. 2002. more discoveries from a collecting expedition off the louisiana coast. american conchologist. 30 (1): 6 .\n_ _ _ _ _. 2002. unexpected molluscan finds from the hydrocarbon vents off the louisiana coast. american conchologist 30 (4): 28 .\n_ _ _ _ _. 2005. six new deep - water molluscan species (gastropoda: epitoniidae, conoidea) from the gulf of mexico. novapex 6 (4): 79 - 87 .\n_ _ _ _ _. 2006. conus sauros, a new conus species (gastropoda: conidae) from the gulf of mexico. novapex 7 (2 - 3): 71 - 76 .\n_ _ _ _ _. 2007a. results of deep - water dredging in the gulf of mexico using the “benthic skimmer, ” and report on several geographic extensions, including two species not previously reported in the western atlantic. the festivus xxxix (2): 13 - 18 .\n_ _ _ _. 2007b. a new species of cosmioconcha (gastropoda: columbellidae) from the northern gulf of mexico. novapex 8 (2): 43 - 46 .\n_ _ _ _. 2008a. eight new molluscan species (gastropoda: turridae) from the western atlantic, with the description of two new genera. novapex 9 (1): 1 - 15 .\n_ _ _ _ _. 2008b. molluscan findings from a recent dredging expedition off the louisiana coast. american conchologist 36 (4): 4 - 9 .\n_ _ _ _ _. 2008c. four new buccinid species (gastropoda: buccinidae) from the western atlantic. novapex 9 (4): 141 - 148 .\n_ _ _ _. 2010. a geographic extension for two species of favartia (muricidae: muricopsinae) from the western atlantic. american conchologist 38 (3): 10 - 11 .\n_ _ _ _. 2011a. a new species of mitra (fusimitra) (gastropoda: mitridae) from the northwestern gulf of mexico. novapex 12 (3 - 4): 57 - 62 .\n_ _ _ _. 2011b. two new species of epitonium (gastropoda: epitoniidae) from the western atlantic. novapex 12 (3 - 4): 99 - 107 .\n_ _ _ _. 2011c. on vexillum (pusia) articulatum (reeve, 1845) and v. (p .) trophonium (dall, 1889). american conchologist 39 (3) 10 - 11 .\n_ _ _ _. 2012. noteworthy offshore mollusks from the north - central gulf of mexico, including geographical extensions and a generic reassignment. american conchologist 40 (1): 34 - 37 .\n_ _ _ _ _. 2013. report on a dredging expedition off the louisiana coast including geographical extension and new record size. ii. american conchologist 41 (1): 4 - 8 .\ngarcía, e. f. and h. g. lee. 2002. report on molluscan species found in the offshore waters of louisiana, including many extensions of known range and un - named species. american conchologist 30 (4): 10 - 13 .\n_ _ _ _. 2003. report on molluscan species found in the offshore waters of louisiana, including many extensions of known range and un - named species. ii. american conchologist 31 (1): 26 - 29 .\nodé, h. 1975 - 1995. monographs: distribution and records of marine mollusks in the northwestern gulf of mexico. texas conchologist xi - xxxi .\nparker, r. h. and j. r. curry. 1956. fauna and bathymetry of banks on the continental shelf, northwestern gulf of mexico. bull. am. assoc. petrol. geolg. 40 (10): 2428 - 2439 .\nrosenberg, g. , f. moretzsohn and e. garcía. 2009. gastropoda (mollusca) of the gulf of mexico. in: gulf of mexico: its origins, waters, and biota. i, i. biodiversity. d. l. felder & d. k. camp, eds, texas a & m university press, pp. 579 - 699 .\ntunnell, j. w. jr. 1970. a checklist of the mollusks of seven and one - half fathom reef, northwestern gulf of mexico. contributions in martine science 15: 193 - 203 .\nwarén, a. and p. bouchet. 1993. new records, species, genera, and a new family of gastropods from hydrothermal vents and hydrocarbon seeps. zoologica scripta. 22 (1): 1 - 90." ]

{ "text": [ "turbonilla abrupta , common name the abrupt turbonilla , is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family pyramidellidae , the pyrams and their allies . " ], "topic": [ 2 ] }

[ "turbonilla abrupta, common name the abrupt turbonilla, is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family pyramidellidae, the pyrams and their allies." ]

[ "acanthosaura coronata günther 1861: 187 acanthosaura coronata günther 1861: 266 acanthosaura coronata — boulenger 1885: 303 acanthosaura coronata — stuart et al. 2006 acanthosaura coronata — bobrov & semenov 2008 acanthosaura coronata — ananjeva et al. 2008\nclick on the first link on a line below to go directly to a page where\nacanthosaura coronata\nis defined .\nsynonymy: partly after hallermann 2000; smith (1935) synonymized a. coronata with a. lepidogaster. however, stuart et al. (2006) and ananjeva et al. (2008) state that a. coronata should be removed from the synonymy of a lepidogaster because both species are morphologically distinct. sympatry: a. capra. distribution: see map in bobrov 2015 .\nananjeva, natalia b. ; nikolai l. orlov, thien tao nguyen, sergey a. ryabov (2011) a new species of acanthosaura (agamidae, sauria) from northwest vietnam. : russ. j. herpetol. 18 (3): 195 - 202\nbobrov v. v. 2015. lizards (reptilia, sauria) from vietnam in the herpetological collection of the zoological museum of moscow university. 2. genus acanthosaura (family agamidae). current studies in herpetology 15 (3 / 4): 146–152 - get paper here\nananjeva, natalia b. ; nikolai l. orlov, thien tao nguyen, sergey a. ryabov 2011. a new species of acanthosaura (agamidae, sauria) from northwest vietnam. russ. j. herpetol. 18 (3): 195 - 202 - get paper here\nwood jr. , perry l. ; jesse l. grismer, l. lee grismer, norhayati ahmad, & chan kin onn & aaron m. bauer (2009) two new montane species of acanthosaura gray, 1831 (squamata: agamidae) from peninsular malaysia. : zootaxa 2012: 28 - 46\nananjeva, n. b. ; n. l. orlov and s. a. kalyabina - hauf 2008. species of acanthosaura gray, 1831 (agamidae: sauria, reptilia) of vietnam: results of molecular and morphological study. biology bulletin (maik nauka) 35 (2): 178 - 186\nwood jr. , perry l. ; jesse l. grismer, l. lee grismer, norhayati ahmad, & chan kin onn & aaron m. bauer 2009. two new montane species of acanthosaura gray, 1831 (squamata: agamidae) from peninsular malaysia. zootaxa 2012: 28 - 46 - get paper here\nananjeva, n. b. ; n. l. orlov and s. a. kalyabina - hauf (2008) species of acanthosaura gray, 1831 (agamidae: sauria, reptilia) of vietnam: results of molecular and morphological study. : biology bulletin (maik nauka) 35 (2): 178 - 186\npauwels, olivier s. g. ; montri sumontha, kirati kunya, awat nitikul, phamon samphanthamit, perry l. wood, jr. & lee l. grismer (2015) acanthosaura phuketensis (squamata: agamidae), a new long - horned tree agamid from southwestern thailand: zootaxa 4020 (3): 473–494\nwood, p. l. ; grismer, l. l. ; grismer, j. l. ; neang, t. ; chav, t. & holden, j. (2010) a new cryptic species of acanthosaura gray, 1831 (squamata: agamidae) from thailand and cambodia. : zootaxa 2488: 22–38\npauwels, olivier s. g. ; montri sumontha, kirati kunya, awat nitikul, phamon samphanthamit, perry l. wood, jr. & lee l. grismer 2015. acanthosaura phuketensis (squamata: agamidae), a new long - horned tree agamid from southwestern thailand zootaxa 4020 (3): 473–494 - get paper here\nwood, p. l. ; grismer, l. l. ; grismer, j. l. ; neang, t. ; chav, t. & holden, j. 2010. a new cryptic species of acanthosaura gray, 1831 (squamata: agamidae) from thailand and cambodia. zootaxa 2488: 22–38 - get paper here\nnote: tdwg regions are generated automatically from the text in the distribution field and not in every cases it works well. we are working on it .\nbobrov v. v. , semenov d. v. 2008. lizards of vietnam [ in russian ]. moscow, 236 pp .\nboulenger, g. a. 1885. catalogue of the lizards in the british museum (nat. hist .) i. geckonidae, eublepharidae, uroplatidae, pygopodidae, agamidae. london: 450 pp. - get paper here\ngeißler, p. 2012. neues aus indochina - die amphibien und reptilien des cat - tien - nationalparks in südvietnam. terraria - elaphe 2012 (5): 72 - 77 - get paper here\ngünther, a. 1861. second list of siamese reptiles. proc. zool. soc. london 1861: 187 - 189 - get paper here\ngünther, a. 1861. second list of siamese reptiles. ann. mag. nat. hist. (3) 8: 266 - 268 - get paper here\njestrzemski, daniel; stefan schütz, truong quang nguyen, thomas ziegler 2013. a survey of amphibians and reptiles in chu mom ray national park, vietnam, with implications for herpetofaunal conservation. asian journal of conservation biology, 2 (2): 88–110 - get paper here\nmanthey u 2008. agamid lizards of southern asia, draconinae 1. terralog 7, 160 pp .\nsang, nguyen van; ho thu cuc, nguyen, quang truong 2009. herpetofauna of vietnam. chimaira, frankfurt, 768 pp .\nsmith, m. a. 1935. the fauna of british india, including ceylon and burma. reptiles and amphibia, vol. ii. sauria. taylor and francis, london, 440 pp .\nstuart, b. ; sok, k. & neang, t. 2006. a collection of amphibians and reptiles from hilly eastern cambodia. raffles bull. zool. 54 (1): 129 - 155 - get paper here\nstuart, b. l. , rowley, j. j. l. , neang, t. , emmett, d. a. & sitha, som 2010. significant new records of amphibians and reptiles from virachey national park, northeastern cambodia. cambodian journal of natural history 2010 (1): 38–47 - get paper here\nthis database is maintained by peter uetz (database content) and jakob hallermann, zoological museum hamburg (new species and updates) .\nthe number of species increased from 10, 711 to 10, 793, i. e. an increase of 82 species. 66 new species have been described, 9 species have been revalidated from synonymy and 16 subspecies were elevated to full species ...\nover the past 4 months, the number of species increased from 10, 639 to 10, 711 .\nthe number of species has grown from 10, 544 in the may release to now 10, 639 (+ 95 species) .\noverall, 212 new taxa have been added or changed their status or name .\nthe reptile database is a taxonomic database that provides basic information about all living reptile species, such as turtles, snakes, lizards, and crocodiles, as well as tuataras and amphisbaenians, but does not include dinosaurs .\ncurrently there are more than 10, 000 species and an additional 2, 700 subspecies. this is making reptiles the largest vertebrate group after fish (~ 25, 000 species) and birds (~ 10, 000 species), and significantly larger than mammals (~ 5, 000 species) or amphibians (~ 6, 000 species) .\nthe reptile database provides taxonomic information for the catalogue of life and the encyclopedia of life. our taxonomic information has also been used by genbank and many other resources and is the only comprehensive reptile database on the web .\nthe reptile database can be used to find all species within a certain geographic area (e. g. all snakes of egypt). its collection of more than 2, 500 images allow users to identify a species or at least get an idea how the species or genus may look like. more than 30, 000 references provide a guide to further information .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\nour website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site. we suggest you upgrade to a modern browser .\nbobrov v. v. , semenov d. v. (2008) lizards of vietnam [ in russian ]. : moscow, 236 pp .\nboulenger, g. a. (1885) catalogue of the lizards in the british museum (nat. hist .) i. geckonidae, eublepharidae, uroplatidae, pygopodidae, agamidae. : london: 450 pp .\ngeißler, p. (2012) neues aus indochina - die amphibien und reptilien des cat - tien - nationalparks in südvietnam. : terraria elaphe 2012 (5): 72 - 77\ngünther, a. (1861) second list of siamese reptiles. : ann. mag. nat. hist. (3) 8: 266 - 268\ngünther, a. (1861) second list of siamese reptiles. : proc. zool. soc. london 1861: 187 - 189\njestrzemski, daniel; stefan schu¨tz, truong quang nguyen, thomas ziegler (2013) a survey of amphibians and reptiles in chu mom ray national park, vietnam, with implications for herpetofaunal conservation. : asian journal of conservation biology, 2 (2): 88–110\nmanthey u (2008) agamid lizards of southern asia, draconinae 1. : terralog 7, 160 pp .\nsang, nguyen van; ho thu cuc, nguyen, quang truong (2009) herpetofauna of vietnam. : chimaira, frankfurt, 768 pp .\nsmith, m. a. (1935) the fauna of british india, including ceylon and burma. reptiles and amphibia, vol. ii. sauria. : taylor and francis, london, 440 pp .\nstuart, b. ; sok, k. & neang, t. (2006) a collection of amphibians and reptiles from hilly eastern cambodia. : raffl. bull. zool. 54 (1): 129 - 155\nstuart, b. l. , rowley, j. j. l. , neang, t. , emmett, d. a. & sitha, som (2010) significant new records of amphibians and reptiles from virachey national park, northeastern cambodia. : cambodian journal of natural history 2010 (1): 38–47\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\njavascript is turned off in your web browser. please turn it on to take full advantage of arctos, or try our html specimensearch option .\ntaxon name is the\nnamestring\nor\nscientific name ,\nthe\ndata\nthat is used to form identifications and the core of every taxonomy record .\ntaxon term is the data value of either a classification term (\nanimalia\n) or classification metadata (such as name authors) .\nterm type is the rank (\nkingdom\n) for classification terms, in which role it may be null, and the label for classification metadata (\nauthor text\n) .\nsource indicates the source of a classification (not a taxon name). some classifications are local; most come from globalnames .\ncommon names are vernacular term associated with taxon names, and are not necessarily english, correct, or common .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 0 transitional / / en" ]

{ "text": [ "acanthosaura coronata is a species of agamid lizard commonly known as the crowned spiny lizard .", "they are found in the lowland tropical forests of eastern cambodia ( type location ) and vietnam ( lam dong and dong nai provinces ) .", "they are diurnal .", "although often found near the ground , they have cryptic colouration and climb trees when threatened . " ], "topic": [ 25, 20, 0, 28 ] }

[ "acanthosaura coronata is a species of agamid lizard commonly known as the crowned spiny lizard. they are found in the lowland tropical forests of eastern cambodia (type location) and vietnam (lam dong and dong nai provinces). they are diurnal. although often found near the ground, they have cryptic colouration and climb trees when threatened." ]

[ "this is the place for psidopala definition. you find here psidopala meaning, synonyms of psidopala and images for psidopala copyright 2017 © urltoken\nhave a fact about psidopala warreni? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for psidopala warreni? write it here to share it with the entire community .\npsidopala pseudoornata werny, 1966 syn. n. of psidopala ornata ornata (leech, 1900 )\npsidopala tenuis falkneri werny, 1966 syn. n. of psidopala tenuis (hampson, 1896 )\npsidopala ornata yuennanensis werny, 1966 syn. n. of psidopala ornata ornata (leech, 1900 )\npsidopala pseudoornata indecorata werny, 1966 syn. n. of psidopala ornata ornata (leech, 1900 )\npsidopala ebba bryk, 1943, syn. n. of psidopala undulans (hampson, [ 1893 ] )\nhere you will find one or more explanations in english for the word psidopala. also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word psidopala and, of course, psidopala synonyms and on the right images related to the word psidopala .\n1. psid 2. psid / lnps 3. psid jombang 4. psid lnps 5. psid psid 6. psidc 7. pside 8. psidium 9. psidium cattleianum 10. psidium cattleyanum 11. psidium cinereum 12. psidium claraense 13. psidium dumetorum 14. psidium friedrichsthalianum 15. psidium guajava 16. psidium guineense 17. psidium harrisianum 18. psidium littorale 19. psidium littorale longipes 20. psidium pedicellatum 21. psidium rostratum 22. psidium rufum 23. psidium sintenisii 24. psidiums 25. psidopala paeoniola\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnb: the taxon name search is for single names only. for example, to locate dysodia vitrina flammata warren, 1904 you should enter flammata only .\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site. view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\nsign in to disable all ads. thank you for helping build the largest language community on the internet .\nhave a better pronunciation? upload it here to share it with the entire community .\nsimply select a language and press on the speaker button to listen to the pronunciation of the word. leave a vote for your preferred pronunciation .\nthe present work is a result of an almost ten - years long study of the authors having rather different former interest in the lepidopterology. only one of us had previous experience on the taxonomy and systematics of the wide sense „bombycoid” families since the three hungarian authors worked with different geometridae and noctuidae groups. but the „false owlet moths” display a great number of noctuoid features which make this very fascinating lepidopteran family even more interesting for the noctuid workers .\nthe final impetus was given during the intensive studies of the „winter moth fauna” of the himalayan region: to our great surprise, it was found that the macrolepidoptera fauna of the cold aspects has not been restricted to the „ordinary” noctuidae and geometridae but a diverse thyatiridae assemblage is present in practically all winter aspects. moreover, it is proved that thyatiridae is the only large heterocera group which shares this long and still rather poorly explored period with the noctuidae and geometridae in the wide sense himalayan region. the best marker of the richness of this fauna is the fact that the hnhm budapest has become the second largest european thyatiridae collection in the mirror of the species numbers within six years !\noriginally we thought to deal with the winter genera and species and the first discoveries were published in separate papers but the need of the full revision of the family became obvious even in the early period of the studies. we had to face unsolved problems not only in the treatment of the highly specialised and partly newly discovered himalayan - sino - pacific groups but even in such well - known, partly european genera like habrosyne and thyatira (and horithyatira, macrothyatira, gaurena etc .). it should be stated that the lack of the proper investigations of an amazingly large portion of the type specimens led to several mistakes in the former and the rather recent monographic works as well .\nthe elaboration of the monograph was unexpectedly lengthy, mostly due to the detailed examination and documentation of the type material and, the continuous discoveries of new species. a propitious moment in this long process that the technical conditions of the digital photography became increasingly better during this period, therefore the quality of our colour images and microscopic photographs could also be remarkably improved and we are able to provide impressive illustrations about these really beautiful animals. it is our pleasure to present this book to all lepidopterists, hoping that the readers will read and use it with joy and success .\ngyula m. lászló, gábor ronkay, lászló ronkay and thomas j. witt\nlaszlo, gy. m. , g. ronkay, l. ronkay and t. witt\nesperiana buchreihe zur entomologie 13: 1 - 683, 42 farbtafeln. schwanfeld, 18. juli 2007, isbn 3 - 938249 - 06 - 4 .\nrevised status, stat. rev. , status nova, stat. n. , bona species, bona sp. raised to species\nmicrothyatira werny, 1966 syn. n. of nemacerota hampson, [ 1893 ]\ntogaria matsumura, 1921 syn. n. of nemacerota hampson, [ 1893 ]\nasphalia nigrofascicula graeser, 1888, syn. n. of neoploca arctipennis (butler, 1878 )\ncymatophora intermedia houlbert, 1921, syn. n. of tethea or terrosa (graeser, 1888 )\ncymotrix decora gaede, 1930 syn. n. of habrona brunnea bethune - baker, 1908\ncymotrix submarginalis gaede, 1930 syn. n. of habrona concinna warren, 1915\ngaurena trimacula gaede, 1930 syn. n. of habrona marmorata warren, 1915\nhorithyatira assamensis werny, 1966, syn. n. of horithyatira diehli werny, 1966\nmimopsestis determinata bryk, 1943 syn. n. of parapsestis pseudomaculata (houlbert, 1921 )\npalimpsestis brunnea leech, 1900 syn. n. of paragnorima fuscescens (hampson, [ 1893 ] )\nspilobasis curvata sick, 1941 syn. n. of neotogaria flammifera (houlbert, 1921 )\ntogaria suzukiana matsumura, 1921 syn. n. of nemacerota tancrei (graeser, 1888 )\nachlya flavicornis finmarchica schöyen, 1881 syn. n. of achlya flavicornis (linnaeus, 1758 )\nachlya flavicornis meridionalis wolfsberger, 1968 syn. n. of achlya flavicornis (linnaeus, 1758 )\nachlya longipennis inokoi inoue, 1982 syn. n. of achlya tateyamai inoue, 1982\nepipsestis perornata sicki yoshimoto, 1988 syn. n of epipsestis nigropunctata nigropunctata (sick, 1941 )\ngaurena albifasciata likiangensis werny, 1966 syn. n. of gaurena margaritha werny, 1966\ngaurena albifasciata nepalensis werny, 1966 syn. n. of gaurena albifasciata gaede, 1930\ngaurena argentisparsa eberti werny, 1966 syn. n. of gaurena argentisparsa hampson, 1896\ngaurena aurofasciata bryki werny, 1966 syn. n. of gaurena aurofasciata hampson, [ 1893 ]\ngaurena florens obscura werny, 1966 syn. n. of gaurena florens walker, 1865\ngaurena florens oliva werny, 1966 syn. n. of gaurena florens walker, 1865\ngaurena florens yuennanensis werny, 1966 syn. n. of gaurena florens walker, 1865\ngaurena florescens albomaculata werny, 1966 syn. n. of gaurena florescens walker, 1865\ngaurena florescens burmanica werny, 1966 syn. n. of gaurena florescens walker, 1865\ngaurena gemella flavescens werny, 1966 syn. n. of gaurena florescens walker, 1865\nhabrosyne albipuncta szechwanensis werny, 1966 syn. n. of habrosyne albipuncta angulifera (gaede, 1930 )\nhabrosyne argenteipuncta burmanica werny, 1966 syn. n. of habrosyne violacea argenteipuncta hampson, [ 1893 ]\nhabrosyne argenteipuncta chinensis werny, 1966 syn. n. of habrosyne violacea violacea (fixsen, 1887 )\nhabrosyne argenteipuncta nigricans werny, 1966 syn. n. of habrosyne violacea argenteipuncta hampson, [ 1893 ]\nhabrosyne argenteipuncta pallescens werny, 1966 syn. n. of habrosyne violacea violacea (fixsen, 1887 )\nhabrosyne argenteipuncta szechwana werny, 1966 syn. n. of habrosyne violacea argenteipuncta hampson, [ 1893 ]\nhabrosyne aurorina moellendorfi (fixsen, 1887) syn. n. of habrosyne aurorina aurorina (butler, 1881 )\nhabrosyne conscripta nepalensis werny, 1966 syn. n. of habrosyne intermedia conscripta warren, 1912\nhabrosyne dieckmanni urupina bryk, 1941 syn. n. of habrosyne dieckmanni (graeser, 1888 )\nhabrosyne dieckmanni roseola matsumura, 1909 syn. n. of habrosyne dieckmanni (graeser, 1888 )\nhabrosyne fraterna chekiangensis werny, 1966 syn. n. of habrosyne indica (moore, 1867 )\nhabrosyne fraterna japonica werny, 1966 syn. n. of habrosyne indica (moore, 1867 )\nhabrosyne indica aurata werny, 1966 syn. n. of habrosyne indica (moore, 1867 )\nhabrosyne indica flavescens werny, 1966 syn. n. of habrosyne indica (moore, 1867 )\nhabrosyne indica grisea werny, 1966 syn. n. of habrosyne indica (moore, 1867 )\nhabrosyne indica malaisei bryk, 1943 syn. n. of habrosyne indica (moore, 1867 )\nhabrosyne petrographa (sic !) tapaischana werny, 1966 syn. n. of habrosyne pterographa (poujade, 1887 )\nhabrosyne pyritoides ochracea werny, 1966 syn. n. of habrosyne pyritoides derasoides (butler, 1878 )\nhaplothyatira unipunctata dubitatrix bryk, 1943, syn. n. of paragnorima fuscescens (hampson, [ 1893 ] )\nmacrothyatira fasciata shansiensis werny, 1966 syn. n. of macrothyatira fasciata (houlbert, 1921 )\npalimpsestis duplaris kamschadalis sheljuzhko, 1926 syn. n. of ochropacha duplaris (linnaeus, 1767 )\npalimpsestis fluctosa isshikii matsumura, 1921, syn. n. of tetheella fluctuosa (hübner, [ 1803 ] )\nstenopsestis alternata bryki yoshimoto, 1993 syn. n. of stenopsestis alternata (moore, 1881 )\ntethea akanensis koreibia bryk, 1948 syn. n. of tethea or terrosa (graeser, 1888 )\ntethea albicosta birmanica werny, 1966 syn. n. of tethea albicosta (moore, 1867 )\ntethea albicostata contrastata werny, 1966 syn. n. of tethea albicostata (bremer, 1861 )\ntethea albicostata japonibia werny, 1966 syn. n. of tethea albicostata (bremer, 1861 )\ntethea albicostata koreonaga bryk, 1948 syn. n. of tethea albicostata (bremer, 1861 )\ntethea albicostata montana werny, 1966 syn. n. of tethea albicostata (bremer, 1861 )\ntethea ampliata griseofasciata werny, 1966 syn. n. of tethea ampliata shansiensis werny, 1966\ntethea ampliata var. askoldensis (houlbert, 1921) syn. n. of tethea ampliata ampliata (butler, 1878 )\ntethea angustata staudinger, 1885 syn. n. of tethea octogesima octogesima (butler, 1878 )\ntethea consimilis birohoensis werny, 1966 syn. n. of tethea consimilis consimilis (warren, 1912 )\ntethea consimilis flavescens werny, 1966 syn. n. of tethea consimilis consimilis (warren, 1912 )\ntethea consimilis hoenei werny, 1966 syn. n. of tethea consimilis consimilis (warren, 1912 )\ntethea consimilis szechwanensis werny, 1966 syn. n. of tethea consimilis commifera (warren, 1912 )\ntethea oberthueri chekiangensis werny, 1966 syn. n. of tethea oberthueri oberthueri (houlbert, 1921 )\ntethea oberthueri fukienensis werny, 1966 syn. n. of tethea oberthueri oberthueri (houlbert, 1921 )\ntethea oberthueri monticola bryk, 1943 syn. n. of tethea oberthueri oberthueri (houlbert, 1921 )\ntethea oberthueri occidentalis werny, 1966 syn. n. of tethea oberthueri oberthueri (houlbert, 1921 )\ntethea octogesima var. caucasica krulikowsky, 1901, syn. n. of tethea ocularis ocularis (linnaeus, 1767 )\ntethea ocularis caucasica werny, 1966 syn. n. of tethea ocularis ocularis (linnaeus, 1767 )\ntethea ocularis kosswigi werny, 1966 syn. n. of tethea ocularis ocularis (linnaeus, 1767 )\ntethea ocularis orientalis werny, 1966 syn. n. of tethea ocularis osthelderi (bytinski - salz & brandt, 1937 )\ntethea ocularis tsinlingensis werny, 1966 syn. n. of tethea ocularis amurensis (warren, 1912 )\ntethea or nigrescens werny, 1966 syn. n. of tethea or or ([ denis & schiffermüller ], 1775 )\ntetheella fluctuosa isshikii (matsumura, 1921) syn. n. of tetheella fluctuosa (hübner, [ 1803 ] )\nthyatira batis japonica werny, 1966 syn. n. of thyatira batis batis (linnaeus, 1758 )\nthyatira batis mandschurica werny, 1966 syn. n. of thyatira batis batis (linnaeus, 1758 )\nthyatira hedemanni elbursina werny, 1966 syn. n. of thyatira hedemanni christoph, 1885\nthyatira rubrescens assamensis werny, 1966 syn. n. of thyatira batis rubrescens werny, 1966\nthyatira rubrescens kwangtungensis werny, 1966 syn. n. of thyatira batis rubrescens werny, 1966\nthyatira rubrescens nepalensis werny, 1966 syn. n. of thyatira batis rubrescens werny, 1966\nthyatira rubrescens obscura werny, 1966 syn. n. of thyatira batis rubrescens werny, 1966\nthyatira rubrescens orientalis werny, 1966 syn. n. of thyatira batis rubrescens werny, 1966\nthyatira rubrescens szechwana werny, 1966 syn. n. of thyatira batis rubrescens werny, 1966\nthyatira rubrescens tienmushana werny, 1966 syn. n. of thyatira batis rubrescens werny, 1966\nthyatira rubrescens vietnamensis werny, 1966 syn. n. of thyatira batis rubrescens werny, 1966\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 0 transitional / / en\npopular: trivia, history, america, cities, world, states, usa, television, ... more\nin taiwan. beccaloni, george; et al. , eds ...\nfull text of\ncentre for entomological studies ankara, cesa news nr. 84\nfull text of\ncentre for entomological studies ankara, cesa news nr. 84" ]

{ "text": [ "psidopala warreni is a moth in the drepanidae family .", "it was described by laszlo , g. ronkay , l. ronkay and witt in 2007 .", "it is found in china ( shaanxi ) . " ], "topic": [ 2, 5, 20 ] }

[ "psidopala warreni is a moth in the drepanidae family. it was described by laszlo, g. ronkay, l. ronkay and witt in 2007. it is found in china (shaanxi)." ]

[ "small (s) has the shortest download time and is suitable for digital use .\nby creating an account, i agree to shutterstock' s website terms, privacy policy, and licensing terms .\nthe date on your computer is in the past. if your computer' s clock shows a date before 1 jan 1970, the browser will automatically forget the cookie. to fix this, set the correct time and date on your computer .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance. if your browser does not accept cookies, you cannot view this site .\nthere are many reasons why a cookie could not be set correctly. below are the most common reasons :\nyou have cookies disabled in your browser. you need to reset your browser to accept cookies or to ask you if you want to accept cookies .\nyour browser asks you whether you want to accept cookies and you declined. to accept cookies from this site, use the back button and accept the cookie .\nyour browser does not support cookies. try a different browser if you suspect this .\nyou have installed an application that monitors or blocks cookies from being set. you must disable the application while logging in or check with your system administrator .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance by remembering that you are logged in when you go from page to page. to provide access without cookies would require the site to create a new session for every page you visit, which slows the system down to an unacceptable level .\nthis site stores nothing other than an automatically generated session id in the cookie; no other information is captured .\nin general, only the information that you provide, or the choices you make while visiting a web site, can be stored in a cookie. for example, the site cannot determine your email name unless you choose to type it. allowing a website to create a cookie does not give that or any other site access to the rest of your computer, and only the site that created the cookie can read it .\n© 2003 - 2018 shutterstock, inc. all rights reserved. made in nyc .\nlarge (l) is suitable for large prints as well as digital use. it is the original image provided by the contributor .\nyou can redownload your image for free at any time, in any size .\neditorial content, such as news and celebrity images, are not cleared for commercial use. learn more on our support center .\nsign up to browse over million images, video clips, and music tracks. plus, get free weekly content and more .\n( we only support jpg and png images under 5mb and no larger than 4000px on either side at this time. )\nbiologist, adventurer, explorer and photographer. the love of record wildlife in photos." ]

{ "text": [ "hoogmoed 's tree frog ( hypsiboas roraima ) is a species of frog in the family hylidae found in guyana , possibly brazil , and possibly venezuela .", "its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist montane forests and rivers . " ], "topic": [ 3, 24 ] }

[ "hoogmoed's tree frog (hypsiboas roraima) is a species of frog in the family hylidae found in guyana, possibly brazil, and possibly venezuela. its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist montane forests and rivers." ]

[ "© 2016, butterfly conservation society, ghana - african butterfly research institute - icom ltd .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page: myers, p. , r. espinosa, c. s. parr, t. jones, g. s. hammond, and t. a. dewey. 2018. the animal diversity web (online). accessed at https: / / animaldiversity. org .\ndisclaimer: the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. adw doesn' t cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283, drl 0628151, due 0633095, drl 0918590, and due 1122742. additional support has come from the marisla foundation, um college of literature, science, and the arts, museum of zoology, and information and technology services .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\na widespread paleotropical genus, ranging from west africa to australia. there is some question (e. g. , parsons 1999) regarding the monophyly of this genus: there are species groups with significant morphological and behavioral differences .\nackery, p. r. , smith, c. r. & vane - wright, r. i. (ed .) 1995 carcasson' s african butterflies. canberra: csiro .\ncorbet, a. s. , pendlebury, h. m. & eliot, j. n. 1992 the butterflies of the malay peninsula. kuala lumpur: malayan nature society .\nlarsen, t. b. 2005 butterflies of west africa. stenstrup, denmark: apollo books .\nparsons, m. 1999 the butterflies of papua new guinea: their systematics and biology. san diego: academic press .\nvane - wright, r. i. & de jong, r. 2003 the butterflies of sulawesi: annotated checklist for a critical island fauna. zoologische verhandelingen 343, 1 - 267 .\ncorrespondence regarding this page should be directed to andrew v. z. brower at\n. note that images and other media featured on this page are each governed by their own license, and they may or may not be available for reuse. click on an image or a media link to access the media data window, which provides the relevant licensing information. for the general terms and conditions of tol material reuse and redistribution, please see the\neach tol branch page provides a synopsis of the characteristics of a group of organisms representing a branch of the tree of life. the major distinction between a branch and a leaf of the tree of life is that each branch can be further subdivided into descendent branches, that is, subgroups representing distinct genetic lineages .\nfor a more detailed explanation of the different tol page types, have a look at the structure of the tree of life page .\ntree of life design and icons copyright © 1995 - 2004 tree of life project. all rights reserved .\nsearch their arrest records, driving records, contact information, photos and more ...\ncopyright 2018 peekyou. com. a patent pending people search process. all rights reserved .\nclick here to view book online to see this illustration in context in a browseable online version of this book .\nplease note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work." ]

{ "text": [ "hypolycaena naara is a butterfly in the lycaenidae family .", "it is found in cameroon , gabon , the republic of the congo , angola and the democratic republic of the congo ( kisangani ) . " ], "topic": [ 2, 20 ] }

[ "hypolycaena naara is a butterfly in the lycaenidae family. it is found in cameroon, gabon, the republic of the congo, angola and the democratic republic of the congo (kisangani)." ]

[ "no children of oslar' s roadside - skipper (amblyscirtes oslari) found .\nspecies amblyscirtes oslari - oslar' s roadside - skipper - hodges # 4094 - bugguide. net\nrange: amblyscirtes oslari flies in a narrow area from texas to north dakota. it reaches canada only in extreme southern saskatchewan and alberta .\nhabits: amblyscirtes oslari is found in dry short - grass prairie, seemingly preferring eroded habitats such as gullies, steep banks, and canyon bottoms .\nsimilar species: the dun skipper (euphyes vestris) has a larger stigma in the male and the underside is dark purplish brown, without the hoary grey dusting of oslari. [ compare images ]\ndiagnosis: the upperside of both wings is orange brown, with no pale spots and a very small, darker male stigma. beneath, the wings are tawny grey, with a pale - greyish median band on each wing. wingspan: 22 to 26 mm .\nearly stages: the larva is light yellow green with a black head (bird et al. , 1995). the foodplant is believed to be blue grama (bouteloua gracilis) (opler and malikul, 1992) .\nflight season: there is one flight per year in canada, in june and early july; several generations occur farther south .\n© 2002. this material is reproduced with permission from the butterflies of canada by ross a. layberry, peter w. hall, and j. donald lafontaine. university of toronto press; 1998. specimen photos courtesy of john t. fowler .\nupperside is orange - brown with no markings; male forewing has a small black stigma. underside of hindwing is light gray with a pale postmedian band .\nmales are territorial and perch on sandy spots in gullies and ditches to wait for receptive females .\none brood from may - july in the north; one brood from july - september in arizona; two broods from april - september in new mexico and texas .\nsouthern alberta, saskatchewan and north dakota south through the high plains and rocky mountains to arizona, new mexico, and south texas .\ng4 - apparently secure globally, though it might be quite rare in parts of its range, especially at the periphery .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29: registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin, july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia, june 4 - 7. photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona, july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell, iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\ndisclaimer: dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service. we strive to provide accurate information, but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world. if you need expert professional advice, contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content. click the contributor' s name for licensing and usage information. everything else copyright © 2003 - 2018 iowa state university, unless otherwise noted .\nphotographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed. contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\non apple osx, or right click on the text above to copy the link .\nravines, narrow coulees and canyon bottoms in prairies as well as in open woodlands .\nadults fly in mid - june (bird et al. , 1995) .\nthe plain wing margins of this small (25 - 35 mm wingspan) brown skipper help to separate it from other skippers in alberta. the dorsal wing surface appears brown or orange - brown and has no distinct markings (acorn, 1993). in this aspect it is similar to the dun skipper (\n); however, oslar' s roadside skipper is smaller and has a smaller black stigma on the dorsal forewing than the dun skipper. the ventral side of the hindwing of oslar' s roadside skipper is covered in grey scaling and there is a pale - grey postmedian band; both are lacking in the dun skipper. another similar species is the roadside skipper (\n). however, it has white wing markings on the outer edges of the ventral fore and hindwings (guppy & shepard, 2001) and has a purple sheen on the ventral hindwing surface (acorn, 1993); both are lacking in oslar' s roadside skipper. eggs are white (bird et al. 1995). first instar larvae have a cream coloured head and black collar, their body is creamy yellow; as they feed on grass they become greenish yellow with a dorsal line (layberry et al. 1998; opler & wright 1999). pupae are not described .\nfirst instar or mature larvae overwinter and pupate in the spring when they have finished eating (bird et al. , 1995). after adults emerge, males are territorial, perching on sandy spots in gullies and ditches to wait for receptive females (acorn, 1993; opler et al. , 1995). females lay eggs on the underside of grass leaves (bird et al. , 1995) .\nextremely rare; provincial rank s1 and\nstatus undetermined\nbecause of few records .\n) or other grasses (bird et al. , 1995). in colorado, host plants include side - oats grama (\n) and other grasses (bird et al. , 1995; opler et al. , 1995). adults feed on flower nectar (opler et al. , 1995) .\nin canada, it is found in extreme southern alberta and saskatchewan (layberry et al. , 1998). its range extends south to grasslands in north dakota, arizona, new mexico and texas in the united states (opler et al. , 1995) .\ncomments are published according to our submission guidelines. the eh strickland entomological museum does not necessarily endorse the views expressed .\ndata and apps idaho fish and wildlife information system bringing information to bear on the management and conservation of fish, wildlife, and plants in idaho .\n80x5 - 240x3 - 240x4 - 320x1 - 320x2 - 320x3 - 640x1 - 640x2 set display option above. click on image to enlarge .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nopler, p. a. , and a. d. warren. 2002. butterflies of north america. 2. scientific names list for butterfly species of north america, north of mexico. c. p. gillette museum of arthropod diversity, department of bioagricultural sciences and pest management, colorado state university, fort collins, colorado. 79 pp .\ndue to latency between updates made in state, provincial or other natureserve network databases and when they appear on natureserve explorer, for state or provincial information you may wish to contact the data steward in your jurisdiction to obtain the most current data. please refer to\nin canada, it is found in extreme southern alberta and saskatchewan. its range extends south to grasslands in north dakota, arizona, new mexico and texas in the united states (fownes and robinson 2011) .\nshort grass and mixed grass prairie; upper sonoran to transition zone open woodland and thorn forest (scott, 1986) .\na location where the species occurs, or has occurred, where there is potential for persistence or regular recurrence. minimally a suitable habitat with the larval foodplant where at least one adult has been verified by a photograph or preferably a specimen. photographs must be diagnostic and will probably need to show both wing surfaces, and there will be circumstances where only a specimen will suffice. specimens are usually much easier to obtain. sight records are not an acceptable basis for a new occurrence. note that these specs should not be applied to temporary seasonal colonies of common migratory species .\nnote the suitable habitat distance will not apply often since most habitats today are no more than a few hundred hectares. however, many were once major landscape features. suitable habitat distances may be used for barrens, savanna, and prairie species across degraded portions of these habitats that still contain some of the foodplant grasses or nectar flowers. usually habitat boundaries are fairly obvious based on vegetation (e. g. suitable grassland). with metapopulations map the main breeding sites separately within the overall occurrence. consult the habitat and food comments fields for species - specific information on what constitutes suitable habitat when mapping occurrences for individual species. note many, if not most, habitat specialists feed one more than one grass genus at many or all occurrences. note some species readily and some almost never entere wooded areas, so check habitat fields for the species before mapping .\nwhen multiple occupied habitats occur within a large community complex or remnants of one such as patchily within a barren, savanna, or prairie remnant use the suitable habitat distance. when occurrences in a region are all small (under 10 hectares) and are widely scattered and there is some actual evidence of persistent patch vacancy, a separation distance of one kilometer may be used instead of two .\nin most cases the inferred extent is simply all contiguous or nearly contiguous habitat and usually this will be a few to a few hundred hectares which for almost all species is likely to be fully occupied even if at uneven densities. use this distance only where the habitat is that extensive, but generally if the taxon is present any habitat patches within a kilometer will be occupied unless the species is excluded for example by extremely high fire frequencies or complete burns or lack of nectar. this figure is based in part on observations for atrytone arogos arogos in new jersey where it occurs in clusters of patches up to about a kilometer apart with within cluster patch occupancy nearly 100% , except approaching zero where fire intervals are about two years or less. this is one of the most imperiled skippers in north america and it is highly likely most other taxa are at least as effective colonizers. another consideration in inferring any extent is that often the exact habitat is not clear and since it cannot be defined on the basis of any particular grass species there may be some doubt. one should not infer across any large distance based on one observation but if the habitat extends that far, a kilometer seems safe and most species can cover that distance in a few tens of seconds .\nuse the generic guidelines for the application of occurrence ranks (2008). the key for ranking species occurrences using the generic approach provides a step - wise process for implementing this method .\nzoological data developed by natureserve and its network of natural heritage programs (see local programs) and other contributors and cooperators (see sources) .\npelham, j. p. 2008. a catalogue of the butterflies of the united states and canada with a complete bibliography of the descriptive and systematic literature. the journal of research on the lepidoptera. volume 40. 658 pp .\nthe small print: trademark, copyright, citation guidelines, restrictions on use, and information disclaimer .\nnote: all species and ecological community data presented in natureserve explorer at urltoken were updated to be current with natureserve' s central databases as of november 2016. note: this report was printed on\ntrademark notice :\nnatureserve\n, natureserve explorer, the natureserve logo, and all other names of natureserve programs referenced herein are trademarks of natureserve. any other product or company names mentioned herein are the trademarks of their respective owners .\ncopyright notice: copyright © 2017 natureserve, 4600 n. fairfax dr. , 7th floor, arlington virginia 22203, u. s. a. all rights reserved. each document delivered from this server or web site may contain other proprietary notices and copyright information relating to that document. the following citation should be used in any published materials which reference the web site .\nnatureserve. 2017. natureserve explorer: an online encyclopedia of life [ web application ]. version 7. 1. natureserve, arlington, virginia. available http: / / explorer. natureserve. org. (accessed :\nridgely, r. s. , t. f. allnutt, t. brooks, d. k. mcnicol, d. w. mehlman, b. e. young, and j. r. zook. 2003. digital distribution maps of the birds of the western hemisphere, version 1. 0. natureserve, arlington, virginia, usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with robert ridgely, james zook, the nature conservancy - migratory bird program, conservation international - cabs, world wildlife fund - us, and environment canada - wildspace .\npatterson, b. d. , g. ceballos, w. sechrest, m. f. tognelli, t. brooks, l. luna, p. ortega, i. salazar, and b. e. young. 2003. digital distribution maps of the mammals of the western hemisphere, version 1. 0. natureserve, arlington, virginia, usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with bruce patterson, wes sechrest, marcelo tognelli, gerardo ceballos, the nature conservancy - migratory bird program, conservation international - cabs, world wildlife fund - us, and environment canada - wildspace .\niucn, conservation international, and natureserve. 2004. global amphibian assessment. iucn, conservation international, and natureserve, washington, dc and arlington, virginia, usa .\ndata developed as part of the global amphibian assessment and provided by iucn - world conservation union, conservation international and natureserve .\nno graphics available from this server can be used, copied or distributed separate from the accompanying text. any rights not expressly granted herein are reserved by natureserve. nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring by implication, estoppel, or otherwise any license or right under any trademark of natureserve. no trademark owned by natureserve may be used in advertising or promotion pertaining to the distribution of documents delivered from this server without specific advance permission from natureserve. except as expressly provided above, nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring any license or right under any natureserve copyright .\nall documents and related graphics provided by this server and any other documents which are referenced by or linked to this server are provided\nas is\nwithout warranty as to the currentness, completeness, or accuracy of any specific data. natureserve hereby disclaims all warranties and conditions with regard to any documents provided by this server or any other documents which are referenced by or linked to this server, including but not limited to all implied warranties and conditions of merchantibility, fitness for a particular purpose, and non - infringement. natureserve makes no representations about the suitability of the information delivered from this server or any other documents that are referenced to or linked to this server. in no event shall natureserve be liable for any special, indirect, incidental, consequential damages, or for damages of any kind arising out of or in connection with the use or performance of information contained in any documents provided by this server or in any other documents which are referenced by or linked to this server, under any theory of liability used. natureserve may update or make changes to the documents provided by this server at any time without notice; however, natureserve makes no commitment to update the information contained herein. since the data in the central databases are continually being updated, it is advisable to refresh data retrieved at least once a year after its receipt. the data provided is for planning, assessment, and informational purposes. site specific projects or activities should be reviewed for potential environmental impacts with appropriate regulatory agencies. if ground - disturbing activities are proposed on a site, the appropriate state natural heritage program (s) or conservation data center can be contacted for a site - specific review of the project area (see visit local programs) .\n). your comments will be very valuable in improving the overall quality of our databases for the benefit of all users." ]

{ "text": [ "amblyscirtes oslari , the oslar 's roadside skipper , is a butterfly of the hesperiidae family .", "it is found in north america from southern alberta , saskatchewan , and north dakota south through the high plains and rocky mountains to arizona , new mexico , and south texas .", "the wingspan is 22 – 35 mm .", "adults are on wing from may to july .", "there is one generation per year in the north and two in the south .", "the larvae feed on blue grama grass ( bouteloua gracilis ) .", "adults feed on flower nectar , including penstemon , cirsium , and verbena . " ], "topic": [ 2, 20, 9, 8, 15, 8, 8 ] }

[ "amblyscirtes oslari, the oslar's roadside skipper, is a butterfly of the hesperiidae family. it is found in north america from southern alberta, saskatchewan, and north dakota south through the high plains and rocky mountains to arizona, new mexico, and south texas. the wingspan is 22 – 35 mm. adults are on wing from may to july. there is one generation per year in the north and two in the south. the larvae feed on blue grama grass (bouteloua gracilis). adults feed on flower nectar, including penstemon, cirsium, and verbena." ]

[ "his stakes winner mariah' s storm produced major sire giant' s causeway .\nthe film\nthe dreamer\nwas loosely based on mariah' s storm' s racing career .\nlater, champion storm cat sired mariah' s storm' s first foal. while pregnant with giant' s causeway, the 2000 horse of the year, mariah' s storm was sold for $ 2. 6 million to coolmore stud, which owns ashford and creekview .\nthe movie dreamer (2005 film) was loosely based on the story of mariah’s storm. however, in the movie, soñador (the horse based on mariah’s storm) won the breeders’ cup classic (as the fifth filly ever to participate in that race), whereas in real life, mariah’s storm ran in the breeders’ cup distaff and finished ninth of ten .\nafter her racing career, peters bred mariah’s storm to storm cat and entered her in 1996 keeneland november breeding stock sale, where she sold to john magnier of the coolmore partnership for $ 2. 6 million. the foal she produced was 2000 european horse of the year and leading sire giant’s causeway. mariah’s storm also produced leading new york sire freud and group 2 winner you’resothrilling, both also by storm cat .\nmovie\ndreamer\nwas based on her true story. pictured: mariah' s storm with giant' s causeway as a foal. (close )\nas aidan o’brien tells it (in pacemaker, july 2001), the storm cat - mariah’s storm colt was already the talk of ashford stud (coolmore america) long before he arrived at ballydoyle .\nthough the fact that someone would take a cue from mariah' s storm' s story to make a movie surprised von hemel, he says her recovery was indeed inspiring .\nin 2005, film director john gatins made a motion picture titled dreamer: inspired by a true story in which the horse “soñador” is based on mariah’s storm .\nperhaps the most telling sign of mariah' s storm' s original promise has come in her progeny. she is the dam to several racing champions, the most notable of which is\nbill peters, who owned multiple grade 2 winner and prominent broodmare mariah’s storm during her racing career, died feb. 17 at age 86 after a short illness .\nwatch: mariah carey’s no. 1s ranked from the best to the very best\nmariah carey' s new reality show will reveal how awful she really is .\nviewers expecting to get up close and personal with singer mariah carey on her new reality series “ mariah’s world ” may be disappointed .\nthis entry was posted in people and tagged bill peters, giant' s causeway, horse racing, mariah' s storm, thoroughbred, thunderhead racing by paulick report staff. bookmark the permalink .\nmariah’s world is, beat for beat and moment by moment, exactly what you’d expect from an e! reality show about mariah carey .\nand least, that' s what her rival bianca claims in a new promo of mariah' s world .\nmariah’s obsessive fans. “if i had the option to eat or see mariah, i’d see mariah, ” one infatuated fan confesses to the camera — just how you’d imagine her “lambs” to behave .\nbill peters, who raced multiple grade 2 winner mariah' s storm, died feb. 17, according to a report in the blood - horse. he was 86 .\nhe would reportedly lash out by flirting with other women in mariah' s presence .\nfor more on mariah' s split with james packer, watch the video below .\nas far as the premiere episode of mariah’s world goes, it meets neither standard .\nwhatever, this is mariah' s world; she can be whomever she wants .\nmariah’s storm made her mark on the racing industry as a broodmare, producing the great giant’s causeway (by storm cat), the european horse of the year for 2000. she also produced freud, a full brother to giant’s causeway who stands at sequel stallions new york. freud was the leading sire in new york in 2008 .\ngrazing on that hillside, she is again foaled to storm cat and is due in april .\nbill peters, who raced multiple grade 2 winner mariah’s storm, died feb. 17, according to a report in the blood - horse. he was 86. peters campaigned mariah’s storm in the name of his thunderhead farms. the daughter of rahy was a multiple stakes winner who notched victories in the g2 arlington - washington lassie and the g2 turfway park [ … ]\ngiant’s causeway’s sire is the prepotent storm cat (1983), who counted in his pedigree the grandsires northern dancer (1961) and secretariat (1970) .\nsteve roman’s data indicates that giant’s causeway is indeed a pre - potent sire of classic stamina which would indicate, in turn, that he passes on little of the storm cat line’s tendency to produce speedy, short distance juveniles who frequently are unable to show the same form at three. the classic influence clearly owes more to the blushing groom / nasrullah sire line that was passed down to him by the plucky mariah’s storm. all of which would explain why, at the age of seventeen, giant’s causeway owns the reputation of being storm cat’s best producing son, even though storm cat may well have had little to do with it .\ndonnie k. von hemel, who trained mariah' s storm with his father, don von hemel, says mariah' s storm was never seconds away from being euthanized, as so–ador is early in the movie. but\nit was touch - and - go for some time ,\nhe says .\nshe was a small accident away from having to put her down .\nin 1993, mariah’s storm was working on building points to qualify for a chance to run in that fall’s breeders’ cup when she fractured her front left cannon bone while running in the alcibiades stakes at keeneland race course. when a horse injures her cannon bone, it usually ends her racing career. however, mariah’s storm’s owners and trainers refused to give up hope and with the work of several skilled veterinarians, the fractured cannon bone healed and strengthened .\nmariah’s storm was a very well - bred filly with high racing potential. she was a daughter of rahy, who also sired 2001 european horse of the year fantastic light, noverre, champion 3 - year - old in england, and dreaming of anna, 2006 u. s. 2 - year - old champion filly & breeders’ cup juvenile fillies winner. mariah’s storm’s grandsire was the important blushing groom, and her damsire was epsom derby winner roberto .\nmariah' s world airs at 9 p. m. et / pt sundays on e !\nmishka is sorting through mariah' s undergarments. yes. you read that correctly. the 12 - year - old daughter of mariah' s manager, who also works as mariah' s social media manager, is lazily playing with the star' s collection of brassieres and crotch - less panties. as one does .\n, mariah' s storm was a multiple stakes winner whose victories included the arlington - washington lassie stakes (gr. ii) and the turfway park budweiser breeders' cup stakes (gr. ii) .\nfollowing her racing career, mariah' s storm was bred to storm cat. she was sold in foal to that stallion by thunderhead farm at the 1996 keeneland november breeding stock sale, where she was purchased by coolmore stud' s john magnier for $ 2. 6 million. the resulting foal was giant' s causeway, a multiple champion who is now a leading sire .\nexclusive: yes, he' s my new dreamlover! mariah carey, 46, ...\nher docu - series mariah' s world is set to debut on e! on december 4 .\npurchased by john magnier for $ 2. 6 million at the 1996 keeneland november sale while in foal to storm cat, mariah' s storm produced six straight colts. the first colt produced from the mare was six - time grade i winner giant' s causeway and the second colt was freud, who has sired a pair of grade i winners .\ndid you just die when bianca made her long - awaited return, lambs? mariah' s devotees - - her\nlambs\n- - were treated to a true vision of love - hate when mariah' s world opened with bianca storm, the singer' s mariah - shading alter - ego, who once attempted a smack - down on the singer in her 1999\nheartbreaker\nvideo. what a gift .\nmariah' s storm grazes in a wide field on creekview farm against a backdrop of fiery fall foliage, oblivious to the fact that a story inspired by her comeback tale will be on movie screens across the country .\nmariah and anthony are talking while mariah' s makeup is being done. after a few weeks laying low anthony is back to starting drama and i am ready for it !\nthe cinematic tale of trainer ben crane (kurt russell) and his daughter cale (dakota fanning) rehabilitating a horse named so–ador is completely fictional. but writer and director john gatins drew on mariah' s storm' s story in writing the screenplay .\nmariah' s like\njames isn' t going to come to paris and beat him up .\nis this because mariah' s fans are lambily or is this for some kind of diva' s first easter pageant? either is fine .\nmariah’s storm (born april 1, 1991, in kentucky) was an american thoroughbred racehorse, bred by donald t. johnson’s crescent farm in lexington, kentucky. she suffered a serious injury while racing but later made a full recovery and continued her career .\nmariah’s dress fitting. clearly very proud, mariah tries on her wedding dress, veil and tiara for a final fitting. this is the show’s most bittersweet moment, as the engagement didn’t stand the test of time .\nwelcome back to mariah' s world, where this week' s forecast calls for storm clouds. things take a darker turn this week as the team lands in the city of lights and must grapple with two injuries, a whirlwind of mixed emotions, a surprise visit, and a sudden celebrity death. this is a very special episode of mariah' s world .\nthe loved - up billionaire and his superstar diva have been dancing and drinking up a storm during their seemingly never - ending holiday off italy’s amalfi coast .\nwith credits like that, one would expect mariah’s world to be riveting. as of now, it’s kind of ok, which now leads to the question that’s hovered over the show since it was first announced: isn’t mariah carey too good for reality television ?\nthe bianca storm segment. why didn’t someone at bunim / murray productions take out the bit where carey, dressed in a brown wig and operating under the persona bianca storm, “interviews” herself using a bad british accent? a ghastly error .\ndreamer is a 2005 american family drama film starring kurt russell and dakota fanning, inspired by the true story of an injured thoroughbred racehorse named mariah’s storm. the film was written and directed by john gatins, marking his directorial debut .\npeters campaigned mariah' s storm in the name of his thunderhead farms. the daughter of rahy was a multiple stakes winner who notched victories in the g2 arlington - washington lassie and the g2 turfway park budweiser breeders' cup stakes .\n, there is a scene in which ben and so–ador' s vet are discussing her injury. they refer to it being like mariah' s storm, who fractured her left front cannon, or shin, bone in the alcibiades stakes at the 1993 fall meet at keeneland .\nmariah demands that they do the lift with her. anthony is pressed, claiming he needs more time. mariah' s like\nno thanks. we' re doing this now .\nalthough she faded to finish ninth in the 1995 breeders’ cup distaff (won by over a dozen lengths by the impressive inside information with jockey mike smith in the irons), mariah’s storm retired with a career record of 16 - 10 - 2 - 1 and earnings of $ 724, 895 usd. she had done enough to inspire a movie (“dreamer”) and to get the attention of savvy horsemen beyond the shores of north america. so it was that in 1996, at the keeneland november breeding stock sale, mariah’s storm was sold, in foal to storm cat, to coolmore’s john magnier for 2. 6 million usd .\nin september 1993, before the injury occurred, mariah’s storm won the arlington - washington lassie stakes at chicago’s arlington park. this was a grade iii stakes for two - year old - fillies. after her injury healed and she fully recovered, she made a return to racing in 1994 and won the arlington oaks. in 1995, she won the arlington matron stakes. since her record of winning all three stakes races at arlington park was a rare accomplishment, arlington officials named the mariah’s storm stakes in her honor .\nthe actual life and career of mariah' s storm bear little resemblance to that of the horse at the center of john gatins' fictional screenplay, other than her injury and recovery. but gatins was so impressed by her courage and determination — and her legacy — that mariah' s storm became the main inspiration for his script about an injured horse named sonador and the father and daughter played by kurt russell and dakota fanning in\ndreamer: inspired by a true story .\naccording to tmz, backup dancer bryan tanaka felt disrespected by mariah' s relationship with her ex, nick cannon .\nwhat is most remarkable is that these two sons of storm cat—mariah’s storm, by rahy, are almost peas in a pod biomechanically (not a common occurrence), with one exception which we shall get to. the 36 body measurements of each obtained at retirement were almost identical. both computed as phenotypically well balanced in terms of stride, power, and body weight .\nwhen i went on a research trip to lexington, i spent time with some veterinarians, and there was one that i did a full couple of days of rounds with, and he asked me what kind of story i was doing ,\ngatins said .\nwhen i started to characterize it, he said,' oh, that' s the mariah' s storm story.' so he told me the whole mariah' s storm story, and then i did further research to make it fit for us .\nbelow are a couple of articles i found online about the horse that inspired this story. the movie as a whole, is fictional, but there was a mare that did have a truly amazing comeback... . mariah' s storm :\nof course, no mimi documentary would be complete without the return of her alter ego / arch nemesis bianca storm i. e the singer herself in a brunette wig. but even though storm originally appeared in her 1999 music video “heartbreaker, ” as mariah would likely say of her own worst enemy, “ i don’t know her. ”\nthat question was soon answered. before her injury, mariah' s storm had won the arlington washington lassie in september 1993, a grade 2 stakes race for 2 - year - old fillies. she came back to win the arlington heights oaks in august 1994, a grade 3 stakes race for 3 - year - old fillies. she again confounded prognosticators by winning the arlington matron handicap in september of the following year, a grade 3 stakes race for 3 - year - old and older females. the win made her the only horse ever to win all three stakes races for her age class at arlington. her achievement was so unprecedented that there' s now a race named for her at arlington park: the mariah' s storm stakes. mariah' s storm also won the 1995 turfway breeder' s cup, upsetting the favorite, serena' s song, in 1995 .\nit resulted in a rather viscous bathroom brawl, with mariah emerging victorious to pour soda all over cheating jerry' s crotch .\nand without warning we' ve arrived at the day of prince' s death. mariah is devastated. it' s a shock to watch even all these months later .\nkhloe kardashian shows off neon sign in true' s nursery... as she reveals it' s kris jenner' s handwriting\nthe question was soon answered. in september 1993, before her injury, mariah' s storm had won the arlington washington lassie, a grade ii stakes race for two - year - old fillies. after her recovery, in august 1994, she came back to win the arlington heights oaks, a grade iii stakes race for three - year - old fillies. in september of the following year, she again confounded prognosticators by winning the arlington matron handicap, a grade iii stakes race for three - year - old and older females, making her the only horse ever to win all three stakes races for her age class at arlington. her achievement was so unprecedented that there is now a race at arlington park named for her: the mariah' s storm stakes. in 1995, mariah' s storm also won the 1995 turfway breeder' s cup, upsetting the favorite, serena' s song .\nno doubt bianca has been drawn out of the woodwork by mariah' s newly active lovelife, and potential new boyfriends to steal .\nracing at age four, in september 1995 mariah’s storm won the turfway breeders’ cup stakes at turfway park, defeating future u. s. racing hall of fame filly serena’s song, also a daughter of rahy. she then won the falls city handicap at churchill downs and competed in the breeders’ cup distaff, where she finished ninth in a ten - horse field .\nwinx' s staying power as one of the world' s top rac ...\nmariah decides this is a good time for a professional conversation about appropriate social media content .\nposted in thoroughbred horse, tagged aidan o'' brien, ashford stud, ballydoyle, breeders cup 2000, coolmore, famous thoroughbreds, galileo, giant' s causeway, great irish thoroughbreds, heart of a champion, legendary sire, mariah' s storm, northern dancer, prix de salamandre, progeny of giant' s causeway, storm cat, thoroughbred breeding, thoroughbred horse, thoroughbred racing, winners of coral - eclipse stakes, winners of st. james palace stakes on january 5, 2014 | 16 comments »\nin mariah' s world - - her literal world, which also obviously serves as legendary fodder for the aptly titled eight - part e! docu - series mariah' s world - - if there' s no apple tv, there' s no show. (it makes you wonder: how did the diva of all divas perform before digital media players? )\na racehorse called mariah' s storm had a nasty spiral fracture of a cannon bone and returned to full work, won several races and went on to produce giant' s causeway. not the same, but pf' s trainer told me she broke her pelvis as a yearling and apart from being unlevel through her hips, you' d never know anything had ever been wrong .\nin theory, mariah carey, reality star, sounds nothing short of must - see television .\nmariah is concerned about doing the lift with four guys. they talk about simplifying the show .\nthe movie was loosely inspired by the story of the mare mariah' s storm. she was a promising filly who was being pointed towards the breeder' s cup juvenile fillies in 1993 but then broke her cannon bone. she recovered and later won some graded races. she started in the 1995 breeder' s cup distaff and finished ninth. she was owned by thunderhead farms and trained by don von hemel. she' s now known mostly for being the dam of giant' s causeway .\nas for what one can learn from mariah’s world, let’s start with the new understanding that the kardashian sisters have stricter hiring practices for dash than mariah carey does for anything. her new manager, stella bulochnikov, was hired thanks to carey’s friend, film director brett ratner. and based on reports, bulochnikov cleaned house once she got that position—something carey’s makeup artist notes in the series premiere .\nmariah' s storm (usa) b. m, 1991 { 11 } dp = 10 - 3 - 22 - 1 - 2 (38) di = 1. 71 cd = 0. 47 - 16 starts, 10 wins, 2 places, 1 shows career earnings: $ 724, 894\nmariah' s really nervous about doing this lift with new dancers. she' s chatting about it with tanaka. stella suggests that they ambush anthony in rehearsal because stella is always here to help .\nbred by bill peters and campaigned in the name of his thunderhead farms, mariah’s storm wove herself a story of guts, courage and heart. breaking down in the alcibiades with a fracture to her left front cannon bone in 1993, the filly’s racing career would have ended had it not been for the faith of owner peters and her trainer, don von hemel. it was decided that she would be rehabilitated, but even after the fracture healed, the question remained: would the filly ever race again? starting back in 1994, mariah’s storm showed the racing public what she was made of, winning the arlington heights oaks, the arlington matron and defeating the great mare serena’s song in the turfway park budweiser breeders cup stakes in 1995 .\nmariah’s storm (1991), the dam of giant’s causeway had already gained notoriety for her recovery from a fracture to her front left cannon bone in 1993 that should have ended her career. but the daughter of rahy healed to race again and did not disappoint, winning the arlington heights oaks and the arlington matron handicap. she then went on to defeat champion serena’s song in the 1995 turfway park budweiser breeders’ cup stakes .\nwar relic (inside) shown beating foxbrough in the 1941 massachusetts handicap. the chestnut son of man o’ war, whose temper was so fierce he killed a groom, also carries the distinction of being the most influential sire of all of big red’s sons. his remains lie next to those of war admiral and man o’ war in the kentucky horse park. war relic appears on the bottom of mariah’s storm’s pedigree in the fifth generation .\nstella comes in to make sure she' s plugging the line correctly and also to advance the plot of the episode. always on task. she says she' s worried about this escalating flirtation between mariah and tanaka .\nmariah is singing the\nfantasy\nremix, while being lifted and spun by men in sparkling track jackets and i have to admit it' s kind of everything .\nmishka' s like ,\nshut up, your booty looks amazing. what' s the deal ?\nmishka is legit pushing back to her boss: actual adult mariah carey. apparently mishka has been reading sheryl sandberg .\nit' s stella' s birthday. or, as mariah says ,\nbirth - aversary .\nlook, we cannot normalize this, okay? this isn' t normal. birth - aversary is not a thing. mariah is taking the crew out to celebrate. james is flying in to visit and joins them for the occasion .\nthe foal she was carrying was imprinted with the genetic data of northern dancer (1961), secretariat (1970), blushing groom (1974) and roberto (1969), as well as halo (1969), hail to reason (1958), nasrullah (1940), nashua (1942), bold ruler (1954) and an important son of man o’ war, war relic (1958). further, the storm cat - mariah’s storm mating called upon the known affinity between the northern dancer and blushing groom sire lines .\nmariah brushes anthony' s concerns off .\njames doesn' t sit on instagram, fyi. he' s busy making billions of dollars .\nand now i' m concerned because this sentence actually makes sense to me .\nperhaps the most telling sign of mariah' s storm' s original promise can be seen in her progeny. she' s the dam to several racing champions, the most notable of which is giant' s causeway, 2000 horse of the year and sire of noble causeway who raced in the 2005 kentucky derby. noble causeway, in turn, sired samraat, winner of multiple graded stakes races. he won the withers stakes and the gotham stakes in 2014, before finishing second in the wood memorial and fifth in the kentucky derby .\nconsidering that our 45th president is a sweet - potato - colored reality star, maybe no one is “too good” for the medium anymore. one thing is for certain, though: mariah’s world doesn’t seem to live up to the standard mariah carey. but maybe it will get better, dahlings .\nbut mariah' s storm recovered. she returned to racing less than a year later, winning her first three races and going on to the distinction of being the only horse to win all three stakes races for her age class at arlington heights in illinois: the arlington washington lassie before her injury and the oaks and matron handicap after her injury. she also upset serena' s song in the 1995 turfway breeders' cup .\na daughter of rahy bred in kentucky by crescent farm, mariah' s storm won or placed in 13 of 16 career starts and earned $ 724, 895 while trained by donnie von hemel for bill and marge peters' thunderhead farms. her 10 victories included the turfway park budweiser breeders' cup turf stakes and the arlington - washington lassie stakes, both grade ii .\nmariah’s tour assistant. molly gets the job as carey’s tour assistant and thinks that she and the singer “will become best friends. ” sure. in the first test of her professional aptitude, she tries to hook up an apple tv in the singer’s glasgow hotel and can’t do it. tears ensue .\nstill, the show offered a few revealing moments. here’s our round - up of the premiere’s best and worst scenes .\ngatins knew that heart and drive sometimes mean more than just winning races, and he wanted to write a screenplay about a horse who overcame the odds. he started researching the stories of horses who came back from what should have been career - ending — if not life - ending — injuries. he came across the story of one remarkable mare named mariah' s storm .\nthe first episode, which premieres sunday at nine, has what snl ’s stefon would breathlessly refer to as the mariah carey version of everything: carey speaking about her humble upbringing while hanging out on a posh yacht; an appearance by the pop star’s long - standing nemesis and / or alter ego bianca storm, who is just carey in a straight brunette wig; adorable cameos from the singer’s twin children, moroccan and monroe, who are referred to as roc and ro; a sycophantic manager named stella who’s always concerned about keeping carey’s stress level down; supposedly candid conversations in which carey speaks directly to the camera while lounging on a settee and wearing a corset; and many, many shots of carey’s cleavage. if there is an emmy award for outstanding commitment to display of cleavage, honestly, there is no show that deserves the honor more than mariah’s world .\nthe performance evaluation ends when mishka, aged 12, slingshots a bra at her employer, mariah carey, aged ageless .\nhe may have won it by a nose, but giant’s causeway stamped himself as mariah’s storm’s son, showing a tenacity that became a signature. in winning the st. james’s palace he had beaten some excellent colts in bachir and medicean (1997). and he had won off a slower pace than he liked. although it was tempting to give the colt the summer off, o’brien felt that he could step up the pace of giant’s causeway’s campaign by entering him in the coral - eclipse (g1) a mere eleven days later. the changes in the three year - old from just before and after the st. james’s palace made it an interesting risk to take. giant’s causeway had come into his own just before his appearance at royal ascot and came out of it well into himself and in great form .\nmariah’s storm was pointed toward a start in the breeders’ cup juvenile fillies following her win in the arlington - washington lassie stakes, but her campaign was derailed by a fractured cannon bone in her next start in the alcibiades stakes. the story of her recovery and return to graded stakes - level competition became the loose basis for the 2005 feature film dreamer starring dakota fanning and kurt russell .\nfrank anderson / staff mariah' s storm spends her days at creekview farm in paris. the movie dreamer: inspired by a true story (hers) opens today. if (typeof (krd _ topix _ property)! =' undefined') { document. write (' var topixcats = new array ();'); } var topixcats = new array () ;\nmariah carey shows of her giant engagement ring, given to her by james packer, on kelly live. courtesy: kelly live\nanyway, tanaka goes to show mariah and then literally nothing comes of it. i' ve been so stressed for nothing .\na promising filly, mariah' s storm quickly began building points toward a bid in the 1993 breeder' s cup, and she would have been one of the favorites. then she fractured a left front cannon bone in the alcibiades stakes, an injury so severe it could have ended her career. but her owners and trainers didn' t lose faith. the fracture eventually healed, but the question of whether or not she would ever race again remained .\nmariah' s nervous about their ability to learn the material. instead of discussing this work—and safety - related matters, everyone has a food fight. again, we' re still in a hotel in paris. when it comes to hotels, mariah carey is the johnny depp of france. which is weird, because if johnny depp is johnny depp anywhere, it' s france .\nmariah says it seems like everybody' s getting hurt on this tour. she doesn' t know what to do. not to be heartless, but hire maybe more dancers and keep touring ?\nmariah is lying on her bed and, oh! , what' s this? she just happens to be playing with her new m. a. c makeup line. in stores now .\nmariah’s storm was peters’ most successful horse on the racetrack and in the breeding shed. purchased by peters for $ 85, 000 at the 1992 keeneland september yearling sale, the rahy mare won six graded stakes races over three seasons of racing for earnings of $ 724, 895, highlighted by wins in the grade 2 arlington - washington lassie stakes in 1993 and the turfway park budweiser breeders’ cup stakes in 1995 .\nper le grandi storie ippiche, vi proponiamo: “dreamer – la strada per la vittoria”, un affascinante film del 2005 che racconta la storia di sonador una cavalla che ha vinto la breeders cup classic. il movie è tratto dalla vera storia mariah’s storm (rahy) che dopo una frattura ha continuato la sua carriera, ”ricostruita” con amore e passione del suo allevatore ed allenatore. interpeti: kurt russell e dakota fanning\nmariah, i adore thee, but i think we’ve got it by now. that said, it is your world. perhaps she’s not the problem so much as my expectations are? or not .\nlater, mariah' s looking for a show - stopper dress and tanaka is trying on clothes. is this unemployed dancer paying for this $ 4, 000 worth of emergency attire? just curious .\njill zarin admits she' s ready to date again after being spotted with handsome businessman... following beloved husband bobby' s death\nmariah’s traveling travails. everyone hates flying, even pop stars. due to a snafu with her nanny, carey arrives late for rehearsal and stresses out. try taking the b train to work, lady .\nper le grandi storie ippiche, vi proponiamo: “dreamer – la strada per la vittoria”, un affascinante film del 2005 che racconta la storia di sonador una cavalla che ha vinto la breeders cup classic. il movie è tratto dalla vera storia mariah’s storm (rahy) che dopo una frattura ha continuato la sua carriera, ”ricostruita” con amore e passione del suo allevatore ed allenatore. interpeti: kurt russell e dakota fanning | galoppo & charme\nthe 46 - year - old singer' s heartbreaker alter ego (which is mariah in a dark wig with very heavy makeup and a british accent) made herself at home in the singer' s house, curled up on a couch with a glass of wine, before spitting venom .\nthis pseudo - docuseries may aim to follow carey as she embarks on a tour of europe following the postponement of her wedding to australian businessman james packer (they’ve since split for good), but, really, it’s just an extended advertisement for the brand that is mariah. it’s the sort of real but clearly calculated work of television that’s only worth investing time in if you’re a hardcore, since the “vision of love” days, team mariah post - divorce from nick cannon type of fan. even as guilty - pleasure reality tv that provides the opportunity to titter at unself - aware, divalike behavior, mariah’s world is only semi - satisfying at best, partly because even the unself - aware moments come across as fairly aware .\nthe site reports that bryan wasn' t comfortable with mariah' s close relationship with her ex - husband nick cannon, whom she' s continued to establish a close bond with for the sake of their twins. apparently, bryan wasn' t here for mimi and nick cannon' s family dinners and parties, as reports say it\ndrove him insane .\nwhile praising collaborator big jim wright during an informal music moment in her house (obvious note: she' s wearing lingerie), mariah stops herself to shade the people she' s not fond of .\noh my goodness, there' s some people i' m not even gonna get into. they' re bleak, darling, they' re bleak .\nstella is screaming at anthony for talking trash about mishka' s instagram post. the photo has gone viral and stella is proud of her daughter so she makes anthony apologize for pointing out facts like\nmishka is 12\nand\nthis is a poorly composed picture of mariah' s butt .\nin one video, shot at the exclusive vv night club in capri, mariah is seen shimmying on the dance floor as packer busts his own moves .\nthen she writes\nmariah + tanaka\nin lip liner on the bedspread of a paris hotel because everything is disposable. including, apparently, relationships .\nkhozaam (seattle slew). 4 wins - 3 at 2 - from 6f to 1m, newbury washington singer s. , l, ascot granville s. , 2d ascot royal lodge s. , gr. 2. sire .\n# where' sboris? boris johnson' s stunning resignation as ...\ndome lawel. winner at 2, sandown heather 2yo s. dam of -\njada pinkett smith: wife of will smith reveals battle with s ...\noh right! she' s getting married. so, of course, on the plane she sits on tanaka' s lap and playfully fixes his hair .\nit’s out of control how much we want that makeup set. # mariahsworld urltoken\nas manager stella bulochnikov hashes out tour deets during a meeting with mariah, the singer has a not - caring moment :\nit' s just gonna be,' i' m on the tour and here i am.'\nthey’re both known for loving the high life. and it looks like james packer and mariah carey have well and truly bonded over their love of epic partying .\nthey work through the lift; it' s rocky. anthony assures mariah that they' ll be fine tomorrow. they' re just intimidated by a multi - millionaire with 18 number one songs just barging in and demanding to held aloft .\nmariah knows her limits. carey reveals that she once dislocated her shoulder on stage and worries that she may be injured again when lifted by eight much younger dancers .\nnext, mariah has the final fitting for her wedding dress. she looks wonderful in champagne pink accented by pink diamonds, as does monroe in a similar dress .\nit quickly becomes apparent that his\nconcerns\nall stem back to mishka. mishka is stella' s 12 - year - old daughter and she' s running mimi' s insta. anthony thinks that this foolproof plan could use some revisiting .\nmariah postpones her wedding. under ill advisement from her pushy manager, stella bulochnikov, carey decides to postpone her wedding to go on a lengthy tour. “this is a hard decision to make, ” the singer tells the camera. when stella has her say, it’s clear financial considerations were more important. “i’m really relieved mariah wants to postpone the wedding because i’m dealing with this prenup, ” bulochnikov says .\nmaid’s causeway (inside) was an early champion of her then - juvenile sire .\nshe' s sweet. placed at 3 in aust. dam of 7 winners -\ntanaka is at the kid' s table with kristofer and anthony. they are talking about how much she' s changed since her relationship with nick cannon ended. she apparently has more confidence and her voice sounds better. oh, and she' s engaged to another man. tanaka' s face is tighter than his abs during this whole thing .\nbut in the grand scheme of mariah carey' s outsized life, which we' re privy to in this\ndon' t call it a reality series\ncircus of a show that actually does feature her ex - fiance james packer (and new admirer bryan tanaka), it' s as vital as the oxygen she breathes and the fifth octave she hits. according to molly, a past pet poop scooper - turned - new mariah assistant, without it ,\nshe can' t sleep ,\nwhich means ,\nshe can’t perform. … if it’s not there, everything else falls apart .\nhailey baldwin' s ring from justin bieber is similar to blake lively' s $ 2m rock... and that may be because the model tweeted in 2012 she liked it\n13 reasons why villain justin prentice says he' s not bothered by social media trolls... and that getting attacked online means he' s doing his job as an actor\ncreative song (f. by giant' s causeway). winner. see below .\ncanadian mill (mill reef). winner at 2, newmarket cecil boyd - rochfort 2yo s. , 2d newmarket cheveley park s. , gr. 1. dam of -\nconcerned about the direction of her (then) upcoming tour, mariah expresses that she is not a fan of sudden changes without being in the know :\nwhen they don' t involve me, i hate it because it' s not what i like .\ninstead, during her confessionals, she will stretch out amid a sea of carefully - placed pillows on a settee in a corset, because this is mariah and this is her world .\nbut with so much tv to watch right now, surely you can do better than this. the world is big, my friends, and there’s a lot more to explore in it than mariah carey doing her best attempt at a keeping up with the kardashians knock - off .\nit' s family first for the butterfly matriarch. and though\nit' s difficult to juggle a career and kids\n- - the kids being her 5 - year - old twins monroe and moroccan with ex nick cannon, who are featured in the show - - mariah says ,\nthey come first .\nit' s very rewarding ,\nshe adds .\ni wanna make sure they always know that i' m here for them .\nhalf sister to giant' s causeway and freud is last foal of 2014 at coolmore ireland .\na delighted george duffield rides in the coral - eclipse winner, giant’s causeway, after the colt’s gutsy win over kalanisi. the only other horse to ever have won the st. james’s palace and coral - eclipse in the same year was coronach, in 1926. credit: pacemaker .\nthe late tony leonard’s profile of aragorn. photo and copyright, the estate of tony leonard .\nit’s not just sharp objects. has extremely hushed dialogue become the new hallmark of serious tv ?\nmariah speaks to the crowd and breaks the news of prince' s death .\nhe was just one of a kind and just so amazing. i didn' t know if i was going to be able to put on a show and be festive, but i said' we' re in paris! and that' s what prince would want me to do.'\nalthough, in these fickle times, giant’s causeway is no longer considered a “hot” sire, he blasted into 2013 to top the sire’s list with 12 gsw’s, the most spectacular of which was arguably the champion filly, dalkala (2009), winner of the prestigious prix de l’opera in 2013 .\nmariah first encountered her raven - haired doppelganger in her 1999 video for heartbreaker, when she caught her on a cinema date with her on - screen two - timing boyfriend jerry o' connell .\nmariah working on her music. whether she is sitting at the piano with an accompanist or with her recording engineer, carey gives fans some insight into how she arranges those chart - topping songs .\nlure: no doubt she has been drawn out of the woodwork by mariah' s newly active lovelife, and potential new boyfriends to steal. the fantasy hitmaker has been putting on heavy pdas with new toyboy and back - up dancer brian tanaka, following her recent split from billionaire fiance james packer\nmariah’s manager. we get it, bulochnikov is tough— and dull. her interview with molly, a potential tour assistant, should have been cut. we don’t need to know that she doesn’t let anyone cry in her office. this show is supposed to be about carey, not her manager .\nthe show begins with carey dressing up as bianca storm, the alter ego she played in the “heartbreaker” video. some lambs, her most dedicated fan base, might have seen bianca and found the nod heartwarming. other fans may likely have looked at bianca and asked themselves, “why are we back in 1999? ”\nat 2: won arlington - washington lassie s. (g2); 2nd palatine breeders' cup\nat 3: won ak - sar - ben oaks (g3), arlington heights oaks (g3), rolling meadows s. , mrs. revere s. ; 2nd valley view breeders' cup\nit' s the most important thing for ms. mc ,\nmolly reveals in earnest .\ncreative song (f by giant' s causeway (usa) ). winner. see below .\nanthony shows her a picture from her instagram that is just 100% mimi' s whole behind .\nsuddenly there' s a dancer down. joe cracked his ankle in the middle of the performance .\nmariah wasn' t only sick of bryan' s allegedly insecure ways. she also grew weary of his expensive taste and constantly having to foot the bills when they shopped or went out. the dancer reportedly had a thing for expensive jewelry, which would always be paid for by the music icon .\nhe' s\nconcerned\nabout the photo. he\njust wanted mariah to know .\nomg, i live for this shady kween. we all have that friend—the one who literally can' t wait to tell us what awful thing someone else said about us. such a good friend .\nthey’re both known for loving the high life. and if the latest social media posts are anything to go by, james packer and mariah carey have well and truly bonded over their love of partying .\nhe has so many responsibilities and i' m a night person, (so) it' s not easy for us to spend every day together ,\nsaid mariah, luxuriating on her yacht as she took a gander at ex james' yacht over yonder .\nbut when we do things ,\nshe added ,\nwe have great moments together. i think he' s fantastic .\nhe was a\nyoung buck\nwhen they first met in 2005; she was mariah carey. when mc and bryan tanaka reunited during dance rehearsals for her sweet sweet fantasy tour (the two embraced in a hug) and all the fellas took their shirts off, tanaka left his on. this was of no concern to mariah because, regarding his body ,\ni remember from the last time .\nmeanwhile, a member of mimi’s team reveals that tanaka\ndoes have a crush on her .\nin the confessional, mariah admits\ni do want to continue working with mishka but the thing is she is 12 .\nthis is a sentence full of facts that is, nonetheless, actual nonsense .\ngiant’s causeway ran himself into the hearts of irish and english racing fans, showing the steely determination and heart of a champion who showed up each and every time. by the time he arrived for the breeders cup classic he was a national hero who had chalked up five successive group 1’s in a single racing season (matching the record held by uk triple crown winner, nijinsky ii) and completed a group 1 double that had only been accomplished once before in the history of uk horse racing. he was a new face to most north americans but the colt and his entourage were followed enthusiastically by the press as ireland’s national treasure readied for his final start. the hof american trainer d. wayne lukas was on hand to support the ballydoyle team and doubtless felt proud for another reason: giant’s causeway was the progeny of storm cat, who was owned by lukas’ friend and mentor, william t. young of overbrook farm. and storm cat was, in turn, the best son of the filly who had launched lukas’ career: terlingua (1976) aka “the secretariat filly. ”\ngiant’s causeway was indeed “good enough, ” beating an experienced tarry flynn (1994) as well as john oxx’s namid (1996), who would go on to take the prix l’abbaye later in the season .\ng. madison, amateur relationship therapist, asks\ndoes it feel authentic when you' re together ?\ntanaka admits that maybe he' s been living in a fantasy™ but he' s holding out hope .\n, a full sister to giant' s causeway and freud who won the group ii cherry hinton stakes as a juvenile. you' resothrilling' s first foal is recent irish one thousand guineas (ire - i) heroine\ngiant’s causeway as a three year - old, with mick kinane up. photo & copyright the racing post .\nto have a horse at the level she was at have an injury and come back to that level, it' s rare ,\nhe says .\nit' s inspiring. it gives you hope .\nsuddenly, g. madison is outside talking to tanaka. it' s clear that he' s been cast as the foil for this star - crossed lover. g. madison is on the mercutio track this season .\nthough she' s no stranger to cameras, mariah still gets sidetracked in their midst. while learning tour choreography in a\nvision of love\n- esque ensemble\nfrom 1901 ,\nthe songbird loses her focus and holds the documentarian accountable :\nsorry, i didn' t know because the cameras are distracting me .\nmariah carey has officially achieved a level of diva previously unknown to mankind. if her years of hitting high notes only dogs can hear, riding the nyc subway in an evening gown, yachting around italy listening to her own greatest hits and reciting off - the - cuff one - liners about certain pop stars she may or may not be familiar with wasn’t confirmation enough of her living legends status, we now have definitive proof that she continues to be the most meme - able musician of the decade thanks to her new eight - part reality docuseries mariah’s world." ]

{ "text": [ "mariah 's storm ( born april 1 , 1991 , in kentucky ) was an american thoroughbred racehorse , bred by donald t. johnson 's crescent farm in lexington , kentucky .", "she suffered a serious injury while racing but later made a full recovery and continued her career .", "in 2005 , film director john gatins made a motion picture titled dreamer : inspired by a true story in which the horse \" soñador \" is based on mariah 's storm . " ], "topic": [ 22, 14, 4 ] }

[ "mariah's storm (born april 1, 1991, in kentucky) was an american thoroughbred racehorse, bred by donald t. johnson's crescent farm in lexington, kentucky. she suffered a serious injury while racing but later made a full recovery and continued her career. in 2005, film director john gatins made a motion picture titled dreamer: inspired by a true story in which the horse \" soñador \" is based on mariah's storm." ]

[ "this is the place for zeloxantha definition. you find here zeloxantha meaning, synonyms of zeloxantha and images for zeloxantha copyright 2017 © urltoken\nhere you will find one or more explanations in english for the word zeloxantha. also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word zeloxantha and, of course, zeloxantha synonyms and on the right images related to the word zeloxantha .\ncryptolechia zeloxantha meyrick, 1934; exotic microlep. 4 (15): 478\ncryptolechia zeloxantha; [ nhm card ]; wang, 2003, ent. sinica 9 (3): 197\ncryptolechia castella zeller, 1852; k. vetenskakad. handl. 1852: 107\ncryptolechia pelophaea meyrick, 1931; exotic microlep. 4 (6): 192\ncryptolechia straminella zeller, 1852; k. vetenskakad. handl. 1852: 107\ncryptolechia chlorozyga meyrick, 1938; dt. ent. z. iris 52: 10\ncryptolechia fascirupta; wang, 2004, ent. sinica 11 (3): 231\ncryptolechia gei; wang, 2004, ent. sinica 11 (3): 231\ncryptolechia gypsochra meyrick, 1938; dt. ent. z. iris 52: 10\ncryptolechia hoplostola meyrick, 1938; dt. ent. z. iris 52: 10\ncryptolechia isomichla meyrick, 1938; dt. ent. z. iris 52: 11\ncryptolechia prothyropa meyrick, 1938; dt. ent. z. iris 52: 11\ncryptolechia stadaea meyrick, 1934; dt. ent. z. iris 48: 39\ncryptolechia stictifascia; wang, 2004, ent. sinica 11 (3): 232\ncryptolechia coriata meyrick, 1914; suppl. ent. 3: 53; tl: suisharyo\ncryptolechia fenerata meyrick, 1914; suppl. ent. 3: 53; tl: suisharyo\ncryptolechia metacentra meyrick, 1914; suppl. ent. 3: 52; tl: kosempo\ncryptolechia mitis meyrick, 1914; suppl. ent. 3: 52; tl: kosempo\ncryptolechia epistemon strand, 1920; archiv naturg. 84 a (12): 194; tl: suisharyo\ncryptolechia fatua meyrick, 1921; zool. meded. leyden 6: 172; tl: java, batavia\ncryptolechia modularis meyrick, 1921; zool. meded. leyden 6: 172; tl: java, gedeh\ncryptolechia anticrossa meyrick, 1915; exot. microlep. 1 (10): 304; tl: queensland\ncryptolechia argometra; [ nhm card ]; wang, 2003, ent. sinica 9 (3): 196\ncryptolechia centroleuca meyrick, 1922; exotic microlep. 2 (17): 513; tl: sikkim, darjiling\ncryptolechia chlorozyga; [ nhm card ]; wang, 2003, ent. sinica 9 (3): 196\ncryptolechia coriata; [ nhm card ]; wang, 2003, ent. sinica 9 (3): 196\ncryptolechia epistemon; [ nhm card ]; wang, 2003, ent. sinica 9 (3): 196\ncryptolechia fenerata; [ nhm card ]; wang, 2003, ent. sinica 9 (3): 196\ncryptolechia gypsochra; [ nhm card ]; wang, 2003, ent. sinica 9 (3): 196\ncryptolechia hoplostola; [ nhm card ]; wang, 2003, ent. sinica 9 (3): 196\ncryptolechia isomichla; [ nhm card ]; wang, 2003, ent. sinica 9 (3): 196\ncryptolechia metacentra; [ nhm card ]; wang, 2003, ent. sinica 9 (3): 196\ncryptolechia mitis; [ nhm card ]; wang, 2003, ent. sinica 9 (3): 196\ncryptolechia pelophaea; [ nhm card ]; wang, 2003, ent. sinica 9 (3): 196\ncryptolechia picrocentra meyrick, 1921; exotic microlep. 2 (13): 395; tl: assam, khasis\ncryptolechia prothyropa; [ nhm card ]; wang, 2003, ent. sinica 9 (3): 196\ncryptolechia sperans meyrick, 1926; sarawak mus. j. 3: 159; tl: mt murud, 4500ft\ncryptolechia stadaea; [ nhm card ]; wang, 2003, ent. sinica 9 (3): 196\ncryptolechia vespertina; [ nhm card ]; wang, 2003, ent. sinica 9 (3): 196\ncryptolechia municipalis meyrick, 1920; exotic microlep. 2 (10): 316; tl: queensland, brisbane\ncryptolechia? eningiella plötz, 1880; stettin ent. ztg 41 (7 - 9): 306; tl: eningo\ncryptolechia ichnitis meyrick, 1918; exotic microlep. 2 (7): 222; tl: french guiana, r maroni\ncryptolechia laica meyrick, 1910; trans. ent. soc. lond. 1910: 456; tl: borneo, kuching\ncryptolechia perversa meyrick, 1918; exotic microlep. 2 (7): 222; tl: s. india, ootacamund\ncryptolechia ferrorubella walker, 1864; list spec. lepid. insects colln br. mus. 29: 757; tl: australia\ncryptolechia transfossa meyrick, 1926; exot. microlep. 3 (10): 318; tl: peru, cocapata, 12000ft\ncryptolechia aeraria meyrick, 1910; j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 20 (1): 163; tl: khasis\ncryptolechia citrodeta meyrick, 1921; exotic microlep. 2 (13): 394; tl: brazil, obidos, r. trombetas\ncryptolechia diplosticha meyrick, 1926; exot. microlep. 3 (10): 318; tl: colombia, san antonio, 6000ft\ncryptolechia hemiarthra meyrick, 1922; exotic microlep. 2 (18): 546; tl: s. india, palnis, 7000ft\ncryptolechia iridias meyrick, 1910; j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 20 (1): 163; tl: khasis\ncryptolechia rhodobapta meyrick, 1923; trans. proc. n. z. inst. 54: 166; tl: takapuna, auckland\ncryptolechia temperata meyrick, 1910; j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 20 (1): 165; tl: simla\ncryptolechia veniflua meyrick, 1914; exot. microlep. 1 (8): 227; tl: colombia, san antonio, 5800ft\ncryptolechia vespertina meyrick, 1910; j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 20 (1): 162; tl: khasis\ncryptolechia asemanta dognin, 1905; ann. soc. ent. belg. 49 (3): 88; tl: loja, ecuador\ncryptolechia semibrunnea dognin, 1905; ann. soc. ent. belg. 49 (3): 88; tl: loja, ecuador\ncryptolechia taphrocopa meyrick, 1926; exot. microlep. 3 (10): 317; tl: colombia, mt. tolima, 12500ft\ncryptolechia micracma meyrick, 1910; j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 20 (1): 162; tl: ceylon; khasis\ncryptolechia orthrarcha meyrick, 1930; exot. microlep. 3 (18 - 20): 578; tl: algeria, zebch, near sebdu\ncryptolechia tyrochyta meyrick, 1910; j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 20 (1): 164; tl: cuddapah, 4000ft\ncryptolechia percnocoma meyrick, 1930; exot. microlep. 3 (18 - 20): 578; tl: brazil, nova friburgo, organ mtn\ncryptolechia sciodeta meyrick, 1930; exot. microlep. 3 (18 - 20): 578; tl: brazil, nova friburgo, organ mtn\ncryptolechia coriaria meyrick, 1914; exot. microlep. 1 (6): 173; tl: victoria, mt. st. bernard, 5000ft\ncryptolechia holopyrrha meyrick, 1912; trans. ent. soc. lond. 1911 (4): 704; tl: colombia, san antonio, 5800ft\ncryptolechia alphitias lower, 1923; trans. proc. r. soc. s. aust. 47: 56; tl: dorrigo, new south wales\ncryptolechia cornutivalvata wang, 2003; ent. sinica 9 (3): 203, 197; tl: quannan (24. 7°n, 114. 5°e), jiangxi\ncryptolechia acutiuscula wang, 2004; ent. sinica 11 (3): 228; tl: mt. fanjing (27. 55°n, 108. 41°e), guizhou, 1300m\ncryptolechia concaviuscula wang, 2004; ent. sinica 11 (3): 230; tl: chishui co. (28. 34°n, 105. 42°e), guizhou, 390m\ncryptolechia deflecta wang, 2003; ent. sinica 9 (3): 197; tl: zhouzhi co. (34. 1°n, 108. 2°e), shaanxi, 1350m\ncryptolechia denticulata wang, 2004; ent. sinica 11 (3): 225; tl: chishui co. (28. 34°n, 105. 42°e), guizhou, 390m\ncryptolechia fasciculifera wang, 2004; ent. sinica 11 (3): 229; tl: mt. fanjing (27. 55°n, 108. 41°e), guizhou, 1390m\ncryptolechia fascirupta wang, 2003; ent. sinica 9 (3): 204, 197; tl: mt. qingcheng (30. 9°n, 103. 5°e), sichuan\ncryptolechia furcellata wang, 2004; ent. sinica 11 (3): 226; tl: mt. fanjing (27. 55°n, 108. 41°e), guizhou, 530m\ncryptolechia gei wang, 2003; ent. sinica 9 (3): 210, 197; tl: mt. qingcheng (30. 9°n, 103. 5°e), sichuan\ncryptolechia kangxianensis wang, 2003; ent. sinica 9 (3): 198, 197; tl: kangxian (33. 4°n, 105. 5°e), gansu, 800m\ncryptolechia latifascia wang, 2004; ent. sinica 11 (3): 227; tl: mt. fanjing (27. 55°n, 108. 41°e), guizhou, 530m\ncryptolechia solifasciaria wang, 2004; ent. sinica 11 (3): 223; tl: mt. fanjing (27. 55°n, 108. 41°e), guizhou, 1390m\ncryptolechia spinifera wang, 2004; ent. sinica 11 (3): 223; tl: chishui co. (23. 34°n, 105. 42°e), guizhou, 390m\ncryptolechia varifascirupta wang, 2003; ent. sinica 9 (3): 211, 197; tl: mt. qingcheng (30. 9°n, 103. 5°e), sichuan\ncryptolechia muscosa wang, 2004; ent. sinica 11 (3): 221; tl: xishui co. , (28. 19°n, 106. 12°e), guizhou, 1200m\ncryptolechia proximideflecta wang, 2004; ent. sinica 11 (3): 219; tl: xishui co. , (28. 34°n, 105. 42°e), guizhou, 1200m\ncryptolechia anthaedeaga wang, 2003; ent. sinica 9 (3): 209, 197; tl: neixiang co. (33. 0°n, 111. 8°e), henan, 1350m\ncryptolechia falsivespertina wang, 2003; ent. sinica 9 (3): 199, 198; tl: zhouzhi co. (34. 1°n, 108. 2°e), shaanxi, 1750m\ncryptolechia jigongshanica wang, 2003; ent. sinica 9 (3): 207, 197; tl: mt. jigong (31. 8°n, 114. 1°e), henan, 700m\ncryptolechia microbyrsa wang, 2003; ent. sinica 9 (3): 198, 197; tl: neixiang co. (33. 0°n, 111. 8°e), henan, 650m\ncryptolechia mirabilis wang, 2003; ent. sinica 9 (3): 208, 197; tl: mt. jigong (31. 8°n, 114. 1°e), henan, 700m\ncryptolechia murcidella christoph, 1877; horae soc. ent. ross. 12 (3): 294, (4) pl. 8, f. 67; tl: rubas, derbent\ncryptolechia neargometra wang, 2003; ent. sinica 9 (3): 202, 197; tl: ningshan co. (33. 3°n, 108. 3°e), shaanxi, 880m\ncryptolechia paranthaedeaga wang, 2003; ent. sinica 9 (3): 203, 197; tl: yushan co. (28. 6°n, 118. 2°e), jiangxi, 1120m\ncryptolechia stictifascia wang, 2003; ent. sinica 9 (3): 206, 197; tl: ningshan co. (33. 3°n, 108. 3°e), shaanxi, 880m\ncryptolechia zhengi wang, 2003; ent. sinica 9 (3): 201, 197; tl: zhouzhi co. (34. 1°n, 108. 2°e), shaanxi, 1750m\ncryptolechia hamatilis wang, 2004; ent. sinica 11 (3): 230; tl: huguo temple, mt. fanjing (27. 55°n, 108. 41°e), guizhou, 1300m\ncryptolechia hydara walsingham, 1912; biol. centr. - amer. lep. heterocera 4: 123, pl. 4, f. 11; tl: guatemala, totonicapam, 8500 - 10500ft\n=; [ nhm card ]; wang, 2003, ent. sinica 9 (3): 195\n= (hysipelon); wang, 2003, ent. sinica 9 (3): 195\nphaeosaces aganopis meyrick, 1905; j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 16 (4): 605; tl: maskeliya, ceylon\naliena diakonoff, 1952; ark. zool. (2) 3 (6): 87\nleptosaces anticentra meyrick, 1910; j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 20 (1): 155; tl: khasis\nargometra meyrick, 1935; exotic microlep. 4 (18 - 19): 567\napiletria bibundella strand, 1913; archiv naturgesch. 78 a (12): 84; tl: bibundi\nleptosaces callixyla meyrick, 1888; trans. n. z. inst. 20: 78; tl: whangarei; nelson\nphaeosaces chrysocoma meyrick, 1905; j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 16 (4): 605; tl: pundaly - oya, ceylon\ncoelocrossa meyrick, 1935 ²; mat. microlep. fauna chin. prov. : 82\nphaeosaces compsotypa meyrick, 1886; trans. n. z. inst. 18: 172; tl: hamilton\nconata strand, 1917; arch. naturgesch. 82 a (3): 152\neucharistis meyrick, 1931; an. mus. nac. hist. nat. buenos aires 36: 396\nglischrodes meyrick, 1931; an. mus. nac. hist. nat. buenos aires 36: 396\nmelaneulia hecate butler, 1883; trans. ent. soc. lond. 1883 (1): 70; tl: valvidia\nmelaneulia hecate; clarke, 1978, smithson. contrl. zool. 273: 38, f. 28; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nphaeosaces liochroa meyrick, 1891; trans. n. z. inst. 23: 98; tl: new zealand\nleptosaces mataea meyrick, 1910; j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 20 (1): 156; tl: cuddapah, 4000ft\nmellispersa diakonoff, 1952; ark. zool. (2) 3 (6): 87\nphaeosaces orthotoma meyrick, 1905; j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 16 (4): 605; tl: peradeniya, ceylon\nbrazil (rio de janeiro, ...). see [ maps ]\nphaeocausta meyrick, 1934 ²; exotic microlep. 4 (15): 478\neulechria phoebas meyrick, 1907; j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 17 (3): 742; tl: bhotan, 4500ft\npraevecta meyrick, 1929; trans. ent. soc. lond. 76: 513\nleptosaces pytinaea meyrick, 1902; trans. r. soc. s. aust. 26: 157; tl: sydney, new south wales\ndepressaria remotella staudinger, 1899; naturhist. mus. hamburg 2 (6): 111, f. 27; tl: uschuaia\nassam, china (fujian, sichuan, zhejiang), taiwan. see [ maps ]\nsemioscopis viridisignata strand, 1913; archiv naturgesch. 78 a (12): 83; tl: alen\naustralia (queensland, new south vales, victoria). see [ maps ]\nleptosaces schistopa meyrick, 1902; trans. r. soc. s. aust. 26: 156; tl: brisbane, queensland; glen innes (3500ft), new south wales; gisborne, victoria\n[ afromoths ] de prins, j. & de prins, w. , 2013\nsangmi lee, richard brown & sibyl bucheli. gelechioidea - a global framework ;\n[ ² ] this may require parentheses or not. i don' t have the necessary information for this taxon .\nh. sauter' s formosa ausbeute. pterophoridae, tortricidae, eucosmidae, gelechiadae, oecophoridae, cosmopterygidae, hypomeutidae, sesiadae, glyphipterygidae, plutellidae, teneidae, adelidae (lep. )\nverzeichniss der von professor dr. r. bucholz in west - africa gesammelten schmetterlinge\nzoologische ergebnisse der expedition des herrn tessmann nach süd kamerun und spanisch guinea. lepidoptera. iv\nh. sauter' s formosa - ausbeute: lithosiinae, nolinae, noctuidae (p. p .), ratardidae, chalcosiidae, sowie nacträge zu den familien drepanidae, limacodidae, gelechiidae, oecophoriidae und heliodinidae\nzeller, 1852 lepidoptera microptera quae j. a. wahlberg in caffrorum terra collegit k. vetenskakad. handl. 1852: 1 - 120\nif you have corrections, comments or information to add into these pages, just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources, and may include many inaccuracies. expert help is welcome .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnb: the taxon name search is for single names only. for example, to locate dysodia vitrina flammata warren, 1904 you should enter flammata only .\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site. view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page: myers, p. , r. espinosa, c. s. parr, t. jones, g. s. hammond, and t. a. dewey. 2018. the animal diversity web (online). accessed at https: / / animaldiversity. org .\ndisclaimer: the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. adw doesn' t cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283, drl 0628151, due 0633095, drl 0918590, and due 1122742. additional support has come from the marisla foundation, um college of literature, science, and the arts, museum of zoology, and information and technology services .\na new genus woonpaikia park, gen. nov. (lepidoptera: lecithoceridae) with descriptions of two new species\nfull text of\ncatalogue of the types specimens of microlepidoptera in the british museum (natural history) described by edward meyrick / by j. f. gates clarke\nfull text of\ncatalogue of the types specimens of microlepidoptera in the british museum (natural history) described by edward meyrick / by j. f. gates clarke" ]

{ "text": [ "cryptolechia zeloxantha is a moth in the depressariidae family .", "it was described by edward meyrick in 1934 .", "it is found in china ( sichuan ) .", "the wingspan is 10-12 mm .", "the forewings are dark fuscous with a suffused orange basal blotch , not reaching the costa or dorsum .", "there is a broad oblique orange median fascia , slightly sprinkled dark fuscous , the stigmata placed on the margins of this .", "these stigmata are small and blackish , the plical rather obliquely beyond the first discal .", "there is a similar triangular blotch on the costa towards the apex , reaching more than half across the wing .", "the hindwings are grey . " ], "topic": [ 2, 5, 20, 9, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ] }

[ "cryptolechia zeloxantha is a moth in the depressariidae family. it was described by edward meyrick in 1934. it is found in china (sichuan). the wingspan is 10-12 mm. the forewings are dark fuscous with a suffused orange basal blotch, not reaching the costa or dorsum. there is a broad oblique orange median fascia, slightly sprinkled dark fuscous, the stigmata placed on the margins of this. these stigmata are small and blackish, the plical rather obliquely beyond the first discal. there is a similar triangular blotch on the costa towards the apex, reaching more than half across the wing. the hindwings are grey." ]

[ "species marstoniopsis scholtzi (a. schmidt, 1856) accepted as marstoniopsis insubrica (küster, 1853 )\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below. < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - marstoniopsis (marstoniopsis armoricana )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - marstoniopsis (marstoniopsis armoricana )\ntitle =\narkive species - marstoniopsis (marstoniopsis armoricana )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\ninformation on marstoniopsis armoricana is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly .\nmarstoniopsis armoricana is classified as critically endangered (cr) on the iucn red list (1) .\nalthough marstoniopsis scholtzi (a. schmidt, 1856) and m. insubrica (küster, 1853), have been placed into one species, marstoniopsis insubrica, there is no molecular research on the status of marstoniopsis croatica, and hence it is treated as a valid species. schutt (1980) noted that the shells were between m. steini and m. insubrica but larger, with more indented [ type material smf 229192, nmw 79033 ] .\n( of marstoniopsis scholtzi (a. schmidt, 1856) ) falniowski a. & wilke t. (2001). the genus marstoniopsis (gastropoda: rissooidea): intra - and intergeneric phylogenetic relationships. journal of molluscan studies. 67: 483 - 488. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below. < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive photo - < i > marstoniopsis armoricana < / i >\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive photo - < i > marstoniopsis armoricana < / i >\ntitle =\narkive photo - < i > marstoniopsis armoricana < / i >\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nfalniowski a. & wilke t. (2001). the genus marstoniopsis (gastropoda: rissooidea): intra - and intergeneric phylogenetic relationships. journal of molluscan studies. 67: 483 - 488. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of marstoniopsis scholtzi (a. schmidt, 1856) ) vinarski m. v. & kantor y. i. (2016). analytical catalogue of fresh and brackish water molluscs of russia and adjacent countries. moscow: a. n. severtsov institute of ecology and evolution of russian academy of science. 544 pp. [ details ]\njustification: marstoniopsis croatica is now only known from few sites in slovenia. the type locality in slovenia is partly a show cave, and as such is vulnerable to habitat disturbance and potential of groundwater pollution. the presence in croatia is doubtful. this species is therefore considered to be vulnerable (vu) d2. this species has been assessed at the regional level: eu 27 regional assessment: vulnerable (vu) d2 european regional assessment: vulnerable (vu) d2 mediterranean regional assessment: vulnerable (vu) d2\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\nthis species is listed by fauna europea for croatia and slovenia. schutt (1974) described this species from the springs near kostanjevica, 4 0km west of zagreb, slovenia (not croatia as cited by schutt), and as such the croatian record seems to be doubtful .\nthis species is considered to be' rare' in the slovenian list of threatened species (bole 1988, bole 1992; sket and velkovrh 2002) .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\njustification: this species is known only known from a single site where it was recently discovered in 2005. survey data show that the subpopulation from the type locality seems to have been extirpated. therefore, the number of subpopulations of this species have decreased. this species is considered as critically endangered (cr b2ab (i, iv) ) .\nthis species was known from the type locality in the north - west of france (erdre river, near nantes). despite several field surveys (prie, pers. comm. 2009, bertrand, pers. comm. 2009), the species has never been found again in this locality. but recently, a population attributable to\nhas been discovered in a channel in brittany (ille - et - vilaine) (prie, pers. comm. 2009) .\nthere are few population data available, although the subpopulation at nantes has been lost .\nthe main cause of the loss of the subpopulation near nantes is not known .\nmore research is needed on the taxonomy, distribution, population size and trends and threats to the species. the number of subpopulations has decreased leaving just one known location. unless further sites are discovered this should be protected .\n( of paludestrina taylori e. a. smith, 1901) vinarski m. v. & kantor y. i. (2016). analytical catalogue of fresh and brackish water molluscs of russia and adjacent countries. moscow: a. n. severtsov institute of ecology and evolution of russian academy of science. 544 pp. [ details ]\n( of amnicola pallida krausp, 1936) vinarski m. v. & kantor y. i. (2016). analytical catalogue of fresh and brackish water molluscs of russia and adjacent countries. moscow: a. n. severtsov institute of ecology and evolution of russian academy of science. 544 pp. [ details ]\nterms of use - the displayed portlet may be used as a link from your website to arkive' s online content for private, scientific, conservation or educational purposes only. it may not be used within apps .\nmyarkive offers the scrapbook feature to signed - up members, allowing you to organize your favourite arkive images and videos and share them with friends .\nteam wild, an elite squadron of science superheroes, needs your help! your mission: protect and conserve the planet’s species and habitats from destruction .\nwildscreen is a registered charity in england and wales no. 299450 wildscreen usa is a registered 501 (c) (3) non - profit organisation in the usa\nküster, h. c. 1852. die gattungen paludina, hydrocaena und valvata. in abbildungen nach der natur mit beschreibungen. - systematisches conchylien - cabinet von martini und chemnitz 1 (21): 1 - 96, taf. 1 - 14. nürnberg .\nshell transparent, horny greyish to brownish, finely striated, 4 - 5 slowly and regularly increasing convex whorls, apertural height less than 1 / 2 of shell height, margin conneted at parietal side and angulated on upper side, often with white lip inside, columellar margin weakly reflected, umbilicus narrow. more globulous than bythinella, suture deeper, whorls more convex. differs from potamopyrgus antipodarum in its more regularly rounded aperture, more convex whorls and broader apex. animals with yellow spots under the eyes .\nstony lake margins, sublitoral, and sublacustrine springs, on crystalline or calcareous substrate. in britain in lakes with rich vegetation, silent bays of lowland rivers, slowly moving waters in canals. occurs near berlin exclusively on hard substrate, such as submerged water plants, wood, stones or even metal waste, usually on the sides that are not exposed to sunlight. appears to tolerate mild industrial pollution near manchester and berlin, but not too much. in hamburg not extremely rare, prefers muddy ground, often associated with submerged dead wood logs, crawling at the lower side of submerged wood and leaves. tolerates wave movement, seems to prefer habitats with wave action in s sweden. annual life cycle, reproduction in summer, adult animals die in summer, so that only juveniles can be found in late summer and autumn .\nextinct in switzerland (since at least 1977), last record from 1957, presumably after increasing water pollution. in italian parts of lago lugano and in lago di piano still present in 1973. endangered in germany (but populations seem to have recovered in the past years), rare in england. threatened by continuous alternations and destructions of habitats in germany .\nm. scholtzi is probably a synonym. references: westerlund 1886: 38, 73, girod et al. 1973, jungbluth et al. 1989: 35, falkner 1990: 124, kabat & hershler 1993: 35, bodon et al. 1995: 28, turner et al. 1998: 83, kerney 1999: 37, müller 2008, glöer & diercking 2010: 73, urltoken (8 - 2008), welter - schultes 2012: 41 (range map) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance. if your browser does not accept cookies, you cannot view this site .\nthere are many reasons why a cookie could not be set correctly. below are the most common reasons :\nyou have cookies disabled in your browser. you need to reset your browser to accept cookies or to ask you if you want to accept cookies .\nyour browser asks you whether you want to accept cookies and you declined. to accept cookies from this site, use the back button and accept the cookie .\nyour browser does not support cookies. try a different browser if you suspect this .\nthe date on your computer is in the past. if your computer' s clock shows a date before 1 jan 1970, the browser will automatically forget the cookie. to fix this, set the correct time and date on your computer .\nyou have installed an application that monitors or blocks cookies from being set. you must disable the application while logging in or check with your system administrator .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance by remembering that you are logged in when you go from page to page. to provide access without cookies would require the site to create a new session for every page you visit, which slows the system down to an unacceptable level .\nthis site stores nothing other than an automatically generated session id in the cookie; no other information is captured .\nin general, only the information that you provide, or the choices you make while visiting a web site, can be stored in a cookie. for example, the site cannot determine your email name unless you choose to type it. allowing a website to create a cookie does not give that or any other site access to the rest of your computer, and only the site that created the cookie can read it .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with nbn atlas, please upload using the upload tools .\nblå punkter visar fynd registrerade i artportalen och övriga databaser anslutna till lifewatch. kan innehålla observationer som inte är validerade. kartan uppdateras var fjärde vecka .\ni det avancerade verktyget kan man söka ut och få fram artlistor, t ex arter i ett visst län, i en viss biotop, substrat, som påverkas av en hotfaktor, eller som är knutna till en sk värdart, t ex trädet alm. dessa kan även kombineras .\nsöka fram arter som är rödlistade, knutna till alm, är beroende av död ved och som finns i kronobergs län .\nsöka fram arter som är rödlistade, lever i småvatten och som påverkas negativt av igenväxning .\ndefaultläget i verktyget är arter som är rödlistade 2015 och dessa är klassade på samtliga sökfaktorer. under fliken rödlistekategori kan man dock välja att även inkludera arter som inte är rödlistade. om man väljer att inkludera icke rödlistade arter behöver man vara medveten om att samtliga arter inte är klassade på samtliga faktorer. nedan en sammanställning av vad som är komplett .\ndenna funktion används när du vill skapa din egen lista av arter att hantera. du kan t. ex. navigera mellan arterna i listan genom att klicka på deras namn. du kan också välja att använda knappen ”jämför arter” för att se bilder, kartor och kännetecken i en jämförelsevy .\ndu kan komponera ditt eget urval av arter genom att klicka dig fram via släktträdet och där välja arter eller artgrupper till din lista. ett annat sätt att göra ditt urval är att använda fliken ”filtrera”, där du kan söka på olika egenskaper. ovanför listan med sökresultatet finns en knapp ”lägg i mitt urval” .\nvan regteren altena, 1936. accessed through: world register of marine species at: urltoken; = 751393 on 2018 - 07 - 10\nradea c. , parmakelis a. , papadogiannis v. , charou d. & triantis k. a. (2013). the hydrobioid freshwater gastropods (caenogastropoda, truncatelloidea) of greece: new records, taxonomic re - assessments using dna sequence data and an update of the iucn red list categories. zookeys. 350: 1 - 20. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nthis information is awaiting authentication by a species expert, and will be updated as soon as possible. if you are able to help please contact: arkive @ urltoken\ntaxa believed likely to move into the endangered category in the near future if the causal factors continue operating. superseded by new iucn categories in 1994, but still applicable to lists that have not been reviewed since 1994 .\ntaxa with small populations that are not at present endangered or vulnerable, but are at risk. (in gb, this was interpreted as species which exist in fifteen or fewer 10km squares). superseded by new iucn categories in 1994, but still applicable to lists that have not been reviewed since 1994 .\ntaxa believed likely to move into the endangered category in the near future if the causal factors continue operating. superseded by new iucn categories in 1994, so no longer in use .\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site. view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice." ]

{ "text": [ "marstoniopsis is a genus of minute freshwater snails with a gill and an operculum , aquatic gastropod mollusks or micromollusks in the family amnicolidae . " ], "topic": [ 2 ] }

[ "marstoniopsis is a genus of minute freshwater snails with a gill and an operculum, aquatic gastropod mollusks or micromollusks in the family amnicolidae." ]

[ "acropora aculeus, acropora digitifera, acropora samoensis and acropora valida on sealife base: technical fact sheets .\nthe highly cross - fertile coral species, acropora hyacinthus and acropora cytherea, constitute statistically distinguishable lineages .\nacropora aculeus, acropora digitifera, acropora samoensis and acropora valida on the iucn red list of threatened species website: technical fact sheet .\nacropora cytherea. great barrier reef, australia. variation in plates. charlie veron .\nacropora cytherea. ashmore reef, western australia. variation in plates. charlie veron .\nthe highly cross - fertile coral species, acropora hyacinthus and acropora cytherea, constitute statistically distinguishable lineages. - pubmed - ncbi\nacropora cytherea. philippines. variation in axial corallites and irregular radial corallites. charlie veron .\nacropora aculeus, acropora digitifera, acropora samoensis and acropora valida on corals of the world online on the australian institute of marine science website: technical fact sheet .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below. < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - staghorn coral (acropora cytherea )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - staghorn coral (acropora cytherea )\ntitle =\narkive species - staghorn coral (acropora cytherea )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nacropora biological review team. (2005) atlantic acropora status review document. report to national marine fisheries service, southeast regional office .\nmarquez lm, van oppen mjh, willis bl, reyes a and miller dj (2002) the highly cross - fertile coral species, acropora hyacinthus and acropora cytherea, constitute statistically distinguishable lineages. molecular ecology. 11: 1339 - 1349 .\nacropora species are the most abundant coral of most reefs in the indo - pacific (3) .\ncommon parasites of colonies in reef aquariums are the acropora - eating flatworm, and\nred bugs\n( tegastes acroporanus) .\ntissue degeneration (indicated by red arrows) and regeneration (indicated by blue arrows) in lesions from a) 6 th april 2004, b) 14 th april 2004, and evidence of axial growth of acropora cytherea affected by acroporid white syndrome in c) 6 th april 2004, d) 20 th february 2006 .\nscholarspace at university of hawaii at manoa: acropora in hawaii. part 1. history of the scientific record, systematics, and ecology\nacropora cytherea is a species of hard coral of the family acroporidae. this specimen was found at mer island reef in the torres strait as part of a biodiversity survey in february 2013. the taxonomic classification for this photo was performed by the aims long term monitoring project. for more information see the aims coral fact sheet for this species .\na) coral cover and prevelance (± standard error), b) species composition of tabular acropora spp. affected by white syndrome .\npresent occurrence of the coral genus acropora in hawaii has long been questioned. this paper reviews the scientific literature concerning this controversy and presents the results of a recent resource survey of the entire hawaiian archipelago that clearly establishes the presence of three species of acropora in hawaii. these species are acropora cytherea, a. valida, and a. humilis. taxonomic descriptions for each species are presented, along with notes on their worldwide geographic distributions. in hawaii, the three species are found only on six islands in the middle of the chain. extension of their ranges throughout the archipelago may be limited by discontinuous and sporadic larval recruitment .\n( of madrepora cytherea dana, 1846) wallace, cc. (1999). staghorn corals of the world: a revision of the coral genus acropora (scleractinia; astrocoeniina; acroporidae) worldwide, with emphasis on morphology, phylogeny and biogeography. csiro, collingwood (australia). pp i - xvii, 1 - 421. [ details ]\nhigh cross - fertilization rates in vitro and non - monophyletic patterns in molecular phylogenies challenge the taxonomic status of species in the coral genus acropora. we p …\n( of acropora cytherella verrill, 1902) verrill, ae. (1902). notes on corals of the genus acropora (madrepora lam .) with new descriptions and figures of types, and of several new species. transactions of the connecticut academy of arts and sciences. 11: 207 - 266. [ details ]\nthis species occurs in shallow, tropical reef environments. it is found on upper reef slopes and lagoons. it is found subtidally on reef slopes and submerged reefs, not usually intertidally (wallace 1999). populations in the hawaiian archipelago become sexually mature during the early summer (kenyon et al. 2007). acropora cytherea likely spawns annually in october in french polynesia (carroll et al. 2006). this species is found from 3 - 25 m. a. cytherea, along with m. aequituberculata, is the dominant coral species on the reef slope of central vietnam reefs at a depth of 2 - 6 m (latypov 2001) .\n( of madrepora cytherea dana, 1846) dana, j. d. 1846. united states exploring expedition during the years 1838 - 1842. zoophytes 7: 1 - 740. lea and blanchard, philadelphia. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\ngiven its common name due to its flat - topped, table - like shape, table coral (acropora cytherea) is one of the primary reef - building corals throughout most of the tropical pacific, but it has never been observed in waters off o' ahu - until now, researchers said. the coral, estimated to be 14 years old, was found at a depth of 60 feet during a training dive .\nbased on the most recent taxonomic work, there are approximately 120 known species of acropora (wallace 1999; s. d. cairns, in litt. 2009) .\n( of madrepora (polystachys) cytherea dana, 1846) brook g (1893). the genus madrepora. catalogue of the madreporarian corals in the british museum (natural history) 1: 1 - 212, pls. 1 - 35. [ details ]\n( of acropora cytherella verrill, 1902) wallace, cc. (1999). staghorn corals of the world: a revision of the coral genus acropora (scleractinia; astrocoeniina; acroporidae) worldwide, with emphasis on morphology, phylogeny and biogeography. csiro, collingwood (australia). pp i - xvii, 1 - 421. [ details ]\nacropora corals seen awaiting identification species are difficult to positively identify without close examination with a microscope. on this website, they are grouped by external features for convenience of display .\nacropora species are challenging to keep in a home aquarium. they require bright light, stable temperatures, regular addition of calcium and alkalinity supplements, and clean, turbulent water .\n( of acropora efflorescens (dana, 1846) ) wallace, cc. (1999). staghorn corals of the world: a revision of the coral genus acropora (scleractinia; astrocoeniina; acroporidae) worldwide, with emphasis on morphology, phylogeny and biogeography. csiro, collingwood (australia). pp i - xvii, 1 - 421. [ details ]\n( of acropora corymbosa (lamarck, 1816) ) wallace, cc. (1999). staghorn corals of the world: a revision of the coral genus acropora (scleractinia; astrocoeniina; acroporidae) worldwide, with emphasis on morphology, phylogeny and biogeography. csiro, collingwood (australia). pp i - xvii, 1 - 421. [ details ]\n( of acropora symmetrica (brook, 1891) ) wallace, cc. (1999). staghorn corals of the world: a revision of the coral genus acropora (scleractinia; astrocoeniina; acroporidae) worldwide, with emphasis on morphology, phylogeny and biogeography. csiro, collingwood (australia). pp i - xvii, 1 - 421. [ details ]\n( of acropora armata (brook, 1892) ) wallace, cc. (1999). staghorn corals of the world: a revision of the coral genus acropora (scleractinia; astrocoeniina; acroporidae) worldwide, with emphasis on morphology, phylogeny and biogeography. csiro, collingwood (australia). pp i - xvii, 1 - 421. [ details ]\nthe roughly 120 species of staghorn corals (acropora) account for a large fraction of the world' s coral reefs (iucn 2009). these corals face several major threats :\nacropora is most common in shallow reef environments with bright light and moderate to high water motion. many small reef fishes live near their colonies and retreat into the thicket of branches if threatened .\ngrigg rw, wells jw, wallace c. 1981. acropora in hawaii. part 1. history of the scientific record, systematics, and ecology. pac sci 35 (1): 1 - 13 .\nto investigate the dynamics of tabular acropora affected by white syndrome, a monitoring program was established at coral canyons on the southern edge of heron reef (figure 1). this site was chosen due to an abundance of large (> 2 m) and smaller colonies of tabular acropora spp. , and its relative proximity to heron island research station. seawater temperatures (°c) were recorded at 30 - minute intervals at 8 m depth throughout the monitoring period using in - situ temperature loggers (optic stowaway tm, onset corporation). a defined area of reef slope (80×20 m, 6–8 m depth) was surveyed on scuba, and colonies of tabular acropora (n = 14) with signs of active lesions were tagged using cattle tags. additionally, colonies of healthy (asymptomatic) tabular acropora within the study site were tagged to determine the incidence of novel lesions of white syndrome throughout the monitoring period .\n( of acropora symmetrica (brook, 1891) ) brook g (1891) descriptions of new species of madrepora in the collections of the british museum. annals and magazine of natural history 8: 458 - 471. [ details ]\ndepending on the species and location, acropora species may grow as plates or slender or broad branches. like other corals, acropora corals are colonies of individual polyps, which are about 2 mm across and share tissue and a nerve net. the polyps can withdraw back into the coral in response to movement or disturbance by potential predators, but when undisturbed, they protrude slightly. the polyps typically extend further at night to help capture plankton and organic matter from the water .\nin - situ transmission experiments were conducted by grafting healthy fragments of a. cytherea onto existing colonies affected by white syndrome. parent colonies of asymptomatic tabular acropora (n = 6) and colonies with active lesions (n = 6) were identified and tagged at 5–8 m depth at wistari reef. fragments (approximately 80 cm 2, n = 24) were collected from healthy colonies of a. cytherea, and two fragments were grafted to the outer edge of each host colony using plastic cable ties. in white syndrome affected colonies, fragments were grafted to intact tissue immediately preceding the active lesion margin. fragments were monitored over a period of 28 days for progression and transmission of white syndrome lesions, and to ensure continued contact between host and graft. qualitative mortality of grafts between control and affected colonies was recorded after 28 days and a chi - squared analysis with yates' s continuity correction [ 36 ] was performed to identify differences in mortality between treatments .\na major challenge for understanding the evolutionary genetics of mass - spawning corals is to explain the maintenance of discrete morphospecies in view of high rates of interspecific fertilization in vitro and nonmonophyletic patterns in molecular phylogenies. in this study, we focused on acropora cytherea and a. hyacinthus, which have one of the highest potentials for interspecific fertilization. using sequences of a nuclear intron, we performed phylogenetic and nested clade analyses (nca). both species were polyphyletic in molecular phylogenies, but the nca indicated that they constitute statistically distinguishable lineages. phylogenetic analysis using an intergenic region of the mitochondrial dna (mtdna), was inconclusive because of low levels of variability in this marker. the position of these two species differed between the nuclear dna (ndna) and mtdna phylogenies and was also at odds with a cladistic analysis based on morphology. we conclude that despite the potential for high levels of hybridization and introgression, a. cytherea and a. hyacinthus constitute statistically distinguishable lineages and their taxonomic status is consistent with the cohesion species concept .\n( of acropora reticulata (brook, 1892) ) brook g (1893). the genus madrepora. catalogue of the madreporarian corals in the british museum (natural history) 1: 1 - 212, pls. 1 - 35. [ details ]\n( of acropora arcuata (brook, 1892) ) brook g (1892) preliminary descriptions of new species of madrepora in the collections of the british museum. part ii. annals and magazine of natural history 10: 451 - 465. [ details ]\n( of acropora armata (brook, 1892) ) brook g (1892) preliminary descriptions of new species of madrepora in the collections of the british museum. part ii. annals and magazine of natural history 10: 451 - 465. [ details ]\n( of acropora arcuata (brook, 1892) ) sheppard, c. r. c. (1987). coral species of the indian ocean and adjacent seas: a synonymised compilation and some regional distribution patterns. atoll research bulletin nr 307 [ details ]\n( of acropora reticulata (brook, 1892) ) sheppard, c. r. c. (1987). coral species of the indian ocean and adjacent seas: a synonymised compilation and some regional distribution patterns. atoll research bulletin nr 307 [ details ]\n( of acropora symmetrica (brook, 1891) ) sheppard, c. r. c. (1987). coral species of the indian ocean and adjacent seas: a synonymised compilation and some regional distribution patterns. atoll research bulletin nr 307 [ details ]\n( of acropora corymbosa (lamarck, 1816) ) lamarck, j. - b. m. de. (1816). histoire naturelle des animaux sans vertèbres. tome second. paris: verdière, 568 pp. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nwhite syndrome was broadly distributed across heron reef, and was observed to affect tabular acropora spp. at all 25 sites surveyed. although depth was not an implicit factor in these surveys, white syndrome was observed to affect tabular acropora in the upper reef crest (< 2 m) and solitary colonies on the lower reef slopes up to 18 m in depth. we recorded a total of 1220 colonies of tabular acropora at eight sites at heron reef, with a mean prevalence of 8. 1±0. 9% . significant differences in prevalence were observed between sites (anova, f = 3. 50, p < 0. 05, table 1), ranging from 4. 9±1. 2% (pam' s point) to 14. 3±2. 5% (coral canyons). the structure and composition of coral communities was highly variable between sites, with total coral cover varying between 29. 9–60. 8% (figure 3a). acroporidae was observed to be the dominant family of coral, accounting for 84. 2±2. 9% of all coral cover. tabular morphology was the dominant growth form of acropora observed during surveys (averaging 66. 3±6. 6% of all acropora corals), varying between 3. 7% (4 th point) to 25. 1% coverage (2 nd point). a weak but significant relationship was observed in that white syndrome was more common in sites with a higher cover of tabular acropora (β = −0. 44, r 2 = 0. 2, p < 0. 05). this relationship was not observed for total acropora cover (β = –0. 21, r 2 = 0. 04, p > 0. 05) or total coral cover (β = −0. 18, r 2 = 0. 03, p > 0. 05) .\nthe prevalence of acroporid white syndrome appears relatively homogenous between sites on heron reef, despite widespread differences in community structure. consistent with previous studies [ 24 ], there were no significant differences in prevalence at exposed sites (e. g. selina' s gutter, characterised by high scleractinian diversity with low tabular acropora and total coral coverage) and sheltered sites (e. g. coral cascades, characterised by relatively low scleractinian diversity with a high tabular acropora and total coral cover). although we recorded differences in the species composition of white syndrome colonies between sites, comparisons of species specific - prevalence were problematic, as our surveys did not record species - level identification of asymptomatic tabular acropora due to the sheer abundance of colonies, and inherent difficulties of in - situ species identification of acroporids [ e. g. 38 ]. given the potential for species - specific host resistance and the high diversity of corals of the genus acropora, future studies of disease prevalence throughout the indo - pacific region should target the incidence of disease at both genus and species level .\nacropora species constituted 13 percent of the global coral trade between 1985 and 1997. coral is harvested for building materials, curios, jewellery, and for aquariums. staghorn corals are more common in the dead coral trade, rather than the live aquarium trade (7) .\nreyes - bermudez a. et al. 2009. differential expression of three galaxin - related genes during settlement and metamorphosis in the scleractinian coral acropora millepora. bmc evolutionary biology 2009, 9: 178. doi: 10. 1186 / 1471 - 2148 - 9 - 178\nthe mean size of tabular acropora spp. affected by white syndrome (86. 8±11. 89 cm) was significantly higher than that of the healthy population (anova f = 20. 73, p < 0. 001), although this varied between sites (anova, f = 10. 80, p < 0. 001, figure 4). although the species distribution of tabular acropora spp. between sites was variable (figure 3b), no significant difference was observed between the mean size of the main host species (a. hyacinthus, a. cytherea, a. clathrata, anova, f = 1. 87, p > 0. 1). the mean skewness of white syndrome colonies was not significantly different between sites (0. 10±0. 37, anova, f = 0. 27, p > 0. 5), although three of the sites were negatively skewed (plate ledge, pam' s point and plateau, figure 4). our results indicate a trend towards a negative skewness of white syndrome colonies compared to that of healthy colonies within sites (anova, f = 9. 55, p < 0. 01), suggesting that white syndrome disproportionately affects larger colonies of tabular acropora spp. within the population (table 1). further, although large colonies of tabular acropora spp. (class iii) were rare across all sites (0. 3% of total counts), > 50% were affected by white syndrome .\n( of acropora armata (brook, 1892) ) macnae, w. & m. kalk (eds). (1958). a natural history of inhaca island, mozambique. witwatersrand univ. press, johannesburg. i - iv, 163 pp. [ details ]\nsymbiodinium, symbiotic algae, live in the corals' cells and produce energy for the animals through photosynthesis. environmental destruction has led to a dwindling of populations of acropora, along with other coral species. acropora is especially susceptible to bleaching when stressed. bleaching is due to the loss of the coral' s zooxanthellae, which are a golden - brown color. bleached corals are stark white and may die if new symbiodinium cells cannot be assimilated. common causes of bleaching and coral death include pollution, abnormally warm water temperatures, increased ocean acidification, sedimentation, and eutrophication .\nverrill, a. e. 1902 ,\nnotes on corals of the genus acropora (madrepora lam .) with new descriptions and figures of types, and of several new species\n, transactions of the connecticut academy of arts and sciences, vol. 11, pp. 207 - 266\n( of madrepora (polystachys) cytherea dana, 1846) dana, j. d. (1846 - 1849). zoophytes. united states exploring expedition during the years 1838 - 1842. lea and blanchard, philadelphia. 7: 1 - 740, 61 pls. (1846: 1 - 120, 709 - 720; 1848: 121 - 708, 721 - 740; 1849: atlas pls. 1 - 61). [ details ]\nstaghorn corals occur in tropical reef environments, down to a depth of 30 meters. the upper depth limit is defined by wave action, whilst the lower limit at which acropora can inhabit is determined by light availability and the amount of suspended sediments. staghorn corals require normal marine salinity (5) .\nstaghorn corals occur in tropical reef environments, down to a depth of 30 meters. the upper depth limit is defined by wave action, whilst the lower limit at which acropora can inhabit is determined by light availability and the amount of suspended sediments. staghorn corals require normal marine salinity (4) .\nwallace, cc. (1999). staghorn corals of the world: a revision of the coral genus acropora (scleractinia; astrocoeniina; acroporidae) worldwide, with emphasis on morphology, phylogeny and biogeography. csiro, collingwood (australia). pp i - xvii, 1 - 421. [ details ]\n( of acropora corymbosa (lamarck, 1816) ) best, w. g. , g. faure & m. pichon (1980). contribution to the knowledge of the stony corals from the seychelles and eastern africa. rev. zool. afr. 94, 3: 600 - 627. [ details ]\nsome acropora coral form table - like colonies. raffles lighthouse, jun 07 corallites with tentacles contracted. sisters island, dec 05 with the tentacles extended, the colony can appear' furry'. pulau semakau, apr 08 producing mucus to protect themselves. pulau semakau, mar 05 coral scallop sisters island, may 08\nthe temporal dynamics of white syndrome in the southern gbr between 2000 and 2010 are intriguing. the initial surveys of coral disease in the gbr indicate a peak of outbreak prevelance in 2003 [ 4 ] following a coral bleaching event in the preceding year [ 23 ]. subsequent surveys indicate that although prevalence declined to intermediate levels between 2004–2009, the current levels remain considerably higher than when monitoring began in 1999 [ 42 ], [ 82 ]. monitoring at the same locations as the present study (coral cascades, 2 nd point, 4 th point) show a decline in tabular acropora spp between 2007–2009, resulting in a shift in community structure [ 42 ]. in 2004 we recorded high levels of coral cover at these sites (e. g. up to 25% tabular acropora at second point), yet analysis of community structure at these sites four years following our study [ 42 ] indicates that these sites are now dominated by other growth forms of acropora (2 nd point) and faviites (cascades). while this may reflect slight differences in site location and spatial heterogeneity in coral community structure, whole - colony mortality following the peak of the outbreak in 2003–2004 may have resulted in (unfortunately undocumented) high rates of mortality and loss of tabular acropora across heron reef .\n( of madrepora reticulata brook, 1892) wallace, cc. (1999). staghorn corals of the world: a revision of the coral genus acropora (scleractinia; astrocoeniina; acroporidae) worldwide, with emphasis on morphology, phylogeny and biogeography. csiro, collingwood (australia). pp i - xvii, 1 - 421. [ details ]\n( of madrepora armata brook, 1892) wallace, cc. (1999). staghorn corals of the world: a revision of the coral genus acropora (scleractinia; astrocoeniina; acroporidae) worldwide, with emphasis on morphology, phylogeny and biogeography. csiro, collingwood (australia). pp i - xvii, 1 - 421. [ details ]\n( of madrepora arcuata brook, 1892) wallace, cc. (1999). staghorn corals of the world: a revision of the coral genus acropora (scleractinia; astrocoeniina; acroporidae) worldwide, with emphasis on morphology, phylogeny and biogeography. csiro, collingwood (australia). pp i - xvii, 1 - 421. [ details ]\n( of madrepora symmetrica brook, 1891) wallace, cc. (1999). staghorn corals of the world: a revision of the coral genus acropora (scleractinia; astrocoeniina; acroporidae) worldwide, with emphasis on morphology, phylogeny and biogeography. csiro, collingwood (australia). pp i - xvii, 1 - 421. [ details ]\n( of madrepora candelabrum studer, 1879) wallace, cc. (1999). staghorn corals of the world: a revision of the coral genus acropora (scleractinia; astrocoeniina; acroporidae) worldwide, with emphasis on morphology, phylogeny and biogeography. csiro, collingwood (australia). pp i - xvii, 1 - 421. [ details ]\n( of madrepora efflorescens dana, 1846) wallace, cc. (1999). staghorn corals of the world: a revision of the coral genus acropora (scleractinia; astrocoeniina; acroporidae) worldwide, with emphasis on morphology, phylogeny and biogeography. csiro, collingwood (australia). pp i - xvii, 1 - 421. [ details ]\n( of madrepora corymbosa lamarck, 1816) wallace, cc. (1999). staghorn corals of the world: a revision of the coral genus acropora (scleractinia; astrocoeniina; acroporidae) worldwide, with emphasis on morphology, phylogeny and biogeography. csiro, collingwood (australia). pp i - xvii, 1 - 421. [ details ]\nshinzato, c. , shoguchi, e. , kawashima, t. , hamada, m. , hisata, k. , tanaka, m. , fujie, m. , et al. 2011. using the acropora digitifera genome to understand coral responses to environmental change. nature, advance online publication. doi: 10. 1038 / nature10249\nwhite syndrome was observed to affect the three main species of tabular acropora found at the upper reef slope at heron reef (a. hyacinthus, a. cytherea, and a. clathrata, figure 3b), as well as other less common species (a. glauca, a. microclados, a. subulata, a. anthoecercis, a. solitaryensis, a. granulosa, a. loripes, a. caroliniana, a. selago) that were grouped due to their relatively low abundance. the abundance of tabular colonies affected by white syndrome was strongly correlated to the abundance of tabular acropora within transects (β = 0. 66, r 2 = 0. 44, p < 0. 001), yet this relationship was strongly dependant upon mean colony size. while no significant relationship was observed between the abundance of healthy and affected colonies in smaller colonies (class i, β = 0. 06, r 2 = 0. 01, p > 0. 5), a strong relationship was observed in medium (class ii, β = 0. 62, r 2 = 0. 39, p < 0. 01) and large (class iii, β = 0. 62, r 2 = 0. 38, p < 0. 01) colonies .\nour results indicate that the abundance of tabular colonies affected by white syndrome is related to the abundance of tabular acropora within transects. these results are consistent with host - density relationships in indo - pacific white syndrome [ 24 ], [ 44 ], [ 45 ]. previous regional surveys of the outer reefs of the gbr have shown that coral cover is a key factor in white syndrome, where outbreaks occur following thermal stress on high coral cover reefs (> 50 %) such as the capricorn bunker groups [ 23 ]. despite a strong link between the abundance of tabular acroporids and white syndrome in the present study, at a local scale our results show no relationship between acroporid white syndrome prevalence and either coral cover or total acropora cover. this finding is consistent with another study of white syndrome in tabular acropora spp. [ 24 ], and suggests that host - density dependence is decoupled from simple metrics of coral cover. it seems plausible that the prevalence of white syndrome in high coral cover reefs on the gbr [ 23 ] may be driven by a high abundance of tabular acroporids rather than total coral cover .\npresent study consists the status of corals in palk bay, conducted during 2007 - 2013. corals are distributed in four sites (mandapam north, pamban, thangachimadam and olakuda) in southern palk bay. the overall live coral cover was 30. 78, 29. 64 and 28. 24% respectively during july 2007, september 2009 and april 2013. a sharp decrease in the live coral cover was observed in mandapam north from 34. 18 to 22. 62% during the study period and an increase of algae from 14. 88 to 31. 52% was also recorded. the overall disease prevalence increased from 15. 28% to 17. 32% between 2009 and 2013. a complete stretch of acropora cytherea in mandapam north was dead because of the black band disease and the area is now dominated by macro algae. the other anthropogenic factors including destructive fishing practices, cultivation of exotic seaweed, kappaphycus alvarezii, and elevated temperature pose threat to corals in palk bay .\n( of acropora efflorescens (dana, 1846) ) dana, j. d. (1846 - 1849). zoophytes. united states exploring expedition during the years 1838 - 1842. lea and blanchard, philadelphia. 7: 1 - 740, 61 pls. (1846: 1 - 120, 709 - 720; 1848: 121 - 708, 721 - 740; 1849: atlas pls. 1 - 61). [ details ]\nberry, k. l. e. , hoogenboom, m. o. , brinkman, d. l. , burns, k. a. , & negri, a. p. (2017) effects of coal contamination on early life history processes of a reef - bulding coral, acropora tenuis. marine pollution bulletin 114, 505 - 514. doi: 10. 1016 / j. marpolbul. 2016. 10. 011 .\nthe population structure of tabular acropora spp. varied significantly between sites (table 1) in terms of mean colony size (50. 05±4. 59 cm −1, anova f = 29. 78, p < 0. 001) and maximum colony size (108. 36±10. 04 cm −1, anova f = 7. 29, p < 0. 001). a positive skew in colony size was observed in all sites, suggesting a greater abundance of smaller colonies of tabular acropora spp. within the population (1. 42±0. 23, anova f = 0. 74, p > 0. 5). the size frequency distributions of healthy colonies were relatively homogenous (mean correlation coefficient = 0. 83±0. 02 se, p < 0. 05) indicating a high degree of similarity in populations between sites (figure 4), with the exception of selina' s gutter and plateau (correlation coefficient = 0. 47, p > 0. 05) .\nmortality rates are often relatively high within populations of tabular acropora spp. [ e. g. 48 ]. while previous studies have suggested that larger colonies are less susceptible to disturbance events than smaller colonies i. e. a type iii survivorship curve [ 49 ], [ 50 ], coral communities exhibit differential responses to biotic and abiotic stressors. mass bleaching of coral populations following periods of thermal stress results in a higher survivorship of smaller colonies [ 51 ], [ 52 ], and larger colonies are more likely to be affected by epizootics of white plague disease in the caribbean [ 16 ]. our results indicate that although rare, larger colonies of tabular acropora (> 160 cm, class iii) are disproportionately affected by white syndrome. while it is tempting to implicate senescence [ e. g. 53 ] as a key factor in the disproportionate incidence of white syndrome in larger colonies, growth of a colony as a whole is potentially indeterminate [ 54 ] as the relationship between size and age is decoupled by differential growth rates, partial mortality, competition and abiotic factors [ 55 ], [ 56 ], [ 57 ]. alternatively, our results may merely reflect the ephemeral nature of disease in that acute rates of tissue loss can result in rapid mortality of a smaller colony, while chronic lesions may persist in larger colonies .\nthe macroscopic field signs of white syndrome in tabular acropora are similar to those previously reported from the caribbean region [ 22 ], with the exception of the zone of bleached tissue preceding the lesion margin associated with white band type ii [ 61 ] and white plague type ii [ 47 ]. histological and microbiological samples of tabular acropora affected by white syndrome revealed no evidence of microbial communities associated with lesions, and no evidence of tissue necrosis associated with bacterial diseases of corals [ 62 ]. failure in this study to identify white syndrome as contagious through either aquaria inoculation experiments or in - situ transmission experiments is consistent with the spatial patterns observed in the field, and further questions the pathogenic nature of white syndrome and the involvement of bacterial pathogens [ 63 ]. in contrast to our study, a highly contagious bacterial coral disease from the caribbean termed white plague type ii caused by aurantimonas coralicida [ 64 ] is readily transmissible to healthy colonies in aquaria through indirect contact with diseased corals [ 43 ]. although the involvement of a pathogen in the initial stages of lesions formation cannot be excluded, in established lesions pathogens appear to be largely absent from white syndrome lesions [ 62 ], and the syndrome does not appear to be infectious between hosts. culture independent analysis of bacterial communities associated with acroporid white syndrome at heron reef [ 63 ] revealed that vibrio pathogens previously implicated with white syndrome in the indo - pacific [ 27 ] were largely absent from affected colonies, further questioning the role of bacterial pathogens as the causative agent of acroporid white syndrome .\nmonitoring of healthy colonies within the site revealed an increase in the incidence of white syndrome during the summer and winter months (figure 8), with novel lesions (n = 5) initiating and spreading in previously asymptomatic colonies. throughout the monitoring period a positive linear relationship was observed in surface area (%) and linear growth (cm −1) in asymptomatic tabular acropora (β = 0. 66, r 2 = 0. 85, p < 0. 001), while dead colonies decreased in both width and area due to increased bioerosion (figure 9). colonies affected by white syndrome showed an average decrease in width and surface area (figure 9), yet high variability was observed in linear extension rates in colonies affected by white syndrome (range = −3. 46–7. 12 cm), indicating active linear growth .\nacroporid white syndrome is characterised by a distinct line between apparently healthy tissue and exposed white skeleton in tabular acropora spp. , resulting from the progressive degeneration of the coenosarc and polyp bodies at the lesion boundary. no signs of tissue bleaching (paling associated with the loss of zooxanthellae) were observed in tissue preceding the lesion margin. as lesions progressed, a green band was observed in the recently denuded skeleton as a result of photo - acclimation of endolithic algae in response to the loss of shading tissue layers [ 31 ]. in - situ inspection and analysis of biopsy samples by light microscopy revealed an absence of apparent microbial populations or eukaryotic organisms, although several protists were found to be associated with white syndrome lesions, including a holotrich ciliate (possible paramecium sp .) thought to be related with “brown band syndrome” [ 4 ], [ 39 ] and the heterotrich ciliate halofolliculina corallasia, previously identified as the causative agent of “skeletal eroding band” [ 40 ] .\nacroporid white syndrome exhibited a non - aggregated spatial pattern, in that the incidence of disease is unaffected by proximity to other colonies [ 16 ], [ 46 ], [ 47 ]. this finding is entirely consistent with field observations of neighbouring tabular acropora colonies growing in direct proximity, where white syndrome results in entire colony mortality of one colony, yet does not transmit to adjacent (and otherwise healthy) colonies (roff, pers. obs .). the over - dispersed distribution nature of acroporid white syndrome also suggests that the higher rates of white syndrome in the outer shelf reefs of the capricorn bunker group are not primarily due to increased ‘pathogen transmission’ in regions of higher coral cover, as previously suggested [ 4 ]. in contrast, coral diseases caused by known bacterial pathogens (such as ‘white pox’ disease, [ 9 ]) exhibit a strongly aggregated spatial pattern consistent with epidemiological models of nearest - neighbour contagion. while the role of vectors in white syndrome transmission has yet to be explored, white plague in the caribbean exhibits a similar non - aggregated spatial pattern [ 16 ], and is at least partially dependant on algal contact to induce lesions [ 18 ] .\nour results indicate that acroporid white syndrome was wide spread across heron reef in 2004, affecting tabular acropora spp. at all 25 sites surveyed (figure 1). the macroscopic field signs of acroporid white syndrome are consistent with those seen elsewhere in the indo - pacific region since this study was conducted [ 24 ], [ 26 ], [ 28 ], [ 41 ], suggesting that the syndrome is regional in extent. the mean prevalence observed in the present study (8. 05±0. 89 %) is considerably higher than reported in other locations, and greater than that recorded in the year preceding our study (2003, [ 4 ]) and an order of magnitude higher than recorded in following years (< 0. 5% , 2007–2009 [ 42 ]). although global comparisons of disease prevalence are inherently problematic, the highest prevalence of acroporid white syndrome recorded in the present study (14. 3±2. 5 %) is comparable to outbreaks of disease observed in caribbean white syndromes [ 9 ], [ 43 ]. our results appear to counter previous suggestions that high coral diversity in the indo - pacific region may potentially lower the spread of disease [ 12 ] .\nregional patterns of white syndrome outbreaks [ 23 ], [ 24 ], [ 25 ], [ 26 ], [ 27 ], [ 28 ] highlight a significant cause for concern, yet substantial knowledge gaps exist regarding the ecological processes and interactions across spatial and temporal scales, and little is known about the spatial pattern or impact of white syndrome at local scales. following surveys of coral communities at heron and wistari reefs (southern gbr) in the austral summer of 2004, large numbers of colonies of tabular acropora spp. exhibited macroscopic field signs of a readily identifiable and rapid pattern of tissue loss, since termed ‘acroporid white syndrome’ [ 29 ], [ 30 ], [ 31 ]. tabular acroporids are a dominant growth form in upper reef slopes across indo - pacific reefs [ 32 ], often forming low diversity stands [ 33 ] by actively out - competing other corals for space [ 34 ]. this study was conducted with three main objectives: (1) to determine the prevalence, spatial pattern and the impact of ‘acroporid white syndrome’ on the community structure at heron reef (capricorn bunker group, southern gbr), (2) to characterise the field signs and transmission associated with the syndrome, (3) to quantify rates and patterns of lesion progression in affected colonies .\ncolonies are wide flat tables which are usually thin and finely structured. may become thick and robust in turbulent environments. fine upward projecting branchlets have exsert axial corallites. radial corallites are short, with open calices. tentacles are frequently extended during the day .\ntaxonomic note: taxonomic note: this species is divisible into several smaller semi - distinct taxonomic units. source reference: veron (2000). taxonomic references: veron and wallace (1984), wallace (1999). additional identification guides: veron (1986), nishihira and veron (1995) .\n© 2011 - 2012 australian institute of marine science and crr cc by - nc 3. 0\ndana, j. d. 1846. united states exploring expedition during the years 1838 - 1842. zoophytes 7: 1 - 740. lea and blanchard, philadelphia. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\ndescription this species forms horizontal tables. branches show considerable anastomosing, so that the central portions of tables may ...\nhoeksema, b. w. ; cairns, s. (2018). world list of scleractinia .\n( of madrepora efflorescens dana, 1846) dana, j. d. 1846. united states exploring expedition during the years 1838 - 1842. zoophytes 7: 1 - 740. lea and blanchard, philadelphia. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of madrepora candelabrum studer, 1879) studer, t. (1879). zweite abtheilung der anthozoa polyactinia, welche während der reise a. m. s. corvette gazelle um die erde gesammelt wurden. monatsberichte der königlich preussischen akademie der wissenschaften zu berlin. 1878: 525–550, pls. 1 - 5. [ details ]\n( of madrepora symmetrica brook, 1891) brook g (1891) descriptions of new species of madrepora in the collections of the british museum. annals and magazine of natural history 8: 458 - 471. [ details ]\n( of madrepora arcuata brook, 1892) brook g (1892) preliminary descriptions of new species of madrepora in the collections of the british museum. part ii. annals and magazine of natural history 10: 451 - 465. [ details ]\n( of madrepora armata brook, 1892) brook g (1892) preliminary descriptions of new species of madrepora in the collections of the british museum. part ii. annals and magazine of natural history 10: 451 - 465. [ details ]\n( of madrepora reticulata brook, 1892) brook g (1893). the genus madrepora. catalogue of the madreporarian corals in the british museum (natural history) 1: 1 - 212, pls. 1 - 35. [ details ]\n( of madrepora corymbosa lamarck, 1816) lamarck, j. - b. m. de. (1816). histoire naturelle des animaux sans vertèbres. tome second. paris: verdière, 568 pp. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of madrepora (odonthocyathus) reticulata brook, 1892) brook g (1892) preliminary descriptions of new species of madrepora in the collections of the british museum. part ii. annals and magazine of natural history 10: 451 - 465. [ details ]\n( of madrepora reticulata var. cuspidata brook, 1893) brook g (1893). the genus madrepora. catalogue of the madreporarian corals in the british museum (natural history) 1: 1 - 212, pls. 1 - 35. [ details ]\n( of madrepora (odonthocyathus) reticulata var. cuspidata brook, 1893) brook g (1893). the genus madrepora. catalogue of the madreporarian corals in the british museum (natural history) 1: 1 - 212, pls. 1 - 35. [ details ]\n( of madrepora (eumadrepora) efflorescens dana, 1846) dana, j. d. (1846 - 1849). zoophytes. united states exploring expedition during the years 1838 - 1842. lea and blanchard, philadelphia. 7: 1 - 740, 61 pls. (1846: 1 - 120, 709 - 720; 1848: 121 - 708, 721 - 740; 1849: atlas pls. 1 - 61). [ details ]\n( of madrepora (polystachys) symmetrica brook, 1891) brook g (1891) descriptions of new species of madrepora in the collections of the british museum. annals and magazine of natural history 8: 458 - 471. [ details ]\n( of madrepora (polystachys) candelabrum studer, 1879) studer, t. (1879). zweite abtheilung der anthozoa polyactinia, welche während der reise a. m. s. corvette gazelle um die erde gesammelt wurden. monatsberichte der königlich preussischen akademie der wissenschaften zu berlin. 1878: 525–550, pls. 1 - 5. [ details ]\n( of madrepora (polystachys) corymbosa lamarck, 1816) lamarck, j. - b. m. de. (1816). histoire naturelle des animaux sans vertèbres. tome second. paris: verdière, 568 pp. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of madrepora (polystachys) armata brook, 1892) brook g (1892) preliminary descriptions of new species of madrepora in the collections of the british museum. part ii. annals and magazine of natural history 10: 451 - 465. [ details ]\n( of madrepora (polystachys) arcuata brook, 1892) brook g (1892) preliminary descriptions of new species of madrepora in the collections of the british museum. part ii. annals and magazine of natural history 10: 451 - 465. [ details ]\nveron, j. e. n. (1986). corals of australia and the indo - pacific. angus & robertson publishers, london. [ details ]\nsheppard, c. r. c. (1987). coral species of the indian ocean and adjacent seas: a synonymised compilation and some regional distribution patterns. atoll research bulletin nr 307 [ details ]\nbest, w. g. , g. faure & m. pichon (1980). contribution to the knowledge of the stony corals from the seychelles and eastern africa. rev. zool. afr. 94, 3: 600 - 627. [ details ]\ncairns, s. d. ; hoeksema, b. w. & van der land, j. (2007). as a contribution to unesco - ioc register of marine organisms. (look up in imis) [ details ]\nliu j. y. [ ruiyu ] (ed .). (2008). checklist of marine biota of china seas. china science press. 1267 pp. (look up in imis) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of madrepora (polystachys) arcuata brook, 1892) brook g (1893). the genus madrepora. catalogue of the madreporarian corals in the british museum (natural history) 1: 1 - 212, pls. 1 - 35. [ details ]\n( of madrepora (polystachys) armata brook, 1892) brook g (1893). the genus madrepora. catalogue of the madreporarian corals in the british museum (natural history) 1: 1 - 212, pls. 1 - 35. [ details ]\n( of madrepora (polystachys) corymbosa lamarck, 1816) brook g (1893). the genus madrepora. catalogue of the madreporarian corals in the british museum (natural history) 1: 1 - 212, pls. 1 - 35. [ details ]\n( of madrepora (polystachys) candelabrum studer, 1879) brook g (1893). the genus madrepora. catalogue of the madreporarian corals in the british museum (natural history) 1: 1 - 212, pls. 1 - 35. [ details ]\n( of madrepora (odonthocyathus) reticulata brook, 1892) brook g (1893). the genus madrepora. catalogue of the madreporarian corals in the british museum (natural history) 1: 1 - 212, pls. 1 - 35. [ details ]\n( of madrepora (polystachys) symmetrica brook, 1891) brook g (1893). the genus madrepora. catalogue of the madreporarian corals in the british museum (natural history) 1: 1 - 212, pls. 1 - 35. [ details ]\n( of madrepora corymbosa lamarck, 1816) brüggemann, f. (1879). corals. in: zoology of rodriguez. philosophical transactions of the royal society of london series b, biological sciences. 168: 569 - 579. [ details ]\n( of madrepora (eumadrepora) efflorescens dana, 1846) brook g (1893). the genus madrepora. catalogue of the madreporarian corals in the british museum (natural history) 1: 1 - 212, pls. 1 - 35. [ details ]\nsynonymy listed as synonym of a. hyacinthus (dana) according to fauré (1977). maybe conspecific with a. hyacinthus in vines (1986). type locality: tahiti (veron, 1986). [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ncoral reefs: journal of the international society for reefs studies. (journal, magazine, 1982) [ worldcat. org ]\nyour web browser is not enabled for javascript. some features of worldcat will not be available .\nyour list has reached the maximum number of items. please create a new list with a new name; move some items to a new or existing list; or delete some items .\nnote: citations are based on reference standards. however, formatting rules can vary widely between applications and fields of interest or study. the specific requirements or preferences of your reviewing publisher, classroom teacher, institution or organization should be applied .\nthe e - mail address (es) field is required. please enter recipient e - mail address (es) .\nthe e - mail address (es) you entered is (are) not in a valid format. please re - enter recipient e - mail address (es) .\ni thought you might be interested in this item at urltoken title: coral reefs: journal of the international society for reefs studies. publisher: wien: springer - verlag, 1982. isbn / issn: 0722 - 4028 oclc: 1039357570\nplease choose whether or not you want other users to be able to see on your profile that this library is a favorite of yours .\nadd tags for\ncoral reefs: journal of the international society for reefs studies .\n.\nyou may have already requested this item. please select ok if you would like to proceed with this request anyway .\ncoral reefs: journal of the international society for reefs studies. / international society for reef studies. ;; wien: springer - verlag, 1982 .\nworldcat is the world' s largest library catalog, helping you find library materials online. learn more ››\ndon' t have an account? you can easily create a free account .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\njustification: the most important known threat for this species is extensive reduction of coral reef habitat due to a combination of threats. specific population trends are unknown but population reduction can be inferred from estimated habitat loss (wilkinson 2004). it is very widespread and common throughout its range and therefore is likely to be more resilient to habitat loss and reef degradation because of an assumed large effective population size that is highly connected and / or stable with enhanced genetic variability. therefore, the estimated habitat loss of 20% from reefs already destroyed within its range is the best inference of population reduction since it may survive in coral reefs already at the critical stage of degradation (wilkinson 2004). this inference of population reduction over three generation lengths (30 years) does not meet the threshold of a threat category and this species is least concern. however, because of predicted threats from climate change and ocean acidification it will be important to reassess this species in 10 years or sooner, particularly if the species is also observed to disappear from reefs currently at the critical stage of reef degradation .\nthis species is widespread, found in the red sea and the gulf of aden, the south - west and northern indian ocean, the central indo - pacific, australia, southeast asia, japan and the east china sea, the oceanic west pacific, the central pacific, and the northwest hawaiian islands and johnston atoll. it is found in palau (randall 1995). it is found in pitcairn (wallace 1999) .\nspecies in the hawaiian archipelago with its highest densities in this area found in the french frigate shoals (kenyon 1992). in the french frigate shoals, it has a patchy distribution with several areas of high abundance (kenyon\nis one of two species that dominate in both degree of substrate coverage and size of many circled colonies reaching 3 m across (latypov 2001) .\nit was found at 55 sites of 87 sites surveyed in the marshall islands (richards pers. comm .) .\nthere is evidence that overall coral reef habitat has declined, and this is used as a proxy for population decline for this species. this species is more resilient to some of the threats faced by corals and therefore population decline is estimated using the percentage of destroyed reefs only (wilkinson 2004). we assume that most, if not all, mature individuals will be removed from a destroyed reef and that on average, the number of individuals on reefs are equal across its range and proportional to the percentage of destroyed reefs. reef losses throughout the species' range have been estimated over three generations, two in the past and one projected into the future." ]

{ "text": [ "acropora cytherea is a stony coral which forms horizontal table like structures .", "it occurs in the indo-pacific ocean in areas with little wave action , favouring back reef environments from 3 to 20 m ( 10 to 66 ft ) depth . " ], "topic": [ 22, 13 ] }

[ "acropora cytherea is a stony coral which forms horizontal table like structures. it occurs in the indo-pacific ocean in areas with little wave action, favouring back reef environments from 3 to 20 m (10 to 66 ft) depth." ]

[ "buergers' tree kangaroo - about 54 days (flannery et al. 1996 )\npapuaweb - buergers' and matschie' s tree kangaroo description, illustrations (flannery et al. 1996 )\nhave a fact about buergers' tree - kangaroo? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for buergers' tree - kangaroo? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nroland seitre / buergers & apos; tree kangaroo (dendrolagus goodfellowi buergersi) climbing tree. captive native to papua new guinea. endangered species .\nbuergers' tree kangaroo classified as 2 subspecies of d. goodfellowi: d. g. buergersi and d. g. shawmayeri\nbuergers' tree kangaroo classified as 2 subspecies of d. matschiei: d. m. buergersi and d. m. shawmayeri\nbuergers' tree kangaroo dendrolagus goodfellowi buergersi click on map for d. goodfellowi distribution (iucn) click here for d. g. buergersi subspecies distribution\nsexual dimorphism - not pronounced in buergers' and matschie' s tree kangaroos (flannery et al. 1996 )\nbuergers' and matschie' s tree kangaroos eat mixture of food types in captivity (flannery et al. 1996 )\nbuergers' tree - kangaroo (dendrolagus goodfellowi buergersi) climbing. currumbin sanctuary, queensland, australia. captive, endemic to papua new guinea. endangered species .\nfood preferences of buergers' tree kangaroos on mt karimui (hide et al. 1984 as cited in flannery 1995) :\njurgen freund / lumholtz & apos; s tree - kangaroo (dendrolagus lumholtzi) high up in tree. queensland, australia\nkonrad wothe / lumholtz & apos; s tree kangaroo (dendrolagus lumholtzi) climbing a tree, north queensland, australia .\njurgen freund / lumholtz & apos; s tree - kangaroo (dendrolagus lumholtzi) high up on a tree. queensland, australia\nkonrad wothe / lumholtz & apos; s tree kangaroo (dendrolagus lumholtzi) climbing down a tree, north queensland, australia .\nkonrad wothe / lumholtz & apos; s tree kangaroo (dendrolagus lumholtzi) standing up in a tree, north queensland, australia .\nroland seitre / buergers & apos; tree - kangaroo (dendrolagus goodfellowi buergersi) climbing. currumbin sanctuary, queensland, australia. captive, endemic to papua new guinea. endangered species .\ndave watts / lumholtz & apos; s tree kangaroo (dendrolagus lumholtzi) male perched on tree branch. queensland, australia, november .\nfirst species collected - ursine tree kangaroo, described by c. j. temminck in 1836 as\nmatschie' s tree kangaroo dendrolagus matschiei click on map for d. matschiei distribution (iucn )\nkonrad wothe / lumholtz & apos; s tree kangaroo (dendrolagus lumholtzi) feeding whilst standing up in a tree, north queensland, australia .\nkonrad wothe / lumholtz & apos; s tree kangaroo (dendrolagus lumholtzi) in a tree, scratches its ear, north queensland, australia .\naflo / koala, (phascolarctos cinereus), adult on tree, kangaroo island, south australia .\njurgen freund / lumholtz & apos; s tree - kangaroo (dendrolagus lumholtzi) mother and grown joey high up on a tree. queensland, australia\nkonrad wothe / panning shot up to a lumholtz & apos; s tree kangaroo (dendrolagus lumholtzi) in a tree, north queensland, australia .\nroland seitre / buergers & apos; tree - kangaroo (dendrolagus goodfellowi buergersi) with joey, aged 6 months. currumbin sanctuary, queensland, australia. captive, endemic to papua new guinea. endangered species .\ndave watts / lumholtz & apos; s tree kangaroo (dendrolagus lumholtzi) female perched on tree branch. queensland, australia, november. digital composite .\ndave watts / lumholtz & apos; s tree kangaroo (dendrolagus lumholtzi) female perched on tree branch. queensland, australia, november. digital composite .\nmatschie' s tree kangaroo - 45 d (kingston 1994 as cited by flannery et al. 1996 )\nkonrad wothe / lumholtz & apos; s tree kangaroo (dendrolagus lumholtzi) standing up in a tree balancing, before beginning to climb, north queensland, australia .\njurgen freund / lumholtz & apos; s tree - kangaroo (dendrolagus lumholtzi) feeding on leaves. queensland, australia\nit is said that when a buergers' tree kangaroo is hit by an arrow, it can pluck the arrow out and throw it back at the hunter, sometimes hitting him (flannery et al. 1996, p. 21 - 23 )\ntree kangaroo skull found above old cooking shelter where inhabitants had no memory of tree kangaroos occurring in area - suggests local extinction at least several generations earlier (flannery et al. 1996 )\nkidneys studied in matschie' s tree kangaroo - unusual structure (yadav 1979, as cited in flannery et al. 1996 )\nroland seitre / goodfellow & apos; s tree kangaroo (dendrolagus goodfellowi) captive, native to new guinea. endangered species .\ntree kangaroo taxonomy difficult - several major revisions, not yet resolved (groves 2005; martin 2005; mcgreevey et al. 2012 )\nroland seitre / goodfellow & apos; s tree kangaroo (dendrolagus inustus) feeding. captive, from new guinea. endangered species .\njiri lochman / lumholtz & apos; s tree kangaroo (dendrolagus lumholtzi) juvenile in tree at night, lake barrine, crater lakes national park, wet tropics of queensland unesco natural world heritage site, queensland, australia. endemic to wet tropics of queensland\nhumans are biggest predator of tree kangaroos in new guinea (flannery et al. 1996 )\nso to this day the tree kangaroo lives only in the thick mountain forest and is hard to find, while the echidna is always studded with the' spears' (quills) of the enemies from the sea .\nmale - female pairs often found together - unusual for tree kangaroos (flannery et al. 1996 )\nmolecular evidence indicates tree kangaroos and rock wallabies split from a common ancestor about 7. 5 million years ago\nin new guinea ,\nthe man who has successfully hunted a tree - kangaroo has greatness bestowed upon him. he has conquered the largest, most prestigious and human - like marsupial known to his people .\n( flannery et al. 1996, p. 14 )\nwild tree kangaroos in papua new guinea had significantly higher values for vitamin e than captive individuals in 1 study (travis et al. 2012 )\na hare story: on a trip for the natural history commission for the netherlands indies (1826 - 1836), s. müller and h. c. macklot obtained 4 live ursine tree kangaroos. since many scientists on the ship were suffering from malaria, a concerned officer used 3 of the specimens to prepare a nourishing meal in the style of\nhazenpeper\n( peppered hare). tree kangaroo meat has been reported to have a delicious, gamey quality similar to hares. (flannery et al. 1996; martin 2005 )\nlong, long ago, when the earth was young, the people (animals) from the land led by sivam (matschie' s tree kangaroo), had a great and fierce war with the sea people, on a particular day down by the sea. the fight was brutal and bloody, and as the day wore on the land people felt that they were gradually being overpowered .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference, 3rd ed. , vols. 1 & 2\ndisclaimer: itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available, and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties. however, it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes. while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available, ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party, wildlife statutes, regulations, and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register. for further information on u. s. legal requirements with respect to protected taxa, please contact the u. s. fish and wildlife service .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\n( archer et al. 1999; cuthbert 2010; dabek 1997; dawson 2004; flannery et al. 1996; groube et al. 1986; groves 2005; itis 2012; jackson & vernes 2011; martin 2005; mcgreevey et al. 2012; moeller 1990; prideaux & warburton 2008 )\ndiprotodontia - koalas, wombats, possums, and macropods (kangaroos, wallabies, etc. )\nassigned scientific name dendrolagus ursinus by s. müller in 1839 (moeller 1990 )\n( reviewed in flannery et al. 1996, jackson & vernes 2011, and martin 2005 )\n( reviewed in flannery et al. 1996, martin 2005, and prideaux & warburton 2008 )\nnombe rockshelter: d. g. buergersi, d. dorianus - 15, 000 - 40, 000 years old\nbird' s head peninsula: d. inustus and possibly d. goodfellowi - 10, 000 - 100, 000 years old\nat least 8 species are present in new guinea (mcgreevy et al. 2012 )\n( flannery et al. 1996; groube et al. 1986; jackson & vernes 2011; martin 2005 )\nhumans in new guinea at least 40, 000 years (groube et al. 1986 )\nfur, teeth, claws, and bones used for body decoration and status symbols (flannery et al. 1996 )\nat long last, not able to withstand the onslaught of the sea people, the land people lowered their tails and fled. most being light and swift ran into the jungle to hide. among them was the sivam who ran furthest into the forests of the high mountains, declaring\ni am going into the thick jungle where no one will ever find me .\nunfortunately, pengara (long - beaked echidna) was so slow that the sea people hurled most of their spears into its body and left him to die .\ndistribution - mid - montane areas in central cordillera of papua new guinea, typically north and east of sepik river, from wau in the east to mt. bubiari in the west - between 1, 000 - 2, 860 m (3, 300 - 9, 380 ft) elevation - historical range: no records\ndistribution - restricted to huon peninsula, papua new guinea - introduced populations on 2 islands off coast of new guinea: umboi and west new britain (mt. agulupella region) - historical range: no records\n( bush & montali 1991; flannery 1993; flannery 1995; flannery et al. 1996; hutchins et al. 1991; iwaniuk 1998; martin 2005; moeller 1990; travis 2012; warburton et al. 2011; yadav 1979 )\nappearance (flannery 1993; flannery 1995; flannery et al. 1996; moeller 1990 )\n( fur) (flannery et al. 1996; hutchins et al. 1991 )\n( flannery et al. 1996; iwaniuk 1998; martin 2005; moeller 1990; warburton et al. 2011 )\n( flannery 1995; flannery et al. 1996; george 1982; hutchins & smith 1990; hutchins et al. 1991; martin 2005; procter - gray & ganslosser 1986; thompson 2000; watson 1998; windsor & dagg 1971 )\nhigh - resolution remote sensing - used to discriminate forest types in habitat studies (stabach et al. 2009 )\nhome range - about 25 ha (62 acres) based on 1 individual (flannery et al. 1996 )\ndensity - 0. 6 - 1. 4 individuals per hectare in study by w. betz (as cited in martin 2005) distance - sampling method - calculation based on dung pellets\nuse gaits similar to ground - dwelling kangaroos (flannery et al. 1996; windsor & dagg 1971 )\nlittle information on behavior in wild - described as solitary (flannery et al. 1996 )\nvariety of social behaviors observed for 4 adults in captivity (hutchins et al. 1991 )\nplay (hutchins et al. 1991; procter - gray & ganslosser 1986; watson 1998 )\ncommunication (flannery et al. 1996; george 1982; hutchins & smith 1990 )\ndiet and nutrition (dabek & betz 1998; edwards & ward 1998; flannery et al. 1996; george 1982; hide et al. 1984; martin 2005 )\nmeat - eating - only observed in captivity (flannery et al. 1996 )\n( edwards 2001; flannery et al 1996; hume 1999; travis et al. 2012 )\n( bush & montali, 1999; flannery et a. 1996; heath et al. 1990; johnson & delean 2003; kingston 1994; martin 2005; moeller 1990; north 2008; thompson 2000 )\n( bush & montali 1999; flannery et al. 1996; heath et al. 1990 )\npolyestrous - may breed any time of year (heath et al. 1990 )\nno evidence for delayed embryonic development, as seen in some kangaroos (flannery et al. 1996 )\nbirth (flannery et al. 1996; heath et al. 1990; thompson 2000 )\ninfant - pouch life (flannery et al. 1996; heath et al. 1990; thompson 2000 )\nage of sexual maturity - around 2 - 2. 5 y old in captivity\n( blessington 2011; edwards & ward 1998; flannery et al. 1996; george 1982; heath 1990; kline 2009 )\nonly subspecies of d. goodfellowi kept in zoos (flannery et al. 1996 )\npopulation in association of zoos and aquariums (aza) institutions as of mar 2013 (m. souza, pers. comm. )\nhistory at san diego zoo (m. souza, pers. comm. )\n( ancrenaz et al. 2007; flannery & seri 1990; george 1979; hutchins et al. 1991; kennedy 1992; leary et al. 2008a; leary et al. 2008b; martin 2005; stabach et al. 2009; tkcp 2012 )\nall dendrolagus species may be threatened with extinction due to over - hunting and habitat loss from agricultural, forestry, mining (hutchins et al. 1991 )\nendemic to new guinea (central cordillera) (flannery et al. 1996 )\nendemic to new guinea (restricted to huon peninsula, nearby islands) (flannery et al. 1996 )\n< 2, 500 adults remain, all in a single subpopulation (leary et al. 2008b )\ninvolve landowners, be aware of hunting pressures, encourage compatible use (tourism etc. )\nestablish recovery program for critically endangered species (d. scottae, d. pulcherrimus )\n©2013 san diego zoo global. disclaimer: although san diego zoo global makes every attempt to provide accurate information, some of the facts may become outdated or replaced by new research findings. questions and comments may be addressed to library @ urltoken .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 / / en\nurltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\nrecognised as a valid species by australasian monotreme & marsupial specialist group (john seebeck in litt. 2002) .\njustification: listed as endangered based on an ongoing population decline of at least 50% over the past three generations (i. e. , 30 years) due to actual levels of exploitation from hunting and a decline in habitat quality. it has already been extirpated from significant portions of its range .\nthis species is endemic to the island of new guinea (papua new guinea only), where it occurs in the mid - montane areas of the central cordillera. it may have previously occurred in lowland areas, however, it now appears to be extirpated from this part of its range. it has been recorded from sea level to 2, 860 m asl .\nit is probably not a common species, especially as its range overlaps with high human densities .\nthis species is now restricted to montane tropical forest; it was formerly present in areas of lowland forest .\nthe species is highly threatened by hunting for food and is traded internally for cultural reasons by local people, and additionally by habitat loss through local deforestation for wood and timber, and by shifting cultivation and coffee plantations and rice (dryland) and wheat .\nit occurs in several protected areas. hunting regulations and local awareness programmes should be developed to protect this species. further studies are needed into the taxonomy, distribution, abundance, natural history, and threats to this species .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\nsign in to disable all ads. thank you for helping build the largest language community on the internet .\nhave a better pronunciation? upload it here to share it with the entire community .\nsimply select a language and press on the speaker button to listen to the pronunciation of the word. leave a vote for your preferred pronunciation .\nwe' ve sent an email to please follow the instructions to reset your password .\nenter your log in email address and we' ll send you a link to reset your password .\nif is associated with an alamy account you' ll receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password." ]

{ "text": [ "the buergers ' tree-kangaroo ( dendrolagus goodfellowi buergersi ) is a subspecies of the goodfellow 's tree-kangaroo from papua new guinea , where they dwell mainly in tropical rainforests .", "their diet consists of mostly leaves and fruit , which they find both in trees and on the ground .", "it is believed tree-kangaroos evolved from creatures similar to modern kangaroos and wallabies .", "the ancestors of all kangaroos are thought to be small marsupials that look like present-day opossums .", "tree-kangaroos have developed long tails for balancing in the trees , and strong forelimbs for climbing .", "their teeth are developed for tearing leaves rather than cutting grass .", "the buergers ’ tree-kangaroo , along with nine other species of tree-kangaroo , are endangered and on the brink of extinction .", "the key threats to their survival include dwindling habitat due to logging ; mining ; road kill by humans and predation by domestic and wild dogs . " ], "topic": [ 5, 28, 28, 29, 28, 8, 17, 17 ] }

[ "the buergers' tree-kangaroo (dendrolagus goodfellowi buergersi) is a subspecies of the goodfellow's tree-kangaroo from papua new guinea, where they dwell mainly in tropical rainforests. their diet consists of mostly leaves and fruit, which they find both in trees and on the ground. it is believed tree-kangaroos evolved from creatures similar to modern kangaroos and wallabies. the ancestors of all kangaroos are thought to be small marsupials that look like present-day opossums. tree-kangaroos have developed long tails for balancing in the trees, and strong forelimbs for climbing. their teeth are developed for tearing leaves rather than cutting grass. the buergers ’ tree-kangaroo, along with nine other species of tree-kangaroo, are endangered and on the brink of extinction. the key threats to their survival include dwindling habitat due to logging; mining; road kill by humans and predation by domestic and wild dogs." ]

[ "translation to the russian term orocrambus corruptus isn' t available in any dictionary .\nscientists aim to describe a single' tree of life' that reflects the evolutionary relationships of living things. however, evolutionary relationships are a matter of ongoing discovery, and there are different opinions about how living things should be grouped and named. eol reflects these differences by supporting several different scientific' classifications'. some species have been named more than once. such duplicates are listed under synonyms. eol also provides support for common names which may vary across regions as well as languages .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ncopyright © 2014 - 2017 babylon software ltd. all rights reserved to babylon translation software\ndiscover more about the otago region, the otago regional council and the councillors who represent you .\nyou are represented by 12 councillors, elected to govern the council for the people of otago .\nour environment is one of our most important assets. we work with the community to ensure the sustainable use of our natural resources .\nresidents of otago are a key contributor to our funding through rates. find out more about what rates are used for and how to pay them .\nfind out how much your rates could be for 2018 - 2019. our estimated rates calculator is now available .\nresource consents help us sustainably manage activities that may have an impact on the environment .\nready to apply for a resource consent? you can find the application forms here .\n​we are still working on the content for this section. in the meantime, you can view our plans, policies and publications section on our old website .\nwe provide bus services in queenstown and dunedin to help you get to where you need to go. our journey planner can help you figure out which bus route is best for you. for those unable to access the bus service we administer the total mobility scheme which provides access to subsidised taxi fares .\nthe page you where looking for could not be found. it may have been moved or may no longer exist." ]

{ "text": [ "orocrambus corruptus is a moth in the crambidae family .", "it was described by butler in 1877 .", "it is found in new zealand , where it is known from the lowland and intermontane region areas of eastern and central south island .", "the habitat consists of poorly drained areas up to 750 meters and old pastures .", "the wingspan is 15 – 20 mm .", "adults have been recorded on wing from september to early december and again in february in some areas .", "the larvae have been reared on funaria species , poa annua , bromus dactylis and trifolium repens . " ], "topic": [ 2, 5, 20, 24, 9, 8, 8 ] }

[ "orocrambus corruptus is a moth in the crambidae family. it was described by butler in 1877. it is found in new zealand, where it is known from the lowland and intermontane region areas of eastern and central south island. the habitat consists of poorly drained areas up to 750 meters and old pastures. the wingspan is 15 – 20 mm. adults have been recorded on wing from september to early december and again in february in some areas. the larvae have been reared on funaria species, poa annua, bromus dactylis and trifolium repens." ]

[ "html public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\ngland, switzerland, 5 july 2018 (iucn) – australia’s unique reptiles – including lizards and snakes – face severe threats from invasive species and climate change, with 7% of th ...\nthe value of medicinal and aromatic plant trade has increased three - fold in the past 20 years, but traditional harvesting practices are being replaced by less sustainable alternatives... .\na recently released iucn technical brief recommends increasing investments in sustainable land management practices, as well as better cooperation between agriculturalists and conservationists to conse ...\nnatural history museum (2014). dataset: collection specimens. resource: specimens. natural history museum data portal (data. nhm. ac. uk). urltoken\nan open source project by the natural history museum' s biodiversity informatics group .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ncalling: interested members for an international s... date: 05 / 07 / 2018 to 05 / 15 / 2018 location: online\nlaunch of application for the award of the kingdom... date: from now to 31 / 12 / 2018 location: 8th islamic conference of the environment ministers in 2019." ]

{ "text": [ "gonospira uvula is a species of small air-breathing land snail , terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family streptaxidae .", "this species is endemic to réunion . " ], "topic": [ 2, 2 ] }

[ "gonospira uvula is a species of small air-breathing land snail, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family streptaxidae. this species is endemic to réunion." ]

[ "information on charadrahyla nephila is currenlty being researched and written and will appear here shortly .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below. < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - charadrahyla (charadrahyla nephila )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - charadrahyla (charadrahyla nephila )\ntitle =\narkive species - charadrahyla (charadrahyla nephila )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\ncharadrahyla nephila is classified as vulnerable (vu) on the iucn red list (1) .\ncharadrahyla nephila — faivovich, haddad, garcia, frost, campbell, and wheeler, 2005, bull. am. mus. nat. hist. , 294: 100 .\nthis species was previously included in the genus hyla, but has recently been moved to the new genus charadrahyla (faivovich et al. 2005) .\nthe tadpole of charadrahyla taeniopus is described. this tadpole is a typical stream - dweller with a long depressed body, oral disc completely surrounded by marginal papillae with numerous small submarginal papillae lateral to the mouth, and several rows of teeth on the posterior labium (6–7) .\nhyla nephila mendelson and campbell, 1999, j. herpetol. , 33: 80. holotype: uta a - 5769, by original designation. type locality :\n5. 8 km w totontepec, sierra mixe, oaxaca, mexico, 2103 m (17° 13′ n, 96° 03′ w )\n.\nel renacuajo de charadrahyla taeniopus es descrito. este renacuajo es típico habitante de corrientes de agua, el cual posee un cuerpo largo y aplanado, disco oral rodeado completamente de papilas marginales y con numerosas papilas submarginales pequeñas a los lados de la boca, y varias hileras de dientes en el labio posterior (6 - 7) .\nconfused with hyla chaneque previous to its description. see account (as hyla nephila) by duellman, 2001, hylid frogs middle am. , ed. 2: 937 - 939. see photograph, map, description of geographic range and habitat, and conservation status in stuart, hoffmann, chanson, cox, berridge, ramani, and young, 2008, threatened amph. world: 241 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\nfrost, darrel r. 2014. amphibian species of the world: an online reference. new york available at: urltoken .\njustification: listed as vulnerable because its extent of occurrence is less than 20, 000km2, its distribution is severely fragmented, and there is continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat in oaxaca and veracruz, mexico .\nthis species is known from sierra de juárez and sierra mixe, north - central oaxaca, mexico. a specimen has also been collected from los tuxtlas, veracruz, mexico, but this record is in doubt. it probably occurs more widely than records suggest. it occurs at elevations of 680 - 2, 256m asl .\nit inhabits mesic cloud forest, and is commonly found in or near streams and low vegetation, and presumably breeds in streams .\nthe high rate of disturbance of the cloud forest is the main threat to this species. tadpoles have been found in southern mexico with loss of keratinised mouthparts, suggesting that chytridiomycosis might be involved .\nthe range of this species does not include any protected areas, and urgent protection of the forests along the sierra de juárez and sierra mixe is required. the species is in need of close population monitoring, particularly if chytrid is shown to be a genuine threat .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\nthis information is awaiting authentication by a species expert, and will be updated as soon as possible. if you are able to help please contact: arkive @ urltoken\nluis felipe vázquez vega museo de zoologia, alfonso l. herrera unam mexico tel: 044 55 14914566 lepatula @ urltoken urltoken\nterms of use - the displayed portlet may be used as a link from your website to arkive' s online content for private, scientific, conservation or educational purposes only. it may not be used within apps .\nmyarkive offers the scrapbook feature to signed - up members, allowing you to organize your favourite arkive images and videos and share them with friends .\nteam wild, an elite squadron of science superheroes, needs your help! your mission: protect and conserve the planet’s species and habitats from destruction .\nwildscreen is a registered charity in england and wales no. 299450 wildscreen usa is a registered 501 (c) (3) non - profit organisation in the usa\n< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation, e. g. an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature, an orthologous protein, a record from another database, etc. < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences\n> more... < / a > < / p >\nhelp pages, faqs, uniprotkb manual, documents, news archive and biocuration projects .\nyou are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website. please consider upgrading your browser .\n< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins, you can use the ‘basket’ to save them, so that you can back to find or analyse them later. < p > < a href =' / help / basket' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > the annotation score provides a heuristic measure of the annotation content of a uniprotkb entry or proteome. this score < strong > cannot < / strong > be used as a measure of the accuracy of the annotation as we cannot define the ‘correct annotation’ for any given protein. < p > < a href =' / help / annotation _ score' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this indicates the type of evidence that supports the existence of the protein. note that the ‘protein existence’ evidence does not give information on the accuracy or correctness of the sequence (s) displayed. < p > < a href =' / help / protein _ existence' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides any useful information about the protein, mostly biological knowledge. < p > < a href =' / help / function _ section' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\ne3 ubiquitin - protein ligase that mediates ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation of target proteins. e3 ubiquitin ligases accept ubiquitin from an e2 ubiquitin - conjugating enzyme in the form of a thioester and then directly transfers the ubiquitin to targeted substrates .\n< p > information which has been generated by the uniprotkb automatic annotation system, without manual validation. < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences # eco: 0000256\n> more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> function < / a > section describes the catalytic activity of an enzyme, i. e. the chemical reaction it catalyzes. this information usually correlates with the presence of an ec (enzyme commission) number in the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section. < p > < a href =' / help / catalytic _ activity' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n>' function' < / a > section describes the metabolic pathway (s) associated with a protein. < p > < a href =' / help / pathway' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\nthis protein is involved in the pathway protein ubiquitination, which is part of protein modification .\n< p > the < a href =\nurltoken\n> gene ontology (go) < / a > project provides a set of hierarchical controlled vocabulary split into 3 categories: < p > < a href =' / help / gene _ ontology' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > uniprotkb keywords constitute a < a href =\nurltoken\n> controlled vocabulary < / a > with a hierarchical structure. keywords summarise the content of a uniprotkb entry and facilitate the search for proteins of interest. < p > < a href =' / help / keywords' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides information about the protein and gene name (s) and synonym (s) and about the organism that is the source of the protein sequence. < p > < a href =' / help / names _ and _ taxonomy _ section' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section provides an exhaustive list of all names of the protein, from commonly used to obsolete, to allow unambiguous identification of a protein. < p > < a href =' / help / protein _ names' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section provides information on the name (s) of the organism that is the source of the protein sequence. < p > < a href =' / help / organism - name' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > information which has been imported from another database using automatic procedures. < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences # eco: 0000313\n> more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section shows the unique identifier assigned by the ncbi to the source organism of the protein. this is known as the ‘taxonomic identifier’ or ‘taxid’. < p > < a href =' / help / taxonomic _ identifier' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section contains the taxonomic hierarchical classification lineage of the source organism. it lists the nodes as they appear top - down in the taxonomic tree, with the more general grouping listed first. < p > < a href =' / help / taxonomic _ lineage' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides information on the location and the topology of the mature protein in the cell. < p > < a href =' / help / subcellular _ location _ section' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides information on sequence similarities with other proteins and the domain (s) present in a protein. < p > < a href =' / help / family _ and _ domains _ section' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> family and domains < / a > section describes the position and type of a domain, which is defined as a specific combination of secondary structures organized into a characteristic three - dimensional structure or fold. < p > < a href =' / help / domain' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > information which has been generated by the uniprotkb automatic annotation system, without manual validation. < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences # eco: 0000259\n> more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the ‘family and domains’ section provides general information on the biological role of a domain. the term ‘domain’ is intended here in its wide acceptation, it may be a structural domain, a transmembrane region or a functional domain. several domains are described in this subsection. < p > < a href =' / help / domain _ cc' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\nthe sbd domain (substrate - binding domain) mediates the interaction with substrate proteins. it is related to the traf family .\n< p > this subsection of the ‘family and domains’ section provides information about the sequence similarity with other proteins. < p > < a href =' / help / sequence _ similarities' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section displays by default the canonical protein sequence and upon request all isoforms described in the entry. it also includes information pertinent to the sequence (s), including < a href =\nurltoken\n> length < / a > and < a href =\nurltoken\n> molecular weight < / a >. < p > < a href =' / help / sequences _ section' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> sequence < / a > section indicates if the < a href =\nurltoken\n> canonical sequence < / a > displayed by default in the entry is complete or not. < p > < a href =' / help / sequence _ status' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > the checksum is a form of redundancy check that is calculated from the sequence. it is useful for tracking sequence updates. < / p > < p > it should be noted that while, in theory, two different sequences could have the same checksum value, the likelihood that this would happen is extremely low. < / p > < p > however uniprotkb may contain entries with identical sequences in case of multiple genes (paralogs). < / p > < p > the checksum is computed as the sequence 64 - bit cyclic redundancy check value (crc64) using the generator polynomial: x < sup > 64 < / sup > + x < sup > 4 < / sup > + x < sup > 3 < / sup > + x + 1. the algorithm is described in the iso 3309 standard. < / p > < p class =\npublication\n> press w. h. , flannery b. p. , teukolsky s. a. and vetterling w. t. < br / > < strong > cyclic redundancy and other checksums < / strong > < br / > < a href =\nurltoken\n> numerical recipes in c 2nd ed. , pp896 - 902, cambridge university press (1993) < / a >) < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the ‘sequence’ section is used for sequence fragments to indicate that the residue at the extremity of the sequence is not the actual terminal residue in the complete protein sequence. < p > < a href =' / help / non _ ter' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides links to proteins that are similar to the protein sequence (s) described in this entry at different levels of sequence identity thresholds (100% , 90% and 50 %) based on their membership in uniprot reference clusters (< a href =\nurltoken\n> uniref < / a >). < p > < a href =' / help / similar _ proteins _ section' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section is used to point to information related to entries and found in data collections other than uniprotkb. < p > < a href =' / help / cross _ references _ section' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides general information on the entry. < p > < a href =' / help / entry _ information _ section' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the ‘entry information’ section provides a mnemonic identifier for a uniprotkb entry, but it is not a stable identifier. each reviewed entry is assigned a unique entry name upon integration into uniprotkb / swiss - prot. < p > < a href =' / help / entry _ name' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the ‘entry information’ section provides one or more accession number (s). these are stable identifiers and should be used to cite uniprotkb entries. upon integration into uniprotkb, each entry is assigned a unique accession number, which is called ‘primary (citable) accession number’. < p > < a href =' / help / accession _ numbers' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the ‘entry information’ section shows the date of integration of the entry into uniprotkb, the date of the last sequence update and the date of the last annotation modification (‘last modified’). the version number for both the entry and the < a href =\nurltoken\n> canonical sequence < / a > are also displayed. < p > < a href =' / help / entry _ history' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the ‘entry information’ section indicates whether the entry has been manually annotated and reviewed by uniprotkb curators or not, in other words, if the entry belongs to the swiss - prot section of uniprotkb (< strong > reviewed < / strong >) or to the computer - annotated trembl section (< strong > unreviewed < / strong >). < p > < a href =' / help / entry _ status' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ help / sequence - searches\n> more. . < / a > < / p >\nwe' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe’s new general data protection regulation (gdpr) that applies since 25 may 2018 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\namphibian species of the world: an online reference v5. 3, database (version 5. 3 )\nfrost, darrel r. 2009. amphibian species of the world: an online reference. version 5. 3 (12 february, 2009). electronic database accessible at urltoken american museum of natural history, new york, usa\ndisclaimer: itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available, and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties. however, it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes. while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available, ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party, wildlife statutes, regulations, and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register. for further information on u. s. legal requirements with respect to protected taxa, please contact the u. s. fish and wildlife service .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page: myers, p. , r. espinosa, c. s. parr, t. jones, g. s. hammond, and t. a. dewey. 2018. the animal diversity web (online). accessed at https: / / animaldiversity. org .\ndisclaimer: the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. adw doesn' t cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283, drl 0628151, due 0633095, drl 0918590, and due 1122742. additional support has come from the marisla foundation, um college of literature, science, and the arts, museum of zoology, and information and technology services .\n* will not find nomina inquirenda; use basic search (above) for that purpose .\nwill find all uses of\nhyl ...\nanywhere in a record: e. g. , hylarana, hyla, hylidae, hylinae, hylaedactyla .\nwill find all uses of\n... hyla\nanywhere in a record: e. g. , hyla, hylidae, plectrohyla, ptychadena hylaea, adenomera hylaedactyla\nwill find all records that contain stand - alone uses of hyla: e. g. , hyla, hyla arenicolor\ninterprets this as\nlithobates or pipiens\nso will find the union of all records that contain either\nlithobates\nor\npipiens\n: e. g. , lithobates omiltemanus, hylorana pipiens\ninterprets this as\nlithobates and pipiens\nso will return all records that have the character string\nlithobates pipiens\nanywhere within a record: e. g. , all members of the lithobates pipiens complex .\noaxacan cloud - forest treefrog (liner and casas - andreu, 2008, herpetol. circ. , 38: 9) .\ncloud forest of the northern oaxacan highlands (sierra de juárez and sierra mixe), mexico, 680 - 2256 m elevation; dubious record from the sierra de los tuxtlas, veracruz .\nplease note: these links will take you to external websites not affiliated with the american museum of natural history. we are not responsible for their content .\nfor access to available specimen data for this species, from over 350 scientific collections, go to vertnet .\ncopyright © 1998 - 2018, darrel frost and the american museum of natural history. all rights reserved .\nfor full functionality of researchgate it is necessary to enable javascript. here are the instructions how to enable javascript in your web browser .\npequeñas a los lados de la boca, y varias hileras de dientes en el labio posterior (6–7) .\nand mcdiarmid, 1999; fig. 3. 5 c); vent tube\ntown of las minas (19º 40. 5’ n; 97º 10. 3’\non the presence of overlap during the development of the pectoral girdle of colostethus subpunctatus ...\na new species of frog of the genus hyla from the cordillera oriental in northern colombia with comme ...\na new species of hyla is described from the eastern slope of the andes in northern colombia. this species can be distinguished from hyla minuta osteologically, but it cannot be placed in any of the presently recognized species groups of hyla based on morphological characters. in spite of its resemblance to h. minuta, h. stingi and h. minuta are not close relatives. it is shown that dorsal... [ show full abstract ]\na new species of hyla from the eastern slope of the andes of northern colombia is described. this species cannot be placed in any of the recognized species groups of hyla using morphological characters. / / / es descrita una nueva especie de hyla de la vertiente oriental de la cordillera oriental de los andes en al norte de colombia. esta especie no puede ser asignada a ninguno de los grupos de... [ show full abstract ]\nproposed definitions of the states of the pectoral girdle architecture in anurans - viz. , arcifery, firmisterny, arciferofirmisterny, and\nalmost arcifery\nare evaluated with respect to their consistency with the most recent morphological observations. all previous definitions of the states of pectoral girdle architecture are invalid and new ones are proposed; the associated terminology of these... [ show full abstract ]\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section indicates the name (s) of the gene (s) that code for the protein sequence (s) described in the entry. four distinct tokens exist: ‘name’, ‘synonyms’, ‘ordered locus names’ and ‘orf names’. < p > < a href =' / help / gene _ name' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides information on the quaternary structure of a protein and on interaction (s) with other proteins or protein complexes. < p > < a href =' / help / interaction _ section' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\nwe are grateful to j. bagley and two anonymous reviewers who made helpful comments to the manuscript. g. parra - olea, a. muñoz - alonso, and l. canseco - márquez provided valuable information. ofv acknowledges the support of j. campbell and the university of texas at arlington as well as that provided by unam authorities. most of the data summarized here was taken from the global amphibian assessment—the international union for conservation of nature. we recognize the great efforts that this institution makes to preserve and understand the world’s biodiversity .\naguilar r, dorado o, arias dm, alcaraz h, castro r (2003) anfibios y reptiles de la sierra de huautla, estado de méxico. comisión nacional para el conocimiento y uso de la biodiversidad, universidad autónoma del estado de morelos, fondo mexicano para la conservación de la naturaleza, centro de educación ambiental e investigación sierra de huautla, méxico\nalvarado - díaz j (1999) amphibians in michoacan mexico. froglog 31: 1\nálvarez - romero jg, medellín ra, oliveras de ita a, gómez de silva h, sánchez o (2008) animales exóticos en méxico: una amenaza para la biodiversidad. comisión nacional para el conocimiento y uso de la biodiversidad, universidad nacional autónoma de méxico, secretaria de medio ambiente y recursos naturales, distrito federal, méxico\narmstrong jb, malacinski gm (1989) developmental biology of the axolotl. oxford university press, new york\narredondo - figueroa jl (1983) especies animales acuáticas de importancia nutricional introducidas en méxico. biotica 8: 175–199\nbaena ml, halffter g, lira - noriega a, soberón j (2008) extinción de especies. in: soberón j, halffter g, llorente - bousquets j (eds) capital natural de méxico. vol 1. conocimiento actual de la biodiversidad. comisión nacional para el conocimiento y uso de la biodiversidad, distrito federal, méxico\nbarinaga m (1990) where have all the froggies gone? science 247: 1033–1034. doi :\nbenítez - díaz h, bellot - rojas m (2003) biodiversidad: uso, amenazas y conservación. in: sánchez o, vega e, peters e, monroy - vilchis o (eds) conservación de sistemas templados de montaña en méxico\nberger l, speare r, daszak p, green de, cunningham aa, goggin cl, slocombe r, ragan ma, hyatt ad, mcdonald kr, hines hb, lips kr, marantelli g, parkes h (1998) chytridiomycosis causes amphibian mortality associated with population declines in the rain forests of australia and central america. proc natl acad sci usa 95: 9031–9036\nblaustein ar, kiesecker jm (1997) the significance of ultraviolet - b radiation to amphibian population declines. rev toxicol 1: 147–165\nblaustein ar, edmond b, kiesecker jm (1995) ambient ultraviolet radiation causes mortality in salamander eggs. ecol appl 5: 740–743. doi :\nblaustein ar, belden lk, hatch ac, kats lb, hoffman pd, hays jb, marco a, chivers dp, kiesecker jm (2001) ultraviolet radiation and amphibians. in: cockell cs, blaustein ar (eds) ecosystems, evolution, and ultraviolet radiation. springer, new york, pp 63–79\nbrooks dr, mclennan da, león - règagnon v, hoberg e (2006) phylogeny, ecological fitting and lung flukes: helping solve the problem of emerging infectious diseases. rev mex biodivers 77: 225–233\nbroomhall sd, osborne ws, cunningham rb (2000) comparative effects of ambient ultraviolet - b radiation on two sympatric species of australian frogs. conserv biol 14: 420–427\ngünther, en el municipio de atzalan, veracruz. thesis, escuela de biología, universidad veracruzana, jalapa, veracruz\nen la zona agrícola de meztitlan hidalgo. bol soc herpetol mex 8: 21–23\ncanonico gc, arthington a, mccrary jk, thieme ml (2005) the effects of the introduced tilapias on native biodiversity. aquat conserv mar freshw ecosyst 15: 463–483\ncanseco - márquez l, gutiérrez - mayén mag (2006) herpetofauna del municipio de cuetzalan del progreso, puebla. in: ramírez - bautista a, canseco - márquez l, mendoza - quijano f (eds) inventarios herpetofaunísticos de méxico: avances en el conocimiento de su biodiversidad. publicaciones de la sociedad herpetológica mexicana no. 3, distrito federal, méxico\ncasas - andreu g (1989) los anfibios y reptiles y su estado de conservación en el estado de méxico. in: gio ar, hernández i, sainz e (eds) ecología urbana. sociedad mexicana de historia natural, méxico\ncasas - andreu g, aguilar - miguel x (1997a) el estado de méxico y la declinación mundial de anfibios. siyan can, rev de la fac ciencias, uaeméx nueva epoca 2: 3–6\ncasas - andreu g, aguilar - miguel x (1997b) la polémica sobre la declinación mundial de poblaciones de anfibios. ciencia ergo sum 4: 97–102\ncedeño - vázquez jr, calderón - mandujano rr, pozo c (2006) anfibios de la región de calakmul campeche, méxico. comisión nacional para el conocimiento y uso de la biodiversidad, el colegio de la frontera sur, comisión nacional de áreas naturales protegidas, programa de naciones unidas para el desarrollo, sociedad herpetológica mexicana, sociedad herpetológica mexicana, méxico\nchávez ea, valdez - ornelas va, salgado - barragán j (1995) la explotación y disponibilidad de rana en el noroeste de méxico. ciencia ergo sum 2–3: 361–366\ncollins jp, storfer a (2003) global amphibian declines: sorting the hypotheses. divers distrib 9: 89–98. doi :\nconagua (comisión nacional del agua) (2007) estadísticas del agua en méxico. comisión nacional del agua, méxico, distrito federal, méxico\ncourtenay wr (1997) tilapias as non - indigenous species in the americas: environmental, regulatory and legal issues. in: costa - pierce ba, rakocy je (eds) tilapia aquaculture in the americas, vol 1. world aquaculture society, baton rouge\ndomínguez - torres j, mellink e (2003) invasive aquatic animals and possible effects on native frogs and toads in mediterranean baja california. bull south calif acad sci 102: 89–95\nezcurra e, mazari - hiriart m, pisanty i, aguilar ag (eds) (2006) la cuenca de méxico: aspectos ambientales críticos y sustentabilidad. fondo de cultura económica, méxico\nfamiliar - lópez m (2007) la variación de la temperatura diaria y su relación con los brotes de quitridiomicosis en anfibios de las montañas de guerrero y oaxaca, méxico. thesis, facultad de ciencias, universidad nacional autónoma de méxico\nflores - villela o, canseco - márquez l (2004) nuevas especies y cambios taxonómicos para la herpetofauna de méxico. acta zool mex 20: 115–144\nflores - villela o, gerez p (1994) biodiversidad y conservación en méxico: vertebrados, vegetación y uso del suelo, 2nd edn. comisión nacional para el conocimiento y uso de la biodiversidad and universidad nacional autónoma de méxico, distrito federal, méxico\nflores - villela o, muñoz - alonso a (1993) anfibios y reptiles. in: luna - vega i, llorente - bousquets j (eds) historia natural del parque ecológico estatal omiltemi, chilpancingo, guerrero, méxico. comisión nacional para el conocimiento y uso de la biodiversidad and universidad nacional autónoma de méxico, distrito federal, méxico\nfrías - alvarez p, vredenburg vt, familiar - lópez m, longcore je, gonzález - bernal e, santos - barrera g, zambrano l, parra - olea g (2008) chytridiomycosis survey in wild and captive mexican amphibians. ecohealth 5: 18–26. doi :\nfrías - alvarez p, zúñiga - vega jj, parra - olea g (2010) uv - b radiation severely affects embryo development in the mexican axolotl. anim biol 60: 299–318\nfrost dr (2010) amphibian species of the world: an online reference. version 5. 4. american museum of natural history, new york .\nfrost dr, grant t, faivovic j, bain rh, haas a, haddad cfb, de sá ro, channing a, wilkinson m, donnellan sc, raxworthy cj, campbell ja, blotto bl, moler p, drewes rc, nussbaum ra, lynch jd, green dm, wheeler wc (2006) the amphibian tree of life. bull am mus nat hist 297: 1–370\ngallant al, klaver rw, casper gs, lannoo mj (2007) global rates of habitat loss and implications for amphibian conservation. copeia 2007: 967–979\ngarcía a, ceballos g (1994) guía de campo de los reptiles y anfibios de la costa de jalisco méxico, fundación ecológica de cuixmala a. c. instituto de biología, universidad nacional autónoma de méxico, méxico\nen la península de baja california, méxico. thesis, instituto de biologia, universidad nacional autónoma de méxico\ngonzález - ruiz a (2002) los anfibios mexicanos y el desprecio que conduce a su extinción. especies 11: 3–7\ngrismer ll (2002) amphibians and reptiles of baja california. university of california press, berkeley\nhale sf (2001) the status of the tarahumara frog in sonora, mexico. a re - survey of selected localities and report on additional population. fish and wildlife service, phoenix. usda forest service proceedings rmrs - p - 36\n) in arizona and sonora, mexico. usda forest service proceedings rmrs - p - 36\ncomplex) from the mexican plateau. occasional papers of the museum of natural history, the university of kansas lawrence, kansas 117: 1–14\nhoulahan je, findlay cs, schmidt br, meyer ah, kuzmin sl (2000) quantitative evidence for global amphibian population declines. nature 404: 752–755. doi :\n. el achoque del lago de pátzcuaro. universidad michoacana de san nicolás de hidalgo, fondo mexicano para la conservación de la naturaleza, a. c. secretaria de medio ambiente y recursos naturales, morelia, michoacán, méxico\ninternational union for conservation of nature iucn (2010) iucn red list of threatened species. version 2010. 1 .\nkraus f (2009) alien reptiles and amphibians a scientific compendium and analysis. springer, usa\nlanghelle a, lindell mj, nyström p (1999) effects of ultraviolet radiation on amphibian embryonic and larval development. j herpetol 33: 449–456\nlaurance wf (1996) catastrophic declines of australian rainforest frogs: is unusual weather responsible? biol conserv 77: 203–212. doi :\nlazcano - barrero ma, flores - villela oa, benabib - nisenbaum m, hernández - gómez ja, chávez - peón mp, cabrera - aldave a (1986) estudio y conservación de los anfibios y reptiles de méxico: una propuesta. cuadernos de divulgación inireb no 25, xalapa, veracruz, méxico\nlever c (2003) naturalized reptiles and amphibians of the world. oxford university press, new york\nlips kr, mendelson jr iii, muñoz - alonso a, canseco - márquez l, mulcahy dg (2004) amphibian population declines in montane southern mexico: resurveys of historical localities. biol conserv 119: 555–564. doi :\nlips kr, burrowes pa, mendelson jr iii et al (2005a) amphibian declines in latin america: widespread population declines, extinctions, and impacts. biotropica 37: 163–165. doi :\nlips kr, burrowes pa, mendelson jr iii et al (2005b) amphibian population declines in latin america: a synthesis. biotropica 37: 222–226. doi :\nlizana m, pedraza em (1998) the effects of uv - b radiation on toad mortality in mountainous areas of central spain. conserv biol 12: 703–707. doi :\nlovich re, grismer ll, danemann g (2009) conservation status of the herpetofauna of baja california, méxico and associated islands in the sea of cortez and pacific ocean. herpetol conserv biol 4: 358–378\n( anura: hylidae) from cerro de las flores, oaxaca, mexico. zootaxa 1046: 17–27\nmellink e, ferreira - bartrina v (2000) on the wildlife of wetlands of the mexican portion of the rio colorado delta. bull south calif acad sci 99: 115–127\nméndez - de la cruz fr, camarillo jl, villagrán - santa cruz m, aguilar - cortez r (1992) observaciones sobre el status de los anfibios y reptiles de la sierra de guadalupe (distrito federal - estado de méxico). anales inst biol univ nac autón mex ser zool 63: 249–256\nmerino - pérez l (2003) procesos de uso y gestión de los recursos naturales comunes. in: sánchez o, vega e, peters e, monroy - vilchis o (eds) conservación de sistemas templados de montaña en méxico. instituto nacional de ecología - secretaria de medio ambiente y recursos naturales (ine - semarnat), distrito federal, méxico\nochoa - ochoa lm, flores - villela o (2006) áreas de diversidad y endemismo de la herpetofauna mexicana. universidad nacional autónoma de méxico - comisión nacional para el conocimiento y uso de la biodiversidad, méxico\nochoa - ochoa l, urbina - cardona jn, vázquez lb, flores - villela o, bezaury - creel j (2009) the effects of governmental protected areas and social initiatives for land protection on the conservation of mexican amphibians. plos one 4: e6878. doi :\nparra - olea g, garcía - parís m, wake d (1999) status of some populations of mexican salamanders (amphibia: plethodontidae). rev biol trop 47: 217–223\nparra - olea g, martínez - meyer e, pérez - ponce de león g (2005) forecasting climate change effects of salamanders distributions in the highlands of central mexico. biotropica 37: 202–208. doi :\npineda e, halffter g (2004) species diversity and habitat fragmentation: frogs in a tropical montane landscape in mexico. biol conserv 117: 499–508. doi :\nramírez - bautista a, hernández - salinas u, garcía - vázquez uo, leyte - manrique a, canseco - márquez l (2009) herpetofauna del valle de méxico: diversidad y conservación. universidad autónoma del estado de hidalgo and comisión nacional para el conocimiento y uso de la biodiversidad, pachuca\nen el río magdalena, d. f. thesis, facultad de ciencias, universidad nacional autónoma de méxico\n): southwestern arizona, southeastern california, and río colorado, méxico. southwest nat 47: 12–20\nrovito sm, parra - olea g, vásquez - almazán cr, papenfuss tj, wake db (2009) dramatic declines in neotropical salamander populations are an important part of the global amphibians crisis. proc natl acad sci usa 106: 3231–3236. doi :\nruíz - boites m (2008) uso y comercialización de anfibios y reptiles de cuatro mercados del distrito federal. thesis, facultad de ciencias, universidad nacional autónoma de méxico\nsantos - barrera g (2004) las enfermedades infecciosas y su papel en la declinación mundial de las poblaciones de anfibios. biodiversitas 56: 1–6\nsecretaría de medio ambiente y recursos naturales (2002) norma oficial mexicana. (nom - 059 - semarnat - 2001). protección ambiental. especies nativas de méxico de flora y fauna silvestres. categorías de riesgo y especificaciones para su inclusión, exclusión o cambio. lista de especies en riesgo. diario oficial de la federación, instituto nacional de ecología, méxico\nsigala - rodríguez jj, greene hw (2009) landscape change and conservation priorities: mexican herpetofaunal perspectives at local and regional scales. rev mex biodivers 80: 231–240\nsinervo b, méndez - de la cruz f, miles db, heulin b, bastiaans e, villagrán - santa cruz m, lara - resendiz r, martínez - méndez n, calderón - espinosa ml, meza - lázaro rn, gadsden h, avila lj, morando m, de la riva ij, sepulveda pv, rocha cfd, ibargüengoytía n, puntriano ca, massot m, lepetz v, oksanen ta, chapple dg, bauer am, branch wr, clobert j, sites jw jr (2010) erosion of lizard diversity by climate change and altered thermal niches. science 328: 894–899\nsosa l, parra m, canales v, ornelas d, cano c, obregón a, ramos r (2002) poblaciones de ranas en humedales formados artificialmente sobre presas de jales mineros en guanajuato. in: paper presented at the 7th reunión nacional de herpetología, universidad de guanajuato, méxico, 25–28 november 2002\nstuart sn, chanson js, cox na, young be, rodrigues asl, fischman dl, waller rw (2004) status and trends of amphibian declines and extinctions worldwide. science 306: 1783–1786. doi :\nstuart sn, hoffmann m, chanson js, cox na, berridge rj, ramani p, young be (eds) (2008) threatened amphibians of the world. lynx edicions, barcelona\nsuazo - ortuño i (2002) effects of habitat disturbance on a frog community in a mexican tropical dry forest. froglog 49: 2\nthomas cd, cameron a, green re, bakkenes m, beaumont lj, collingham yc, erasmus bfn, ferreira de siqueira m, grainger a, hannah l, hughes l, hutley b, van jaarsveld as, midgley gf, miles l, ortega - huerta ma, peterson at, phillips ol, williams se (2004) extinction risk from climate change. nature 427: 145–148. doi :\n( anura: hylidae) from the sierra mixes, oaxaca, mexico, with comments on ontogenetic variation in the tadpoles. herpetologica 56: 239–250\nvázquez - díaz j, quintero - díaz ge (2005) anfibios y reptiles de aguascalientes. comisión nacional para el conocimiento y uso de la biodiversidad, centro de investigaciones y estudios multidisciplinarios de aguascalientes a. c. , méxico\nwake db (1991) declining amphibian populations. science 253: 860. doi :\nwake db, campbell ja (2001) an aquatic plethodontid salamander from oaxaca, méxico. herpetologica 57: 509–514\nzambrano l, vega e, herrera lg, prado e, reynoso vh (2007) a population matrix model and population viability analysis to predict the fate of endangered species in highly managed water systems. anim conserv 10: 297–303. doi :\nfrías - alvarez, p. , zúñiga - vega, j. j. & flores - villela, o. biodivers conserv (2010) 19: 3699. urltoken\nhas a male snout - vent length that reaches a maximum of 65. 9 mm and females have a longer maximum length of 70 mm. the head width is as wide as the flattened body. the snout of\nis different between the sexes; the males have a pointed snout while the females have a truncated snout. the tympanum is distinct and is not connected to the eye. the pupil is a horizontal slit (flores hernández 2014). the fingers and toes are thin and long with rounded, equally sized discs on the tips. webbing is present for both toes and fingers. the finger webbing formula is i 2 - 2 ¼, ii 1¼ - 2, iii 2 - 1 iv and the relative length of fingers is i < ii < iv < iii. the foot webbing formula is ¾ - ½, ii ½ - 2, iii 1 - 2, iv 2 - ¾ v. the body has distinguishing features, such as tarsal folds on the limbs. the skin texture of the\ngenus in life is granular for both the dorsum and ventrum and is thick on the limbs (campbell et al. 2009). the species is unusual in that the males may lack a vocal sac, although sources are unclear on this (smith and taylor 1948). however, species in this genus have nuptial pads, which are composed of dark - colored spinules (campbell et al. 2009). some species of the genus, including\ntadpoles, the total length at stage 31 is 43. 5 mm. the body shape can be described as rounded, with a slight depression of the underside of the snout. the tail meets with the entirety of the posterior of the body and the narrow end of the tail tips upwards. both the eyes and the nostrils are located dorsally and close to one another. the spiracle is on the sinistral side while the vent is on the dextral side. the mouth of the tadpole is on the ventral side. the oral disc has upper and lower jaw sheaths that are keratinized. the sheaths are darkly colored on the edges where the small serrations lie (kaplan and heimes 2015). the mouth has two or three upper rows of teeth and three or four lower rows of teeth with lips bordered by papillae (flores hernández 2014 )\nare the only frogs that have range overlaps in the municipality of atzalan. they are differentiated by size, with\nis differentiated within its genus by a brownish black belly with yellow flecks (flores hernández 2014) .\ngenus is known for large patches of brown on the dorsal side (campbell et al. 2009). both sexes of the\nhave yellow dots with background colors of black and brown on the belly. the throat is colored white and silver while the lateral part of the body is a dark brown with yellow spots. both sexes have clear palpebrum and bronze or grayish tan irises. sexual dimorphism is demonstrated with female\nhaving reddish brown as the dorsal color with brown markings instead of blackish - brown with yellow spots (flores hernández 2014) .\nin life, tadpoles have a reddish brown background with gold spots while the tail is a reddish cream color and the fins a gray color. in preservative, the color of a tadpole body is light brown while the tail is a cream color (kaplan and heimes 2015) .\nthe females vary from the males with brown markings on their backs and the background color being a reddish brown. females also have a truncated snout, while male snouts are pointed (flores hernández 2014) .\nnaturally occurs in many parts of mexico, mostly the sierra madre oriental. the species can be found from hidalgo del parral in the northeastern part of the country to the eastern coastal city of veracruz to the southern puebla (santos - barerra and canseco - márquez 2004). the forests that these frogs inhabit occur at a range of 1100 to 2200 m. in these highlands ,\nneeds humid cloud forests (santos - barrera and canseco - márquez 2004). the humidity also contributes to riparian vegetation, which is necessary for the survival of the species (flores hernández 2014) .\nis a nocturnal and arboreal species that inhabits the cloud forests located in the hidalgo - veracruz region of mexico (santos - barerra and canseco - márquez 2004) .\nsummer rains signal the beginning of the reproductive season (guzmán 2011). during this period of time, the frogs will migrate from the highlands to the streams where they will spawn (flores hernández, 2014). residents of the atzalan specify the alseseca river as the primary location where frogs are present, with other seasonal streams and ponds being alternative breeding grounds. streams with a slow moving current are ideal for reproduction, during which the male utilizes axillary amplexus, gripping around the female under her arms while stimulating her with calluses on his hands to induce egg release (flores hernández 2014) .\nafter the eggs have been fertilized and hatched, the free - swimming larvae can experience rapid larval growth at a temperature range of 20 to 25°c. this growth can take three to twenty days, during which the tadpole will feed on algae and detritus (flores hernández 2014) .\nafter metamorphosis into the adult stage this species will adopt an insect - based diet (guzmán 2011) .\nis a declining species due to factors such as habitat destruction and pollution from pesticides (valdespino et al. 2015). as a whole, amphibians are threatened due to the loss of habitat, which is often converted into farmland for agricultural purposes (flores hernández 2014). with less forest to reside in, the species become more exposed to sun and heat with lack of water (aguilar 2000). furthermore, pesticides such as ddt are found within the habitat range of the\nin large quantities and can remain in the environment for decades. the frog absorbs the pesticide through the skin or by consuming prey that is contaminated by the pesticide, leading to bioaccumulation in the body. these chemicals negatively impact the reproductive cycle and overall health of the species, leading to a decreasing population (valdespino et al. 2015) .\nalong with environmental damage, direct capture by humans is also harming the population numbers .\nis eaten by locals and captured for trading purposes. this species does not occur in protected areas, as the montane forests are not currently set aside as a national park (santos - barerra and canseco - márquez 2004) .\nis a representative of the municipality of atzalan, veracruz. they are featured on the municipal shield of atzalan as well as several other monuments, and have been a major food source for residents from the time of the aztecs (flores hernández 2014) .\nthe capture of these frogs is associated with tradition. the atzalan people believe that the frogs rain down each year on the same date that the patrons san andrés apóstol and archangel michael were venerated, september 29th. it is true that\ndescend from highlands to reproduce in streams during the first rains of summer (flores hernández 2014) .\nthe species has a high economic value, worth 30 to 40 pesos per dozen frogs (quiroz et al. 2012). they can be cooked in soups or made into calate cakes, worth 100 to 200 pesos in some establishments. while many locals claim that captured frogs are destined for home consumption, some are only interested in selling them (flores hernandez 2014). other reasons for the capture of these frogs include medicine and the pet trade (santos - barerra and canseco - márquez 2004) .\nalthough c. taeniopus is in decline, 48% of respondents from atzalan, veracruz, do not believe that it is (flores hernández 2014) .\nthe species authority is: günther, a. c. l. g. (1901) .\n. salvin, o. , and f. d. godman eds. , biologia centrali americana. volume 7: 253–260. london, r. h. porter and dulau & co .\ngroup is found within the paraphyletic group of neotropical hylids (campbell et al. 2009). as of 2005, there were five species within the\nwas supported by a 24 or more chromosome karyotype and an extra tendon on the tendo superficialis digiti v (faivovich et al. 2005) .\nmeans “ravine” in greek and refers to the habitat in which these frogs live (faivovich et al. 2005). the latter part of the genus name ,\n, is a feminine form of hylas, which refers to a comrade of hercules in greek mythology. hylas was said to have approached a forest stream where water nymphs pulled him under, enamoured by his beauty (myers 2006) .\nis known as calates to the locals of atzalan, veracruz (flores hernández 2014) .\nwhen locals prepare calates to eat, the frogs cross their arms much like a human when they are introduced to boiling water. no other species of frog is known to do this in atzalan (flores hernández 2014) .\naguilar, s. (2000).'' el festín de las ranas.''\n( hylidae) from the sierra madre del sur of guerrero, mexico.''\nfaivovich, j. , haddad, c. f. b. , garcia, p. c. a. , frost, d. r. , campbell, j. a. , wheeler, w. c. (2005).'' systematic review of the frog family hylidae, with special reference to hylinae: phylogenetic analysis and taxonomic revision.''\n( günther, 1901) recurso alimentario en el municipio de atzalan, ver.'' thesis. universidad veracruzana .\n( 1768) of j. n. laurenti, the ‘father of herpetology’.''\nsantos - barrera, g. , canseco - márquez, l. (2004) .\n. the iucn red list of threatened species 2004: e. t55671a11350853. urltoken downloaded on 30 january 2017. urltoken\nsmith, h. m. and taylor, e. h. (1948).'' an annotated checklist and key to the amphibia of mexico.''\nvaldespino, c. , huerta - peña, a. i. , pérez - pacheco, a. , von osten, j. r. (2015).'' persistent organochlorine pesticides in two hylidae species from the la antigua watershed, veracruz, mexico.''\nblair peterson, rebecca kain, josh gates (bmpeterson at ucdavis. edu, rbkain at ucdavis. edu, jgates at ucdavis. edu), university of california davis\n> university of california, berkeley, ca, usa. accessed jul 10, 2018 .\n> university of california, berkeley, ca, usa. accessed 10 jul 2018 .\nbatrachochytrium dendrobatidis is a non - hyphal parasitic chytrid fungus that has been associated with population declines in endemic amphibian species in upland montane rain forests in australia and panama. it causes cutaneous mycosis (fungal infection of the skin), or more specifically chytridiomycosis, in wild and captive amphibians. first described in 1998, the fungus is the only chytrid known to parasitise vertebrates. b. dendrobatidis can remain viable in the environment (especially aquatic environments) for weeks on its own, and may persist in latent infections .\nis a zoosporic chytrid fungus that causes chytridiomycosis (a fungal infection of the skin) in amphibians and grows solely within keratinised cells. diagnosis is by identification of characteristic intracellular flask - shaped sporangia (spore containing bodies) and septate thalli. the fungus grows in the superficial keratinised layers of the epidermis (known as the stratum corneum and stratum granulosum). the normal thickness of the stratum corneum is between 2µm to 5µm, but a heavy infection by the chytrid parasite may cause it to thicken to up to 60 µm. the fungus also infects the mouthparts of tadpoles (which are keratinised) but does not infect the epidermis of tadpoles (which lacks keratin) .\nthe fungus produces inoperculate, smooth - walled zoosporangia (zoospore containing bodies), which are spherical to subspherical in shape. each zoosporangium (10µm to 40µm in diameter) produces a single discharge tube, which penetrates (and protrudes out of) the skin. eventually the plug that blocks the release of immature zoospores is shed and the mature zoospores are released. the zoospores (0. 7µm to 6µm in diameter) are elongate to ovoid in shape. each possesses a single posterior flagellum, rendering it motile in water (mazzoni\npathogenesis of chytridiomycosis: authors of a recent study, voyles et al. (2009) have found that b. dendrobatidis, causes such severe electrolyte imbalances that the frog’s heart stops. the skin of amphibians maintain proper osmotic balance inside the animal and regulate respiration. the authors found that the skin of infected frogs was less adept at transporting sodium and chloride ions. sodium and potassium concentrations in the blood of infected frogs dropped, more so as the infection intensified and the animals’hearts began to beat irregularly and ultimately stopped .\nsalamanders can act as host reservoirs of chytrid infection in frogs, and vice versa (davidson et al. 2003) .\nbatrachochytrium dendrobatidis is diploid and primarily reproduces asexually (and clonally) by producing aquatic uniflagellated zoospores in a zoosporangium (johnson and speare, 2003) .\nits occurrence solely in keratinised tissues suggests that it uses amphibian keratin as a nutrient. batrachochytrium dendrobatidis will grow for at least one generation on cleaned epidermal keratin or on amphibians that have died of the infection. the fungus may also be cultured in vitro on tryptone agar without the addition of keratin or its derivatives (daszak et al. 1999; longcore, pessier and nichols, 1999, pessier et al. 1999, in daszak et al. 1999)." ]

{ "text": [ "charadrahyla nephila is a species of frog in the family hylidae endemic to mexico .", "its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests , subtropical or tropical moist montane forests , and rivers .", "it is threatened by habitat loss . " ], "topic": [ 3, 24, 17 ] }

[ "charadrahyla nephila is a species of frog in the family hylidae endemic to mexico. its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests, subtropical or tropical moist montane forests, and rivers. it is threatened by habitat loss." ]

[ "little paradise kingfisher (tanysiptera hydrocharis) is a species of bird in the alcedinidae family .\nthe little paradise - kingfisher (tanysiptera hydrocharis) was collected by wallace on the aru islands and named by gray in 1858. it is found on new guinea and surrounding islands .\nwoodall, p. f. & sharpe, c. j. (2018). little paradise - kingfisher (tanysiptera hydrocharis). in: del hoyo, j. , elliott, a. , sargatal, j. , christie, d. a. & de juana, e. (eds .). handbook of the birds of the world alive. lynx edicions, barcelona. (retrieved from urltoken on 10 july 2018) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\ndel hoyo, j. , collar, n. j. , christie, d. a. , elliott, a. and fishpool, l. d. c. 2014. hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world. volume 1: non - passerines. lynx edicions birdlife international, barcelona, spain and cambridge, uk .\njustification: this species is known to inhabit southern new guinea, but recent searches have reported only a handful of records. there is no clear information on its likely distribution extent, population size or trends. for these reasons, it is classified as data deficient .\nthe population size of this species has not been quantified. further research is required. trend justification: deforestation is occurring in areas where the species is suspected to occur (e. g. bryan and shearman 2015), but the rate of forest loss is low (tracewski et al. unpublished data). therefore, the population trend is essentially unknown .\n. it may be found in altitudes up to 300 m (beehler and pratt 2016) .\nthere is no other indication of its population or its tolerance of degraded habitats but it may be threatened by logging .\nsurvey historical locations and potentially suitable habitats for the species on the aru islands and in the trans - fly. study its ecological requirements and threats .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\nthis species is known to inhabit southern new guinea, but recent searches have reported only a handful of records. there is no clear information on its likely distribution extent, population size or trends. for these reasons, it is classified as data deficient .\nrecommended citation birdlife international (2018) species factsheet: tanysiptera hydrocharis. downloaded from urltoken on 10 / 07 / 2018. recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species: birdlife international (2018) iucn red list for birds. downloaded from urltoken on 10 / 07 / 2018 .\nbelieved closely related to t. galatea, from which thought probably to have differentiated in aru is, later invading mainland new guinea, where now sympatric with that species without hybridizing. monotypic .\naru is, and lowland s new guinea in trans - fly region (merauke r n to fly r and e to oriomo r) .\n30 cm, including tail - streamers. both sexes dark blue crown and upperparts, white rump and underparts; tail dark blue, central rectrices 11 cm longer than rest and with white ...\ndense lowland rainforest, including drier habitats than those used by t. galatea .\nlaying in aru is in apr, recently fledged bird in may. reported to nest in arboreal termitaria. no other information .\nnot globally threatened. currently considered data deficient. restricted - range species: present in trans - fly eba. in mainland new guinea it is generally considered rare, but ...\nonly subscribers are able to see the bibliography. login or subscribe to get access to a lot of extra features !\nonly members are able to post public comments. to make the most of all of hbw' s features, discover our subscriptions now !\nget access to the contents of the hbw including all species accounts, family texts, plates, audiovisual links, updates and related resources .\nalso available: 2 - year subscription package: 55. 90 € (instead of 59. 90 €) 3 - year subscription package: 82 € (instead of 89. 85 € )\nsupporting members help us to develop and update the project more quickly and to reach more people by keeping prices down .\nview more information, tracking references to their source (when available on the internet) .\nalso available: 2 - year subscription package: 82. 5 € (instead of 89. 9 €) 3 - year subscription package: 122. 5 € (instead of 134. 85 € )\nthere is a registration fee of 20€. this is a one - time only fee when you become a subscriber of hbw alive. you won’t pay it again as long as you renew your subscription before it expires .\nif you represent an organization or institution, click here for more information on institutional subscriptions .\nthis map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding (anonymously); markers do not indicate precise localities .\nhbw alive contains information on descriptive notes, voice, habitat, food and feeding, breeding, movements, status and conservation plus a list of bibliographical references for this species account .\nsonogram images © xeno - canto foundation. sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html + rdfa 1. 1 / / en\nexcept where otherwise noted, content on this site is licensed under a creative commons attribution, non - commercial, share alike cc by - nc - sa licence." ]

{ "text": [ "the little paradise kingfisher ( tanysiptera hydrocharis ) is a species of bird in the family alcedinidae .", "it is found in the aru islands and southern new guinea . " ], "topic": [ 27, 20 ] }

[ "the little paradise kingfisher (tanysiptera hydrocharis) is a species of bird in the family alcedinidae. it is found in the aru islands and southern new guinea." ]

[ "observed and predicted reproduction of ceriodaphnia dubia exposed to chloride, sulfate, and bicarbonate .\ncomparative population growth of ceriodaphnia dubia and daphnia pulex (cladocera) exposed to zinc toxicity .\nchronic toxicity of silver nitrate to ceriodaphnia dubia and daphnia magna, and potential mitigating factors .\nobserved and predicted reproduction of ceriodaphnia dubia exposed to chloride, sulfate, and bicarbonate. - pubmed - ncbi\nceriodaphnia dubia as a potential bio - indicator for assessing acute aluminum oxide nanoparticle toxicity in fresh water environment .\nphysical description: daphnia magna are similar to ceriodaphnia dubia but larger, usually five to six millimeters in length .\ncomparative population growth of ceriodaphnia dubia and daphnia pulex (cladocera) exposed to zinc toxicity. - pubmed - ncbi\nchronic toxicity of silver nitrate to ceriodaphnia dubia and daphnia magna, and potential mitigating factors. - pubmed - ncbi\nreprint of\nchronic toxicity of silver nitrate to ceriodaphnia dubia and daphnia magna, and potential mitigating factors\n.\nceriodaphnia dubia as a potential bio - indicator for assessing acute aluminum oxide nanoparticle toxicity in fresh water environment. - pubmed - ncbi\necology: the water flea, ceriodaphnia dubia, occurs in littoral areas lakes, ponds, and marshes throughout most of the world .\ndaphnid is a freshwater microcrustacean invertebrate, commonly knownas a water flea. species of daphnids include: ceriodaphnia dubia, daphnia magna, and daphnia pulex .\ninitial ceriodaphnia cultures established in the usepa laboratories at duluth showed a progressive transition with time from c. reticulata to c. dubia. a morphological variant of c. dubia has also been identified in certain usepa cultures (berner, 1986) .\nmay be closely related and commonly confused with ceriodaphnia reticulata; hybridization may occur between the two .\na summary checklist in table 3 gives recommended universal procedures for performing three - brood renewal toxicity tests with ceriodaphnia dubia, and also procedures for testing specific types of materials or substances .\n- - - - - -. battelle’s standard operating procedure (sop) for culturing ceriodaphnia dubia, battelle’s standard operating procedure (sop) for yeast / trout food / cerophyll (ytc) preparation, battelle’s standard operating procedure (sop) for static renewal chronic toxicity tests with ceriodaphnia dubia, appendices a, b, and d, in: electric power research inst. , ecological studies program, effects of food and water quality on culturing and toxicity testing of ceriodaphnia dubia. epri report ea - 5820, project 2368 - 2, palo alto, ca (1988) .\nuses in aquatic toxicology: ceriodaphnia dubia are an epa recommended freshwater invertebrate used in both acute and chronic toxicity testing. in acute toxicity testing, ceriodaphnia are used at < 24 hours old and survival rates are recorded. in chronic toxicity testing, ceriodaphnia are used at < 24 hours old and all neonates must have been released within 8 hours of each other. in chronic tests, survival and reproduction are recorded .\nbattelle, [ battelle, columbus division, columbus, ohio ] battelle’s standard operating procedure (sop) for preparing for the yeast / trout food / cerophyll suspension (ytc) used as a ceriodaphnia food, battelle’s standard operating procedure for static renewal chronic toxicity tests with ceriodaphnia dubia, battelle’s standard operating procedure (sop) for culturing ceriodaphnia dubia, appendices d, e, and f, in: laboratory evaluation of seven - day fathead minnowand ceriodaphnia chronic toxicity tests, american petroleum inst. , health and environ. sciences dept. , api pub no. 4442, washington, d. c. (1986) .\ndescription of laboratory’s previous experience with this biological test method for measuring toxicity using c. dubia ;\nunlike certain daphnid species, c. dubia can be cultured successfully (to meet health criteria identified in\nprocedural variations for chronic toxicity tests with ceriodaphnia spp. , as described in canadian and u. s. methodology documents\ncowgill, u. m. , d. p. milazzo, and c. k. meagher, “new diet for ceriodaphnia dubia”, bull. environ. contam. toxicol. , 41: 304 - 309 (1988) .\nhall, w. s. and l. w. hall, “toxicity of alum sludge to ceriodaphnia dubia and pimephales promelas”, bull. environ. contam. toxicol. 42 (5): 791 - 798 (1989) .\nastm, “proposed new standard guide for conducting three brood, renewal toxicity tests with ceriodaphnia dubia”, american society for testing and materials, committee e - 47, draft no. 6, 79 p. philadelphia, pa (1988) .\nappendix c procedural variations for chronic toxicity tests with ceriodaphnia spp. , as described in canadian and u. s. methodology documents\n- - - - - -. “ceriodaphnia dubia survival and reproduction test”, in: interim chronic testing methodologies for use in the njpdes permit program, dept. of environ. protection, state of new jersey, trenton, nj (february, 1989) .\n- - - - - -. “standard operating procedure for static - renewal short - term chronic effluent toxicity tests with ceriodaphnia dubia, battelle, columbus division, report eef - e - 20 - 01, 6 p. columbus, oh (1987) .\nit is desirable and recommended that test solutions be analyzed to determine the concentrations of chemicals to which c. dubia are exposed\ncitation: pakrashi s, dalai s, humayun a, chakravarty s, chandrasekaran n, mukherjee a (2013) ceriodaphnia dubia as a potential bio - indicator for assessing acute aluminum oxide nanoparticle toxicity in fresh water environment. plos one 8 (9): e74003. urltoken\ncowgill, u. m. and d. p. milazzo, “new approach to the seven - day ceriodaphnia dubia test with additional comments pertaining to the same test for daphnia magna”, bull. environ. contam. toxicol. , 42: 749 - 753 (1989) .\nnorberg - king, t. , “culturing of ceriodaphnia dubia: supplemental report forvideo training tape”, report epa / 505 / 8 - 89 / 002a, u. s. environmental protection agency, office of water enforcement and permits, washington, d. c. , 33p. (1989) .\ncowgill, u. m. , i. t. takahashi, and s. l. applegath, “a comparison of the effect of four benchmark chemicals on daphnia magna and ceriodaphnia dubia / affinis tested at two differenttemperatures”, environ. toxicol. chem. , 4: 415 - 422 (1985) .\npresented here is an illustration of the gross anatomy of a female ceriodaphnia dubia via line drawing of a longitudinal section. features of note are the large brood chamber (dorsal) and antenna with exopods which are used for propulsion. the diagram also features an insert detailing the postabdomen; the postabdominal claw in particular .\neagleson, k. w. , d. l. lenat, l. w. ausley, and f. b. winborne, “comparison of measured instream biological responses with responses predicated using the “ceriodaphnia dubia chronic toxicity test”, environ. toxicol. chem. , 9: 1019 - 1028 (1990) .\n- - - - - -. , “standard guide for conducting three - brood, renewal toxicity tests with ceriodaphnia dubia”, report e1295 - 89, p. 879 - 897, in: 1989 annual book of astm standards, vol. 11. 04. american society for testing and materials, philadelphia, pa (1989) .\n- - - - - -. , “standard guide for conducting three - brood, renewal toxicity tests with ceriodaphnia dubia”, report e1295 - 01, p. 341 - 360, in: 2006 annual book of astm standards, vol. 11. 06. american society for testing and materials, west conshohocken, pa (2006) .\ncooney, j. d. , g. m. degraeve, e. l. moore, w. d. palmer, and t. l. pollock, “effects of food and water quality on culturing and toxicity testing of ceriodaphnia dubia”, report epri ea - 5820, electric power research institute, palo alto, ca (1988) .\ndegraeve, g. m. , j. d. cooney, b. h. marsh, t. l. pollock, and n. g. reichenbach, “precision of the epa seven - day ceriodaphnia dubia survival and reproduction test: intra - and interlaboratory study”, report epri en - 6469, electric power research institute, palo alto, ca (1989) .\nphysical description: ceriodaphnia dubia are very small, never larger than one millimeter in length. when in good health, they appear to be a brownish - orange color. there is a large, dark spot on the anterior end of every ceriodaphnia, this is the compound eye. males and females can be distinguished from each other by their shape and size. males are smaller and less rotund than are the females; the males are almost triangular in shape. movement is achieved by a powerful set of second antennae. because of this, movement is generally vertical and jerky .\nmethods recommended by environment canada for performing chronic three - brood toxicity tests with the freshwater cladoceran, ceriodaphnia dubia, are described in this report. this second edition of eps 1 / rm / 21, published in 2007, supersedes the first edition that was published in 1992. it includes numerous procedural modifications as well as updated guidance and instructions to assist in performing the biological test method .\nthe stock cultures are used as a source of algae to initiate “food” cultures for ceriodaphnia toxicity tests. the volume of stock culture maintained at any one time will depend on the amount of algal food required for the ceriodaphnia cultures and tests. stock culture volume can be rapidly “scaled up” to several litres, if necessary, using 4 - l serum bottles or similar vessels, each containing 3 l of growth medium .\n( 1) berner, d. b. 1986. taxonomy of ceriodaphnia (crustacea: cladocera) in u. s. environmental protection agency cultures. epa / 600 / 4 - 86 / 032 .\nindividual brood cultures of c. dubia to be used in toxicity tests must meet the following health criteria (astm, 1989, 2006; usepa, 1989, 1994, 2002) :\ndegraeve, g. m. and j. d. cooney, ceriodaphnia: an update on effluent toxicity testing and research needs”, environ. toxicol. chem, 6: 331 - 333 (1987) .\n). the survival and reproduction rates for c. dubia held in ten replicate solutions of culture water must be compared to those for test organisms held in the ten replicate solutions of receiving water\nif surface water (including “upstream” receiving water) is used, it should be filtered through a fine - mesh net (60 bm) to remove potential predators and competitors of c. dubia .\ncultures of ceriodaphnia dubia are available from government and private laboratories engaged in toxicity testing. advice concerning sources of daphnids can be obtained by contacting a regional environmental protection office (appendix b). very few organisms (e. g. , 10 to 20 neonates) are required to start a culture. these can be transported in a 1 - l bottle filled with culture water and containing food (section 2. 4) .\nthe endpoints for chronic (three - brood) toxicity tests using ceriodaphnia dubia are based on the adverse effects of test materials or substances on daphnid survival and reproduction. there are two biological endpoints for the test, the first being based on increased mortality of the first - generation daphnids. the other endpoint is based on the reduction in the number of live neonates produced by each first - generation daphnid during its first three broods .\nthe relative survival of c. dubia was shown to decrease with respect to time. with nanoparticle concentration, survival rate increased which suggests reduced toxicity of nanoparticles probably due to aggregation. (n = 3) .\nigatg, “sublethal testing procedures for daphnia sp. / ceriodaphnia sp. ”, appendix 7a, part h to sergy (1987). prepared by the canadian inter - governmental aquatic toxicity group. environment canada, ottawa, ontario (1986) .\ncooney, j. d. and g. m. degraeve, “laboratory evaluation of seven - day fathead minnow and ceriodaphnia chronic toxicity tests”, api publ. no. 4442, american petroleum institute, washington, d. c. (1986) .\nthe microcrustacean cladoceran ceriodaphnia dubia (family daphniidae) is to be used as the test species (see figure 2). this species has been considered synonymous with c. affinis, and the designation c. dubia has taxonomic precedence (berner, 1986). certain features of the adult female (length to 0. 9 mm, height 0. 6 times length) distinguish this species from related organisms. in particular, the postabdomen is moderately long and wide (about twice as long as wide), with a slight midpoint inflection and seven or eight anal denticles. the postadominal claw is moderately curved with the three subdivisions of the lateral setules (teeth) being of similar size (figure 2) .\nanon. , “north carolina ceriodaphnia chronic effluent bioassay procedure”, december 1985, revised december 1986, north carolina dept. natural resources and community development, division of environ. management, water quality section, 10p. + appendices, raleigh, north carolina (1986) .\nuniversal procedures for conducting three - brood chronic toxicity tests with the cladoceran ceriodaphnia dubia are described in this second edition. also presented are specific sets of test conditions and procedures, required or recommended when using this chronic toxicity test for evaluating different types of substances or materials (namely, samples of one or more chemicals, effluents, elutriates, leachates, or receiving waters) (see figure 1). those procedures and conditions relevant to the conduct of a test are delineated and, as appropriate, discussed in explanatory footnotes .\nberner, d. b. , “taxonomy of ceriodaphnia (crustacea: cladocera) in u. s. environmental protection agency cultures”, u. s. environmental protection agency, report epa / 600 / 4 - 86 / 032, cincinnati, oh, 34 p. (1986) .\nnwri, “ceriodaphnia reticulata seven - day survival and reproduction test for screening chronic toxicity in environment samples”, 7p. unpublished method manual, b. j. dutka and s. s. rao, national water research institute, canada centre for inland waters, burlington, ont. (1988) .\neach receiving - water sample should be filtered through a 60 - µm plankton net before use, to enable the removal of potential predators or competitors of c. dubia. a second (unfiltered) test could be conducted if there is concern about changes in toxicity due to filtration\nhistorically, investigators have frequently analyzed quantitative sublethal endpoints from multi - concentration tests by calculating the no - observed - effect concentration (noec) and the lowest - observed - effect - concentration (loec). disadvantages of these statistical endpoints include their dependence on the test concentrations chosen and the inability to provide any indication of precision (i. e. , no 95% or other confidence limits can be derived) (section 7. 1 in ec, 2005). given these disadvantages, icp is the required statistical endpoint for reproduction data derived from a multi - concentration test using ceriodaphnia dubia .\nif “upstream” water is used as control / dilution water, a separate control solution must be prepared using the laboratory water that is normally used for culturing c. dubia. test conditions and procedures for preparing and evaluating each control solution should be identical, and as described in sections 4. 1 and 5. 3 .\nmcnaught, d. c. and d. i. mount, “appropriate durations and measures for ceriodaphnia toxicity tests”, p. 375 - 381, in: aquatic toxicology and hazard assessment: eighth symposium, r. c. bahner and d. j. hansen (eds .), astm stp 891, american society for testing and materials, philadelphia, pa (1985) .\ntesting of each receiving - water sample should include a minimum of ten replicate solutions of the undiluted test water and ten replicate control solutions. endpoints for tests with receiving - water samples would normally be restricted to data on daphnid survival and reproduction, obtained for c. dubia exposed to full - strength receiving water (section 4. 6) .\n- - - - - -. “nutritional considerations in toxicity testing: invertebrate nutrition (daphnia, ceriodaphnia), p. 4 - 15, in: nutritional considerations in toxicity testing, r. p. lanno (ed .), proc. from short course presented at 10th annual meeting, soc. environ. toxicol. chem. , toronto, ontario (october 29, 1989) .\n) in soft or hard water (astm, 1989, 2006). notwithstanding, marked differences in hardness (and alkalinity) between culture and control / dilution water could cause osmotic stress. accordingly, c. dubia should be cultured in water with similar or identical hardness and alkalinity to that which will be used in tests as the control / dilution water\npostabdominal claw with central pecten: two pecten morphotypes have been found in c. dubia (1). a fine pecten morph consisting of 18 - 24 narrow teeth with nearly parallel sides and an uncommon toothed pecten morph which has 7 - 14 close set ovately tapered teeth. the pecten on the fine morph may be indistinguishable at magnifcation powers less than 400x .\na thorough check of the health of the culture (section 2. 4. 11) together with all culturing and test conditions should be carried out. depending on the findings, it might be necessary to repeat the reference toxicity test, to obtain new breeding stock, and / or to establish new cultures, before undertaking further toxicity tests with c. dubia .\nwhen c. dubia are brought into the laboratory, the transport water should be replaced gradually with culture water (section 2. 4. 4) over a period of ≥2 days. water temperature should be changed at a rate not exceeding 3 °c / day until the desired temperature is reached. ceriodaphnia should be cultured at a temperature of 25 ± 1 °c. if cultures are maintained outside this temperature range, temperature should be adjusted gradually (≤3 °c / day) to within the range 25 ± 1 °c, and held there for a minimum of two weeks before the test is initiated. temperature in the culture vessels should be periodically checked and compared with that in the constant - temperature room, water bath, or incubator to ensure that the organisms are being cultured within the desired temperature range .\nin our previous report, we have estimated the toxicity response of c. dubia towards titanium dioxide nanoparticles. a fraction of the administered nanoparticles was found to have internalized into the tissues upon similar treatment of exposure - depuration cycle. the accumulation of the particles in the cellular system contributed towards toxic impact on the organisms [ 32 ]. additionally, the sub lethal accumulation is expected to pass on to the species preying on c. dubia upon feeding and will lead to bio - magnification in the food chain and will eventually pose a threat towards the ecosystem [ 24 ]. aluminium oxide showed higher clearance ability and resultant systemic uptake was much lower compared to titanium dioxide retention. this might have resulted in a lesser toxicity response in case of aluminum oxide exposure .\nmelville, g. e. and d. richert, “a summary of the effects of two reconstituted waters on aspects of the demographics of ceridaphnia dubia”, p. 73 - 83, in: proc. 15th annual aquatic toxicity workshop, montreal, november 28 - 30, 1988, can. tech. rep. fish aquat. sci. no. 1714 (1989) .\n( a) dissolution of ions from the aluminium oxide nanoparticles showed an increasing trend with time, but the release kinetics is not concentration dependent. (b) the relative survival of c. dubia upon exposure to labile aluminium was quantified. it showed no effect up to 24 h exposure, whereas, 48 and 72 h exposures showed a significant impact on the survival compared to the untreated group .\ngross internalization of aluminum oxide nanoparticles into c. dubia was assessed after 72 h exposure. after interaction, the organisms were isolated and washed twice in millipore filtered water to remove loosely adhering nanoparticles from the surface. the aluminum content in acid digested tissue samples was analyzed using icp - oes (perkinelmer 270 optima 5300 dv, usa). the equivalent amount of aluminum oxide was calculated from the obtained metallic aluminum content .\nsources of water for culturing c. dubia can be an uncontaminated supply of groundwater, surface water, dechlorinated municipal drinking water, a sample of “upstream” receiving water taken from a water body to be tested, dilute mineral water (e. g. , 20% perrier™ water, 80% deionized water; usepa, 1989, 1994, 2002), or reconstituted water adjusted to the desired hardness and ph (see\nassuming a cell density of approximately 1. 5 x 10 6 cells / ml in the algal food cultures at seven days, and 100% recovery in the concentration process, a 3 - l, seven - to - ten - day culture will provide 4. 5 × 10 9 algal cells. this number of cells will provide approximately 150 ml of algal cell concentrate for use as food (1500 feedings at 0. 1 ml / feeding). this is enough algal food for four ceriodaphnia tests .\nhandling and transfer of c. dubia should be minimal and physical shock to culture vessels must be avoided. organisms should be transferred from one container to another using a smooth glass pipette. a disposable pipette with the delivery end cut off and fire polished to provide an opening of approximately 2 mm is ideal for this purpose (usepa, 1985a). the tip of the pipette should be kept under the surface of the water when the daphnids are released .\na training video and supplemental report was prepared by the u. s. environmental protection agency which illustrates and describes conditions and procedures now used by the environmental research laboratory at duluth, minnesota for culturing c. dubia (norberg - king, 1989). this reference source, as well as a video depicting their test method, is now available within canada and can be obtained for viewing by contacting a regional office of environment canada (see appendix b) .\nfor normal intra - laboratory assessment of chemical toxicity, control / dilution water may be reconstituted water or the laboratory supply of uncontaminated ground, surface, or dechlorinated municipal water used routinely for culturing c. dubia. in instances where the toxic effect of a chemical on a particular receiving water is to be appraised, sample (s) of the receiving water could be taken from a place that was isolated from influences of the chemical and used as the control / dilution water\nthe first edition of this report, printed in february 1992 and amended in november 1997, was co - authored by d. mcleay (mcleay associates ltd. , west vancouver, b. c .) and j. sprague (sprague associates ltd. , guelph, ontario). it was based on pre - existing reports describing a chronic (three - brood) daphnid (ceriodaphnia dubia) test for survival and reproduction that was prepared in the u. s. a. (usepa, 1985a; usepa, 1989; norberg - king, 1989; usepa, 1994). messrs. g. sergy and r. scroggins (environmental protection service, environment canada) acted as scientific authorities and provided technical input and guidance throughout the work. members of the inter - governmental environmental toxicity group (igetg, appendix a) participated actively in the development and review of the first edition of this report and are thanked accordingly. the laboratory testing support of environment canada (appendix b) is also acknowledged .\nthe usepa (1989, 1994, 2002) recommends that c. dubia routinely be fed yct and algae in order to assure good nutrition and provide greater standardization of culture (and test) conditions. formulae for preparing this food are given in appendix d. final choice of ration and feeding regime is left to the discretion of the individual laboratory, and should be based on experience and success in meeting the health criteria specified for cultured organisms (section 2. 4. 11) .\nc. dubia in batches of five organisms each was taken in each glass beaker containing the sterile lake water. at the end of24, 48 and 72 h, immobile organisms were isolated under compound microscope. as per the annex 201 of oecd 211 protocol [ 30 ] an inanimate test organism if unresponsive to physical stimulus for more 15 seconds was considered dead. thus the toxicity endpoints expressed as lc 50 were calculated. throughout the toxicity analysis the mortality in untreated group was found to be less than 10% .\nfurthermore, the median lethal concentrations were computed to be 117. 8 µg / ml, 86. 4 µg / ml and 74. 3 µg / ml at 24, 48 and 72 h respectively to provide a more conventional measure of toxicity potential of aluminium oxide nanoparticles on c. dubia. a clear dose and exposure dependent toxicity profile was noted during the study. the sensitivity towards aluminium oxide and a strong dose and exposure dependence make daphnids a promising candidate for bio indicator in fresh water aquatic systems [ 30 ] .\nother algae used as a food for ceriodaphnia include ankistrodesmus convolutus, a. falactus, chlamydomonas reinhardtii and scenedesmus sp. (cooney et al. , 1988; nwri, 1988; astm, 1989, 2006; cowgill, 1989). sources of algal cultures include laboratories engaged in aquatic toxicity testing, commercial biological supply houses, and the university of toronto culture collection (dept. of botany, university of toronto, toronto, ontario, m5s 1a4. telephone (416) 978 - 3641, fax (416) 978 - 5878. delivery time is about a week and there is a small fee) .\nin the hypothetical example shown in figure f. 1, ten ceriodaphnia were tested at each of five concentrations (1. 8, 3. 2, 5. 6, 10, and 18 mg / l). mortalities of 0, 2, 4, 9, and 10 organisms were plotted and a line fitted by eye. the concentration expected to be lethal to half the organisms was read by following across from 50% (broken line) to the intersection with the eye fitted line, then down to the horizontal axis, where an estimated lc50 of 5. 6 mg / l was read off .\nitems made of materials or substances other that those previously mentioned should not be used unless it has been shown that their use does not adversely affect the survival or reproduction of c. dubia. all culture vessels and accessories should be thoroughly cleaned (apha et al. , 1989, 2005; astm, 1989, 2006) and rinsed with culture water between uses. new glass beakers used as cultures or test vessels must be cleaned and acid - soaked before use. each culture vessel should be covered with glass or transparent plexiglas™ to exclude dust and minimize evaporation .\n“food” cultures are started seven days prior to use in ceriodaphnia cultures or tests. approximately 20 ml of seven - day - old algal stock culture (described in section b), containing 1. 5 × 10 6 cells / ml, are added to each litre of fresh algal culture medium (i. e. , 3l of medium in a 4 - l bottle, or 18 l in a 20 - l bottle). the inoculum should provide an initial cell density of approximately 30 000 cells / ml. aseptic techniques should be used in preparing and maintaining the cultures, and care should be exercised to avoid contamination by other micro - organisms .\nin accordance with the oecd test guidelines 202 [ 35 ], acute toxicity tests of prolonged test duration72 h were carried out. experimental setup consisted of 100 ml glass beakers each containing 5 healthy, lab bred c. dubia not more than 24 h old dispersed in about 20 ml of sterile lake water having aluminum oxide nanoparticles in increasing concentrations of 20, 40, 60, 80, 100 and 120 µg / ml respectively. all the experiments were conducted in triplicates and repeated more than three times to ensure reproducibility. data have been presented as a relative survival considering untreated group as 100% .\nresearchers familiar with the usepa (1985a, 1989, 1994, 2002) test method for performing chronic toxicity tests with c. dubia have examined the influence on test results of a number of test conditions including temperature (mcnaught and mount, 1985), culture history and health (keating, 1985; cooney and degraeve, 1986; cowgill, 1987), food type and ration (cooney and degraeve, 1986; cowgill, 1987; degraeve and cooney, 1987; cooney et al. , 1988; cowgill et al. , 1988; melville and richert, 1989), water quality (cooney and degraeve, 1986; cowgill, 1987; degraeve and cooney, 1987; cooney et al. , 1988; melville and richert, 1989; keating et al. , 1989), and test - container type and volume (melville and richert, 1989; cowgill and milazzo, 1989). the precision of the usepa (1985a, 1989, 1994, 2002) test method using c. dubia has also been assessed in intra - and inter - laboratory studies (degraeve et al. , 1989). the findings of these studies have been considered in developing the present report .\nchronic toxicities of cl (-), so (4) (2 -), and hco (3) (-) to ceriodaphnia dubia were evaluated in low - and moderate - hardness waters using a three - brood reproduction test method. toxicity tests of anion mixtures were used to determine interaction effects and to produce models predicting c. dubia reproduction. effluents diluted with low - and moderate - hardness waters were tested with animals acclimated to low - and moderate - hardness conditions to evaluate the models and to assess the effects of hardness and acclimation. sulfate was significantly less toxic than cl (-) and hco (3) (-) in both types of water. chloride and hco (3) (-) toxicities were similar in low - hardness water, but hco (3) (-) was the most toxic in moderate - hardness water. low acute - to - chronic ratios indicate that toxicities of these anions will decrease quickly with dilution. hardness significantly reduced cl (-) and so (4) (2 -) toxicity but had little effect on hco (3) (-). chloride toxicity decreased with an increase in na (+) concentration, and hco (3) (-) toxicity may have been reduced by the dissolved organic carbon in effluent. multivariate models using measured anion concentrations in effluents with low to moderate hardness levels provided fairly accurate predictions of reproduction. determinations of toxicity for several effluents differed significantly depending on the hardness of the dilution water and the hardness of the water used to culture test animals. these results can be used to predict the contribution of elevated anion concentrations to the chronic toxicity of effluents; to identify effluents that are toxic due to contaminants other than cl (-), so (4) (2 -), and hco (3) (-); and to provide a basis for chemical substitutions in manufacturing processes .\nif municipal drinking water is to be used for culturing c. dubia (and as control and dilution water), extremely effective dechlorination must be assured, because daphnids are very sensitive to chlorine. a target value for total residual chlorine in dechlorinated municipal water, recommended for the protection of freshwater aquatic life, is ≤0. 002 mg / l (ccrem, 1987). the use of activated carbon (bone charcoal) filters and subsequent ultraviolet radiation (armstrong and scott, 1974) is suitable for this purpose. as alternatives, municipal water could be autoclaved, or held in reservoirs and aerated strongly for several days after carbon filtration .\nthe routine use of a reference toxicant or toxicants is required to assess, under standardized conditions, the relative sensitivity of the culture of c. dubia and the precision and reliability of data produced by the laboratory for that / those reference toxicant (s). daphnid sensitivity to the reference toxicant (s) must be evaluated within 14 days before or after the date that the toxicity test is started, or during it. the same stock of brood animals should be used for tests on both the reference toxicant and sample. the reference toxicant test must be performed under the same experimental conditions as those used with the test sample (s) .\nthough reactive oxygen species (ros) produced as a byproduct of normal cell metabolism, in stressful conditions it may lead to excessive production leading to extensive cell membrane damage [ 36 ], [ 37 ]. intracellular ros concentration was determined using 2, 7 - dichlorofluorescin diacetate (dcfh - da). it interacts with intracellular ros leading to formation of a highly fluorescent complex called dichlorofluorescein, 5 µl dcfh - da dye was added to the tissue homogenate of treated c. dubia and incubated at 25°c for 30 min under dark conditions. resulting fluorescence was detected at 485 nm excitation and an emission at 532 nm using a fluorescence spectrophotometer (sl174, 191 elico) .\nan estimate of the lowest concentration of test substance or substances that is acutely lethal to c. dubia is useful in predicting chemical concentrations appropriate for the chronic toxicity test. the results of a 48 - h static lc50 (see section 4. 6 and appendix f), conducted at 25 ± 1 °c using the control / dilution water intended for the chronic test, will provide this information. neonate daphnids, cultured under conditions similar or identical to those used for organisms to be employed in the chronic test, should be used to measure the acute (48 h) lethality of the test chemical. other test conditions and procedures should be as similar as possible to those used in the chronic test .\nmonitoring and assessment of culture - water (and control / dilution - water) quality parameters such as hardness, alkalinity, residual chlorine (if municipal water), ph, total organic carbon, specific conductivity, suspended solids, dissolved oxygen, total dissolved gases, temperature, ammonia nitrogen, nitrite, metals and pesticides, should be performed as frequently as necessary to document water quality. for each method used, the detection limit should be appreciably (e. g. , 3 to 10 times) below either (a) the concentration in the water, or (b) the lowest concentration that has been shown to adversely affect the survival and reproduction of c. dubia (astm, 1989, 2006) .\ncertain researchers (degraeve and cooney, 1987; cooney et al, 1988; melville and richert, 1989; keating et al. , 1989) have reported periodic incidences of unacceptable survival and reproduction rates for c. dubia, cultured using reconstitued water prepared according to usepa (1989, 1994, 2002) using either the formula given in table 2 or an alternative (usepa, 1989) using mineral water. in some instances, these problems were not attributable to diet deficiencies or lack of essential trace elements. it has been speculated (cooney et al. , 1988) that unidentified contaminants in the makeup (distilled or deionized) water might account for the (occasional) unexplained problems associated with using reconstituted water .\nthis method is intended for use with freshwater - acclimated c. dubia, with fresh water as the dilution and control water, and with effluents, leachates, or elutriates that are essentially fresh water (i. e. , salinity ≤10 g / kg) or saline but destined for discharge to fresh water. its application can be varied but includes instances where the impact or potential impact of one or more substances or materials on the freshwater environment is under investigation. other tests, using other species acclimated to seawater, may be used to assess the impact or potential impact of substances or materials in estuarine or marine environments, or to evaluate wastewaters having a salinity > 10 g / kg which are destined for estuarine / marine discharge .\nthe immobilization and subsequent mortality of c. dubia was dependent on exposure concentrations and time. at 24 h, all the animals were noted to be alive for 20 and 40 µg / ml exposures whereas, 90±3. 33, 77±3. 33, 57±3. 33 and 44. 34±3. 33% survival was recorded upon exposure to 60, 80, 100 and 120 µg / ml dosages, respectively. at 48 h, 94. 34±1. 66 and 88±1. 66% daphnids were alive upon 20 and 40 µg / ml exposure, whereas 70±5, 96±3. 33, 35±5 and 20±5% survival were noted for the 60, 80, 100 and 120 µg / ml doses. finally at 72 h, 90±6. 66, 83. 34±3. 33, 60±3. 33, 45±10, 15±3. 33 and 5±1. 5% survival was observed for the similar exposure concentrations in the range of 20–120 µg / ml respectively (figure 5) .\na fraction of aluminum oxide nanoparticles have been found to have been internalized into the test organisms after 72 h exposure. the internalized concentration was quantified as 3. 7±0. 3, 3. 8±0. 2, 8. 2±1. 4, 18. 3±2. 6, 21. 4±3. 2, and 23. 8±4. 5 µg / g aluminum oxide metal per gram fresh weight body weight of c. dubia at administered particle concentrations of 20, 40, 60, 80, 100 and 120 µg / ml respectively (figure 8). the gross internalization data showed a strong dose dependent increase in the internalization. this indicates, the major route of entry of the nanoparticles was through the oral cavity during feeding. during the short term exposure of 72 h, the general feeding behavior did not show signs of any major disruption. the accumulation of the particles along the gut possibly caused disintegration of gut lining leading to reduced clearance which possibly resulted in the lethal systemic internalization. a few prior reports have suggested accumulation of nanoparticles (titanium dioxide) to be a major causative of disrupted clearance [ 57 ] .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nother uses: live food source in freshwater larviculture and in the ornamental fish industry .\necology: daphnia magna is principally a lake dweller and is restricted to waters in northern and western north america. daphnia magna reproduce only by cyclic parthenogenesis in which the males contribute to the genetic makeup of the young during the sexual stage of reproduction .\nuses in aquatic toxicology: daphnia magna are used in freshwater acute toxicity testing at < 24 hours old and survival rates are recorded .\nmbl aquaculture 4569 samuel street sarasota, fl 34233 v: 1 - 800 - 889 - 0384 f: (941) 922 - 3874 e: sales @ urltoken www. urltoken\ndiscover a faster, simpler path to publishing in a high - quality journal. plos one promises fair, rigorous peer review, broad scope, and wide readership – a perfect fit for your research every time .\ncopyright: © 2013 pakrashi et al. this is an open - access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited .\nfunding: the research work was funded by life science research board - defence research and development organization (lsrb - drdo). sp and sd received fellowship from council of scientific & industrial research (csir), india. the funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript .\nwith increasing proliferation in the usage it is certain that aluminum oxide nanoparticles will ultimately find a way into the biosphere [ 17 ], chemtrails left by jet fuel have already raised concerns over their role increased incidences of alzheimer disease [ 18 ]. several relevant studies concerning aluminum oxide nanoparticles toxicity include its detrimental effects on prokaryotic microorganisms [ 19 ], microalgae species [ 20 ], aquatic cladocerans [ 21 ], earthworms [ 22 ], nematodes [ 23 ], zebra fish [ 24 ] and cell lines [ 25 ]. despite the growing market size of aluminum oxide and its proven toxicity record we feel that there is a dearth of available literature concerning its toxicity in the aquatic environment and a significant knowledge gap exists between time dependent monitoring of bioavailability and resulting toxicity of nanoparticles [ 26 ] .\nno specific authorization was necessary for collecting samples for the study as the lake is situated inside the university campus. the experiments involved were carried out under the confinements of the laboratory and due care was exercised not to contaminate or disrupt the lake water ecosystem .\naluminum oxide (al 2 o 3) was procured from sigma aldrich (st. louis missouri; cas number 1344 - 28 - 1) in the form of dry powder. the suppliers product specifications are as follows - gamma phase alumina nanoparticles, particle size < 50 nm, surface area 35–43 m 2 / g (bet). all other chemicals used in this study were of analytical grade. no specific information regarding surface coatings meant for stabilizing the particles were available from the manufacturer .\ncrystalline configuration of the nanoparticles was typified by x - ray diffraction analysis (d8 advanced x - ray diffractometer, burker, germany), 250 mg of dry aluminum oxide nanoparticle was deposited in a sample holder and was scanned in the range of 10°–100° using 2. 2 kw cu anode radiation at a wavelength of 1. 54 a° produced by a ceramic x - ray tube. scherrer formula was employed to compute the diffraction pattern and crystalline lattice geometry. the obtained data was matched with database of joint committee on powder diffraction standards (jcpds) .\nthe size and shape of the procured aluminum oxide nanoparticles were analyzed and validated through transmission electron microscopy. a uniform dispersion of aluminum oxide nanoparticle of 10 µg / ml concentration was prepared in the millipore filtered water and subjected to sonication using an ultrasonic processor with a maximum output of 130 w and frequency of 20 khz (sonics corp. , usa). a drop of the dispersion was taken on a lacey copper grid and dried in a dust free chamber for 4 h and was subjected to transmission electron microscopy (philips cm12 transmission electron microscope, netherlands) .\nthe particles were subjected to fourier transform infrared (ft - ir) spectroscopic techniques to ascertain the surface functional groups. about 200 mg of aluminium oxide nanoparticles were mixed thoroughly with kbr and a pellet was made using a hydraulic press. the pellet was carefully transferred to the spectrophotometer (iraffinity - 1, shimadzu, japan) and analyzed for the presence of surface functional groups .\ncolloidal stability of nanoparticles in dispersion is of prime importance in terms of toxicity evaluation. a detailed stability analysis for the entire test concentrations ranging from 10–120 µg / ml were carried out at the stipulated time intervals of 0, 24 and 48 h. as the mean hydrodynamic diameter (mhd) was found to be above 1000 nm, the analysis was stopped at 48 h due to low resolving capacity of the particle size analyzer for particle size above 1000 nm .\nthe aliquots were taken from the dispersions of 20, 40, 60, 80, 100 and 120 µg / ml at 0, 24 and 48 h intervals. the measurements were conducted for 3 min using particle size analyzer (90 plus particle size analyzer, brookhaven instruments corporations, usa). bi - dlsw software was used to compute the mean hydrodynamic diameter (mhd) corresponding to the autocorrelation function of light scatter intensity of the solvated aluminum oxide nanoparticle surface. the concentration dependent aggregation profile involving dispersions of 20 µg / ml to 120 µg / ml was studied for 48 h. the analysis was stopped at this time point because it had reached beyond 1000 nm and particle size analyzer is not sensitive to higher size ranges. furthermore, such dimensions it is expected to behave more like bulk aluminum oxide particles .\nbioavailability is an important measure influencing the toxicity response of any substance. this becomes even more relevant in case of insoluble systems like aluminum oxide where the availability of the particle is dynamic in nature. this necessitates a real time analysis of available fraction of the added concentration .\nabout 5 ml of aliquots were collected at 0, 24, 48 and 72 h from the middle layer of the container which represents the median concentration of the system. this was digested using excess of 1 n nitric acid followed by subsequent dilutions and filtration through 0. 45 µm membrane filter to ensure interference of any undigested particle. these samples were analyzed using inductively coupled plasma - optical emission spectrometry (icp - oes, perkin elmer optima 5300 dv, usa). this experiment was carried out in triplicates and repeated thrice to ensure reproducibility of the results obtained .\ndispersions of aluminium oxide nanoparticles (20, 40, 60, 80, 100 and 120 µg / ml) in the filtered lake water were incubated in a shaker at room temperature. after 24, 48 and 72 h intervals of incubation, the dispersion was centrifuged at 12000 rpm at 4°c for 20 min, and then filtrated through 0. 1 µm and 10 kda membrane filter with a pore size of ∼2 nm [ 38 ], [ 19 ], [ 39 ]. as the particles present in the system were well above 100 nm, it is expected that the filtration will remove all particulate aluminium oxide from the suspension. however, a particle size analysis confirmed the complete removal of aluminium oxide nanoparticles from the system. the soluble aluminium content in the suspension was measured at a wavelength of 308. 22 nm using icp - oes (perkin elmer optima 5300 dv, usa) .\ninternalization the of nanoparticles was further probed to provide an account for residual amount of aluminum oxide which remained unchanged even after 48 h depuration. after specified 72 h exposure, organisms were collected and transferred into sterile lake water and subjected to depuration step for 48 h duration. this provides sufficient time for clearance of non - internalized nanoparticles. depurated samples were subjected to icp - oes analysis after digesting the tissues. the equivalent concentration of aluminium oxide was computed from metallic aluminium content obtained through the analysis .\nto ensure statistical validity of the findings, experiments were carried out in triplicates and repeated at least twice. final figures have been computed considering all the data sets and results were presented in terms of mean and standard deviation. data were processed using t - test at p < 0. 05. graph pad prism (version 6. 01) was used for all the statistical analyses. median lethal concentration was calculated using epa probit analysis program (version 1. 5) .\nthe initial characterization of as received aluminum oxide nanoparticles confirmed the crystal structure, size and shape. the x - ray diffraction results showed five dominant peaks [ 37. 72, 36. 53, 39. 46 47. 80 and 67. 01° respectively ], which were corroborated with the database of joint committee on powder diffraction standards (jcpds) card file no. 46 - 1215 and affirm the crystalline nature of the material to be of aluminum oxide (figure 1) .\nthe xrd results shows five dominant peaks [ 37. 72°, 36. 53°, 39. 46°, 47. 80° and 67. 01° ] confirming the crystalline nature of aluminium oxide nanoparticles .\nthe transmission electron micrographs confirmed the spherical shape of the particles with most of the particles ranging from 40 nm to 100 nm diameter. the formation of small aggregates was also noted in the tem images (figure 2) .\ntransmission electron micrograph confirmed the spherical shape of the aluminium oxide nanoparticles with particle size ranging from 40 nm to 100 nm diameters. (n = 3) .\nthe ft - ir spectroscopic analysis showed the presence of - oh stretch, - ch stretch, - ch anti - symmetrical stretch, c = o stretch and no 2 anti - symmetrical stretch in the as - received aluminium oxide nanoparticles. it can be assumed that majority of these functional groups were due to the stabilizing coatings present on the surface of nanoparticles. the polymer based steric stabilization of inorganic is a widely applied technique these days [ 40 ], [ 41 ]. the carboxyl, hydroxyl, amine, and ester groups are commonly found in the polymers used for stabilization [ 40 ]. in the present study, in absence of any specific data from manufacturer, we can assume that the surface groups detected through ft - ir spectroscopy is due to the presence of stabilizers on the nanoparticle surface. the presence of polymer based stabilizers can as well modulate nanoparticle - cell surface interactions such as attachment and entry of the particles in to the cellular systems [ 42 ] .\nthe stability of nano - sized particles in an aqueous system is considered to be an important parameter in nano - toxicity analyses [ 43 ]. the dynamic light scattering method was employed to monitor the kinetic changes in hydrodynamic size to analyze stability of the particles in the aqueous test matrix .\nat 0 h, the nanoparticles were found to have no significant differences in mhd with the varying concentrations of aluminum oxide. the mhds for 20, 40, 60, 80, 100 and 120 µg / ml aluminum oxide concentrations were found to be 75. 4±3. 8, 74. 2±4. 6, 74. 8±3. 2, 76. 5±3. 1, 74. 2±4. 7 and 75. 8±3. 3 nm respectively .\nat 24 h, mhds equal to 310±21. 4, 399±53. 8, 502±47. 2, 524±74. 1, 563±49. 5 and 588±67. 5 nm were noted for the initial administered doses of 20, 40, 60, 80, 100 and 120 µg / ml respectively, indicating substantial aggregation of the particles. at 48 h the mhds increased further to 890±55. 1, 942±73. 5, 989±71. 6, 1104±52. 9, 1210±81. 5 and 1289±74. 8 nm respectively, demonstrating further aggregation of the particles in the test medium with increasing exposure period (figure 3) .\ntime dependent variation in mean hydrodynamic diameter (mhd) of aluminium oxide nanoparticles was observed with respect to particle concentration. (n = 3) .\nthis aggregation profile clearly demonstrates a significant increase in particle size with increasing dose and exposure period. this results in substantial loss of colloidal stability for the particles in the test system with increasing test duration. the increased mhd and consequent formation of the aggregates are expected to cause settling of particles leading to their decreased bioavailability, which may directly influence their toxicity behavior in the aqueous matrix. to confirm this apprehension the bioavailability of the aluminum oxide particles was analyzed .\nthe colloidal stability of nanoparticles in an aqueous test system is a prime contributory factor to its reactivity thus, leading to toxicity [ 44 ]. the size dependent toxic impact of ceria nanoparticles towards escherichia coli has been reported [ 45 ]. the correlation between nanoparticle stability and toxicity has also been established in our previous reports, which showed significant toxicity of aluminium oxide nanoparticles towards the freshwater isolate, bacillus licheniformis and cholrella sp. in the initial 24 h when the aggregation effects were less [ 31 ], [ 32 ]. another report on the aluminium oxide particles on sediment dwellers revealed significant correlations between the toxic impact and the particles size [ 46 ]." ]

{ "text": [ "ceriodaphnia dubia is a species of water flea in the class branchiopoda , living in freshwater lakes , ponds , and marshes in most of the world .", "they are small , generally less than 1 millimetre ( 0.039 in ) in length .", "males are smaller than females .", "ceriodaphnia dubia move by using a powerful set of second antennae .", "ceriodaphnia dubia is used in toxicity testing of wastewater treatment plant effluent water in the united states . " ], "topic": [ 13, 0, 9, 14, 11 ] }

[ "ceriodaphnia dubia is a species of water flea in the class branchiopoda, living in freshwater lakes, ponds, and marshes in most of the world. they are small, generally less than 1 millimetre (0.039 in) in length. males are smaller than females. ceriodaphnia dubia move by using a powerful set of second antennae. ceriodaphnia dubia is used in toxicity testing of wastewater treatment plant effluent water in the united states." ]

[ "kari pihlaviita added the finnish common name\nriesavihviläpussikoi\nto\ncoleophora alticolella zeller 1849\n.\nwingspan 10 to 12 mm. the adults resemble several other coleophora species and are most reliably identified by dissection of the genitalia .\nit is the most widespread and common british coleophora species. in the butterfly conservation' s microlepidoptera report 2011 this species was classified as common .\nseed - feeder and case - bearer: larva feeds on seeds. the full - grown case is 6 mm long, and not separable from those of coleophora glaucicolella (british leafminers) .\nnotes: common on heathland, damp meadows, marshes and a wide range of other habitats throughout much of the british isles. probably the most ubiquitous species of coleophora occurring in the british isles, having been recorded from almost every county and often in great abundance (mbgbi vol 3). in hampshire and on the isle of wight widespread and common, most frequent in the south - east. wingspan 10 - 12 mm. very similar to c. glaucicolella. like many of the coleophora, imagines are virtually impossible to identify without recourse to dissection, and the larvae, which live in cases of characteristic form and which can sometimes be found on the foodplant, may be easier to identify by comparison against a reference collection. larva feeds on seeds of soft - rush and heath rush, living within a movable case .\nphotographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed. contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nlarva: the larvae of moths have a head capsule and chewing mouthparts with opposable mandibles (see video of a gracillarid larva feeding), six thoracic legs and abdominal legs (see examples) .\npupa: the pupae of moths have visible head appendages, wings and legs which lie in sheaths (see examples) .\nadult: the adult is illustrated in ukmoths (by rob edmunds) and the encyclopedia of life. the species is included in urltoken .\ntime of year - larvae: august to october, some larvae feeding again in the spring (british leafminers) .\ntime of year - adults: june and july, possibly late april and may, at sunrise, dusk and night (ukmoths) .\nnorth ebudes, north essex, north hampshire, north lincolnshire, north somerset, orkney, outer hebrides, pembrokeshire, shropshire, south aberdeenshire, south devon, south hampshire, south lancashire, south northumberland, south somerset, south wiltshire, south - east yorkshire, south - west yorkshire, stafford, stirlingshire, surrey, west cornwall, west gloucestershire, west lancashire, west norfolk, west perthshire, west ross, west suffolk, west sussex, west sutherland, westerness, westmorland, wigtownshire, worcestershire and shetland (nbn atlas), and the channel is. (karsholt and van nieukerken in fauna europaea) .\nalso recorded in the republic of ireland and northern ireland (karsholt and van nieukerken in fauna europaea). see also ireland' s nbdc interactive map .\ndistribution elsewhere: widespread in continental europe including austria, belgium, bulgaria, crete, croatia, czech republic, danish mainland, estonia, finland, french mainland, germany, greek mainland, hungary, iceland, italian mainland, latvia, liechtenstein, lithuania, luxembourg, norwegian mainland, poland, romania, russia - central and south, sardinia, slovakia, slovenia, spanish mainland, sweden, switzerland, the netherlands and ukraine (karsholt and van nieukerken in fauna europaea) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 1 / / en\nurltoken\nclick here to support naturespot by making a donation - small or large - your gift is very much appreciated. thank you .\noccurring wherever juncus rush species grow and seed, up to 660 metres above sea level in some years .\nflight period june and july, possibly late april and may, at sunrise, dusk and night .\nthe full grown larval case is very similar to that of another juncus feeding species, c. glaucicolella, but the larvae can be differentiated .\nit appears to be uncommon in leicestershire and rutland, where there are few records. l & r moth group status = d (rare or rarely recorded) .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\ncopyright © 1999 - 2018 john wiley & sons, inc. all rights reserved\nenter your email address below. if your address has been previously registered, you will receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password. if you don' t receive an email, you should register as a new user\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 3. 2 / / en\nspp. , and at the end of the third instar, it constructs a case and feed externally on the seeds. most larvae overwinter full - fed, usually in leaflitter, less often embedded among the seed capsules .\nthe adults fly in june and july. they are active onwards from dusk till dawn at sunrise. they come to light .\nbelgium, antwerpen, kapellen, 15 june 2005. (photo © chris steeman )\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nit is often impossible to separate the adults of some species. in some cases differences can be seen in various life stages .\ncase - bearing / seed miner. eggs laid between florets. larva first mines seed capsule, then constructs a case and from then on feeds externally. pupates within case, attached to a stem." ]

{ "text": [ "coleophora alticolella is a moth of the coleophoridae family .", "it is found in most of europe .", "it is also known from north america .", "the wingspan is 10 – 12 mm .", "adults are on wing from june to july and possibly again from late april to may .", "first generation larvae feed on the seedheads of juncus , luzula and scirpus species , while the second generation feeds on salicornia species .", "they create a whitish case with yellowish brown granules .", "it is about 6 mm long . " ], "topic": [ 2, 20, 27, 9, 8, 8, 4, 9 ] }

[ "coleophora alticolella is a moth of the coleophoridae family. it is found in most of europe. it is also known from north america. the wingspan is 10 – 12 mm. adults are on wing from june to july and possibly again from late april to may. first generation larvae feed on the seedheads of juncus, luzula and scirpus species, while the second generation feeds on salicornia species. they create a whitish case with yellowish brown granules. it is about 6 mm long." ]

[ "the morphometric and meristic data for salmo coruhensis, salmo rizeensis, salmo abanticus, salmo caspius, salmo tigridis, salmo platycephalus, salmo labecula, salmo opimus, salmo chilo, salmo okumusi, and salmo euphrataeus are from turan et al. (2010, 2011, 2012, 2014) .\ndistribution of salmo species in anatolia: salmo coruhensis (1) salmo rizeensis (2) salmo abanticus (3) salmo caspius (4) salmo tigridis (5) salmo euphrataeus (6) salmo okumusi (7) salmo chilo (8) salmo opimus (9) salmo platycephalus (10) salmo labecula (11) salmo kottelati (12) salmo cf. coruhensis (13) salmo cf. rizeensis (14) .\nstatus und ergebnisse jüngster feldbeobachtungen von salmo platycephalus behnke 1968, einer ungewöhnlichen forellenform aus dem südlichen zentralanatolien .\nfroese, rainer and pauly, daniel, eds. (2006) .\nsalmo platycephalus\nin fishbase. april 2006 version .\ncrivelli, a. j. 2005. salmo platycephalus. 2006 iucn red list of threatened species. downloaded on 1 october 2009 .\nsalmo platycephalus: 34, 75–550 mm sl; turkey: kayseri prov. : pınarbaşı stream in pınarbaşı district, seyhan river drainage .\nsalmo kottelati is immediately distinguished from all other species of salmo in turkey and salmo labrax (from the northern black sea basin) by having fewer parr marks on the flank (7–9, vs. 10–13). it is further distinguished from salmo platycephalus, salmo opimus, salmo chilo, and salmo labecula by the absence of four dark bands on the flank in males and females (vs. presence) .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below. < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - ala balik (salmo platycephalus )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - ala balik (salmo platycephalus )\ntitle =\narkive species - ala balik (salmo platycephalus )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\na new subgenus and species of trout salmo (platysalmo) platycephalus, from south - central turkey with comments on the classification of the subfamily salmoninae .\ntarkan, an et al. (2008) threatened fishes of the world: salmo platycephalus behnke, 1968 (salmonidae) environ. biol. fishes 81, 371 - 372 .\ndistinguished by its broad, flat head, the ala balik (salmo platycephalus) has a very appropriate species name, as ‘ platycephalus ’ means ‘flat head’ in greek (2). a streamlined fish, the ala balik has a strong tail to help it to chase prey and move up and down the river to spawn (2), as well as a blunt snout and large eyes (2) (4) .\nbehnke, r. j. 1968. a new subgenus and species of trout, salmo (platysalmo) platycephalus, from south - central turkey, with comments on the classification of the subfamily salmoninae. mitt. hamburg zool. mus. inst. 66: 1–15 .\nkara, c. , alp, a. and fatih can, m. (2011) growth and reproductive properties of flathead trout (salmo platycephalus bhenke, 1968) population from zamantı stream, seyhan river, turkey. turkish journal of fisheries and aquatic sciences, 11: 367 - 375 .\nphylogeography of the turkish brown trout salmo trutta l. : mitochondrial dna pcr - rflp variation\nhaplotype diversity of brown trout salmo trutta (l .) in the broader iron gate area\ntarkan, a. n. , tarkan, a. s. , bilge, g. , gaygusuz, ö. and gürsoy, ç. (2008) threatened fishes of the world: salmo platycephalus behnke, 1968 (salmonidae). environmental biology of fishes, 81: 371 - 372 .\nfrequency of occurrence of meristic values in five salmo species distributed in mediterranean drainages of southern anatolia .\ndistribution of salmo macrostigma is restricted to algeria (kottelat 1997; delling and doadrio 2005). the other peri - mediterranean populations referred to as salmo macrostigma belong to several species (e. g. salmo cettii in italy and salmo farioides in the eastern adriatic drainages) (kottelat 1997). in turkey, besides salmo rizeensis, some populations earlier misidentified as salmo trutta macrostigma were described as salmo tigridis turan, kottelat & bektaş, 2011 (tigris - euphrates drainage, persian gulf basin), salmo labecula turan, kottelat & engin, 2012 (ecemiş stream in the lower seyhan river, east mediterranean basin), kartoz and zindan streams (tributaries of köprü stream, a mediterranean coastal drainage), salmo opimus turan, kottelat & engin, 2012 (tekir, fırnız and göçüksu streams in lower reaches of the ceyhan river) and alara stream (a mediterranean coastal drainage), salmo chilo turan, kottelat & engin, 2012 (akdere stream in the upper ceyhan river), salmo okumusi turan, kottelat & engin, 2014 (western euphrates drainage), and salmo euphrataeus turan, kottelat & engin, 2014 (northeastern euphrates drainage) .\nsexual dimorphism. males of salmo kottelati having longer head and maxilla and greater mouth gape than females .\nsalmo cf. rizeensis: 50, 90–220 mm sl; turkey: kırklareli province: rezova stream .\nmorphological comparison of trout (salmo trutta l. , 1766) populations caught from streams in sivas .\nsalmo tigridis, a new species of trout from tigris river, turkey (teleostei: salmonidae) .\nsalmo abanticus: 20, 113–300 mm sl; turkey: bolu prov. : outlet of lake abant .\nphylogeography of the turkish brown trout salmo trutta l. : mitochondrial dna pcr - rflp variation | request pdf\njustification for retention of the catch - and - release in the wild brown trout salmo cf. trutta fishery\nsalmo kottelati is further distinguished from salmo caspius from the upper kura drainage by having fewer lateral line scales (105–113, vs. 112–119), fewer scale rows between the lateral line and the anal - fin origin (17–19, vs. 19–22) and fewer scale rows between the insertion of the adipose fin and the lateral line (13–15, vs. 15–17). in salmo kottelati, the general body colour is greenish to silvery in life (vs. brownish). morover, males of salmo kottelati have a deeper head than that of salmo caspius (head depth at nape 18–20% sl, vs. 17–18) .\nthe taxonomic status of salmo populations found in the southern marmara sea coast and the trace region will be discuss in forthcoming papers .\ntortonese (1955) reviewed the trouts of anatolia and reported four subspecies of salmo trutta: salmo trutta labrax pallas, 1814 from the çoruh river (black sea basin), lake çıldır in the kura drainage (caspian sea basin), and uludağ mountains (marmara sea basin); salmo trutta caspius kessler, 1877 from the kura river (caspian sea basin); salmo trutta macrostigma (duméril, 1858) from the çoruh river (black sea basin), and the çatak stream (the tigris system) and described salmo trutta abanticus tortonese, 1955, as a new subspecies, from lake abant (a closed lake in northwest anatolia). distribution area of salmo trutta macrostigma was later considered as including, besides the çoruh river, the aegean sea basin, the marmara sea basin, the trace region, the mediterranean basin, and the tigris - euphrates drainage (geldiay and kähsbauer 1967; kelle 1978; kuru 1975, 2004; balık 1984; bardakçı et al. 1994; küçük 1997). salmo trutta labrax was commonly reported from the streams and rivers flowing to the southeastern shore of the black sea, and salmo trutta caspius from the kura drainage (aras 1974; kuru 1975, 2004; kutrup 1994; geldiay and balık 2007, tabak et al. 2002; turan 2003). in addition, salmo platycephalus behnke, 1968 was described from the upper seyhan drainage (behnke 1968; kuru 2004; schöffmann 2004) .\nsalmo chilo: 33, 65–235 mm sl; turkey: sıvas prov. : akdere stream at gürün county, ceyhan river drainage .\nsalmo trutta linnaeus, 1758 has long been considered to be a polymorphic species widely distributed throughout europe and the middle east reaching in south and south - east to the atlas range (morocco, algeria) and to the upper amu - darya drainage in afghanistan (kottelat 1997). since many years, a number of subspecies of salmo trutta or distinct species then assigned to salmo trutta have been described. most authors considered salmo trutta to be a very variable species forming three major ecotypes (sea migratory, lacustrine, and riverine or brook) .\nsalmo kottelati is further distinguished from salmo okumusi by the absence of four dark bands on the flank in males and females (vs. very faintly marked or indistinct in small specimens but distinct in specimens larger than about 230 mm sl); the parr marks vertically oblong (vs. vertically elongate); the black spots circular (vs. irregularly shaped), bigger black spots on dorsal fin (slightly smaller than pupil, vs. smaller than half pupil). salmo kottelati has a longer head than salmo okumusi (29–33% sl in males, 26–32 in females, vs. 26–27 in males, 25–26 in females). males of salmo kottelati differs from males of salmo okumusi by having a longer maxilla (10–13% sl, vs. 9–10) and a deeper head (at nape 18–20% sl, vs. 16–17) .\n... stearley and smith (1993) known by mitochondrial dna analysis (bernatchez, 2001). molecular studies based on the mitochondrial dna analysis maintaned that this species is accepted as salmo trutta (sušnik et al. , 2004; bardakcı et al. , 2006). the differences in morphologic features of s. platycephalus specimen were explained with some special environmental factors which might have forced to adaptation (sušnik et al. , 2004)... .\nsalmo labrax: 6, 107–147 mm sl; ukraine: ula - uzen river. 6, 102–160 mm sl; russia: krasnodar prov. : khosta river .\nbesides the differences listed above, salmo kottelati differs from salmo opimus in having fewer lateral - line scales (105–113, vs. 112–120) and by the number and location of the black and red spots on the body in males and in females larger than about 160 mm sl. in salmo kottelati, the black spots are numerous in males larger than about 160 mm sl and in females between about 160–190 mm sl, present on median, and half of upper and lower of part flank, and the number of both red and black spots increases with increasing size and age in males. in salmo opimus, black spots are few (less than 50), present on back and upper part of flank, and their number does not increase with increasing size and age in males. there are also other differences between males of salmo kottelati and salmo opimus: males of salmo kottelati have a deeper head (head depth through eye 14–17% sl, vs. 12–13), a longer maxilla (10–13% sl, vs. 9–10), and a greater mouth gape (length of gape 13–19% sl, mean 16, vs. 11–14, mean 13) .\nbesides the above differences, salmo kottelati is distinguished from salmo platycephalus by the presence of red spots on the flank in individuals of all sizes (vs. absence in specimens larger than about 70 mm sl) and the presence of black spots in individuals of all sizes (vs. absence in specimens larger than about 170 mm sl). the new species has fewer gill rakers on the outer side of the first gill arch (18–20, vs. 23–25), a longer head in males (29–33% sl vs. 27–29), a deeper head (depth through eye 14–17% sl in males, 12–15 in females, vs. 12–13 in males, 11–12 in females), and a longer maxilla (10–13% sl in males, 8–12 in females, vs. 8–10 in males, 7–8 in females) .\nbesides the differences mentioned above, salmo kottelati differs from salmo labecula by the presence of red spots on the flank (vs. absence in specimens larger than about 70 mm sl) and the black spots on body roundish (vs. irregularly shaped). salmo kottelati has more numerous scale rows between the lateral line and the anal - fin origin (17–19, vs. 16–17) and fewer gill rakers (18–20, vs. 21–23). it also differs from salmo labecula by having a greater predorsal distance (49–52% sl, mean 50 in males, 47–51, mean 49 in females, vs. 45–48% sl, mean 46 in males, 44–47, mean 45 in females). moreover, salmo kottelati has a longer head in males (29–33% sl, mean 31, vs. 27–29, mean 28) and a deeper head in males (depth through eye 14–17% sl, mean 15, vs. 11–14, mean 13) .\nsalmo kottelati is further distinguished from salmo rizeensis by the number and location of black spots on the body. in salmo kottelati, black spots are numerous (60 and more) in males larger than about 160 mm sl and in females between about 160–190 mm sl, present on median, and half of upper and lower of part flank, and the number of both red and black spots increases with increasing size and age in males. in salmo rizeensis, black spots are few (less than 40), present on back and upper part of flank, and their number does not increase with increasing size and age. the new species also differs from salmo rizeensis by the general body colour (greenish to silvery in life, vs. brownish), the adipose fin almost reaching the base of the caudal fin in males larger than 200 mm sl (vs. not reaching in all - sized specimens), and fewer lateral - line scales (105–113, vs. 114–120) .\nin addition to the differences mentioned above, salmo kottelati is distinguished from salmo chilo by the following characters: a slightly convex dorsal profile of head (vs. strongly convex), a pointed snout (vs. blunt), a slightly subterminal mouth (vs. conspicuously subterminal), non - flesh maxilla and lower lip (vs. flesh), length of the maxilla markedly sexually dimorphic (the length in males markedly longer than that in females, vs. not sexually dimorphic); black spots on the body roundish (vs. irregularly shaped). the new species also differs from salmo chilo by having more numerous scale rows between the lateral line and the anal - fin origin (17–19, vs. 15–17). when compared to males of salmo chilo, males of salmo kottelati have a deeper head (depth through eye 14–17% sl, vs. 12–13), and a longer maxilla (length 10–13% sl, mean 12, vs. 9–10, mean 9) .\nsalmo kottelati is further distinguished from salmo euphrataeus by the general body colour and the number and position of the black spots on the body: in salmo kottelati, black spots are commonly numerous in males and increasing the number with size (vs. few and not increasing the number) and located on median, and half of upper and lower parts of the flank (vs. restricted to the upper part of the flank, mostly in its anterior area). the new species also differs from salmo euphrataeus in having fewer lateral - line scales (105–113, vs. 112–120), fewer scale rows between the dorsal - fin origin and the lateral line (24–29, mean 26, vs. 28–31, mean 29), and fewer scale rows between the anal - fin origin and the lateral line (17–19, vs. 19–23) .\nsalmo kottelati is further distinguished from salmo abanticus by the presence of red spots on the body in specimens larger than about 210 mm sl (vs. absent), the shape of the black spots on the flank (round, vs. polygonal), the shape of the ring around black spots (circular, vs. polygonal), and the size of the black spots (about equal to the pupil, vs. markedly larger than the pupil). it has fewer lateral line scales than salmo abanticus (105–113, vs. 113–121). besides the differences mentioned above, it also differs from salmo abanticus in having a longer head (29–33% sl, mean 31 in males, 26–32, mean 29 in females, vs. 26–29, mean 27 in males, 24–26, mean 26 in females). males of salmo kottelati differ from males of salmo abanticus in having a greater predorsal distance (49–52% sl, vs. 47–48), a longer maxilla (10–13% sl, mean 12, vs. 9–10, mean 10), a greater eye diameter (7–9% sl, mean 8, vs. 6–7, mean 6), and a deeper head at nape (18–20% sl, mean 19, vs. 17–19, mean 17) .\nsalmo kottelati is further distinguished from salmo cf. rizeensis from the rezova stream (trace region) by fewer lateral - line scales (105–113, vs. 114–121), fewer scale rows between the dorsal - fin origin and the lateral line (24–29, vs. 29–34), fewer scale rows between the lateral line and anal - fin origin (17–19, vs. 20–23), fewer scales between the adipose fin insertion and the lateral line (13–15, vs. 16–17), a larger adipose fin (depth 7–11% sl, vs. 5–7), and a deeper caudal peduncle (depth 10–13% sl, vs. 9–10). males of salmo kottelati differs from males of salmo cf. rizeensis by a longer (29–33% sl, vs. 26–29) and deeper head (depth through eye 14–17% sl, vs. 12–14) .\nsalmo kottelati is further distinguished from salmo tigridis by the number and locations of black spots on the body in specimens larger than about 160 mm sl. in salmo kottelati, black spots are numerous in males larger than about 160 mm sl and in females between about 160–190 mm sl, present on median and half of upper and lower part of flank, and the number of both red and black spots increases with increasing size and age in males. in salmo tigridis, black spots are few (less than 50), present on back and the upper part of flank and their number does not increase with increasing size and age. the new species also differs from salmo tigridis by having fewer scale rows between the lateral line and the dorsal - fin origin (24–29, vs. 32–35), fewer scale rows between the lateral line and the anal - fin origin (17–19, vs. 22–26), and fewer scale rows between the adipose fin insertion and the lateral line (13–15, vs. 19–20). besides the above listed differences, salmo kottelati males are distinguished from salmo tigridis males by a longer (29–33% sl, mean 31, vs. 25–28, mean 27) and deeper head (depth at nape 18–20% sl, mean 19, vs. 17–18, mean 17), a longer maxilla (10–13% sl, mean 12, vs. 8–9, mean 9), and a wider mouth gape (11–13% sl, mean 12, vs. 9–10, mean 10) .\nsalmo tigridis: 13, 136–227 mm sl; turkey: van prov. : çatak stream, tigris river drainage. 7, 15–18 mm sl, turkey: van prov. : müküs stream, tigris river drainage .\nsalmo labecula: 19, 85–400 mm sl, male; turkey: niğde prov. : ecemiş stream at çamardı county, seyhan river drainage. 10, 140–241 mm sl; turkey: isparta prov. : kartoz köprüçay .\nsalmo cf. coruhensis: 28, 95–228 mm sl; turkey: çanakkale province: çelebi stream, drainage of gönen stream. 12, 108–160 mm sl; turkey: çanakkale province: kilise stream; drainage of gönen river .\nthe present paper reports our data on the identity of the resident trout inhabiting alakır, a small stream draining to the mediterranean sea. we conclude that it is an unnamed species. here, it is described as a new species salmo kottelati .\nsalmo kottelati is further distinguished from salmo coruhensis by fewer scale rows between the anal - fin origin and the lateral line (17–19, vs. 19–23), fewer scale rows between the adipose fin insertion and the lateral line (13–15, vs. 15–17), a longer (29–33% sl, mean 30. 9, vs. 26–28, mean 27. 3) and deeper head in males (depth through eye 14–17% sl, mean 15, vs. 12–14, mean 13) .\n... salmo trutta macrostigma (non duméril, 1858): tortonese, 1955: 18 (çatak); battalgil, 1941: 172 (çatak); kelle, 1978: 28 (müküs). salmo trutta (non linnaeus, 1758): sušnik et al. , 2005: 879 (çatak); bardakçı et al. , 2006 paratypes. ffr 1253, 9, 136–227 mm sl; cmk 19665, 2, 136–223 mm sl; same data as holotype... .\nsalmo okumusi: 11, 75– 213 mm sl; turkey: malatya prov. : sürgü stream, euphrates river drainage. 33, 68–28 mm sl; turkey: sıvas prov. : gökpınar stream (tributary of tohma stream ], euphrates river drainage .\n... together with the cr, various mitochondrial genes (cytochrome b, cytochrome c oxidase, atpase, rrna or nad (p) h) have been used to clarify the classification of species within the genus salmo and to perform phylogenetic studies (marzano et al. , 2003; sell & spirskovski, 2004; bardakci et al. , 2006; sušnik et al. , 2006; bouza et al. , 2007; snoj et al. , 2008; lo brutto et al. , 2010; mckeown et al. , 2010) (table 2. 1). for instance, crête - lafrenière et al. (2012) used the cytochrome b and cytochrome c oxidase i gene sequences to distinguish five trout species among the 12 specimens ana - lysed, s. trutta, s. marmoratus, s. platycephalus, s. obtusirostris and s. ohridanus... .\nsalmo kottelati can be further distinguished from salmo cf. coruhensis from the gönen stream (southern marmara sea) by fewer lateral - line scales (105–113, vs. 115–121), fewer scale rows between the lateral line and the anal - fin origin (17–19, vs. 20–23), fewer scales between the adipose fin insertion and the lateral line (13–15, vs. 15–17), a larger adipose fin (depth 7–11% sl, vs. 4–7), and a deeper caudal peduncle (depth 10–13% sl, vs. 8–10). males of salmo kottelati differs from males of salmo cf. coruhensis by a longer head (29–33% sl, vs. 24–28), a greater predorsal distance (49–52% sl, 45–47), a longer mouth gape (13–19% sl, mean 16, vs. 11–14, mean 12), a narrower mouth gape (width 11–13% sl, vs. 8–10), a longer maxilla (10–13% sl, vs. 8–10), and a deeper head (depth through eye 14–17% sl, vs. 11–14) .\nturan d, doğan e, kaya c, kanyılmaz m (2014) salmo kottelati, a new species of trout from alakır stream, draining to the mediterranean in southern anatolia, turkey (teleostei, salmonidae). zookeys 462: 135–151. doi: 10. 3897 / zookeys. 462. 8177\nsalmo kottelati differs from resident salmo labrax by a large black spot behind the head (larger than the pupil but smaller than the eye, vs. equal or smaller than the pupil), black spots on the body smaller than the pupil (vs. larger), more numerous red spots on the body (red spots few to numerous, scattered on median, and half of lower and upper part of the flank, vs. few, one or two irregularly rows of spots, scattered along the lateral line or, sometimes, below it). salmo kottelati has fewer lateral line scales (105–113, vs. 112–121), fewer scale rows between the dorsal - fin origin and the lateral line (24–29, vs. 28–32), fewer scale rows between the lateral line and the anal - fin origin (17–19, vs. 19–23), fewer scale rows between the adipose fin insertion and the lateral - line (13–15, vs. 15–16), and more numerous gill rakers (18–20, vs. 16–18). males of salmo kottelati are further distinguished from males of salmo labrax by having a longer head (29–33% sl, vs. 25–28), a greater predorsal length in males (49–52% sl, vs. 46–47), a deeper head (depth through eye 14–17% sl, vs. 11–13), a longer maxilla (10–13% sl, vs. 9–10), a wider mouth gape (11–13% sl, vs. 8–10), and a longer mouth gape (13–19% sl, mean 16, vs. 12–14, mean 13) .\nsalmo kottelati; turkey: antalya province: alakır stream a ffr 03180, holotype, 205 mm sl, male b ffr 03181, paratype, 207 mm sl, male c ffr 03181, paratype, 208 mm sl, female d ffr 03181, paratype, 175 mm sl, female e ffr 03181, paratype, 98 mm sl, juvenile .\nsalmo caspius: 10, 126–222 mm. sl; turkey: ardahan prov. : çataldere stream at ardahan, kura river drainage. 30, 110–250 mm. sl; turkey: ardahan prov. : tora stream at ardıcdere village, kura river drainage. 8, 135–240 mm sl; turkey: ardahan prov. : aşıkzülal stream at aşıkzülal village, kura river drainage .\ngenetic diversity was analysed in salmo trutta populations living in an area of central italy by sequencing 310 bp of the 5′ end of the mtdna control region (d‐loop) and by restriction fragment length polymorphism (rflp) analysis of three mtdna segments. data show a genetic structure profoundly altered by stockings with allochthonous material of atlantic origin. in fact, 15 of the rflp... [ show full abstract ]\nsome forms or subspecies of salmo trutta distributed in europe and asia were resurrected to the species level by kottelat (1997). later, species status of some north african species was discussed by delling and doadrio (2005) and of balkan ones by delling (2003, 2011). kottelat and freyhof (2007) tentatively recognised 29 species from european waters and mentioned that the status of several populations and nominal species was still not clear .\nsalmo opimus: 13, 118–180 mm sl; turkey: antalya prov. : alara stream at gündoğmuş. 25, 115, 147–186 mm sl; mm sl; turkey: kahramanmaraş prov. : göçüksu stream at kömürköy, ceyhan river drainage. 4, 175–210 mm sl; turkey: kahramanmaraş prov. : tekir stream at tekir, ceyhan river drainage. 9, 90–300 mm sl; turkey: kahramanmaraş prov. : fırnız stream at fırnız, ceyhan river drainage .\n... in recent years, new taxonomic procedures, new concepts and renewed interest in the taxonomy of european freshwater fishes has shed a new light on trout taxonomy. in parallel, the results of molecular studies have shown that s. trutta sensu lato is made of a number of distinct lineages (see, e. g. , bernatchez, 2001; sušnik et al. , 2005; bardakçı et al. , 2006). salmo taxonomy has been summarized in kottelat (1997)... .\nsalmo kottelati sp. n. , is described from alakır stream (mediterranean basin) in turkey. it is distinguished from other anatolian salmo species by a combination of the following characters (none unique to the species): general body colour greenish to silvery in life; 7–9 parr marks along lateral line; four dark bands on flank absent in both sexes; black ocellated spots few, present only on upper part of flank in individuals smaller than 160 mm sl but in larger both males and females black spots numerous and located on back and middle and upper part of flank; red spots few to numerous, scattered on median, and half of lower and upper part of flank; head long (length 29–33% sl in males, 26–32 in females); mouth large (length of mouth gape 13–19% sl in males, 12–15 in females); maxilla long (length 10–13% sl in males, 8–12 in females); 105–113 lateral line scales; 24–29 scale rows between lateral line and dorsal - fin origin, 17–19 scale rows between lateral line and anal - fin origin; 13–15 scales between lateral line and adipose - fin insertion .\nsalmo euphrataeus: 36, 80–226 mm sl; turkey: erzurum prov. : kuzgun stream (tributary of karasu stream), euphrates river drainage. 18, 88–230 mm sl; turkey: erzurum prov. : şenyurt stream (tributary of karasu stream), euphrates river drainage. 10, 160–250 mm sl; turkey: erzurum prov. : ağırcık stream at ağırcık village (tributary of karasu stream), euphrates river drainage. 12, 95–300 mm sl; turkey: erzurum prov. : sırlı stream at sırlı village (tributary of karasu stream), euphrates river drainage .\n... for many years, the pcr - rflp technique of analysing mtdna has been successfully used to study populations of fish, allowing the differentiation of characteristic haplotypes [ 16 ]. the investigated species include clupea harengus [ 17 ], salmo trutta [ 18, 19 ] c. peled [ 20 ] and other coregonus sp. [ 21 ]. most analyses conducted to date regarded the origin and migration destinations of coregonidae [ 22, 23 ], as well as interspecific differences [ 24, 25, 26, 27 ] and phylogenetic links between the investigated populations [ 16, 28, 29, 30 ]... .\nfish were caught with pulsed dc electro fishing equipment. material is deposited in: ffr, zoology museum of the faculty of fisheries, recep tayyip erdoğan university, rize, and cmk, the collection of maurice kottelat, cornol. measurements and counts were all obtained on wild caught specimens, well preserved, in a straight position. specimens not fixed straight or damaged were excluded. most samples include both sexes, juveniles and mature specimens. most salmo populations are small, geographically restricted and under great threat because of overfishing and habitat destruction, and it is not advisable to collect and preserve large series of individuals. colour pattern and variation in shape were observed in the field on additional individuals which were not preserved .\nsalmo kottelati is distinguished from all the described species of salmo in turkey by the combination of the following characters: 7–9 parr marks along lateral line distinct in males up to at least 176 mm sl and in females up to at least 208 mm sl; absence of four dark bands on flank in males and females; black spots on body numerous, ocellated, scattered on back, middle and upper part of flank (sometimes lower part of flank) in males larger than about 160 mm sl, and females between about 160−190 mm sl; in males and females smaller than about 160 mm sl, black spots few, present only on upper part of flank; few to numerous ocellated red spots on back and half of upper and lower flank; number of both black or red spots commonly increasing with size and age in males while number of both black and red spots decreasing with size and age in females; head long (29–33% sl in males, 26–32 in females); mouth large (length of mouth gape 13–19% sl in males, 12–15 in females), slightly subterminal; maxilla long (10–13% sl in males, 8–12 in females), reaching beyond eye in males longer than about 120 mm sl and in females longer than about 170 mm sl; 105–113 lateral - line scales (until posterior hypural margin); 24–29 scale rows between lateral line and dorsal - fin origin; 17–19 scale rows between lateral line and anal - fin origin; 13–15 scale rows between lateral line and adipose - fin insertion; gill rakers 18–20 on outer side of first gill arch .\n... populations of brown trout in the basins of the black and caspian seas are characterized by high mor - phological (kavraiskii, 1896 (kavraiskii, - 1897saidov and magomedov, 1989; dorofeeva, 1999; kuliev, 2005; pipoyan, 2012) and genetic (osinov, 1988; rukhkyan, 1989; togan et al. , 1995; osinov and bernatchez, 1996; bernatchez, 2001; kholod et al. , 2004; bardakci et al. , 2006; turan et al. , 2009; vera et al. , 2011; nebesikhina et al. , 2013) diversity. such diversity makes it possible to suggest that brown trout originated from the ponto - caspian region (rukhkyan, 1989), especially since fossil representatives of the species and close forms of the genus salmo were recorded in the caucasus (pipoyan, 2012)... .\nsalmo rizeensis: 16, 88–237 mm sl; turkey: erzurum prov. : ovit (2) [ kan ] stream at ovit mountain, çoruh river drainage. 7, 88–237 mm sl; turkey: artvin prov. : dörtkilise stream at tekkale village, çoruh river drainage. 12, 75–167 mm sl; turkey: artvin prov. : çifteköprü stream at cankurtaran mountain, çoruh river drainage. 11, 113–221 mm sl; turkey: erzurum prov. : yağlı stream at yağlı village, çoruh river drainage. 16, 145–224 mm sl; turkey: giresun prov. : akbulak stream at akbulak village, yeşilırmak river drainage. 10, 122–221 mm sl; turkey: kütahya prov. : sefaköy stream at domaniç, sakarya river drainage. 10, 111–119 mm sl; turkey: kütahya prov. : çatalalıç stream at domaniç, sakarya river drainage. 13, 111–220 mm sl; turkey: rize prov. : çağlayan stream at gürcüdüzu figau. 18, 95–226 mm sl; turkey: rize prov. : şehitlik stream at şehitlik village. 12, 90–118 mm sl; turkey: rize prov. : çayeli stream at kaptanpaşa village. 10, 90–238 mm sl; turkey: rize prov. : ovit stream at ovit mountain, i̇yidere drainage. 14, 120–200 mm sl; turkey: rize prov. : fırtına stream on elevit plateau. 10, 114–245 mm sl; turkey: trabzon prov. : değirmen stream at çoşandere village. 12, 112–230 mm sl; turkey: trabzon prov. : solaklı stream at demirkapı village .\nsalmo coruhensis: 13, 90–380 mm sl; turkey: erzurum prov. : uzundere district; pehlivanlı stream at pehlivanlı village [ tributary of tortum ], çoruh river drainage. 13, 115–330 mm sl; turkey: artvin prov. : dörtkilise stream at tekkale village, çoruh river drainage. 5, 130–229 mm sl; turkey: artvin prov. : barhal stream at sarıgöl village, çoruh river drainage. 16, 190–465 mm sl; turkey: bayburt prov. : ölçer stream at ölçer village, çoruh river drainage. 17, 80–550 mm sl turkey: erzurun prov. : çayırbaşı (kırık) stream at kırık village, çoruh river drainage. 6, 160–290 mm sl; turkey: erzurum prov. : madenköprübaşı district; büyük stream at büyükköy village, çoruh river drainage. 17, 70–210 mm sl; turkey: gümüşhane prov. : harşut stream at yağmurdere village. 6, 95–117 mm sl; turkey: rize prov. : sarayköy stream at sarayköy village. 6, 100–250 mm sl; turkey: rize prov. : i̇yidere stream in i̇yidere district. 7, 150–450 mm sl; türkey: rize prov. : fırtına stream at çamlıhemşin. 5, 10–280 mm sl; türkiye: rize prov. : limanköy stream at limanköy village. 25, 90–520 mm sl; türkiye: rize prov. : fırtına stream at çat village. 11, 95–228 mm sl; turkey: rize prov. : kendirli stream at kalkandere district on road to kendirli village, i̇yidere drainage. 13, 120–450 mm sl; turkey: rize prov. : i̇yidere stream (i̇kizder) at güneyce. 6, 130–420 mm sl; turkey: rize prov. , veliköy stream at veliköy village. 9, 160–450 mm sl; turkey: sıvas prov. : gemin country, yeşilırmak river drainage on road of sıvas .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\ncritically endangered b1ab (v) + 2ab (v) ver 3. 1\nerk’akan, f. & karatash, a. (mediterranean workshop, dec. 2004 )\njustification: this species is known from only one population in two streams. the population is currently abundant. however, the presence of the introduced rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss is a serious threat. range is very small (less than 10 km²) and is projected to decline in near future as a result of larval predation from oncorhynchus mykiss .\nthis species is restricted to tributaries (sogoksu and karagöz, near the town pinarbasi) of river zamanti, and a tributary of the river seyhan in south - eastern turkey .\nillegal fishing using nets and the introduction of other trout species (rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss, which is a predatory threat to larvae and a direct competitor) are the main threats. pollution is not a threat in this case (mountainous area) .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\ngland, switzerland, 5 july 2018 (iucn) – australia’s unique reptiles – including lizards and snakes – face severe threats from invasive species and climate change, with 7% of th ...\nthe value of medicinal and aromatic plant trade has increased three - fold in the past 20 years, but traditional harvesting practices are being replaced by less sustainable alternatives... .\na recently released iucn technical brief recommends increasing investments in sustainable land management practices, as well as better cooperation between agriculturalists and conservationists to conse ...\nmaturity: l m? range? -? cm max length: 55. 0 cm sl male / unsexed; (ref. 99540); 21. 8 cm sl (female )\nturan, d. , m. kottelat and s. engin, 2009. two new species of trouts, resident and migratory, sympatric in streams of northern anatolia (salmoniformes: salmonidae). ichthyol. explor. freshwat. 20 (4): 333 - 364. (ref. 85599 )\nphylogenetic diversity index (ref. 82805): pd 50 = 0. 5000 [ uniqueness, from 0. 5 = low to 2. 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight: a = 0. 01023 (0. 00469 - 0. 02234), b = 3. 03 (2. 86 - 3. 20), in cm total length, based on lwr estimates for this genus - body shape (ref. 93245) .\ntrophic level (ref. 69278): 3. 6 ±0. 5 se; based on size and trophs of closest relatives\nresilience (ref. 69278): low, minimum population doubling time 4. 5 - 14 years (preliminary k or fecundity .) .\nvulnerability (ref. 59153): high vulnerability (59 of 100) .\nthe fins are large (4) and are bright yellow - orange (2), while the body is dusky brown and is darker on the upperparts, shading to a lighter tone on the underside (4). as with all other salmon and trout species, the ala balik has a small, fleshy adipose fin (2) .\nan unusual trait of the ala balik is the lack of distinctive markings on the body of the adult, although juveniles do have spots and other markings (2) .\ndespite having many of the biological and physical features of other salmon and trout species, such as an adipose fin (2), the ala balik is different in that it is non - migratory (1) (2) (4), and lives its entire life in a freshwater environment (2) .\nthe spawning period of the ala balik is in the autumn (4), usually between october and mid - december (3). the female ala balik lays a clutch of eggs which is then fertilised by the male, and the species is known to be a brood hider, which means that it hides the eggs but does not take care of them (5). the ala balik can live for up to 10 years (4) .\nthe ala balik generally feeds on bottom - dwelling amphipods, as well as insects and sometimes even fish. this species feeds primarily by sight (2) .\nthe ala balik is endemic to south - eastern turkey (1) (5). it is restricted to a few tributaries of the zamanti and seyhan rivers (1), namely karagöz, soğuksu and uzunyayla (1) (4) .\nhigh mountain streams are the preferred habitat of the ala balik (1) (4). this species generally seeks the cooler stream pools and rapids of the seyhan river basin, which flow from natural springs (2) .\nthe ala balik is classified as critically endangered (cr) on the iucn red list (1) .\nthe ala balik faces several threats, including the introduction of non - native trout species such as rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) to its habitat (1) (3) (4). rainbow trout are predators of the larvae of the ala balik, and also act as competition for both food and space (1) (4) .\nintroduced northern pike (esox lucius) have been reported in the ala balik’s habitat, which could also pose a predatory threat (3) .\nillegal fishing using nets is a further threat to the ala balik (1) (4) .\ndespite being classified as critically endangered on the iucn red list (1) and endangered on the endangered species act (1973) (2) (6), there are very few known conservation measures in place for this species (1) (6). fishing of this species is officially prohibited, and as such may afford the ala balik some protection (4) .\nvarious conservation measures have been proposed, including the protection of the freshwater springs on which the ala balik heavily depends (2) (3). detailed studies of the current population status of this species, as well as its biology and ecology, should also be carried out. additionally, the release of cultured rainbow trout should be avoided (4) .\nthis information is awaiting authentication by a species expert, and will be updated as soon as possible. if you are able to help please contact: arkive @ urltoken\nadipose fin in some fish, a second dorsal fin consisting of a flap of fatty tissue, which lacks supporting rays. amphipods a group of small shrimp - like crustaceans that includes sandhoppers, beach hoppers, and water lice. endemic a species or taxonomic group that is only found in one particular country or geographic area. fertilisation the fusion of gametes (male and female reproductive cells) to produce an embryo, which grows into a new individual. larva immature stage in an animal’s lifecycle, after it hatches from an egg and before it changes into the adult form. larvae are typically very different in appearance to adults; they are able to feed and move around but are usually unable to reproduce. spawning the production or depositing of eggs in water .\nhildyard, a. (2001) endangered wildlife and plants of the world. marshall cavendish corporation, new york .\njohannes schöffmann lastenstrasse 25 st. veit / glan a - 9300 austria j. schoeffmann @ urltoken\nterms of use - the displayed portlet may be used as a link from your website to arkive' s online content for private, scientific, conservation or educational purposes only. it may not be used within apps .\nmyarkive offers the scrapbook feature to signed - up members, allowing you to organize your favourite arkive images and videos and share them with friends .\nteam wild, an elite squadron of science superheroes, needs your help! your mission: protect and conserve the planet’s species and habitats from destruction .\nthis species is affected by global climate change and has been profiled with the support of bank of america merrill lynch. to learn more visit our climate change pages .\nwildscreen is a registered charity in england and wales no. 299450 wildscreen usa is a registered 501 (c) (3) non - profit organisation in the usa\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndisclaimer: itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available, and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties. however, it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes. while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available, ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party, wildlife statutes, regulations, and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register. for further information on u. s. legal requirements with respect to protected taxa, please contact the u. s. fish and wildlife service .\n- - natureserve explorer is a source for authoritative conservation information on more than 50, 000 plants, animals and ecological communtities of the u. s and canada. natureserve explorer provides in - depth information on rare and endangered species, but includes common plants and animals too. natureserve explorer is a product of natureserve in collaboration with the natural heritage network .\nitis reports - - itis (the integrated taxonomic information system) is a source for authoritative taxonomic information on plants, animals, fungi, and microbes of north america and the world .\nfws digital media library - - the u. s. fish and wildlife service' s national digital library is a searchable collection of selected images, historical artifacts, audio clips, publications, and video .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page: myers, p. , r. espinosa, c. s. parr, t. jones, g. s. hammond, and t. a. dewey. 2018. the animal diversity web (online). accessed at https: / / animaldiversity. org .\ndisclaimer: the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. adw doesn' t cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283, drl 0628151, due 0633095, drl 0918590, and due 1122742. additional support has come from the marisla foundation, um college of literature, science, and the arts, museum of zoology, and information and technology services .\nthis species is restricted to tributaries (sogoksu and karagz, near the town pinarbasi) of river zamanti, and a tributary of the river seyhan in south - eastern turkey .\n21. 7 cm sl (male / unsexed; (ref. 85599) ); 21. 8 cm sl (female )\nerkakan, f. & karatash, a. (mediterranean workshop, dec. 2004 )\nthis species is known from only one population in two streams. the population is currently abundant. however, the presence of the introduced rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss is a serious threat. range is very small (less than 10 km) and is projected to decline in near future as a result of larval predation from oncorhynchus mykiss .\nthe population itself is abundant, but subject to threat by habitat loss, since the range is small. also, predation of juveniles by introduced\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\ndouble - check spelling, grammar, punctuation. translators work best when there are no errors or typos .\nif words are different, search our dictionary to understand why and pick the right word .\nif phrases are different, try searching our examples to help pick the right phrase .\nwe' ve combined the most accurate english to spanish translations, dictionary, verb conjugations, and spanish to english translators into one very powerful search box .\nspanishdict is devoted to improving our site based on user feedback and introducing new and innovative features that will continue to help people learn and love the spanish language. have a suggestion, idea, or comment? send us your feedback .\ncopyright © 1999 - 2018 john wiley & sons, inc. all rights reserved\nenter your email address below. if your address has been previously registered, you will receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password. if you don' t receive an email, you should register as a new user\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwarning: the ncbi web site requires javascript to function. more ...\nthis is an open access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license (cc by 4. 0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited .\n, biyuk - ozen river in kacha river upper reaches in crimea) and a sample from the khosta river in krasnodar krai in russia (north - eastern black sea coast). the comparison revealed that the\nturan, kottelat & engin, 2010. they also suggested that both species in several streams are present in sympatry, although rarely in syntopy. an opinion was proposed by\nthat the trouts of the black sea basin in northeastern turkey may represent distinct species as upstream resident trouts of different river drainages are genetically closer to each other than to migratory trouts in respective drainages .\nis still not known and the trout from rivers in georgia still needs a taxonomic study. as to\n, it is distributed in the drainages of south - eastern black sea coast from the çoruh river in the north to the kızılırmak river .\nffr 03180, 205 mm sl, male; turkey: antalya province: altınyaka village; alakır stream (40°35. 32' n, 40°51. 50' e); d. turan, e. doğan and c. kaya. 21 september 2014." ]

{ "text": [ "salmo platycephalus , known as the flathead trout , ala balik or the turkish trout , is a type of trout , a fish in the salmonidae family .", "it is endemic to south-eastern turkey .", "it is known only from one population , which occupies three streams , tributaries of the zamantı river in the seyhan river basin .", "the population itself is abundant , but subject to threat by habitat loss , since the range is small .", "also , predation of juveniles by introduced rainbow trout may cause population decline .", "the species is classified as critically endangered .", "genetic evidence suggests that the flathead trout may indeed be derived from introduced brown trout ( salmo trutta ) and thus not be a distinct species of its own .", "nevertheless it is a unique form which requires protection . " ], "topic": [ 29, 0, 13, 17, 17, 17, 6, 10 ] }

[ "salmo platycephalus, known as the flathead trout, ala balik or the turkish trout, is a type of trout, a fish in the salmonidae family. it is endemic to south-eastern turkey. it is known only from one population, which occupies three streams, tributaries of the zamantı river in the seyhan river basin. the population itself is abundant, but subject to threat by habitat loss, since the range is small. also, predation of juveniles by introduced rainbow trout may cause population decline. the species is classified as critically endangered. genetic evidence suggests that the flathead trout may indeed be derived from introduced brown trout (salmo trutta) and thus not be a distinct species of its own. nevertheless it is a unique form which requires protection." ]

[ "singilis, benameji: address, phone number, singilis reviews: 4. 5 / 5\nte esperamos en el singilis con nueva decoración, cócteles, nuevo ambiente... .\ncontribution to the knowledge of the genus singilis rambur, 1837 of africa (coleoptera: carabidae: lebiini). part iv .\ncontribution to the knowledge of the genus singilis rambur, 1837 of africa (coleoptera: carabidae: lebiini). part iv. - pubmed - ncbi\nanichtchenko, alexander, 2016, contribution to the knowledge of the genus singilis rambur, 1837 of africa (coleoptera: carabidae: lebiini). part iv, zootaxa 4158 (2), pp. 183 - 202: 197 - 198\nfigures 29 – 33. aedeagus of singilis (s. str .): 29 — s. somalicus sp. n. holotype; 30 — s. haekeli sp. n. ; 31 — s. crypticus sp. n. , holotype; 32 — s. pallens sp. n. holotype; 33 — s. parvulus sp. n. holotype .\nfigures 13 – 18. habitus of singilis (s. str .): 13 — s. zonata chaudoir, 1878 (turtle bay, kenya); 14 — s. somalicus sp. n. , holotype; 15 — s. haekeli sp. n. , holotype; 16 — s. crypticus sp. n. , paratype; 17 — s. pallens sp. n. , paratype; 18 — s. parvulus sp. n. holotype .\nnine new species of the genus singilis from africa are described: singilis (s. str .) shavrini sp. n. (kenya, tanzania), s. (s. str .) africaorientalis sp. n. (ethiopia, somalia, tanzania, kenya, rsa, zambia, zimbabwe), s. (s. str .) burtoni sp. n. (zambia, zimbabwe), s. (s. str .) paganeli sp. n. (rsa), s. (s. str .) somalicus sp. n. (somalia), s. (s. str .) haekeli sp. n. (zambia), s. (s. str .) crypticus sp. n. (cameroon), s. (s. str .) pallens sp. n. (namibia) and s. (s. str .) parvulus sp. n. (zimbabwe). one new subspecies from kenya, s. (s. str .) africaorientalis kenyacus ssp. n. , is described too. differential diagnosis of the related species singilis (s. str .) allardi (basilewsky, 1963), s. (s. str .) ambulans (peringuey, 1896), s. (s. str .) cribricollis (peringuey, 1904), s. (s. str .) pusillus (peringuey, 1898) and s. (s. str .) zonata chaudoir, 1878 is also proposed. illustrations of habitus and aedeagus for every species is provided, and new country records are given .\nmaintaining and updating the site requires a lot of time and effort. therefore, we are forced to introduce a partially paid access. we expect that the costs will not be too burdensome for you, and your money will help us in the development of interactive keys, and more dynamic updates of the site .\nyour subscription will be activated when payment clears. view the status of your subscription in your account .\nthis project help increase the availability of scientific knowledge worldwide. contributions at any level help sustain our work. thank you for your support .\n© carabidae of the world, 2007 - 2018 © a team of authors, in in: anichtchenko a. et al. , (editors) 2007 - 2018\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwarning: the ncbi web site requires javascript to function. more ...\ninstitute of life sciences and technologies, daugavpils university, vienibas 13, daugavpils, lv - 5401, latvia. ; email: beetl2000 @ mail. ru .\nwe noticed that you' re using an unsupported browser. the tripadvisor website may not display properly. we support the following browsers :\nnote: your question will be posted publicly on the questions & answers page .\n* tripadvisor llc is not a booking agent and does not charge any service fees to users of our site... (\ntripadvisor llc is not responsible for content on external web sites. taxes, fees not included for deals content .\nthis review is the subjective opinion of a tripadvisor member and not of tripadvisor llc .\nmeek mill - dangerous (feat. jeremih and pnb rock) [ official audio ]\nkhalid - otw (official video) ft. 6lack, ty dolla $ ign\ntype material. zambia: holotype ♂ :\nzambia nw | 50 km e mwinilunga | 28. 10. 2008 snizek leg\n( mrac\nangola, 19. xi. 13, malanje prov. | 20km nw calandula, 1007m | p. schüle leg .\n( cps) .\ndiagnosis. this peculiar species can hardly be included into any known group, sharing coloration of head and pronotum with species from\nmontanus\n- group (anichtchenko 2012a), but can be easily diagnosed by internal sac with numerous long and tightly grouped spines, i. e. species of\nmontanus\ngroup has endophallus without apparent spicules or microtrichial patches. by its general type of structure of aedeagus it is similar to\nfrom\nstigma\n—group (anichtchenko 2012b), but is easily distinguished by overall appearance and details of aedeagus .\ndescription. length 4. 8–5. 5 mm. head dark brown to black. disc of pronotum dark brown to black with contrasting yellow lateral margins. legs, antennae, palpi and background of elytra yellow - brown. elytral pattern consist of broad postmedial band, extended along 1st interval to apice and base of elytra. base of elytra with diffuse triangular spot on 1 – 5 intervals. propleuron, mes - and metepisterna darkened. ventral sternites yellow - brown with dark apical borders (fig. 15\nhead with coarse irregular punctation, punctures confluent near eyes and in frontal depressions. head and clypeus with almost isodiametric microsculpture throughout. eyes moderately large and bulging .\npronotum 1. 32 times as wide as head (holotype), 1. 44 times as wide as long, widest at middle. anterior margin straight, notably narrower than posterior, anterior angles effaced, sides regularly rounded, wekly sinuate before rectangular posterior angles. disc with sparse and irregular punctation, wavy rugate on sides. explanate lateral margin narrowed anteriorly; rapidly widened behind lateral setae, broad and flat to slightly reflexed at base. basal grooves indistinct, flat. microsculpture irregular .\nelytra elongate, 1. 54 times as long as wide. microsculpture polygonal. apices slightly sinuate, rounded at suture. striae deep and minutely punctate. intervals 1 – 4 convex at humerus, gradually flattened towards apices; other intervals convex at base and slightly convex at apex .\nclaws with 6 teeth. abdominal sterna shiny, sparcely pubescent throughout. propleuron, mes - and metepisterna smooth .\n). aedeagal median lobe stout, eudorsal surface slightly inflated, broadest at ostial opening. apex broad and short, downturned. internal sac with numerous long and large spines .\nno known copyright restrictions apply. see agosti, d. , egloff, w. , 2009. taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the plazi approach. bmc research notes 2009, 2: 53 for further explanation." ]

{ "text": [ "singilis is a genus of beetles in the family carabidae , containing the following species : singilis alternans bedel , 1905 singilis bicolor rambur , 1837 singilis centralis antoine , 1963 singilis jakeschi jedlicka , 1967 singilis loeffleri jedlicka , 1963 singilis melillensis escalera , 1914 singilis pardoi mateu , 1954 singilis soror rambur , 1837" ], "topic": [ 26 ] }

[ "singilis is a genus of beetles in the family carabidae, containing the following species: singilis alternans bedel, 1905 singilis bicolor rambur, 1837 singilis centralis antoine, 1963 singilis jakeschi jedlicka, 1967 singilis loeffleri jedlicka, 1963 singilis melillensis escalera, 1914 singilis pardoi mateu, 1954 singilis soror rambur, 1837" ]

[ "have a fact about beddomeia salmonis? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for beddomeia salmonis? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhow can i put and write and define beddomeia salmonis in a sentence and how is the word beddomeia salmonis used in a sentence and examples? 用beddomeia salmonis造句, 用beddomeia salmonis造句, 用beddomeia salmonis造句, beddomeia salmonis meaning, definition, pronunciation, synonyms and example sentences are provided by ichacha. net .\n\n' beddomeia salmonis\n' is a species of very small freshwater snail that has a gill and an endemic to australia .\nwikipedia article copyright notice: this article is licensed under the gnu free documentation license. it uses material from the wikipedia article\nbeddomeia salmonis\n.\nfacts summary: beddomeia salmonis is a species of concern belonging in the species group\nsnails\nand found in the following area (s): australia .\nglenn, c. r. 2006 .\nearth' s endangered creatures - beddomeia salmonis facts\n( online) - licensed article from wikipedia: the free encyclopedia. accessed\non wood in streams. egg capsules atypical of beddomeia, with flattened dorsal surface. contain a single egg. development direct .\nponder, w. f. , clark, g. a. , miller, a. c. & toluzzi, a. (1993). on a major radiation of freshwater snails in tasmania and eastern victoria: a preliminary overview of the beddomeia group (mollusca: gastropoda: hydrobiidae). invertebrate taxonomy 7: 501 - 750 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 / / en\nurltoken\nspecies included in the b. bellii group are small to medium - sized (2. 3 - 3. 0 mm in length), ovate - conic to ovate and usually have a columella swelling. the penis is simple (as in b. bellii and b protuberata) or with a lenticular brown gland in the middle. species in this group are restricted to north western tasmania .\ndiffers from other related species b. mesibovi, b. topsieae, b. gibba and b. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] fultoni in the male genital system having small (not large) lobes on the concave medial edge of the penis and the prostate gland extends less (about 1 / 3) into the pallial roof .\ntype locality: small tributary of salmon river, at junction of salmon road and lerunna road, tasmania .\nthis species is on the tasmanian threatened species list of invertebrate animals as rare (small population at risk) .\nto cite this resource: ponder, w. f. , hallan, a. , shea, m. and clark, s. a. 2016. australian freshwater molluscs. urltoken\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia, please upload using the upload tools .\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: 86b6722e - 0a3a - 4454 - 8830 - d666ce66579a\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: 2affffd0 - 2da8 - 489d - 9207 - a123f7408a8a\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. name: 338416\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment. find records and model species distributions. export reports, maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area, or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something? photograph something? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities. we honour and celebrate the spiritual, cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\nthis article is only an excerpt. if it appears incomplete or if you wish to see article references, visit the rest of its contents here .\nnot too many people think of or even understand how much littering can actually impact our planet. something as simple as holding onto your trash until you can throw it away properly can have a huge impact on conservation, preservation, and our planet .\nhere are some photos that we thought you should take a look at that we hope will make you think twice before littering .\nlist of all endangered animals. list of all endangered plants. list of all endangered species (animals & plants). by species group (mammal, birds, etc)... united states endangered species list. browse by country, island, us state... search for an endangered species profile .\nare you inspired by endangered animals? check out our games and coloring pages! more to come soon .\ndifferent threatened species may have different requirements. for any activity you are considering, read the\npages for background information and important advice about managing around the needs of multiple threatened species .\n​check also for listing statement or notesheet pdf above (below the species image) .\n. department of primary industries, parks, water and environment, tasmania. accessed on\ncontact details: threatened species section, department of primary industries, parks, water and environment, gpo box 44, hobart, tasmania, australia, 7001. phone (03) 6233 6556; fax (03) 6233 3477 .\npermit: a permit is required under the tasmanian threatened species protection act 1995 to' take' (which includes kill, injure, catch, damage, destroy and collect), keep, trade in or process any specimen or products of a listed species. additional permits may also be required under other acts or regulations to take, disturb or interfere with any form of wildlife or its products, (e. g. dens, nests, bones). this may also depend on the tenure of the land and other agreements relating to its management. ​​​​​\nthis page has been developed by the department of primary industries, parks, water and environment. you are directed to the disclaimer and copyright notice governing the information provided on this site .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nsign in to disable all ads. thank you for helping build the largest language community on the internet .\nhave a better pronunciation? upload it here to share it with the entire community .\nsimply select a language and press on the speaker button to listen to the pronunciation of the word. leave a vote for your preferred pronunciation .\nevi, an amazon company, was founded in 2005 under the name true knowledge. the team started out with a mission to make it possible to access the world' s knowledge simply by asking for information using natural language .\nwe’re part of the amazon alexa team based in amazon' s innovative cambridge development centre, alongside other amazon teams including prime air, core machine learning, amazon devices and amazon web services." ]

{ "text": [ "beddomeia salmonis is a species of very small freshwater snail that has a gill and an operculum , an aquatic operculate gastropod mollusk in the family hydrobiidae .", "this species is endemic to australia . " ], "topic": [ 2, 2 ] }

[ "beddomeia salmonis is a species of very small freshwater snail that has a gill and an operculum, an aquatic operculate gastropod mollusk in the family hydrobiidae. this species is endemic to australia." ]

[ "no one has contributed data records for claudenus yet. learn how to contribute .\n( of claudenus antipoda (kott, 1972) ) van der land, j. (ed). (2008). unesco - ioc register of marine organisms (urmo). , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nshenkar, n. ; gittenberger, a. ; lambert, g. ; rius, m. ; moreira da rocha, r. ; swalla, b. j. ; turon, x. (2018). ascidiacea world database .\nvan der land, j. (ed). (2008). unesco - ioc register of marine organisms (urmo). , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of claudeuns kott, 1998) sanamyan, k. (2007). database of extant ascidiacea. version of 2 november 2007. (look up in imis) [ details ]\n( of ctenicella kott, 1972) sanamyan, k. (2007). database of extant ascidiacea. version of 2 november 2007. (look up in imis) [ details ]\n( of ctenicella antipoda kott, 1972) kott, p. (1972). the ascidians of the south australia 1. spenser gulf, st. vincent gulf and encounter bay. transactions of the royal society of south australia. 96: 1 - 52. [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of claudeuns antipodus (kott, 1972) ) kott, p. (1985). the australian ascidiacea part 1, phlebobranchia and stolidobranchia. mem qd mus. 23: 1 - 440. , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nturon, x. (1987). las ascidias de tossa de mar (girona). 1. generalidates. faunistica y taxonomia. misc. zool. 11: 221 - 231. [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\npopular: trivia, history, america, cities, world, usa, states, television, ... more\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nsorry, the board is unavailable at the moment while we are testing some functionality .\npowered by vbulletin® version 3. 8. 8 copyright ©2000 - 2018, vbulletin solutions, inc .\nvbulletin optimisation provided by vb optimise v2. 6. 3 (lite) - vbulletin mods & addons copyright © 2018 dragonbyte technologies ltd .\nvous devez être inscrit (e) avant de pouvoir vous connecter. l’inscription est rapide et vous offre de nombreux avantages. par exemple, l’administrateur du forum peut accorder des fonctionnalités supplémentaires aux utilisateurs inscrits. avant de vous inscrire, assurez - vous d’avoir pris connaissance de nos conditions d’utilisation et de notre politique de confidentialité. veuillez également consulter attentivement toutes les règles du forum lors de votre navigation .\njoining mailing list will entitle you to receive occasional emails informing you of news and updates to the site and any special offers that may be of interest to you. subscribe unsubscribe\ntell a friend about our website. fill out the information below and we will email the recipient a brief note telling them all about' the betting sites web directory'\nhome | new listings | hot listings | top rated | editor pick | add a listing | update a listing | get rated | upgrade a listing copyright © 2012 thecasinosites. co. uk. all rights reserved. powered by clicksactivity" ]

{ "text": [ "claudenus is a genus of ascidian tunicates in the family pyuridae .", "species within the genus claudenus include : claudenus antipodus ( kott , 1972 ) species names currently considered to be synonyms : claudenus antipoda ( kott , 1972 ) : synonym of claudenus antipodus ( kott , 1972 ) claudenus appendiculata ( heller , 1877 ) : synonym of molgula appendiculata heller , 1877" ], "topic": [ 2, 18 ] }

[ "claudenus is a genus of ascidian tunicates in the family pyuridae. species within the genus claudenus include: claudenus antipodus (kott, 1972) species names currently considered to be synonyms: claudenus antipoda (kott, 1972): synonym of claudenus antipodus (kott, 1972) claudenus appendiculata (heller, 1877): synonym of molgula appendiculata heller, 1877" ]

[ "toxicity and receptor binding properties of bacillus thuringiensis delta - endotoxins to the midgut brush border membrane vesicles of the rice leaf folders, cnaphalocrocis medinalis and marasmia patnalis .\nm. patnalis is a minor pest of rice. no outbreaks of this leaffolder have been recorded .\nthe holotype of marasmia patnalis bradley, 1981: 323. figs 1, 3, 4, 7. is from sri lanka (gannoruwa). marasmia lederer 1863c: 384 is currently considered a junior subjective syn. of cnaphalocrocis lederer 1863a: 277 but munroe 1991 treated it as a good genus. cnaphalocrocis has veins r2 & r1 stalked with r3 set close to the trunk of r3 & r4 whereas marasmia has r2 & r1 free .\nwild rices are potential donors of resistance to rice leaffolders. at present, only six selected rice varieties (ptb 33, asd5, tkm6, ir4707 - 106 - 3 - 2, darukasail and geb24) are resistant to both cnaphalocrocis medinalis and m. patnalis (joshi et al. , 1985) .\neight species of pyralid moths, whose larvae roll or fold leaves of graminaceous plants, comprise the leaffolder complex. they are cnaphalocrocis medinalis (guenée), marasmia patnalis bradley, marasmia (= susumia) exigua (butler), marasmia bilinealis hampson, marasmia ruralis (walker), marasmia suspicalis (walker), marasmia trapezalis (guenée), and marasmia venilialis (guenée). in the rice - growing tracts of 29 humid tropical and temperate countries in asia, oceania, australia, and africa between 48° n and 24° s and 0° e to 172°w. currently, only three species, cnaphalocrocis medinalis, marasmia patnalis, and marasmia exigua, have attained pest status on rice. ally has been accepted as a sole leaffolder pest in the lowland ricefields of asia. but the discovery of marasmia patnalis in 1981 has complicated the interpretation of past results. marasmia patnalis has often been confused with cnaphalocuocis medinalis in south and southeast asia (fig. 13a, b). the individuals belonging to the two genera could be differentiated from each other by forewing venation. cnaphalocrocis has r2 and r1 (veins 10 and 11) stalked ,\npesticidal activity and receptor - binding properties of bacillus thuringiensis toxins to rice leaf folders, cnaphalocrocis medinalis and marasmia patnalis, were investigated. saturation and competition binding experiments were done with iodine (( 125) 1) - labeled bt proteins and brush border membrane vesicles prepared from the midgut of c. medinalis and m. patnalis. the results show saturable, specific, and high - affinity binding of all toxins except cry2a toxin. cry1aa and cry2a toxins were bound with low affinity but with high binding site concentration. heterologous competition experiments showed that cry1aa, cry1ab, and cry1ac recognized or shared the same binding site that is different from the binding site for cry2a toxin. iodine (( 125) i) - labeled cry1ac and cry1ab toxins were used in ligand blot experiments to detect specific binding proteins in brush border membrane vesicles of c. medinalis and m. patnalis. cry1ab toxin protein binds to 205 - kda and 200 - kda proteins respectively in case of c. medinalis and m. patnalis. the apparent molecular mass of the protein bound to labeled cry1ac toxins was identified as a 120 - kda protein in both c. medinalis and m. patnalis .\ncnaphalocrocis medinalis guenée and c. patnalis bradley are usually found in association on rice plants in south and southeast asia (singh & singh, 2014). larvae of the two spp. are similar in morphology, as is their feeding behaviour (gottfried et al. 1981). spinning, the process of stitching leaf margins together to form a leaf roll before the initiation of feeding process, is an important behaviour of leaf - folder larvae. the spinning behaviour of the two spp. is similar (abenes & khan 1993) .\nrice plants attacked by m. patnalis are defoliated and the affected leaves are scorched or white, plastic and not distinguishable from those damaged by cnaphalocrocis medinalis. before feeding, the larvae fold back the leaves longitudinally by stitching the leaf margins. the desiccation of the band facilitates contraction of the silk stitches and the leaf rolls in the process. once protected, the larvae scrape and feed on the green tissues or the green mesophyll layer of the rice leaves resulting in the appearance of linear, pale - white stripes. in severe infestations, damaged plants appear sickly and scorched .\ncultural methods used to control m. patnalis are as for c. medinalis. wider spacing (22. 5 x 20 cm and 30 x 20 cm) and low usage of nitrogen fertilizer decrease the percentage of leaffolder infestation. early planting is recommended to escape a high degree of defoliation .\ncnaphalocrocis medinalis and marasmia patnalis are important rice insect pests in asia and have similar morphologic features and same feeding patterns. understanding the molecular difference of the two leaffolders is helpful to their identification and clarification of their phylogenetic class in the pyraloidea. in this study, we determined and analyzed the nucleotide sequences of nuclear rdna internal transcribed spacer 2 (its2) in the two rice leaffolders from 9 populations (six c. medinalis populations collected from china, philippine, thailand, and vietnam, and three m. patnalis populations from philippine, thailand, and vietnam) and compared interspecies variation of ist2 among different geographic populations and intraspecies variation of its2 from pyraloidea. phylogenetic trees were constructed on the two leaffolders and other pyraloidea species using maximum parsimony method. results showed that the its2 sequences differed in the two leaffolders. compared to c. medinalis, its2 of m. patnalis had small deletion at the sites of 41, 72, 81, 304 and an insertion at the site of 337. interspecies variation results showed that three c. medinalis populations from southeast asia (vn, ph, and th) are with small divergence compared to nj and hz, and small divergence was observed among three m. patnalis populations (vn, ph, and th). intraspecies variation results showed that two leaffolders were with close relationship compared to the other pyraloidea. phylogenetic trees showed that two leaffolders were grouped together with maruca vitrata. these results indicated that the its2 sequences differed in the two leaffolders could potentially be used in the distinguishing of the two rice leaffolders and the determination on the phylogeny of species .\negg mortality of rice leaf folders cnaphalocrocis medinalis and marasmia patnalis was studied in unsprayed irrigated rice fields in laguna province, the philippines. mortality was assessed by field exposure of laboratory - laid eggs for two days and by monitoring of field - laid eggs. egg disappearance, the major mortality factor, was low in the first four weeks after transplanting and then increased. egg parasitism by trichogrammajaponicum was highest at the start of the crop and decreased to a low level towards crop maturity. non - hatching of eggs was of minor importance. over the total duration of the egg stage, the average disappearance of exposed laboratory - laid eggs was40% , and of field - laid eggs 46% . egg mortality due to parasitism averaged 15% and 18% , respectively. the potential impact of egg parasitism is probably partly obscured by the disappearance of parasitized eggs. mortality rates were highly variable between egg cohorts, but with multiple regression analysis several factors were identified that statistically explained a significant part of this variation. the results suggest that the predatory crickets metiochevittaticollis and anaxipha longipennis play a major role in egg disappearance, and that egg parasitism is positively dependent on the overall density of host eggs of trichogramma in the field .\nthe leaf - folding behaviour of the pyralid rice leaf - folders (rlf), cnaphalocrods medinalis (guenee) and marasmia patnalis bradley, and the mechanism of fold construction were studied at the bangladesh rice research institute' s experimental farm at gazipur, bangladesh during 1992 and 1993. mature rlf larvae (instars iii–v) usually folded rice leaves longitudinally with the abaxial surface inside the folds, while younger instars partially rolled the leaf edges. folds were made along the middle portion of upper leaves. larvae faced difficulties in making folds on narrower leaves which probably afforded less protection from harsh weather and natural enemies. these studies and observations broadened the understanding and knowledge regarding the actual procedure of leaf folding and led to the development of a hypothesis that rice plants having narrow leaf blades may offer resistance to rlf. a field test with 16 rice varieties and breeding lines with differences in leaf blade width and length correlated with the hypothesis. tests also indicated that longer and tougher leaf blades might also contribute to resistance. it appeared that rice leaf blade morphology i. e. width, length, and toughness, may play a vital role in resistance against rlf. rlf resistance in tkm6 is suspected to be a combination of antixenosis and antibiosis .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nlike most websites we use cookies. this is to ensure that we give you the best experience possible .\ncontinuing to use urltoken means you agree to our use of cookies. if you would like to, you can learn more about the cookies we use .\ndue to the variable regulations around (de -) registration of pesticides, we are for the moment not including any specific chemical control recommendations. for further information, we recommend you visit the following resources :\njavascript is disabled on your browser. please enable javascript to use all the features on this page .\ncopyright © 2018 elsevier b. v. or its licensors or contributors. sciencedirect ® is a registered trademark of elsevier b. v .\nits2 sequences could potentially be used in the distinguishing of the two rice leaffolders .\n© 2017 korean society of applied entomology, taiwan entomological society and malaysian plant protection society. published by elsevier b. v. all rights reserved .\ntoxicity and receptor binding properties of bacillus thuringiensis delta - endotoxins to the midgut brush border membrane vesicles of the rice leaf f... - pubmed - ncbi\nwarning: the ncbi web site requires javascript to function. more ...\ndepartment of biochemistry, ohio state university, columbus, oh 43210, usa. kshahid @ urltoken\nwing length: 7mm. this group of spp. is fulvous and brown like the\nguenée group but is easily distinguished by the fw post median line being retracted to the median position halfway across the wing. the broad dark fw & hw sumarginal bands are parallel to the wing margin. note how the post median line is displaced proximally to the rear of the fw, unlike\nwalker. the latter also appears to have an enlarged pale patch adjacent to the post median fascia of the fw. the spp. can be distinguished by genitalic features and the fw venation .\nsri lanka, sabah, brunei, w. borneo (kalimantan berat ?), philippines. lowland and hill disturbed forest, cultivated areas; < 1100m .\nmunroe, e. g. (1991). transfer of aulacodes eupselias meyrick to pyraustinae, with notes on the genus marasmia lederer and on cataclystiform wing patterns in the family crambidae (lepidoptera: pyraloidea). bishop museum occasional papers 31: 122 - 130 .\nkey to tabs (1) taxonomy, (2) description, (3) distribution & habitat, (4) life history & pest status, (5) similar spp. , (6) unrelated look - alikes, (7) references, (8) genitalia, (9) dna barcode, (10) 3d imaging, (11) spare\nthis revised version was published online in july 2006 with corrections to the cover date .\narida, g. s. and k. l. heong, 1992. blower - vac: a new suction apparatus for sampling rice arthropods .\nbandong, j. p. and j. a. litsinger, 1986. egg predators of rice leaffolder (lf) and their susceptibility to insecticides .\nbarrion, a. t. , j. a. litsinger, e. b. medina, r. m. aguda, j. p. bandong, p. c. jr. pantua, v. d. viajante, c. g. dela cruz and c. r. vega, 1991a. the rice\n( lepidoptera: pyralidae) leaffolder complex in the philippines: taxonomy, bionomics and control .\nbarrion, a. t. , j. a. litsinger and h. last, 1991b. a new species of\nbellows, t. s. jr. , r. g. van driesche and j. s. elkinton, 1992. life - table construction and analysis in the evaluation of natural enemies .\ndale, d. , 1994. insect pests of the rice plant — their biology and ecology. in: e. a. heinrichs (ed) ,\n. wiley eastern ltd. , new delhi. pp. 363 - 485 .\nde kraker, j. , 1996. the potential of natural enemies to suppress rice leaffolder populations. ph. d. thesis, wageningen agricultural university, netherlands .\nde kraker, j. , a. van huis, k. l. heong, j. c. van lenteren and r. rabbinge, in press. population dynamics of rice leaffolders and their natural enemies in irrigated rice in the philippines .\ndietrick, e. j. , 1961. an improved back pack motor fan for suction sampling of insect populations .\ngross, h. r. , w. j. lewis, m. beevers and d. a. nordlund, 1984 .\nguo, y. j. and j. h. zhao, 1992. natural enemies of rice leaffolder and its effect on the economic threshold level in china. in :\nresearch on rice leaffolder management in china. proceedings of the international workshop on economic threshold level for rice leaffolder in china\n, march 1–2, 1992, beijing. pp. 101 - 108 (in chinese, english summary) .\nheong, k. l. , m. m. escalada and vo mai, 1994. an analysis of insecticide use in rice: case studies in the philippines and vietnam .\nheong, k. l. and m. m. escalada, 1997. a comparative analysis of pest management practices of rice farmers in asia. in: k. l. heong and m. m. escalada (eds) ,\n. international rice research institute, manila, philippines. pp. 227 - 242 .\njoshi, r. c. , e. medina and e. a. heinrichs, 1985. life cycle of\n( guenee), populations by natural enemies. ph. d. thesis, gregorio araneta university foundation, manila, philippines .\nkeller, m. a. , w. j. lewis and r. e. stinner, 1985. biological and practical significance of movement by\nkhan, z. r. , a. t. barrion, j. a. litsinger, n. p. castilla and r. c. joshi, 1988. mini review: a bibliography of rice leaffolders (lepidoptera: pyralidae) .\nluck, r. f. , b. m. shepard and p. e. kenmore, 1988. experimental methods for evaluating arthropod natural enemies .\nmorrison, g. , w. j. lewis and d. a. nordlund, 1980. spatial differences in\nnuessly, g. s. , a. w. hartstack, j. a. witz and w. l. sterling, 1991. dislodgement of\n( lepidoptera: noctuidae) eggs from cotton due to rain and wind: a predictive model .\npang, x. f. , g. w. liang and l. l. zeng, 1984. evaluation of the effectiveness of natural enemies .\nrubia, e. g. , n. b. peña, l. p. almazan and b. m. shepard, 1990. efficacy of selected predators against some insect pests of rice .\nshepard, b. m. , 1989. integrated management of rice insect pests. in :\n. international rice research institute, manila, philippines. pp. 202 - 212 .\nshepard, b. m. , a. t. barrion and j. a. litsinger, 1987 .\nshepard, b. m. and p. a. c. ooi, 1992. evaluating biocontrol in rice: present and future considerations. in: p. a. c. ooi, g. s. lim and p. s. teng (eds) ,\n. malaysian plant protection society, kuala lumpur. pp. 93 - 99 .\nvan den berg, h. , b. m. shepard, j. a. litsinger and p. c. pantua, 1988. impact of predators and parasitoids on the eggs of\nvan den berg, h. , j. a. litsinger, b. m. shepard and p. c. pantua, 1992. acceptance of eggs of\nvan hamburg, h. and m. p. hassell, 1984. density dependence and the augmentive release of egg parasitoids against graminaceous stalkborers .\nvet, l. e. m. and m. dicke, 1992. ecology of infochemical use by natural enemies in a tritrophic context .\nzhang, x. x, j. g. geng, h. n. gu and x. wang, 1988. forecasting model for the population life system of rice leafroller ,\nkraker, j. ., van huis, a. , van lenteren, j. c. et al. biocontrol (1999) 44: 451. urltoken" ]

{ "text": [ "cnaphalocrocis patnalis is a moth in the crambidae family .", "it was described by bradley in 1981 .", "it is found in south-east asia , where it has been recorded from sri lanka , india , malaysia , indonesia and the philippines .", "the larvae feed on cynodon dactylon , cyperus difformis , cyperus iria , cyperus rotundus , dactyloctenium aegyptium , echinochloa colona , echinochloa crus-galli , imperata cylindrica , leersia hexandra , leptochloa chinensis , oryza sativa , paspalum conjugatum , paspalum distichum , paspalum scrobiculatum , saccharum officinarum , sorghum bicolor , sporobolus and zea mays .", "young larvae fold back the leaves longitudinally .", "they then feed on the green tissues or the green mesophyll layer . " ], "topic": [ 2, 5, 20, 20, 11, 23 ] }

[ "cnaphalocrocis patnalis is a moth in the crambidae family. it was described by bradley in 1981. it is found in south-east asia, where it has been recorded from sri lanka, india, malaysia, indonesia and the philippines. the larvae feed on cynodon dactylon, cyperus difformis, cyperus iria, cyperus rotundus, dactyloctenium aegyptium, echinochloa colona, echinochloa crus-galli, imperata cylindrica, leersia hexandra, leptochloa chinensis, oryza sativa, paspalum conjugatum, paspalum distichum, paspalum scrobiculatum, saccharum officinarum, sorghum bicolor, sporobolus and zea mays. young larvae fold back the leaves longitudinally. they then feed on the green tissues or the green mesophyll layer." ]

[ "no children of elegant fat - tailed mouse opossum (thylamys elegans) found .\ninformation on the elegant fat - tailed mouse opossum is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly .\nkarimi’s fat - tailed mouse opossum largely resembles the better - known dwarf fat - tailed mouse opossum (thylamys velutinus) (6). however, unlike the other opossums in its genus, the tail of karimi’s fat - tailed mouse opossum is not prehensile (6) .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below. < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive photo - elegant fat - tailed mouse opossum\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive photo - elegant fat - tailed mouse opossum\ntitle =\narkive photo - elegant fat - tailed mouse opossum\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below. < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - elegant fat - tailed mouse opossum (thylamys elegans )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - elegant fat - tailed mouse opossum (thylamys elegans )\ntitle =\narkive species - elegant fat - tailed mouse opossum (thylamys elegans )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nkarimi’s fat - tailed mouse opossum is classified as vulnerable (vu) on the iucn red list (1) .\nthe cladogram below, based on a 2016 study, shows the phylogenetic relationships of the white - bellied fat - tailed mouse opossum .\nkarimi’s fat - tailed mouse opossum (thylamys karimii) is a south american marsupial named for its short tail, which becomes seasonally thickened through the storage of fat (3) .\nthe cladogram below, based on a 2016 study, shows the phylogenetic relationships of the white - bellied fat - tailed mouse opossum. [ 5 ]\neven though karimi’s fat - tailed mouse opossum is widely distributed in brazil, it occurs in low densities and is threatened by habitat loss (1) .\nthe open habitats occupied by karimi’s fat - tailed mouse opossum are being converted for large - scale farming, in particular for soybean plantations (1) .\nthe white - bellied fat - tailed mouse opossum (thylamys pallidior) is a species of opossum in the family didelphidae. it is found in argentina, bolivia, chile and peru .\nthe white - bellied fat - tailed mouse opossum (thylamys pallidior) is a species of opossum in the family didelphidae. it is found in argentina, bolivia, chile and peru. [ 1 ]\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below. < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - karimi' s fat - tailed mouse opossum (thylamys karimii )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - karimi' s fat - tailed mouse opossum (thylamys karimii )\ntitle =\narkive species - karimi' s fat - tailed mouse opossum (thylamys karimii )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\ncompared to other opossum species, there is relatively little known about karimi’s fat - tailed mouse opossum. it is known to be a fairly terrestrial animal, which tends to stay down at the lower levels of vegetation (6). as a result, it is not as adapted for climbing trees and lacks the prehensile tail of other opossum species. instead, the tail of karimi’s fat - tailed mouse opossum can become swollen as it acts as a store of fat (3) .\nmost development takes place as the young feed on the female' s milk (7). the length of time that the female karimi’s fat - tailed mouse opossum feeds the young for is not known, but like other mouse opossums it is likely to be more than 68 days (7). unlike most other marsupials, the karimi’s fat - tailed mouse opossum lacks a pouch in which the young are protected as they feed (3) .\nthe male and the female karimi’s fat - tailed mouse opossum differ slightly in appearance, with the female typically being smaller than the male and having a yellow tinge to the white throat (3) .\nthe white - bellied fat - tailed mouse opossum, one of the smallest in its genus, differs from most other mouse opossums in having a gray to brown coat and completely white underside. it has well - developed, blackish eye rings that extend toward the nose (similar to the buff - bellied, elegant and tate' s fat - tailed mouse opossums but unlike the common, dwarf, karimi' s and paraguayan fat - tailed mouse opossums). the head - and - body length of the white - bellied fat - tailed mouse opossum is 7. 3 to 10. 5 centimetres (2. 9 to 4. 1 in); the tail, slightly longer, ranges from 9 to 11. 5 centimetres (3. 5 to 4. 5 in). adults weigh between 13 and 39 grams (0. 46 and 1. 38 oz) .\nthere are currently no specific conservation measures in place for karimi’s fat - tailed mouse opossum, but it reportedly occurs within a number of protected areas (1), which should offer this species some protection .\nthe white - bellied fat - tailed mouse opossum, one of the smallest in its genus, differs from most other mouse opossums in having a gray to brown coat and completely white underside. it has well - developed, blackish eye rings that extend toward the nose (similar to the buff - bellied, elegant and tate' s fat - tailed mouse opossums but unlike the common, dwarf, karimi' s and paraguayan fat - tailed mouse opossums). the head - and - body length of the white - bellied fat - tailed mouse opossum is 7. 3 to 10. 5 centimetres (2. 9 to 4. 1 in); the tail, slightly longer, ranges from 9 to 11. 5 centimetres (3. 5 to 4. 5 in). adults weigh between 13 and 39 grams (0. 46 and 1. 38 oz). [ 3 ] [ 6 ] [ 7 ]\nthe generic name is composed of the greek words thylas (\npouch\n) and mys (\nmouse\n), and the specific name pallidior derives from the latin pallidus (\npale\n). alternative names for the white - bellied fat - tailed opossum include pallid fat - tailed opossum, comadreja enana, comadrejita comun, llaca de la puna and marmosa palada .\n– savanna mouse opossum, savanna marmosa (goldman 1917 ❶ [ subsp. nov. ] )\nkarimi’s fat - tailed mouse opossum is also likely to benefit from the work of organisations such as wwf, which are working with farmers to identify how the negative environmental impacts of soybean production can be reduced (8) .\nthe generic name is composed of the greek words thylas (\npouch\n) and mys (\nmouse\n), and the specific name pallidior derives from the latin pallidus (\npale\n). alternative names for the white - bellied fat - tailed opossum include pallid fat - tailed opossum, comadreja enana, comadrejita comun, llaca de la puna and marmosa palada. [ 6 ]\nkarimi’s fat - tailed mouse opossum occurs only in brazil. it is widely distributed within the two major biomes in brazil, the cerrado and the caatinga, in the northeast and central parts of the country (1) (3) .\nthe relatively unknown karimi’s fat - tailed mouse opossum has greyish or greyish - brown fur on the upperparts, and pure white underparts (4). a dark ring surrounds each prominent eye, and the small paws bear stout claws (5) .\n– red - bellied gracile opossum, red - bellied gracile mouse opossum (díaz & flores & barquez 2002 ❶ [ sp. nov. ; etymology. —\n( latin) fiery glowing, referring to strong clay color of the venter. common names: red - bellied gracile mouse opossum (spanish: comadrejita de vientre rojo) ]), red - bellied mouse opossum (gardner 2007 )\nkarimi’s fat - tailed mouse opossum is known to inhabit dry, open vegetated regions at elevations between 300 and 1, 100 metres above sea level (6). the two main regions where it is found are the dry caatinga forest and the dense savannah of the cerrado (1) .\nthe white - bellied fat - tailed mouse opossum is a member of the genus thylamys, and is placed in the family didelphidae. it was first described by english zoologist oldfield thomas as marmosa elegans pallidior in 1902. the present binomial name was suggested in a 1989 paper. no subspecies are recognized .\nopossums (caluromysiops), water opossums (chironectes), common opossums (didelphis), bushy - tailed opossums (glironia), gracile opossums (gracilinanus), patagonian opossums (lestodelphys), lutrine opossums (lutreolina), mouse opossums (marmosa), slender mouse opossums (marmosops), brown four - eyed opossums (metachirus), woolly mouse opossums (micoureus), short - tailed opossums (monodelphis), gray four - eyed opossums (philander), and fat - tailed mouse opossums (thylamys). in 1993, gardner recognized a total of 61 species, but there have been at least three additional species described since then .\nit is closely related to t. karimii. however, phylogenetic analysis shows that the species' closest relatives are probably the elegant, common, and tate' s fat - tailed mouse opossums, all of which also inhabit arid environments. although fossils are known only from the holocene, estimates for the divergence of the species from its closest relatives range from 2. 2 to 6 million years ago .\nit is closely related to t. karimii. [ 7 ] however, phylogenetic analysis shows that the species' closest relatives are probably the elegant, common, and tate' s fat - tailed mouse opossums, all of which also inhabit arid environments. although fossils are known only from the holocene, estimates for the divergence of the species from its closest relatives range from 2. 2 to 6 million years ago. [ 8 ]\nlike other mouse opossums, it is possible that the karimi’s fat - tailed mouse opossum breeds from september to march, during which time the female may have two litters (5). mouse opossums, like all marsupials, have a short gestation period, and the young are poorly developed at birth and crawl immediately to the female’s teats (7). although each litter can contain as many as 15 young (5), many will die as the female produces more young than she has mammae (7) .\nenglish: little water opossum; french: opossum á queue grasse; german: dickschwanzbeutelratte; spanish: comadreja colorada, coligrueso .\nthe white - bellied fat - tailed mouse opossum is a member of the genus thylamys, and is placed in the family didelphidae. it was first described by english zoologist oldfield thomas as marmosa elegans pallidior in 1902. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] the present binomial name was suggested in a 1989 paper. [ 4 ] no subspecies are recognized. [ 2 ]\nvirginia opossum joey (b), alongside those of an echidna (a), gray short - tailed opossum (c), eastern quoll (d), koala (e), brushtail possum (f) and southern brown bandicoot (g) .\n– black - tailed dusky antechinus (baker & mutton & mason & gray 2015), black - tailed antechinus (baker & mutton & hines & van dyck 2014 ❶ [ sp. nov. ]; jackson & groves 2015 )\nm. mónica díaz, david a. flores, rubén m. barquez, a new species of gracile mouse opossum, genus gracilinanus (didelphimorphia: didelphidae), from argentina .\nbozinovic, f. , g. ruiz, a. cortes, m. rosenmann. 2005. energetics, thermoregulation and torpor in the chilean mouse - opossum thylamys elegans (didelphidae) .\nplacing an injured opossum in a confined space with its healthy counterparts is inadvisable .\n– san miguel island opossum (goldman 1917 ❶ [ subsp. nov. ] )\nthe virginia opossum does not hibernate, although it may remain sheltered during cold spells .\nthe character did not do well, as public perception of the opossum led to its downfall. in december 2010, a cross - eyed virginia opossum in germany' s\nchrysti the wordsmith > radio scripts > opossum. retrieved 2009 - 12 - 29 .\nandrew m. baker, thomas y. mutton, harry b. hines, and steve van dyck, the black - tailed antechinus ,\n– lumholtz' s sminthopsis (iredale & troughton 1934 ❶ [ nom. nov. ]), lumholtz' s marsupial mouse\nwhite - bellied fat - tailed mouse opossums are nocturnal animals with good climbing abilities, although they prefer to spend most of their time on the ground. they nest in natural cavities, either in trees or shrubs, or beneath rocks. although they do not truly hibernate through the winter, they do enter torpor if temperatures fall below around 15 °c, and therefore may be inactive through much of the winter period .\nthe virginia opossum is the original animal named\nopossum\n. the word comes from algonquian wapathemwa meaning\nwhite animal\n. colloquially, the virginia opossum is frequently called simply\npossum\n. the name is applied more generally to any of the other marsupials of the didelphimorphia and order paucituberculatas, which includes a number of opossum species in south america .\n^ chrysti the wordsmith > radio scripts > opossum. retrieved 2009 - 12 - 29 .\nvirginia opossum. didelphis virginiana. great plains nature center. accessed oct. 15, 2007\nfrench: opossum de patagonie; german: patagonien - beutelratten; spanish: comadrejita patagónica .\nwater opossum has webbed feet which helps the animal in swimming. they are excellent swimmers .\nwhite - bellied fat - tailed mouse opossums are nocturnal animals with good climbing abilities, although they prefer to spend most of their time on the ground. they nest in natural cavities, either in trees or shrubs, or beneath rocks. although they do not truly hibernate through the winter, they do enter torpor if temperatures fall below around 15 °c, and therefore may be inactive through much of the winter period. [ 6 ]\nvirginia opossum tracks generally show five finger - like toes in both the fore and hind prints .\nfrench: opossum de virginie; german: nordopossum; spanish: tlacuache común, tlacuache norteño .\nmoore, h. d. (1996) .\ngamete biology of the new world marsupial, the grey short - tailed opossum, monodelphis domestica\n. reproduction, fertility, and development 8: 605–15. doi: 10. 1071 / rd9960605 .\nthe white - bellied fat - tailed mouse opossum is found in southern peru and south - western bolivia, in the northernmost regions of chile, and along the eastern slopes of the andes mountains in western and central argentina. it inhabits arid and semi - arid environments from sea level to 4, 500 metres (14, 800 ft), ranging from the coastal deserts of peru, through the andes and the monte desert, and into the patagonian steppe of argentina. it generally inhabits rocky environments with little plant cover, but can be found in dry forest or thorn scrub .\nwhite - bellied fat - tailed mouse opossums are believed to be able to breed up to three times a year, although most probably only give birth once or twice. the young are born in litters of up to fifteen individuals, typically during the summer months. unlike some other marsupials, the females do not have a pouch; the teats are variable in both number and arrangement, and may not all be functional at the same time. individuals have lived up to eighteen months in captivity .\nfrench: opossum á queue courte de kuns; german: kuns - spitzmausbeutelratte; spanish: colicorto pigmeo .\nthey love to dive under the water surface. opossum propels itself by giving strong strokes from hind legs .\nthe white - bellied fat - tailed mouse opossum is found in southern peru and south - western bolivia, in the northernmost regions of chile, and along the eastern slopes of the andes mountains in western and central argentina. it inhabits arid and semi - arid environments from sea level to 4, 500 metres (14, 800 ft), ranging from the coastal deserts of peru, through the andes and the monte desert, and into the patagonian steppe of argentina. it generally inhabits rocky environments with little plant cover, but can be found in dry forest or thorn scrub. [ 6 ] [ 8 ]\na nocturnal species that is primarily arboreal, although it can also be found on the ground. the mouse opossum readily eats in captivity, quickly attacking and consuming any large insects, eggs, or small vertebrates. it has been found resting inside abandoned hummingbird nests .\nthe opossum was more formally described in 1698 in a published letter entitled\ncarigueya, seu marsupiale americanum masculum. or, the anatomy of a male opossum: in a letter to dr edward tyson ,\nfrom mr\n, and in particular the southern regions which have a large body of recipes and folklore relating to the opossum .\nthe virginia opossum is known in mexico as tlacuache, tacuachi, and tlacuachi, from the nahuatl word tlacuatzin .\nfrench: opossum laineux; german: gelbe wollbeutelratte; spanish: tlacuache lanudo, comadreja lanuda, cuica lanuda .\nwhite - bellied fat - tailed mouse opossums are believed to be able to breed up to three times a year, although most probably only give birth once or twice. the young are born in litters of up to fifteen individuals, typically during the summer months. unlike some other marsupials, the females do not have a pouch; the teats are variable in both number and arrangement, and may not all be functional at the same time. [ 9 ] individuals have lived up to eighteen months in captivity. [ 6 ]\nthe virginia opossum was not originally native to the western united states. it was intentionally introduced into the west during the\nspecies such as the common opossums and even some four - eyed and mouse opossums frequently benefit from human - induced habitat changes. some humans find opossum species attractive as pets, and their tanned pelts used to have some value in the fur market, especially at the end of the nineteenth century. in the tropics, mouse opossums and short - tailed opossums are valued for controlling of cockroaches, scorpions, and other unwanted animals, especially in rural settlements. virginia, common, and four - eyed opossums are sometimes used as food by indigenous and other human populations. colonies of some species, notably monodelphis, are kept for developmental and biomedical research .\nthe anal region. the water opossum dives under the surface and then propels itself with strong strokes from the hind legs .\nalthough the diet of this species is not known, it is likely to be similar to other mouse opossums, which feed on insects, fruit and small vertebrates (5) .\nthe family didelphidae can be found in a wide variety of habitats, from moist and dry tropical forests to cloud forests, mangrove swamps, grasslands, scrub, and even into temperate forests. one species, the lutrine opossum or thick - tailed opossum (lutreolina crassicaudata) is considered to be strongly adapted to life in the south american grasslands or pampas, and readily enters lakes and streams where it swims remarkably well. another species, the water opossum (chironectes minimus), has as a primary habitat of streams and lakes in moist forests, making its dens in the banks .\nthe cladogram below, based on a 2016 study, shows the phylogenetic relationships of derby' s woolly opossum. [ 9 ]\nlangworthy, orthello r. (1932) .\nthe panniculus carnosus and pouch musculature of the opossum, a marsupial\n.\nfrench: opossum á quatre yeux; german: vieraugenbeutelratte; spanish: tlacuache cuatro ojos, zorro cuatro ojos, comadreja cuatro ojos .\npacing diagram for virginia opossum - key: rectangles represent hind tracks, ellipses are fore tracks, left tracks are red, right are green. (a) the position of the four feet frozen in mid - pace. (b) the opossum brings right fore and hind feet forward. (c) the opossum brings left fore and hind feet forward. one grid square represents one square inch .\nthe possums of australia, whose name is derived from a similarity to the virginia opossum, are also marsupials, but of the order diprotodontia .\nkelsey, eric. (28 february 2011) .\ngerman celebrity opossum misses one oscar pick\n. reuters. retrieved 6 march 2011 .\nnearly all opossum species are nocturnal with only a few specimen are seen during the day. they spend a great deal of time in trees .\nin captivity mouse opossums are most likely to eat large grasshoppers, caterpillars and moths. they eat the whole insect leaving away its legs and wings. they roll and rub caterpillars to get rid of their hairs .\nsexual maturity is attained at three to nine months in different genera. many species construct nests inside rotten trees both standing and fallen, while others have nests on the ground or, in the case of the water opossum, in tunnels excavated in stream banks. some species of mouse opossum utilize hummingbird nests as their own resting places. new world opossums use primarily plant matter to construct the spherical nests. these materials are transported in the partially rolled - up tail while the animal moves to the nest .\nwhen injured or threatened, the virginia opossum is well known for attempting to fake death or\nplay possum\n, as seen in this photo .\nkelsey, eric. (january 11, 2011) .\ncross - eyed opossum capturing hearts\n. reuters. retrieved january 12, 2011 .\nin mexico, two species, the water opossum and the woolly opossum, are included in the list of species at risk as endangered. these two species are considered sensitive to habitat disruption and their populations have been severely decreased as a result of deforestation and water pollution by discharge of fertilizers and pesticides .\nfrench: opossum aquatique; german: schwimmbeutler; spanish: tlacuache de agua, cuica de agua, yapok, zorro de agua, comadreja de agua .\nthe only carnivorous marsupial in the new world is the water opossum (chironectes minimus) that primarily feeds on fish, crustaceans, mollusks, and frogs .\ngardner, a. l. ; creighton, g. k. (1989) .\na new generic name for tate' s (1933) microtarsus group of south american mouse opossums (marsupialia: didelphidae )\n.\nthe largest difference between the opossum and other mammals is the bifurcated penis of the male and bifurcated vagina of the female (the source of the latin\ndidelphis ,\nmeaning double - wombed). male opossum spermatozoa exhibit cooperative methods of ensuring the survival of genotypically similar sperm by forming conjugate pairs before fertilization .\ncastro, i. , h. zarza, and r. a. medellín .\nphilander opossum .\nmammalian species 638 (2000): 1–8 .\nthe opossum makes home in a variety of habitats ranging from cloud forests, dry tropical forests, scrubs, grasslands, mangroves, and to the temperate forests .\ncastro, i. , h. zarza, and r. a. medellín. “ philander opossum. ” mammalian species 638 (2000): 1–8 .\nderby' s woolly opossum is one of the three members of caluromys, and is placed in the family didelphidae. [ 3 ] it was first described by english naturalist george robert waterhouse as didelphis derbianus in 1841. he was named in honor of edward smith - stanley, 13th earl of derby, to whose museum the specimen used for the description belonged. [ 4 ] it was given its present binomial name, caluromys derbianus, by american zoologist joel asaph allen in 1900. [ 5 ] a 1955 revision of marsupial phylogeny grouped caluromys, caluromysiops, dromiciops (monito del monte) and glironia (bushy - tailed opossum) under a single subfamily, microbiotheriinae, noting the dental similarities among these. a 1977 study argued that these similarities are the result of convergent evolution, and placed caluromys, caluromysiops and glironia in a new subfamily, caluromyinae. [ 6 ] in another similar revision, the bushy - tailed opossum was placed in its own subfamily, glironiinae. [ 7 ]\nopossum oil (possum grease) is high in essential fatty acids and has been used as a chest rub and a carrier for arthritis remedies given as topical salves .\nvirginia opossums can vary considerably in size, with larger specimens found to the north of the opossum' s range and smaller specimens in the tropics. they measure 13–37\nwildlife directory: virginia opossum — living with wildlife — university of illinois extension. web. extension. illinois. edu. retrieved on 2011 - 09 - 15 .\nopossum’s hair can be long or short depending on the species but it is always dense. some females have pouchs that opens circularly while others have absolutely closed pouchs .\nderby' s woolly opossum (caluromys derbianus), or the central american woolly opossum, [ 2 ] is an opossum found in deciduous and moist evergreen forests of central america, from southern mexico to western ecuador and colombia. it was first described by english naturalist george robert waterhouse, and named in honor of edward smith - stanley, 13th earl of derby. derby' s woolly opossum is the largest in its genus, with a total length of 60 to 70 centimetres (24 to 28 in) and weight between 200 and 400 grams (7. 1 and 14. 1 oz). the coat is brown and the underside white - buff to golden - brown. the opossum is nocturnal (active mainly at night), arboreal (tree - living) and solitary. diet consists of fruits, nectar, small invertebrates and vertebrates. the time when breeding takes place varies geographically. the litter size ranges from one to six. the iucn classifies this opossum as least concern .\nand enhance the likelihood of fertilization. conjugate pairs dissociate into separate spermatozoa before fertilization. the opossum is one of many species that employ sperm cooperation in its reproductive life cycle .\nthe tracks in the photograph were made while the opossum was walking with its typical pacing gait. the four aligned toes on the hind print show the approximate direction of travel .\nopossums, like most marsupials, have unusually short lifespans for their size and metabolic rate. the virginia opossum has a maximal lifespan in the wild of only about two years .\n^ journal of venomous animals and toxins - anti - lethal factor from opossum serum is a potent antidote for animal, plant and bacterial toxins. retrieved 2009 - 12 - 29 .\nthe water opossum (chironectes minimus) is particularly interesting in that it seems to be the only new world opossum species that is completely carnivorous. this species feeds mainly on fish, crustaceans, mollusks, and frogs. its long fingers and bulbous fingertips are held outstretched while the animal swims. under water, their hands are used to feel under rocks and logs for potential prey. they coexist and overlap locally with the common neotropical otter (lontra longicaudis). in the old world, in africa and asia, common otters coexist with clawless or small - clawed otters (genera aonyx and amblonyx), which have similar habits and hand morphology to the water opossum. this allows them to coexist by partitioning food resources. the water opossum and the otter may be in the same situation, with the otter feeding primarily on fish and less on crustaceans and mollusks, whereas the opossum probably takes more invertebrates than fish .\n^\nthe opossum: its amazing story\nwilliam j. krause and winifred a. krause, university of missouri - columbia, 2006, p. 23, isbn 097859990x, 9780978599904 .\nthe coat is smooth with gray and brown hairs, and notably darker along the midline of the back than the flanks. a gray band, seen in other mouse opossums, is absent or inconspicuous. the face is significantly paler than the coat, hence its name. the tail is prehensile, with only sparse hairs, albeit in a similar color to those on the body. the tail becomes noticeably thicker, especially at the base, during the autumn, when the animal lays down fat reserves in preparation for winter. the fur on the feet is white, and relatively dense about the ankles .\nbetween 70 and 125 days, when they detach from the teat and leave the pouch. the opossum lifespan is unusually short for a mammal of its size, usually only two to four years .\nopossum or\nmanicou\nis popular and can only be hunted during certain times of the year owing to overhunting; the meat is traditionally prepared by smoking then stewing. the meat is light and fine - grained, but the musk glands must be removed as part of preparation. the meat can be used in place of rabbit and chicken in recipes. the cousin of the opossum, the\nconsidered lower risk / near threatened by the iucn, but the water opossum has disappeared from many areas in its historical distribution. deforestation and water pollution are two factors that determine their local extinction .\nmany opossum species are expert tree climbers and they are equally good moving on the ground. some species reach the top of the forest canopy trees. few of the opossums are primarily terrestrial species .\n§ baker & mutton & mason & gray 2015: for clarity, common names of the four species [ ü. ç: swainsonii, vandycki, mimetes, arktos ] are proposed here as variants of' dusky antechinus'. this necessitates a proposed common name change for a. arktos from our previous (baker et al. 2014)' black - tailed antechinus' to' black - tailed dusky antechinus'. at the time of naming a. arktos, we were unaware of further variation within a. swainsonii; but given the suite of species now reported, retaining the original epithet nested within the common name of a. arktos seems most appropriate .\nthe coat is smooth with gray and brown hairs, and notably darker along the midline of the back than the flanks. a gray band, seen in other mouse opossums, is absent or inconspicuous. the face is significantly paler than the coat, hence its name. [ 3 ] [ 7 ] the tail is prehensile, with only sparse hairs, albeit in a similar color to those on the body. the tail becomes noticeably thicker, especially at the base, during the autumn, when the animal lays down fat reserves in preparation for winter. the fur on the feet is white, and relatively dense about the ankles. [ 6 ]\nthe opossum: its amazing story, william j. krause and winifred a. krause, university of missouri - columbia, 2006, p. 23, isbn 0 - 9785999 - 0 - x, 9780978599904 .\ncaceres, n. c .\nfood habits and seed dispersal by the white - eared opossum, didelphis albiventris, in southern brazil .\nstudies on neotropical fauna and environment 37 (2002): 97–104 .\nthey are widely distributed in the tropical and subtropical forests between argentina and mexico except for virginia opossum which is mainly found in the united states and canada. it is the most common species in the entire family .\nthe virginia opossum is noted for reacting to threats by feigning death. this is the genesis of the term\nplaying possum\n, which means pretending to be dead or injured with intent to deceive. in the case of the opossum, the reaction seems to be involuntary, and to be triggered by extreme fear. it should not be taken as an indication of docility, for under serious threat, an opossum will respond ferociously, hissing, screeching, and showing its teeth, but with enough stimulation, the opossum will enter a near coma. it lies on its side, mouth and eyes open, tongue hanging out, emitting a green fluid from its anus whose putrid odor repels predators. heart rate drops by half, and breathing rate is slowed by about 30% . brain activity is unaltered however, and the animal remains fully conscious. death feigning normally stops when the threat withdraws, and it can last up to six hours. besides discouraging animals that eat live prey, playing possum also convinces some large animals that the opossum is no threat to their young .\nsmall opossum with grayish brown dorsal hair and a long, slender, tapered, prehensile, and naked tail. two large black patches surround the eyes. length 2. 4–4. 3 in (6–11 cm) .\nall opossums are primarily solitary, avoiding contact with each other. after dispersal, juveniles do not keep contact. males and females come in contact only during the female estrus for a short period of time. individuals generally remain in a home range, but this is almost never defended. instead, when two animals coincide in space and time, they avoid each other. at least in the bare - tailed woolly opossum, caluromys philander, social dominance is clearly established on the basis of age and body mass. older, heavier males dominate younger, lighter ones, and agonistic behavior is exacerbated by the presence of females. interspecific aggression may occur only as a result of the generalized opportunistic behavior to procure food; one didelphis reportedly attacked, killed, and partially consumed a philander opossum after an encounter .\nlemos, b. , g. marroig, and r. cerqueira .\nevolutionary rates and stabilizing selection in large - bodied opossum skulls (didelphimorphia: didelphidae) .\njournal of zoology 255 (2001): 181–189 .\nkrause, william j. ; krause, winifred a. (2006). the opossum: its amazing story. department of pathology and anatomical sciences, school of medicine, university of missouri, columbia, missouri. 80 pages .\nthere are 103 opossum species and all of them are of different colors. some of them are uniformly blackish whereas others seem to be completely whitish, still others display rusty reddish, gray, brown, tan, or yellowish brown .\nlatrine opossums (lutreolina crassicaudata) are known to breed in the south american grasslands, pampas, including lakes and streams. virginia opossums are the remarkable swimmers. yet another species water opossum also lives in moist forests such as lakes .\nnearly all species in the family are nocturnal, although occasionally diurnal sightings of mouse opossums and water opossums have been reported, and some species of monodelphis are reportedly primarily diurnal. many scansorial species take to the trees when threatened, whereas terrestrial species run with a characteristic gait. no species is particularly fast during escape behavior. one species, the virginia opossum, feigns death when threatened by a predator, lying on its side, gaping its mouth spasmodically, and emitting a strong musky smell. other defense behaviors found in the family include gaping and snapping at intruders while hissing loudly and secreting musk from\nand eat a wide range of plants and animals such as fruits, grains, insects, snails, earthworms, carrion, snakes, mice, and other small animals. the virginia opossum has been found to be very resistant to snake venom .\nthe hair is thick and dense, pale brown on the sides with a wide dark stripe along the back and paler underparts. the rostrum is short and conical and the ears medium sized and naked. the tail is almost completely naked and seasonally it is used to store fat reserves. dark and rust - brown with white - tipped tail. length 4. 7–5. 5 in (12–14 cm) .\nlength 6. 7–7. 9 in (17–20 cm); weight 2–5. 3 oz (60–150 g). one of the largest mouse opossums. the dorsal hair is yellowish brown to reddish; underparts are paler. distinct black mask over each eye. the tail is long, slender, and naked. there is no marsupium. the feet have strongly opposable thumbs .\nthe virginia opossum is one of the most widespread species in the family, and the only one with a distribution extending well beyond that of any other species. virtually all other species coexist with one or more additional species of didelphids, but in all of the united states and southern canada, the virginia opossum is the only species present. most species inhabit tropical habitats, but a few species, remarkably in the genera thylamys and lestodelphys, are adapted to temperate ecosystems, and inhabit only the southern latitudes of chile and argentina .\nthe breeding season for the virginia opossum can begin as early as december and continue through october with most young born between february and june. a female opossum may have one to three litters per year. during the mating season, the male attracts the female by making clicking sounds with his mouth. like all female marsupials, the females reproductive system is bifid: with two lateral vaginae, uteri, and ovaries, and the small (comparable to a dime at birth) young are delivered through a birth canal known as the median vagina that forms shortly before birth .\nopossum tracks (photo center) in mud: left - fore print appears on left center of photo, right - hind print appears right center. the small, circular tracks at bottom center of photo were made by a meadow vole. the yellow ruler (top) is in inches .\nlength 5–6 in (13–15 cm). the dorsal hair is dense and soft, dark grayish brown with paler sides. males have an orange patch on the throat. the face is paler than the rest of the body. there are dark patches on shoulders and hips, and the underparts, hands, and feet are white. the tail is clearly shorter than the head and body, and seasonally it appears thick from fat reserves. tail furry only at the base and covered with fine hairs the rest of its length. canine teeth are relatively long .\nderby' s woolly opossum is the largest in its genus, with a total length of 60 to 70 centimetres (24 to 28 in) and weight between 200 and 400 grams (7. 1 and 14. 1 oz). it is characterized by white to pink ears, lightly colored limbs, a brown coat (lighter than that of the\nthe opossum (didelphimorphia) is a medium - sized terrestrial marsupial with long naked tail. in the western hemisphere they make up the largest marsupial order. they are semi - arboreal species and most of them are omnivores. opossums are found in the dry and moist tropical forests of the north america ranging from southern canada to as far as southern argentina .\ndiet comprises fruits of pepper vines and cecropia species, nectar of the balsa tree, mabea occidentalis and trichanthera gigantea, small invertebrates and vertebrates. after feeding, the opossum will lick the forepaws and use them to clean its face; they can also be used to clean the flanks, underbelly and the portion of the tail nearer to the tip. [ 8 ] [ 10 ]\nopossums are silent animals the vast majority of the time; sounds are produced only when they are threatened and these are only hisses and explosive gasps. foraging behavior is exploratory and continuous. opossums use primarily their sense of smell to locate food. stalking is seldom used to capture animal prey, but sight and hearing are continually used in the search for food. young opossums, particularly mouse opossums, emit a loud chirping cry when detached from the female' s nipple. this induces the female to approach and grasp the young, and push it under the venter, where it reattaches itself to the nipple .\ndidelphimorphs are small to medium - sized marsupials, with the largest about the size of a large house cat, and the smallest the size of a mouse. they tend to be semi - arboreal omnivores, although there are many exceptions. most members of this taxon have long snouts, a narrow braincase, and a prominent sagittal crest. the dental formula is: by mammalian standards, this is a very full jaw. opossums have more teeth than any other land mammal; only aquatic mammals have more. [ citation needed ] the incisors are very small, the canines large, and the molars are tricuspid .\ntolerates a variety of habitats, mostly in arid and semi - arid environments. lt is typical of chaparral brushlands of chile. this species presents a broad altitudinal range, from sea level to elevations of 3, 500 m asl. although it can be arboreal, the species is mostly terrestrial / scansorial. unlike other mouse opossums (with the exception of a few species), thylamys are found in the central and southern part of south america' s dry habitats (palma et al. 2002). the species is mainly crepuscular, with a diet that of insects and small vertebrates (palma et al. 2002) .\nwhen threatened, it hisses and gasps, snapping at the intruder. this is a mostly nocturnal species but sometimes may be active by day. although most of the time it stays on the ground, it may also climb into trees. like other didelphids, gray four - eyed opossums are solitary. when it is asleep, it rolls into a ball and the eyes are not visible, but the bright spots above the eyes give the appearance of an awake and alert opossum .\nthe virginia opossum is found throughout central america and north america east of the rockies from costa rica to southern ontario; it seems to be still expanding its range northward and has been found farther north than toronto. in recent years, their range has expanded west and north all the way into northern minnesota. its ancestors evolved in south america, but invaded north america in the great american interchange, which was enabled by the formation of the isthmus of panama about 3 million years ago .\nthe four - eyed opossum is omnivorous. it feeds on many species of tropical and introduced fruits, corn, palm fruits, flower nectar, frogs, birds, rodents, and other small vertebrates, snails, insects, crustaceans, and carrion. insects are most frequently eaten in the dry season. they tend to take fruits that are larger than 2 in (5 cm) in diameter and that are fleshy, juicy, with high contents of sugars or lipids, and low levels of nitrogen .\nderby' s woolly opossum inhabits deciduous and moist evergreen forests up to an altitude of 2, 600 metres (8, 500 ft). the range extends from veracruz in southern mexico southward into south america to western ecuador and cauca river valley in colombia. [ 1 ] [ 10 ] the iucn classifies it as least concern, given its presumably large numbers. earlier, it used to be targeted for its fur. populations in ecuador and mexico, however, are threatened by deforestation. [ 1 ]\nadult opossums do not hang from trees by their tails, though babies may dangle temporarily. their semi - prehensile tails are not strong enough to support a mature adult' s weight. instead, the opossum uses its tail as a brace and a fifth limb when climbing. the tail is occasionally used as a grip to carry bunches of leaves or bedding materials to the nest. a mother will sometimes carry her young upon her back, where they will cling tightly even when she is climbing or running .\nin a pacing gait, the limbs on one side of the body are moved simultaneously, just prior to moving both limbs on the other side of the body. this is illustrated in the pacing diagram, which explains why the left - fore and right - hind tracks are generally found together (and vice versa). however, if the opossum were not walking (but running, for example), the prints would fall in a different pattern. other animals that generally employ a pacing gait are raccoons, bears, skunks, badgers, woodchucks, porcupines, and beavers .\nmammalogists for helping to forge the nomenclatural mesh that holds our science together. * journal of mammalogy * to refer to this work as a checklist undervalues it and does not give sufficient credit to the authors and editors for their meticulous efforts in its production. a valuable reference work and a vital tool, particularly for researchers. * journal of natural history * by far the most convenient source for finding the correct scientific name of any mammal and should be on the reference shelf of libraries striving to have useful science sections. * science books and films * the editors and authors are to be congratulated for undertaking such an outstanding and authoritative work, and it should serve as a standard reference for mammalian species taxonomy for many years to come. * journal of mammalian evolution * the third edition adds to its reputation as an outstanding and authorative work. * national museum of natural history weekly update & forecast * impressive and elegant work. - - g. r. seamons * reference reviews * a must - have text for any professional mammalogist, and a useful and authoritative reference for scientists and students in other disciplines. * southeastern naturalist * a magnificent work important to anyone seriously interested in mammals. this work is essential for academic or special libraries supporting zoology or conservation and for large public libraries. * american reference books annual * as were many of our colleagues, we were waiting for this revised edition since 2003... we can say that the wait was worth it. - - sergio solari and robert j. baker * journal of mammalogy *\nderby' s woolly opossum is nocturnal (active mainly at night), solitary, and spends most of the day in nests made of dead leaves in cavities in the upper reaches of trees. studies show that activity levels may increase if food is scarce, and decrease on exposure to light. the animal is an efficient climber, and the tail assists in grasping branches. it shows remarkable agility in moving among vines and branches. when disturbed, it might attack defensively by biting; it can produce squeals when distressed. [ 2 ] [ 8 ] [ 10 ] predators include ocelots. [ 11 ]\ncoloration varies widely. some species are uniformly blackish, while others are almost completely whitish; other species are rusty reddish, gray, brown, tan, or yellowish brown. underparts are nearly always paler than the dorsum. the venter of the water opossum is silvery white. two genera have distinct dark blotches above the eyes; they are called four - eyed opossums. some genera have characteristic dark and pale patterns, sometimes broad, dark saddle - like bands across the back, sometimes a longitudinal stripe along the dorsal spine and continuing along the top of the snout and to the tip of the nose. the hair can be short or long depending on the species, but it is always dense. in females of some genera, there is a distinct ventral pouch where young are kept in the developmental stages. the pouch opens circularly and can be almost completely closed. mammae number 12 to 18 and are arranged in a circle with one in the center. one species, the water opossum, has a pouch that seals hermetically with an oily substance so that females can dive under the water surface without drowning the young that are attached to the nipples. likewise, males of this species have a pouch, which protects the scrotum and testicles from contact with the water .\nlength 8–13 in (20–33 cm); weight 7–24. 7 oz (200–700 g). this relatively large opossum has dense and relatively short hair that varies from pale gray to dark gray dorsally and yellowish white ventrally. the cheeks and chin are also yellowish white, as are two conspicuous spots just above the eyes, which give this species its common name. the ears are large and naked, blackish with pink bases. there is a marsupial pouch that stains orange if the female has had young. the tail in most individuals is bicolored with the base dark and the final third to half white, naked, and scaly except the basal 0. 8 in (2 cm), which are furred .\nopossums are sometimes considered pests because of their raids on commercially valuable fruits in orchards and agricultural fields, as well as on poultry farms. the southern opossum, didelphis marsupialis, has been identified as one of the key hosts of the parasitic protozoan trypanosoma cruzi, which causes chagas' disease. chagas' disease is transmitted to humans when an infected kissing, or assassin, bug (hemiptera: reduviidae; genus triatoma) bites a human to feed on the blood and then defecates on the skin. the person then scratches the bite and transports the protozoans through an open wound into the body. sixteen to 18 million people are infected, and 50, 000 of these die annually. other species of mammals have also been identified as hosts." ]

{ "text": [ "the elegant fat-tailed mouse opossum ( thylamys elegans ) , also known as the chilean mouse opossum , is an opossum from central chile .", "the type species of thylamys , it was first described by english naturalist george robert waterhouse in 1839 .", "this medium-sized opossum is characterized by black rings around the eyes , white limbs , gray to light brown coat , lighter flanks and underbelly and a thick 12.7 – 14.6 centimetres ( 5.0 – 5.7 in ) long tail covered with hairs .", "it is crepuscular ( active mainly around twilight ) and lives in nests in tree hollows or under rocks and roots .", "this opossum feeds mainly on arthropods and larvae apart from fruits .", "litter size is typically between 11 and 13 .", "the elegant fat-tailed opossum can occur in a variety of habitats – from cloud forests to chaparrals .", "the iucn classifies the opossum as least concern . " ], "topic": [ 29, 5, 23, 28, 8, 0, 24, 17 ] }

[ "the elegant fat-tailed mouse opossum (thylamys elegans), also known as the chilean mouse opossum, is an opossum from central chile. the type species of thylamys, it was first described by english naturalist george robert waterhouse in 1839. this medium-sized opossum is characterized by black rings around the eyes, white limbs, gray to light brown coat, lighter flanks and underbelly and a thick 12.7 – 14.6 centimetres (5.0 – 5.7 in) long tail covered with hairs. it is crepuscular (active mainly around twilight) and lives in nests in tree hollows or under rocks and roots. this opossum feeds mainly on arthropods and larvae apart from fruits. litter size is typically between 11 and 13. the elegant fat-tailed opossum can occur in a variety of habitats – from cloud forests to chaparrals. the iucn classifies the opossum as least concern." ]

[ "heliohemonia monosticta; bucsek, 2012, malaysia inst. zool. : (1 - 170 )\nheliosia monosticta hampson, 1900; cat. lep. phalaenae br. mus. 2: 276, pl. 26, f. 9; tl: borneo, pulo laut\nheliosia perichares turner, 1944; trans. r. soc. s. aust. 68: 5\nheliosia punctata fang, 1992; acta ent. sinica 35 (2): 228, 229; tl: emeishan, sichuan\nheliosia charopa turner, 1904; trans. r. soc. s. austr. 28: 212; tl: n. queensland, townsville\nheliosia punctinigra van eecke, 1920; zool. meded. 5 (13): 135; tl: batavia, java; maros, celebes\nheliosia (lithosianae) hampson, 1900; cat. lep. phalaenae br. mus. 2: xii, 87, 275; ts: pallene jucunda walker\nheliosia micra hampson, 1903; ann. mag. nat. hist. (7) 11 (64): 345; tl: queensland, cedar bay\nheliosia jucunda; hampson, 1900, cat. lep. phalaenae br. mus. 2: 275, f. 193; [ nhm card ]; [ aucl ]\nheliosia crocopera hampson, 1900; cat. lep. phalaenae br. mus. 2: 276, pl. 26, f. 10; tl: new guinea, kapaur\nheliosia alba hampson, 1914; cat. lepid. phalaenae br. mus. (suppl .) 1: 586, pl. 31, f. 12; tl: formosa, kanshirei\nheliosia aurantia; hampson, 1914, cat. lepid. phalaenae br. mus. (suppl .) 1: 585, pl. 31, f. 9; [ nhm card ]\nheliosia charopa; hampson, 1914, cat. lepid. phalaenae br. mus. (suppl .) 1: 586, f. 168; [ nhm card ]; [ aucl ]\nheliosia atriplaga hampson, 1914; cat. lepid. phalaenae br. mus. (suppl .) 1: 586, pl. 31, f. 11; tl: loyalty is. , lifu\nheliosia micra; hampson, 1914, cat. lepid. phalaenae br. mus. (suppl .) 1: 585, pl. 31, f. 8; [ nhm card ]; [ aucl ]\nselect a genera blavia walker - blavia caliginosia walker chrysoscota hampson - chrysoscota brunnea swinhoe - chrysoscota cotriangulata sp. n. stictane hampson gen. rev. - stictane serrata sp. n. - stictane parvipectinata sp. n. - stictane ciliata sp. n. - stictane filiformis sp. n. - stictane pectinata sp. n. - stictane muara sp. n. narosodes moore - narosodes punctana walker - narosodes hampsoni draudt tampea snellen - tampea reversa walker - tampea accepta butler comb. n. - tampea nodosa sp. n. - tampea sp. 2053 neoduma hampson - neoduma ectozona hampson tospitis walker - tospitis nulliferana walker darantasia walker - darantasia cuneiplena walker - darantasia seria sp. n. heliosia hampson - heliosia monosticta hampson stictosia hampson - stictosia flexilisana walker - stictosia flava van eecke comb. n. - stictosia crocea sp. n. - stictosia decubitana walker stat. rev. eurosia hampson - eurosia melanopera hampson diduga moore - diduga annulata hampson - diduga pectinifer hampson - diduga trichophora hampson - diduga dorsolobata sp. n. - diduga ciliata sp. n. - diduga barlowi sp. n. hemonia walker - hemonia orbiferana walker - hemonia rotundata snellen\nas indicated above, the male genitalia of the type species of heliosia have features in common with narosodes. the facies is very different, however, being dull yellowish with two transverse blackish bands on the forewing and a border of the same colour on the hindwing. the male forewing lacks the scale tuffs discussed under narosodes. the genus contains several australian and new guinea species and a few oriental ones. it needs revision. the single bornean species included has some features in common with\nnarosodes\nhampsoni, as discussed below .\nthe forewings are distinctly ovate, ochreous yellow that grades darker and browner towards the costa. the black dots noted by hampson (1900) may have been stray scales, as fresh material shows no consistent occurrence of these. the hindwings are greyish brown .\nthe forewings are similar in general appearance to those of “narosodes” hampsoni, though the forewing venation differs in having m3 stalked with cua1, and cua2 arises in a more basal position. the male genitalia also show similarity, with a rather tridentate apex to the valve, though with more division into a bifid dorsal part and a simple saccular part. the aedeagus vesica (not everted) has a similar elongate mass of cornuti. the female genitalia have short, broad structures, with irregular bands of scobination extending from the ductus into the bursa; there are small pockets laterally on the seventh segment .\nthe holotype is from pulo laut, a low - lying island to the south of borneo. in recent surveys five specimens have been taken in lowland forest at poring, at about 600m on the eastern slopes of g. kinabalu, and singletons have been taken in dry heath forest and coastal scrub in the lowlands of brunei .\naemene alba; bucsek, 2012, malaysia inst. zool. : (1 - 170 )\nrhagophanes aurantia rothschild, 1912; novit. zool. 19 (2): 218; tl: biagi, mambare r. , british new guinea, 5000ft\nflava (bang - haas, 1927) (miltochrista); horae macrolep. palaearct. 1: 115; tl: ussuri\npalaeopsis suffusus rothschild, 1913; novit. zool. 20 (1): 219; tl: biagi, mambare r. , 5000ft, british new guinea\n[ maps ] warning! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information, and the process does not always produce acceptable result; see about maps for more info .\nstudien over indo - australische lepidoptera. iv. bijdrage tot de kennis der heterocera - fauna der ost - indische kolonien\nwalker, 1863 list of the specimens of lepidopterous insects in the collection of the british museum list spec. lepid. insects colln br. mus. 27: 1 - 286 (1863), 28: 287 - 562 (1863), 29: 563 - 835 (1864), 30: 837 - 1096 (1864 )\nif you have corrections, comments or information to add into these pages, just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources, and may include many inaccuracies. expert help is welcome .\nencyclo. co. uk, online since 2007, is a search engine for english meanings and definitions. the website aims to publish all wordlists, big and small, on the internet, making it much easier to find the word you need. follow us on facebook\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\n* our website is multilingual. some comments have been translated from other languages .\ncurators: konstantin efetov, vasiliy feoktistov, svyatoslav knyazev, evgeny komarov, stan korb, alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion, flight time, etc. .\nauthors: british museum. (natural history). dept. of zoology; hampson, george francis, sir, bart. , 1860 - 1936\nclick here to view book online to see this illustration in context in a browseable online version of this book .\nplease note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work." ]

{ "text": [ "heliosia monosticta is a moth of the family erebidae .", "it was described by hampson in 1900 .", "it is found on borneo .", "the habitat consists of lowland forests , dry heath forests and coastal scrubs . " ], "topic": [ 2, 5, 20, 24 ] }

[ "heliosia monosticta is a moth of the family erebidae. it was described by hampson in 1900. it is found on borneo. the habitat consists of lowland forests, dry heath forests and coastal scrubs." ]

[ "include the island fox, condoro island flying fox, variable flying fox, lesser flying fox, kluang kechil, kalong kecil, memboi, and udawed, depending on geographic location. the word\nlearn about why flying foxes are so important. download dr. patrina birt' s flying fox brochure .\nthe flying - fox camp management policy 2015 empowers land managers, primarily local councils, to work with their communities to manage flying - fox camps effectively .\na recovery plan for the grey - headed flying - fox is being prepared .\nthe flying fox: becoming a rare commodity. bats 8: 6–9. urltoken\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below. < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive photo - small group of rodrigues flying fox roosting\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive photo - small group of rodrigues flying fox roosting\ntitle =\narkive photo - small group of rodrigues flying fox roosting\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nthe small flying fox (pteropus hypomelanus) uses its wings as an umbrella when it rains. when it is too warm, its wings make excellent fans .\nthe small flying fox (pteropus hypomelanus) uses its wings as an umbrella when it rains. when it is too warm, its wings make excellent fans. : batfacts\nflying - fox camps in public places, such as parks, school grounds and residential areas, can sometimes raise concerns about possible health risks for community members. concerns include flying - fox infections, noise, odour and the impact of flying - fox droppings on houses, cars, and washing .\nthe little red flying - fox (pteropus scapulatus) with a weight of 300–600 grams is the smallest australian flying - fox and has reddish brown - coloured fur. little reds will often fly much further inland than other flying - foxes .\nbecause the grey - headed flying - fox is listed as a threatened species in nsw, approval is required to disturb or relocate flying - foxes .\nresearchers speculate that flying - fox movements could be related to food scarcity, nectar flows or seasonal variations .\nthere are no reports of these infections acquired from living in close proximity to flying - fox camps. this indicates that living near a flying - fox camp does not pose a significant risk for infection with these viruses .\nseven species of flying - fox are found in australia. information on the status and distribution of these flying - foxes is shown in the table below .\nthe large flying fox is classified as near threatened (nt) on the iucn red list (1) .\ndirect handling of flying - fox droppings should be avoided. the health risks associated with flying - fox droppings relate mainly to the small potential risk to humans of gastrointestinal or lung diseases. flying - foxes may carry a range of bacteria in their guts and, similar to domestic pets and birds, their droppings may contaminate the environment and potentially cause illness in humans if swallowed .\na young flying fox flies through the air. other bats are visible in the trees behind. melbourne, australia .\nranging patterns and habitat use of a solitary flying fox (pteropus dasymallus) on okinawa - jima island, japan .\nthere has been a small number of confirmed cases of hendra virus in humans, all in queensland .\nmembers of pteropus include the largest fruit bats but p. rodricensis is a small member of this genus\nthreats from overhunting to the flying fox, pteropus tonganus (chiroptera: pteropodidae) on niue island, south pacific ocean .\neffects of tropical cyclonic storms on flying fox populations on the south pacific islands of samoa. conservation biology 10: 438–451 .\naustralian bat lyssavirus is found in the saliva of infected animals. the virus can only be spread to other animals and people through the bite or scratch of a flying - fox. australian bat lyssavirus is not spread through flying fox urine or droppings .\nthe grey - headed flying - fox (pteropus poliocephalus), spectacled flying - fox (pteropus conspicillatus subsp. conspicillatus) and the christmas island flying - fox (pteropus melanotus natalis) are listed under national environmental law (environment protection and biodiversity conservation act 1999, the epbc act). the numbers of all three epbc listed flying - foxes have declined over recent times, due to habitat clearance, natural stochastic events and culling .\nwith a small population size and a geographic range comprised of many small low - lying islands totaling < 12 km 2, flying fox populations in the mortlock islands are highly vulnerable to environmental changes and certain human activities. the apparent depletion or possible extirpation of bats on losap atoll in the northern mortlocks during the past 60 years underscores this vulnerability .\nthe living with grey - headed flying - foxes fact sheet suggests some simple measures that the community can take to minimise conflict when they are living close to a flying - fox camp .\naustralia' s only endemic flying - fox species. occurs in the coastal belt from rockhampton in central queensland to adelaide in south australia .\nbetween july 2011 and june 2017, the phase out of licences was accompanied by a flying - fox netting subsidy program to help eligible growers with the cost of installing exclusion netting. this program has now closed. more information is available from protecting commercial crops from flying - fox damage .\nit is important to remember that state governments, irrespective of national listing status, consider all species of flying - fox to be protected native species .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below. < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - large flying fox (pteropus vampyrus )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - large flying fox (pteropus vampyrus )\ntitle =\narkive species - large flying fox (pteropus vampyrus )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nthe mariana fruit bat (a. k. a. mariana flying fox) is currently designated as threatened. range: guam, northern mariana islands .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below. < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - little red flying fox (pteropus scapulatus )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - little red flying fox (pteropus scapulatus )\ntitle =\narkive species - little red flying fox (pteropus scapulatus )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nconservation advice - pteropus melanotus natalis (christmas island flying - fox) (pdf - 261. 96 kb) | (docx - 80. 72 kb )\nthe large flying fox (pteropus vampyrus), so named because of its fox - like facial features, is one of the largest bats in the world (2). the hair on the underparts of the large flying fox ranges from black to tawny brown and is long and woolly, while the hair on the back is shorter and stiffer, (this is more pronounced in males), and ranges in colour from mahogany red to orange and black (2). the large flying fox has long, pointed ears and no clearly visible tail (2) .\nlittle is known about lifespan in variable flying foxes. wild caught, captive variable flying foxes have been known to live 9 years .\n). chromatically, the lone amnh skin more closely resembles those from satawan in the mortlocks than it does the small sample from weno .\nfrom 1 july 2015, oeh only issues licences to shoot flying - foxes as a crop protection measure where it considers that flying - fox damage to orchards is the result of special circumstances. licences will be issued to shoot flying - foxes for the duration of the incursion, subject to strict limits .\n[ amnh 87117, holotype ] are all somewhat broken. consequently, we based our pca comparisons on a relatively small number of five variables (\nthe malayan flying fox has a big appetite. it can eat half its body weight every day. the vampire bat outdoes even that, though, eating twice its weight in one day. the brown bat can eat up to 1, 000 small insects in an hour, according to the defenders of wildlife organization .\nthe national monitoring program for the grey - headed flying - fox began on 14 february 2013 and is conducted every three months. this is the biggest census of grey - headed flying - foxes ever undertaken across the species' entire national range. the aim of the census is to deliver a reliable benchmark on the current size of the grey - headed flying - fox population in 2013, and to monitor population trends in the future .\nthere is no evidence that people can catch hendra directly from flying - foxes. it is believed that horses catch the hendra virus when they eat food which has recently been contaminated with an infected flying - fox' s urine, saliva or birth products .\nflying - foxes are increasingly moving into urban areas in search of food and shelter, as a result of the loss of their natural habitat. this can sometimes be problematic for local residents, because of concerns about flying - fox camp health and amenity impacts .\n2. agriculture & aquaculture - > 2. 1. annual & perennial non - timber crops - > 2. 1. 2. small - holder farming\nany dead flying - foxes which are banded should be reported to the australian bird and bat banding scheme. if you find a banded flying - fox, do not attempt to read or remove the band yourself. instead, call your local licensed fauna rehabilitation group .\nflying foxes are of ecological importance to old world plants that depend on them for pollination and seed dispersal; however they are globally threatened by habitat loss and hunting. lyle’s flying fox is of particular interest because it is a host for the nipah virus, it frequently l\nseasonal reproduction in flying foxes, reviewed in the context of other tropical mammals .\nflying - fox camps can be large and may occur in trees that are close to houses and livestock. residents who live near camps often have concerns regarding noise, damage to vegetation and hygiene .\ndo not directly handle dead flying - foxes. where there is no direct handling or contact with flying - foxes, the risk of disease transmission is negligible. if you find a dead flying - fox in a public area (e. g. on a road or in a park), call your local council to ask them to dispose of it .\ncounts of spectacled flying - fox conducted between 1998 and 2000 indicated the spectacled flying - fox population declined from 153, 000 in 1998 to about 80, 000 in 1999 and 2000. modelling identified that the species was likely to be extinct in less than 100 years due to the high levels of death associated with human interactions. this made them eligible for listing as vulnerable under national environmental law .\ncounts of the christmas island flying - fox conducted in 1984 concluded that the population was 6000 individuals and recorded anecdotal claims of a decline over the preceding decades. more recent censuses in 2007 and 2012 provided population estimates of 1500 and 1000 individuals respectively. the trend of decline and subsequent small population size made the subspecies eligible for listing as critically endangered under national environmental law .\nan independent review was commissioned in 2008 to assess the validity of the nsw licensing policy for the legal harm (including killing) of flying - foxes. this flying - fox licensing review determined that shooting is ineffective when larger numbers of flying - foxes visit orchards and is a contributing factor to the decline of the species. in response to the review panel' s recommendations, the issuing of licences to harm flying - foxes is being phased out .\nhunting of the large flying fox for sport or food is banned in thailand, and this species is similarly protected in cambodia (8). in addition, over its large range, it is likely that the large flying fox occurs in a number of protected areas (1). however, as overhunting remains one of the greatest threats to this bat, hunting still requires regulation (1). as the large flying fox may travel great distances between various roosting and foraging sites, often crossing international borders, it is important that countries in the region work together to secure the future of this impressive bat (8) .\nthe black flying - fox is common to the coastal and near coastal areas of northern australia from shark bay in western australia to lismore in new south wales. it is also found in new guinea and indonesia .\nvariable flying foxes are hunted by humans for food. their noisy roosting habits allow hunters to easily find them. variable flying foxes are also often exported as a food source .\nflying foxes were observed flying at all hours, including midday, although some daytime activity was doubtless caused by the observer’s passage. flight activity was greatest near sunset and sunrise (\nthese few, and in some cases questionable, records together with the lack of sightings during this study suggest that flying foxes are absent from nama island, and are either recently extirpated or possibly still present in such small numbers as to be unknown to many islanders on losap atoll .\nthis file is all about png and it includes fox, animal, cartoon which could help you design much easier than ever before .\nmost bats eat flowers, small insects, fruits, nectar, pollen and leaves, though it depends on the type of bat. megabats usually eat fruits, and microbats generally eat insects .\nvariable flying foxes are found at elevations ranging from sea level to greater than 900 meters in the philippines, but it is uncommon to find them in montane upland forest and submontane rainforest. however, variable flying foxes are found no higher than 100 meters above sea level in the conflict islands. forested areas of small to medium sized islands and lowland and disturbed forests are the main habitat of\nvariable flying foxes have never been found more than 8 km away from a known roosting site .\nrefer to the special circumstances for issuing licences to shoot flying - foxes (pdf 42kb) .\nfurther information on the nationally listed grey - headed, spectacled and christmas island flying - foxes can be found in the species profiles and threats database (sprat profiles) for these species. there is also a national recovery plan in place for the spectacled flying - fox, containing details of the species' biology, threats and recovery objectives .\nthe large flying fox is found throughout south east asia. its range extends from southern myanmar, thailand, cambodia and vietnam, south through peninsular malaysia to singapore and much of indonesia, and east to borneo and the philippines (1) .\ntraditional grey - headed flying - fox habitat is located within 200km of the eastern coast of australia, from bundaberg in queensland to melbourne in victoria. in 2010, many grey - headed flying - foxes were found roosting and foraging outside these traditional areas; some were found as far inland as orange and as far south - west as adelaide .\nflying - foxes feed on the nectar and pollen of native blossoms and fruits such as figs. flying - foxes are beneficial to the health of vegetation, as they spread seeds and pollinate native plants .\nmeet the little red flying fox, a bat with a wingspan of up to three feet. its wings take a lot of work to maintain - and one missed approach while getting a drink can land this bat in the mouth of a crocodile .\nthe large flying fox is hunted in a number of the countries in which it occurs, including thailand, malaysia, indonesia and the philippines, for food and for sport (1) (7). as it feeds on cultivated fruits, the large flying fox is often considered to be an agricultural pest, and is killed as a result (8). it also suffers from habitat loss, as lowland forests and mangroves throughout its range are cleared for human activities (1) (2) .\nfox sparrows tend to feed on the ground close to dense vegetation. they enjoy small seeds and many kinds of berries. they may scratch for fallen seeds underneath bird feeders, particularly if they are close to cover. encouraging shrubs or berry bushes to grow at the edges of your yard, or keeping a brush pile, are good ways to provide places for fox sparrows to forage. find out more about what this bird likes to eat and what feeder is best by using the project feederwatch common feeder birds bird list .\nflying - foxes help pollinate plants and spread seeds, ensuring the survival of our native forests. they do this over much larger distances than birds or insects. learn more about the flying - foxes of nsw .\nactions that are likely to have a significant impact on the grey - headed, spectacled or christmas island flying - fox must be referred to the australian government. if you are not sure if a proposed activity is likely to have a significant impact on these flying - foxes, please contact the department to discuss it by emailing epbc. referrals @ urltoken or phoning 1800 803 772 .\nif you are bitten or scratched by a flying - fox, the wound should immediately be washed gently but thoroughly with soap and water for at least 5 minutes, an antiseptic, such as povidone - iodine should be applied, and a doctor consulted as soon as possible .\nflying - foxes are large bats that feed on plant products such as fruit, flowers, pollen and nectar. they generally congregate in camps made up of large numbers of individuals, but some also roost singly or in small groups. camps can be found in a range of vegetation types, usually close to water in an area with a dense understorey .\nin their larger size and dark brown hairs on the throat instead of pale gray. variable flying foxes are distinguished from\nfox sparrow fossils from the pleistocene (about 11, 000 years ago) have been found in pennsylvania, virginia, and at the la brea tar pits in california .\nthe fruit bat falls into the category of the megabat and sometimes they are called the flying fox in some locations. there are many differences in their size from one location to the next. due to that variation these bats are often mistaken for many different types rather than being identified as the same .\nin: wilson de, graham gl. (eds). pacific island flying foxes: proceedings of an international conservation conference .\nin: wilson de, graham gl. (eds). pacific islands flying foxes: proceedings of an international conservation conference .\nthis species includes the extinct populations on panay (often referred to acerodon lucifer elliot, 1896, the panay golden - crowned flying fox), following (heaney et al. 1998). there is significant geographic variation in the species, and more studies are needed (l. heaney pers. comm. 2006) .\nmcnab, b. , m. armstrong. 2001. sexual dimorphism and scaling of energetics in flying foxes of the genus pteropus .\nthis fact sheet suggests some simple measures that the community can take to reduce conflict with flying - foxes when living alongside their camps .\non the identity of flying - foxes, genus pteropus (mammalia: chiroptera), from islands in the torres strait, australia .\nthey have typical pipistrellus appearance but are characterized by the thickened pads at the base of thumbs. they roost in bamboo stalks but are not the flat - headed tylonycteris of southeast asia nor the funnel - eared kerivoula of taiwan. the genus glischropus is a group of small vespe\nthe oldest recorded fox sparrow was at least 10 years, 4 months old when it was recaptured and rereleased during banding operations in california in 2003, the same state where it had been banded .\neffects of cyclone waka on flying foxes (pteropus tonganus) in the vava’u islands of tonga. journal of tropical ecology 20: 555–561 .\nthe black flying - fox (pteropus alecto) is almost completely black in colour with only a slight rusty red - coloured collar and a light frosting of silvery grey on its belly. they have an average weight of 710 grams and are one of the largest bat species in the world. their wingspan can be more than 1 metre .\nalthough most common in coastal regions, the large flying fox has also been found at altitudes as high as 1, 370 metres above sea level (2). it usually inhabits primary forests and mangroves, and roosts in tall trees with leafless upper branches, but can also be found feeding in coconut groves and fruit orchards (3) .\nactivities that are likely to have a significant impact on a nationally threatened species need to be referred to the australian government to ensure they are consistent with national environment law. in regards to nationally - listed flying - fox species, this may include proposals to disperse camps, move or shift camp boundaries, or clearance of important roosting or foraging habitat .\nflying - foxes are nomadic mammals that travel across large areas of australia feeding on native blossoms and fruits, spreading seeds and pollinating native plants .\n. variable flying foxes have a nearly four foot wingspan (1. 21 m). overall body length is 183 to 240 mm. variable flying foxes are sexually dimorphic with males weighing 567 to 576 g and females weighing 467. 5 to 472. 5 g. they are distinguished from\nmembers of the community should not handle flying - foxes unless they have been trained, vaccinated against australian bat lyssavirus and use the proper protective equipment .\nfamily: there are 16 families in the suborder microchiroptera, and only one in macrochiroptera: pteropodidae, which includes flying foxes and old world fruit bats .\ncranial measurements (mean ± sd, in millimeters, n in parentheses) for pooled samples of flying foxes from chuuk lagoon islands versus mortlock islands a .\npacific flying foxes (mammalia: chiroptera): two new species of pteropus from samoa, probably extinct. american museum novitates 3646: 1–37. urltoken ,\nsince most of the bats are snared on the top strand of the barbed wire fence, it has been advocated that the top strand should be replaced with smooth, galvanised wire as an obvious solution to the problem (7). fortunately, the little red flying fox remains common in australia, where it is legally protected, and is not considered endangered (3) .\nin 2012, dwb visited all of the islands in lukunor atoll except lekinioch. small numbers of bats were recorded on eight of the 17 islands visited, as follows: oneop, 5 bats; piafa, 1; kurum, 1; pienemon, 4; fanamau, 1; sapull, 6; sopotiw, 2; and fanafeo, 1. seven bats were noted flying between sapull and sopotiw islands. no colonies were found and no population estimate was made for the atoll .\nthe grey - headed flying - fox (pteropus poliocephalus) is easily recognisable by its rusty reddish - coloured collar, grey head and hairy legs. adults have an average wingspan up to 1 metre and can weigh up to 1 kilogram. it is also the most vulnerable species because it competes with humans for prime coastal habitat along the south - east queensland, nsw and victorian coasts .\nif you do find an injured bat alone during the day, it needs help, whether it is a flying fox or a microbat, do not pick it up, like any wild animal it may bite when frightened or injured, seek help immediately - call bat conservation & rescue qld inc on 0488 228 134. with regard to lyssavirus, only a small proportion of the bat population may have the virus, it is very rare. do not risk infection to yourself and the death of the bat, please – do not handle bats. if bitten or scratched, wash the area immediately and thoroughly with soap and warm water, and seek medical attention as soon as possible. remember no touch = no risk\nhall, l. & g. richards (2000). flying foxes: fruit and blosson bats of australia. sydney, nsw: university of nsw .\nto help inform the public about how to live with flying - foxes, the state government websites listed above may also help to answer any questions you have .\nnumbers of bats observed flying between islands during six sunset and three sunrise counts at six different stations on satawan atoll, mortlock islands, 24 june–3 july 2004 .\nnsw health advises that the public should avoid direct contact with flying - foxes. there is always the possibility of being scratched or bitten and it leading to infection .\nlian, t. s. (1999) flying foxes. wetlands: a publication of sungei buloh nature park, 6 (2). available at: urltoken\ntypically seen sending up a spray of leaf litter as they kick around in search of food, fox sparrows are dark, splotchy sparrows of dense thickets. named for the rich red hues that many fox sparrows wear, this species is nevertheless one of our most variable birds, with four main groups that can range from foxy red to gray to dark brown. since they breed primarily in remote areas, many people see them in winter when the birds move into backyard thickets .\npeople have spotted individual fox sparrows in greenland, iceland, ireland, germany, and italy. some of these vagrant birds probably made part of their transatlantic journey by ship, after touching down to rest on a vessel far from shore .\n). dwb observed an unusually pale individual through binoculars from a distance of 30–40 m on toimon island, namoluk atoll, on 27 july 2004. the venter and sides were entirely creamy white. only the top of the head, neck, a small part of the mantle middorsally, and most of the back and rump were dark brown .\nresearchers have found that female short - nosed fruit bats perform oral sex on their mates to prolong the act; male indian flying foxes do the same thing to females .\nflying - foxes (also called fruit bats) are members of a large group of mammals called bats. bats are the only group of mammals capable of sustained flight .\nsome activities to manage problematic flying - fox camps may be considered unlikely to have a significant impact and may not need to be submitted to the australian government for approval. examples may include minor modifications to habitat, such as creating buffers by trimming or removing vegetation using appropriate timing and methodology, planting non - roost plant species, or re - vegetating key areas to improve or create additional habitat away from affected areas .\nlisted as endangered because of a population decline is suspected to be more than 50% over the last three generations (30 years; pacifici et al. 2013). the decline is suspected from the species' dependence on native forest (mildenstein 2012) and the observed reduction in the extent of its lowland forest habitat. the species is also extremely sensitive to hunting in general, and especially to roost site disturbances. only 3 of the 12 - 15 remaining populations known to contain this species are at roost sites that are essentially protected from most disturbance (subic bay, boracay, mambukal), and even these populations in the best case scenario are declining at a rate of 10 - 15% per generation (mildenstein 2012). finally, population sizes of this species are very small, most (9 of 12 known populations) containing fewer than 200 individuals, and many of those with fewer than 50 individuals. with the inferred population dynamic and genetic challenges associated with small populations, it is assumed these populations' decline are exacerbated by their small sizes .\nlittle red flying foxes are tree - dwelling bats. in daytime they can be seen roosting in giant camps that may include as many as a million individuals. the bats are indeed efficient fliers, as their name suggests, but time in the trees has also made them excellent climbers. little red flying foxes use their feet and jointed thumbs to move nimbly about treetop branches. despite the old “blind as a bat” axiom these and other flying foxes have excellent senses of both sight and smell, which enable them to find plenty of their favored foods .\nduring the day, colonies known as ‘camps’ can sometimes have as many as one million bats. the little red flying fox roosts in the trees of a broad range of habitats including eucalypt forests, woodland, paperbark swamps, mangroves and bamboo thickets (4). this species is nomadic, venturing from coastal to rainforest to dry inland areas (8), following the seasonally varying flowering and fruiting cycles of different trees (2) (4) .\nflying fox numbers have decreased dramatically over the last 50 years due to loss of habitat, uncontrolled killing at orchards and poor management procedures. with changes in climatic conditions our forests are flowering at different times, flowering with no nectar production or not flowering at all. there are also heat events where thousand of young may perish when temperatures rise over 40 degrees c. we know very little about bat behaviour yet there is little research into their decline nationally. if governments and communities do not work to preserve their populations now australian forests, our hardwood and rainforests will decline and our entire ecosystem will be under threat. recovery teams have now been formed for both the grey - headed and the spectacled flying fox in an attempt to bring their numbers back from such dangerous levels. these teams are headed by the queensland environmental protection agency, new south wales department of environment and conservation, and the department of environment and heritage .\nmothers will fly with young pups for two to three weeks, until they become too heavy. at that point the pup is left behind with other young. in a month, the young learn enough coordination to explore and, by january and february, they form small groups around their mothers. when the young are able to take care of themselves, the mother will breed again. young\nhuman infections with viruses borne by flying - foxes are very rare. in australia at december 2016, there have been 3 confirmed cases of australian bat lyssavirus in humans. all were in queensland\nalthough dracos usually avoid going to the ground, females still must descend to deposit eggs. the lizard uses her pointed snout to create a small hole in the ground, where she lays about five eggs and then covers the hole with dirt. she remains on the ground for about 24 hours, fiercely guarding the nest, and then returns to the trees and leaves the eggs to their fate .\nflying - foxes play a vital role in keeping our ecosystems in good health. they pollinate flowers and disperse seeds as they forage on the nectar and pollen of eucalypts, melaleucas and banksias and on the fruits of rainforest trees and vines. flying - foxes are important in ensuring the survival of our threatened rainforests such as the wet tropics and gondwana rainforests, both listed as world heritage sites .\nin addition to potential considerations under the epbc act, you are advised to check your obligations under state legislation before undertaking any activities that may kill or injure flying - foxes or interfere with camps .\nvary from solitary individuals to large colonies called “camps” numbering anywhere from 10 to several hundred individuals. often these large groups are responsible for the defoliation of their roosting trees by damage to young shoots and leaves as the flying foxes perch. colonies are often organized into small family groups. in the philippines group sizes of 50 to 70 have been reported, while roosting groups of 40 to 50 have been reported in malaysia. fighting occurs in the form of verbal threats and boxing with closed wings. in the maldive islands, skirmishes occur when two individuals meet while feeding and continue until one of the individuals leaves .\nin fact, these flying foxes are rather nomadic as a rule. they migrate seasonally from rain forests to arid or coastal areas—roosting wherever their favored flowers and fruits are in season at any given time .\nflying - foxes are highly mobile, ranging up to 40 km from their camps at night to feed. they also move up to hundreds of kilometres to follow the flowering and fruiting of food sources .\nmensural data for samples of flying foxes from chuuk lagoon islands and the mortlock islands; data sets include range, n in parentheses, and mean ± sd; all measurements are in millimeters or grams .\nmost species of pteropus are seasonal breeders with births synchronized over a period of several months (o’brien 1993). contrary to this pattern, our limited observations suggest that births in pteropus phaeocephalus pelagicus occur over a longer time frame and that females with dependent young are present for at least 8 months of the year. two other micronesian taxa, pteropus yapensis in yap and pteropus mariannus on guam, are among the few species of flying fox known to breed continuously (wiles 1987b, falanruw 1988) .\nflying - foxes are very fond of the nectar, pollen and fruit of native australian forest trees such as eucalypts, melaleuca, banksia, lily pilly and moreton bay figs. although they do consume cultivated fruit such as peaches, mangoes and pawpaw, they only do so when their native food is scarce. flying - foxes generally migrate from one area to another depending on the amount of food available. unfortunately, with land clearing for agriculture and urban development, the flying foxes have very few areas in which they can migrate to once flowering / fruiting ceases in another area and so find it necessary to sometimes eat cultivated fruit .\nmany islands of the west - central pacific ocean remain poorly known biologically, particularly the numerous, small, low - lying, coralline atolls and atoll - like islands of micronesia. their inaccessibility and relatively depauperate biotas (compared with those of larger and higher islands) have contributed to a paucity of visiting biologists. however, an understanding of the biogeography and biodiversity of oceania remains incomplete without knowledge of the species that inhabit these miniscule lands .\ncounts of grey - headed flying - foxes conducted in 1989 and 1998 - 2001 indicated a 30 per cent decline in the national population. this qualified the species for listing as a vulnerable species under national environmental law .\nwhen food is scarce, flying - foxes will target any readily available food sources, including backyard and commercial orchards of stonefruit, pome fruit (such as apples and pears), lychees, paw paw and coffee .\nvariable flying foxes have keen eyesight, hearing, and sense of smell. they communicate with vocalizations, touch, visual displays, and chemical cues. they use their sense of smell and vision to navigate and locate food .\nthe food that flying foxes eat and the method by which they forage and process that food has lead to the flying fox being one of the most efficient pollinators and seed dispersers of native australian forest trees. as they move amongst the flowers of eucalypts or melaleuca searching for nectar, large amounts of pollen attach to their fur. when they fly to the next tree, which may be several kilometers away, this pollen is deposited on the stigma of awaiting flowers. such transport of pollen is very important for trees such as eucalypts as they rely on cross - pollination, i. e. pollen coming in from other trees which are a substantial distance away. in the case of seed dispersal, many seeds will not grow unless they are a certain distance away from the parent tree. flying foxes carry out seed dispersal by one of three methods: 1) carrying the fruit away and dropping it accidentally, 2) carrying the fruit away, eating the flesh and spitting out the seeds and 3) consuming the fruit and seeds but passing the seeds through the gut. flying foxes have a very short digestive tract, thus seeds swallowed are not digested but pass through the gut within 12 - 34 minutes .\nlittle - red flying - foxes are the most widespread species of megabat in australia. they occupy a broad range of habitats found in northern and eastern australia including queensland, northern territory, western australia, new south wales and victoria .\ndroppings from many animals including flying - foxes may end up on roofs. these contaminants can then be washed into rainwater tanks when it rains. nsw health recommends against drinking water from rainwater tanks where there is public drinking water available .\nvariable flying foxes feed primarily on fruit and nectar from wild and cultivated plants. known food sources include pawpaw fruits, mangos, jambu, bananas or plantains, figs, banyan flowers, berries of the damba tree, fruits of cultivated crops, flowers of the kapok tree, chico, coconut flowers, and fruits of the babolo tree. food is found through a highly specialized sense of sight and smell. variable flying foxes eat about half of their own body weight daily .\nthere are few historical accounts of flying foxes in the southern mortlocks. j. nason (pers. comm .) reported “scores of fruit bats... possibly 100 + ” on ettal island, ettal atoll, during the late 1960s .\nthere have been no reports of any infections with hendra virus acquired by wildlife handlers from working with flying - foxes. there is only one report of australian bat lyssavirus infection in a wildlife handler who is thought to have been bitten by an insectivorous bat .\nif you have concerns or questions about disposing of dead flying - foxes, contact your local council for advice on waste management in your area. in some situations, wildlife care groups might also be able to provide advice or assistance if they have resources available .\nthis nectar specialist primarily feeds on the nectar and pollen of eucalyptus blossoms (4) (7), although the diet also includes flowers, fruit, growing shoots, bark, sap and insects and fruit orchards are occasionally raided when food is scarce, much to the irritation of farmers (2) (4). little red flying foxes may fly over 80 km a night visiting different trees (7) and, like other flying foxes, use their excellent sense of sight and smell to find their food (9) .\nflying dragons survive on a diet of almost exclusively ants and termites. the lizards are found in densely wooded areas in the philippines and borneo in the east, across southeast asia and into southern india. they are abundant throughout their range and have no special conservation status .\nbats are divided into two main types: megabats and microbats. megabats (formally, bats in the megachiroptera suborder) include flying foxes and old world fruit bats. they tend to be larger than microbats (microchiroptera suborder), but some microbats are actually larger than some megabats .\ninformation on the abundance and biology of bats came from a combination of sources. station counts of flying bats were conducted on satawan atoll at two types of locations providing relatively unobstructed views of the sky: the ta airport and six beach sites where interisland movement of bats was assessed (\nthe main threat to these bats is the loss of trees and thus the flowers and fruits on which they depend. little red flying foxes remain relatively common, however, and are actually regarded as pests by some farmers because they will feed in orchards when other food sources run short .\nonce mating has occurred they will carry the young in their bodies for about six months. the females will give birth to only one young at a time. it is going to be fully dependent upon her as the wings aren’t strong enough until they are six weeks old for flying .\nnatives of the philippines and malaysia export these bats as food. variable flying foxes are considered a delicacy in some parts of its range. a typical dish includes the animal in its entirety, fur, wings and innards, which is boiled in coconut milk and eaten as is. however ,\na from bryan (1971). b based on the 2000 national census (division of statistics 2002). c measured reef to reef. d total number of days spent on the island (s) by dwb while conducting faunal surveys for flying foxes, birds, lizards, butterflies, and dragonflies. e number of islands counted by dwb while walking on the reef flat, but bryan (1971) recorded 18. f based on information given dwb by residents of satawan atoll, but exact number uncertain. bryan (1971) indicated “approximately” 49 islands in the summary section for “truk district, ” but mentioned at least 80 named and unnamed islands in the atoll and described one area in the northeast part of the atoll as having “numerous small cays on edge of reef” without naming or numbering them. g formerly lukunor island, and known also as likinioch, lukinoch, and lukunoch island .\ndwb observed small numbers of bats on all the islands in july 2004. the encounter rate on namoluk island averaged four per hour during six 45 - minute walks in the least disturbed parts of the coconut - breadfruit forest on four different days. overall, an estimate of 150–200 bats was made for the atoll. however, maikawa setile (pers. comm .), deputy mayor of namoluk, claimed that bats were more abundant at certain times, especially when breadfruit was in season. he recalled seeing large numbers of bats in the settlement earlier in 2004, with as many as 50 in one tree .\nwill travel from their roosting islands to feed at mainland locations, however none have been found any farther than 8 km from a known roost site. they fly about 30 m above the ground and will often seek troughs in waves when over seas to help overcome wind resistance. variable flying foxes extend the claws on their thumbs during flight and use them to help land in a head - up position along with both feet. upon landing, these flying foxes release their thumbs and hang from their feet. they feed either while hanging from their feet or clinging to vegetation with all four limbs .\ncenturies of human occupation have greatly altered the vegetation of the mortlocks, but anthropogenic disturbance is now low despite the atoll’s high human population density. the coconut - breadfruit - pandanus forests where bats roost and feed are economically important to islanders, and they manage this resource sustainably. cutting and clearing of the undergrowth occurs sporadically and is usually done on small, family - owned plots, but widespread cutting of forest does not occur. additionally, a high emigration rate of mortlockese to the larger islands of micronesia and to overseas locations for better job opportunities (marshall 2004) has reduced human population growth and stress on the environment .\nwithin their large camps, little red flying foxes roost in close proximity and in tight clusters, often causing large limbs of rainforest trees to snap off under the sheer weight of so many bats on a single branch (8)! during the breeding season between november and january (the australian late spring, early summer) males establish territories within these roosts, from which they actively defend a harem of two to five females from other males (3) (4). after mating, females establish small groups consisting exclusively of females, which are maintained until young are born five months later in april to may (3). females carry their young during flight for the first four to six weeks of life, after which the infant is left at the roost while they forage at night. at two months, young will move and fly around between the trees within the camp (4). sexual maturity is typically reached between 18 months and 2 years of age (3) .\nthe nineteenth century naturalist william brewster was inspired by the rich song of breeding fox sparrows in the gulf of saint lawrence. “at all hours of the day, ” he wrote, “in every kind of weather late into the brief summer, its voice rises among the evergreen woods filling the air with quivering, delicious melody, which at length dies softly, mingling with the soughing of the wind in the spruces, or drowned by the muffled roar of the surf beating against neighboring cliffs. ”\nas its common name suggests, the little red fox has a conspicuously reddish tinge to its fur and is one of the smallest of the pteropus species (4) (6). the fur on the head is often grey and the leathery wings are reddish - brown and appear semi - translucent in flight (4) (7). this species is an efficient climber, using its jointed thumbs and its feet to clamber with great agility about the branches of a tree (8) .\nlittle red flying foxes are pollinators, like bees, and thus critical to the health and reproduction of flowering tree species. they are known to haunt many different habitats, including swamps, mangroves, and bamboo stands. eucalyptus trees seem to be their favorite—they follow the trees’ flowering over great distances and farther into the australian interior than any other bat species .\nfox sparrows are common but retiring birds, so you may have to look carefully to spot one scratching in the leaf litter under a streamside thicket or forest edge tangle. check a range map to know when you’re likely to see one (wintertime over much of the east and the southern pacific coast; summertime in alaska, canada, and western mountains). during the summer, in the appropriate habitat, you may hear a male singing his rich, whistling song; in winter look for them on the ground under bird feeders .\nsome double - counting of flying foxes may have occurred during our survey due to movements of bats between atolls. however, this problem was probably minor because our primary survey period when all six island groups in the mortlocks were visited was limited to a 6 - week period from 22 june to 5 august 2004, thus reducing the likelihood of significant inter - atoll flights .\npteropus phaeocephalus pelagicus characteristically roosted singly or in small, loose aggregations of 5–10 individuals, usually in the crowns of coconut and breadfruit trees in closed or nearly closed canopy forest outside of settlements. a maximum of 27 was seen together in the crowns of two adjacent coconut trees at the northern end of satawan island on 2 july 2004, with seven roosting along the rachis of a single palm frond and separated from each other by one or two body lengths. bats were frequently observed hanging from tree branches and palm fronds, and occasionally clinging to the trunks of coconut trees a short distance below the crowns. roosting bats were noted to occasionally stretch their wings and reposition themselves, or awake and relocate to another site. some were seen crawling on the petiole bases of palm fronds and disappearing from view among the leaf axils." ]

{ "text": [ "the small flying fox , island flying fox or variable flying fox ( pteropus hypomelanus ) is a species of flying fox in the family pteropodidae .", "it is found in australia , cambodia , indonesia , malaysia , the maldives , myanmar , papua new guinea , the philippines , the solomon islands , thailand , and vietnam . " ], "topic": [ 10, 20 ] }

[ "the small flying fox, island flying fox or variable flying fox (pteropus hypomelanus) is a species of flying fox in the family pteropodidae. it is found in australia, cambodia, indonesia, malaysia, the maldives, myanmar, papua new guinea, the philippines, the solomon islands, thailand, and vietnam." ]

[ "portentomorpha xanthialis (gn .) in louisiana vernon a. brou, jr. 2007. southern lepidopterists' news 29 (2) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29: registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin, july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia, june 4 - 7. photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona, july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell, iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\ncompare to others on the archived photos of living moths and pinned plates of moth photographers group .\nin louisiana. the southern lepidopterists' news. vol. 29, no. 2 .\nguenée, a. 1854. histoire naturelle des insectes. spécies général des lépidoptères. tom huitieme. deltoides et pyralites. p. (343 )\nthe moths of america north of mexico. fascicle 13. 2b. pyraloidea, pyralidae (part), pyraustinae, pyraustini (conclusion)... munroe, eugene. 1976. the wedge entomological research foundation .\narthropods of florida and neighboring land areas: lepidoptera of florida j. b. heppner. 2003. florida department of agriculture 17 (1): 1 - 670 .\ncontributed by maury j. heiman on 12 march, 2013 - 6: 02pm last updated 23 october, 2013 - 7: 10pm\ndisclaimer: dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service. we strive to provide accurate information, but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world. if you need expert professional advice, contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content. click the contributor' s name for licensing and usage information. everything else copyright © 2003 - 2018 iowa state university, unless otherwise noted .\nphotographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed. contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\nmunroe, e. , 1976. moths of america north of mexico, fascicle 13. 2b, p. 144; pl. u. 3 - 4. order\nflorida, s. texas, west indies, cuba, mexico - bolivia. see [ maps ]\nthis information is not automatically synchronized with globiz and can sometimes be lagging behind .\n[ maps ] warning! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information, and the process does not always produce acceptable result; see about maps for more info .\nhistoire naturelle des insectes. species général des lépidoptéres. tome huitiéme. deltoides et pyralites\npyralides récoltés à l' île de la guadeloupe par m. l. berland\n( a): 1 - 78, pl. 1 - 4, a - h, (b): 79 - 150, pl. 5 - 9, j - u\nopgave der geometrina en pyralidina, in nieuw granada en op st. thomas en jamaica, verzameld door w. baron von nolcken\nwalker, [ 1866 ] list of the specimens of lepidopterous insects in the collection of the british museum list spec. lepid. insects colln br. mus. 31: 1 - 322 ([ 1865 ]), 32: 323 - 706 (1865), 33: 707 - 1120 (1865), 34: 1121 - 1534 ([ 1866 ]), 35: 1535 - 2040 (1866 )\nif you have corrections, comments or information to add into these pages, just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources, and may include many inaccuracies. expert help is welcome .\n80x5 - 240x3 - 240x4 - 320x1 - 320x2 - 320x3 - 640x1 - 640x2 set display option above. click on images to enlarge .\npopular: trivia, history, america, cities, world, usa, states, television, ... more\nnearly 1500 described species in many genera. the subfamily sensu maes (1994) has not been divided into tribes .\nantrum sometimes armed or spinulose. ductus seminalis inserted on ductus bursae. ductus bursae often elongate and coiled. corpus bursae almost always with granulose rhomboid signum (rarely absent, or rarely with other signum). appendix bursae usually present .\nin many genera, male mesothoracic tibia with androconium of long scales in elongate groove (variably present or absent in closely related species; munroe, 1970) .\nvenation typical of crambidae. forewing rs2, rs3 stalked; rs1 seldom stalked with rs2, 3. forewing cup absent; hindwing cup present. 3a may or may not form anal loop with 1a + 2a .\nfemale with multiple (usually 2) frenular acanthae and retinacular hairs. male with retinacular hairs and usually with forewing subcostal hamus (absent in a few, e. g .\ngestalt usually broad and triangular, but may be long and narrow (e. g .\nmaculation often weakly defined or absent. anal area usually without maculation. cubital pecten absent, other scale patches not prominent .\nstructurally crambiform. fornix tympani narrow, usually recessed underneath venula prima, inside bulla tympani. venulae secundae usually absent. saccus tympani large .\nmale forewing subcostal hamus usually present. hindwing usually with weakly defined lines, absent from anal area. brown, yellowish, or reddish forewings, often triangular. praecinctorium mono - to weakly bilobate, but usually not strongly bilobate. phallus with deciduous cornuti or spicules\ncorpus bursae with rhomboid signum. corpus bursae with appendix bursae. antrum of bursa copulatrix often spinulose. male mesothoracic tibia with androconial tuft in elongate groove. male valva with sella and editum. fornix tympani narrow, recessed underneath venula prima. male gnathos, pseudognathos absent from most genera. transtilla inferior (sclerotized rods from transtilla parallel to juxta )\npyraustinae is a large subfamily of the lepidopteran family crambidae, the crambid snout moths. it currently includes over 1, 400 species, the majority of them tropical but some found in temperate regions including both north america and europe .\nthe pyraustinae were originally including the spilomelinae; the present group was at that time considered a tribe pyraustini. it has not been fully established yet which taxa of the pyraustinae sensu lato belong to pyraustinae as currently understood; thus the number of species in this subfamily is set to increase (although the spilomelinae are the larger group of the old pyraustinae) .\ntaxonomists' opinions differ as to the correct placement of the crambidae, some authorities treating them as a subfamily (crambinae) of the family pyralidae. if this is done, pyraustinae is usually treated as a separate subfamily within pyralidae .\nthe pyraustinae are characterised by atrophied spinula and venulae in the tympanal organs; a narrow fornix tympani; a longitudinal groove with androconial scales on the male mesothoracic tibiae; an often spinose antrum; and a sella (a medially directed clasper on the inside of the valvae), and an editum with modified setae on the male valvae .\nmany species have larvae that bore into stems and fruit of plants, and several, notably from the genus ostrinia, are serious agricultural pests .\nanania hübner, 1823 (= algedonia lederer, 1863, mutuuraia munroe, 1976, nealgedonia munroe, 1976, ametasia m. o. martin, 1986, ebulea doubleday, 1849, ennychia treitschke, 1828, ennichia duponchel, 1833, ethiobotys maes, 1997, eurrhypara hübner, 1825, palpita hübner, 1806, proteurrhypara munroe & mutuura, 1969, opsibotys warren, 1890, perinephela hübner, 1825, perinephele hübner, 1826, perinephila hampson, 1897, phlyctaenia hübner, 1825, polyctaenia hübner, 1826, pronomis munroe & mutuura, 1968, tenerobotys munroe & mutuura, 1971, trichovalva amsel, 1956, udonomeiga mutuura, 1954 )\necpyrrhorrhoe hübner, 1825 (= ecpyrrhorrhoa j. l. r. agassiz, 1846, ecpyrrhorrhoea hübner, 1826, harpadispar agenjo, 1952, pyraustegia marion, 1963, yezobotys munroe & mutuura, 1969 )\nloxostege hübner, 1825 (= boreophila duponchel, 1845, cosmocreon warren, 1892, leimonia hübner, 1825, limonia j. l. r. agassiz, 1847, margaritia stephens, 1827, parasitochroa hannemann, 1964, maroa barnes & mcdunnough, 1914, meridiophila marion, 1963, polingia barnes & mcdunnough, 1914 )\npyrausta schrank, 1802 (= aplographe warren, 1892, autocosmia warren, 1892, botys latreille, 1802, botis swainson, [ 1821 ], ostreophena sodoffsky, 1837, ostreophana sodoffsky, 1837, botis j. l. r. agassiz, 1847, heliaca hübner, 1806, cindaphia lederer, 1863, haematia hübner, 1818, heliaca hübner, 1822, heliaca hübner, 1818, heliaca hübner, 1808, herbula guenée, 1854, hyaloscia dognin, 1908, mardinia amsel, 1952, panstegia hübner, 1825, perilypa hübner, 1825, porphyritis hübner, 1825, proteroeca meyrick, 1884, pyrausta hübner, 1825, anthocrypta warren, 1892, pyraustes billberg, 1820, sciorista warren, 1890, rattana rose & pajni, 1979, syllythria hübner, 1825, rhodaria guenée, 1845, synchromia guenée, 1854, tholeria hübner, 1823, trigonuncus amsel, 1952 )\nuresiphita hübner, 1825 (= mecyna guenée, 1854, uresiphoeta j. l. r. agassiz, 1847 )\nsome pyraloidea are still not unequivocally placed in a particular tribe or even family; among these, tanaobela for example is sometimes assigned to the pyraustinae .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you!" ]

{ "text": [ "portentomorpha is a genus of moths of the crambidae family .", "it contains only one species , portentomorpha xanthialis , which is found from texas to louisiana and florida , the west indies ( including cuba , puerto rico ) and from mexico to bolivia ( including colombia and ecuador ) .", "the wingspan is 24-27 mm .", "adults have been recorded on wing in august in florida . " ], "topic": [ 2, 26, 9, 8 ] }

[ "portentomorpha is a genus of moths of the crambidae family. it contains only one species, portentomorpha xanthialis, which is found from texas to louisiana and florida, the west indies (including cuba, puerto rico) and from mexico to bolivia (including colombia and ecuador). the wingspan is 24-27 mm. adults have been recorded on wing in august in florida." ]

[ "lecithocera eumenopis meyrick, 1914; exot. microlep. 1 (7): 199; tl: n. australia, port darwin\nlecithocera eumenopis meyrick, 1914 (lecithoceridae), male - nt, cooper creek, 2. nov. 1972, i. f. b. common m. s. upton & e. d. edwards leg. (anic) .\nlecithocera acolasta; [ nhm, [ incorrect ref. on card ] card ]\nlecithocera barbata meyrick, 1933; exotic microlep. 4 (12): 356\nlecithocera eucharis meyrick, 1933; exotic microlep. 4 (12): 356\nlecithocera hildebrandtella viette, 1956; nat. malgache 8 (2): 220\nlecithocera ideologica meyrick, 1937; exotic microlep. 5 (3): 96\nlecithocera loxophthalma meyrick, 1934; exotic microlep. 4 (15): 453\nlecithocera ochrometra meyrick, 1933; exotic microlep. 4 (12): 356\nlecithocera randimella viette, 1956; nat. malgache 8 (2): 219\nlecithocera semnodora meyrick, 1933; exotic microlep. 4 (12): 357\nlecithocera chloroscia meyrick, 1938; inst. parcs nat. congo belge 14: 14\nlecithocera dicentropa meyrick, 1938; inst. parcs nat. congo belge 14: 14\nlecithocera lecithocerella viette, 1956; boll. lab. zool. portici 33: 470\nlecithocera trifera meyrick, 1938; inst. parcs nat. congo belge 14: 14\nlecithocera tenella; park, 2012, entom. science 15 (1): 72\nlecithocera aenicta janse, 1954; moths s. afr. 5 (4): 337\nlecithocera aspergata gozmány, 1973; ergeb. forsch. nepal 4 (3): 425\nlecithocera cataenepha gozmány, 1973; ergeb. forsch. nepal 4 (3): 426\nlecithocera corythaeola meyrick, 1931; exotic microlep. 4 (2 - 4): 80\nlecithocera dierli gozmány, 1973; ergeb. forsch. nepal 4 (3): 419\nlecithocera fascinatrix meyrick, 1935; exotic microlep. 4 (18 - 19): 563\nlecithocera flavicosta gozmány, 1973; ergeb. forsch. nepal 4 (3): 424\nlecithocera flavofusa gozmány, 1973; ergeb. forsch. nepal 4 (3): 420\nlecithocera ianthodes meyrick, 1931; exotic microlep. 4 (2 - 4): 80\nlecithocera monobyrsa meyrick, 1931; exotic microlep. 4 (2 - 4): 80\nlecithocera nepalica gozmány, 1973; ergeb. forsch. nepal 4 (3): 421\nlecithocera parenthesis gozmány, 1973; ergeb. forsch. nepal 4 (3): 422\nlecithocera ranavaloella viette, 1967; bull. soc. ent. fr. 72: 296\nlecithocera bariella viette, 1958; rev. franc. ent. 25 (2): 114\nlecithocera cameronella viette, 1956; nat. malgache 8 (2): 222 [? ]\nlecithocera chlorogastra meyrick, 1922; zool. meded. leiden 7: 84; tl: java, rembang\nlecithocera iodocarpha gozmány, 1978; microlepid. palaearctica 5: 114, pl. 6, f. 58\nlecithocera ladrone gozmány, 2002; shilap revta lepid. 30 (117): (33 - 38 )\nlecithocera lamprodesma meyrick, 1922; zool. meded. leiden 7: 85; tl: celebes, makassar\nlecithocera paraulias gozmány, 1978; microlepid. palaearctica 5: 114, pl. 6, f. 59\nlecithocera pauperella rebel, 1917; denkschr. akad. wiss. wien 93: 443; tl: kadugli\nlecithocera peracantha gozmány, 1978; microlepid. palaearctica 5: 116, pl. 6, f. 61\nlecithocera perigypsa meyrick, 1922; zool. meded. leiden 7: 85; tl: celebes, lokka\nlecithocera rotundata gozmány, 1978; microlepid. palaearctica 5: 116, pl. 6, f. 62\nlecithocera tricholoba gozmány, 1978; microlepid. palaearctica 5: 117, pl. 6, f. 63\nlecithocera acolasta meyrick, 1919; exotic microlep. 2 (8): 236; tl: bombay, dharwar\nlecithocera acrosphales meyrick, 1918; exotic microlep. 2 (4): 108; tl: madagascar, antananarivo\nlecithocera amphigrapta meyrick, 1926; sarawak mus. j. 3: 159; tl: mt murud, 6500ft\nlecithocera antiphractis meyrick, 1921; exotic microlep. 2 (14): 435; tl: assam, shillong\nlecithocera autodyas meyrick, 1925; exot. microlep. 3 (17): 525; tl: new ireland\nlecithocera caecilia meyrick, 1918; exotic microlep. 2 (4): 110; tl: ceylon, pundaloya\nlecithocera castanoma; park & wu, 2010, trop. lepid. res. 20 (2): 64\nlecithocera caustospila meyrick, 1918; exotic microlep. 2 (4): 109; tl: assam, khasis\nlecithocera combusta meyrick, 1918; exotic microlep. 2 (4): 110; tl: ceylon, maskeliya\nlecithocera contracta meyrick, 1918; exotic microlep. 2 (4): 107; tl: kanara, dharwar\nlecithocera erecta meyrick, 1935; mat. microlep. fauna chin. prov. : 74; tl: tienmushan\nlecithocera integrata meyrick, 1918; exotic microlep. 2 (4): 107; tl: kanara, dharwar\nlecithocera jugalis meyrick, 1918; exotic microlep. 2 (4): 109; tl: kanara, dharwar\nlecithocera mylitacha; park & wu, 2010, trop. lepid. res. 20 (2): 63\nlecithocera nepheloschema gozmány, 1973; ergeb. forsch. nepal 4 (3): (413 - 444 )\nlecithocera pelomorpha meyrick, 1931; bull. acad. roum. 14: 69; tl: kwanhsien, china\nlecithocera ptochas meyrick, 1918; exotic microlep. 2 (4): 104; tl: bengal, pusa\nlecithocera pyxinodes meyrick, 1918; exotic microlep. 2 (4): 109; tl: madagascar, antananarivo\nlecithocera responsa meyrick, 1918; exotic microlep. 2 (4): 108; tl: bombay, belgaum\nlecithocera squamifera meyrick, 1929; exot. microlep. 3 (17): 525; tl: new hanover\nlecithocera turcica gozmány & mey, 2005; ent. nachr. bericht. 49: (127 - 128 )\nlecithocera alpestra; park, 2014, j. asia - pacif. biodiv. 7: 101, f. 46\nlecithocera altusana park, 1999; zoological studies 38 (2): 252; tl: minchr, taoyuan co .\nlecithocera barbifera meyrick, 1922; zool. meded. leiden 7: 84; tl: java, preangor, 5000ft\nlecithocera biaroensis; park, 2014, j. asia - pacif. biodiv. 7: 101, f. 50\nlecithocera brunneibella; park, 2014, j. asia - pacif. biodiv. 7: 101, f. 52\nlecithocera calomerida; park, 2014, j. asia - pacif. biodiv. 7: 102, f. 53\nlecithocera carcinopsis meyrick, 1929; exot. microlep. 3 (17): 522; tl: kanara, sirsi\nlecithocera caviella; park, 2014, j. asia - pacif. biodiv. 7: 102, f. 54\nlecithocera ceratoides; park, 2014, j. asia - pacif. biodiv. 7: 102, f. 55\nlecithocera chersitis meyrick, 1918; exotic microlep. 2 (4): 106; tl: korea, port lazaref\nlecithocera cornutima; park, 2014, j. asia - pacif. biodiv. 7: 102, f. 56\nlecithocera crypsigenes meyrick, 1929; exot. microlep. 3 (17): 523; tl: ceylon, patipola\nlecithocera daebuensis; park, 2014, j. asia - pacif. biodiv. 7: 102, f. 57\nlecithocera diligens meyrick, 1922; zool. meded. leiden 7: 84; tl: java, preangor, 5000ft\nlecithocera diplosticta meyrick, 1922; zool. meded. leiden 7: 84; tl: java, preangor, 5000ft\nlecithocera dondavisi; park, 2014, j. asia - pacif. biodiv. 7: 102, f. 58\nlecithocera dubitans meyrick, 1926; sarawak mus. j. 3: 157; tl: mt. murud, 6300ft\nlecithocera eremiodes; park, 2014, j. asia - pacif. biodiv. 7: 102, f. 59\nlecithocera excaecata meyrick, 1922; zool. meded. leiden 7: 86; tl: java, preangor, 5000ft\nlecithocera flavifusa meyrick, 1926; sarawak mus. j. 3: 156; tl: mt. poi, 4350ft\nlecithocera fuscosa park, 1999; zoological studies 38 (2): 250; tl: minchr, taoyuan co .\nlecithocera gilviana; park, 2014, j. asia - pacif. biodiv. 7: 103, f. 62\nlecithocera grammophanes meyrick, 1926; sarawak mus. j. 3: 158; tl: mt. poi, 4350ft\nlecithocera gyrosiella; park, 2014, j. asia - pacif. biodiv. 7: 103, f. 64\nlecithocera hispidiella; park, 2014, j. asia - pacif. biodiv. 7: 103, f. 65\nlecithocera inkyuleei; park, 2014, j. asia - pacif. biodiv. 7: 103, f. 66\nlecithocera inepta meyrick, 1926; sarawak mus. j. 3: 157; tl: mt. murud, 4500ft\nlecithocera laminospina; park, 2014, j. asia - pacif. biodiv. 7: 103, f. 67\nlecithocera lasioides; park, 2014, j. asia - pacif. biodiv. 7: 103, f. 68\nlecithocera lucernata meyrick, 1913; ann. transv. mus. 3 (4): 294; tl: pretoria\nlecithocera luticostella turati, 1926; atti soc. ital. sci. nat. 65: 69, f. 31\nlecithocera magna; park, 2014, j. asia - pacif. biodiv. 7: 104, f. 70\nlecithocera montiatilis; park, 2014, j. asia - pacif. biodiv. 7: 104, f. 74\nlecithocera myopa meyrick, 1913; ann. transv. mus. 3 (4): 294; tl: barberton\nlecithocera nefasta meyrick, 1916; exot. microlep. 1 (18): 575; tl: kanara, supa\nlecithocera officialis meyrick, 1911; ann. transv. mus. 3 (1): 67; tl: haenertsburg\nlecithocera orbiculata; park, 2014, j. asia - pacif. biodiv. 7: 104, f. 76\nlecithocera pakiaensis; park, 2014, j. asia - pacif. biodiv. 7: 105, f. 77\nlecithocera phratriastis meyrick, 1929; exot. microlep. 3 (17): 523; tl: ceylon, madulsima\nlecithocera poculata; park, 2014, j. asia - pacif. biodiv. 7: 105, f. 81\nlecithocera porrectiella; park, 2014, j. asia - pacif. biodiv. 7: 105, f. 83\nlecithocera rubigona; park, 2014, j. asia - pacif. biodiv. 7: 106, f. 86\nlecithocera similis; park, 2014, j. asia - pacif. biodiv. 7: 106, f. 88\nlecithocera spinulata; park, 2014, j. asia - pacif. biodiv. 7: 106, f. 89\nlecithocera stichoides; park, 2014, j. asia - pacif. biodiv. 7: 106, f. 90\nlecithocera yoshiyasui; park, 2014, j. asia - pacif. biodiv. 7: 106, f. 94\nlecithocera fascicula park, 1999; zoological studies 38 (2): 253; tl: lienhwachih 690m, nantou co .\nlecithocera frustrata meyrick, 1918; exotic microlep. 2 (4): 107; tl: french congo, fort crampel\nlecithocera glaphyritis meyrick, 1918; exotic microlep. 2 (4): 106; tl: ceylon, namunukuli, 6000ft\nlecithocera goniometra meyrick, 1929; exot. microlep. 3 (17): 522; tl: philippines, los baños\nlecithocera hemiacma meyrick, 1910; trans. ent. soc. lond. 1910: 448; tl: borneo, kuching\nlecithocera immobilis meyrick, 1918; exotic microlep. 2 (4): 103; tl: s. india, coiimbatore\nlecithocera insidians meyrick, 1918; exotic microlep. 2 (4): 108; tl: coorg, dibidi, 3500ft\nlecithocera isomitra meyrick, 1914; exot. microlep. 1 (9): 277; tl: nyassaland, mt mlanje\nlecithocera neosticta meyrick, 1918; exotic microlep. 2 (4): 107; tl: coorg, dibidi, 3500ft\nlecithocera obsignata meyrick, 1914; exot. microlep. 1 (9): 277; tl: nyassaland, mt mlanje\nlecithocera octonias meyrick, 1910; trans. ent. soc. lond. 1910: 447; tl: borneo, kuching\nlecithocera perpensa meyrick, 1918; exotic microlep. 2 (5): 153; tl: assam, shillong, 5000ft\nlecithocera protoma meyrick, 1914; exot. microlep. 1 (7): 198; tl: gold coast, aburi\nlecithocera pulchella park, 1999; zoological studies 38 (2): 254; tl: upper paling, taoyuan co .\nlecithocera querula meyrick, 1910; trans. ent. soc. lond. 1910: 449; tl: java, bandong\nlecithocera sceptrarcha meyrick, 1920; in alluaud & jeannel, voyage afr. orientale, ins. lép. 2: 77\nlecithocera schoutedeniella ghesquière, 1940; ann. mus. congo belge, zool (3) 2 (7): 59\nlecithocera syntropha meyrick, 1918; exotic microlep. 2 (4): 109; tl: nw. india, quetta\nlecithocera tienchiensis park, 1999; zoological studies 38 (2): 253; tl: tienchi 2260m, kaohsiung co .\nlecithocera xanthochalca meyrick, 1914; exot. microlep. 1 (7): 199; tl: nyassaland, mt mlanje\nlecithocera pseudolunata park, 2012; entom. science 15 (1): 70; tl: morobe, papua new guinea\nlecithocera fascitiala park, 2012; entom. science 15 (1): 71; tl: madang, papua new guinea\nlecithocera affusa meyrick, 1923; exot. microlep. 3 (1 - 2): 40; tl: assam, khasis\nlecithocera affusa; pathania, rose, sood & katewa, 2007, zoos' print j. 22 (7): 2746\nlecithocera anthologella wallengren, 1875; öfvers. vet. akad. förh. 32 (1): 129; tl: tranvaal\nlecithocera atricastana park, 1999; zoological studies 38 (2): 254; tl: taiwan, taichung co. , heiganzan\nlecithocera baeopis meyrick, 1929; exot. microlep. 3 (17): 523; tl: assam, shillong, 5000ft\nlecithocera bimaculata park, 1999; zoological studies 38 (2): 244; tl: taiwan, taichung co. , hassenzan\nlecithocera binotata meyrick, 1918; ann. transv. mus. 6 (2): 24; tl: natal, umkomaas\nlecithocera coleasta meyrick, 1918; exotic microlep. 2 (4): 103; tl: new guinea, sariba i .\nlecithocera gozmanyi; pathania, rose, sood & katewa, 2007, zoos' print j. 22 (7): 2746\nlecithocera hypsipola meyrick, 1926; exot. microlep. 3 (10): 290; tl: kumaon, muktesar, 7000ft\nlecithocera malacta meyrick, 1918; exotic microlep. 2 (4): 110; tl: comoro is. , grand comoro\nlecithocera montana park, 2005; j. asia - pacif. ent. 8 (3): (233 - 237 )\nlecithocera nomaditis meyrick, 1916; exot. microlep. 1 (19): 594; tl: solomon is. , choiseul\nlecithocera pachyntis meyrick, 1894; trans. ent. soc. 1894 (1): 17; tl: burma, koni\nlecithocera paralevirota park, 1999; zoological studies 38 (2): 245; tl: taiwan, taichung co. , baibara\nlecithocera thaiheisana park, 1999; zoological studies 38 (2): 246; tl: taiwan, ilan co. , taiheisan\nlecithocera theconoma meyrick, 1926; sarawak mus. j. 3: 156; tl: mt murud, 4500ft, lio matu\nlecithocera angustiella park, 1999; zoological studies 38 (2): 251; tl: upper paling, 2260m, taoyuan co .\nlecithocera anympha meyrick, 1916; exot. microlep. 1 (19): 593; tl: n. australia, port darwin\nlecithocera aulias meyrick, 1910; j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 20 (2): 447; tl: khasis\nlecithocera desolata meyrick, 1918; exotic microlep. 2 (4): 105; tl: s. india, nilgiris, 6000ft\nlecithocera eludens meyrick, 1918; exotic microlep. 2 (4): 108; tl: s. india, nilgiris, 6000ft\nlecithocera fausta meyrick, 1910; trans. ent. soc. lond. 1910: 449; tl: philippines, luzon, 5000ft\nlecithocera improvisa diakonoff, [ 1968 ]; bull. u. s. nat. mus. 257: 146; tl: mindanao\nlecithocera linocoma meyrick, 1916; exot. microlep. 1 (19): 593; tl: n. australia, port darwin\nlecithocera mazina meyrick, 1910; j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 20 (2): 445; tl: simla\nlecithocera megalopis meyrick, 1916; exot. microlep. 1 (18): 575; tl: philippines, mt apo, 6500\nlecithocera palingensis park, 1999; zoological studies 38 (2): 252; tl: upper paling, 2260m, taoyuan co .\nlecithocera poliocoma meyrick, 1916; exot. microlep. 1 (19): 593; tl: n. australia, port darwin\nlecithocera semirupta meyrick, 1910; j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 20 (2): 445; tl: khasis\nlecithocera niptanensis park, 2012; entom. science 15 (1): 71; tl: wau, morobe, papua new guinea\nlecithocera brachyptila; [ nhm card ]; park, 2012, j. asia - pacif. ent. 15 (2): 314\nlecithocera megalosperma; [ nhm card ]; park, 2012, j. asia - pacif. ent. 15 (2): 314\nlecithocera praeses meyrick, 1919; exotic microlep. 2 (8): 236; tl: kumaon, bhim tal, 5000 - 6000ft\nlecithocera purpurea; [ nhm card ]; park, 2012, j. asia - pacif. ent. 15 (2): 314\nlecithocera squalida; [ nhm card ]; park & wu, 2010, trop. lepid. res. 20 (2): 67\nlecithocera autologa meyrick, 1910; j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 20 (2): 446; tl: madulsima, ceylon\nlecithocera chamela turner, 1919; proc. r. soc. qd 31 (10): 155; tl: queensland, mt. tambourine\nlecithocera cratophanes meyrick, 1929; exot. microlep. 3 (17): 522; tl: chochin - china, cape st. jacques\nlecithocera decaryella viette, 1955; ann. soc. ent. fr. 123: 109; tl: madagascar, perinet, 700m, analamazoatra\nlecithocera epigompha meyrick, 1910; j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 20 (2): 448; tl: maskeliya, ceylon\nlecithocera fausta; diakonoff, [ 1968 ], bull. u. s. nat. mus. 257: 138; [ nhm card ]\nlecithocera goniometra; diakonoff, [ 1968 ], bull. u. s. nat. mus. 257: 140; [ nhm card ]\nlecithocera homocentra meyrick, 1910; j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 20 (2): 449; tl: maskeliya, ceylon\nlecithocera ichorodes meyrick, 1910; j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 20 (2): 445; tl: nilgiris, 6000ft\nlecithocera macella meyrick, 1918; exotic microlep. 2 (4): 105; tl: s. india, nilgiris, maduvatam, 6000ft\nlecithocera masoalella viette, 1955; ann. soc. ent. fr. 123: 110; tl: ne. madagascar, maroantsetra, ambodivoangy\nlecithocera mocquerysella viette, 1955; ann. soc. ent. fr. 123: 112; tl: ne. madagascar, maroantsetra, ambodivoangy\nlecithocera omphacias meyrick, 1910; j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 20 (2): 445; tl: madulsima, ceylon\nlecithocera paulianella viette, 1955; ann. soc. ent. fr. 123: 113; tl: ne. madagascar, maroantsetra, ambodivoangy\nlecithocera perfida meyrick, 1918; exotic microlep. 2 (4): 105; tl: s. india, nilgiris, pykara, 7000ft\nlecithocera plicata wu & park, 1999; korean j. syst. zool. 15: 5; tl: sri lanka, uggalkaltota, 350ft\nlecithocera proclivis meyrick, 1910; j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 20 (2): 449; tl: nilgiris, 6000ft\nlecithocera stelophanes meyrick, 1938; trans. r. ent. soc. lond. 87: 514; tl: mafulu, papua new guinea\nlecithocera latiola park, 1999; zoological studies 38 (2): 247; tl: kuanyuan 2420m, mt. hohuan hotel, hualien co .\nlecithocera poculata park & wu, 2010; trop. lepid. res. 20 (2): 68; tl: kanchanaburi, tam tarn lod\nlecithocera prudens meyrick, 1918; exotic microlep. 2 (4): 106; tl: new guinea, setekwa r. , 2000 - 3000ft\nlecithocera stomobapta meyrick, 1929; exot. microlep. 3 (17): 524; tl: coorg, dibidi, 3500ft; bombay, dharwar\nlecithocera tumiodosa [ sic, recte tumidosa ]; park, 2014, j. asia - pacif. biodiv. 7: 106, f. 93\nlecithocera xanthophaea meyrick, 1926; sarawak mus. j. 3: 158; tl: mt poi, 4500 - 5300ft; mt murud, 6500ft\nlecithocera acribostola diakonoff, [ 1968 ]; bull. u. s. nat. mus. 257: 139; tl: luzon, mt. makiling\nlecithocera calomerida park & wu, 2010; trop. lepid. res. 20 (2): 65; tl: loei, phu rhu, 800m\nlecithocera choritis; [ nhm card ]; pathania, rose, sood & katewa, 2007, zoos' print j. 22 (7): 2746\nlecithocera decorosa diakonoff, [ 1968 ]; bull. u. s. nat. mus. 257: 141; tl: luzon, mt. makiling\nlecithocera docilis diakonoff, [ 1968 ]; bull. u. s. nat. mus. 257: 144; tl: luzon, mt. makiling\nlecithocera gilviana park & wu, 2010; trop. lepid. res. 20 (2): 63; tl: prachaup khiri khan, kui buri\nlecithocera ianthodes; [ nhm card ]; pathania, rose, sood & katewa, 2007, zoos' print j. 22 (7): 2746\nlecithocera immobilis; [ nhm card ]; pathania, rose, sood & katewa, 2007, zoos' print j. 22 (7): 2746\nlecithocera leucomastis diakonoff, [ 1968 ]; bull. u. s. nat. mus. 257: 145; tl: luzon, mt. apo\nlecithocera semirupta; [ nhm card ]; pathania, rose, sood & katewa, 2007, zoos' print j. 22 (7): 2746\nlecithocera sinuosa meyrick, 1910; j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 20 (2): 444; tl: maskeliya; matale, ceylon\nlecithocera syntropha; [ nhm card ]; pathania, rose, sood & katewa, 2007, zoos' print j. 22 (7): 2746\nlecithocera alcestis meyrick, 1923; exot. microlep. 3 (1 - 2): 40; tl: coorg, dibidi, 3500ft; kanara, anshi\nlecithocera? bipunctella snellen, 1903; tijdschr. ent. 46: 36, pl. 4, f. 6; tl: w. java, preanger\nlecithocera deloma durrant, 1915; in rothschild & durrant, lep. b. o. u. exp. new guinea: 165; tl: mimika river\nlecithocera dirupta meyrick, 1923; exot. microlep. 3 (1 - 2): 39; tl: s. india, palnis, kodaikanal, 7000ft\nlecithocera eremiodes park & wu, 2010; trop. lepid. res. 20 (2): 69; tl: kanchanaburi, mae la mun, 400m\nlecithocera luteola diakonoff, [ 1968 ]; bull. u. s. nat. mus. 257: 145; tl: luzon, agoo, la union\nlecithocera orbiculata park & wu, 2010; trop. lepid. res. 20 (2): 65; tl: nakhon nayok, khao yai, 800m\nlecithocera strigosa durrant, 1915; in rothschild & durrant, lep. b. o. u. exp. new guinea: 165; tl: mimika river\nlecithocera telosperma diakonoff, [ 1968 ]; bull. u. s. nat. mus. 257: 143; tl: luzon, san miguel, tarlac\nlecithocera tumidosa park & wu, 2010; trop. lepid. res. 20 (2): 65; tl: loei, mae la mun, 400m\nlecithocera autodyas; [ nhm card ]; park, 2012, j. asia - pacif. ent. 15 (2): 326, 314 (list )\nlecithocera coleasta; [ nhm card ]; park, 2012, j. asia - pacif. ent. 15 (2): 326, 314 (list )\nlecithocera deloma; [ nhm card ]; park, 2012, j. asia - pacif. ent. 15 (2): 326, 314 (list )\nlecithocera itrinea meyrick, 1910; j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 20 (2): 444; tl: n. coorg, 3500ft; ceylon\nlecithocera prudens; [ nhm card ]; park, 2012, j. asia - pacif. ent. 15 (2): 326, 314 (list )\nlecithocera shanpinensis park, 1999; zoological studies 38 (2): 247; tl: shanpin for. stn. 750m, 10km se liukuei, kahsiung co .\nlecithocera sophronopa diakonoff, [ 1968 ]; bull. u. s. nat. mus. 257: 132; tl: luzon, benguet, klondyke, 800ft\nlecithocera squamifera; [ nhm card ]; park, 2012, j. asia - pacif. ent. 15 (2): 326, 314 (list )\nlecithocera staurophora; [ nhm card ]; park, 2012, j. asia - pacif. ent. 15 (2): 317, 314 (list )\nlecithocera stelophanes; [ nhm card ]; park, 2012, j. asia - pacif. ent. 15 (2): 319, 314 (list )\nlecithocera strigosa; [ nhm card ]; park, 2012, j. asia - pacif. ent. 15 (2): 326, 314 (list )\nlecithocera submersa; [ nhm card ]; park, 2012, j. asia - pacif. ent. 15 (2): 319, 314 (list )\nlecithocera brachyptila diakonoff, 1954; verh. k. akad. wet. amst. (2) 50 (1): 50; tl: sigi camp, papua\nlecithocera caviella park, 2005; j. asia - pacif. ent. 8 (3): 236; tl: chanthanaburi, khao soi dao, ca. 400m\nlecithocera choritis meyrick, 1910; j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 20 (2): 448; tl: palni hils, 6000ft; nilgiris, 6000ft\nlecithocera purpurea diakonoff, 1954; verh. k. akad. wet. amst. (2) 50 (1): 50; tl: mist camp, papua\nlecithocera submersa diakonoff, 1954; verh. k. akad. wet. amst. (2) 50 (1): 59; tl: mist camp, papua\nlecithocera sublunata diakonoff, 1954; verh. k. akad. wet. amst. (2) 50 (1): 60; tl: araucaria camp, papua\nlecithocera alampes turner, 1919; proc. r. soc. qd 31 (10): 156; tl: n. queensland, cairns; new south wales, sydney\nlecithocera andrianella viette, 1968; bull. mens. soc. linn. lyon 37 (2): 88; tl: madagascar, env perinet, analamazaotra forest, 910m\nlecithocera megalosperma diakonoff, 1954; verh. k. akad. wet. amst. (2) 50 (1): 58; tl: moss forest camp, papua\nlecithocera oxycona meyrick, 1910; j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 20 (2): 444; tl: n. coorg, 3500ft; gooty; konka\nlecithocera strenua diakonoff, [ 1968 ]; bull. u. s. nat. mus. 257: 134; tl: mindanao, mt. apo, baroring, 7000ft\nlecithocera flavipalpis walsingham, 1891; trans. ent. soc. lond. 1891 (1): 105, pl. 5, f. 40; tl: estcourt (natal )\nlecithocera gyrosiella park, 2012; j. asia - pacif. ent. 15 (2): 323, 314 (list); tl: morobe, wau, papua new guinea\nlecithocera lasioides park, 2012; j. asia - pacif. ent. 15 (2): 325, 314 (list); tl: morobe, wau, papua new guinea\nlecithocera marginata walsingham, 1891; trans. ent. soc. lond. 1891 (1): 104, pl. 5, f. 39; tl: bathurst (gambia )\nlecithocera radamella viette, 1968; bull. mens. soc. linn. lyon 37 (2): 88; tl: n. madagascar, mont. ambre, roussettes, 1000m\nlecithocera stichoides park, 2012; j. asia - pacif. ent. 15 (2): 324, 314 (list); tl: wau, morobe, papua new guinea\nlecithocera adelella viette, 1955; ann. soc. ent. fr. 123: 110 (preocc. titana adelella walker, 1864); tl: ne. madagascar, maroantsetra, ambodivoangy\nlecithocera alpestra park, 2005; j. asia - pacif. ent. 8 (3): 234; tl: loei, phu luang wildlife sanc. , 700 - 900m, thailand\nlecithocera hispidiella park, 2012; j. asia - pacif. ent. 15 (2): 323, 314 (list); tl: morobe, wau 1000m, papua new guinea\nlecithocera ankasokella viette, 1968; bull. mens. soc. linn. lyon 37 (2): 89; tl: e. madagascar, route lakato, km 15, ankasoka, 1100m\nlecithocera brunneibella park, 2012; j. asia - pacif. ent. 15 (2): 322, 314 (list); tl: madang, brahman mission 200m, papua new guinea\nlecithocera magna park, 2005; j. asia - pacif. ent. 8 (3): 233; tl: chiang mai, doi inthanan nat. park, ca. 1600m, thailand\nlecithocera mesosura; brown, adamski, hodges & bahr, 2004, zootaxa 510: 91; park, 2014, j. asia - pacif. biodiv. 7: 104, f. 72\nlecithocera metopaena; brown, adamski, hodges & bahr, 2004, zootaxa 510: 91; park, 2014, j. asia - pacif. biodiv. 7: 104, f. 73\nlecithocera plicata; brown, adamski, hodges & bahr, 2004, zootaxa 510: 114; park, 2014, j. asia - pacif. biodiv. 7: 105, f. 80\nlecithocera pogonikuma; brown, adamski, hodges & bahr, 2004, zootaxa 510: 115; park, 2014, j. asia - pacif. biodiv. 7: 105, f. 82\nlecithocera altusana; park, heppner & bae, 2013, zookeys 263: 49 (list); park, 2014, j. asia - pacif. biodiv. 7: 101, f. 47\nlecithocera angustiella; park, heppner & bae, 2013, zookeys 263: 49 (list); park, 2014, j. asia - pacif. biodiv. 7: 101, f. 48\nlecithocera biaroensis park, 2012; j. asia - pacif. ent. 15 (2): 321, 314 (list); tl: morobe, mt. kaindi 2360m, papua new guinea\nlecithocera ceratoides park, 2012; j. asia - pacif. ent. 15 (2): 325, 314 (list); tl: morobe, biaro rd. 2000m, papua new guinea\nlecithocera fascicula; park, heppner & bae, 2013, zookeys 263: 49 (list); park, 2014, j. asia - pacif. biodiv. 7: 102, f. 60\nlecithocera fuscosa; park, heppner & bae, 2013, zookeys 263: 49 (list); park, 2014, j. asia - pacif. biodiv. 7: 103, f. 62\nlecithocera inkyuleei park, 2012; j. asia - pacif. ent. 15 (2): 322, 314 (list); tl: morobe, mt. kaindi 2350m, papua new guinea\nlecithocera latiola; park, heppner & bae, 2013, zookeys 263: 49 (list); park, 2014, j. asia - pacif. biodiv. 7: 104, f. 69\nlecithocera palingensis; park, heppner & bae, 2013, zookeys 263: 49 (list); park, 2014, j. asia - pacif. biodiv. 7: 105, f. 78\nlecithocera porrectiella park, 2012; j. asia - pacif. ent. 15 (2): 325, 314 (list); tl: morobe, biaro rd. 2000m, papua new guinea\nlecithocera pulchella; park, heppner & bae, 2013, zookeys 263: 49 (list); park, 2014, j. asia - pacif. biodiv. 7: 106, f. 85\nlecithocera shanpinensis; park, heppner & bae, 2013, zookeys 263: 49 (list); park, 2014, j. asia - pacif. biodiv. 7: 106, f. 87\nlecithocera spinulata park, 2012; j. asia - pacif. ent. 15 (2): 324, 314 (list); tl: wau, morobe, wau 1000m, papua new guinea\nlecithocera thaiheisana; park, heppner & bae, 2013, zookeys 263: 49 (list); park, 2014, j. asia - pacif. biodiv. 7: 106. f. 91\nlecithocera tienchiensis; park, heppner & bae, 2013, zookeys 263: 49 (list); park, 2014, j. asia - pacif. biodiv. 7: 106, f. 92\nlecithocera isophanes (turner, 1919) (lecithoceridae), male - qld, iron range, 14. apr. 1964, i. f. b. commom m. s. upton leg. (anic) .\nlecithocera sublunata; [ nhm card ]; park, 2012, j. asia - pacif. ent. 15 (2): 315, 314 (list); park, 2012, entom. science 15 (1): 69\nlecithocera pseudolunata; park, 2012, j. asia - pacif. ent. 15 (2): 316, 314 (list); park, 2014, j. asia - pacif. biodiv. 7: 105, f. 84\nlecithocera fascitiala; park, 2012, j. asia - pacif. ent. 15 (2): 316, 314 (list); park, 2014, j. asia - pacif. biodiv. 7: 103, f. 61\nlecithocera niptanensis; park, 2012, j. asia - pacif. ent. 15 (2): 317, 314 (list); park, 2014, j. asia - pacif. biodiv. 7: 104, f. 75\nlecithocera atricastana; brown, adamski, hodges & bahr, 2004, zootaxa 510: 19; park, heppner & bae, 2013, zookeys 263: 49 (list); park, 2014, j. asia - pacif. biodiv. 7: 101, f. 49\nlecithocera bimaculata; brown, adamski, hodges & bahr, 2004, zootaxa 510: 25; park, heppner & bae, 2013, zookeys 263: 49 (list); park, 2014, j. asia - pacif. biodiv. 7: 101, f. 51\nlecithocera paralevirota; brown, adamski, hodges & bahr, 2004, zootaxa 510: 106; park, heppner & bae, 2013, zookeys 263: 49 (list); park, 2014, j. asia - pacif. biodiv. 7: 105, f. 79\nlecithocera megalopis; diakonoff, [ 1968 ], bull. u. s. nat. mus. 257: 138; [ nhm card ]; park, 1999, zoological studies 38 (2): 248; park, heppner & bae, 2013, zookeys 263: 49 (list )\nlecithocera aulias; [ nhm card ]; park, 1999, zoological studies 38 (2): 249; pathania, rose, sood & katewa, 2007, zoos' print j. 22 (7): 2746; park, heppner & bae, 2013, zookeys 263: 49 (list )\nlecithocera metacausta; [ nhm card ]; park, 1999, zoological studies 38 (2): 246; pathania, rose, sood & katewa, 2007, zoos' print j. 22 (7): 2746; park, heppner & bae, 2013, zookeys 263: 49 (list )\nlecithocera (lecithocerinae); park, 1999, zoological studies 38 (2): 242; park, 2000, zoological studies 39 (4): 361; [ richard brown ]; [ fe ]; heikkilä, mutanen, kekkonen & kaila, 2013, cladistics (2014): 9; park, 2014, j. asia - pacif. biodiv. 7: 101\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia, please upload using the upload tools .\nwalker, f. 1864 ,\ntineites\n, list of the specimens of lepidopterous insects in the collection of the british museum, vol. 29, pp. 562 - 835\nwalker, f. 1866 ,\nsupplement 5\n, list of the specimens of lepidopterous insects in the collection of the british museum, vol. 35, pp. 1534 - 2040\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: 4b29c1f5 - d08e - 4b9e - ba87 - ea4cb0536a6a\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: 932e94e7 - 4039 - 43de - b58d - a31f0062ab4f\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: de99dd1a - 0c47 - 4afb - a5f4 - 55a9c1fb616c\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: 019b1671 - 24da - 4e17 - a27f - 47300ec1f245\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. name: 267995\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment. find records and model species distributions. export reports, maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area, or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something? photograph something? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities. we honour and celebrate the spiritual, cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\nandusia alternella walker, 1866; list spec. lepid. insects colln br. mus. 35: 1836; tl: java\ntorodora ancylota meyrick, 1894; trans. ent. soc. 1894 (1): 17; tl: burma, fort stedman\n? depressaria absumptella walker, 1864; list spec. lepid. insects colln br. mus. 29: 567; tl: sydney\nbrachmia capnaula meyrick, 1911; j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 20 (3): 719; tl: patipola, newera eliya, maskeliya, haputale, ceylon\npsammoris carpaea meyrick, 1906; j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 17 (1): 149; tl: maskeliya, ceylon\ncaveiformis meyrick, 1931; exotic microlep. 4 (2 - 4): 82\ncholeroleuca meyrick, 1931; exotic microlep. 4 (2 - 4): 79\nbrachmia compsophila meyrick, 1911; j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 20 (3): 709; tl: madulsima; kurunegala; diyatalawa, ceylon\nstyloceros concinna turner, 1919; proc. r. soc. qd 31 (10): 157; tl: n. queensland, bellenden - ker\nbrachmia cordata meyrick, 1911; j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 20 (3): 720; tl: palni hill\ncornutella (walker, 1864) (gelechia); list spec. lepid. insects colln br. mus. 29: 632\ncrebrata meyrick, 1910; j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 20 (2): 447\nmacrotona cyamitis meyrick, 1904; proc. linn. soc. n. s. w. 29 (2): 406 [ key ], 407; tl: brisbane, queensland\nbrachmia deleastra meyrick, 1911; j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 20 (3): 711; tl: kandy; arawa, ceylon\ndisperma (diakonoff, 1954) (periphorectis); verh. k. akad. wet. amst. (2) 50 (1): 39\npatouissa dissonella walker, 1864; list spec. lepid. insects colln br. mus. 29: 821; tl: sarawak, borneo\ngelechia (ceratophora ?) distigmatella zeller, 1877; horae soc. ent. ross. 13: 366; tl: new holland\nceletodes dracopis meyrick, 1921; zool. meded. leyden 6: 166; tl: java, pekalongan\nbrachmia elephantopa meyrick, 1910; rec. ind. mus. 5: 222; tl: bhogaon, purneah district, n. bengal; konkan, bombay; coorg, 3500ft; nilgiris, 3500ft\ntorodora epomia meyrick, 1905; j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 16 (4): 599; tl: maskeliya, ceylon\nbrachmia exophthalma meyrick, 1911; j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 20 (3): 720; tl: maskeliya, ceylon\nbrachmia fornacalis meyrick, 1911; j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 20 (3): 719; tl: kandy, ceylon\nsnellenia fuscedinella snellen, 1901; tijdschr. ent. 44: 88, pl. 5, f. 8; tl: java, buitenzorg\nbrachmia geraea meyrick, 1911; j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 20 (3): 717; tl: madulsima, ceylon\nbrachmia haemylopis meyrick, 1911; j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 20 (3): 716; tl: madulsima, ceylon\nbrachmia imprudens meyrick, 1914; exot. microlep. 1 (7): 201; tl: new south wales, ourimbah\nfrisilia indigens meyrick, 1914; suppl. ent. 3: 50; tl: suisharyo\ntirallis? innotatella walker, 1864; list spec. lepid. insects colln br. mus. 29: 807; tl: sarawak, borneo\nbrachmia iresia meyrick, 1911; j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 20 (3): 709; tl: madulsima; trincomali; puttalam, ceylon\nstyloceros isophanes turner, 1919; proc. r. soc. qd 31 (10): 158; tl: n. queensland, kuranda, near cairns\ntiriza leucotella walker, 1864; list spec. lepid. insects colln br. mus. 29: 791; tl: sarawak, borneo\nbrachmia lycopis meyrick, 1911; j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 20 (3): 717; tl: maskeliya; madulsima, ceylon\nmeyricki (ghesquière, 1940) (leucoptera); ann. mus. congo belge, zool (3) 2 (7): 81\ngelechia (?) micromela lower, 1897; trans. r. soc. s. aust. 21: 55; tl: gisborne, victoria\nstyloceros noseropa turner, 1919; proc. r. soc. qd 31 (10): 158; tl: n. queensland, kuranda, near cairns\nbrachmia nubigena meyrick, 1911; j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 20 (3): 720; tl: haputale, ceylon\nmacrotoma paroena meyrick, 1906; j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 17 (1): 148; tl: maskeliya; maturatta, ceylon\nbrachmia paroristis meyrick, 1911; j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 20 (3): 718; tl: madulsima, ceylon\npeloceros meyrick, 1938; dt. ent. z. iris 52: 86\npepantica meyrick, 1934; exotic microlep. 4 (2 - 4): 36\nbrachmia percnobela meyrick, 1911; j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 20 (3): 723; tl: nilgiris, 3500ft\nprotolyca meyrick, 1938; dt. ent. z. iris 52: 5\nsiovata pulcherrimella walker, 1866; list spec. lepid. insects colln br. mus. 35: 1838; tl: java\ntirasia punctigeneralis walker, 1864; list spec. lepid. insects colln br. mus. 29: 818; tl: sarawak, borneo\nbrachmia puteolata meyrick, 1911; j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 20 (3): 716; tl: cuddapah, 400ft\nsextacta diakonoff, 1954; verh. k. akad. wet. amst. (2) 50 (1): 56\ngelechia signifera felder & rogenhofer, 1875; reise fregatte novara, bd 2 (abth. 2) (5): pl. 139, f. 23; tl: ceylon\nmystax sikkimella caradja, 1920; dt. ent. z. iris 34 (1 / 2): 139; tl: darjeeling [? ]\nmacrotona sobria meyrick, 1904; proc. linn. soc. n. s. w. 29 (2): 406 [ key ], 407; tl: sydney; blackheath, new south wales\nbrachmia storestis meyrick, 1911; j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 20 (3): 711; tl: maskeliya, ceylon\nbrachmia strangalistis meyrick, 1911; j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 20 (3): 722; tl: khasis\ngelechia subservitella walker, 1864; list spec. lepid. insects colln br. mus. 29: 639; tl: sarawak, borneo\nsyntomica meyrick, 1931; exotic microlep. 4 (2 - 4): 79\nsarisophora terrena turner, 1919; proc. r. soc. qd 31 (10): 153; tl: n. queensland, kuranda, near cairns\nmacrotona terrigena meyrick, 1904; proc. linn. soc. n. s. w. 29 (2): 406; tl: sydney, new south wales\nthioclora meyrick, 1931; exotic microlep. 4 (2 - 4): 49\ntimioceros meyrick, 1938; dt. ent. z. iris 52: 86\ntiriza trigonopsis meyrick, 1907; j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 17 (3): 737; tl: simla\nindia (bombay, poona, ...). see [ maps ]\ngelechia umbripennis swinhoe, 1885; proc. zool. soc. lond. 1885: 884; tl: bombay; poona\nbrachmia xanthocosma meyrick, 1923; exot. microlep. 3 (1 - 2): 46; tl: uganda, kampala\nsublunata; park, 2012, entom. science 15 (1): 69\nsarisophora tenella turner, 1919; proc. r. soc. qd 31 (10): 153; tl: n. queensland, cairns\n[ afromoths ] de prins, j. & de prins, w. , 2013\nsangmi lee, richard brown & sibyl bucheli. gelechioidea - a global framework ;\n[ maps ] warning! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information, and the process does not always produce acceptable result; see about maps for more info .\nwissenschaftliche ergebnisse der zoologischen expedition des national - museums in prag nach der türkei. 13. microlepidoptera\nmicrolepidoptera of new guinea, results of the third archbold expedition (american - netherlands indian expedition 1938 - 1939). part iv\nreise der österreichischen fregatte novara um die erde in den jahren 1857, 1858, 1859 unter den behilfen des commodore b. von wüllerstorf - urbair. zoologischer theil. band 2. abtheilung 2. lepidoptera. rhopalocera\n- 120, (inhalts - verz .) 1 - 9 (pl. 1 - 74), (felder & rogenhofer, 1874), (5): pl .\ndie schmetterlinge deutschlands und der schweiz. 2. abteilung, kleinschmetterlinge. 2. die motten und federmotten\nsystematische bearbeitung der schmetterlinge von europa, zugleich als text, revision und supplement zu j. hübner' s sammlung europäischer schmetterlinge, die schaben und federmotten, (1847 -) 1853 - 1855 )\nh. sauter' s formosa ausbeute. pterophoridae, tortricidae, eucosmidae, gelechiadae, oecophoridae, cosmopterygidae, hypomeutidae, sesiadae, glyphipterygidae, plutellidae, teneidae, adelidae (lep. )\nvoyage de ch. alluaud et r. jeannel en afrique orientale (1911 - 1812). résultats scientifique. insectes lépidoptères. 2. microlepidoptera in alluaud & jeannel ,\nthree hundred and twenty newly described species of lecithoceridae (lepidoptera, gelechioidea) by k. t. park since 1998, with a tentative catalogue and images of types\nwissenschaftliche ergebnisse der mit unterstützung der kaiserlichen akademie der wissenschaften in wien aus der erbschaft treitl von f. werner unternommenen zoologischen expedition nach dem anglo - ägyptischen sudan (kordofan) 1914. i. lepidoptera\na taxonomic review of the lecithoceridae (lepidoptera) in sri lanka iii. the subfamily lecithocerinae: genus\ntaxonomic review of the lecithoceridae (lepidoptera) in sri lanka iv. the subfamily lecithocerinae: genus\nzeller, 1877 exotische microlepidopteren horae soc. ent. ross. 13: 3 - 493, pl. 1 - 6\nif you have corrections, comments or information to add into these pages, just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources, and may include many inaccuracies. expert help is welcome .\na taxon identifier is composed of name, author, year and attribute, all separated by a blank. these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication. the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words (genus and species) separated by a blank .\nthe author' s name is made up of a string of letters, with no blanks, and multiple authors' names are separated by a comma. spelling of author' s name is based on the original publication. if there are more than three authors, only the names of the first two authors are shown, followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets. this is rarely needed, but to differentiate homo - identifiers, this will contain the page, line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks, hyphens, and apostrophes are eliminated, thus only the following characters are used: a to z, a to z, 0 to 9, blank, comma, and opening and closing square brackets. although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition, it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions (contact information) with supporting references, possibly with pdf or hard copy .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\n* our website is multilingual. some comments have been translated from other languages .\ncurators: konstantin efetov, vasiliy feoktistov, svyatoslav knyazev, evgeny komarov, stan korb, alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion, flight time, etc.." ]

{ "text": [ "lecithocera eumenopis is a moth in the lecithoceridae family .", "it was described by meyrick in 1914 .", "it is found in northern australia .", "the wingspan is about 19 mm .", "the forewings are dark ashy-fuscous .", "the discal stigmata are obscure and blackish , with an additional dot beneath the second .", "the hindwings are dark grey , the cell occupied by a suffused light ochreous-yellowish patch . " ], "topic": [ 2, 5, 20, 9, 1, 1, 1 ] }

[ "lecithocera eumenopis is a moth in the lecithoceridae family. it was described by meyrick in 1914. it is found in northern australia. the wingspan is about 19 mm. the forewings are dark ashy-fuscous. the discal stigmata are obscure and blackish, with an additional dot beneath the second. the hindwings are dark grey, the cell occupied by a suffused light ochreous-yellowish patch." ]

[ "[ cephalotes betoi baroni urbani, 1998b: 326. nomen nudum. ] .\nspecimens of cephalotes borgmeieri have been collected in dry chaco transistional habitat in paraguay. little else is known about the biology of cephalotes borgmeieri .\na member of the depressus clade differing from its next ingroup species, cephalotes betoi, in the worker and in the soldier by the infuscate frontal carinae and by the pronotal lamellae truncate, and in the worker, soldier and gyne by the larger hbal .\nthe above specimen data are provided by antweb. please see cephalotes borgmeieri for further details\nmore research examining all aspects of the biology of cephalotes is needed. our present understanding of these ants is largely based on species that live in locations other than the forest canopy, which is where cephalotes are most common and diverse .\npractically, if one disposes of abundant cephalotes nest series, he should be able to recognise the members of the hamulus clade at glance by their possibly unique possession of one very important plesiomorphy: the absence of soldiers and the monomorphism of the worker caste, a character state unknown in other cephalotes (though it may be present in the poorly known species cephalotes placidus and cephalotes oculatus in the atratus clade), but which is the rule among the species of the sister genus procryptocerus .\na relatively large clade containing ten recent species. it roughly corresponds to the former subgenus cyathomyrmex but cephalotes setulifer has been excluded from it .\nthis small clade possess no known strong synapomorphies. the sole character resulting uniquely shared by descent among its two members and resulting from our analysis are the propodeal spines of the gyne, diverging backwards. this character is rare but not unique within cephalotes and we are rather sceptical about its phylogenetic importance. see also the introduction to the patei clade. to increase the insecurity about the distinction between this clade and the emeryi clade, one could add that cephalotes crenaticeps and cephalotes emeryi (belonging to the emeryi clade) are rather similar in pilosity and for having the gaster anteriorly without lobes .\nan additional probable synapomorphy for the species of this clade is a character not considered in our data matrix: the capacity of the soldiers to secrete camouflage material. we have evidence of soldiers with the head more or less covered by such material for all the species of the clade. we did not include the secretion of camouflage material in our list of characters because of the difficulty to obtain evidence of its absence for a number of species. this trait, however, is homoplastically present also outside the pallens clade at least in cephalotes setulifer, cephalotes coffeae, and, probably, cephalotes patei .\nbaroni urbani, c. 1998b. the number of castes in ants, where major is smaller than minor and queens wear the shield of the soldiers. insectes soc. 45: 315 - 333 (page 323, combination in cephalotes )\nthis clade contains two dominican fossil species and a recent one from curacao. the exact relationships among the three and with other cephalotes species may be subject to future changes since all of them are only known from workers. its members are unique within a large, terminal cephalotes clade comprising 52 species, for the secondary loss of the coloration of the frontal carinae. this character is likely to have an obvious adaptive and a doubtful phylogenetic meaning. see also the introduction to the patei clade .\nthe following is based on de andrade, m. l. ; baroni urbani, c. 1999. diversity and adaptation in the ant genus cephalotes, past and present. stuttgarter beitrage zur naturkunde series b (geolgie and palaontologie). 271: 1 - 889 .\nde andrade, m. l. ; baroni urbani, c. 1999. diversity and adaptation in the ant genus cephalotes, past and present. stuttgarter beitrage zur naturkunde series b (geolgie and palaontologie). 271: 1 - 889. (page 339, soldier described )\nthe proventriculus of the cephalotes is peculiar relative to other ants. the morphology of the structure suggests it serves as a powerful pump and filter. this does not appear to lead these ants to have a highly specialized diet as most species appear to be general scavengers. foragers have been observed feeding on carrion, bird feces, extrafloral nectaries and even tending membracids. pollen feeding has been observed in some species, and this is somewhat specialized for ants, but it is not evident that any species restricts its diet to this resource in any significant way. evidence for pollen feeding in cephalotes has accumulated, in part, via finding digested pollen grains seen in infrabucal pellets. it has been suggested that the morphology of the proventriculus is a specialization for processing pollen .\nwe are inclined to recognise a significant phylogenetic value to characters 2 and 3. the crucial fact forcing the distinction between the pusillus clade and the laminatus clade, however, is the position of the insufficiently known species solidus (q. v .) - intermediate between the two clades in our cephalotes phylogeny. this position may be subject to change after discovery of the solidus soldier, gyne and male .\nthe behavioral repertoire of cephalotes varians has been examined in great detail (ethograms from wilson 1976, cole 1980 and cole 1983). soldiers do little else besides defend the nest. this specialized soldier behavior is presumed to be the norm for most species. an especially interesting behavior occurs when workers are dislodged from trees: they\nfly\ntowards the tree, often grabbing the trunk well above the ground (video) .\nthis clade contains a small set of seven species characterised by a unique but important synapomorphy: the hind femora of the soldier with a dorsal crest. only the nominal species grandinosus has a broad geographical distribution; other members of the clade appear to be restricted to the brazilian - peruvian rain forests and two species are fossil in dominican amber. the recent species of this clade are also among the minority of cephalotes with light colours. the coloration, of course, cannot be assessed with certainty for the fossils .\na relatively large clade comprising 10 species characterised by combinations of characters present homoplastically also in other clades and secondarily lost in a few ingroup species. two of these characters appear as synapomorphic in our phylogenetic reconstruction: the propodeum with 4 or 5 pairs of lateral denticles and the petiole dorsally armed. the combination of these two traits in characterising this clade is suggestive of what we understand as one of the major evolutionary trends in cephalotes: improving its passive defence system. all the members of the clade are south american, particularly abundant in the tropical zone, and extending up to colombia as the northernmost limit .\nas already intuitively proposed by emery (1922) and by kempf (1958) this is a very distinctive clade containing only one species characterised by the following five autapomorphies: characters 8: 0 - > 2, 50: 0 - > 1, 108: 0 - > 1, 118: 0 - > 1, 126: 0 - > 1. in spite of the resulting isolate status within the cephalotes phylogeny, umbraculatus shows some characters clearly intermediate between its most adjacent clades as listed under the discussion of the species. umbraculatus appears to be one of the commonest species of the genus in large parts of the neotropical rain forests .\nthe two species constituting this clade have been considered as only one (pusillus) by kempf (1951). pusillus was regarded by kempf (1. c .) as a member of his\nspinosus species group\nwhich is roughly equivalent to our laminatus clade and with which it shares several characters. in our analysis pusillus and columbicus result separate and paraphyletic respect to the laminatus clade. the main reason for this is the presence of fine reticulation under the head, a character present in cephalotes solidus and in all the members of the laminatus clade but absent in pusillus and columbicus. another character separating pusillus and columbicus from the members of the laminatus clade (absence of angulate femora in the former vs. presence in the latter) is actually present only in the basal species of the laminatus clade and absent in the internal ones. the synapomorphies of the pusillus clade resulting from our phylogenetic reconstruction are the following :\na small clade containing only 5, very distinctive, species, all restricted to a broad sinaloan - sonoran region from arizona to the states of jalisco and morelos to the south and including las islas de tres marias. these species are easily recognizable and, in our cladogram, they are characterised by a set of six synapomorphies: for the workers, (1) the postoccipital suture extending over the ventral side of the head, (2) the first gastral tergite striate, (3) the loss of gastral coloured spots, (4) the presence of erect, truncate hairs, and, for the soldiers, (5) the antennal scrobes terminating below the eyes, and, for the gynes, (6) loss of the gastral coloured spots (a trait not necessarily correlated with the analogous one of workers). in spite of their compact phylogenetic robustness and unequivocal presence of advanced synapomorphies (soldiers and gynes with disc, etc .), the workers of the species of this clade bear a strong, superficial similarity with the basalmost cephalotes clade: the hamulus clade .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 3. 2 final / / en\nyou must log in to access this functionality. you may create an account, or log in anonymously, here .\nde andrade, 1999b: 347, figs. 153, 154, 386 (s. w. )\nantweb content is licensed under a creative commons attribution license. we encourage use of antweb images. in print, each image must include attribution to its photographer and\nfrom urltoken\nin the figure caption. for websites, images must be clearly identified as coming from urltoken, with a backward link to the respective source page. see how to cite antweb .\nantweb is funded from private donations and from grants from the national science foundation, deb - 0344731, ef - 0431330 and deb - 0842395. c: 1\nworker castes typically include two forms, a worker and soldier, but there are a few species that are monomorphic. the larger soldier caste typically has an enlarged head disk. in some species the head of the soldier is very different from the worker while in others these differences are less pronounced. queens and soldiers tend to share similar head morphology. soldiers use their heads to plug the nest entrance. this can be very effective in excluding potential intruders. other morphological differences between the worker castes are present but these differences have not been studied as well as head moprhology .\nmature nest size varies, by species, from less than a hundred to many thousands of workers. available evidence suggests most species are monogynous. queens may mate with multiple males .\nthe following information is derived from barry bolton' s new general catalogue, a catalogue of the world' s ants .\nkempf, 1951: 211, fig. 147 (w. q. m .) argentina. de andrade & baroni urbani, 1999: 339 (s .). combination in\n: baroni urbani, 1998: 323. see also: kempf, 1969: 285 .\nunless otherwise noted the text for the remainder of this section is reported from the publication that includes the original description .\nlength 5. 7 mm. median head length 1. 34 mm; weber' s length of thorax 1. 58 mm. fuscous reddish - brown; appendages more or less rufous - brown; gaster almost black .\nhead subopaque, greatly depressed; subquadrate. interocular distance exceeding maximum length of head. mandibles very finely reticulate - punctate, vestigially rugulose. frontal carinae rounded in front, slightly sinuate and subparallel at the sides, somewhat upturned above the eye, reaching the occipital corner. sides vestigially crenulate, the projecting setulae in the notches minute to obsolete. upper surface of head very little convex, very finely reticulate - punctate, somewhat more coarsely reticulate - rugulose, rather densely covered with large, oval, appressed, canaliculate, pale yellowish, glittering, scale - like hairs. vertical teeth vestigial. occipital border emarginate, occipital corners obliquely truncate, with an outer blunt and an inner more acute denticule. cheeks strongly marginate beneath, very densely covered with minute scales as on upper surface. lower surface with distant, longitudinal rugulae, and sparse, scattered, simple, appressed hairs .\nthorax subopaque; much broader across the pronotum than long. upper surface of thorax including the declivous face of epinotum continuously and cospicuously convex in profile. sculptured and scaled as the upper surface of head. anterior border arcuate, shoulders angulate, separate from the broad, long, lateral lamellae of the pronotum, the anterior border of which is arcuate, the outer border sinuate, the posterior border concave. promesonotal suture obsolete. mesonotum with a blunt lateral spine. mesoepinotal suture obsolete. sides of epinotum with a long, plate - like depressed spine in front, and a shorter, triangular, plate - like tooth behind, close to the posterior corner, the posterior border of which forming a crest, delimiting the declivity behind. sides of thorax finely reticulate - punctate, distinctly longitudinally rugose, with sparser, canaliculate scales, longer than those on the upper face. mid and hind femora distinctly angulate above. mid and hind basitarsi flattened and broadened proximad, attenuate distad .\npetiole subopaque; anterior border, including the long recurved spines, evenly curved. postpetiole subopaque, narrower and shorter than petiole, lateral spines slightly curved forward at base, vestigially recurved at apex. sculpture and scales as on thorax .\ngaster subopaque, cordiform, about as broad as long. first gastral tergite moderately emarginate anteriorly mesad, narrowly crested antero - iaterad, sculpture and scales as on thorax .\nde andrade and baroni urbani (1999) - measurements (in mm) and indices: tl 3. 96 - 5. 96; hl 0. 92 - 1. 44; hw 1. 28 - 2. 00; el 0. 32 - 0. 48; pw 1. 28 - 2. 04; pew 0. 90 - 1. 40; ppw 0. 72 - 1. 08; hbal 0. 32 - 0. 48; hbaw 0. 12 - 0. 22; ci 131. 2 - 141. 6; pi 93. 3 - 100. 0; ppei 140. 6 - 147. 8; pppi 1. 66. 6 - 188. 9; hbai 37. 5 - 45. 8 .\nde andrade and baroni urbani (1999) - head subquadrate, with an incomplete disc. head dorsum convex. vertexal corners with two pairs of obtuse teeth or almost truncate. posterior border of the disc with a pair of developed median teeth superficially connected each other by a median carina, the carina superficially continuing laterally into the frontal carinae. anterior half of the frontal carinae with broad, crenulate border; posterior half of the frontal carinae converging before the eyes, ending on their posterior border and strongly marginate above them. mandibles broad, their sides with an impressed, round, carinate protuberance. eyes gently convex .\nmesosoma broad anteriorly, narrowing posteriorly. scapular angles short but visible in dorsal view. pronotal sides with a pair of developed, broad, rectangular lamellae; their sides converging posteriorly. pronotal carina well marked, raised, superficially crenulate and interrupted medially by an impression. promesonotal suture impressed. mesonotal sides with a pair of broad, obtuse teeth. propodeal suture deeply impressed. propodeum with poorly differentiated basal and declivous faces. basal face broadening posteriorly and ending in a pair of broad, thick, obtuse or round spines; its dorsum gently convex in the middle and on the same plane as the declivous face. declivous face straight in the middle; its sides converging posteriorly and bearing medially a pair of triangular, lamellaceous teeth .\npetiolar sloping anteriorly; its anterior border medially concave. petiolar sides gently curved posteriorly and with a broad, triangular, pointed spine with curved apex. postpetiole, in lateral view, slightly convex, the middle of its dorsum flat; postpetiolar spines thick, arising from the anterior face of the postpetiole and curved backwards .\ngaster suboval, with anterior expansions. anterolateral border of the first gastral sternites with a thick margin reaching the stigma .\nsculpture. head reticulate - punctate and covered by small foveae as broad as their interspaces, diminishing in size anteriorly. vertexal corners, ventral face of the head, sides of the pronotum and of the mesonotum with foveae larger and deeper than those on the posterior part of the head. middle of the pronotum and of the mesonotum with foveae denser and smaller than on their sides. propodeum, ventral part of the meso - and metapleurae, petiole, postpetiole, distal part of the extensor face of the femora and extensor face of the tibiae with dense, oval foveae. remaining pleural parts reticulate and with thin, longitudinal rugosities. centre of the declivous face of the propodeum reticulate only. first gastral tergite reticulate and with dense piligerous foveae on the anterior fourth. sternite reticulate and with sparse superficial, small foveae; centre of the first gastral sternite slightly shining .\npilosity. each fovea bearing an appressed hair of size proportional to the one of the foveae. sides of the head, of the mesosoma, mandibles, legs, and gaster with sparse, short, clavate hairs. caudal portion of the sternites with sparse, long, suberect, truncate hairs .\nmeasurements (in mm) and indices: tl 7. 12 - 8. 20; hl 1. 72 - 1. 96; hw 2. 32 - 2. 52; el 0. 52 - 0. 54; pw 2. 24 - 2. 48; pew 1. 44 - 1. 52; ppw 1. 20 - 1. 28; hbal 0. 52 - 0. 56; hbaw 0. 24 - 0. 27; ci 128. 6 - 134. 9; pi 100. 0 - 103. 6; ppei 155. 5 - 163. 1; pppi 186. 7 - 200. 0; hbai 43. 6 - 48. 2 .\nkempf (1969) - total length 9. 6 mm; head length 2. 13 mm; head width (eyes included) 2. 50 mm; scape length 0. 70 mm; maximum diameter of eyes 0. 51 mm; thorax length 2. 81 mm; maximum width of thorax 2. 50 mm; petiole width 0. 97 mm; postpetiole width 1. 08 mm. very close to depressus with the following differences: frontal carinae concolorous with rest of head; occipital corners more distinctly obliquely truncate and bidentate; occiput truncate in the middle, indistinctly marginate above the truncation, bearing on vertex, just behind the ocelli a pair of small to vestigial teeth; scapular spine stronger, more protruding, pointing obliquely laterad and cephalad; laterotergite of pronotum mostly without impressed foveolae and appressed scalelike hairs, except on anterior margin; petiole in dorsal view broader, its sides obliquely diverging caudad, the lateral spines pointing obliquely laterad and caudad; postpetiole with longer and somewhat more delicate spines .\nwings. fore wings with r + sc superficially connected to a marked pterostigma. cu - a superficially connected with a. 2r marked, rsf5 connected to r1. distal parts of a, cual and mf4 slightly marked. hind wings with r, m + cua and m marked; 1a, cua, m and distal part of a vestigial .\nde andrade and baroni urbani (1999) - measurements (in mm) and indices: tl 9. 72 - 9. 90; hl 1. 80 - 1. 84; hw 2. 12 - 2. 16; el 0. 48; pw 2. 10 - 2. 24; pew 0. 88 - 0. 98; ppw 0. 96 - 1. 08; hbal 0. 65 - 0. 67; hbaw 0. 28 - 0. 29; ci 117. 4 - 117. 8; pi 94. 6 - 102. 8; ppei 228. 6 - 238. 6; pppi 207. 4 - 218. 7; hbai 41. 8 - 44. 6 .\nde andrade and baroni urbani (1999) - head about 1 / 3 broader than long (eyes included, mandibles excluded); vertexal margin straight, faintly carinate and ending in an obtuse or pointed corner. ocelli protuberant from the little convex vertex. eyes broadly convex and placed in the middle of the sides of the head. frontal carinae diverging backwards and not reaching the posterior border of the eyes. frons flat and separate from the clypeus by a superficial furrow. clypeus convex, its posterior half higher than the anterior one, almost truncate. mandibles slender, laterally carinate and with a distinct apical tooth. scapes thick, twice as long as the first funicular joint; remaining funicular joints thickening from the base to the apex .\nmesosoma. pronotum in dorsal view broadening backwards, superficially carinate on the sides and with a slightly marked scapular angle; mesonotum convex; median mayrian carina and parapsidal furrows weakly impressed; scutellum convex, its sides converging posteriorly; propodeum with poorly differentiate basal and declivous faces; basal face convex, its sides converging posteriorly towards the declivous face, the latter with lateral and median carinae .\npetiole slightly narrower than the postpetiole and with a deeply concave anterior border; petiolar sides convex medially. postpetiole little convex dorsally; postpetiolar sides convex anteriorly and converging posteriorly .\nsculpture. body deeply reticulate - punctate. head dorsum, meso - and metapleurae with irregular and variably impressed rugulae, more regular on the p eriocular area, on the basal face of the propodeum and on the peduncular sides. sparse, shallow foveae on the head and on the mesosoma. first gastral segment and legs reticulate - punctate; on the remaining gastral segments the same sculpture but less impressed and the tegument is slightly shining .\npilosity. head and mesosoma covered by dense, long, suberect hairs, sparser and subdecumbent on the pedicel, on the sternites and on the legs, rare on the tergites. funiculi densely covered by thin, short, decumbent hairs; similar but thinner, sparser and slightly longer hairs on the legs and on the gaster .\ncolour. black with scapes and first funicular joints lighter; remaining funicular joints ferruginous. coxae, trochanters and proximal half of the femora light brown; remaining legs parts yellow. wings light brown and infuscate .\nmeasurements (in mm) and indices: tl 6. 14 - 6. 76; hl 0. 92; hw 1. 28; el 0. 44 - 0. 46; pw 1. 24 - 1. 32; pew 0. 64 - 0. 65; ppw 0. 68 - 0. 69; hbal 0. 56 - 0. 60; hbaw 0. 12; ci 139. 1; pi 97. 0 - 103. 2; ppei 193. 7 - 203. 1; pppi 1 82. 3 - 191. 3; hbai 20. 0 - 21. 4 .\nworker. type locality: iguazu (misiones, argentina). type material: holotype and 3 paratype workers at the instituto miguel lillo, tucuman (argentina) (kempf, 1951), not available for the present study, one paratype worker in museu de zoologia da universidade de sao paulo (examined) .\nbrandão, c. r. f. 1991. adendos ao catálogo abreviado das formigas da região neotropical (hymenoptera: formicidae). rev. bras. entomol. 35: 319 - 412 (page 385, combination in zacryptocerus )\nkempf, w. w. 1951. a taxonomic study on the ant tribe cephalotini (hymenoptera: formicidae). rev. entomol. (rio j .) 22: 1 - 244 (page 211, fig. 147 worker, queen, male described )\nkempf, w. w. 1958a. new studies of the ant tribe cephalotini (hym. formicidae). stud. entomol. (n. s .) 1: 1 - 168 .\nkempf, w. w. 1969. miscellaneous studies on neotropical ants. v. (hymenoptera, formicidae). stud. entomol. 12: 273 - 296 (page 285, see also )\nthis page was last modified on 21 june 2015, at 03: 55 .\na relatively large clade containing nine recent and one fossil species. it is characterized by the following synapomorphies: (1) worker propodeum with a pair of spines shorter than the basal face, a trait secondarily lost among the more specialized species inca and basalis; (2) worker with incrassate fore femora, a character invariant within the clade and similar but probably not homologous to the condition characteristic of procryptocerus, and, (3) soldier without vertexal denticles. in our reconstruction this character state results as a secondary loss of the clade which should have been re - gained among the most specialised species basalis and cordiventris .\nwithin the hamulus clade we recognise eight valid species and there is a possible, insufficiently known, ninth species. all these species are presumably endemic on the island of hispaniola and two of them are known only from copal samples of probable historical age. one could expect to encounter them again in the recent fauna of the island .\na circumstance apparently contrasting with the antiquity of the clade is that its members are very similar each other and are likely to be the product of relatively young speciation events, a hypothesis supported also by palaeogeographic evidence. the main diagnostic characters among them appear to be confined to integumental sculpture, pilosity and coloration. as a result of this situation, the internal phylogeny of the clade is far from being properly understood and, due to our incapacity to detect sufficient, plausible synapomorphies, the internal phylogeny of this clade should be considered as tentative .\na small clade containing only two argentinean species characterised by having soldiers with the cephalic disc concave and with irregular foveae bearing clavate hairs not surpassing the border of the foveae. the gynes of both species are also unique in the shape of the disc: concave in the two anterior thirds and flat posteriorly. both species appear to be rather rare: fewer than 20 specimens are known .\n1. frontal carinae of the soldier not reaching the vertex. this character is present also in some ingroup species of the laminatus clade .\nby means of the constraints command of paup we forced solidus to into a clade corresponding to kempf’s\nangustus group\n. all 14 resulting possible optimal trees are only two steps longer than our phylogeny of fig. 24. the position of solidus is constant in all 14 trees: it results as the outgroup species of all the other members of kempf' s\nangustus group\n.\na small clade (6 species) comparable under several respects to its sister clade, wheeleri. its members, however, lack the six synapomorphies characteristic of the wheeleri clade and are grouped together by the following ones, absent in the latter: worker propodeum with three pairs of lateral denticles and, presumably, in spite of the limited evidence available, the internal border of the aedeagus narrowly concave. there is abundant presumptive evidence suggesting that most species of this clade should be obligatory inhabitants of epiphytes. these species range from southern united states up to costa rica to the south .\nthis page was last modified on 1 july 2017, at 18: 18 .\nde andrade & baroni urbani, 1999 pdf: 347, figs. 153, 154, 386 (s. w. )\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page: myers, p. , r. espinosa, c. s. parr, t. jones, g. s. hammond, and t. a. dewey. 2018. the animal diversity web (online). accessed at https: / / animaldiversity. org .\ndisclaimer: the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. adw doesn' t cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283, drl 0628151, due 0633095, drl 0918590, and due 1122742. additional support has come from the marisla foundation, um college of literature, science, and the arts, museum of zoology, and information and technology services .\n% pdf - 1. 3% äåòåë§ó ðäæ 4 0 obj < < / length 5 0 r / filter / flatedecode > > stream x\u0001åzû’ûæ\u0011 } çwt \\ \u0005v­aü\u0001úmú¨bùv\u0012itù! êãj) - y z * úü—ÿ / g€9 = \u0001\u000ea; u) «l, 0èé > } ïágy)% ií¿¢®¥ * kißéﲕo®? 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{ "text": [ "cephalotes betoi is a species of arboreal ant of the genus cephalotes , characterized by an odd shaped head and the ability to \" parachute \" by steering their fall if they drop off of the tree they 're on .", "giving their name also as gliding ants . " ], "topic": [ 21, 25 ] }

[ "cephalotes betoi is a species of arboreal ant of the genus cephalotes, characterized by an odd shaped head and the ability to \" parachute \" by steering their fall if they drop off of the tree they're on. giving their name also as gliding ants." ]

[ "ophonus laticollis at lodge hill (found dead). 3rd record for bucks .\nit would be great to get more records of ophonus, especially from moth - trappers. i would be happy to receive ophonus specimens for identification from anyone and everyone. details on posting live specimens here .\necology: more local and southern than the closely related ophonus rufibarbis. mainly on sandy ground near coasts .\namazingly, despite seeing seven species of ophonus in a week, i didn’t see any of the commonest of them all: o. rufibarbis !\nred cliff, looking east towards the chalk of culver cliff. ophonus azureus was found on the ground beneath the wild carrot plants in the foreground .\nharvey, m. (2004). ophonus ardosiacus lutschnik (carabidae) at light traps in southern england. the coleopterist 13 (3): 87 .\npair of ophonus ardosiacus in a carrot head. officially nationally scarce (nb), this beetle has become quite common in recent years probably at least partly thanks to arable margin schemes .\nirish status: there is a haliday record of this species for belfast (johnson & halbert, 1902) under the name\nharpalus puncticollis, payk .\n. however, all recent material collected in the belfast area has been identified as ophonus rufibarbis, and since there was considerable confusion among early workers about the separation of species within ophonus, northern records are here disregarded. widely but locally distributed mainly along coasts in southern counties .\nthis is a great time of year for finding species of ophonus ground - beetles by checking the seed - heads of wild carrot daucus carota. as the seeds ripen, the heads change from a flat - topped umbel into a more or less spherical shape with all the seeds on the inside. ophonus like to sit inside the middle of carrot seed - heads, spending their days munching seeds. it’s quite easy to prise open the seed - heads and check for beetles .\ni have just had a week’s holiday, and dedicated a few days to searching for ophonus. it was great to see ophonus melletii (two males) at long last, by visiting the best known area for the species at cheam on monday. as far as i know it was last seen here in 2004 by martin luff. i also found one o. schaubergerianus (previously recorded here by david copestake in 1993), three o. ardosiacus and one o. puncticeps .\nat least some species of ophonus will also fly to light. o. ardosiacus is quite frequent in moth traps. one of the rarer species, o. melletii, has only been recorded seven times in the last decade but two of the records are from light traps .\ni have a passion for these ground beetles. i have attempted to see all the british species, visiting last - known sites, often repeatedly over many years. but there are still five species i have never managed to find. at least four of those species i believe should still be findable in britain if only i could work out exactly where, when and how. the other one (o. subsinuatus) has not been recorded since 1886 (portland) and it would be an amazing discovery if it was ever found again in britain. four species of ophonus are currently on the biodiversity action plan list but several others are of equal concern .\nmaintaining and updating the site requires a lot of time and effort. therefore, we are forced to introduce a partially paid access. we expect that the costs will not be too burdensome for you, and your money will help us in the development of interactive keys, and more dynamic updates of the site .\nyour subscription will be activated when payment clears. view the status of your subscription in your account .\nthis project help increase the availability of scientific knowledge worldwide. contributions at any level help sustain our work. thank you for your support .\n© carabidae of the world, 2007 - 2018 © a team of authors, in in: anichtchenko a. et al. , (editors) 2007 - 2018\nclick here to support naturespot by making a donation - small or large - your gift is very much appreciated. thank you .\nlength 10 to 14 mm. a rather variable species - the elytra may vary from a bright dark blue to almost black. the legs are usually brown .\nall year round, but most likely to be found from march to august .\nuncommon in britain where it has a mainly southerly distribution. it is classified as nationally scarce b .\nrare in leicestershire and rutland. there were only 2 vc55 records for this species up to march 2015\nbeetles, pan - species listing, all - round natural history. britain, ireland and abroad .\nof the 14 british species, only three could be described as at all common (rufibarbis, puncticeps and ardosiacus) and the rest are at least scarce and in some cases extremely rare. many have clearly declined dramatically during the 20th century, in the same way that many once - common arable weeds such as corncockle and corn buttercup have declined. losses of the beetles are probably also related to agricultural intensification and the loss of areas of disturbed ground that have a diverse range of weeds, producing lots of seeds, year - in year - out .\non wednesday, i targeted one of the more recent (1988) localities for o. puncticollis near hurley, berkshire but the habitat seems completely unsuitable now. later in the day i explored some field edges around lodge hill in the chilterns near princes risborough and came up trumps with a new site for o. laticollis, a species which seems to be having a mini - resurgence on arable margins thanks to the esa scheme and similar subsidies .\non saturday, jo and i day - tripped the isle of wight and worked the soft - rock red cliff, east from yaverland out to the start of the chalk culver cliff. i was targeting o. cordatus again, a species last seen in britain on salisbury plain in 1996. it was recorded from “sandown, culver cliff” by w. holland in 1903 and from “red cliff” by howard mendel in 1988. we found dozens of o. ardosiacus, several o. puncticeps, a few o. azureus and one o. rupicola (only the second i have found): o. cordatus must still be there but as so often in the quest to find rare beetles, doggedness is going to be the key to success .\nophonous ardosiacus in nightly - operated actinic trap at marshalls heath tl 161 152 1996 july 12th and 2015 august 3rd .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with nbn atlas, please upload using the upload tools .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29: registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin, july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia, june 4 - 7. photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona, july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell, iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\ndisclaimer: dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service. we strive to provide accurate information, but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world. if you need expert professional advice, contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content. click the contributor' s name for licensing and usage information. everything else copyright © 2003 - 2018 iowa state university, unless otherwise noted .\ndescription: a pubescent, 6. 5 - 9mm long, brownish black, phytophagous ground beetle of open, ruderal habitats. very local and not in the north .\nworld distribution: a suboceanic temperate (or southern - temperate) species (72) distributed from southern fennoscandia (rare) to the mediterranean and east to asia minor. introduced in n. america." ]

{ "text": [ "ophonus is a ground beetle genus native to the palearctic ( including europe ) , the near east , the nearctic and north africa .", "it contains the following species : ophonus achilles sciaky , 1987 ophonus ardosiacus ( lutshnik , 1922 ) ophonus austrocaspicus kataev & belousov , 2001 ophonus azureus ( fabricius , 1775 ) ophonus bartoni ( maran , 1935 ) ophonus battus reitter , 1900 ophonus berberus antoine , 1925 ophonus brevicollis ( audinet-serville , 1821 ) ophonus castaneipennis sciaky , 1987 ophonus chlorizans solsky , 1874 ophonus convexicollis menetries , 1832 ophonus cordatus ( duftschmid , 1812 ) ophonus cribratus ( peyron , 1858 ) ophonus cribrellus reiche & saulcy , 1855 ophonus cribricollis ( dejean , 1829 ) ophonus cunii fairmaire , 1880 ophonus davatchii ( morvan , 1981 ) ophonus diffinis ( dejean , 1829 ) ophonus elegantulus sciaky , 1987 ophonus ferrugatus reitter , 1902 ophonus franziniorum sciaky , 1987 ophonus gabrieleae wrase , 1987 ophonus gammeli ( schauberger , 1932 ) ophonus heinzi wrase , 1991 ophonus hittita sciaky , 1987 ophonus houskai ( jedlicka , 1955 ) ophonus hystrix reitter , 1894 ophonus incisus ( dejean , 1829 ) ophonus israelita brulerie , 1876 ophonus jailensis ( schauberger , 1926 ) ophonus jeanneli sciaky , 1987 ophonus judaeus brulerie , 1876 ophonus krueperi ( apfelbeck , 1904 ) ophonus laticollis mannerheim , 1825 ophonus libanigena brulerie , 1876 ophonus longicollis rambur , 1838 ophonus longipilis sciaky , 1987 ophonus melletii ( heer , 1837 ) ophonus minimus motschulsky , 1845 ophonus oblongus ( schaum , 1858 ) ophonus opacus ( dejean , 1829 ) ophonus ophonoides ( jedlicka , 1958 ) ophonus parallelus ( dejean , 1829 ) ophonus phoenix ( tschitscherine , 1902 ) ophonus pumilio ( dejean , 1829 ) ophonus puncticeps stephens , 1828 ophonus puncticollis ( paykull , 1798 ) ophonus quadricollis ( dejean , 1831 ) ophonus rebellus ( schauberger , 1926 ) ophonus rotundatus ( dejean , 1829 ) ophonus rufibarbis ( fabricius , 1792 ) ophonus rupicola ( sturm , 1818 ) ophonus sabulicola ( panzer , 1796 ) ophonus sahlbergianus ( lutshnik , 1922 ) ophonus scharifi ( morvan , 1977 ) ophonus schaubergerianus ( puel , 1937 ) ophonus sciakyi wrase , 1990 ophonus similis ( dejean , 1829 ) ophonus stictus stephens , 1828 ophonus stricticollis tschitscherine , 1893 ophonus subquadratus ( dejean , 1829 ) ophonus subsinuatus rey , 1886 ophonus syriacus ( dejean , 1829 ) ophonus transversus motschulsky , 1844 ophonus veluchianus ( g.muller , 1931 ) ophonus vignai sciaky , 1987 ophonus wolfi wrase , 1995 ophonus wrasei sciaky , 1987 ophonus xaxarsi ( schauberger , 1928 )" ], "topic": [ 27, 19 ] }

[ "ophonus is a ground beetle genus native to the palearctic (including europe), the near east, the nearctic and north africa. it contains the following species: ophonus achilles sciaky, 1987 ophonus ardosiacus (lutshnik, 1922) ophonus austrocaspicus kataev & belousov, 2001 ophonus azureus (fabricius, 1775) ophonus bartoni (maran, 1935) ophonus battus reitter, 1900 ophonus berberus antoine, 1925 ophonus brevicollis (audinet-serville, 1821) ophonus castaneipennis sciaky, 1987 ophonus chlorizans solsky, 1874 ophonus convexicollis menetries, 1832 ophonus cordatus (duftschmid, 1812) ophonus cribratus (peyron, 1858) ophonus cribrellus reiche & saulcy, 1855 ophonus cribricollis (dejean, 1829) ophonus cunii fairmaire, 1880 ophonus davatchii (morvan, 1981) ophonus diffinis (dejean, 1829) ophonus elegantulus sciaky, 1987 ophonus ferrugatus reitter, 1902 ophonus franziniorum sciaky, 1987 ophonus gabrieleae wrase, 1987 ophonus gammeli (schauberger, 1932) ophonus heinzi wrase, 1991 ophonus hittita sciaky, 1987 ophonus houskai (jedlicka, 1955) ophonus hystrix reitter, 1894 ophonus incisus (dejean, 1829) ophonus israelita brulerie, 1876 ophonus jailensis (schauberger, 1926) ophonus jeanneli sciaky, 1987 ophonus judaeus brulerie, 1876 ophonus krueperi (apfelbeck, 1904) ophonus laticollis mannerheim, 1825 ophonus libanigena brulerie, 1876 ophonus longicollis rambur, 1838 ophonus longipilis sciaky, 1987 ophonus melletii (heer, 1837) ophonus minimus motschulsky, 1845 ophonus oblongus (schaum, 1858) ophonus opacus (dejean, 1829) ophonus ophonoides (jedlicka, 1958) ophonus parallelus (dejean, 1829) ophonus phoenix (tschitscherine, 1902) ophonus pumilio (dejean, 1829) ophonus puncticeps stephens, 1828 ophonus puncticollis (paykull, 1798) ophonus quadricollis (dejean, 1831) ophonus rebellus (schauberger, 1926) ophonus rotundatus (dejean, 1829) ophonus rufibarbis (fabricius, 1792) ophonus rupicola (sturm, 1818) ophonus sabulicola (panzer, 1796) ophonus sahlbergianus (lutshnik, 1922) ophonus scharifi (morvan, 1977) ophonus schaubergerianus (puel, 1937) ophonus sciakyi wrase, 1990 ophonus similis (dejean, 1829) ophonus stictus stephens, 1828 ophonus stricticollis tschitscherine, 1893 ophonus subquadratus (dejean, 1829) ophonus subsinuatus rey, 1886 ophonus syriacus (dejean, 1829) ophonus transversus motschulsky, 1844 ophonus veluchianus (g.muller, 1931) ophonus vignai sciaky, 1987 ophonus wolfi wrase, 1995 ophonus wrasei sciaky, 1987 ophonus xaxarsi (schauberger, 1928 )" ]

[ "in many respects the black mudfish is similar to the brown mudfish except that it occupies the northern part of the north island. its distribution pattern is a good way to tell it apart from the brown and canterbury mudfish, but the distribution of the newly discovered northland mudfish overlaps that of the black mudfish. black mudfish can be distinguished from the northland mudfish by the number of caudal fin rays; the northland mudfish has only 13 or fewer rays whereas the other mudfish usually have 14 or more .\nthe large population of black mudfish were discovered by ecologists during environmental investigations carried out before construction of the rangiriri section of the waikato expressway began .\nthe threatened native black mudfish (neochanna diversus), whose numbers are in general decline, is found in the waikato and northland area of new zealand .\n“black mudfish are only found in new zealand and they are an important part of our unique indigenous biodiversity, just like kiwis but not quite as cuddly, ” she said .\nall of new zealand' s five endemic species of mudfish (neochanna) are threatened, and translocation has been recommended as an option for conservation. this research undertakes a translocation of black mudfish (neochanna diversus) into wetland margins of lake kaituna, in the waikato region, and addresses research questions applicable to improving translocation success. results from this research are intended to aid possible future translocations of the more threatened northland mudfish (neochanna heleios) and other genetically distinct populations of black mudfish .\nin addition to the threat to black mudfish from land drainage and development, these fish are also threatened by the presence of gambusia, an aggressive and prolific introduced fish that has a similar distribution pattern to black mudfish. observations of their behaviour in tanks showed that large gambusia would readily eat mudfish fry, and that they chased and nipped juvenile mudfish. however, adult mudfish were not harassed, and even attacked the gambusia. mudfish are able to co - exist with gambusia because they can survive in habitats that periodically dry up, which gambusia cannot do, and because they breed in winter, when gambusia numbers are low .\nstaff working on the huntly section of the waikato expressway have dug in more than 1300 natives to protect an isolated pocket of at - risk black mudfish found in a farm drain .\nthe introduced species gambusia affinis has been the subject of concern for mudfish conservation and commonly found at wetland sites suitable for mudfish translocation. found to prey on mudfish fry and eggs in aquaria, it was important to determine the effects of gambusia density prior to undertaking a translocation to a location where gambusia were present. investigations were made into the effect of gambusia density on black mudfish juveniles in 9 outdoor mesocosms. increasing gambusia density was found to have an inhibitory effect on black mudfish growth. this may be due to increased competition for food, a theory supported by analysis of zooplankton communities, where, in the presence of gambusia, large zooplankton had been removed and smaller rotifers flourished .\nthe mudfish remained a key focus as construction of the rangiriri section started, mr stokes said, with key projects planned to lessen the duration that the mudfish were relocated for .\n“these black mudfish are a vital part of the wetland food chain and ecosystem and they are at risk of extinction due to habitat loss, which is why it was vital we got their new home just right, ” she said .\nblack mudfish are found only in parts of the waikato, auckland and northland and have a conservation status of “at risk – declining”. they are unique because they can survive in wetlands during summer months by burying themselves in the mud .\nthe black mudfish (neochanna diversas) is found in swamps and wetlands in the northern half of the north island. their distribution ranges from their southern limit at the headwaters of the mōkau river in taranaki, to kaitāia in the north .\nmcdonald, a. e. (2007). improving the success of a translocation of black mudfish (neochanna diversus) (thesis, master of science (msc) ). the university of waikato, hamilton, new zealand. retrieved from urltoken\n“it has been an exciting process and it is great to see the mudfish return home. ”\nmonitoring programmes are required to assess any impacts or improvements of mudfish populations, including those created by translocation. a gee minnow trapping programme in outdoor mesocosms was conducted to test the reliability of traps, finding that water depth, mudfish density, mudfish memory and trap shyness had no effect on the trapability of mudfish. trap position was found to have the most significant effect, with a greater number of mudfish caught when traps were set overnight at the surface than when set on the bottom of mesocosms .\nthere is little, if any unmodified habitat left and it is difficult to say what mudfish would have preferred .\nblack mudfish live primarily in swamps and wetlands and are found from the mokau river catchment in the south up to kaitaia in the north. they are quite abundant in the waikato region, particularly in whangamarino swamp, and also occur on the hauraki plains. they have a similar life history to brown mudfish, with spawning taking place at the beginning of the wet season and probably continuing through to early spring .\nthe agency’s project manager kevin johnson says the fish recovery work had only just begun when the 16 mudfish were found .\nblack mudfish adults and juveniles were translocated into 18 pools (~ 1 m diameter) on the wetland margins of lake kaituna in september 2006, followed by monthly monitoring. water quality monitoring and an assessment of hydrology and vegetation was undertaken. habitat characterisation was found to be a key factor, with correlations between water quality data and trapping results finding fewer fish remaining in pools with less suitable characteristics for mudfish (e. g. high turbidity and conductivity). other species were found to have a large impact, with predation by shortfinned eels (anguilla australis) thought to have eliminated mudfish from some pools. in addition fewer mudfish were caught in pools with gambusia, possibly due to increased competition .\ncaptive rearing of juveniles collected from the wild is currently the most feasible option for sourcing translocation stock. mudfish juveniles (greater than 25 mm t. l .) had greater survival rates, compared to mudfish fry less than 25 mm t. l. mudfish growth was far greater when fed on a combined diet of brine shrimp (artemia salina) and white worms (enchytraeus albidus) than when fed exclusively on brine shrimp. temperature was found to have a small effect on mudfish growth, with a slightly greater growth in fish at 15 c than those at 10 c .\n“work was halted and after the mudfish were measured and counted they were returned to the drain while a solution was discussed with iwi, department of conservation and the waikato regional council .\nkessels ecology senior freshwater ecologist, dr jennifer price, said the mudfish were at risk of extinction and it was great that the transport agency was doing everything possible to preserve their habitat .\n“it was agreed that the best outcome was not cleaning the drain but leaving the mudfish where they were and enhancing their habitat by fencing it and planting native plants, ” mr johnson says .\nthe mudfish were caught and moved to specialised tanks at the university of waikato, where they have been cared for by an expert team – until today, when they were released into their new, purpose built home .\nthe mudfish were found by the fulton hogan - heb joint venture staff who are building the huntly project for the nz transport agency. the team were carrying out a fish recovery programme and were about to clear out the drain when the discovery was made .\nwhat most habitats have in common is that water flow is slow or absent. aquatic plants also grow well in these habitats and there may be more silt than cobbles present. however, there are many habitats that look suitable but mudfish are not present because they dry out too much or there are too many eels or other fish specie\nthis species is sensitive to a wide range of environmental impacts such as habitat loss, pollution and sedimentation. wetland drainage is the most significant threat to this species, however the rate of habitat loss has slowed compared to that of historic levels as not much wetland habitat remains. it is also threatened by the presence of mosquito fish (gambusia affinis), an aggressive and prolific introduced fish, which have a similar distribution pattern to this species. observations of behaviour in tanks showed that large gambusia affinis would readily eat n. diversus fry, and that they chased and nipped juveniles. adults were not affected, but are impacted by competition. g. affinis cannot survive drying up of habitat as much as n. diversus can, so this provides some protection (hitchmough pers. comm. 2014). however, this period is likely to be temporary as g. affinis can reinvade mudfish habitat during the wet seasons from any local permanently inundated refuges (ling pers. comm. 2014). fire is another threat to n. diversus. several man made fires have occurred at key sites between 2006 and 2013, which have destroyed critical habitat. aestivating fish may survive fires, however the impact of fire retardent chemicals is unknown .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\nwest, d, crow, s. , david, b. , franklin, p. , allibone, r, closs, g. , hitchmough, r. , surrey, g. & cooper, d .\nn. diversus is endemic to the northern north island of new zealand, where it is found from the mokau river catchment in the south to north of kaitaia in the north. there has been an overall loss of approximately 85 - 90% of wetlands in new zealand. this species has disappeared from many areas, especially lower waikato and the hauraki plains (ministry for environment 1997, ausseil et al. 2008; mcdowall 2010) and it now occupies less than 10% of its former range prior to human colonization of new zealand (allibone 2010). there has been a 90% reduction in area of occupancy (aoo) over the past 150 years. the current aoo is calculated as 261 km 2 and extent of occurrence (eoo) is 10, 665 km 2 (nzffd 2011, fenz 2010). area of occupancy was calculated from the sum of the lengths x the estimated stream widths of river reaches in which this species is recorded in the national new zealand freshwater fish database (nzffd 2011). extent of occurrence was calculated using an intersection of new zealand freshwater fish database records and spatial representations (polygons) of freshwater ecosystems of new zealand; 3rd - 4th order river catchments, excluding waikato river mainstream (fenz 2010, nzffd 2011) .\nthis species has undergone significant population declines in the past. the rate of decline of this reduced population is now much less and this species can still be locally abundant in areas of suitable habitat in northland and the waikato region. the population is fragmented and there are a large number of small relictual populations (ling pers. comm. 2014) .\nthis species occurs in swamps and wetlands, where it is found in low nutrient acid wetlands with low summer water levels. when the water is low they are able to aestivate in the peat substrate. it lives up to at least 8 years and the generation time is 3 years .\nmany small relictual sub - populations occur throughout the species' geographic range, but many of these are threatened by ongoing pressures of agricultural development and pastoral land use intensification. advocacy by regional councils and the new zealand department of conservation with land owners to fence and protect wetland remnants has assisted with ongoing security of some sub - populations and several reintroductions to restored wetlands have occurred or are planned. approximately 77% of the area of occupancy occurs on land protected by the department of conservation including several large nationally important wetlands in the waikato and northland provinces (ling pers. comm. 2014) .\nwest, d, crow, s. , david, b. , franklin, p. , allibone, r, closs, g. , hitchmough, r. , surrey, g. & cooper, d. 2014 .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\ngreek, neos = new + greek, channe, - es = an anchovy (ref. 45335 )\nmaturity: l m? range? -? cm max length: 12. 2 cm sl male / unsexed; (ref. 3182 )\ninhabit ephemeral areas that dry out over summer and autumn months, where they aestivate in damp areas or under tree roots and logs (ref. 43717) .\nmcdowall, r. m. , 1990. freshwater fishes and fisheries of new zealand - the angler' s el dorado. aquat. sci. 2 (2): 281 - 341. (ref. 11115 )\nphylogenetic diversity index (ref. 82805): pd 50 = 0. 5156 [ uniqueness, from 0. 5 = low to 2. 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight: a = 0. 00389 (0. 00180 - 0. 00842), b = 3. 12 (2. 94 - 3. 30), in cm total length, based on all lwr estimates for this body shape (ref. 93245) .\ntrophic level (ref. 69278): 3. 1 ±0. 3 se; based on size and trophs of closest relatives\nresilience (ref. 69278): medium, minimum population doubling time 1. 4 - 4. 4 years (fec = 940) .\nvulnerability (ref. 59153): low vulnerability (22 of 100) .\nthis item has been provided for private study purposes (such as school projects, family and local history research) and any published reproduction (print or electronic) may infringe copyright law. it is the responsibility of the user of any material to obtain clearance from the copyright holder .\nthe content of this field is kept private and will not be shown publicly .\nthis question is for testing whether you are a human visitor and to prevent automated spam submissions .\nall text licensed under the creative commons attribution - noncommercial 3. 0 new zealand licence unless otherwise stated. commercial re - use may be allowed on request. all non - text content is subject to specific conditions. © crown copyright .\na colony of one of new zealand’s rarest freshwater fish has been released into a new habitat near rangiriri, in the waikato .\nlocal tangata whenua, students from rangiriri school and other invited guests, joined representatives from the nz transport agency, fletchers construction and kessels ecology for the release, at 10. 30am .\nthe fish were blessed by tainui iwi, before being released into their new habitat by kessels ecology staff, who will monitor them for the next three years .\nthe transport agency’s waikato highway manager, kaye clark, said the new habitat, built by fletcher construction as part of the rangiriri section of the waikato expressway, incorporated the colony’s initial home, with many improvements .\n“the new habitat includes native plants and a winding stream channel, surrounded by shallower wetland areas .\n“it is more than double the size of the area they were first discovered in and has been designed to exclude predators such as eels. there is also a system in place to adjust the water level if necessary. ”\nwaikato - tainui chief executive, parekawhia mclean, said the protection and restoration of native fisheries was important to waikato - tainui and was promoted through the iwi environmental plan and partnership with the nz transport agency .\n“having our local marae and school children involved in today' s release, will ensure the ongoing support for our native fisheries into the future, ” he said .\nfletcher construction project manager, charles stokes, said building the habitat had allowed his team to showcase their creative talents .\n“the design for this habitat was relatively open with only criteria for water depth, area and planting which has allowed us to think outside the square and come up with something we believe will allow the population to flourish, ” he said .\n“they are at risk of extinction, and once they go extinct, we will lose them forever so it is great that the nz transport agency are doing everything possible to preserve their habitat here in the waikato. ”\neditor’s note: the $ 4. 8million rangiriri section of the waikato expressway is currently under construction and is expected to open in late 2016. extensive earthworks are scheduled to start later this month with the drier weather .\nthe rangiriri section starts immediately north of the sh 1 intersection at te kauwhata and follows a new alignment closer to the waikato river, joining onto the completed ohinewai section of the expressway south of rangiriri .\nnatalie dixon media manager waikato and bay of plenty region t: 07 928 7908 m: 021 928 413 natalie. dixon @ urltoken\nthe nz transport agency works to create transport solutions for all new zealanders – from helping new drivers earn their licences, to leading safety campaigns to investing in public transport, state highways and local roads .\nfish on: the bass hunter ep. 9 the mud fish hunter on blue cypress lake\njavascript is disabled for your browser. some features of this site may not work without it .\nall items in research commons are provided for private study and research purposes and are protected by copyright with all rights reserved unless otherwise indicated .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nhas 4 - 5 rays, less than the 6 - 7 for the other gallixed fishes .\nbe present at the tail, which is large and rounded. these fish are found in murky, dirty and slow waters ,\nat one time the mosquito fish was in one place but then was taking all around the world because it ate sand flys .\nso when the water dries up they can survive because they also breath air .\nor thick flax swamps, or maybe amongst the hedges and rushes around groundwater springs .\nfrom small springs, wetlands and willow bogs to more modified habitats such as water races, roadside drains and farm ponds; basically, any suitable aquatic habitat that is left .\nalthough extensive areas of true wetland may once have existed on the canterbury plains .\nvolunteers from fulton hogan - heb dug in 1300 plants to enhance the area .\nthis solution was outside the work required for the expressway project programme but the fulton hogan - heb joint venture team called for staff to volunteer their time to plant 1300 native plants – which had been grown from seeds sourced locally .\nthe 15. 2km huntly project will see 1. 4 million plants put in the ground .\nwhen complete the waikato expressway will be the key strategic transport corridor for the waikato region, connecting auckland to the agricultural and business centres of waikato and bay of plenty. the expressway will improve economic growth and productivity through more efficient movement of people and freight." ]

{ "text": [ "the black mudfish , neochanna diversus , is a galaxiid of the family galaxiidae , found only in swamps and wetlands in the northern half of the north island of new zealand , from kaitaia in the north to the mokau river in the south .", "an 85-90 % loss of wetlands has occurred , especially from waikato and hauraki plains .", "the most significant threat is wetland drainage , and this has slowed so the decline has stabilized ; other threats include mosquitofish ( which eat juveniles and compete with adults ) , pollution , sedimentation , and fires .", "it is considered a local delicacy by the local maori populace when prepared using ancestral cooking techniques .", "its length is up to 12 cm .", "efforts by the new zealand department of conservation and regional councils have helped protect and reintroduce the fish . " ], "topic": [ 27, 17, 17, 19, 0, 17 ] }

[ "the black mudfish, neochanna diversus, is a galaxiid of the family galaxiidae, found only in swamps and wetlands in the northern half of the north island of new zealand, from kaitaia in the north to the mokau river in the south. an 85-90% loss of wetlands has occurred, especially from waikato and hauraki plains. the most significant threat is wetland drainage, and this has slowed so the decline has stabilized; other threats include mosquitofish (which eat juveniles and compete with adults), pollution, sedimentation, and fires. it is considered a local delicacy by the local maori populace when prepared using ancestral cooking techniques. its length is up to 12 cm. efforts by the new zealand department of conservation and regional councils have helped protect and reintroduce the fish." ]

[ "the purple frog lives in burrows, which can be up to 3. 7 metres deep .\nif you would like to meet with our purple frog sales team please call to arrange an appointment .\nthe purple frog is classified as endangered (en) on the iucn red list (1) .\npurple frog was set up by two students to help others find accommodation in birmingham, bristol and nottingham .\nthe purple frog is the only surviving member of a group of amphibians which evolved 130 million years ago .\nin the western ghats of india lives a strange oddity known as the indian purple frog or pignose frog. articles: zachariah et al. 2012. a detailed account of the reproductive strategy and developmental stages of nasikabatrachus sahyadrensis (anura: nasikabatrachidae), the only extant member of an archaic frog lineage. zootaxa 3510: 53 - - 64. link: urltoken thomas et al. 2014. vocal behavior of the elusive purple frog of india (nasikabatrachus sahyadrensis), a fossorial species endemic to the western ghats. plos one. link: urltoken purple frog footage © thomas et al. 2014 photos: 1. female purple frog (head on): lilly margaret 2. small brown male purple frog: thomas et al. 2014 3. female purple frog on leaves: karthickbala 4. purple frog head: thomas et al. 2014 5. purple frog in mud: dr. anil zachariah 6. male on top of female purple frog: dr. anil zachariah music: intro: brett donnelly - action sting urltoken soundtrack: tape death - - fragrant vagrant urltoken\nbhupathi differs from the purple frog (nasikabatrachus sahyadrensis) morphologically and acoustically: it is dark brown, and each of its calls consists of four distinct pulses (while the purple frog pauses once between its three - pulse - call) .\nindian purple frog credit: karthickbala at ta. wikipedia (cc - by - sa - 3. 0) via wikimedia commons\nthe purple frog seeks out its termite prey using its touch - sensitive snout, and sucks the termites up with its fluted tongue .\nbhupathy’s purple frog is closely related to another purple frog (n. sahyadrensis) found in the region in 2003. together, the two make up the only known members of their family. the find comes as part of an effort sponsored by the indian government to sample the dna of every frog and toad species in the nation .\nspending most of its life underground, the adult purple frog only comes to the surface for a few weeks of the year to breed .\nthe newly discovered bhupathy' s purple frog spends nearly its entire adult life underground—but its tadpoles spend four months suctioned to cliffs behind waterfalls .\nthe purple frog has a skeletal structure that is characteristic of most burrowing frogs, with a strongly ossified skull and well - calcified bones .\nthere is one thing that can coax the purple frogs from their underground burrows—rain .\nmeet the indian puple frog, an endangered and odd - looking species of frog from the mountains of india’s western ghats .\nwe generate brand awareness and increase online visibility for businesses looking for sustainable income growth. welcome to purple frog, we are just outside oxford !\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below. < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - purple frog (nasikabatrachus sahyadrensis )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - purple frog (nasikabatrachus sahyadrensis )\ntitle =\narkive species - purple frog (nasikabatrachus sahyadrensis )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nrowley says there are frog species all over the world that can burrow to escape periods of dryness, but that bhupathy’s purple frog has taken this lifestyle to the extreme by finding a way to live underground almost permanently .\nthe discovery is significant as it constitutes additional evidence in favour of the theory of continental drift. the purple frog is an inhabitant of seychelles, and the discovery of bhupathy’s purple frog in india suggests that the indian subcontinent was part of the ancient landmass of gondwana before splitting from seychelles 65 million years ago .\nscientists have discovered a new and unusual species of frog in the western ghats mountain range in india. the frog has shiny, purple skin, a light blue ring around its eyes, and a pointy pig - nose .\n“both species of purple frog have been evolving independently from other frog species for a very long time, ” she says. “their closest relatives are not in india but the seychelles, which is closer to africa than india. ”\nindia’s frog seekers and the race to find the amphibians of the western ghats .\nwhile the new amphibians may appear odd, each quirk of the purple frog’s anatomy is the result of countless years of evolution. small eyes, a long snout, and short limbs equipped with hardened ‘spades’—each enables the frog to spend almost its entire life below ground .\nthe purple frog is endemic to the western ghats of india, where it is known from only kattapana and near idukki town in the cardamom hills of kerala state (1) (5) .\ndue to its threatened status and evolutionary distinctiveness, the purple frog is categorised as a focal species on the zoological society of london’s edge of existence programme. this project aims to highlight the need for the conservation of this unique species, while establishing a set of conservation priorities and, as a result, studies are currently being undertaken to investigate the purple frog’s ecology and threats (5) .\nsharon looks after the finances at purple frog making sure tenants pay their rent and landlords get paid on time. although very friendly, we wouldn' t ever want sharon chasing us for our rent !\nthomas a, suyesh r, biju sd, & bee ma (2014). vocal behavior of the elusive purple frog of india (nasikabatrachus sahyadrensis), a fossorial species endemic to the western ghats .\nthe purple frog is known from disturbed secondary forest near evergreen montane forest and cardamom plantations, although it probably also inhabits undisturbed forest. this burrow - dwelling frog requires fairly loose, damp and well - aerated soil in close proximity to permanent or temporary ponds and ditches or streams (1) (5) .\nadapted to a burrow - dwelling lifestyle, the purple frog has a shovel - shaped tubercle on each hindlimb and rounded toe - tips on the webbed feet that enable it to dig into the moist ground (2) (5). the smooth skin is dark purple on the upperside, fading to grey on the underside (5) .\nnew frog family from india reveals an ancient biogeographical link with the seychelles. - pubmed - ncbi\n( anura: nasikabatrachidae), the only extant member of an archaic frog lineage.''\nbut unlike the tadpoles of many frog species, which spend their days swimming around puddles and ponds, bhupathy’s purple frog tadpoles develop mouths more like that of a suckerfish. the tadpoles use these bizarre orifices to cling to the rocks behind waterfalls created by the heavy rains, where they graze on algae with tiny teeth .\nthe scientists have called the new species bhupathy' s purple frog (nasikabatrachus bhupathi), in honor of their colleague, dr. subramaniam bhupathy, a respected herpetologist who lost his life in the western ghats in 2014 .\naccording to a paper published last month in alytes, a scientific journal devoted to the study of frogs and amphibians, indian scientists have discovered a new species of frog that has a snout - shaped nose, just like a pig’s, evoking comparisons with the purple frog that took the world by storm when it was discovered in 2003 .\nthe find is also particularly interesting, says rowley, because of just how distant the bhupathy’s purple frogs are from their closest relatives .\ntheir main threat is forest loss due to expanding cultivation (of coffee, cardamom, ginger and other crops). the purple frog has not been reported in any protected areas, making the protection of its known habitat an urgent priority .\nindia' s purple frog, a species endemic to the western ghats and one of biju' s more exciting discoveries, has survived 120 million years only to be threatened with extinction now. in addition to habitat loss, the bulbous frog also has to contend with its tadpoles being consumed as food by tribes in kerala' s idukki district .\nknown from only 135 individuals, of which only three are female, the purple frog is thought to be an extremely rare species. the main threat to this elusive frog is the loss of its forest habitat to encroaching agriculture (1). within the western ghats, over 90 percent of the forest has been lost, with conversion to coffee, cardamom, ginger and other crop plantations the most significant agents (1) (2). the potential for dam developments to inundate vast areas of its habitat also mean that the status of the purple frog is extremely precarious (7) .\nbilal is a wiz with numbers has been with the company since may 2015. he started as an accounts apprentice - completing his accounting qualifications at the same time as working at purple frog. he now ensures that the accounts are in tip top order .\nthe frog' s features—pointy snout, tiny eyes, and stumpy limbs—help it adapt to life almost entirely underground .\naggarwal, r. k. (2004).'' ancient frog could spearhead conservation efforts.''\nben is the longest serving member of the purple frog team and has been running our property management team for most of that time. before joining purple frog ben used to work as a contractor in student properties so he' s got hands on knowledge too and has experience of most maintenance issues we may come across. outside of work ben enjoys expanding his horizons and travelling the world, he' s recently been to russia and is also a keen linguist... ask him to show off some of his mandarin !\naggarwal, r. k. (2004) ancient frog could spearhead conservation efforts. nature, 428: 467 .\n“we confirmed it was a different species when we bar - coded its dna and found that genetically it was very different from the purple frog, ” says ramesh k aggarwal, chief scientist at the ccmb and one of the five co - authors of the study published in alytes .\nindia' s western ghats mountain range is home to a rich array of frog species, including some very tiny ones .\nbiju sd, & bossuyt f (2003). new frog family from india reveals an ancient biogeographical link with the seychelles .\nclaire helps our tenants to complete all their paperwork to secure their new homes. she works part time monday - friday 9: 30 - 2. 30. although weighing no more than the idea of a feather herself, she has expanded the collective purple frog waistline with her exceedingly good cakes .\nthe chubby, seven - centimetre - long, purple amphibian with a pointy snout was found hopping around in the western ghats, a range of hills in western india .\nthis frog was known to local people before two separate teams of herpetologists reported its discovery (aggarwal 2004). plantation workers turn this frog up when excavating trenches during the monsoon period from july to october (radhakrishnan et al. 2007). local people eat gravid\nas the purple frog is not known from any protected areas, reserves must be established or extended to protect its remaining habitat (1). it would also benefit from the development of a species action plan and the involvement of the local community in conservation work. however, depending upon the success of these measures, it is hoped that this endangered frog could become a flagship species for conservation in the area (5) (7) .\nramit singal was on a field survey for his citizen science initiative to protect the rocky laterite lands near the coastal town of manipal in karnataka when he spotted a thumbnail - sized frog with a call that sounded like a cricket' s. singal hadn’t seen a frog like it before and when he consulted other researchers, it turned out that they hadn' t either. after studying the frog' s genetics, body structure, colouration and vocalisation, singal and his collaborators concluded that they had discovered a new frog species in the western ghats .\n, from the sanskrit word for nose (nasika); batrachus, meaning frog; and sahyadri, the name for its mountain home .\n“this frog lineage is very ancient, and has a very low diversity, so this finding is very special and unusual, ” says prendini .\nand say it is so unique that it warrants the establishment of a new frog family, nasikabatrachidae, of which it is the only member .\ncontrary to most other burrowing frogs that emerge and feed above the ground, the purple frog forages exclusively underground, feeding primarily on termites using the tongue and a special buccal groove. it occasionally also feeds on ants and small worms. it is presumed to use its smell to forage due to the lack of light and its poor vision .\nbut to the scientists who describe it in the journal nature, the frog is a beautiful find because of what it tells them about earth history .\nthe soiled - dwelling species, discovered by scientists from the centre for cellular and molecular biology (ccmb) in hyderabad, has been named after the indian herpetologist s. bhupathy, who died in a freak accident in 2014. bhupathy’s purple frog inhabits the eastern slopes of the western ghats, near the srivilliputhur grizzled giant squirrel wildlife sanctuary in tamil nadu .\nthe frog, named microhyla laterite after its habitat and described in a paper published in plos one on march 9, is just 1. 6 - cm long, pale brown with black markings, and is the latest in a long line of amphibian discoveries in india. a week earlier, another team of researchers discovered a species of bush frog in the biligiri rangaswamy mountain range, the southeastern offshoot of the western ghats. in january, a team of biologists led by india’s most famous frog expert, sathyabhama das biju, described a species of tree frog in arunachal pradesh that was thought to have been extinct for more than a hundred years .\n- the pignosed frog used to be considered the only extant member of an ancient amphibian family called nasikabatrachidae. however, in 2006 the family was incorporated into the sooglossidae\n“this is the longest the species appears above ground during its entire lifetime, ” says vasudevan. after the larval phase, bhupathy’s purple frogs bid adieu to the outside world and set about their lives of subterranean secrecy .\nindia’s purple frog spends almost all the year underground, surfacing for around two weeks in the monsoon to breed in temporary ponds created by the torrential rain. as a result of its reclusive lifestyle, it was only discovered in 2003. it is considered endangered because it is confined to a small area, and the forests it lives in are being cut back to make way for farms .\npatrick is one of the founders of purple frog, he graduated in 2007 alongside greg with a 2: 1 in business from the university of birmingham. as part of his degree he was required to write and submit a business plan and decided he may as well see it through! patrick spends time in each of our 4 offices and is often accompanied by his black lab hugo .\nstephen heads up purple frog’s property sales division across birmingham, bristol and nottingham and has a wealth of experience in the industry. he has a breadth of knowledge about helping first time to portfolio investors achieve their goals. in his youth stephen was a rock star in the band soup which was known for its west coast psychedelic music and regularly played in the university of birmingham guild of students bar .\nbiju, s. d. and bossuyt, f. (2003).'' new frog family from india reveals an ancient biogeographical link with the seychelles.''\nthe blackish - purple living fossil looks like a bloated doughnut with stubby legs and a pointy snout. its closest relatives hang out in the seychelles, a group of islands 1, 900 miles (3, 000 kilometers) away .\nhannah has worked for purple frog since 2014, so she knows the selly oak area really well and can offer help and advice to anyone who' s looking for a great place to live. she has a law degree from bcu and is currently studying her legal practice course. outside of her academic achievements, she describes herself as having ginger - coloured eyes and is renowned for her ability to walk reeeeaaaaally slowly .\nfor most of the year this burrow - dwelling frog lives 1. 3 to 3. 7 metres under the ground in a cavity that it excavates by digging downwards, using its hindlimbs like spades to throw the soil over its back (1) (5) (6). while foraging, the purple frog actively seeks out termite prey with its touch - sensitive snout, using the robust conical - shaped head to penetrate termite tunnels before sucking up its prey with its fluted tongue. while resting, the limbs are tucked under the body in a horizontal position (5) (6) .\nprovides detailed descriptions of the acoustic properties measured using raven pro v1. 4, and readers are referred to this table for detailed descriptions. briefly, we measured between 3 and 10 (median = 5. 5) complete call groups per frog such that a minimum of 20 consecutive calls per frog was analyzed (range = 20 to 23 calls per frog, 208 calls total). for call groups, we determined the number of calls in the group, the duration of the call group, and the duration of the interval between consecutive call groups (\nmadyastha is now turning to the question of what the bush frog he found in the biligiri rangaswamy area indicates about the area’s ecological history. his hypothesis is that the bush frog might have evolved two million years ago when a fault in the plate of the peninsula pushed the biligiri rangaswamy range up and isolated the evergreen forests within its arc. the frogs within these forests, like the bush frog, could then have diversified into a different species, having been cut off from a larger population. it is a hypothesis that madhyastha and his team are now looking to test .\nhappy, smiley and friendly are three words that describe maisie perfectly. that means she fits brilliantly into purple frog selly oak team, where she' s busy putting these attributes to use, finding students their new homes from home. she also runs her own cake - making business and used to be an editor at a magazine, so you' ll be sure there' s no typos when she pipes on the' happy birthday grandma' frosting .\nanother reason why frog discoveries have been so frequent is the availability of technological tools previously absent from taxonomic research. “we now have molecular biology to compare genes, which was not possible 40 years ago when there were using traditional taxonomic methods based on phenotype, ” said seshadri kadaba shamanna, phd candidate at the national university of singapore, and collaborator with singhal in the discovery of the laterite frog .\nfrogs are critical links in ecosystems that they survive in. the role of a tree - dwelling frog could be quite different from a night frog, which in turn behaves differently from other ground - dwelling species. frogs may perform important ecosystem services like controlling insect populations. many species are important indicators of environmental health simply because they are sensitive to changes in quality of water, air and their natural surroundings .\ngreg is one of the founders of purple frog, he graduated in 2007 with a 2: 2 in computer and electrical engineering with business from the university of birmingham. greg oversees business development across our businesses with particular focus on the development and investment side of properties in which our tenants live. greg loves sharing our company journey, regularly speaking or being involved in university events. often found on the ski slopes, he enjoys being active and trying to keep fit .\n“frogs are amazing in their adaptations, and this frog is evidence of this, ” says jodi rowley, an amphibian biologist at the australian museum and national geographic explorer who was not involved in the new study .\nis characteristic of a burrowing frog, with a strongly ossified skull and well - calcified bones. due to the species' unique appearance, as well as specific osteological differences, biju and bossuyt (2003) placed\nthe sole surviving member of an ancient group of amphibians that evolved some 130 million years ago, the discovery of the purple frog (nasikabatrachus sahyadrensis) has been described as a ‘once - in - a - century find’ (3) (4). this frog has a highly distinctive and somewhat comical appearance, with a hugely bloated body and short, stout limbs (2) (5). the small head seems almost too short for the body and the peculiar narrow snout ends in a white, knob - like protrusion (2) (3). the small, yet conspicuous eyes sit above a narrow mouth, which has a flexible lower jaw that allows the short and rounded tongue to protrude while feeding (2) .\nfrog researchers credit biju and a paper he wrote in 2001 with turning the tide for amphibian research in india. biju was a plant taxonomist and used to make trips to the western ghats to document the flora. but a chance encounter with a malabar gliding frog and the discovery that frogs make great subjects for photography led him down the path to finding out about amphibian life. he later started his own amphibian studies in kerala and the western ghats .\nthe species was formally described only in 2003, although there was a lot of anecdotal evidence surrounding its existence. other than its weird spherical looks, the pignosed frog also has a very unique and unusual burrowing lifestyle which is covered down below .\nfor several weeks of the year the purple frog comes to the surface to breed (1) (2) (5). frogs gather around pools and the sides of streams, and once partners have paired up, the male grasps the female just above the legs and, using sticky skin secretions, glues to her in amplexus (the mating embrace) (2) (5). the fertilised eggs are laid in a pool of water and will subsequently hatch into tadpoles, before going through varying stages of metamorphosis to become adult frogs (5) .\nin fact, the amphibians don’t even surface to eat. instead, the indian purple frogs use a long, fluted tongue to slurp up ants and termites underground, says elizabeth prendini, a herpetologist at the american museum of natural history and coauthor of a paper describing the species in the newest issue of the journal alytes .\nadults have a plump, round body with a pointed, pig - like snout. the head is conical and very small compared to the rest of the body. the eyes are small and rounded, with a horizontal pupil. the skin is smooth and has a dark purple coloration that fades into grey along the stomach .\nfrogs are not exactly the cultural exemplars of good looks, as the famous fairy tale, the frog prince, reminds us. but the newly discovered nasikabatrachus bhupathi could set the bar a couple of notches lower — or higher — depending on your aesthetic sensibility .\nin sanskrit, nasika means\nnose\nand batrachus means\nfrog ,\nwhile sahyadri refers to the location where this species is found (the western ghats, also known as the sahyadri mountains, a low - lying mountain range along the west coast of the indian subcontinent) .\nthese frogs also look as strange as they sound. they always seem like they are bloated, or look like they have had a little too much to eat. they have a very small head in comparison to their body, and have a white snout that sticks out from their face. and, as i am sure you can guess, they have smooth deep purple skin .\n- zachariah, a; rk abraham; s. das; kc jayan & r altig (2012) .\na detailed account of the reproductive strategy and developmental stages of nasikabatrachus sahyadrensis (anura: nasikabatrachidae), the only extant member of an archaic frog lineage\n. zootaxa 3510: 53–64\nin fact, she says over 100 new frog species are described in scientific journals each year. (many more have been discovered, but await the time and effort it requires to officially describe them .) and perhaps this curious, pig - nosed species will inspire the next generation of young biologists .\nand so biju' s work and that of other frog seekers in india is far from done. “approximately 9. 5% of the total estimated species have been discovered and described properly. almost 85% - 90% of our flora and fauna is not known to science, ” said biju .\nis fossorial and comes to the surface only for a few weeks a year to breed (biju 2004). sightings are more likely at the beginning of monsoon season, in july (radhakrishnan et al. 2007). a captured specimen was reported to be able to dig itself into loose soil within 3 - 5 minutes. when placed on a pebbled gravel surface within an open, dry streambed, the frog tried to escape with stretching movements (not hopping). the pointed snout is touch - sensitive. in captivity, the frog used its hindlimbs for burrowing, with radhakrishnan et al. (2007) providing a detailed description of the burrowing process. during five months of captivity, the frog did not emerge from the soil, even at night, although it moved about underneath the soil. given the hard - knobbed snout and small ventral mouth, this species is likely to be a completely underground feeder specializing in termites (dutta et al. 2004; radhakrishnan et al. 2007) .\nin his seminal paper that was published in the journal of the indian society for conservation biology in 2001, biju said that no serious comprehensive work had been done on amphibians in the last century. moreover, while 104 frog species were identified from the western ghats, his own observations showed that here were more than 200 species in the region .\nthese uniquely purple frogs live in the western ghats of southern india. while their distribution is very limited, this is not the only reason why it took scientists so long to discover them. these frogs spend the majority of their lives underground, only to surface two weeks every year for mating purposes. they don’t even need to come up for food; they are able to live on a diet of the food that exists underground, which is mainly termites .\nis estimated to have originated in the jurassic, 130 - 180 million years ago (biju and bossuyt 2003; dutta et al. 2004) which is 50 to 100 million years earlier than any other known frog species in india (aggarwal 2004), and predating the breakup of the ancient continent gondwana (radhakrishnan et al. 2007; dutta et al. 2004) .\nbiju worries that frogs in india are dying out faster than they can be found. in many parts of the western ghats, a certain kind of frog may only be found within a 10 - km radius and they are not seen in any other part of the world. it would only take two people walking continuously in the forest for five days to destroy the habitat, he said .\nfrog evolutions are also records of our ecological history, having been present before the undivided landmass of pangea broke up. “take the common toad found in bangalore, ” said madhyastha. “the toads of that family came from outside india and diversified during the neocene. there are other species of frogs that might be about 65 million - 70 million years ago in india that diversified in south east asia. ”\ninitially believed to be restricted to the south of the palghat gap in the western ghats, additional research has revealed that the species distribution extends further north of the gap. today, the pig - nosed frog is known to be distributed in the western ghats, ranging from the camel' s hump hill range in the north, all the way to the northernmost portions of the agasthyamalai hill range in the south .\n“i was interested in amphibians since i was young, ” said aravind madhyastha, fellow at the ashoka trust for research in ecology and the environment in bengaluru and part of the team that found the bush frog in the biligiri rangaswamy range. “but i started pursuing it seriously about a decade ago when biju said there are so many more frogs to be discovered. we started asking questions of how many more frogs there might be, what their distribution might be. ”\nthis amphibian is found in the western ghats region of india, a biodiversity hotspot. human encroachment, especially from crop farming, has reduced the forested area by greater than 90% (myers et al. 2000). in addition, dam projects in the western ghats threaten large portions of this frog' s habitat (dutta et al. 2004). it has been found in disturbed forest but cannot tolerate completely cleared areas (biju 2004). around one third of the range of\nin conclusion, the acoustical and statistical analyses reported here represent a first step toward better understanding the vocal communication system of a fossorial and superficially earless frog that is a relict of an early evolutionary divergence in anurans. the data reported here should facilitate future experimental work to investigate the mechanisms and function of underground calling in this species, as this is a fairly unusual behavior in frogs. it will be especially important in future studies of signal function and perception to couple acoustic and seismic recordings with playback experiments. in addition, the data and supporting information presented here should aid efforts to better delimit the known range of this endangered species in the western ghats and to determine and monitor the size and conservation status of known populations .\ntwo common sources of variation in anuran vocalizations are temperature and body size [ 1 ]. variation in temperature at the time recordings are made can introduce variation in calls and obscure estimates of the real population parameters (e. g. mean and variance) of call properties, especially temporal properties. therefore, examining the potential for temperature effects is essential in all bioacoustical analyses of frog calls. in the present study, none of the call group, call, and pulse properties we measured were significantly correlated with temperature after correcting for multiple comparisons, and only dominant frequency, and pulse 50% rise and 50% fall times were correlated with temperature prior to this correction. the lack of any strong effect of temperature is perhaps not surprising given the very narrow range (≤1. 6°c) of temperatures encountered during the study. given this narrow temperature range, and the lack of any clear patterns of call variation due to variation in temperature, we elected not to statistically correct calls for temperature variation in our analyses. we believe recordings over a wider range of temperatures would be necessary to make meaningful corrections in this species .\nis a relatively large burrowing frog with a distinct, bloated appearance. snout - vent length ranges from 52. 8 mm to 89. 9 mm (radhakrishnan et al. 2007). males are about one third the size of females (zachariah et al. 2012). the head is small and relatively short in comparison with the rest of the body. the snout ends in a white, knob - like protrusion. the mouth is ventral, with a narrow gape. the upper jaw is rigid while the lower jaw is flexible and flaplike, enabling a grooved aperture to be formed through which the tongue can be protruded. the tongue is basally attached, small and fluted, with a rounded tip. maxillary teeth are absent. eyes are small, with a prominent upper eyelid and a lower eyelid consisting of a small skinfold. males have a single subgular vocal sac (zachariah et al. 2012). the tympanum is lacking. both the forelimbs and hindlimbs are short. palms are hard with rounded fingertips (but no discs) and barely webbed fingers. feet have rounded toe tips (no discs) and are 3 / 4 webbed. each hindfoot possesses a large, white, shovel - like inner metatarsal tubercle, used for digging. irises are black, with a rounded, horizontal pupil. this species has smooth, black skin dorsally which fades into gray ventrally (biju and bossuyt 2003; radhakrishnan et al. 2007) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\nthis species has been reported from several additional localities, although these likely refer to undescribed species (s. d. biju pers. comm. )\njustification: listed as endangered because its extent of occurrence is less than 5, 000 km2, all individuals are in fewer than five locations, and there is continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat in the cardamom hills .\nthis species is endemic to the western ghats in india, and is known from only two localities, both in idukki district in the cardomom hills in kerala: kattapana; and near idukki town. its recorded altitudinal range is 850 - 1, 000m asl. it is likely to occur more widely .\nit is a rare species, though very hard to find. only 135 specimens have so far been observed, and, of these, only three have been females .\nit has been found in disturbed secondary forest contiguous with montane evergreen forest, but presumably occurs in undisturbed forest as well (though apparently it does not survive in open, completely cleared habitats). for most of the year it is a fossorial species, living from 1. 3 - 3. 7m below ground. it comes to the surface for a few weeks a year to breed in temporary and permanent ponds and ditches by larval development. it often breeds in ponds close to streams .\nthe main threat is forest loss due to expanding cultivation (of coffee, cardamom, ginger and other species) .\nit has not yet been recorded from any protected areas, making the protection of forest habitat within its range an urgent priority .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwarning: the ncbi web site requires javascript to function. more ...\ntropical botanic garden and research institute, palode, thiruvananthapuram, 695562 kerala, india .\nit’s not just beautiful lions and gorillas that are threatened. these less glamorous animals need our help too, and the ugly animal preservation society is trying to draw attention to them\nthe odd - looking aye - aye is a lemur, a kind of primate only found on madagascar. it taps tree trunks in search of hidden insect grubs. when it finds one it chews through the bark, then uses its unusually long middle finger to pull out the grub. aye - ayes are endangered as a result of the ongoing destruction of their habitat .\nhailing from the philippines, visayan warty pigs get their name from wart - like growths on their faces. it’s not clear what the “warts” are for. the pigs are critically endangered, their population having fallen by 80% in just three generations .\ndon’t let its ridiculous appearance fool you: the naked mole rat is a superhero of the animal kingdom. it is one of only two\neusocial\nmammals, living in colonies where only the queen breeds and the majority of animals are sterile workers, much like honeybees. the workers dig extensive networks of tunnels in search of underground tubers to feed the colony. if that weren’t enough, naked mole rats don’t get cancer, and cancer researchers are eager to find out why .\nhumphead wrasse live on coral reefs in the indo - pacific. they are big, predatory fish, with the males reaching 2 metres long. they eat difficult and even toxic animals such as sea hares and crown - of - thorns starfish. but they are endangered, mostly as a result of overfishing .\ntelmatobius coleus are large frogs that are only found in lake titicaca in south america. they have enormous folds of skin, which increase their surface area and help them absorb more oxygen from the surrounding air. as a result of their baggy skin, they are sometimes called titicaca scrotum frogs. the frogs are critically endangered because humans have collected too many to eat, their habitat is being lost and invasive species are taking over what is left .\nno prizes for guessing why proboscis monkeys got their name. it’s not clear why their noses are so big, but males tend to have bigger ones than females, so they might serve as a marker of sexual attractiveness – a bit like the feathers of a bird of paradise, but less obviously pretty. they also have complicated digestive systems to help them digest leaves and fruit, and may be the only primate that chews the cud. they are endangered as a result of their habitat being destroyed .\nhagfish are some of the most ancient backboned animals. unlike most fish they have no jaws. they feed on the corpses of marine animals that drift to the bottom of the ocean, burrowing inside the bodies and eating them from the inside. the pacific hagfish is particularly good at this, because it is the only backboned animal that can absorb food directly through its skin. like all hagfish it can also produce enormous amounts of slime to choke prey animals and deter predators .\nsearch student accommodation in birmingham, see reviews of all the best places to live and meet our team. selly oak - selly park - edgbaston - moseley - harborne - city centre - northfield\nsearch student properties in nottingham, see reviews of all the best places to live and meet our team. lenton - beeston - city centre - clifton - the park - dunkirk - arboretum - radford - west bridgeford - lace market - wollaton - sneinton - carlton - sherwood - bobbers mill - forest fields\nsearch student properties in bristol, see reviews of all the best places to live and meet our team. clifton - cotham - redland - gloucester road - fishponds - horfield - city centre\nsearch student accommodation in cardiff. see reviews of all the best places to live and meet our team. city centre\nsearch student accommodation in loughborough. see reviews of all the best places to live and met our team. town centre\nif you are a human and are seeing this field, please leave it blank .\nbirmingham is a great place to live and study; although you probably already know that if you’re looking for a house here. it’s the uk’s second biggest city which means it’s big enough to have all the amenities of a large city but small enough so you can get around it easily .\nit’s got some great places to study as well and we’ve got student accommodation in birmingham which covers the university of birmingham, birmingham city university; aston university; birmingham metropolitan college and the college of law .\nthe best bits of birmingham are the shopping (the bullring is one of the biggest shopping centre’s in europe); and the nightlife, you’ll never get bored in the evening as birmingham has loads of places to go out from broad street to the arcadian, to the jewellery quarter to the custard factory, comedy clubs and even the mailbox for something a bit special? what’s more; you’ve got all the culture of a major city with the birmingham museum and art gallery, nec, symphony hall and many others. for adventure lovers the many parks and nearby lickey hills provide great open spaces for running, walking, cycling or other outdoor pursuits. we’ve put together below a few of the good bits and bad bits of the areas we cover in the surrounding areas :\ngood selection of bars, pubs, restaurants and cafe’s. make sure you check out the selly sausage cafe for their legendary pancakes .\ngetting to the university of birmingham only takes a matter of minutes walking and the train to the city centre from selly oak station only takes about 7 minutes. plus the university is the only one in the country to have its own railway station .\nthe bristol road which runs through the area is known to be really bad for traffic but the new bypass is helping this already .\nparking can be a pain sometimes; if you don’t need your car it’s probably easier to leave it at home .\nstill really close to the university of birmingham and university train station; 5 - 15 mins walk .\nclose to harborne high st where you’ve find some great bars like the junction and plough .\nnice and quiet so good for getting some serious work done! also means parking is a lot easier .\nbecause the area is not as popular as selly oak you will often find you get more for you money when renting .\ngreat access to transport as on a main bus route to the city centre .\nalthough close to the university of birmingham, it’s not in the heart of the action .\nbit further away from uob; can take about 15 - 20 mins to walk .\nparking can be tricky for those properties on pershore road but many have off road parking .\ngreat access to the city centre; just 5 mins to 5 ways and broad street .\nif you live close to the pershore road the traffic can be quite noisy at times .\nparking isn' t easy on the pershore road but there are some side streets to park on .\nnadine is here to make sure that tenants can complete their paperwork quickly and easily. if she won a million pounds she would buy a house for a homeless person. which is lovely .\njack is our resident fixer, he' s out and about most of the day helping our tenants with all kinds of problems. if jack is on the case you know a solution will soon be found. in his spare time jack can be found treading the boards in local theater productions .\nshaun has been a stalwart of the company for several years. his knowledge of the student letting market is extensive. shaun studied sport studies at the university of worcester so he knows what it' s like to be in the shoes of our tenants. he' s an affable character who loves helping our tenants find the right home and keeping our landlords up to date .\nsabrina looks after the nitty gritty stuff which goes on behind the scenes, making sure everything from council tax to welcome packs and contracts are all prepared and organised correctly. sabrina is unfortunately a birmingham city football club supporter and hasn' t missed a home or away match in over 5 years !\njames has a wealth of experience in marketing which he uses to ensure the properties we advertise are seen by as many people as possible. james' proudest moment is when he won £1. 000 in a radio competition in which he had to perform comedy stand - up routines on live radio !\nemma - leigh is the lovely person who makes sure that the deposits team get your deposits are returned as quickly and smoothly as possible. in her spare time, she is busy painting lovely paintings of' nudes with colourful hair' .\nharoon is learning a lot about accounts. he' s already mastered credit control, invoicing and adding new go cardless accounts. and he' s eager to learn more! outside the office, you can see him perform as hip hop legend h dott. he' s also pretty nifty on the asian drums, too .\nas part of the operations team, theresa is your first contact for all things paperworky. she’s here to help with contracts, guarantors, tenancy questions…everything! theresa is irish and there’s nothing she likes more than returning to the old country, stoking up the peat fire, pouring a glass of poteen and talking about the old days – she can trace her family history back to the 17th century. if she’s not doing that, she’s watching the kilkenny cats thrashing their deadly rivals the cork rebels in the hurling .\nif you call the office, it will probably be katie’s friendly voice you hear first. chatty, happy and bubblier than a bottle of warm prosecco, she’s always happy to help! when asked about her accomplishments, she mentioned the fact she makes a cracking cuppa. which is just another reason she' s such an important member of the team .\nif you' re looking for your new student place in birmingham, akash is your man. he' s also training to be a gym instructor, so he can also tell you the difference between quads and glutes. other than their relative word scores in scrabble, of course .\nreece is here to help get your tenancy sorted. he' s right on it, sorting contracts, making sure your right to rent documents are ok and answering any questions you might have. he' s a massive blues fan (though not as big a fan as sabrina) and is a semi - pro footballer, playing left midfield for alvechurch church fc. when he was a little boy, he dreamed of winning the world cup, but has been hindered in this dream because he' s not from brazil .\nellie is here to help make the contracts and paperwork process smooth and easy. she may look little, but she' s one of the toughest of the froglets. she survived a stormy weekend in snowdonia (so a normal weekend in snowdonia), living in a tent, as part of her duke of edinburgh silver award." ]

{ "text": [ "nasikabatrachus sahyadrensis is a frog species belonging to the family sooglossidae .", "it can be found in the western ghats in india .", "names in english that have been used for this species are purple frog , indian purple frog , or pignose frog .", "although the adult frog was formally described in october 2003 , the taxon was recognized much earlier by its tadpole , which had been described in 1918 .", "with its closest relatives in the seychelles , nasikabatrachus is thought to have evolved separately for millions of years .", "its discovery also adds to the evidence that madagascar and the seychelles separated from the indian landmass sometime well after the breakup of gondwana had started . " ], "topic": [ 26, 20, 3, 5, 6, 6 ] }

[ "nasikabatrachus sahyadrensis is a frog species belonging to the family sooglossidae. it can be found in the western ghats in india. names in english that have been used for this species are purple frog, indian purple frog, or pignose frog. although the adult frog was formally described in october 2003, the taxon was recognized much earlier by its tadpole, which had been described in 1918. with its closest relatives in the seychelles, nasikabatrachus is thought to have evolved separately for millions of years. its discovery also adds to the evidence that madagascar and the seychelles separated from the indian landmass sometime well after the breakup of gondwana had started." ]

[ "fly - away drain fly treatment, drain fly repellent, fruit fly repellent, fruit flies ...\ndrain flies - also known as: moth flies; sewer flies; filter flies at urltoken we provide the professional do - it - yourself drain fly control products and friendly expertise to help you solve your drain fly problem. read on to learn more about drain fly identification, drain fly biology, how to get rid of drain flies, and drain fly control .\nthe drain fly kit with invade bio drain gel will treat up to 2 infested drains .\nthe moth fly (drain fly) is a poor flyer and may be commonly seen ealking or running on walls and other resting surfaces. when they fly in short jerky lines, they fly for only a few feet .\neco defense fruit fly trap – natural non toxic fruit fly lure for kitchen, resturan ...\ngo to the drain area and squash as many of the drain flies as possible with a standard fly swatter .\nthe adult drain fly (or moth fly) is one - sixteenth to one - quarter of an inch long. drain fly larvae are about one - quarter of an inch long with skinny bodies and no legs .\ndrain fly larvae are rarely seen because they live in drains or other hidden places .\na black and white species of drain fly that holds its wings rooflike over the body .\nlarge drain fly kit treats multiple drains and includes an aerosol for controlling nuisance flies during treatment .\nan annoying and troublesome pest that concerns numerous homeowners is the moth fly, also commonly known as the drain fly, filter fly, or sewage fly. moth flies are frequently found indoors on windows, sinks and walls. the source of the fly infestation is generally from sinks and floor drains, or from nearby sewage plants or waste disposal areas. polluted waters and wet organic materials are preferred breeding areas of the fly .\nduring the day the moth fly (drain fly) adult rests in shaded areas or on walls near plumbing fixtures or on the sides of tubs and showers. most of the activity of the moth fly (drain fly) occurs during the evening. they may be seen hovering around the sink areas in your home at this time .\n: breeds in sewage filter plants and is often called a drain fly. it also breeds in moist areas in the house such as clogged overflow pipes of sinks and tubs, hence the name drain fly .\ninvade bio drain gel contains natural bacteria that break down the organic buildup in drains where drain flies want to breed. breaking down this breeding source is the key to eliminating drain fly infestations .\n. the special substance which comes from the fly' s stomach makes the food liquid and the fly then sucks this up through its proboscis .\nmany people say that instead of drain cleaning gel you could also use boiling water and bleach, but these methods are not effective against drain flies because drain fly larvae can survive under high temperatures .\ndrain fly resting on side of wall. this is one of the common gray forms that holds its wings flat .\nuse certain products such as drain gel, gentrol and stimukil or maxforce fly bait on a regular, preventative basis .\ncharacteristics: when at rest, the drain fly folds its wings over the body in a characteristic roof - like manner .\nmaintain a slight positive air pressure in kitchens and cafeterias to discourage fly entry .\ndo not pour insecticide down your drain. in residential homes, pesticides are often unnecessary to control drain flies. thoroughly cleaning your drains, thus removing the food sources, will most likely eliminate your drain fly problem .\nclean indoor plant trays. if left even for a few days, this shallow water can become home to the drain fly .\ncontact terminix® to allow one of our pest control specialists to inspect your home and evaluate your propensity for a drain fly infestation .\nafter removing the drain fly eggs and larvae by cleaning the drain, you are only left with the adult flies. since they now have no place to lay eggs, your drain fly problem will disappear when these adults die. to kill these adult drain flies you could use sprays, or swatters. below is a list of some methods that you can use to kill the adult drain flies :\nif you have drain flies in a master bathroom with 4 drains (i. e. , two sinks, a bathtub, and a shower), you would need two drain fly kits. one bottle of invade bio drain gel treats one drain for one week .\na mere 1 / 6” long, the drain fly would appear smaller than a chocolate chip sitting in your drain. covered all over in dark and fuzzy hair, drain flies rely heavily on their fuzzy antennas to locate food. each part of the antenna is an individual ‘tongue’ for the fly to help them determine what is in their immediate surroundings. once the drain fly reaches their adult 1 / 6” size, it becomes clear that their wings are disproportionately large compared to their small body. although the large wingspan should make the drain fly a strong flier, the difference in body and wing size actually make the drain fly clumsy and only able to fly in short distances. for the most part the drain flies will rely on crawling from one place to another, and once they find a suitable drain to nest in they are unlikely to leave of their own will .\neliminate nasty drain odors, sugar snakes, and scum at the source with invade bio drain .\nuse an enzymatic drain cleaner regularly to prevent the accumulation of organic slime that attracts drain flies .\nalthough the drain fly kit helped reduce the number of drain fleas, it did not eliminate the problem. the catchmaster sticky paper does help locate the source of the problem though .\nmy drains have been cleaned. the drain flies come out of every drain in the house. can the drain flies come in from the septic tank ?\nthe key to eliminating a moth fly infestation is finding the breeding sources and eliminating them .\nhoont powerful electric indoor bug zapper and fly zapper catcher trap killer – prot ...\nelucto large electric bug zapper fly swatter zap mosquito best for indoor and outdo ...\nfly light designed for indoor use. compact size plugs directly into a standard electrical outlet .\nthere are a few flies that can utilise drains for breeding which gives them the common name drain fly. drain flys are also commonly known as the moth fly, these flies are fairly small, with hairs that are easily identifiable around the wings and can populate to large numbers quickly .\ndrain flies are also called moth flies, sewer flies or filter flies. their bodies and wings are covered with numerous hairs. if crushed they leave a powdery smudge. the flies are commonly found around drains, but they should not be confused with the fruit fly, phorid fly, or sphaerocierid fly which also infest drains .\nplace some tape over the top of drain, with some holes in it for air flow. if the drain flies get stuck on the tape as they exit the drain, you know you have drain flies .\nwork a metal pipe brush into the drain, extending it as far down into the drain as possible .\nyes, the invade bio drain gel (and other drain gels) is perfectly safe for septic systems .\nmost people assume that the gnats seen in their home or business are fruit flies but this is not always the case. sphaerocerid fly, fruit fly, phorid fly and moth fly are the main culprits that infest and breed in drains. sphaerocerid flies can be found in manure, damp organic material, drains, rotting fruits and vegetables and garbage. moth flies (also known as the drain fly) breed in drains, sewers, septic tanks and soil that has been contaminated with sewage. phorid flies (often mistaken for fruit flies) are found in sewage contaminated soil, garbage, drains, human cadavers, rotting vegetables and fruit, garbage as well as damp organic materials. fruit flies like fresh fruits, rotting fruits and vegetables, drains, garbage and damp organic materials. another name for the phorid fly is humpback fly. its hump - backed appearance is a key characteristic that helps to differentiate the fly from the fruit fly. phorids also have brown eyes, instead of the obvious red color of the fruit fly' s eyes. to help identify your fly pest and / or locate possible breeding grounds for the pest, use the fly breeding sites page .\nthe drain fly kit contains three different items for complete treatment and monitoring of drain fly infestations. invade bio drain gel contains natural microbes (bacillus bacteria) and citrus oil with an emulsifier and gelling agent. the microbes break down the scum and organic buildup that are the breeding grounds for drain flies. by targeting the source of the infestation, drain flies are eliminated and kept away. cb - 80 aerosol contains natural pyrethrins and stabilizers to knock down adult flies in the area at the time of application. the included glue boards are used to determine which drains are infested and to monitor treatments. the drain fly kit is not a substitution for general sanitation. repeat applications should be made until drain fly activity has ceased. the invade bio drain gel can also be used weekly or monthly for prevention .\none of the most frustrating aspects of the drain fly is their size; even as a full - grown adult, the drain fly is able to squeeze through the small holes in screen doors and cracks throughout your home or commercial buildings. sewer lines under buildings are also a major habitat for drain flies; the waste products and decay make it a perfect nesting ground for newly hatched larvae. feeding on decaying food or human waste makes the drain fly a possible carrier of serious diseases into homes .\nthe greatest threat that drain flies pose to humans is the risk of being inhaled. unlike other flies that are large enough to be avoided, the drain fly is miniscule in comparison. it is quite possible in houses that have a drain fly problem to inhale all or parts of the drain fly directly into the lung. while many people may not notice this addition to their oxygen, asthmatics are especially prone to problems. the drain flies can carry diseases, and once inhaled into already sensitive lungs, they can cause even more problems. if you suspect a drain fly problem and are living with an asthmatic household, it would be wise to take extra precautions and medication until the problem is eradicated .\nspecific monitoring for fruit flies, including fruit fly traps, may not be required on an ongoing basis if the proper management practices are in place to prevent conditions conducive to fruit fly infestation .\nbefore learning how to get rid of drain flies, it is important to find out the drain fly infested areas. to find this we have two methods, you can use any of the two methods :\nbaking soda and vinegar poured down the drain may kill the flies; it will clean the drain at least .\nthe key in destroying the drain fly' s breeding ground is removing all hair, grime, and debris that the flies might lay their eggs in .\nclean drains / traps and strainers at least twice per week to eliminate residues that encourage fly development .\n2. using fly swatters: as drain flies are mostly seen resting on the walls so it is much easier to kill them using a mechanical fly swatter. but after killing them make sure to clean the bloody mess from the walls using a damp cloth .\ndrain flies: drain flies breed in drains, sewers, septic tanks and soil that has been contaminated with sewage .\nif you spot flies on the tape after removing it from the drain, drain flies are the most likely culprit .\nthe drain fly kit used to come with df 5000 drain gel. we now are placing invade bio drain gel due to customer demand, performance, and better economy for our customers. the video instructions on this page apply to any gel even though df5000 is used in the video .\ndrain flies are most active at night. they are weak flyers that make short hopping flights of a few feet when they are disturbed. drain flies rest on surfaces with their wings held over their back like a roof. you’ll usually find a drain fly close to its breeding ground .\nyou might actually be infested by another type of fly drawn in by rotting fruit or other food sources. as a result, you should verify that you actually have drain flies in your drain before taking measures to remove them .\nwe recommend that you treat the sink and the toilet with a drain gel from our drain fly kit. the kit includes glueboards to monitor the activity coming from the sink. please let us know if you have any questions .\ngreenway fruit fly trap (2 bottles) | natural liquid attractant, ready to use bottl ...\nzap it! mini bug zapper - rechargeable mosquito, fly killer and bug zapper racket - ...\nthey break out of the pupal case, burrow up through the soil to the surface and fly away .\nonce the treatment is completed the matter in the drain that supports the larvae of the moth fly is gone and therefore these annoying flies are no longer a problem for you .\nif a fly swatter is inefficient, treat the infested area with an insect spray that works in confined spaces .\n5 - pack of barpro control fruit fly strips with 24 mbw nw brands bottle pourer bug / ...\nbug zapper & electric indoor insect killer by liba – mosquito, bug, fly & other pes ...\n1. spotting the drain flies: this is a very simple way to identify the drain fly infested areas. here, you have to find out the drain fly adults by naked eye. the adults can be spotted resting on walls and ceilings of the infested areas. and as these flies are not good at flying so their source i. e. (breeding area) is very near to the infested area .\nalthough space sprays easily kill adult moth flies in a home and around patios and porches, they will not totally eliminate the fly infestation. total control comes with locating and eliminating breeding sites discussed in moth fly inspection. use the gold stick pheromone trap to capture adult flies in kitchens, bathrooms or other areas where moth fly activity has been detected. if a drain is found to be a breeding ground, clean the drain thoroughly (scrubbing it, if possible) and use invade bio drain gel to destroy the film harboring the organisms .\ndo not completely cover the drain with tape. a covered drain will prevent flies from flying up, leaving you with no evidence .\napplying the cleaner to the edge of the drain allows it to coat the sides of the drain and pipe as it glides down .\nwe have drain flies in one of our bathrooms. trying to get rid of them. will try clean the drain with bottle\n1. first clean the drain, from outside. and then pour 2 - 4 litres of warm water to moisten the drain .\nall drains in an infested room must be treated. drain flies can definitely spread from one room to another and drain flies can breed anywhere there is a buildup of moist decaying organic matter as that is all they need to breed. we recommend that you check out our drain fly kit which comes with all of the products we would recommend to treat a drain fly infestation plus it comes with a step by step instruction guide to help you through the process. you can also watch the instructional video on the drain fly kit page on our website (scroll towards the bottom of the page to read our instructional guide). if after following the inspection instructions on our drain fly page you find that the flies are not developing in the drains you may need to find a way to get behind the cabinets and thoroughly clean the area you suspect is infested .\nzap it! bug zapper - rechargeable mosquito, fly killer and bug zapper racket - 4, 00 ...\nliquid spray or foam formulations applied to potential fruit fly breeding sites to help prevent the development of adult fruit flies .\ngerms from the fly’s legs and body, and from the liquid that comes from its stomach, get onto the food while it is eating. some of these germs will be left behind on the food after the fly has gone .\nyou can make homemade traps to locate infested drains. coat the inside of a cup or jar with petroleum jelly or vegetable oil. put the inverted jar over the drain opening. when a drain fly leaves the drain, it will stick to your trap. leave your traps in place for 24 hours before checking for adult drain flies. this will be a primary area to attack .\n* pour 4 oz. of invade bio drain gel down each infested drain every night for at least 5 nights. * do not rinse the drain with water right after applying the bio drain gel - - you should let the sink sit all night without being used .\nluckily, drain flies do not stray far from the place they have chosen to make their home, so it is rare for a drain fly infestation to spread to all areas of the house. this is especially true if you catch the problem early .\ndrain flies rest around the sink area during the day. placing glue boards around infested drains near fly resting areas will capture most of the adult flies. you can also spray around the drain and sink with a residual aerosol such as invader hpx. these products can help ease the infestation while the drain gel does its job .\nthe first thing you should do to get rid of drain flies is thoroughly clean the infested drain catcher so it' s free of hair and grime. then, insert a metal pipe brush into the drain and move it up and down while twisting it to clean out the drain. when you' re finished, pour a commercial drain cleaner down the drain and let it sit for several hours. flush the cleaner down the drain with water to finish cleaning the drain. if your pest problem persists, you may need to use an insecticide spray .\nmoth flies (drain flies) lay eggs in a mass of 30 to 100 in a suitable medium. these eggs hatch in less than 48 hours. the eggs form the moth fly (drain fly) are laid in irregular masses in such places as dirty garbage disposal units, water traps in plumbing fixtures, sewage plant filters and almost any where decmposing organic materials are found .\nfly paper strips and uv - light insect traps can capture some of the flies, but will not eliminate an infestation .\nif you see a small fly or gnat type insect flying around in the kitchen, do not assume it is coming from the drains. check all possible breeding sources (small puddles, grease, rotting organic material, etc .) to help identify the fly. using a sanitation drain product like invade bio drain will help destroy the breeding area if they are breeding in the drains .\ndrain flies lays eggs mostly in decomposing organic matter found in drains and pipes. the eggs are brown or cream in color and hatch in 32 to 48 hours. the larvae feed on the gelatinous drain matter and reach the maturity age in 9 to 14 days. drain fly larvae are known to survive in high temperature and low oxygen conditions. drain flies have a life cycle of 1 to 3 weeks .\nfor our convenience, we will divide the process of getting rid of drain flies into two parts. the first part will deal with the cleaning of drains to destroy the drain fly eggs and larvae, while the second part will deal with the killing of adult flies .\ndrain flies do not come up from your pipes or drains, rather they come from outdoors to the drain when they smell the organic matter they need to breed. drain flies get into your home through tiny holes .\nalways be sure to properly identify the flies you are treating: different types of fly treatment will require different products and applications .\ni’ve found that treating the bath drain to a drain cleaner gel treatment (followed by hot water) every 6 months or so keeps them away .\nthe key identifying character for the moth fly is the unique pattern of veins in its wings. the entire body and wings of the moth fly are covered with tiny hairs, giving it a moth - like appearance. to the naked eye, this tiny pest might appear to be a small fly with fat wings; the aid of a magnifying glass reveals the unmistakable moth - like appearance. this small fly is no more than 1 / 8 inch in length including the wings. they are usually black in color .\nin homes, drain flies are generally found breeding in bathroom drains, particularly those in showers. shower pans are prone to leaking and the area under the shower pan becomes a prime moth fly breeding source .\nif you' ve been noticing small flies buzzing around the drains in your kitchen or bathroom, you may have a drain fly infestation. drain flies are a nuisance, and the problem only gets worse if they' re not taken care of. fortunately, there are some simple methods you can use to get rid of the drain flies in your home .\nstrategies for deployment of fly light traps, i. e. , how many, where and when to place or remove monitors .\nthere are more than one species of fly, including house flies, phorid flies and even blow flies, that may be associated with sewers and called a sewer fly. another possible candidate would be drain or moth flies, which may be found in many drains, bathroom pipes and other moist plumbing areas where organic material collects. sewer flies are small flies that resemble moths. in small numbers, they can be helpful in breaking down material that blocks drain pipes. however, sewer fly infestations grow rapidly, and serious infestations can create health hazards .\nnope! drain flies are annoying, but harmless. you have nothing to worry about (unless what you' re seeing are not drain flies) .\nyou may also find drain flies resting on walls in rooms with infested drains. there will usually be several drain flies in close proximity of each other .\ndrain flies are small flies, about 1 / 8th inch. they are usually black, but may be brown. the key identifying trait for this fly is the unique pattern of veins in its wings. *\n3. occasionally spray igr (insect growth regulator) in your drains. igr spray prevents the drain fly eggs from breaking out of the larvae stage and hence can greatly reduce the chances of any future infestation .\nalthough they breed in sewage, drain flies apparently do not transmit human disease .\nthe presence of drain flies in large numbers may cause or intensify bronchial asthma .\n* place the glue board over each drain at night that you want to monitor. the board should sit slightly up off the drain (as shown in the image below), allowing air to move into and out of the drain .\n* use level markers on invade bio drain gel bottle to track correct usage .\nit is necessary to inspect for breeding sites and remove them. there are many potential areas that serve as breeding sites for the flies. removing the breeding site is the most important part of a drain fly control program .\nhow to treat drain flies in a bathroom i' ve had my home 32yrs. first drain fly infestation 2 yrs ago, back again at present, one bath. tried many home remedies, no help. today i purchased 2 bottles bio, have i made the correct purchase? no basement, 2 baths\nstick the tape over the center of each drain with the sticky side facing down .\nyes, drano looks a good drain cleaner, though i haven’t used it personally .\ndrain gel is a ready to use product and should be poured directly into drains .\ndrain flies are most active in the evening when they congregate around sinks and drains .\nplease see our how to get rid of drain flies article for more thorough information .\nif you have spotted adult drain flies in your home you can spray a product called clean air purge iii to help eliminate these breeding adults. you should place glue boards over each drain in the bathroom to capture any flying adults entering or leaving the drains. using glue boards also helps monitor the level of infestation. we have all of these products combined into a drain fly kit for your convenience .\nmoth fly larvae live in the moist film that develops on the sides of a drain and in the drain' s trap. the presence of many adult flies inside a drain is a good sign that the drain is a breeding site. to check for possible breeding sites, place a length of tape across drains (or cracks in the floor) without totally covering the opening. if the opening is totally covered, there will be no air flow and flies will not emerge. check the tape periodically. if flies are found stuck to your tape, you have found a source. eliminating this source is discussed in moth fly elimination .\nwe’ve had a huge problem with drain flies for a while now. after manually cleaning the basement drain we are pretty sure they are coming from, using enzyme drain cleaner in every single drain in the house, and having terminix spray for them, it’s gotten better. we are seeing very few live bugs compared to what we saw before .\ncontrol of drain flies should be aimed at elimination of breeding sites. the most effective control method is to clean pipes and traps thoroughly to remove accumulated slime. pouring hot water down the drain may provide short - term control. drain fly larvae are difficult to drown because they are able to trap air bubbles and remain submerged for a day or more. do not pour insecticides down drains to kill drain flies. the drain fly life cycle takes from about 10 to 15 days at about 70° f. groups of eggs are laid on gelatinous films of organic matter. the larvae can develop in water or thin surface films. actual time varies with temperature, development is slower at lower temperatures but can continue through the year indoors .\na thorough cleaning is not necessary. simply pour 4 oz (125 ml) of gel drain cleaner into the drain and let sit to maintain a continual state of cleanliness .\ni purchased this to get rid of drain flies on a drain that doesn' t get used very often. the instructions said to add the gel to the drain for 5 - 7 days, after 3 applications it looks as though the sewer flies are gone .\ni had noticed this strange type of fly in my bathroom and did know what it was. now i know. i am so glad to also\nnow let’s see how to find the infested areas and breeding sources of these drain flies .\nright before bedtime, thoroughly dry off all sinks, bathtubs, and floor drain areas .\nplace a strip of clear sticky tape or a small glue board across the center of each drain, with the sticky side facing down towards the drain. do not cover the drain opening completely, or else the flies will not have an updraft on which to emerge .\ndrain flies originate in filth, and carry diseases that may possibly be transmitted to humans .\nby using fly traps that use ultraviolet rays to attract flies to their doom, you will greatly decrease the number of flies in food preparation areas as well as in dining areas. the most powerful of these traps are best used in kitchens or food prep areas. matrix ii fly trap and visu fly trap are the most popular unit used in restaurant kitchens. smaller traps can be used in hallways, restrooms and even dining areas because they have a low profile. a low profile fly trap is rarely noticed by your customers. even if your customers do see the trap, they usually do not know what purpose it serves .\nsimilar to a fly except that it has a needle - sharp end which is used for piercing the skin of a person or other animal to suck blood .\na farm fly spray that is formulated with two active ingredients and a synergistic to provide a quick knockdown of flying insects and residual activity that lasts for hours .\ntook a few days but the drain flies are 99 percent gone! !! !! thank you! and the spray lasts forever in case you have a stray fella fly through. i put the tip into the drain and spray for 2 seconds. fills the line with the spray, killing them instantly. the gel stopped new infestation !\ngetting rid of drain flies is usually a two step process. step 1 is getting rid of the debris in the drains that are allowing the drain flies to breed and step 2 actually eliminating the adult drain flies. it can take several weeks to get rid of drain flies and the length of the treatment will depend on the level of debris built up in the drain, the number of drains infested and level of infestation before the treatment is started. the first step of a drain fly treatment is to start getting rid of the built up gunk in the drains where the drain flies are breeding. it is recommended that you use a drain gel or drain foam to clean and break down this organic matter. drain cleaner gels and foams are concentrated biological products specifically designed to breakdown organic matter built - up in sinks, drains and garbage disposals and other areas where drain flies harbor and reproduce. drain gel or foam should be applied to the infested drains when they will not be in use for several hours, usually at night. most drain gel products recommend that the product be applied to all infested drains every night for at least 5 nights. drain gel can be applied one time per week to maintain the cleanliness of drains in areas where drain fly infestations have been an issue in the past. after you have started to treat the drains with drain gel, it is time to get rid of the adult drain flies. you can do this with a pyrethrin space spray. space spray refers to spraying an aerosol product directly into the air instead of directing the product onto a surface. usually only pyrethrin aerosols are labeled for this use. a space spray is a good choice if you have a lot of drain flies inside and you need to get rid of the drain flies quickly. with this method, you will eliminate any drain flies that are out during the application but you will not leave behind an active residual. following the product label instructions, apply the aerosol as a space spray. most space sprays require you to vacate the room after the application and ventilate before re - entry. please refer to the product label for re - entry requirements .\nthree weeks. that is all the time the drain fly has to live, and yet they make good use of that time in terms of reproduction. in a typical drain fly litter there are between 30 and 100 eggs, each of which are laid in shallow water and can hatch in as little as three days. once born the primary calling for a drain larva is to feed. the larva is dependent on the food around it, as it does not travel any distance. ideally, the larva will feed on decaying food that has become liquefied or human / animal waste; without this food source the larvae will die. the larva stage last about two weeks and then transforms from a gray worm - like creature into a pupa for the next two days. after those short 48 hours, the adult drain fly will emerge and begin reproducing almost immediately. from this short timeline it becomes clear how drain flies can pose a problem to the home or building that houses them. with such a short turnaround, 100 identical flies replace one fly; it makes it difficult to get rid of them all at once .\nthe pupal stage lasts from 20 to 40 hours. the newly emerged adult fly is sexually mature on emergence and copulates within the first few hours of its life .\nbody: light gray or tan body and lighter - colored wings. the body and the wings are covered with long hairs, giving the fly a fuzzy appearance .\napply roughly 4 oz (125 ml) of the cleaner around the edge of the drain .\n3. next, pour a drain cleaner gel into the pipe trying to coat the sides of the pipe. drain cleaner gel is specifically formulated to remove the organic matter from the pipes .\nabsolutely wonderful. no more gnats or drain flies. i will buy this again! ! !\nlyon, w. f. undated. drain flies. ohio state university extension fact sheet .\n* use drain gel weekly for high - use drains or monthly for home drains for maintenance .\ncb - 80 aerosol contains natural pyrethrins that kill adult drain flies and other flying pests quickly .\nsimply cleaning out the drain that is affected can have a very beneficial effect on the population of flies, but it is almost never sufficient to completely eradicate the problem. if you’re serious about learning how to get rid of drain flies, you also need to employ a good drain fly killer that is approved for use against these pests. one such product is called invade hot spot. there is also a gel that is designed to get deep into drains called df 5000. both of these products are very effective at getting rid of drain flies .\nfruit flies and drain flies (also called moth flies) will breed in the thin layers of material that accumulate in the drains and traps of sinks and bathtubs and also in floor drains of older buildings, commercial buildings. bleach and other harsh chemicals rarely work when attempting to eliminate this fly breeding slime. products such as invade bio drain and invade bio foam can safely be used in drains where small flies are breeding. severe infestations often require an initial application that combines one of the above products with either nyguard igr or gentrol igr. these insect growth regulators will drastically slow down development of fly larvae - and other pests. the action of these materials breaks down the thin layers in which small flies breed. in older buildings, restaurants and other commercial food handling areas, a drain cleaner should be used on a regular basis to prevent problems associated with drain line build up: odors and flies. invade bio drain and invade bio foam are similar but you should choose the one that best suits your pest control job. invade bio drain gel costs less (for small jobs) while invade bio foam saves you money for larger jobs and it also contains a foaming agent that allows mixing with other products while penetrating deeper into drain lines and traps. invade bio foam must be used with a foamer such as chapin poly foamer or b & g versa foamer. restaurants and other independent businesses prefer the chapin poly foamer. pest control professionals will use b & g versa foamer or chapin poly foamer. for severe or stubborn drain fly infestations, an igr containing hydroprene can be used in combination with your drain cleaner. gentrol igr is easily mixed and applied to drains and works especially well when foamed with microfoam. gentrol prevents immature flies from maturing into adult flies. by combining gentrol and microfoam you create a very effective foam for forcing down drains when eliminating drain fly or fruit fly infestations by eliminating the breeding source and preventing the emergence of adult flies from the drains. use a foaming device for this type of application. for simple maintenance, gentrol aerosol can also be used in drains. combing drain products with ultraviolet fly traps is a good idea for restaurants and buffets, for a total indoor fly control program .\n2. after this, in the evening (this is important because drain flies are most active during night), place a piece of clear tape over the drain outlets, pipes etc. in your kitchen and bathroom, place the tape with the sticky side facing downwards. do not completely cover the drain with tape, as this will prevent flies from coming out of the drain .\nthe adult fly (fig. 1) is about one - tenth inch long (about one - third the size of a housefly). it has a dark gray body and lighter colored wings. the body and wings are densely covered with long hairs which give the body a fuzzy or hairy appearance, hence the name “moth fly” .\nfor drains that are rarely used, such as in a garage or basement, pour a little mineral oil down the drain. this will prevent further infestations until water is run down the drain .\nthe sticky paper showed us exactly where the problem was - not actually in the sink drain but where the drain pipe goes into the floor - never would have guessed. the spray kills instantly - great! don' t know how much the green drain cleaner works as i am too big to fit down the sink drain. all in all - a great product. thank you, katy\nduring our daily practices of managing pests, we often are asked by customers “what are these flies always doing in my bathroom? ” and “i keep spraying them, but they always come back”. the simple answer is they are most likely to be a drain fly .\nif you’re combating a sewer fly infestation, begin by eliminating their breeding sites. clean suspected drains with a commercial drain cleaner, and scrub the drain pipe vigorously with a long - handled brush. after their breeding sites have been eliminated, the reproductive cycle is disturbed. if you experience difficulty ridding your home of adult sewer flies, contact your local pest control professional .\nonce you have confirmed that drain lines are the source of your problems, you can begin the process of removing the organic materials that cling to the sides of drain lines. these materials can accumulate in any drain pipe and rarely can they be removed with boiling water, standard drain cleaners, bleach, etc. . invade bio drain gel is a product that was formulated specifically for the job at hand: eliminating the material that is the source for flies, cockroaches and ants and which also cause odors as the materials rot in your drain or sewage lines. invade bio drain gel will not harm plumbing and is safe for both sewer and septic systems. the action of drain gel can be enhanced by using a foaming agent. invade bio foam is the same as drain gel but highly concentrated and developed for use in foamer. (invade bio foam must be applied with a foamer. )\n1. first of all, clean and thoroughly dry the drain areas in your kitchen and bathroom .\nit worked! drain flies were gone within a few days. followed the directions, problem solved !\nin some situations drain flies can breed and develop in odd locations such as under a loose floor tile, in the tank of a toilet that is not used often, under a sink where a leaky pipe is located and other odd locations. if you have positively identified that you do in fact have drain flies but the drain inspection did not turn up any flies, you can place glue boards around the infested room. check the glue boards daily and note which glue board has the most fly activity. start searching in that area for moisture that can be conducive to drain flies .\na foaming kit is filled with microbial concentrate and foaming agent. the foaming kit is hooked up to compressor and the drain is foamed until the drain is full. the foam pushes out the water and starts to breakdown the decaying organic matter inside the drain. the same process is undertaken with any connecting drains .\nmoth fly adults can be quite annoying in homes, appearing from sinks and bathtub drains. these pests breed in tremendous numbers in sewer plants and are easily blown towards homes by the wind. their small size enables them to penetrate ordinary fly screens. there have been noted cases of bronchial asthma caused by inhaling the dust resulting from the disintegration of such small flies .\nthis is the first thing you must do to verify that the problem is coming from the drain itself .\ndrain flies can grow quickly and hence they can multiply in a few days creating a nuisance for you .\ntable 2 commonly used products for physical, cultural or mechanical management of drain and fruit flies and uses .\ndrain treatment for organic buildup in sinks and drains where flies can breed. great for restaurants and kitchens .\nan odor eliminator spray for cigarette smoke to bathrooms or pet areas and also for drain and fruit flies .\ndrain flies feed on moist, organic materials such as decaying vegetation, and other microscopic plants and animals .\ndrain flies tend to appear rather mysteriously and suddenly, multiplying quickly and becoming a nuisance by their numbers .\n* when applying in a garbage disposal, turn on disposal for a few seconds to disperse drain gel .\na better option may be to use the invade hotspot because it foams and will coat the drain better .\nyou should verify first if they are drain flies or moths - treatment for these two insects would vary .\ngerman cockroaches are mostly found in and around kitchens, pantries, storerooms and other food handling areas. they prefer to be near food, moisture and warmth. they do not fly .\nbased on your description it sounds like drain flies. if you contact your local extension office and speak with the entomologist on duty, they would be able to help positively i. d. this pest. if indeed they are drain flies, you want to first look around and check there are no water leaks. please check out our article\nget rid of drain flies\n. you also want to use a drain gel that contains active enzymes that will eat away the organic materials allowing the drain flies to continue to thrive .\ndrain flies are typically nocturnal insects and are associated with damp habitats. they are not very good at flying, they fly in a jerky, irregular pattern. adults can be spotted resting on walls and ceilings of the infested areas. another important thing about them is that they do not bite .\nunless there is a crack in your drain pipes that lead to your septic tank, the drain flies will not come from that area. use glue boards over the drains like shown in our drain fly video to make sure they are actually breeding in the drains, not just occasionally going down into them and then coming back out. you will want to treat with a drain gel that will eat away at any build up on the sides of the pipes that the flies can be leaving eggs / larvae behind in. keep in mind, any area that holds moisture can be used as a breeding ground. areas like inside toilet tanks, around seals of cauking on sinks and tubs, windows in bathrooms and kitchens, loose tiles that could be holding water underneath, and around kitchen sink hose sprayers, should all be cleaned and checked. you can check out our drain fly kit and article on how to get rid of drain flies for the best treatment methods. feel free to contact us if you have any questions .\nadult drain flies have a dark gray body and lighter - colored wings. fine hairs on their bodies and wings give drain flies a fuzzy, moth - like appearance (hence why they’re often called “moth flies”) .\nthe key to managing moth flies is the elimination of breeding sites. in residential homes, the most common developmental sites are bathroom drains. in commercial facilities and restaurants common developmental sites include sink and floor drains in food preparation areas, grease traps, mop drying tubs, and evaporation pans placed beneath appliances. when adults are found within a room, first examine all the drains within the room for the presence of moth fly larvae. because moth flies are weak flyers, adults can often be found very near to their development site. the presence of adults within a drain or resting on walls near a drain is a clear sign that this drain is a development site. flies may be developing in more than one drain, so all drains in the room where adults are found should be inspected for moth fly larvae. check drains by removing the drain plate and scraping the slime from the sides of the drain using a dull knife or similar device that will reach several inches into the open drain. look for larvae within the collected slime. if larvae are not found in the slime that can be scraped from exposed drainpipes, it may be that moth flies are developing in organic material found much deeper within the pipes. a more thorough assessment of moth fly development within a drainpipe can be made using a drain fly trap. coat the inside of a cup or jar with vaseline or vegetable oil and then invert the cup to cover the drain opening. any moth flies emerging from within the pipe will stick to the inside of the trap. traps should be placed over all drains within an infested room and left in place for 24 hours. following this exposure period, examination of the traps will indicate which drains are development sites." ]

{ "text": [ "drain flies , sink flies , filter flies , or sewer gnats ( psychodidae ) are small true flies ( diptera ) with short , hairy bodies and wings giving them a \" furry \" moth-like appearance , hence one of their common names , moth flies .", "there are more than 4,700 known species worldwide , most of them native to the humid tropics .", "this makes them one of the most diverse families of their order .", "drain flies sometimes inhabit plumbing drains and sewage systems , where they are a harmless but persistent annoyance . " ], "topic": [ 28, 26, 26, 13 ] }

[ "drain flies, sink flies, filter flies, or sewer gnats (psychodidae) are small true flies (diptera) with short, hairy bodies and wings giving them a \" furry \" moth-like appearance, hence one of their common names, moth flies. there are more than 4,700 known species worldwide, most of them native to the humid tropics. this makes them one of the most diverse families of their order. drain flies sometimes inhabit plumbing drains and sewage systems, where they are a harmless but persistent annoyance." ]

[ "jennifer hammock chose to hide data on\nalcichthys elongatus (steindachner, 1881 )\n.\nthere are no species - specific conservation measures in place for alcichthys elongatus, however its distribution may coincide with a number of marine protected areas .\nthe distribution of alcichthys elongatus ranges from the iwate and shimane prefectures of japan, northwards, in both the sea of japan and the sea of okhotsk .\njustification: alcichthys elongatus is fairly widespread and common at least in parts of its range, with no known major threats except incidental catch in gill nets over rocky reefs and therefore least concern .\nalcichthys elongatus is a demersal species with a depth range of 15 - 269 m and inhabits temperate waters. it has been observed to aggregate in winter in the gamov drop - offs in the western part of the peter the great bay (izmyatinskii 2006). maximum size about 30 cm; found primarily on rocky reef habitats (k. matsuura pers. comm. 2009) .\n( of alcichthys okiensis mori, 1956) froese, r. & d. pauly (editors). (2018). fishbase. world wide web electronic publication. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of centridermichthys elongatus steindachner, 1881) froese, r. & d. pauly (editors). (2018). fishbase. world wide web electronic publication. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nit has been found, with reference to the data of trawl survey and literature, that, in the sea of japan, the northern boundary of the area of the elongated sculpin alcichthys elongatus is the central part of the tatar strait. during the year, the elongated sculpin occurs at depths from 7 to 650 m. its highest concentration forms during the feeding period. at this time alcichthys elongatus stays up to depths 253 m but prefers the range of 40–100 m. it winters below the 50 m isobath, mainly in the lower part of the shelf and in the upper section of the continental slope. being an eurythermal species, the elongated sculpin occurs in a wide range of temperature (from −1. 6 to 17. 7°c). however, most specimens prefer waters with slightly positive temperature. juveniles prefer the warm water layers. males are larger than females but the latter dominate in catches. according to the kind of diet a. elongatus, it is a benthoichtyophage consuming predominantly decapods (mostly juveniles of chionoecetes opilio) and small fish. in summer, the value of daily ration is 3. 0% of the body weight. in the north - western part of the sea of japan, a. elongatus may be characterized as a common species with a low but stable abundance .\nthere are no known threats for alcichthys elongatus. this species is not targeted directly by any fishery. it is incidentally caught in gill netting on rocky reefs (k. matsuura pers. comm. 2009). the sea of japan and sea of okhotsk are subject to heavy shipping traffic and its associated threats: bilge and ballast water, fuel and oil leaks, and anti - fouling chemicals; it is unknown if this species is affected by these threats .\na prominent odontoma was found projecting from the maxilla of an elkhorn sculpinalcichthys elongatus, 27. 4 cm in total length, captured in a trap for boreal whelk set offshore from toyama bay, the sea of japan, in late june, 2002. microscopic examination of large spherical tumor (29 mm in diameter, 19 mm in depth and 6. 5 g in weight) protruding well outside the mouth cavity revealed it to be surrounded by squamous epithelium containing numerous dental tissue masses (imperfect teeth or teeth germ) throughout the stromal tissue. the teeth germ comprised odontoblasts, predentin and calcified dentin. no enamel (substantia adamantia) was demonstrated, although several fragments of calcified trabecular (spongy) bones were encountered. this type of tumor, diagnosed as a compound odontoma, seems to be the first report of such from a teleost from asian - oceanic waters. the cause of the tumor is unknown .\ngreek, alke, - es = strong, strenght (ref. 45335 )\nmarine; demersal; depth range 15 - 269 m (ref. 58496). boreal\nmaturity: l m? range? -? cm max length: 44. 0 cm tl male / unsexed; (ref. 56527); common length: 31. 5 cm tl male / unsexed; (ref. 56557); max. published weight: 1. 0 kg (ref. 56527 )\nexternal fertilization with internal insemination (ref. 101419). this is also called' internal gametic association' which describes another unique phenomenon of the reproductive process. in this phenomenon, the presence of the spermatozoa in the ovarian cavity is done through copulation, but the spermatozoa entry into the egg and subsequent fertilization only occurred externally when the eggs are spawned and came into contact with seawater (ref. 101419) .\nnakabo, t. , 2002. fishes of japan with pictorial keys to the species, english edition i. tokai university press, japan, pp v - 866. (ref. 41299 )\n): 3. 6 - 17. 3, mean 12. 9 (based on 37 cells) .\nphylogenetic diversity index (ref. 82805): pd 50 = 1. 0000 [ uniqueness, from 0. 5 = low to 2. 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight: a = 0. 00708 (0. 00295 - 0. 01699), b = 3. 14 (2. 94 - 3. 34), in cm total length, based on lwr estimates for this (sub) family - body shape (ref. 93245) .\ntrophic level (ref. 69278): 3. 6 ±0. 4 se; based on diet studies .\nresilience (ref. 69278): very low, minimum population doubling time more than 14 years (preliminary k or fecundity .) .\nvulnerability (ref. 59153): high vulnerability (65 of 100) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\nde silva, r. , milligan, h. , lutz, m. , batchelor, a. , jopling, b. , kemp, k. , lewis, s. , lintott, p. , sears, j. , wilson, p. , smith, j. & livingston, f .\nit has been observed to aggregate in winter in the gamov drop - offs in the western part of the peter the great bay (izmyatinskii 2006). common around hokkaido (k. matsuura pers. comm. 2009) .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 0 transitional / / en\nthe webpage text is licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial 4. 0 license\nfroese, r. & d. pauly (editors). (2018). fishbase. world wide web electronic publication. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of bero zanclus snyder, 1911) froese, r. & d. pauly (editors). (2018). fishbase. world wide web electronic publication. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of centridermichthys alcicornis herzenstein, 1890) froese, r. & d. pauly (editors). (2018). fishbase. world wide web electronic publication. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndisclaimer: itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available, and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties. however, it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes. while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available, ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party, wildlife statutes, regulations, and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register. for further information on u. s. legal requirements with respect to protected taxa, please contact the u. s. fish and wildlife service .\nranges from the iwate and shimane prefectures of japan, northwards, in both the sea of japan and the sea of okhotsk .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\nedited and published by: the japanese society of fish pathology produced and listed by: letterpress co. , ltd .\noriginal russian text © v. v. panchenko, o. i. pushchina, d. v. antonenko, s. f. solomatov, p. v. kalchugin, 2011, published in voprosy ikhtiologii, 2011, vol. 51, no. 2, pp. 195–204 .\namaoka, k. , nakaya, k. , and yabe, m. ,\n, sapporo: kita - nihon kaiyo center co. ltd. , 1995 .\nc. v .) from peter the great bay. a biological survey ,\n( bottom ichthyocenoses of the russian shelf of far eastern seas: composition, structure, elements of functioning, and commercial importance), vladivostok: tinro - tsentr, 1997 .\nchereshnev, i. a. , volobuev, v. v. , khovanskii, i. v. , and shestakov, a. v. ,\n( coastal fish of the northern part of the sea of okhotsk), vladivostok: dal’nauka, 2001 .\nchuchukalo, v. i. and napazakov, v. v. , on methods of determination of diurnal diets and the rate of food digestion in predatory and benthos - eating fish ,\n( guide to biology and fishery of fish of the northwestern part of the pacific ocean), vladivostok: tinro - tsentr, 2005 .\n( catalog of marine and freshwater fish from the northern part of the sea of okhotsk), vladivostok: dal’nauka, 2003 .\nkim sen, tok. , winter migrations of shelf fish to the zone of the continental slope of the southwestern sakhalin ,\nkoya, y. , munehara, h. , and takano, k. , reproductive cycle and spawning ecology in elkhorn sculpin ,\n( fish of the sea of japan and adjacent parts of the sea of okhotsk and the yellow sea), leningrad: nauka, 1987, part 5 .\n( methodical guide to study of feeding and feeding relations of fish in nature), moscow: nauka, 1974 .\n( modern state of aquatic biological resources) (materials of scientific conference dedicated to the 70th anniversary of s. m. konovalov), vladivostok: tinro - tsentr, 2008, pp. 169–175 .\nmunehara, h. , takenaka, a. , and takenaka, o. , alloparental care in marine sculpin\nnovikov, n. p. , sokolovskii, a. s. , sokolovskaya, t. g. , and yakovlev, yu. m. ,\npanchenko, v. v. and zuenko, yu. i. , distribution of gobies of the family cottidae in peter the great bay of the sea of japan in the summer period ,\npushchina, o. i. and solomatov, s. f. , trophic relations of predatory fish from peter the great bay in the summer period, in\n( urgent problems of development of biological resources of the world ocean) (materials of international scientific and technical conference), vladivostok: dal’rybvtuz, 2010, part 1, pp. 91–95 .\nsokolovskii, a. s. , sokolovskaya, t. g. , and yakovlev, yu. m. ,\n( fish of peter the great bay), vladivostok: dal’nauka, 2009 .\n( energetics of deep - water pelagic communities), moscow: nauka, 1986 .\nvdovin, a. n. and zuenko, yu. i. , vertical zonality and ecological groups of fish from peter the great bay ,\nvdovin, a. n. , izmyatinskii, d. v. , and solomatov, s. f. , basic results of studies of fish from the marine coastal complex of primorye ,\nvdovin, a. n. , mizyurkin, m. a. , and pak, a. , possibilities of using beam - trawl for direct censuses of hydrobionts ,\nzolotov, o. g. and tokranov, a. m. , ecological specific features of the reproductive period of greenlings (hexagrammidae) and lords (cottidae) in pacific waters of kamchatka ,\n( integrated studies of marine hydrobionts and conditions of their habitation), vladivostok: tinro, 1994, pp. 20–39 .\n( commercial oceanography of the sea of japan), vladivostok: tinro - tsentr, 2008." ]

{ "text": [ "alcichthys elongatus is a fish in the family cottidae ( sculpins ) , and the only valid member of its genus .", "it was described by franz steindachner in 1881 .", "it is a marine , boreal fish which is known from the northwestern pacific ocean , including the sea of okhotsk and japan .", "it dwells at a depth range of 15 to 269 m ( 49 to 883 ft ) , and inhabits rocky reefs .", "males can reach a maximum total length of 44 cm ( 17 in ) , but more commonly reach a tl of 31.5 cm ( 12.4 in ) .", "the maximum recorded weight is 1 kg ( 2.2 lb ) .", "a. elongatus aggregates during the winter .", "in the russian federation , its spawning season has been reported to occur from april to june .", "it is preyed on by gadus macrocephalus ( the pacific cod ) , hemitripterus villosus , and hexagrammos otakii .", "its own diet consists of bony fish such as engraulis japonicus and sardinops sagax , crabs such as erimacrus isenbeckii , oregonia gracilis and spider crabs , euphausiids such as euphausia pacifica , as well as cephalopods , polychaetes , and debris .", "due to its wide distribution in its region , as well as a lack of known threats , save for rare occasions in which it is caught in gill nets , the iucn redlist currently lists a. elongatus as least concern . " ], "topic": [ 26, 5, 15, 18, 0, 0, 29, 13, 3, 21, 15 ] }

[ "alcichthys elongatus is a fish in the family cottidae (sculpins), and the only valid member of its genus. it was described by franz steindachner in 1881. it is a marine, boreal fish which is known from the northwestern pacific ocean, including the sea of okhotsk and japan. it dwells at a depth range of 15 to 269 m (49 to 883 ft), and inhabits rocky reefs. males can reach a maximum total length of 44 cm (17 in), but more commonly reach a tl of 31.5 cm (12.4 in). the maximum recorded weight is 1 kg (2.2 lb). a. elongatus aggregates during the winter. in the russian federation, its spawning season has been reported to occur from april to june. it is preyed on by gadus macrocephalus (the pacific cod), hemitripterus villosus, and hexagrammos otakii. its own diet consists of bony fish such as engraulis japonicus and sardinops sagax, crabs such as erimacrus isenbeckii, oregonia gracilis and spider crabs, euphausiids such as euphausia pacifica, as well as cephalopods, polychaetes, and debris. due to its wide distribution in its region, as well as a lack of known threats, save for rare occasions in which it is caught in gill nets, the iucn redlist currently lists a. elongatus as least concern." ]

[ "platylesches robustus neave, 1910; proc. zool. soc. lond. 1910: 83\nplatylesches shona evans, 1937; cat. african hesp. brit. mus. : 169\nplatylesches ayresii; [ bow ]: pl. 130, f. 13; [ afrl ]\nplatylesches chamaeleon; [ bow ]: pl. 130, f. 14; [ afrl ]\nplatylesches galesa; [ bow ]: pl. 130, f. 15; [ afrl ]\nplatylesches picanini; [ bow ]: pl. 130, f. 17; [ afrl ]\nplatylesches robustus; [ bow ]: pl. 130, f. 18; [ afrl ]\nplatylesches affinissima strand, 1920; arch. naturgesch. 86, a, (7): 164\nplatylesches tina; [ bk ]: 431, pl. 63, f. 852; [ afrl ]\nplatylesches affinissima; [ bow ]: pl. 130, f. 14 (text); [ afrl ]\nplatylesches tina evans, 1937; cat. african hesp. brit. mus. : 170; tl: malawi\nplatylesches holland, 1896; proc. zool. soc. lond. 1896 (1): 72; ts: parnara (?) picanini holland\nplatylesches moritili; [ bow ]: pl. 130, f. 16; [ bk ]: 430, pl. 63, f. 851; [ afrl ]\npamphila ayresii trimen, 1889; s. a. butt. 3: 321\nparnara batangae holland, 1894; ent. news 5 (3): 92; tl: batanga, german west africa\npamphila chamaeleon mabille, 1891; bull. soc. ent. belg. 35 (18): clxxix; tl: sierra leone\nhesperia neba hewitson, 1877; ann. mag. nat. hist. (4) 19 (109): 84\nparnara (?) picanini holland, 1894; ent. news 5 (3): 91\ntransvaal, rhodesia, malawi, tanzania - s. kenya. see [ maps ]\nchecklist of afrotropical papilionoidea and hesperoidea; compiled by mark c. williams, 7th ed. (2008) (april 2007) ;\n[ maps ] warning! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information, and the process does not always produce acceptable result; see about maps for more info .\non two collection of lepidoptera sent by h. h. johnston, esq. , c. b. , from british central africa\nwallengren, 1857 kafferlandets dag - fjärilar, insamlade åren 1838 - 1845 af j. a. wahlberg / lepidoptera rhopalocera in terra caffrorum annis 1838 - 1845 collecta a j. a. wahlberg k. svenska vetenskakad. handl. 2 (4): 1 - 55\nif you have corrections, comments or information to add into these pages, just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources, and may include many inaccuracies. expert help is welcome .\n© 2016, butterfly conservation society, ghana - african butterfly research institute - icom ltd .\npopular: trivia, history, america, cities, world, usa, states, television, ... more\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nackery pr, smith cr, and vane - wright ri eds. 1995. carcasson' s african butterflies. canberra: csiro .\nlarsen, t. b. 2005 butterflies of west africa. stenstrup, denmark: apollo books .\ncorrespondence regarding this page should be directed to andrew v. z. brower at\n. note that images and other media featured on this page are each governed by their own license, and they may or may not be available for reuse. click on an image or a media link to access the media data window, which provides the relevant licensing information. for the general terms and conditions of tol material reuse and redistribution, please see the\neach tol branch page provides a synopsis of the characteristics of a group of organisms representing a branch of the tree of life. the major distinction between a branch and a leaf of the tree of life is that each branch can be further subdivided into descendent branches, that is, subgroups representing distinct genetic lineages .\nfor a more detailed explanation of the different tol page types, have a look at the structure of the tree of life page .\ntree of life design and icons copyright © 1995 - 2004 tree of life project. all rights reserved .\n– kere hill, in minziro forest (uncommon) (congdon and collins, 1998) .\n: south africa: “south africa: 30km south - east of steelpoort, lydenburg district, mpumalanga, 8. ix. 1995, a. mayer. ” described from nine males and three females. holotype in transvaal museum, pretoria .\n: uganda (west), tanzania (eastern shores of lake tanganyika) .\n. male. left – upperside; right – underside. wingspan: 32mm. amatongas, moc. 19. vii. 1961. d. m. cookson. (transvaal museum - tm2855) .\n, gabon, to democratic republic of congo (shaba), uganda, tanzania, malawi, zambia (north), mozambique, zimbabwe (north - east), south africa (limpopo province, mpumalanga) .\n– letaba (swanepoel, 1953); legalameetse nature reserve (“malta forest”) (swanepoel, 1953); tzaneen (swanepoel, 1953); woodbush (swanepoel, 1953); duivelskloof (swanepoel, 1953); ramatoelaskloof (swanepoel, 1953); sibasa (swanepoel, 1953); entabeni forest (swanepoel, 1953); louis trichardt (swanepoel, 1953); wyliespoort (swanepoel, 1953) .\n– pilgrim’s rest (swanepoel, 1953); marieps kop (swanepoel, 1953) .\n: moist savanna, often on the edges of forest. larsen (2005a) gives forest, including secondary forest .\n: an uncommon species, at least in west africa (larsen, 2005a). flies fast but settles frequently. in flight the white - tipped abdomen and white hindwing cilia are quite noticeable. both sexes are attracted to flowers. males select perches on the twigs or leaves of trees, about three metres above the ground, from which they defend territories. sometimes perches are selected low down, on shrubs, grass stems, or even on rocks. on occasion several males are found defending territories in the same forest clearing (pringle\nthird instar larva – head black; body light green with black markings; growing to 11 mm. fourth instar similar to that of p. picanini; body pale green with fine darker green mottling; head brown with eight creamy white spots in a radial pattern, outlined in darker brown; spots larger than those of p. picanini; grows to 18 mm. fifth instar larva also similar to that of p. picanini; salmon - pink body; head brown with eight creamy white patches, in a radial pattern, outlined with darker brown; grows to a length of 25 mm; girth of 7 mm and length of 20 mm just before pupation. pupa 18 mm; colour off - white with adult features outlined with yellow - brown .\nrecorded, apparently in error, from uganda, tanzania and malawi by kielland, 1990 (larsen, 2005a) .\n– awka (larsen, 2005a); mamu forest (larsen, 2005a) .\n. male. left – upperside; right – underside. wingspan: 29mm. luangwa corridor w. , zambia. 8. v. 78. a. heath. (african\n: ivory coast, ghana, cameroon, democratic republic of congo (shaba), uganda (west), malawi, zambia (north) .\n: woodland. in open places in the forest zone (larsen, 2005a) .\n. male. left – upperside; right – underside. wingspan: 27mm. katuma, mpanda, tanzania. 6 / 71. kielland. (henning collection - h63) .\nin the following respects: slightly larger; forewing underside with more white on the hind margin; hindwing underside with less white irroration. the genitalia are distinctive (larsen, 1992) .\n: nigeria (north), democratic republic of congo (shaba), tanzania (south), malawi, zambia (east), zimbabwe .\n: the greatly disjunct population in nigeria may be mislabeled but, if not, may constitute an undescribed taxon (larsen, 2005a) .\n: tanzania: “tanzania, katuma river, mpanda, 1600 metre, august 1974, j. kielland. ” described from four males. the female is unknown. deposition of type material not stated .\n– katuma river, mpanda (tl); known only from males from the type locality (congdon and collins, 1998) .\nevans in the sandstone ridge, from sitebi mountain to ntakatta forest, in the mpanda district .\n. male. left – upperside; right – underside. wingspan: 29mm. bomponi, s. rhodesia. 1. 5. 61. h. cookson. (transvaal museum - tm2861) .\n: senegal, gambia, guinea, sierra leone, burkina faso, ivory coast, ghana, togo, nigeria, to uganda, burundi, kenya (south - west), to zambia, mozambique, zimbabwe, south africa (limpopo province, mpumalanga, gauteng, kwazulu - natal – north), swaziland .\n– acornhoek (swanepoel, 1953); letaba (swanepoel, 1953); legalameetse nature reserve (“malta forest”) (swanepoel, 1953); tzaneen (swanepoel, 1953); woodbush (swanepoel, 1953); mokeetsi (swanepoel, 1953); elim (swanepoel, 1953); sibasa (swanepoel, 1953); louis trichardt (swanepoel, 1953); polokwane (swanepoel, 1953); potgietersrus (swanepoel, 1953); warmbaths; gundani .\n– barberton (swanepoel, 1953); lydenburg (swanepoel, 1953); graskop (swanepoel, 1953); buffelspoort nature reserve (williams) .\n– pretoria (swanepoel, 1953); krugersdorp (swanepoel, 1953) .\n– durban (swanepoel, 1953); stanger (swanepoel, 1953); hluhluwe (swanepoel, 1953); st lucia bay (swanepoel, 1953) .\n., 1994). rests on ground, grass stems, and leaves of shrubs and trees. both flowers and muddy patches are visited. in the zululand forests large numbers are sometimes seen feeding on the flowers of soap berry (\nin boabeng - fiema, ghana one afternoon. males do not hilltop but select perches on shrubs among trees, from which they defend their territories (pringle ,\n., 1994). larsen (2005a), on the other hand, states that they do hilltop. they are often most active in the afternoon (pringle ,\n“ larva. putative 3 rd instar: length 15mm when found feeding on young foliage on coppice growth; body leaf - green; headshield black with 6 white, teardrop - shaped dots in a radial pattern (fig. 1). these larvae had spun leaf shelters held in place by strands of white silk approximately 3mm long so that the larva was visible inside (fig. 7). the larvae grew to 18mm in length and moulted over a 48hr period within 4 days of being collected. penultimate (putative 4 th) instar: length 18 mm when collected, growing to 22mm in about 10 days; body leaf - green; headshield brown, marked with creamy white outlined by darker brown as shown on the final instar larva (fig. 2). larval leaf shelter as for previous instar larva. final instar: length 22mm growing to 38mm in about 5 days, before ceasing to feed and shrinking in length to 30mm, but growing in girth from 6mm to 8mm. prepupal stage lasting about 48hrs; otherwise similar to but larger than the previous instar (fig. 2). pupa. length 17. 5 – 20mm; creamy white with the adult appendages thinly outlined in pale brown; cremaster prominent, but pupa not attached to any solid substrate. pupation in a thin white cocoon inside the larval leaf shelter similar to that of p. picanini shown in fig. 5. pupal period was about 14 days. ”\nplanch. ex benth. (chrysobalanaceae) [ woodhall, 1994: 127 (tshatshingo potholes, limpopo province) ] .\nsuspected to be parinari polyandra (chrysobalanaceae) [ larsen, 2005a (boabeng - fiema, ghana) ] .\nfrom gambia and found that there were differences in the male genitalia between these and specimens from ghana. more than one species may therefore at present be subsumed under\n. male. left – upperside; right – underside. wingspan: 26mm. hartbeespoort dam. 18. 6. 66. (henning collection - h64) .\n. female. left – upperside; right – underside. wingspan: 29mm. rustenburg n. r. , north west province, 12 dec. 1999. m. c. williams .\n: south africa: “natal”. holotype (male) in the natural history museum, london .\n: zambia (north - west), mozambique (south), zimbabwe (eastern border), namibia (north), south africa (limpopo province, mpumalanga, north west provice, gauteng, kwazulu - natal - north), swaziland .\n– legalameetse nature reserve (“malta forest”) (swanepoel, 1953); woodbush (swanepoel, 1953); duiwelskloof (swanepoel, 1953); sibasa (swanepoel, 1953); entabeni forest (swanepoel, 1953); louis trichardt (swanepoel, 1953); polokwane (swanepoel, 1953); potgietersrus (swanepoel, 1953) waterberg (swanepoel, 1953) .\n– barberton (swanepoel, 1953); graskop (swanepoel, 1953); marieps kop (swanepoel, 1953); lydenburg district (swanepoel, 1953) .\n: adults are attracted to flowers and also mud - puddle. males establish territories near the larval host plant, mostly using the lower branches of trees as perches .\nfirst instar larva 5 mm long when found and grew to 7 mm; body yellowish leaf - green; head black. second instar pale leaf green with faint paler yellow - green mottling; head black; growing to 10 mm in length. third instar similar to second; growing to 15 mm. fourth instar with leaf green body and clearer pale yellow - green mottling; head pale tan with creamy white spots on frons, outlined in brown; growing to 23 mm long. final instar identical to fourth; growing to 31 mm then shrinking to 25 mm before pupation; girth increasing from 3 to 6 mm before pupation. pupa 22 mm; similar to that of p. moritili but with more pronounced dark lines along the wing cases and a blackish brown head and thorax .\nyoung larvae live in folded - over edges of young leaves of the foodplant, attaching the edges of the leaf to the midrib with fine silken threads. in the first instar the second instar head capsule becomes visible under the skin two days before the moult. duration of second instar 14 days. third instar larva constructs a shelter by joining two young leaves with short silk threads, as done by p. tina. duration of third instar 12 days. fourth instar similar to that of p. moritili but with ground colour paler; duration 15 days. final instar shelter constructed from three mature but fresh leaves and is 70 - 80 mm long. shelter held together with short, fine silk threads; duration 17 days, including five days as a prepupa. larva spins a loose coccoon in the shelter before pupating; pupal duration 25 days. larval food: parinari curatellifolia planch. ex benth. (chrysobalanaceae) [ pringle, et al. , 1994: 331 ]. parinari capensis (chrysobalanaceae) [ henning, henning, joannou, and woodhall, 1997: 178 ] .\n: uganda (west), democratic republic of congo (shaba), tanzania (west) .\nmale. left – upperside; right – underside. wingspan: 30mm. mutundu s, mufulira, zambia. 2 / xi / 80. a. heath. (african butterfly research institute, nairobi) .\n: senegal, gambia, guinea, sierra leone, liberia, ivory coast, ghana, nigeria, cameroon, democratic republic of congo, uganda, kenya (south - west), tanzania, malawi, zambia (north), mozambique, zimbabwe, south africa (limpopo province, mpumalanga) .\n– bomponi, below the vumba (cooksons); mazowe (pinhey); pungwe (d. and r. plowes); mutare (d. and r. plowes) .\n– duiwelskloof (swanepoel, 1953); sibasa (swanepoel, 1953); palmaryville (swanepoel, 1953); legalameetse nature reserve (“malta forest”) (swanepoel, 1953); entabeni forest (swanepoel, 1953); thohoyandou .\n: forest and riparian vegetation along river courses; woodland. in west africa it is in dry forest and guinea savanna (larsen, 2005a) .\n: a generally uncommon butterfly (larsen, 2005a). specimens tend to keep to the forest canopy. specimens are occasionally seen feeding from flowers lower down in the early morning or late afternoon. males are sometimes attracted to bird droppings. males defend territories from perches on the leaves or twigs of trees some 5 to 7 metres above the ground. the flight is fast and darting. they are most active in hot weather, between 10: 00 and 14: 00 (pringle\n“ larva. putative 4 th instar: length 20 - 22mm when found feeding on young foliage on coppice growth, growing to 25mm over the next 8 - 10 days; body leaf - green; headshield brown with 8 small white teardrop - shaped dots in a radial pattern (fig. 3). the larvae inhabited leaf shelters in which the leaf was cut at either end of the shelter and with the edge of the leaf pulled across to touch the leaf surface. the joint was closed by means of many very fine, short, brown silk threads, concealing the larva (fig. 8). inside the shelter, the larva had spun a bed of strong struts of white silk, on which it rested (fig. 4). final (putative 5 th) instar: length 25mm, growing to 35mm in about twelve days then shrinking back in two days to a prepupa 30 mm long with an increase in girth from 6mm to 8mm; body bright salmon - pink; headshield dark brown with a radial pattern of cream - white patches (fig. 4). the larval leaf shelter was as for the previous instar. pupa. length 15mm; colour dull creamy white, with the adult appendages picked out in dark brown. pupation inside a thin cocoon in the larval shelter (fig. 5). pupal period about 12 days. ”\n: 578 (577 - 578). tanzania: “n. nyassa - see (massewe - riwira - fl); amani, bomole und mkulumusi” .\n: 93 (93 - 98). mozambique: “lourenço - marquez”; democratic republic of congo: “m’pala, près du lac tanganika” .\n. male. left – upperside; right – underside. wingspan: 34mm. umtali, s. - rh. 10. ix. 1947. p. a. sheppard. (transvaal museum - tm2859) .\n: zambia: “chambezi valley”. holotype (male) in the natural history museum, london .\n: guinea, cameroon, democratic republic of congo, rwanda, tanzania, malawi, zambia, mozambique, zimbabwe, south africa, swaziland .\n: can be found feeding from the flowers of trees. specimens are sometimes found at rest on the leaves of shrubs and on the ground. muddy patches are also visited. males hilltop from early morning to late afternoon. they select perches on rocks or low bushes from which they defend territories. on the flats males may establish territories in patches of tamboekie grass, using the thick grass stems as perches .\n: all year; commonest from august to october and again in march and april; scarce from november to february .\na final instar larva found on 30 june 2006 pupated three days later. “the ground - colour of the body of the final instar larva is salmon - pink, with small creamy white spots on the lateral aspect of each segment. a dark line is visible on the dorsal ridge. the head is golden brown with darker brown stripes, forming a radial pattern. it was 28mm in length on 30 / vi / 2006 and pupated on the 2 / vii / 2006. the larva built a shelter in the p. curatellifolia leaf in which it stayed. it was observed to be in the prepupal stage on the 1 / vii / 2006 but no exact temporal observations were made. pupa. the pupa is about 25mm in length and is creamy white in colour. it was attached by means of numerous silk threads to the leaf in which the larva had built its shelter. the pupa became darker brown on the 21 / vii / 2006 and turned pitch black the day after, giving the impression that it had become rotten. the adult emerged on the 27 / vii / 2006, making the total pupal period 25 days. ”\nsp. (chrysobalanaceae) [ congdon & bampton, unpublished 2003; usondo plateau, tanzania ] .\nmay prove to be three distinct allopatric species, rather than being subspecies of a single species .\n: democratic republic of congo (shaba), rwanda, tanzania (south - west), malawi, zambia (north), mozambique, zimbabwe, south africa (limpopo province, mpumalanga, kwazulu - natal - north), swaziland .\n– hope fountain, near bulawayo (n. jones); save valley (pinhey); mutare (pringle ,\n., 1994); runde river (d. and r. plowes); foothills of the vumba mountains (pringle ,\n– acornhoek (swanepoel, 1953); letaba (swanepoel, 1953); ofcolaco (swanepoel, 1953); duiwelskloof (swanepoel, 1953); mokeetsi (swanepoel, 1953); munnik (swanepoel, 1953); sibasa (swanepoel, 1953); legalameetse nature reserve (“malta forest”) (williams, september, 2002); gundani .\n: 30 (29 - 31). tanzania: “kigonsera, deutsch - o. - afrika” .\n: guinea: “republic of guinea, parc national du haut niger, site pnhn7, 10° 14' 52'' n, 10°26' 14'' w, faranah, sidakoro, bas - fond 3, 5 km e of the village crossed by the road to oussouya, 5. ii. 1996, leg. m. mei. ” holotype in museum of zoology of the university of rome “la sapienza” (mzur) .\n: cameroon: “cameroons (bitje) ”. known only from the holotype (larsen, 2005a) .\n: sierra leone: “limpopo province, loma mountains, dankale river (above waterfalls), m 800\n.\n: senegal, guinea, sierra leone, ivory coast (warren - gash, pers. comm. , 2002), ghana .\n. male. left – upperside; right – underside. wingspan: 30mm. amatongas, p. e. a. 29. 7. 61. d. m. cookson. (transvaal museum - tm2860) .\n: democratic republic of congo (shaba), zambia, mozambique, zimbabwe, namibia .\n: in the late afternoon, males are often found on the fringes of the bush, where they settle on low shrubs and trees. here they defend territories from a favoured perch (pringle ,\n. male. left – upperside; right – underside. wingspan: 21mm. segwewa, zoutpansberg, transvaal. 27: 8: 44. d. a. swanepoel. (transvaal museum - tm2862) .\n: uganda, kenya (west), malawi, zambia, zimbabwe, namibia (caprivi), south africa (limpopo province, mpumalanga) .\n, mutare; butler south in the chitoras (pennington); near harare (a. duke) .\n: specimens are often found in rocky stream - beds in forests, where they mud - puddle. they are also known to feed from bird droppings. often found flying around trees near the crowns of well - wooded hillsides (pringle ,\n., 1994). here individuals may be seen feeding from the flowers on trees, often at considerable heights. males establish territories in clearings in the bush, using the leaf of a bush or tree as a perch .\n“ larva. final instar (fig. 6): length 10mm, girth 5mm when found on young foliage on coppice growth, not growing any further and pupating within two days; body leaf - green; headshield brown with white - cream patches outlined with darker brown in a radial pattern as in p. moritili. the larvae were inhabiting leaf - shelters constructed by taking a whole leaf and folding it in two up the mid - rib, fixing the edges together with closely spaced short silk strands (fig. 9). pupa. length 10mm; dull cream coloured; adult appendages picked out in dark brown. pupation inside thin silk cocoons within the leaf shelter. pupal period about three months [ in winter ]. ”\nplanch. ex benth. (chrysobalanaceae) [ woodhall, 1994: 127; near thoyohando hospital, limpopo province ] .\n. male. left – upperside; right – underside. wingspan: 34mm. ruwe, katanga. 8. 5. 67. dr allard. (henning collection - h69) .\n: angola, democratic republic of congo (north - east, shaba), burundi, zambia (north) .\n. male. left – upperside; right – underside. wingspan: 33mm. north mutundu, mufulira, zambia. 4100 ft. 6 - ii. 1982. m. a. newport. (newport collection) .\n: democratic republic of congo (south - west, shaba), zambia (north), tanzania (west) .\n. male. left – upperside; right – underside. wingspan: 35mm. mt. sibitii [ sitebi ], tanzania, 2000 m. 3 / 5 / 70. j. kielland. (henning collection - h70) .\n: democratic republic of congo (shaba), tanzania (south - west), malawi, zambia (central - north) .\n: democratic republic of congo (east), uganda (south - west), rwanda, burundi .\n. male. left – upperside; right – underside. wingspan: 31mm. vila gouvia, p. e. africa. 30. viii. 1957. k. m. pennington. (transvaal museum - tm2865) .\n: south africa: “bashee river, kaffraria”. holotype male in the natural history museum, london .\n, zambia, mozambique, zimbabwe, south africa (limpopo province, mpumalanga, kwazulu - natal, eastern cape province), swaziland .\n– obudu plateau (larsen, 2005a); mambilla plateau (larsen, 2005a) .\n– legalameetse nature reserve (“malta forest”) (swanepoel, 1953); woodbush (swanepoel, 1953); munnik (swanepoel, 1953); zoekmekaar (swanepoel, 1953); sibasa (swanepoel, 1953); entabeni (swanepoel, 1953); louis trichardt (swanepoel, 1953) .\n– barberton (swanepoel, 1953); white river (swanepoel, 1953); nelspruit (swanepoel, 1953); buffelspoort nature reserve (williams) .\n– durban (swanepoel, 1953); pinetown (swanepoel, 1953); howick (swanepoel, 1953); eshowe (swanepoel, 1953); pietermaritzburg (swanepoel, 1953); greytown (swanepoel, 1953) .\n: forest and coastal bush. in nigeria it occurs on grassy slopes on the obudu plateau (larsen, 2005a) .\n: specimens may be encountered anywhere in their preferred habitat. the flight is rapid and it alights on bushes, grass stems or on the ground. when perched the forewings are held slightly open and the hindwings are fully opened. both sexes are fond of flowers. males establish territories along the edge of the forest or in clearings where they perch on the ground or on low shrubs (pringle\n( poaceae) (cultivated maize) [ van someren, 1974: 325 ] .\n: 103 (101 - 104). democratic republic of congo: “sassagebiet” .\nan old world genus of 10 species. the two afrotropical species both extend extralimitally .\n, eastern cape province, south africa; 20 - 31 december, 2001; m. c. williams (williams collection) .\n., 2001), nigeria, zambia, mozambique, zimbabwe, botswana (north and east), namibia (north), south africa (limpopo province; mpumalanga; north west province, gauteng, kwazulu - natal, eastern cape province), swaziland, much of arabia, madagascar, comoro islands .\nextralimitally it is found in the oriental region, as far east as new guinea .\n– throughout (swanepoel, 1953); legalameetse nature reserve (“malta forest”) .\n– umkomaas (swanepoel, 1953); durban (swanepoel, 1953); estcourt (swanepoel, 1953); eshowe (swanepoel, 1953); st lucia bay (swanepoel, 1953) .\n– east london (swanepoel, 1953); bashee river (swanepoel, 1953); port st johns (swanepoel, 1953) .\n: moist savanna and open forest. in madagascar in transformed grassland, forest margins and croplands (lees\n: a common skipper (larsen, 2005a). the flight is very fast but specimens often feed from flowers or perch, usually low down, on vegetatation to bask in the sun. larsen (2005a) noted that they are partial to the flowers of\n. males establish territories on hill - tops, or in clearings and the edges of the bush. it has a tendency to migrate (larsen, 2005a). on hot days it seeks out shady places in which to rest (larsen, 2005a) .\nlam. (poaceae) [ dickson and kroon, 1978: 199 ] .\nspecies (poaceae) [ henning, henning, joannou, and woodhall, 1997: 187 ] .\n: 191 (186 - 192). comoro islands: “island of johanna” .\nhere you will find one or more explanations in english for the word moritili. also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word moritili and, of course, moritili synonyms and on the right images related to the word moritili .\nthis is the place for moritili definition. you find here moritili meaning, synonyms of moritili and images for moritili copyright 2017 © urltoken" ]

{ "text": [ "platylesches rossii , the loma hopper , is a butterfly in the hesperiidae family .", "it is found in senegal , guinea , sierra leone , ivory coast and ghana .", "the habitat probably consists of the forest/savanna transition zone .", "adult males mud-puddle . " ], "topic": [ 2, 20, 24, 11 ] }

[ "platylesches rossii, the loma hopper, is a butterfly in the hesperiidae family. it is found in senegal, guinea, sierra leone, ivory coast and ghana. the habitat probably consists of the forest/savanna transition zone. adult males mud-puddle." ]

[ "( of calveria fenestratum thomson, 1872) mortensen, t. (1935). a monograph of the echinoidea. ii. bothriocidaroida, melonechinoida, lepidocentroida, and stirodonta, 647 pp. , c. a. reitzel & oxford university press, copenhagen & london. page (s): 233 - 237 [ details ]\n( of calveriosoma fenestratum (thomson, 1872) ) hansson, h. g. (2001). echinodermata, in: costello, m. j. et al. (ed .) (2001). european register of marine species: a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification. collection patrimoines naturels, . 50: pp. 336 - 351. (look up in imis) [ details ]\n( of calveria fenestrata thomson, 1872) thomson, c. w. 1872. on the echinidea of the' porcupine' deep - sea dredging expeditions. proceedings of the royal society of london. pp. 491 - 497, available online at urltoken page (s): 494 [ details ]\nkroh, a. & mooi, r. (2018). world echinoidea database .\n( of asthenosoma reynoldsi a. agassiz, 1880) agassiz, a. 1880. reports on the results of dredging, under the supervision of alexander agassiz, in the caribbean sea in 1878 - 79, and along the atlantic coast of the united states during summer of 1880, by the u. s. coast survey steamer\nblake\n. ix. preliminary report on the echini. bulletin of the museum of comparative zoölogy at harvard college 8, 69 - 84. , available online at urltoken page (s): 75 [ details ]\nhayward, p. j. ; ryland, j. s. (ed .). (1990). the marine fauna of the british isles and north - west europe: 1. introduction and protozoans to arthropods. clarendon press: oxford, uk. isbn 0 - 19 - 857356 - 1. 627 pp. (look up in imis) [ details ]\nmortensen, t. (1935). a monograph of the echinoidea. ii. bothriocidaroida, melonechinoida, lepidocentroida, and stirodonta, 647 pp. , c. a. reitzel & oxford university press, copenhagen & london. page (s): 233 - 237 [ details ]\npawson, d. l. , d. j. vance, c. g. messing, f. a. solis - marin & c. l. mah. (2009). echinodermata of the gulf of mexico. pp. 1177–1204 in felder, d. l. and d. k. camp (eds .), gulf of mexico–origins, waters, and biota. biodiversity. texas a & m; press, college s. [ details ]\n( of asthenosoma reynoldsii) hansson, h. g. (2001). echinodermata, in: costello, m. j. et al. (ed .) (2001). european register of marine species: a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification. collection patrimoines naturels, . 50: pp. 336 - 351. (look up in imis) [ details ]\n( of asthenosoma reynoldsii) mortensen, t. (1935). a monograph of the echinoidea. ii. bothriocidaroida, melonechinoida, lepidocentroida, and stirodonta, 647 pp. , c. a. reitzel & oxford university press, copenhagen & london. page (s): 233 - 237 [ details ]\n( of calveria fenestrata thomson, 1872) hansson, h. g. (2001). echinodermata, in: costello, m. j. et al. (ed .) (2001). european register of marine species: a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification. collection patrimoines naturels, . 50: pp. 336 - 351. (look up in imis) [ details ]\nintergovernmental oceanographic commission (ioc) of unesco. the ocean biogeographic information system (obis), available online at urltoken [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nhansson, h. g. (2001). echinodermata, in: costello, m. j. et al. (ed .) (2001). european register of marine species: a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification. collection patrimoines naturels, . 50: pp. 336 - 351. (look up in imis) [ details ]\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page: myers, p. , r. espinosa, c. s. parr, t. jones, g. s. hammond, and t. a. dewey. 2018. the animal diversity web (online). accessed at https: / / animaldiversity. org .\ndisclaimer: the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. adw doesn' t cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283, drl 0628151, due 0633095, drl 0918590, and due 1122742. additional support has come from the marisla foundation, um college of literature, science, and the arts, museum of zoology, and information and technology services .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\napical disc monocyclic, with ocular and genital plates forming an unbroken circle. gonopores open in membranous region outside genital plates, which may be composite .\nambulacra trigeminate, with a single large element reaching the perradial suture and two small demiplates positioned centrally and abutting one another. only becoming adradial in position close to the apex and peristome .\nambulacral zones about two - thirds the width of interambulacral zones at the ambitus .\naborally a single primary interambulacral tubercle on every second or third plate only; rest of plate with just sparse granulation. adorally each interambulacral plate with a prominent adradial tubercle in the type species .\nonly ambulacral plates extending over the peristome, with pore - pairs arranged biserially in each zone .\nsphaeridium present only on the inner of the two demi - plates in each triad .\na. coriaceum (agasssiz, 1879); recent, indo - pacific .\na. tesselatum (agassiz, 1879); recent, malay archipelago, china sea .\na. thetidis (h. l. clark, 1909); recent, australia, new zealand .\ndiffers from asthenosoma in having large membranous gaps at the outer end of genital plates through which the gonopores open, and with sparser and smaller primary tubercles on the oral surface .\na cladistic analysis of extant species has been carried out by mooi et al. (2004) .\nhe danish ingolf - expedition 1895 - 1896. vol. 4, no. 2. echinoidea\n, pt. 1, 198 pp. , 21 pls. bianco luno, copenhagen .\nmortensen, t. 1935. a monograph of the echinoidea. volume 2, bothriocidaroida, melonechinoida, lepidocentroida and stirodonta. c. a. reitzel, copenhagen .\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site. view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html + rdfa 1. 1 / / en\nexcept where otherwise noted, content on this site is licensed under a creative commons attribution, non - commercial, share alike cc by - nc - sa licence .\nhayward, p. j. ; ryland, j. s. (ed .) (1990). the marine fauna of the british isles and north - west europe: 1. introduction and protozoans to arthropods. clarendon press: oxford, uk. isbn 0 - 19 - 857356 - 1. 627 pp .\nmortensen, t. 1935. a monograph of the echinoidea. ii. bothriocidaroida, melonechinoida, lepidocentroida, and stirodonta, pp. 647. c. a. reitzel & oxford university press; copenhagen & london .\npawson, d. l. , d. j. vance, c. g. messing, f. a. solis - marin, and c. l. mah. 2009. echinodermata of the gulf of mexico, pp. 1177–1204 in felder, d. l. and d. k. camp (eds .), gulf of mexico–origins, waters, and biota. biodiversity. texas a & m; press, college s\n( thomson, 1872). in: kroh, a. & mooi, r. (2014) world echinoidea database. in: costello, m. j. ; bouchet, p. ; boxshall, g. ; arvantidis, c. ; appeltans, w. (2014) european register of marine species, accessed through pesi at\nthis work is licensed under a creative commons attribution - share alike 3. 0 license\npesi is funded by the european union 7th framework programme within the research infrastructures programme. contract no. ri - 223806. activity area: capacities. period 2008 - 2011 - website hosted & developed by vliz banner picture: gannet (morus bassanus (linnaeus, 1758) ) by karl van ginderdeuren - contact pesi" ]

{ "text": [ "araeosoma fenestratum is a species of sea urchin of the family echinothuriidae .", "their armour is covered with spines .", "it is placed in the genus araeosoma and lives in the sea .", "araeosoma fenestratum was first scientifically described in 1872 by thomson . " ], "topic": [ 2, 4, 26, 7 ] }

[ "araeosoma fenestratum is a species of sea urchin of the family echinothuriidae. their armour is covered with spines. it is placed in the genus araeosoma and lives in the sea. araeosoma fenestratum was first scientifically described in 1872 by thomson." ]

[ "this is the place for vafer definition. you find here vafer meaning, synonyms of vafer and images for vafer copyright 2017 © urltoken\nhere you will find one or more explanations in english for the word vafer. also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word vafer and, of course, vafer synonyms and on the right images related to the word vafer .\nlarva: mordellistena is the only genus in this family which larvae have characteristic tergal processes and paired urogomphi (comment by artjom zaitsev) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29: registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin, july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia, june 4 - 7. photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona, july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell, iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\nformerly treated in a much broader sense; many spp. have been moved to other genera, incl .\nsmall, slender, linear or wedge - shaped. scutellum somewhat trianglular, rounded. antennae usually threadlike, sometimes slightly sawtoothed. eyes coarsely granulate. each hind tibia has 1 - 6 short, more or less oblique ridges on outer surface; tarsal segments may also bear ridges. most are solid black, but some have red, orange or yellow markings\nplants in aster family, some trees, mostly oak. for many species, food in unknown .\nford e. j. , jackman j. a. (1996) new larval host plant associations of tumbling flower beetles (coleoptera: mordellidae) in north america. coleopterists bulletin 50: 361 - 368 .\nnomenclatural changes for selected mordellidae (coleoptera) in north america j. a. jackman & w. lu. 2001. insecta mundi 15 (1): 31 - 34 .\ntaxonomic changes for fifteen species of north american mordellidae (coleoptera) a. e. lisberg. 2003. insecta mundi 17 (3 - 4): 191 - 194 .\namerican beetles, volume ii: polyphaga: scarabaeoidea through curculionoidea arnett, r. h. , jr. , m. c. thomas, p. e. skelley and j. h. frank. (eds .). 2002. crc press llc, boca raton, fl .\na manual of common beetles of eastern north america dillon, elizabeth s. , and dillon, lawrence. 1961. row, peterson, and company .\npeterson field guides: beetles richard e. white. 1983. houghton mifflin company .\nthe book of field and roadside: open - country weeds, trees, and wildflowers of eastern north america john eastman, amelia hansen. 2003. stackpole books .\ndisclaimer: dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service. we strive to provide accurate information, but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world. if you need expert professional advice, contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content. click the contributor' s name for licensing and usage information. everything else copyright © 2003 - 2018 iowa state university, unless otherwise noted .\npopular: trivia, history, america, cities, world, usa, states, television, ... more\n& c. h. gilbert, 1883 (pacific worm - eel) froese, rainer ...\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nthis page is based on a wikipedia article written by authors (here). text is available under the cc by - sa 3. 0 license; additional terms may apply. images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses .\n> stream \u0000\u0000\u0000 jp ‡ \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0018ftypjpx \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000jpx jp2 \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0012rreq\u0001€€\u0000\u0001\u0000 - €\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 - jp2h\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0016ihdr\u0000\u0000\u0004€\u0000\u0000\u0002¿\u0000\u0003\u0007\u0007\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u000fcolr\u0001\u0000\u0001\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0010\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000jp2cÿoÿq\u0000 / \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0002¿\u0000\u0000\u0004€\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0002¿\u0000\u0000\u0004€\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0003\u0007\u0001\u0001\u0007\u0001\u0001\u0007\u0001\u0001ÿ \\ \u0000 # bp· @ w @ w @ ] 8„8„8s0¯0¯0½) \u0019) \u0019) d û û »ÿ ] \u0000 $ \u0001bp \\ @ @ @ \u00078, 8, 8\u001b0u0u0b (» (») \u0003 ž ž 'ÿ ] \u0000 $ \u0002bq˜arara59 _ 9 _ 9m111ž * \u0004 * \u0004 * v! ã! ã! œÿr\u0000 \u0000\u0001\u0000\u0001\u0001\u0005\u0004\u0004\u0000\u0000ÿd\u0000\u000f\u0000\u0001lwf _ jp2 _ 204ÿ\u0000 \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u000f®\u0000\u0001ÿ“ïü\u0006ü\u0000\u0014\u0000 \\ ¯ÿùµ‚p7ô\u0000\u0001 * \u0006! r€ x # \u0003¬\u0000\u0016ðf\u0007x\u0000 - à\u0000c: ø ¥) 9ß% \u001b¡q„»ì¨”ema oîsïòy! r\u0012 } ò - ·ì°: ¤ãa * $ \u0001z '\u0002þ\bàë\u0000\u0005¼\u0011ö\u0000 wÿz\u000f¨Œj * ns¾j\u00160\u0003y\u0003àa\u0011n $ jˆ£. â®\u0010\u0004ù™¦1? „ææyt < 3t. 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{ "text": [ "mordellistena vafer is a species of beetle in the mordellistena genus that is in the mordellidae family .", "it was described by champion in 1891 . " ], "topic": [ 27, 5 ] }

[ "mordellistena vafer is a species of beetle in the mordellistena genus that is in the mordellidae family. it was described by champion in 1891." ]

[ "what type of species is aaptos papillata? below, you will find the taxonomic groups the aaptos papillata species belongs to .\nwhich photographers have photos of aaptos papillata species? below, you will find the list of underwater photographers and their photos of the marine species aaptos papillata .\nhow to identify aaptos papillata marine species? below, you will find the list of main identification criteria and physical characteristics of marine species aaptos papillata. for each identification criteria, the corresponding physical characteristics of marine species aaptos papillata are marked in green .\nwhere is aaptos papillata found in the world? below, you will find the list and a world map of the geographic distribution where the marine species aaptos papillata can be found .\naaptos papillata is a species similar to polymastia gleneni. if these two sponges prove to be just one single species, the name of the species\npapillata\n, which was first given, would have priority .\nkelly - borges, m. and p. r. bergquist, 1994. a redescription of aaptos aaptos with descriptions of new species of aaptos (hadromerida: suberitidae) from northern new zealand. j. zool. , 24: 301 - 323 .\nlopes, m. t. , 1989. on aaptos papillata (keller, 1880) (hadromerida, tethyidae). arq. mus. bocage, 15: 1 - 8 .\nlopes, m. t. (1989). on aaptos papillata (keller, 1880) (hadromerida, tethyidae). arquivos do museu bocage. nove serie, 1 (15): 233 - 240. page (s): 234 - 236 [ details ]\n( of tuberella papillata keller, 1880) keller, c. 1880a. neue coelenteraten aus dem golf von neapel. archiv für mikroskopische anatomie und entwicklungsmechanik 18: 271 - 280. [ details ]\nthere are other sponges of the genus polymastia in the same geographical area. they all possess a basal cushion with erected processes. nevertheless, they are quite easily distinguishable: polymastia mamillaris is clearer, with a dirty yellow colour. the base is often covered with sand and the tubules are flattened, translucide and clearer than the base. polymastia gleneni (aaptos papillata) is pale pink to purplish pink. the processes are paler, cylindrical and tip - rounded. the base is often covered with sand .\n( of tuberella papillata keller, 1880) van soest, r. w. m. (2001). porifera, in: costello, m. j. et al. (ed .) (2001). european register of marine species: a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification. collection patrimoines naturels. 50: 85 - 103. (look up in imis) [ details ]\nvan soest, r. w. m; boury - esnault, n. ; hooper, j. n. a. ; rützler, k. ; de voogd, n. j. ; alvarez, b. ; hajdu, e. ; pisera, a. b. ; manconi, r. ; schönberg, c. ; klautau, m. ; picton, b. ; kelly, m. ; vacelet, j. ; dohrmann, m. ; díaz, m. - c. ; cárdenas, p. ; carballo, j. l. ; ríos, p. ; downey, r. (2018). world porifera database .\n( of polymastia gleneni descatoire, 1966) descatoire, a. (1966). sur quelques démosponges de l' archipel de glénan. cahiers de biologie marine. 7 (3): 231 - 246, pl. 1. (look up in imis) page (s): 232 - 234 [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of tethyophaena silifica schmidt, 1880) schmidt, o. (1880). zusatz zu obiger abhandlung (von keller). archiv für mikroskopische anatomie und entwicklungsmechanik. 18: 280 - 282. [ details ]\nvan soest, r. w. m. (2001). porifera, in: costello, m. j. et al. (ed .) (2001). european register of marine species: a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification. collection patrimoines naturels. 50: 85 - 103. (look up in imis) [ details ]\ntopsent, e. (1925). etude des spongiaires du golfe de naples. archives de zoologie expérimentale et générale. 63 (5): 623 - 725, pl. viii. page (s): 632 [ details ]\nvoultsiadou, e. ; vafidis, d. (2004). rare sponge (porifera: demospongiae) species from the mediterranean sea. journal of the marine biological association of the united kingdom. 84 (3): 593 - 598. page (s): 595 [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of polymastia gleneni descatoire, 1966) boury - esnault, n. (1987). the polymastia species (demospnges, hadromerida) of the atlantic area. in: vacelet j, boury - esnault n (eds) taxonomy of porifera from the n. e. atlantic and the mediterranean sea. nato advanced science institutes series g, ecological sciences. springer, heidelberg, . 13: 29 - 66. (look up in imis) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of polymastia gleneni descatoire, 1966) castric - fey, a. (1996). richesse et biodiversité en mer mégatidale: communautés sublittorales rocheuses de la région de trébeurden - ploumanac' h (nord bretagne france). cahiers de biologie marine. 37, 7 - 31. page (s): 21 [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n) is a reddish - violet hemispherical or cushion - shaped sponge buried in sandy substrate with numerous conical papillae sticking out from under the sand. the tips of the papillae are lighter coloured. the consistency is firm. a rare mediterranean species reported from the west coast of france and portugal .\nreddish violet, but the papillae tips are lighter; internally it is orange .\nspecimens are buried in the sand, detectable only by the papillae sticking out. the specimens exhibit two distinct shapes, the smaller ones are hemispherical and up to 2. 3 cm in thickness; the others are cushion - shaped, measuring 6. 5 - 10. 5 x 3. 5 - 8. 8 x 1. 3 - 2. 5 cm; a larger specimen of 25 x 20 cm was also observed. the surface shows numerous closed conico - cylindrical papillae, height 1 - 6 mm, thickness 1 - 2. 5 mm; and also some oscular, conical and bigger ones, height 2 - 6 mm, basal diameter 4 - 6 mm. the surface feels slightly hispid. the consistency is firm, difficult to tear off the substrate .\n). strongyloxeas long, fusiform, straight, with a stair - stepped, blunt point: 513 - 2989 x 12 - 52 µm. styles, smaller, thinner, straight, may be rare: 176 - 1478 x 2. 5 - 14. 5 µm. tylostyles, intermediate in size, but mostly curved: 110 - 952 x 3 - 26. 5 µm .\n). at the surface the smaller styles and tylostyles are interspersed among the strongyloxeas to form a dense palisade. the\nof the papillae is similar to that of the main body: the bundles of strongyloxeas follow an axial course and diverge towards the surface .\nfound buried in the sand at low tide in the upper infralittoral zone, on rocky - horizontal surfaces .\nno data. keller' s material supposedly is in the berlin museum. no type material in bmnh .\non external features: existence of more and bigger papillae and red colour, and on spicular characters: it has tylostyles in addition to the styles / strongyloxeas. this was for the first time noted by topsent (1925), who gave an additional difference :\nwould be spherical, but such a morphology is not consistently found in specimens from portugal and france .\nboury - esnault, n. , 1987. the polymastia species (demosponges, hadromerida) of the atlantic area: 29 - 66. in: j. vacelet and n. boury - esnault, eds. taxonomy of porifera from the ne atlantic and mediterranean sea. nato asi ser. g13. springer verlag, berlin, heidelberg: 1 - 332 .\ndescatoire, a. , 1966. sur quelques démosponges de l' archipel de glénan. cah. biol. mar. , 7: 231 - 246 .\ndescatoire, a. , 1969a. peuplements sessiles de l' archipel de glénan. i. inventaire: spongiaires. vie milieu, (b) 20 (1, b): 177 - 210 .\nkeller, c. , 1880. neue coelenteraten aus dem golf von neapel. arch. mikrosk. anat. , 18: 271 - 280 .\nmaldonado, m. , 1993a. porifera. in: templado et al. , 1993. fauna i. fauna marina circalitoral del sur de la peninsula iberica. museo nacional, madrid .\ntopsent, e. , 1925a. étude des spongiaires du golfe de naples. arch. zool. expér. gén. , 63: 623 - 725 .\ntopsent, e. , 1928. spongiaires de l' atlantique et de la méditerranée provenant des croisières de prince albert 1er de monaco. rés. camp. sci. prince albert monaco, 74: 1 - 376, pls. 1 - 11 .\nvosmaer, g. c. j. , 1933 - 35. the sponges of the bay of naples. porifera incalcarea. vol. iii. capita zool. , 5 (1): 457 - 876 [ pls. 1 - 71, descriptions of plates: 829 - 848 ] .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page: myers, p. , r. espinosa, c. s. parr, t. jones, g. s. hammond, and t. a. dewey. 2018. the animal diversity web (online). accessed at https: / / animaldiversity. org .\ndisclaimer: the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. adw doesn' t cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283, drl 0628151, due 0633095, drl 0918590, and due 1122742. additional support has come from the marisla foundation, um college of literature, science, and the arts, museum of zoology, and information and technology services .\nkeller, c. 1880a. neue coelenteraten aus dem golf von neapel. archiv für mikroskopische anatomie und entwicklungsmechanik 18: 271 - 280 .\nvan soest, r. w. m. 2001. porifera, in: costello, m. j. et al. (ed .) (2001). european register of marine species: a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification. collection patrimoines naturels, 50: pp. 85 - 103\nvoultsiadou, e. ; vafidis, d. 2004. rare sponge (porifera: demospongiae) species from the mediterranean sea. journal of the marine biological association of the united kingdom 84 (3): 593 - 598 .\n( keller, 1880). in: van soest, r. w. m; boury - esnault, n. ; hooper, j. n. a. ; rützler, k. ; de voogd, n. j. ; alvarez de glasby, b. ; hajdu, e. ; pisera, a. b. ; manconi, r. ; schoenberg, c. ; janussen, d. ; tabachnick, k. r. , klautau, m. ; picton, b. ; kelly, m. ; vacelet, j. ; dohrmann, m. ; cristina díaz, m. ; cárdenas, p. (2014) world porifera database. in: costello, m. j. ; bouchet, p. ; boxshall, g. ; arvantidis, c. ; appeltans, w. (2014) european register of marine species, accessed through pesi at\nthis work is licensed under a creative commons attribution - share alike 3. 0 license\npesi is funded by the european union 7th framework programme within the research infrastructures programme. contract no. ri - 223806. activity area: capacities. period 2008 - 2011 - website hosted & developed by vliz banner picture: gannet (morus bassanus (linnaeus, 1758) ) by karl van ginderdeuren - contact pesi\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html + rdfa 1. 1 / / en\nexcept where otherwise noted, content on this site is licensed under a creative commons attribution cc by licence .\n) is a greyish yellow or reddish dark brown, massively lobate, hard, sponge. surface irregular, but without distinct papillae. its main distribution is in mediterranean waters, but it is reported also rarely from nw spain and from the atlantic islands .\nbrown - yellow, occasionally pale yellow or greyish, or reddish dark brown. interior yellow .\n: massive, lumpy, bluntly lobate, typically 3 - 5 cm in diameter, occasionally larger, fist - size. surface irregular, hispid, occasionally smooth, seldom elevated in distinct papillae. oscules up to 3 mm in diameter, few in number, contractile, occasionally elevated. consistency compact, firm, hard .\n). the strongyloxeas are characteristically thickest in the middle, thinning out towards the blunt apex: 750 - 1050 x 12 - 45 µm (possibly divisible into two size categories). ectosomal small styles, occasionally subtylostyles: 150 - 700 x 1 - 8 µm, likewise divisible in two size categories .\n) with spicule tracts of 1. 5 - 2 cm length, 10 - 20\nin thickness, radiating from a focal point towards the surface. at the surface these bundles are strengthened and linked by a palisade of small styles, making a continuous ectosomal cortex of about 1 mm in thickness, which is however not macroscopically distinct and not fibrous. inhalant canals traverse the cortex in a sinuous way (\n. the choanocyte chambers are small, eurypylous, 20 - 25 µm in diameter .\na southern species occurring off the coasts of nw spain and portugal; elsewhere in the mediterranean, azores, madeira and canary islands .\nsyntype in the graz museum, lmjg 15705, lagosta, adriatic; dry fragment in the natural history museum, london, bmnh 1854. 12. 21. 18 (as\nthis species is not well - known. it has been reported from many areas of the world, but it is almost certain that these concern other species of\n), equally ill - known, but distinguishable from the present species by the surface papillae, reddish colour and the possession of small tylostyles. a possible third species is\nis used for congeneric specimens from all over the world; synonymy given here is restricted to europe .\nacua, r. , c. duran, m. r. solórzano and a. sanjuan, 1984. campañas de estudio del macrobentos infralitoral rocoso en el parque natural de las islas cíes (nw de españa). actas iv simp. iber. estud. bentos marinho, 1: 271 - 305 .\ncarter, h. j. , 1870. on two new species of subspherous sponges, with observations. ann. mag. nat. hist. , (4) 6: 176 - 182 .\ndesqueyroux - faúndez, r. and s. m. stone, 1992. o. schmidt sponge catalogue. an illustrated guide to the graz museum collection, with notes on additional material. muséum d' histoire naturelle de genève, 190 pp, 49 pls .\ngray, j. e. , 1867. notes on the arrangement of sponges, with the description of some new genera. proc. zool. soc. london, 1867: 492 - 558, 2 pls .\nhooper, j. n. a. and f. wiedenmayer, 1994. porifera. zool. cat. australia, 12: i - xii, 1 - 624 .\nlendenfeld, r. von, 1896. die clavulina der adria. abhandl. kais. leop. carol. dtch. akad. naturf. , 69 (1): 1 - 251 .\nlévi, c. and j. vacelet, 1958. éponges récoltées dans l' atlantique oriental par le\nprésident théodore tissier\n( 1955 - 56). rev. trav. inst. pêch. marit. , 22 (2): 225 - 246 .\nrodriguez babio, c. and l. gondar, 1978. fauna marina de galicia. ii. contribución al conocimiento de poríferos del litoral gallego. monogr. univ. santiago compostela: 1 - 68 .\nschmidt, o. , 1864. supplement der spongien des adriatischen meeres. engelmann, leipzig. 48 pp .\nschmidt, o. , 1868. die spongien der küste von algier. mit nachträgen zu den spongien des adriatischen meeres (drittes supplement). engelmann, leipzig, iv + 44 pp. , v pls .\nschmidt, o. , 1870. grundzüge einer spongien - fauna des atlantischen gebietes. engelmann, leipzig: iv + 88 pp. , vi pls .\nschmidt, o. , 1880a. zusatz zu obiger abhandlung (von keller). arch. mikrosk. anat. , 18: 280 - 282 .\nsolórzano, m. r. , 1991. inventario dos poríferos do litoral galego. cadernos de area de ciencias biolóxicas. inventarios, 7: 1 - 53 .\ntopsent, e. , 1892b. diagnoses d' éponges nouvelles de la méditerranée et plus particulièrement de banyuls. arch. zool. exp. gén. , (2) 10 (notes and revue): xvii - xxviii .\ntopsent, e. , 1896. matériaux pour servir à l' étude de la faune des spongiaires de france. mém. soc. zool. france, 9: 113 - 133 .\ntopsent, e. , 1900. étude monographique des spongiaires de france. 3. monaxonida (hadromerina). arch. zool. exp. gén. , (3) 8: 1 - 331, 8 pls .\nvosmaer, g. c. j. , 1886 (1887). porifera. bronn' s klassen und ordnungen des thierreichs, 2: 369 - 496, pls. 26 - 37 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nplease contact us if the meaning of one of the words used in this page is not clear .\n, iles glénan, south - brittany, west of france. depth 16 meters .\nbay - nouailhat w. , april 2004, description of polymastia gleneni, available on line at urltoken consulted on 10 july 2018 .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia, please upload using the upload tools .\nvosmaer, g. c. j. 1932 ,\n[ 1932–1935 ]. the sponges of the bay of naples. porifera incalcaria\ntopsent, e. 1889 ,\nquelques spongiaires du banc de campêche et de la pointe - à - pître\n, mémoires de la société zoologique de france, vol. 2, pp. 30 - 52\nkeller, c. 1880 ,\nneue coelenteraten aus dem golf von neapel\n, archiv für mikroskopische anatomie, vol. 18, pp. 271 - 280 pls 13 - 14\ncarter, h. j. 1886 ,\nsupplement to the descriptions of mr. j. bracebridge wilson' s australian sponges\n, annals and magazine of natural history, ser. 5, vol. 18, pp. 445 - 466 pl. 10\nschmidt, e. o. 1880 ,\nzusatz zu obiger abhandlung (von keller )\n, archiv für mikroskopische anatomie, vol. 18, pp. 280 - 282\ncarter, h. j. 1870 ,\non two new species of subspherous sponges, with observations\n, annals and magazine of natural history, ser. 4, vol. 6, pp. 176 - 182 pl. 13\ncarter, h. j. 1882 ,\nsome sponges from the west indies and acapulco in the liverpool free museum described, with general and classificatory remarks\n, annals and magazine of natural history, ser. 5, vol. 9, pp. 266 - 301, 346 - 368 pls 11 - 12\ntopsent, e. 1892 ,\ndiagnoses d' eponges nouvelles de la méditerranée et plus particulièrement de banyuls\n, archives de zoologie expérimentale et générale, ser. 2, vol. 10, no. notes rev. , pp. xvii - xxviii\nhoshino, t. 1981 ,\nshallow - water demosponges of western japan. i. , ii\n, journal of science of the hiroshima university, ser. b1, vol. 29, no. 1–2, pp. 47 - 205, 207 - 289\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: 0e5c61e6 - f999 - 45f1 - b9fd - f2ec9f10086d\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: bfc952dc - d32f - 4e73 - ab0c - acf4855fee89\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: c8b3679f - 0501 - 4eed - a1f7 - cb9682dd6e1d\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: e3f870e2 - ef14 - 48e8 - 9b37 - d3a9db98865f\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: 9a610568 - 313d - 4d0d - 963f - 9c81af693391\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. name: 279292\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment. find records and model species distributions. export reports, maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area, or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something? photograph something? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities. we honour and celebrate the spiritual, cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\nguest editors: m. maldonado, x. turon, m. a. becerro & m. j. uriz / ancient animals, new challenges: developments in sponge research\nbergquist, p. r. , 1961. a collection of porifera from northern new zealand, with descriptions of seventeen new species. pacific science 15 (1): 33–48 .\nbergquist, p. r. , 1968. the marine fauna of new zealand: porifera, demospongiae, part 1 (tetractinomorpha and lithistida). new zealand department of scientific and industrial research bulletin [ new zealand oceanographic institute memoir 37 ] 188: 1–105 .\n( démosponges). cahiers de biologie marine 8 (1): 1–6 .\nboury - esnault, n. , 1973. résultats scientifiques des campagnes de la ‘calypso’. campagne de la ‘calypso’ au large des côtes atlantiques de l’amérique du sud (1961–1962). i. 29. spongiaires. annales de l’institut océanographique 49 (supplement 10): 263–295 .\nspecies (demosponges, hadromerida) of the atlantic area. in vacelet, j. & n. boury - esnault (eds), taxonomy of porifera from the n. e. atlantic and mediterranean sea, nato asi series, g 13. springer, berlin, heidelberg: 29–66 .\nboury - esnault, n. , 2002. family polymastiidae gray, 1867. in hooper, j. n. a. & r. w. m. van soest (eds), systema porifera. a guide to the classification of sponges, vol. 1. kluwer academic / plenum publishers, new york: 201–219 .\nboury - esnault, n. & c. bézac, 2007. morphological and cytological descriptions of a new\nspecies (hadromerida, demospongiae) from the north - west mediterranean sea. in custódio, m. r. , g. lôbo - hajdu, e. hajdu & g. muricy (eds), porifera research: biodiversity, innovation and sustainability, museu nacional. rio de janeiro, brazil: 23–30 .\nboury - esnault, n. , m. pansini & m. j. uriz, 1994. spongiaires bathyaux de la mer d’alboran et du golfe ibéro - marocain. mémoires du muséum national d’histoire naturelle 160: 1–174 .\nbowerbank, j. s. , 1861 (1860). list of british sponges. in mcandrew, r. (ed .), list of the british marine invertebrate fauna. report of the british association for the advancement of science 30: 279, 830–836 .\nbowerbank, j. s. , 1864a. a monograph of the british spongiadae, vol. 1. ray society, london .\nbowerbank, j. s. , 1864b. description of two american sponges. the canadian naturalist and geologist, new series (series 2) 1: 304–307 .\nbowerbank, j. s. , 1866. a monograph of the british spongiadae, vol. 2. ray society, london .\nbowerbank, j. s. , 1874. a monograph of the british spongiadae, vol. 3. ray society, london .\nbrøndsted, h. v. , 1924 [ 1923 ]. papers from dr. th. mortensen’s pacific expedition 1914–16. xv. sponges from the auckland and campbell islands. videnskabelige meddelelser fra dansk naturhistorisk forening i kjøbenhavn 75: 117–167 .\nburton, m. , 1934. sponges. scientific reports of the great barrier reef expedition 1928–29 4 (14): 513–621 .\nburton, m. , 1959. sponges. in scientific reports, vol. 10. john murray expedition, 1933–34. british museum (natural history), london: 151–281 .\ncabioch, l. , 1968. contribution à la connaissance de la faune des spongiaires de la manche occidentale. démosponges de la région de roscoff. cahiers de biologie marine 9 (2): 211–246 .\ncarter, h. j. , 1886. descriptions of sponges from the neighbourhood of port phillip heads, south australia, continued. annals and magazine of natural history (5) 17 (97, 98, 101, 102): 40–53, 112–127, 431–441, 502–516 .\nde laubenfels, m. w. , 1949. the sponges of woods hole and adjacent waters. bulletin of the museum of comparative zoology at harvard college 103: 1–55 .\ndendy, a. , 1888. studies on the comparative anatomy of sponges. i. on the genera ridleia, n. gen. , and quasillina, norman. quarterly journal of microscopical science 282: 513–529 .\ndescatoire, a. , 1966. sur quelques démosponges de l’archipel de glénan. cahiers de biologie marine 7: 231–246 .\ngray, j. e. , 1867. notes on the arrangement of sponges, with the descriptions of some new genera. proceedings of the zoological society of london 1867: 492–558 .\nhallmann, e. f. , 1914. a revision of the monaxonid species described as new in lendenfeld’s ‘catalogue of the sponges in the australian museum’. part i, ii, iii. proceedings of the linnean society of new south wales 39: 263–315, 327–376, 398–446 .\nhansen, g. a. , 1885. spongiadae. the norwegian north - atlantic expedition 1876–1878. zoology 13: 1–26 .\nhentschel, e. , 1914. monaxone kieselschwämme und hornschwämme der deutschen südpolar - expedition 1901–1903. deutsche südpolar - expedition, 1901–1903 15 (1): 35–141 .\nhills, r. v. , 2005. integration of morphological data sets for phylogenetic analysis of amniota: the importance of integumentary characters and increased taxonomic sampling. systematic biology 54 (4): 530–547 .\nkeller, c. , 1880. neue coelenteraten aus dem golf von neapel. archiv für mikroskopische anatomie und entwicklungsmechanik 18: 271–280 .\nkelly - borges, m. & p. r. bergquist, 1994. a redescription of\n( hadromerida: suberitidae) from northern new zealand. journal of zoology 234 (2): 301–323 .\nkelly - borges, m. & p. r. bergquist, 1997. revision of southwest pacific polymastiidae (porifera: demospongiae: hadromerida) with descriptions of new species of\ngen nov. from new zealand and the norfolk ridge, new caledonia. new zealand journal of marine and freshwater research 31: 367–402 .\nkirkpatrick, r. , 1907. preliminary report on the monaxonellida of the national antarctic expedition. annals and magazine of natural history 20: 271–291 .\nkirkpatrick, r. , 1908. porifera (sponges). ii. tetraxonida, dendy. national antarctic expedition, 1901–1904, natural history, 4, zoology: 1–56 .\nkoltun, v. m. , 1964a. sponges (porifera), collected in the greenland sea and in the north area off spitzbergen and frantz josef land by r / v “f. litke” in 1955, r / v “ob” in 1956 and r / v “lena” in 1957 - 1958. oceanographic expeditions to the northern part of the greenland sea and the adjacent arctic basin. publications arctic and antarctic scientific institute 259: 143–166 .\nkoltun, v. m. , 1964b. sponges of the antarctic. part 1. tetraxonida and cornacuspongida. in pavlovskii, e. p. , a. p. andriyashev & p. v. ushakov (eds), biological reports of the soviet antarctic expedition (1955–1958), explorations of the fauna of the seas, 2. academy of sciences of the ussr, nauka, moscow–leningrad: 6–133, 443–448 .\nkoltun, v. m. , 1966. four - rayed sponges (order tetraxonida) of the northern and far eastern seas of the ussr. identifiers of the ussr fauna issued by the zoological institute of the academy of sciences of the ussr, 90. academy of sciences of the ussr, nauka, moscow–leningrad .\nkoltun, v. m. , 1970. sponge fauna of the north - western pacific from the shallows to the ultra - abyssal depths. report 1. fauna of the kurile - kamchatka trench and its environment (on the materials of the 39th cruise of the r / v “vityaz”), proceedings of the institute of oceanology, academy of sciences of the ussr 86: 165–221 .\nlamarck, j. b. p. de monet, comte de, 1815 [ 1814 ]. suite des polypiers empâtés. mémoires du muséum d’histoire naturelle, paris 1: 69–80, 162–168, 331–340 .\nlambe, l. m. 1896. sponges from the atlantic coast of canada. transactions of the royal society of canada, section 2 (2) 2: 181–211 .\nlehnert, h. , stone, r. & w. heimler, 2005. a new species of polymastia (porifera, hadromerida, polymastiidae) from the aleutian islands, alaska, usa. facies 51 (1–4): 53–56 .\nmaddison, w. p. , 1993. missing data versus missing characters in phylogenetic analysis. systematic biology 42: 576–581 .\nmerejkowsky, c. , 1878. étude sur les éponges de la mer blanche. mémoires de l’académie impériale des sciences de st. pétersbourg series 7 26 (7): 1–51 .\nmontagu, g. , 1818. an essay on sponges, with descriptions of all the species that have been discovered on the coast of great britain. memoirs of the wernerian natural history society 2 (1): 67–122 .\nbowerbank, 1864 (porifera, demospongiae, hadromerida). zoosystema 22: 327–335 .\nmüller, o. f. 1806. zoologia danica seu animalium daniae et norvegiae rariorum ac minus notorum. descriptiones et historia. 4. (n. christensen: hauniae): 1–46 .\nnardo, g. d. , 1833. auszug aus einem neuen system der spongiarien, wonach bereits die aufstellung in der universitäts - sammlung zu padua gemacht ist. in isis, oder encyclopädische zeitung coll\nnichols, s. a. , 2005. an evaluation of support for order - level monophyly and interrelationships within the class demospongiae using partial data from the large subunit rdna and cytochrome oxidase subunit i. molecular phylogenetics and evolution 34: 81–96 .\nolivi, g. 1792. zoologia adriatica, ossia catalogo ragionato degli animali del golfo e delle lagune di venezia: preceduto da una dissertazione sulla storia fisica e naturale del golfo; e accompagnato da memorie, ed osservazioni di fisica storia naturale ed economia. (lettera del signor g. stange contenente la descrizione di alcune spugne assai curiose dei lidi del mare mediterraneo in italia, inserita nelle transazioni filosofische…1770. della natura delle spongie di mare, e particolarmente, delle piu rare, che alligano nel golfo di smirne. lettera del…g. vio). (bassano :): i–xxxiip .\npleijel, p. , 1995. on character coding for phylogenetic analysis. cladistics 11: 309–315 .\nplotkin, a. , 2004. sponge sciences in new millennium. in pansini, m. , r. pronzato, g. bavestrello & r. manconi (eds), biodiversity and distribution of polymastiidae (demospongiae, hadromerida) in the arctic area, vol. 68. bollettino dei musei e degli instituti biologici dell’universita di genova, genova: 535–547 .\n( porifera, demospongiae, hadromerida). zoosystema 26 (1): 13–20 .\nplotkin, a. s. & d. janussen, 2007. new genus and species of polymastiidae (demospongiae: hadromerida) from the antarctic deep sea. journal of the marine biological association of the united kingdom 87 (6): 1395–1401 .\nplotkin, a. & d. janussen, 2008. polymastiidae and suberitidae (porifera: demospongiae: hadromerida) of the deep weddell sea, antarctic. in martínez arbizu, p. & s. brix (eds), bringing light into deep - sea biodiversity. zootaxa 1866: 95–135 .\npulitzer - finali, g. , 1986. a collection of west indian demospongiae (porifera). in appendix, a list of the demospongiae hitherto recorded from the west indies. annali del museo civico di storia naturale giacomo doria 86: 65–216 .\n, from the murman coast. comptes rendus de l’académie des sciences ussr 18: 301–302 .\nridley, s. o. & a. dendy, 1886. preliminary report on the monaxonida collected by h. m. s. “challenger”. annals and magazine of natural history 18 (325–351): 470–493 .\nridley, s. o. & a. dendy, 1887. report on the monaxonida collected by h. m. s. “challenger” during the years 1873–1876. report on the scientific results of the voyage of h. m. s. “challenger”, 1873–1876, zoology 20: 1–275 .\nsamaai, t. & m. j. gibbons, 2005. demospongiae taxonomy and biodiversity of the benguela region on the west coast of south africa. african natural history 1: 1–96 .\nsarà, m. & b. burlando, 1994. phylogenetic reconstruction and evolutionary hypotheses in the family tethyidae (demospongiae). in van soest, r. w. m. , th. m. g. van kempen & j. - c. braekman (eds), sponges in time and space. balkema, rotterdam: 111–116 .\nsars, g. o. , 1872. spongiae. in kongelige norske universitet (ed .), on some remarkable forms of animal life from the great depths off the norwegian coast. i. partly from posthumous manuscripts of the late professor dr. michael sars. brøgger & christie. christiania, norway: 62–82 .\nschmidt, o. , 1864. supplement der spongien des adriatischen meeres. enthaltend die histologie und systematische ergänzungen. wilhelm engelmann, leipzig: 1–48 .\nschmidt, o. , 1870. grundzüge einer spongien - fauna des atlantischen gebietes. wilhelm engelmann, leipzig .\nstephens, j. , 1915. sponges of the coasts of ireland. i. the triaxonia and part of the tetraxonida. scientific investigations of the fisheries branch of the department of agriculture for ireland 4: 1–43 .\nstrong, e. e. & d. lipscomb, 1999. character coding and inapplicable data. cladistics 15: 363–371 .\nswarczewsky, b. a. , 1906. beiträge zur spongien - fauna des weissen meeres. memoires de la société des naturalistes de kiew 20: 307–371 .\nswofford, d. l. , 2002. paup *: phylogenetic analysis using parsimony (* and other methods). sinauer associates, sunderland, ma .\nthiele, j. , 1898. studien über pazifische spongien. i. japanische demospongien. zoologica. original - abhandlungen aus dem gesamtgebiete der zoologie. stuttgart 24 (1): 1–72 .\nthiele, j. , 1905. die kiesel - und hornschwämme der sammlung plate. zoologische jahrbücher supplement 6 (fauna chiliensis iii): 407–496 .\ntopsent, e. , 1890. notice préliminaire sur les spongiaires recueillis durant les campagnes de l’hirondelle. bulletin de la société zoologique de france 15: 26–32, 65–71 .\ntopsent, e. , 1898. eponges nouvelles des açores. première serie. mémoires de la société zoologique de france 11: 225–255 .\ntopsent, e. , 1913. spongiaires provenant des campagnes scientifiques de la princesse “alice” dans les mers du nord (1898–1899, 1906–1907). résultats des campagnes scientifiques accomplies par le prince albert i. monaco 45: 1–67 .\ntopsent, e. , 1917. spongiaires. in joubin, l. (ed .), deuxième expédition antarctique française (1908–1910) commandée par le dr. jean charcot. sciences physiques: documents scientifiques, 4. masson & cie, paris: 1–88 .\ntopsent, e. , 1927. diagnoses d’éponges nouvelles recueillies par le prince albert ler de monaco. bulletin de l’institut océanographique monaco 502: 1–19 .\ntopsent, e. , 1928. spongiaires de l’atlantique et de la méditerranée provenant des croisières du prince albert ler de monaco. résultats des campagnes scientifiques accomplies par le prince albert i de monaco 74: 1–376 .\ntopsent, e. 1933. eponges de lamarck conservées au muséum de paris. fin. archives du muséum national d’histoire naturelle. paris (6) 10: 1–60 .\nvacelet, j. , 1961. quelques eponges remarquables de méditerranée. revue des travaux de l’institut des pêches maritimes 25 (3): 351–354 .\nvan soest, r. w. m. , 2002. family suberitidae schmidt, 1870. in hooper, j. n. a. & r. w. m. van soest (eds), systema porifera. a guide to the classification of sponges, vol. 1. kluwer academic / plenum publishers, new york: 227–244 .\nvan soest, r. w. m. & n. stentoft, 1988. barbados deep - water sponges. in hummelinck, p. w. & l. j. van der steen (eds), uitgaven van de natuurwetenschappelijke studiekring voor suriname en de nederlandse antillen. no. 122. studies on the fauna of curaçao and other caribbean islands 70 (215): 1–175 .\nvan soest, r. w. m. , b. picton & c. morrow, 1999. sponges of the north east atlantic. world biodiversity database cd - rom series. eti, amsterdam .\nvan soest, r. w. m, n. boury - esnault, j. n. a. hooper, k. rützler, n. j. de voogd, b. alvarez de glasby, e. hajdu, a. b. pisera, r. manconi, c. schoenberg, d. janussen, k. r. tabachnick, m. klautau, b. picton & m. kelly, 2010. world porifera database. available online at\nvon lendenfeld, r. , 1888. descriptive catalogue of the sponges in the australian museum, sidney. taylor & francis, london .\nvosmaer, g. c. j. , 1885. the sponges of the “willem barents” expedition 1880 and 1881. bijdragen tot de dierkunde 12: 1–47 .\nvosmaer, g. c. j. , 1887. klassen und ordnungen der spongien (porifera). in bronn, h. g. (ed .), die klassen und ordnungen des thierreichs, 2, leipzig–heidelberg: 1–496 .\nvoultsiadou, e. & d. vafidis, 2004. rare sponge (porifera: demospongiae) species from the mediterranean sea. journal of the marine biological association of the united kingdom 84: 593–598 .\nwilkinson, m. , 1995. a comparison of two methods of character construction. cladistics 11: 297–308 .\nwilson, h. v. , 1904. reports on an exploration off the west coasts of mexico, central and south america, and off the galapagos islands, in charge of alexander agassiz, by the u. s. fish commission steamer ‘albatross’ during 1891, lieut. commander z. l. tanner, u. s. s. , commanding. xxx. the sponges. memoirs of the museum of comparative zoology at harvard college 30 (1): 1–164 .\nplotkin a. , gerasimova e. , rapp h. t. (2011) phylogenetic reconstruction of polymastiidae (demospongiae: hadromerida) based on morphology. in: maldonado m. , turon x. , becerro m. , jesús uriz m. (eds) ancient animals, new challenges. developments in hydrobiology, vol 219. springer, dordrecht\npolymastia boletiformis is a sponge forming a smooth, hemispherical cushion base reaching up to 10 cm in diameter. many tube - shaped outgrowths, slightly conical and between 2 to 10 cm in height, emerge from the base and are ending with the oscules. its colour is uniform but may vary: yellow, orange, ochre, gray or greenish. it is found from surface to depths down to 40 meters, in the atlantic ocean, the north sea and the english channel .\noscule: opening generally quite visible, through which sponges expel water they have filtered to extract food particles .\n, ria d' etel, south - brittany, west of france. depth 12 meters .\nbay - nouailhat w. , april 2004, description of polymastia boletiformis, available on line at urltoken consulted on 10 july 2018 .\ncopyright © 1999 - 2018 john wiley & sons, inc. all rights reserved\nenter your email address below. if your address has been previously registered, you will receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password. if you don' t receive an email, you should register as a new user\nin continuing your browsing of this site, you accept the use of cookies to offer you suitable content and services and realize visits statistics. learn more about cookies .\nnational inventory of natural heritage, website: https: / / inpn. mnhn. fr .\narticle public\n- / / taxonx / / dtd taxonomic treatment publishing dtd v0 20100105 / / en\n.. /. . / nlm / tax - treatment - ns0. dtd\ncorresponding authors: eleni voultsiadou (elvoults @ urltoken), vasilis gerovasileiou (vgerovas @ urltoken) .\nthis is an open access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license 4. 0 (cc - by), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited .\nthe checklist of porifera of greece was created in the framework of the greek taxon information system (gtis), an initiative of the lifewatchgreece research infrastructure (esfri) that has resumed efforts to compile a complete checklist of species recorded from greece. an updated checklist of porifera was created on the basis of a list of the aegean demospongiae and homoscleromorpha published one decade ago. all records of species known to occur in greek waters were taxonomically validated and cross - checked for possible inaccuracies and omissions. then, all recent publications were reviewed and the species recorded from 2006 to date were added to the list .\nthe history of sponge science is directly linked to greek civilization, since the older written references to sponges are found in homer’s epics, and their scientific knowledge has been established by the greek philosopher, and first marine biologist, aristotle in his zoological works (voultsiadou 2007) .\nin modern times, research on porifera of the greek seas started early in the 20 th century with the study of bath sponges, i. e. , the members of the family spongiidae (szymanski 1904, arndt 1937). in the subsequent decades, up to the 1980s, a series of scattered records of sponge species followed, which can be traced either in faunistic papers (pérès and picard 1958, tortonese 1947) or in more general works on porifera (topsent 1920, vacelet 1969, griessinger 1971, pulitzer - finali 1983) .\nthe systematic research on greek porifera started in the 1990s when the laboratory of zoology, aristotle university of thessaloniki, presented a series of publications on the aegean sponge taxonomy, ecology and biogeography. new species were described (voultsiadou - koukoura and van soest 1991a, voultsiadou - koukoura and van soest 1991b, voultsiadou - koukoura et al. 1991), species lists presented (voultsiadou - koukoura and koukouras 1993, voultsiadou - koukoura and van soest 1993), and the associations of sponges with other invertebrates investigated (koukouras et al. 1996 and references therein). a checklist of all aegean sponge species reported up to 2005 and an overview of the relevant literature was provided by voultsiadou (2005a) and followed by two publications on the distribution of aegean and levantine porifera in the mediterranean context (voultsiadou 2005b, voultsiadou 2009) .\nthe recent study of sponges in the greek seas comprises taxonomic accounts, including molecular works (kefalas and castritsi - catharios 2007, kefalas and castritsi - catharios 2012, vacelet et al. 2008, dailianis et al. 2011), faunistic and ecological papers (voultsiadou et al. 2010, voultsiadou et al. 2011, gerovasileiou and voultsiadou 2012, bianchi et al. 2014), and records of species in publications focusing on particular sponge taxa (ereskovsky et al. 2009) .\nthe aforementioned literature addresses mainly the classes demospongiae and homoscleromorpha. no research on hexactinellida of the greek seas has been carried out (but see boury - esnault et al. 2014), while few species of calcarea have been recorded mostly in general faunistic publications (e. g. pansini et al. 2000, gerovasileiou et al. 2015) .\nthe aim of the present work was to present an updated, annotated checklist of porifera of the greek seas. for this purpose, older lists of the classes demospongiae and homoscleromorpha were updated according to the recent literature and taxonomic status, and a first attempt to provide a catalogue of calcarea was made .\nthe checklist of porifera of greece (suppl. material 1) was created in the framework of the greek taxon information system (gtis), an initiative of the lifewatchgreece research infrastructure (esfri) that has resumed efforts to compile a complete checklist of all species reported from greece (bailly et al. 2016). in that publication, a methodology is described to produce preliminary checklists only. however, in the present case of porifera, the status of the list for greece was quite advanced, and the recent primary literature was exhaustively searched for this work: the present list is thus considered as an updated, annotated, and archived checklist .\na total of 215 species, classified to 111 genera, 65 families, 24 orders, and 4 classes makes the updated checklist of porifera of greece. demosponges and homoscleromorpha make up the bulk of porifera of greece, while only 8 species of calcarea are listed for the first time from the area. as it can be seen from the list, the orders poecilosclerida, dictyoceratida, tetractinellida, haplosclerida, and suberitida have the highest number of species comprising 62% of the known greek sponge species richness .\nthe majority of species included in the present checklist were already known as elements of the greek fauna (voultsiadou 2005a), while 34 new additions were made in the course of this study (table 1). these additions include 8 species of calcarea, 17 species of demospongiae, 1 species of hexactinellida, and 6 species of homoscleromorpha. two more, freshwater species, ephydatia fluviatilis and eunapius carteri, were also added as elements of the greek fauna .\nthis work was supported by the lifewatchgreece infrastructure (mis 384676), funded by the greek government under the general secretariat of research and technology (gsrt), esfri projects, national strategic reference framework (nsrf). we would like to thank thanos dailianis for his constructive comments .\nmitteilungen aus dem museum für naturkunde in berlin. zoologisches museum und institut für spezielle zoologie (berlin )\nmarine sponge species added by the present study (not included in the list given by voultsiadou 2005a). for each species the publication mentioning its occurrence in the greek seas is given." ]

{ "text": [ "aaptos papillata is a species of demosponge belonging to the phylum porifera .", "this species was first described in 1880 .", "it is native to the northeastern atlantic ocean , the english channel and the mediterranean sea . " ], "topic": [ 18, 5, 0 ] }

[ "aaptos papillata is a species of demosponge belonging to the phylum porifera. this species was first described in 1880. it is native to the northeastern atlantic ocean, the english channel and the mediterranean sea." ]

[ "no one has contributed data records for austrosynthemis yet. learn how to contribute .\nmajor group: insecta order: odonata family: synthemistidae genus: austrosynthemis species: cyanitincta this genus is represented in australian freshwaters by a single species, austrosynthemis cyanitincta .\naustrosynthemis cyanitincta, more commonly known as the turquoise tigertail, is a species of dragonfly from south - western australia in the family synthemistidae .\namphibians & reptiles birds mammals dragonflies fishes plants world biomes bird wing & tail images library resources publications pacific nw moths (external site) bug guide (external site) a catalogue of butterflies of the united states and canada, j. pelham, 2012 usfws feather atlas an identification manual to the small mammals of british coumbia tags silphidae of washington state\nnote: please inform dennis paulson (dennispaulson @ comcast. net) of any errors of commission or omission. thank you .\nwe were recently presented with a list of\nmystery synonyms\nof species that had been posted on inaturalist but were not in this world list. considerable effort was expended to solve this problem, and it led to a substantial number of errors being corrected on this list. we thank matthew muir, greg lasley and john abbott for calling our attention to this and the opportunity to make the corrections. the list was considered updated as of 21 september 2017 .\nsubsequently an attempt was made to have the list of world odonata used by the iucn in its red list assessments conform to the world odonata list, and this also pointed out some errors in the wol. we thank caroline pollock of iucn for making this possible and k - d dijkstra, viola clausnitzer and rory dow for furnishing information of importance as we worked out the problems. as of 30 march 2018, the list is considered updated .\ngenera modified after 30 march 2018: amphicnemis, anisogomphus, argia, coeliccia, coenagrion, cora, drepanosticta, euthore, forcepsioneura, heliogomphus, indocypha, mattigomphus, microgomphus, miocora, nososticta, protosticta. genera in which the changes involve only addition of synonyms or orthographic changes are not listed here .\nthanks to john abbott (special thanks), yahya abdal - aziz, pekka alestalo, matjaz bedjanic, viola clausnitzer, prosenjit dawn, cyrille deliry (special thanks for ongoing detective work), k - d dijkstra, rory dow, günther fleck, heinrich fliedner, ryo futahashi, dirk gassmann, arjen van het hof, marcel hospers, rasmus hovmoller, kwang - soo jung, vincent kalkman, oleg kosterin, noppadon makbun, alan manson, andreas martens, michael may, jose martin meléndez quinto, sarah miller, johann hendrik nüss, fons peels (special thanks), felix reimann, richard rowe, dominic rupprich, csilla vajda, don - alexander van bergen, nancy van der poorten, martin villet, liang - jong wang, florian weihrauch, keith wilson, reiner work, xin yu, ondrej zicha and dan zimberlin (special thanks) for corrections and additions over the years. and thanks to martin lindeboom for his early contributions to this list .\nthis is an ongoing attempt to list all of the valid species of odonata. it is based on past compilations by the authors listed below and constant additional literature research. it includes the author and year of description for all genera and species. it also includes all synonyms for new world species (from garrison 1991) and the great majority of synonyms for african and australian species, but the effort for eurasia is still quite incomplete. nevertheless, we consider the list a good starting point for estimates of biodiversity in this insect order. we must also point out that many typographical errors were introduced into the list when it was first typed, and as we continue to find these we correct them, but some of them persist. the list is not error - free. in fact, it is presently in a stage of making changes almost every week as these errors are discovered by the work of cyrille deliry, and\nwe have been asked if there is any way that revisions of the list can be shown clearly. right now this is impractical, both because the revisions are frequent, at least several times per month, and we have not come up with a method that would make this both easy on the compiler and easily recognized by the user. because of the volume of changes, we also cannot cope with the responsibility of informing other workers who are maintaining their own versions of the list about every little change (e. g. , correcting typographical errors in names or dates). we are listing the genera in which substantive changes (e. g. , new species, new synonymies, taxonomic changes) have been made since the last\nedition .\nwe have not recognized any subspecies of odonata. instead, we have listed all named subspecies as synonyms of the species under which they were named. we are not able to judge the validity of these subspecies, and as many of them have been questioned, we chose to treat them all in the same fashion .\nthe list includes zygoptera through coenagrionidae, then anisozygoptera for epiophlebiidae, then anisoptera. within each suborder the families are in some semblance of phylogenetic order, then the genera and species are in alphabetical order within the family. indented names (not indented very far on some browsers) indicate (a) generic placement in the original description if different from the current generic placement, and (b) synonyms following\nsyn .\nyou can use the find function in your web browser to locate families, genera, and species .\nbridges, c. a. 1993. catalogue of the family - group, genus - group and species - group names of the odonata of the world (second edition). c. a. bridges, urbana, illinois .\ndavies, d. a. l. , & p. tobin. 1984. the dragonflies of the world: a systematic list of the extant species of odonata. vol. 1. zygoptera, anisozygoptera. societas internationalis odonatologica rapid comm. (suppl .) no. 3, utrecht .\ndavies, d. a. l. , & p. tobin. 1985. the dragonflies of the world: a systematic list of extant species of odonata. vol. 2. anisoptera. soc. int. odonatol. rapid comm. (suppl .) no. 5. , utrecht .\ndijkstra, k - d. b. , g. bechly, s. m. bybee, r. a. dow, h. j. dumont, g. fleck, r. w. garrison, m. hämäläinen, v. j. kalkman, h. karube, m. l. may, a. g. orr, d. r. paulson, a. c. rehn, g. theischinger, j. w. h. trueman, j. van tol, n. von ellenrieder, & j. ware. 2013. the classification and diversity of dragonflies and damselflies (odonata). zootaxa 3703 (1): 36 - 45 .\ndijkstra, k - d. b. , v. j. kalkman, r. a. dow, f. r. stokvis & j. van tol. 2014. redefining the damselfly families: a comprehensive molecular phylogeny of zygoptera (odonata). systematic entomology 39 (1): 68 - 96 .\ngarrison, r. w. 1991. a synonymic list of the new world odonata. argia 3 (2): 1 - 30 .\ntsuda, s. 1991. a distributional list of world odonata. published by author, osaka .\nslater museum of natural history 1500 n. warner st. # 1088 tacoma, wa 98416 253. 879. 3356\nuse of this web site and information available from it is subject to our legal notice and disclaimer and privacy statement .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia, please upload using the upload tools .\ntillyard, r. j. 1908 ,\nthe dragonflies of south - western australia\n, proceedings of the linnean society of new south wales, vol. 32, pp. 719 - 742 pls xxxiv - xxxvi\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: 4521e1d0 - b511 - 46fa - af36 - ec4a046b2a70\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: 786ddb23 - 7d90 - 451d - bd97 - 2c06aeea4a99\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: ed463183 - 2fd4 - 439e - 92e1 - 7b07d2c7cf23\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. name: 449573\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment. find records and model species distributions. export reports, maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area, or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something? photograph something? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities. we honour and celebrate the spiritual, cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\nclick on a thumbnail to display the photograph (at 1200 x 800 pixels) in a new window .\nlefroy brook, pemberton, wa [ - 34. 443111°; 116. 025806° ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nabout us | contact us | terms © 2008 - 2018 wildiaries, owned by aes applied ecology solutions pl. all rights reserved .\nwikinow lets you discover the news you care about, follow the topics that matter to you and share your favourite stories with your friends." ]

{ "text": [ "austrosynthemis is a monotypic genus of dragonfly in the family synthemistidae .", "its single species , austrosynthemis cyanitincta , more commonly known as the turquoise tigertail , is found in south-western australia , where it inhabits streams .", "the species austrosynthemis cyanitincta is a small , black dragonfly with blue markings . " ], "topic": [ 26, 13, 26 ] }

[ "austrosynthemis is a monotypic genus of dragonfly in the family synthemistidae. its single species, austrosynthemis cyanitincta, more commonly known as the turquoise tigertail, is found in south-western australia, where it inhabits streams. the species austrosynthemis cyanitincta is a small, black dragonfly with blue markings." ]

[ "just so you know; the band - tailed barbthroat (threnetes ruckeri) is a medium - sized hummingbird which is a resident breeder from southeastern guatemala and belize to western ecuador and western venezuel .\na medium - sized hermit, with an almost straight bill, the band - tailed barbthroat is usually found in understory of primary and disturbed forests, forest edge, dense second - growth, shrubbery, and plantations, often near rivers. the band - tailed barbthroat is mainly nectivorous, but will also consume arthropods, especially spiders. for tubular flowers too long for its bill, the band - tailed barbthroat has been observed robbing nectar, where it uses its bill to pierce the lower part of the flower to extract nectar. the southern subspecies, t. r. venezuelensis is somewhat duller on the breast than the nominate northern race .\nhinkelmann, c. & boesman, p. (2018). band - tailed barbthroat (threnetes ruckeri). in: del hoyo, j. , elliott, a. , sargatal, j. , christie, d. a. & de juana, e. (eds .). handbook of the birds of the world alive. lynx edicions, barcelona. (retrieved from urltoken on 10 july 2018) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\nsacc. 2005 and updates. a classification of the bird species of south america. available at: urltoken .\njustification: this species has a very large range, and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion (extent of occurrence < 20, 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size, habitat extent / quality, or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation). the population trend is not known, but the population is not believed to be decreasing sufficiently rapidly to approach the thresholds under the population trend criterion (> 30% decline over ten years or three generations). the population size has not been quantified, but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion (< 10, 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10% in ten years or three generations, or with a specified population structure). for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nthe global population size has not been quantified, but this species is described as' uncommon' (stotz et al. 1996) .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\namerican ornithologists' union' s\nlist of the 2, 037 bird species (with scientific and english names) known from the a. o. u. check - list area\n( aou check - list, 7th edition, updated with supplements 42 - 46), maintained at urltoken\nioc world bird list (v 8. 1), website (version 8. 1), website (version 8. 1 )\ngill, f. , and d. donsker, eds. 2018. ioc world bird list (v 8. 1). doi: 10. 14344 / ioc. ml. 8. 1. available at urltoken [ accessed 22 january, 2018 ]\nzoonomen - zoological nomenclature resource, 2017. 06. 15, website (version 15 - jun - 17 )\nbanks, richard c. , c. cicero, j. l. dunn, a. w. kratter, p. c. rasmussen, j. v. remsen, jr. , et al .\ndisclaimer: itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available, and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties. however, it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes. while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available, ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party, wildlife statutes, regulations, and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register. for further information on u. s. legal requirements with respect to protected taxa, please contact the u. s. fish and wildlife service .\nthere are many ways to contribute—we need species information, photographs, audio, video, translations, maps, distribution data, and bird sightings. there' s a role for everyone !\n), in neotropical birds online (t. s. schulenberg, editor). cornell lab of ornithology, ithaca, ny, usa. retrieved from neotropical birds online :\nproposed race darienensis based on birds from an extensive zone of character introgression in e panama and n colombia, involving ventosus, nominate and venezuelensis. three subspecies currently recognized .\nbangs & t. e. penard, 1924 – e guatemala and belize to panama .\n( bourcier, 1847) – n & w colombia and w ecuador (s to el oro) .\ncory, 1913 – nw venezuela (e to w apure and w barinas) .\n10–11 cm; male 5·5–7 g, female 5–7 g. a medium - sized hermit with contrasting underpart coloration, almost straight bill, and dark tail feathers with ...\nsong is a fast high - pitched phrase of some 5–10 notes repeated with intervals of several seconds... .\nunderstorey of primary and disturbed forest, forest edge, dense second growth, semi - open shrubbery ...\nand other tubular flowers; also small arthropods, especially spiders. feeds by trap - lining... .\nfeb–may in costa rica, caribbean slope; jun–sept in costa rica, pacific slope; nesting recorded may in honduras, and dec in ...\npresumably sedentary, although some post - breeding movement recorded, in particular of young birds .\nnot globally threatened (least concern). cites ii. common along forest borders of pacific slopes of colombia and nw ecuador. in foothills of tumbaco (sw colombia) density of ...\nonly subscribers are able to see the bibliography. login or subscribe to get access to a lot of extra features !\nonly members are able to post public comments. to make the most of all of hbw' s features, discover our subscriptions now !\nit has been suggested that this genus should be subsumed within glaucis # r .\nget access to the contents of the hbw including all species accounts, family texts, plates, audiovisual links, updates and related resources .\nalso available: 2 - year subscription package: 55. 90 € (instead of 59. 90 €) 3 - year subscription package: 82 € (instead of 89. 85 € )\nsupporting members help us to develop and update the project more quickly and to reach more people by keeping prices down .\nview more information, tracking references to their source (when available on the internet) .\nalso available: 2 - year subscription package: 82. 5 € (instead of 89. 9 €) 3 - year subscription package: 122. 5 € (instead of 134. 85 € )\nthere is a registration fee of 20€. this is a one - time only fee when you become a subscriber of hbw alive. you won’t pay it again as long as you renew your subscription before it expires .\nif you represent an organization or institution, click here for more information on institutional subscriptions .\nthis map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding (anonymously); markers do not indicate precise localities .\nthis species has a very large range, and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion (extent of occurrence < 20, 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size, habitat extent / quality, or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation). the population trend is not known, but the population is not believed to be decreasing sufficiently rapidly to approach the thresholds under the population trend criterion (> 30% decline over ten years or three generations). the population size has not been quantified, but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion (< 10, 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10% in ten years or three generations, or with a specified population structure). for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nrecommended citation birdlife international (2018) species factsheet: threnetes ruckeri. downloaded from urltoken on 10 / 07 / 2018. recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species: birdlife international (2018) iucn red list for birds. downloaded from urltoken on 10 / 07 / 2018 .\nbird perched low, calling incessantly. others birds seen flying around, but not staying long .\nperched bird wagging tail frequently. edge of humid forest. filtered version on moore et al. (2013) urltoken\nrecording equipment: marantz pmd 660 + senheisser me62 with parabola 21 inches. comments: lek at sendero don santos, . to access original. wav file contact marceloa27 (at) gmail. com\nrecording equipment: marantz pmd 660 + senheisser me62 with parabola 21 inches. comments: cerca de kiosko en sendero, lek at sendero don santos, . to access original. wav file contact marceloa27 (at) gmail. com\nthe bird is only 2 m from the mic in a dense shrubbery, about 1, 5 m above ground. it kept returning to the same perch to sing. a few more were seen in the same area .\nid certainty 100% . (archiv. tape 27 side a track 8 seq. a )\nsonogram images © xeno - canto foundation. sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmyavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists, and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .\nthere are more than 12, 000 regional checklists in avibase, offered in 9 different taxonomies, including synonyms more than 175 languages. each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community, and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .\nthere are a few ways by which you can help the development of this page, such as joining the flickr group for photos or providing translations of the site in addition languages .\nhoward and moore 4th edition (incl. corrigenda vol. 1 - 2) :\nyou must be logged in to view your sighting details. to register to myavibase click here .\navibase has been visited 263, 337, 431 times since 24 june 2003. © denis lepage | privacy policy\nzoonomen - zoological nomenclature resource, 2005. 11. 05, website (version 05 - nov - 05 )\nuse this space to describe your geocache location, container, and how it' s hidden to your reviewer. if you' ve made changes, tell the reviewer what changes you made. the more they know, the easier it is for them to publish your geocache. this note will not be visible to the public when your geocache is published .\nplease note use of urltoken services is subject to the terms and conditions in our disclaimer .\ncaches placed in the longmeadow flats conservation area and the fannie stebbins memorial wildlife refuge .\nplease replace as found and use stealth when retrieving and replacing. dogs are allowed but must be leashed. be aware of prickers. byop\n© 2000 - 2018 groundspeak, inc. all rights reserved. groundspeak terms of use | privacy policy\n< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation, e. g. an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature, an orthologous protein, a record from another database, etc. < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences\n> more... < / a > < / p >\nhelp pages, faqs, uniprotkb manual, documents, news archive and biocuration projects .\nyou are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website. please consider upgrading your browser .\n< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins, you can use the ‘basket’ to save them, so that you can back to find or analyse them later. < p > < a href =' / help / basket' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ help / sequence - searches\n> more. . < / a > < / p >\nwe' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe’s new general data protection regulation (gdpr) that applies since 25 may 2018." ]

{ "text": [ "the band-tailed barbthroat ( threnetes ruckeri ) is a medium-sized hummingbird which is a resident breeder from southeastern guatemala and belize to western ecuador and western venezuela .", "this hermit species inhabits the understory of wet forests , woodland edges and old second growth .", "it occurs in the lowlands , typically up to an elevation of 800 m , although young birds may wander higher .", "the nest is a cup of plant fibres attached 2 – 4 m high on the underside of a heliconia or sometimes a banana leaf .", "the female alone incubates the two white eggs .", "the band-tailed barbthroat is 10.2 – 11 cm long and weighs 5-5.8 g. it has a long decurved bill , and , as with other hermit hummingbirds , the sexes are similar .", "the adult has bronze-green upperparts , a dark ear patch and dusky malar stripe .", "the chest is rusty-orange and the underparts are otherwise grey .", "young birds resemble the adult , but have buff feather tips .", "the southern subspecies t. r. venezuelensis is somewhat duller on the breast than the nominate northern race .", "the band-tailed barbthroat has a high thin tseep call , and the male ’s song , given alone or at a lek , is a dididit dew dew in the caribbean lowlands , but on the pacific side the song is longer and includes trills and warbles .", "like other hermits , this barbthroat visits widely separated flowers including : heliconia , costus spiral gingers , and bananas , and the male is less aggressively territorial than other male hummingbirds . " ], "topic": [ 23, 24, 24, 28, 28, 23, 23, 23, 23, 13, 14, 8 ] }

[ "the band-tailed barbthroat (threnetes ruckeri) is a medium-sized hummingbird which is a resident breeder from southeastern guatemala and belize to western ecuador and western venezuela. this hermit species inhabits the understory of wet forests, woodland edges and old second growth. it occurs in the lowlands, typically up to an elevation of 800 m, although young birds may wander higher. the nest is a cup of plant fibres attached 2 – 4 m high on the underside of a heliconia or sometimes a banana leaf. the female alone incubates the two white eggs. the band-tailed barbthroat is 10.2 – 11 cm long and weighs 5-5.8 g. it has a long decurved bill, and, as with other hermit hummingbirds, the sexes are similar. the adult has bronze-green upperparts, a dark ear patch and dusky malar stripe. the chest is rusty-orange and the underparts are otherwise grey. young birds resemble the adult, but have buff feather tips. the southern subspecies t. r. venezuelensis is somewhat duller on the breast than the nominate northern race. the band-tailed barbthroat has a high thin tseep call, and the male ’s song, given alone or at a lek, is a dididit dew dew in the caribbean lowlands, but on the pacific side the song is longer and includes trills and warbles. like other hermits, this barbthroat visits widely separated flowers including: heliconia, costus spiral gingers, and bananas, and the male is less aggressively territorial than other male hummingbirds." ]

[ "12 tyrant horse stock photos, vectors, and illustrations are available royalty - free .\nol' dirty pixel 🍺 on twitter :\nstop gloating, tyrant horse. …\nall the latest horse racing form, betting odds, news, breeding, jockey and trainer information for hainan tyrant. hainan tyrant is a gelding born in 2006 september 2 by arena out of blue tetra\nhainan tyrant has concluded his racing career, last running on the 11th jun 2011 at swan hill .\n​kismet morgans is ​committed to promoting the versatility of the morgan breed in sport horse world​. ​ ​h​is character has been described as\nhandsome\n, the perfect representation of the morgan breeds​' ​ foundation. harwich tyrant possesses that extra special quality one rarely experiences in a horse of any breed. that natural presence you can' t breed into a horse and you can' t train out of one. they are simply born with it. harwich tyrant is that kind of horse .\nhainan tyrant is yet to break his maiden status, having not won a race yet from 4 attempts. during his most recent race at swan hill on 11th jun 2011, hainan tyrant was ridden by jason lyon and finished unplaced, behind the winner dell .\nharwich tyrant is standing at stud to approved mares. please view our stallion service agreement and feel free to contact us with any questions .\nour stallion, affectionately known as\nty\n, has set the standard for the versatility and athleticism in the morgan horse. his show career includes 7 time justin morgan standard winnings. along with many successful showings in the sport horse world in open competition. with his extraordinary presence & impeccable conformation, harwich tyrant is the complete sport horse package. he has and does it all !\nthis extraordinary stallion has truly capture​d​ the true look of the original morgan horse .\ngrand parade was the first black horse for 106 years to win the epsom derby .\nin the summer of 1948 my love became the third french - trained horse to win the epsom derby and the fifth horse to win both the derby and the grand prix de paris .\nwelcome to horseracing. com. au, australia' s premier site for horse racing news .\ndick hern called nashwan\nthe best horse i' ve ever trained\n. [ 3 ]\npearl diver became the first french - trained horse to win the epsom derby since durbar in 1914 .\npeter i is russian emperor known as great reformer as well as a great tyrant .\nthe bronze horseman\nis the most famous monument of peter the great and one of the symbols of saint petersburg .\nterimon, second to nashwan at 500 / 1, is the longest - priced horse placed in any classic .\nthe original winner running rein was disqualified as he was actually an ineligible four - year - old horse named maccabeus .\nthank you for supporting the game. i hope you punt on saftote so that the horse chestnuts can earn the stakes\nsinndar is the first horse to capture the derby, irish derby and prix de l’arc de triomphe in the same season .\napril the fifth was a very popular winner and the first epsom - trained horse to win the derby since amato in 1838 .\nassassin was distantly inbred 4 x 4 to bartletts childers, meaning that this horse appears twice in the fourth generation of his pedigree .\nnijinsky became the 15th horse to gain the triple crown after winning the derby and 2000 guineas with success in the st leger at doncaster .\ndr devious is the first horse to win the derby after contesting the kentucky derby, in which he had finished seventh to lil e tee .\nblack, robert (1893). horse - racing in england: a synoptical review. london: richard bently and son. p. 248 .\nhis service fee will be set at r10 000 (r2000 nomination, r8000 live foal) – exceptional value for a horse of his racing ability .\nphalaris was named for a tyrant of the greek city of acragas (modern agrigento) on sicily. unlike his good - natured equine namesake, the human phalaris was a despot who was said to have condemned his enemies to be roasted alive within the hollow statue of a brazen bull .\nphil drake ran five times and won three races, becoming the fifth and last horse to win both the epsom derby and the grand prix de paris .\nkerry jack bloodstock have been appointed to manage the career of the first south african triple crown winner since horse chestnut and the only triple crown winner at stud .\ntyrant (usa) br. h, 1966 { 2 - i } dp = 34 - 14 - 4 - 5 - 1 (58) di = 6. 25 cd = 1. 29 - 39 starts, 13 wins, 9 places, 7 shows career earnings: $ 197, 706\nsanta claus won the irish 2, 000 guineas, the epsom derby and the irish derby. his performances earned him the title of british horse of the year .\npont l’eveque was a very late foal, born at the end of the breeding season on 25 may, making him probably the youngest horse to win the derby .\nhe has sired numerous ul horses, including advanced eventers and grand prix jumpers. he is the grandsire of a horse who competed in the pan ams in dressage .\nat the second spring meeting, assassin was third in a 200 - guinea sweepstakes race to dennis o' kelly' s horse soldier and mr. davis' horse plutus. [ 8 ] assassin forfeited a match race with the horse cornwall (later called boringdon) at the same meeting a few days later, [ 9 ] and at the july meeting in newmarket his owner paid 150 guineas to the owner of young eclipse (the 1781 derby winner) for backing out of a match race. [ 10 ]\nmahmoud was a light - coloured grey horse of distinctly arab appearance, standing just under 15. 3 hands high, and bred in france by his owner the aga khan .\nwhat does everyone think of gicaomo' s as sport horse prospects / holy bull has been covered here as a great source for sport. his dam is by the great stop the music out of a tyrant (bold ruler) mare. his fee is 2500 for 2017 standing at oakhurst (lovely farm) urltoken slews saga also stands at oakhurst. seattle slew x southern halo x halo. dam is by leloy by bold bidder. handsome stallion with a nice pedigree. his fee is $ 1000 lfg urltoken urltoken\n…the racetrack during the 1913 epsom derby and moved in front of king george v’s horse, which struck her while galloping at full force. she never regained consciousness and died four days later. …\nshahrastani holds off the strong late challenge of dancing brave in a memorable finish. bold arrangement becomes the first horse to contest both the kentucky derby and derby, finishing second at churchill downs to ferdinand and 14th at epsom .\nedward stanley, the 12th earl of derby, the group conceived the idea of a race on the downs for three - year - old fillies, which was subsequently called “the oaks” after the name of derby’s nearby estate. derby’s horse bridget won the first running of the oaks in 1779. at a celebration after the race, bunbury and derby suggested a similar race for both colts and fillies, to begin the following year. reputedly, a coin toss followed, and derby won the honour of naming the race after himself. bunbury’s horse diomed won the first running of the derby on may 4, 1780. many other horse races have since been named after the derby (most notably the\nwinning the triple crown is rare as a horse must be the best of his generation at 1600m to 2450m and few horses have that range, plus they must be tough and consistent to remain at peak form over an extended period .\nnot only did he achieve this, but at the end of his three - year - old career he ran 3rd in the g1 daily news, beaten just over a length by subsequent champion & horse of the year, legislate .\nall the latest horse racing form, betting odds, news, breeding, jockey and trainer information for metro park (nzl). metro park (nzl) is a mare born in 2009 october 13 by thorn park out of spray\nin their book\na century of champions\n, john randall and tony morris rated windsor lad the nineteenth best horse of the 20th century and the sixth best derby winner, behind sea bird, hyperion, mill reef, nijinsky and shergar .\nboth his dam sire and grandam sire are top broodmare sires, rich man’s gold being the broodmare sire of g1 winners athina and wagner, while national emblem is the broodmare sire of recent impressive g1 horse chestnut s winner legal eagle as well as seventh plain .\nsnow knight won the the epsom derby, then the following year earned an eclipse award as the american champion male turf horse. at stud he sired awaasif, the dam of snow bride, winner of the 1989 epsom oaks and the dam of lammtarra, winner of the 1995 epsom derby .\none bernardini son that i really admire is to honor and serve. his stud fee at 10k is too high for my taste or any sport horse breeder but he is really lovely urltoken they have a lovely video of him on their website: urltoken looking forward to seeing his foals off the track\nsaint leger, one of the english triple crown races and, with the derby, the two thousand guineas, the one thousand guineas, and the oaks, one of the classic horse races. the race was established by colonel barry saint leger in 1776 and was named for him in 1778. an event…\nplease complete your profile. the forums and the rest of urltoken has single sign - in, so your log in information for one will automatically work for the other. disclaimer: the opinions expressed here are the views of the individual and do not necessarily reflect the views and opinions of the chronicle of the horse .\nlammtarra becomes the first horse to win the derby on his seasonal return since grand parade in 1919 and sets a record time of 2m 32. 31s, beating mahmoud’s 2m 33. 8s which was hand - timed in 1936. the race is switched permanently from wednesday to saturday. vodafone takes over the sponsorship and remains the backer up to 2008 .\nis inbred 4x5 to 1863 st. leger stakes winner lord clifden. he is a half brother to hainault (by swynford), a stakes winner but perhaps a better horse than he ever had the opportunity to show as his racing career was impeded by a fractured knee. phalaris' dam bromus won her only victory in the important seaton delaval plate as a juvenile\nkris kin is the first supplementary entry to win the derby. the sir michael stoute - trained colt had initially been entered in the classic as a yearling but was scratched at the start of his three - year - old campaign. connections paid £90, 000 to add the horse to the line - up at the five - day stage following his victory in chester’s dee stakes .\nif you are new to the forums, you must login or register a free account before you can post. the forums and the rest of urltoken has single registration, so your log in information for one will automatically work for the other. disclaimer: the opinions expressed here are the views of the individual and do not necessarily reflect the views and opinions of the chronicle of the horse .\noaks, one of the english classic horse races (along with the derby, saint leger, two thousand guineas, and one thousand guineas), an event for three - year - old fillies, established in 1779, and run over a 1. 5 - mile (about 2, 400 - metre) course at epsom downs, surrey, also the site of the derby. the oaks was…\ni have a yearling filly by marsh side, out of my sky mesa mare. super correct, lovely moving filly. we bred her to race, but figure if that doesn' t pan out, we' ve got a lovely sport horse. ms stands at dutchess views farm in ny, stud fee is $ 2500. here' s a walking video of him (plus links to videos of some other ny stallions) urltoken\nlike other elite horse races, the derby has grown into a multiday festival, featuring musical acts and events in addition to the race itself. the oaks is also run during the derby festival, held on the friday before the saturday running of the derby. derby day is more formal than most contemporary sporting events: epsom downs maintains a dress code for male spectators in certain sections of the stands, and women often attend the event wearing extravagant hats .\nsign up with promo code f50, place a bet on any horse race and ladbrokes will give you a free bet up to £50. new customers only. certain deposit methods excluded. min £5 excluding tote or pools = match max £50 free bet. min odds 1 / 2 +. free bet valid for 4 days, stake not returned. single line bets only. free bet cannot be used on certain markets. 18 +. terms and conditions apply\nphalaris was a lengthy, impressive - looking horse with high withers, strong shoulders and muscular hindquarters but was slightly hollow - backed and somewhat back at the knee. according to his trainer, george lambton ,\nhe had absolutely first - class speed, an excellent constitution, and was up to very high weights. furthermore, he had very good action and was as true as steel as far as he could go .\nhe had a kindly disposition .\ncamelot becomes the 37th horse to follow up victory in the first british classic, the 2000 guineas over a mile at newmarket, with success in the investec derby as he records a convincing five - length win at epsom downs. jockey and trainer, joseph and aidan o’brien, become the first father / son combination to win the premier classic. camelot narrowly fails in his bid to win the triple crown, finishing second behind encke in the st leger at doncaster three and a half months later .\na multi - horse finish rivals that of 1913 as the closest ever. in a four - way photo, sir percy beats dragon dancer, dylan thomas and hala bek a shorthead, a head and a short - head. seven winners have had the prefix sir: sir peter teazle (1787), sir thomas (1788), sir harry (1798), sir bevys (1879), sir visto (1895), sir ivor (1968), and most recently sir percy .\nyour forum sign - up is not complete, you must add an alias / screen name before you can post to the forums. your name and email is not exposed to forum users, only the screen name is accessible or viewable. the forums and the rest of urltoken has single sign - in, so your log in information for one will automatically work for the other. disclaimer: the opinions expressed here are the views of the individual and do not necessarily reflect the views and opinions of the chronicle of the horse .\neventeraj, what can you tell us about his history? he' s a 2009 whose only two starts were at oaklawn in the spring of 2014. he got a 3rd in his first msw race and came 6th 3 weeks later in an msw and was lengths back in both, but then they stopped with him. you got him in 2016. that' s a very unusual record for any race horse. any reason why they waited so long to race him and what happened to him between his two starts and 2016 ?\ngalileo’s half - brother sea the stars shows he is one of the greats as he powers to glory under veteran jockey mick kinane. the john oxx - trained colt becomes the first horse for 20 years to follow up victory in the 2000 guineas with success in the epsom classic and goes on to complete an unbeaten campaign with four further group one wins, annexing the coral - eclipse, juddmonte international, irish champion stakes and prix de l’arc de triomphe. investec takes over sponsorship of the derby and backs all the races at the two - day meeting at epsom .\n5, 000 and only put him to stud in his own program when no takers emerged. it was a stroke of fortune for the earl. crossed to lord derby' s stoutly - bred mares, phalaris provided a much - needed injection of high - quality speed that rejuvenated lord derby' s breeding program. he also fathered four sires whose male lines are still extant today: pharos, fairway, sickle and pharamond ii. today, some 90 percent of modern thoroughbreds trace in direct male line to the horse that lord derby didn' t want to keep .\nphalaris led the english general sire list in 1925 and 1928 and was ranked among the top 10 on seven other occasions. he led the english juvenile sire list in 1925 - 1927. he also led the english broodmare sire list in 1937, 1940, and 1942 and ranked among the top 10 on seven other occasions, including runner - up finishes in 1935 and 1941. phalaris was particularly effective when crossed to daughters of the st. simon horse chaucer. he tended to throw an attractive, short - coupled, somewhat short - legged physical type and usually imparted some of his own speed .\nfor the bernardini lovers; there are some nice sons available out there. i know that pretty much every bernardini prospect that started a 2nd career; people seem to really love them zahadoom: by bernardini out of a fortunate prospect x dixieland band mare. he stands at prestige stallions in fl. other stallions at prestige that are interesting: telling: ap indy x deputy minister x secretariat. there is a video of him here; fancy mover! he is a nice, wide, strong stallion; looks very much like secretariat lineage in his head and neck. he was a winnder on dirt and turf and raced until he was 7. he' s a hardy horse. urltoken\ndoes anyone have experience with off - the - track aikenite offspring? he' s at calumet and his stud fee is too high for sporthorse breeding at $ 5, 000. son of yes it' s true with a couple of bay ronald lines coming in on the dam side. and from his photos he' s * stunning. * also i think marsh side should be mentioned in this thread. by gone west out of a pleasant colony / stage door johnny mare, ran in really long races - like 12 - 14f if memory serves. i think he' s standing in ny in the $ 2 - 3k range. also a generally nice - looking horse .\nnashwan was a large, powerfully built chestnut horse with a white star and a white sock on his right foreleg bred by his owner hamdan al maktoum at his shadwell farm in lexington, kentucky. he was sired by the 1977 poule d' essai des poulains winner blushing groom. blushing groom became an exceptionally successful breeding stallion, siring rainbow quest, blushing john, arazi, and many other leading horses. nashwan' s successes made him the leading sire in great britain & ireland in 1989. [ 1 ] nashwan' s dam was height of fashion, a daughter of bustino previously owned by queen elizabeth ii. he was thus a half - brother to the group race winners alwasmi, unfuwain, and nayef, and a close relative of the japanese champion deep impact and the 1000 guineas winner ghanaati. [ 2 ]\nmoore for the bernardini lovers: biondetti: bernardini x lyphard urltoken currency swap: his sire, high cotton has been discussed in this thread as a definite sire to like. his dam is by pine bluff (danzig). he is a bit sharp in the shoulder on photo $ 2500 urltoken i really like amiras prince at pleasant acres in fl. hes a turf horse. sired by teofilo (ire) (galileo (saddlers wells) x danehill) and out of a mare by green desert (danzig) whos out of a mare by affirmed. there is a great video of him on their website; he is a beautiful mover (watch the entire video to see his trot (super flashy! !) ) and super correct and straight in the front end. for those who like the turf breds from europe; here is one. urltoken\ndoctype html public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nbreeder: mrs. stuart s. janney jr state bred: ky winnings: 39 starts: 13 - 9 - 7, $ 197, 706 delaware valley h (2 div), salvator mile h, carter h. foaled mar 23, 1966 won or placed in 15 stakes died 1990 @ lazy e ranch near guthrie, ok. cause of death was complications associated with intestinal cancer. at the time of his death, he was the sire of 32 sws inc spanish ch tucuman, irish champion tilden & bold run. (close )\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwinx' s staying power as one of the world' s top rac ...\nelate is returning in the grade 2, $ 750, 000 delawa ...\njockey: n / a trainer: n / a owner: n / a breeder: mrs. stuart s. janney jr\n* current year statistics include all north american races and dubai world cup day. career statistics include results from all countries .\n* current year includes north american and dubai world cup day statistics; all previous years include results from all countries .\nequibase company is the official supplier of racing information and statistics to america' s best racing, breeders' cup, daily racing form, ntra, the jockey club, tra, tvg and xpressbet .\nproprietary to and © 2018 equibase company llc. all rights reserved. the terms of use for this web site prohibit the use of any robot, spider, scraper or any other automated means to access the contents of this site. the terms of use also expressly prohibit the republication or dissemination of the contents of this screen without the prior written consent of equibase company llc .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nsky sports news takes you through all of the day' s racing news, plus alex hammond' s tip of the day .\nfollow the latest from the written press with the best gossip and speculation from the papers .\nsky has launched a pub finder for eager fans wanting to find a venue to watch sky sports .\nget a sports star to visit your old secondary school as part of our free schools initiative .\nup to £100 in bet credits for new customers at bet365. min deposit £5 and 1x settled bet requirement to release bet credits. min odds, bet and payment method exclusions apply. returns exclude bet credits stake. time limits and t & cs; apply. terms & conditions apply\nregister with william hill using the promo code c30 and place your first bet of £10 / €10 or more and get three £10 / €10 free bets. new online customers only, min £10 / €10 stake, win only, min odds 1 / 2, free bets paid as 3 x £10 / €10, 30 day expiry, free bet / payment method / player / country restrictions apply. terms & conditions apply\nsign up to paddy power and get a £20 risk free first bet: new customers only, limited to one per person. if you’ve previously had a paddy power account, you will not qualify for the offer. place your first bet on any sportsbook market and if it loses we will refund your stake in cash. max refund for this offer is £ / €20. only deposits made using cards or paypal will qualify for this promotion. t & cs; apply. terms & conditions apply\nsign up to coral today, deposit and place a bet of £10 or more and get £30 in free bets! uk + ire. new customers only. min first bet £10. must be placed within 14 days of account reg. £30 credited as 3 x £10 free bets. not valid with cashout. free bet valid for 4 days. 18 +\nsign up to betway, deposit and place a qualifying bet and get a free bet up to £30. 1. new customers only. 2. min deposit: £ / €10. 3. 1 x wagering at odds of 1. 75 + to unlock free bet. 4. credit card, debit card & paypal deposits only 5. additional terms apply terms and conditions apply\nregister with betbright, deposit £20 and play with £70 (£25 sports plus £25 casino). min deposit £20. max sports bonus £25. max casino bonus £25. 5 x wagering to release sports bonus. min odds 1. 8. £25 casino bonus added within 24 hours of first sports bet settling. 40x wagering to release casino bonus. terms and conditions apply\nsign up to betfred and place a £10 sports bet to receive up to £30 in free bets, plus 30 free spins. new customers from uk & northern ireland. stake £10 or more at odds of evens (2. 0) or greater on your first bet. £30 free bet credited in 48 hours of your first bet being settled. 7 day expiry. e - 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sw $ 250 (of $ 12, 000) barrier 6, winning time: 2: 03. 88, sp: $ 6. 50 in - running: settled 1st, 1200m 1st, 800m 2nd, 400m 2nd\nr5 mdn - sw $ 1, 050 (of $ 12, 000) barrier 9, winning time: 2: 05. 83, sp: $ 15 in - running: settled 3rd, 1200m 3rd, 800m 4th, 400m 5th\nr5 2up mdn - sw $ 250 (of $ 12, 000) barrier 4, winning time: 1: 24. 05, sp: $ 11 in - running: 800m 4th, 400m 5th\n18 + know when to stop. don’t go over the top. gamble responsibly. think! about your choices. call gambling help on 1800 858 858 or visit urltoken or urltoken .\nyou are viewing our newest and freshest images for your search. you can also switch to view results based on popularity or best match .\non august 16, 2014 tourists visit in xian, shaanxi, china, before the terra cotta warriors. the terra cotta warriors is known as\nthe eighth wonder of the world\n.\non february 9, 2015, china, shaanxi, xi' an lintong emperor qinshihuang terracotta warriors museum display. the terra cotta warriors is known as\nthe eighth wonder of the world\n.\nby creating an account, i agree to shutterstock' s website terms, privacy policy, and licensing terms .\n© 2003 - 2018 shutterstock, inc. all rights reserved. made in nyc .\nwe couldn' t load this image at the moment. please refresh and try again .\nsign up to browse over million images, video clips, and music tracks. plus, get free weekly content and more .\n( we only support jpg and png images under 5mb and no larger than 4000px on either side at this time. )\nthe first recorded race on the downs dates to 1661, and there were annual races there by 1730. at a 1778 social gathering including\n), and the term itself has come to signify a race or contest of any type .\n* dead heat. * * races held at newmarket. * * * record time—2 min 12 sec .\n> derby, and the saint leger. in britain the term triple crown is also applied—though far less commonly—to a filly that in a single season wins the derby, the saint leger, and the one thousand guineas, the first two races being for both colts and fillies…\n…ever to run in the derby, making a record time of 2: 33 4 5. …\nwe welcome suggested improvements to any of our articles. you can make it easier for us to review and, hopefully, publish your contribution by keeping a few points in mind .\nencyclopædia britannica articles are written in a neutral objective tone for a general audience .\nyou may find it helpful to search within the site to see how similar or related subjects are covered .\nat the bottom of the article, feel free to list any sources that support your changes, so that we can fully understand their context. (internet urls are the best. )\nyour contribution may be further edited by our staff, and its publication is subject to our final approval. unfortunately, our editorial approach may not be able to accommodate all contributions .\nour editors will review what you' ve submitted, and if it meets our criteria, we' ll add it to the article .\nplease note that our editors may make some formatting changes or correct spelling or grammatical errors, and may also contact you if any clarifications are needed .\ncorrections? updates? omissions? let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login) .\nif you prefer to suggest your own revision of the article, you can go to edit mode (requires login) .\nour editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article .\nthe 1758 chestnut colt antinous (blank - sister to spinster (the widdrington mare) by old partner), bred by the 3rd duke of grafton, was favored in a 1764 500 guineas match against the duke of cumberland' s subsequently famous herod, but lost; reputedly £100, 000 was riding in bets on this race. antinous lost again to herod the following year in a return match, but won a number of important races and matches, including the great subscription purse at york, both before and after meeting herod. at the age of 9 he was retired to the grafton stud. herod' s success was not lost on the duke; he later purchased the pot - 8 - os son, waxy, out of a herod mare, for his stud, and bred the julia daughter promise to herod' s best son, highflyer, producing prunella. he then repeatedly mated waxy with prunella and her daughter, penelope, to produce as astounding number of important matrons and classic winners. antinous and jockey, 1764, by george stubbs; background possibly by george barrett .\ngrafton bred and owned oaks winner oxygen, an 1828 bay filly, by emilius and out of whizgig (1819, by rubens), a daughter of penelope. she was a speedy filly who ran for four years, her oaks win considered a\nvery fine race, and a truly run one ,\nwith 21 starters. she ran second in the newmarket st. leger to camarine, and the following year won the oatlands, beating the good colt mazeppa. she was granddam in tail - female descent of stallions st. germain and trumpeter .\nturquoise was a brown grafton - bred and raced filly by selim, and out of pope joan, one of prunella' s best daughters. ridden by john day, she came from well behind in the oaks to take that classic by two lengths, and she won several other races that year at newmarket. as a four - year - old she won several races, one consisting of 2 - 1 / 2 mile heats, and at age five she ran once in the spring at newmarket, failing to win, after which she was retired to the grafton stud. her dam, pope joan, produced two other classic winners - - tontine, winner of the 1, 000 guineas in 1825, and turcoman, winner of the 2, 000 guineas in 1827. pope joan' s offspring all had names starting with\nt .\nleft to right: famous jockey frank buckle, grafton stable manager john wastell, and trainer robert robson, with a stable lad. the painting, by benjamin marshall (c. 1802) probably commemorates wastell' s win of the oaks with his own filly, scotia, in 1802 .\nleft to right: frank buckle, dick goodison, john day, snr .\nthis article will be permanently flagged as inappropriate and made unaccessible to everyone. are you certain this article is inappropriate ?\nassassin (1779 – c. 1794) was a thoroughbred racehorse that won the 1782 epsom derby. his breeder, lord egremont, won the derby for the first time with assassin. assassin raced until he was a five - year - old and was retired to egremont' s stud in petworth. he was not a successful sire .\nassassin was foaled in 1779 at lord egremont' s estate petworth house. assassin' s sire, sweetbriar, was an undefeated racehorse that earned 5, 400 guineas during his racing career for his owner lord grosvenor. sweetbriar stood at oxcrofts farm near balsham. [ 1 ] assassin' s dam, angelica, was foaled in 1761 and was breed by mr. shafto, the owner of her sire snap. assassin was angelica' s eighth foal and she produced eleven foals between 1768 and 1782, including assassin' s full - sister medëa. angelica was euthanised in 1787. [ 2 ]\nassassin was trained by f. neale at newmarket. [ 3 ] assassin raced until he was five - years - old, winning eight races, and was retired to lord egremont' s stud at petworth .\nassassin' s derby win was the first for lord egremont, who would go on to win the event four more times .\nin october at newmarket, assassin beat the duke of grafton' s colt puzzle in a match race at 6 to 4 odds against assassin. assassin did not win again as a two - year - old. [ 4 ] assassin was second to plutus in a subscription race at the same meeting, [ 4 ] and was second to the filly ceres in a match race. [ 5 ] assassin forfeited a match race to plutus at the houghton meeting. [ 4 ]\nat the craven meeting, assassin received a 70 - guinea\ncompromise\nafter the colts brother to rebel and recruit backed out of a 200 - guinea sweepstakes race. [ 4 ] at the first spring meeting, assassin beat berwick to win a sweepstakes race .\non 9 may at epsom, assassin won the derby, beating lord grosvenor' s colt sweet robin and charles bunbury' s colt fortunio. [ 6 ] lord egremont won the derby for the first time with assassin, and won the race four more times with hannibal in 1804, with cardinal beaufort in 1805, with election in 1807 and with lap - dog in 1826. [ 7 ]\nat the july meeting at newmarket, assassin beat mr. vernon' s gelding by eclipse. at the october meetings in newmarket, assassin won a match race against the colt achilles and forfeited a match race against dennis o' kelly' s colt confederate. [ 6 ]\nat the craven meeting, assassin received a forfeiture from the colt ascot. at the newmarket spring meeting, assassin received another forfeiture from the duke of cumberland' s colt epaminondas, and a few days later beat the colt and later influential sire pot - 8 - os in a match race. at the second spring meeting in newmarket, assassin beat the colt columbus in a 500 - guinea race and beat heron in a 50 - guinea race a few days later. [ 6 ]\nby 1789, assassin was still standing at petworth for a fee of two guineas per mare alongside the more expensive stallions mercury (10 guineas) and trentham (3 guineas). [ 11 ] for the 1793 breeding season, he was relocated to langley park near colnbrook and stood for a fee of 3 guineas per mare and a five shilling groom' s fee. [ 12 ] his fee at langley park was reduced to two guineas for the 1794 season [ 13 ] and he did not appear in the register for 1795 .\nassassin was not a successful sire. his most notable offspring were the fillies cow [ 6 ] and rag (foaled in 1786 out of chanticleer' s dam). [ 14 ]\nweatherby, edward and james (1892) .\nangelica\n. the general stud - book 1–2: 23 .\npick, william and r johnson (1822) .\nassassin\n. the turf register, and sportsman & breeder' s stud - book 3: 280 .\npick, william and r johnson (1822) .\nceres\n. the turf register, and sportsman & breeder' s stud - book 3: 461 .\npick, william and r johnson (1822) .\nassassin\n. the turf register, and sportsman & breeder' s stud - book 3: 281 .\nrice, james (1879). history of the british turf, volume 2. london: s. low, marston, searle, and rivington. p. 372 .\nweatherby, edward and james (1789) .\nadvertisements of stallions\n. racing calendar 17: 378 .\nweatherby, edward and james (1792) .\nalphabetical list of stallions to cover in 1793\n. racing calendar 20: 362 .\nweatherby, edward and james (1793) .\nadvertisements of stallions to cover in 1794\n. racing calendar 21: 353 .\nweatherby, edward and james (1858) .\nrag\n. the general stud book 1: 376 .\ncrowd sourced content that is contributed to world heritage encyclopedia is peer reviewed and edited by our editorial staff to ensure quality scholarly research articles .\nby using this site, you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy. world heritage encyclopedia™ is a registered trademark of the world public library association, a non - profit organization .\n... g building which served as the railway station of teignmouth. the fine bay\nstood patiently enduring the attacks of hosts of winged foes, too we... ... t a week old. ” “no one saw it happen, ” said fred; “he went out riding, his\ncame home without him, and he was lying by the side of the road. ” “di... ... in our gig, and i suppose fred and i had better go back with him. ” “is the\nsteady? ” asked his aunt, anxiously. “dumple? to be sure! never does w... ... see what i mean. the host of boys in the way; the wooden bricks and black\nspotted with white wafers that you break your shins over, the marble... ... erness which may be best illustrated by the prov - erb referring to a blind\n. every one, inclined to that same impetuosity, and want of soberness, ...... in an ecstasy. “i have prevailed: you find me in the hour of victory. the\nfor ever! announced for 121 yo n g e monday night, before a selec ...\nback at the gate of an ancient country house (which, from some of its... ... i must summon one of the contadini from the farmhouse yonder, to take your\nto the stable. ” 8 the marble faun v ol 2 accordingly, the young coun... ... l sunshine; and the creaking cider - mill, set in motion by a circumgyratory\n, is all a - gush with the luscious juice. to speak frankly, the cider - m... ... xpected, and shatters our design in fragments. the travellers set forth on\n, and purposed to per - form much of their aimless journeyings unde... ... rney. from village to village, ragged boys and girls kept almost under the\n’ feet; hoary grandsires and gran - dames caught glimpses of their app... ... admission, from a tradition - ary dread, perhaps, of letting in a robber or\n. but it remained shut; neither was the sound repeated; and kenyon... ... self as a notary, and of - fered to make the last will and testament of the\nman. this solemn duty, however, was interrupted by a sur - geon ...\n, a practice that has since established itself so successfully that b... ... views of bakounine, we clearly cannot, or at all events will not, tolerate\nof rulers on the ground that it is “propaganda by deed” or so... ... opaganda by deed” or sociological ex - periment. a play inciting to such an\ncannot claim the privileges of heresy or immorality, because... ... ic light; and it unquestionably vindicates and ennobles a conspirator who\nthe head of the ro - man state not because he abused his positi... ... this vindication and ennoblement might act as an incite - ment to an actual\nas well as to plutarchian republicanism; for it is one thing... ... r to make a hero of brutus or ravaillac, or a heroine of charlotte corday .\nis the extreme form of censorship; and it seems hard to justi... ... young slattern, with some good looks ] i say that a man that would steal a\nwould do anything. lottie [ a sentimental girl, neat and clean ] well, ...... it in that way. i do think killing a man is worse any day than stealing a\n. hannah [ elderly and wise ] i dont say it’s right to kill a man. in a... ... indeed! babsy [ incensed ] oh, well! if people are going to take the part of\n” is deduced from him. so keen an ama - teur was he, that on one occ... ... as he, that on one occasion, when his own life was attempted by a favorite\n, he was so much pleased with the talent shown, that notwithstandin... ... emainder to the female line, and settled a pension on him for three lives .\nis a branch of the art which demands a sepa - rate notice; and... ... d hardly say, that i allude espe - cially to those five splendid works, —the\nof william i, of orange, of henry iv. , of france, of the duk... ... useum ,) 17 of gustavus adolphus, and of wallenstein. the king of sweden’s\n, by the by, is doubted by many writ - ers, harte amongst other... ... rd this greatly disputed; and it seems now generally agreed, that one good" ]

{ "text": [ "tyrant ( foaled 1799 ) was a british thoroughbred racehorse and sire .", "in a career that lasted from april 1802 to april 1803 he ran four times and won two races .", "in the summer of 1802 he won the derby on his second racecourse appearance , but the rest of his form was moderate and he was not considered the best of his generation . " ], "topic": [ 22, 14, 14 ] }

[ "tyrant (foaled 1799) was a british thoroughbred racehorse and sire. in a career that lasted from april 1802 to april 1803 he ran four times and won two races. in the summer of 1802 he won the derby on his second racecourse appearance, but the rest of his form was moderate and he was not considered the best of his generation." ]

[ "lacerta agama linnaeus 1758: 207 agama colonorum daudin 1802: 358 (nomen substitutum pro lacerta agama) agama occipitalis gray 1827 agama colonorum — duméril & bibron 1837: 489 agama colonorum – boulenger 1885: 356 agama colonorum – barboza du bocage 1895 agama smithii boulenger 1896: 213 (fide largen & spawls 2006) agama colonorum var. congica peters 1877: 612 agama picticauda peters 1877: 612 agama colonorum — schmidt 1919: 469 agama colonorum — werner 1919: 484 agama colonorum — loveridge 1920: 140 agama agama agama — loveridge 1936 agama agama agama – mertens 1941: 278 agama agama — manthey & schuster 1999: 21 agama agama — wagner 2009 agama agama — trape et al. 2012 agama wagneri trape et al. in mediannikov et al. 2012: 137 agama smithi — wagner 2013 agama smithi — wagner et al. 2013 (incertae sedis) agama cf. congica — cericao et al. 2014 agama picticauda — leaché et al. 2014 agama picticauda — nuñez et al. 2016\ninformation on the common agama (agama agama) is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly .\na cytochemical study of the blood of the rainbow lizard (agama agama) .\nagama doriae boulenger 1885: 127 agama doriae — boulenger 1887: 495 agama sennariensis werner 1914: 478 (fide moody & böhme 1984) agama kordofanensis werner 1919: 478 (fide moody & böhme 1984) agama doriae — barts & wilms 2003 agama doriae benueensis (monard 1951) agama agama benueensis monard 1951: 131 agama doriae benueensis — moody & böhme 1984 agama doriae benueensis — wagner et al. 2009 agama doriae benueensis — mediannikov, trape & trape 2012 agama doriae benueensis — trape et al. 2012 agama cf. benueensis — leaché et al. 2014\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below. < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - common agama (agama agama )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - common agama (agama agama )\ntitle =\narkive species - common agama (agama agama )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nsmolensky, n. l. & hibbitts, t. j. 2011. agama agama agama (linnaeus, 1758). african herp news (53): 50 - 51\nomonona ao, adedokun oa, adekoya - gafaar sa (2011) parasitological studies on agama lizard (agama agama) in ibadan. adv environ biol 5: 803 - 807 .\nmembers of the genus agama, including the spiny agama, are unusual in having teeth that are fused to their jaw bones .\nestes, richard 1965. the anatomy of the rainbow lizard, agama agama. the quarterly review of biology 40 (1): 100\nlike males of other agama species, the male spiny agama uses its bright colours and behavioural displays to proclaim its territory and attract females .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below. < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - spiny agama (agama spinosa )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - spiny agama (agama spinosa )\ntitle =\narkive species - spiny agama (agama spinosa )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\ngramentz, d. 2004. agama agama (linnaeus 1758) frisst blütenblätter. sauria, berlin 26 (1): 45 - 46 - get paper here\nwekhe sn, olayinka fo (1999) the role of agama agama in the transmission of coccidiosis in poultry. nig vet j 20: 34 - 36 .\nto cite this page: hilgris, r. 2000 .\nagama agama\n( on - line), animal diversity web. accessed july 10, 2018 at urltoken\ntable 5: occurrence of single and multiple infections of helminth parasites in agama lizards .\nthe lizard family agamidae contains about five dozen species, which are native to africa and eurasia. of those 60 or so species, agama agama is the most populous. aptly referred to as the common agama, these lizards are native to western africa. a hardy species, the agama lizard has adapted to life in both rural and urban habitats .\ndaniel, p. m. 1960. growth and cyclic behavoir in the west african lizard agama agama africana. copeia 1960 (2): 94 - 97 - get paper here\nmainly an insectivorous species, the common agama can also feed on vegetation and small reptiles .\n) :\na new species of agama (sauria: agamidae) from mauritania\n.\nwagner, p. ; barej, m. f. & schmitz, a. 2009. studies on african agama vii. a new species of the agama agama - group (linnaeus, 1758) (sauria: agamidae) from cameroon & gabon, with comments on agama mehelyi tornier, 1902. bonner zoologische beiträge 56 (4): 285–297 - get paper here\ngoldberg sr, bursey cr (2005) helminths of the ground agama, agama aculeata (sauria: agamidae), from south africa: short communication. afr zool 40: 158–159 .\nphilipp wagner, frank glaw, kathrin glaw and wolfgang böhme 2009. studies on african agama iv: first record of agama agama (sauria: agamidae) from madagascar and identity of the alien population on grande comore island. herpetology notes 2: 73 - 77 - get paper here\nprobst, j - m. 1999. nouvelles observations sur la biologie et les colorations variables de l’agame des colons agama agama (linnaeus). bulletin phaethon, 9: 11 - 12 .\ntable 1: prevalence (%) of helminths in the agama lizard in relation to location .\nadeoye go, ogunbanwo oo (2007) helminth parasites of the african lizard agama agama (squamata: agamidae), in lagos, nigeria. rev biol trop 55: 417 - 425 .\nthe arabian toad - headed agama has not been the target of any known specific conservation measures .\ngenus: agama family: agamidae agama lizards are one of the most commonly found lizards in the african and eurasian continents, and are well adapted to urban as well as forest areas. they thrive in an environment which provides ample amount of food, proper basking sites, and hiding places like thatched huts or rock crevices. agama agama is the most widespread and frequently spotted species .\nin this study, three of the helminths observed, s. brevicaudata, parapharyngodon sp. and o. truncata were recovered from the lizards examined from both ile–ife and ibadan. these parasites were among the seven parasites recovered from agama lizards in lagos, southwest nigeria [ 10 ] and also among the four parasites recovered from the same animal in nsugbe, anambra state, southeast nigeria [ 11 ]. o. truncata had previously been reported from the ground agama, agama aculeata and namib rock agama, agama planiceps from the windhoek area of namibia [ 27 ]; tropical spiny agama, agama armata from zambesi, east africa [ 28 ]; common spiny agama, agama hispida from south africa [ 29 ] and agama aculeata from south africa [ 30 ]. parapharyngodon rotundatus had also been reported in a. aculeata from south africa [ 30 ] a. aculeata, a. planiceps and a. atra from namibia [ 23 ]. this suggests that these parasites have wide range in geographical distribution .\nmasters, madeline .\nthe habitat of the agama lizard\naccessed july 10, 2018. urltoken\nthe spiny agama is a medium - sized lizard with rows of spines on its head and neck .\nvasconcelos, raquel; evandro lopes & bruno h. martins 2014. agama agama: a charter tourist in the cape verde islands? . african journal of herpetology 63: 34 - 46 - get paper here\nmasters, madeline .\nthe habitat of the agama lizard .\nanimals - urltoken, http: / / animals. urltoken / habitat - agama - lizard - 2679. html. accessed 10 july 2018 .\nan african species, the common agama is found in a range of habitats from urban to wild areas .\nan unusual feature of the members of the genus agama, which includes the spiny agama, is that their teeth are fused to the jaw bones, a feature which these reptiles share with chameleons (5) .\nthe spiny agama is classified as least concern (lc) on the iucn red list (1) .\nmasters, madeline. (n. d .). the habitat of the agama lizard. animals - urltoken. retrieved from http: / / animals. urltoken / habitat - agama - lizard - 2679. html\nhennig, a. s. 2006. freilandbeobachtungen an siedleragamen (agama agama) und nilwaranen (varanus niloticus) in senegal, westafrika. reptilia (münster) 11 (61): 3 - 5 - get paper here\nrauh, j. & gaubies, t. 2003. erfahrungen und schwierigkeiten bei der pflege und nachzucht der siedleragame (agama agama). reptilia (münster) 8 (43): 62 - 66 - get paper here\nagama specialises in empowering video operators’ business processes with awareness that can drastically lower operational costs and improve customer satisfaction .\nnwadike cc, ilozumba pco (2010) helminth endoparasites of the rainbow lizard, agama agama (squamata: agamidae) in nsugbe, anambra state, nigeria. unpubl m. sc. thesis nnamdi azikiwe university, awka .\ntable 2: intensity of helminth parasite in agama lizard relative to snout - vent length (svl) and sex .\nyildirimhan hs, goldberg sr, bursey cr (2006) helminth parasites of the caucasian agama, laudakia caucasia, and the roughtail rock agama, laudakia stellio (squamata: agamidae), from turkey. comp parasitol 73: 257–262 .\ncitation: sowemimo oa, oluwafemi ta (2017) a survey of helminth parasites of the lizard, agama agama in ile–ife and ibadan southwest nigeria. j bacteriol parasitol 8: 303. doi: 10. 4172 / 2155 - 9597. 1000303\nthe arabian toad - headed agama is classified as least concern (lc) by the iucn red list (1) .\nkeep up with the latest agama news on product launches, solution extensions, awards, partnerships, business wins, and more .\nmoody, s. m. & böhme, w. 1984. merkmalsvariation und taxonomische stellung von agama doriae boulenger 1885 und agama benueensis monard 1951 (reptilia: agamidae) aus dem sudangürtel afrikas. bonner zoologische beiträge 35: 107 - 128 - get paper here\nböhme, w. ; wagner, p. ; malonza, p. ; lötters, s & köhler, j. 2005. a new species of the agama agama group (squamata: agamidae) from western kenya, east africa, with comments on agama lionotus boulenger 1896. russ. j. herpetol. 12 (2): 143 - 150 (83 - 90 ?) - get paper here\nwagner, p. ; wilms, t. m. ; böhme, w. 2009. studies on african agama v. on the origin of lacerta agama linnaeus, 1758 (squamata: agamidae). bonner zoologische beiträge 56 (4): 215–223 - get paper here\nfor more information about agama and our solutions, or for any general inquiries, don’t hesitate to get in touch with us already today .\nthis animalsake article lists some facts about the behavior, habits, and life cycle of the agama lizard. have a look ...\nagama agama, a common gray lizard with a red or yellow head, is well adapted to gardens and to the bush and grasslands. the hardun (a. stellio), which is common in northern egypt, has a tail ringed with spiked scales, giving it a ferocious appearance .\nfor more information on agamas and agama care, check out the past issues of the various herp magazines. you can also do a search in search engines such as yahoo using the keywords agama + lizard. the researching herp information article has additional suggestions for identifying species and finding more information .\nthe male agama lizards fight amongst themselves to gain supremacy over a territory, and only the winner gets to mate with the females in his group .\nagama species are widely spread throughout areas of africa. agamas are most often found in semi - dessert or scrubland environments. the spiderman agama is relatively new in the u. s. pet trade and is proving to be very popular due to its intense red and blue coloration and overly active personality .\nin northern egypt, the spiny agama appears to be confined to higher elevations, whereas in the south it is found in the lowlands (2) .\nluiselli, luca; akani, godfrey c. ; ebere, nwabueze; pérez - mellado, valentin 2011. stomach flushing affects survival / emigration in wild lizards: a study case with rainbow lizards (agama agama) in nigeria. amphibia - reptilia 32 (2): 253 - 260 - get paper here\nefrati p, nir e, yaari a. morphological and cytochemical observations on cells of the hemopoietic system of agama stellio (linnaeus). a comparative study .\ntable 3: prevalence (%) and intensity (i) of s. brevicaudata relative snout - vent length (svl) and sex of agama lizard .\ntable 4: prevalence (%) and intensity (i) of o. truncata relative snout - vent length (svl) and sex of agama lizard .\nomnivore. ants, grasshoppers, beetles, and termites. though primarily an insectivore, the agama will eat small mammals, reptiles, and vegetation if necessary .\nthe sinai agama (pseudotrapelus sinaitus, formerly agama sinaita) is an agamid lizard. it can be found in arid areas of the following countries: southeastern libya, eastern egypt, israel and palestine, jordan, syria, saudia arabia, united arab emirates, oman, eastern sudan, ethiopia, eritrea and djibouti .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below. < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - arabian toad - headed agama (phrynocephalus arabicus )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - arabian toad - headed agama (phrynocephalus arabicus )\ntitle =\narkive species - arabian toad - headed agama (phrynocephalus arabicus )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nalthough high prevalence of helminthic infection was observed in the lizard, a. agama examined from the two locations, none of the parasites recovered has a zoonotic potential .\nthe spiny agama is a widespread species and is not believed to be facing any major threats at present (1). however, it may face some potential threats at a local level. for example, the spiny agama is collected for the pet trade, although the extent to which this occurs is unknown (2) .\nagama lizards are often called rainbow lizards because of the bright display of colors in the dominant males of this species. here are a few facts about these lizards .\nthere is no special conservation status listed for the agama lizards due to their common occurrence. snakes, young leopards, birds, or small mammals are their main predators .\nvasconcelos, r. & rocha, s. & brito, j. c. & carranza, s. & harris, d. j. 2009. first report of introduced african rainbow lizard agama agama (linnaeus, 1758) in the cape verde islands. herpetozoa 21 (3 / 4): 183 - 186 - get paper here\nbabero bb, okpala i (1962) parasites of the lizard, agama colonarum in nigeria with description of new species. trans amer microbio soc 81: 61 - 62 .\nheideman njl (1991) oochoristica truncata (cestoda) infestation of agama aculeata and a. planiceps (reptilia: agamidae) in the windhoek area. madoq 181: 55 .\nthe spiny agama occurs in egypt, sudan, ethiopia, eritrea, djibouti and northern somalia (1) (2). in egypt, this species occurs mainly in the eastern desert high mountains, overlooking the red sea coast. the spiny agama does not venture far inland and is thought to be absent in areas near the river nile (2) .\nthe spiny agama is active during the daytime and feeds mainly on insects, such as ants. however, it also eats some vegetation and soft fruits of capparis species (2) (5). like other lizards of this genus, the spiny agama is largely a sit - and - wait predator, relying on its eyesight to locate and attack insect prey (8) .\nagama boulengeri is a west african endemic lizard. it occurs in arid rocky areas in the mauritanian mountains and kayes region of mali. data on the distribution of agama boulengeri is however very coarse, and the contribution of climatic and habitat factors for population isolation are unknown. using maxent, glm, and high - resolution data, we generated environmental niche models, and quantified suitable areas for species occurrence. field observations and predicted suitable areas were used to evaluate the conservation status of agama boulengeri. results revealed the species occurs preferentially close to gueltas, bare areas, and rocky deserts and in areas of increasing rainfall. suitable cells were mostly located in mauritania, and four potentially fragmented subpopulations were identified. the conservation status of agama boulengeri was determined to be of least concern .\nthe spiny agama (agama spinosa) is a slender, medium - sized lizard with long limbs and a triangular - shaped head. this species has rows of spines next to its ears and along the sides of its neck, as well as a crest of longer spines running down the upper side of its neck. these are more defined in males (2) (3) .\nwagner, p. 2014. a new cryptic species of the agama lionotus complex from south of the ngong hills in kenya. salamandra 50 (4): 187 - 200 - get paper here\n► agama lizards have whitish undersides, and are usually brown, olive green, or gray in color. they grow to about ten to fourteen inches long; the males being larger than the females .\nananjeva, n. b. & peters, g. 1982. notizen über agama chernovi aus tadzikistan (udssr) und ihre umwelt. herpetofauna 4 (20): 8 - 11 - get paper here\nspiderman agamas reach an average length of 6 - 9 inches with females usually being smaller. agama species have been known to be kept in captivity for as long as fifteen years if housed and maintained properly .\na. agama common agamas. africa. to 16 in. (40 cm). grayish brown with small crest. vivid color changes to red, yellow, blue and other markings. 3 - 8 eggs .\nloveridge, a. 1923. notes on east african lizards collected 1920 - 1923 with the description of two new races of agama lionotus blgr. proc. zool. soc. london 1923: 935 - 969 - get paper here\nlike many other species of reptile in the middle east, the arabian toad - headed agama is a fairly understudied species. as such, it is currently unclear if there are many major threats to the species (7) .\nthis study also revealed strongyluris brevicaudata as the most frequently observed parasite in this study with a prevalence of 92. 5% . similar findings were reported by adeoye and ogunbanwo [ 10 ] and nwadike [ 11 ] where the same parasite occurred most in agama lizard with prevalences of 82. 3% and 85. 6% respectively. strongyluris sp. appears to have a wide distribution in the lizard (family agamidae) in africa and asia. strongyluris calotis has been recovered from a variety of lizard species, including japalura swinhonis (agamidae), j. polygonata xanthostoma, caucasian agama, laudakia caucasia and the roughtail rock agama, laudakia stellio (agamidae) [ 35, 36 ] .\nland development could also threaten this species as, although relatively widespread, its distribution is quite localised. for example, proposed plans to build a wind farm in the egyptian desert could cause habitat loss for the spiny agama should plans for construction proceed (2) (9). quarrying could also pose a potential threat to the spiny agama in egypt, and this is likely to become more of a problem for the species in the future (1) .\nnative to sub - saharan africa, agama agama is well - suited to arid conditions. these lizards remain active throughout the day except for the hottest hour, when even shady spots can reach 100 degrees f. when the mercury climbs that high, even the agama finds a cool place to rest. the rainbow lizard lives in rural areas, but is also about as common in cities like abidjan and lagos as pigeons and squirrels are to new york city. they can be helpful to have around because they eat pest insects such as ants. they often congregate in the eaves of houses to rest for the night. when they rest, the dominant males turn to a dull brown color the same as the non - dominant males. in the morning as they bask their vibrant colors return. the dominant agama, called the cock, gets the best basking spot, followed by the subordinate males, and then the females .\nagama agama has been reported by wehke and olayinka [ 5 ] to serve as transport and reservoir host to several protozoan and helminth parasites. some parasites of lizards for example armillifer armilatus, a pentastomid has been reported to be zoonotic [ 6 ]. humans can also be infected with raillietiella species, another pentastomid by having their hands contaminated with the faeces or saliva of the reptile and accidentally ingesting the eggs which can result in a disease called pneumonitis [ 7 ] .\nthe arabian toad - headed agama is found in south - eastern saudi arabia, oman, iran, jordan and the united arab emirates. it may also occur in southern iraq, but its presence there is unknown (6) .\nagama lizards are beautiful creatures that attract immediate attention due to their attractive colors. don' t try to go too near to them, or they might just run off as they can spot a potential enemy from a long distance .\nlike most agama species the males are vividly colored with reds blues and violets giving this amazing creature its common name. females are usually smaller and not as vibrantly colored which make it difficult to determine from other species of female agamas .\nwagner, philipp; adam leaché; tomáš mazuch; wolfgang böhme 2013. additions to the lizard diversity of the horn of africa: two new species in the agama spinosa group. amphibia - reptilia 34 (3): 363–387 - get paper here\na. atricollis blue - throated agama. kenya. forest edge, semi - arboreal. 10 in. (25 cm). grayish brown with white, yellow or greenish dot pattern. keep relatively moist. keep terrarium relatively warm at night .\nnuñez, leroy p. ; kenneth l. krysko, and michael l. avery 2016. confirmation of introduced agama picticauda in florida based on molecular analyses bulletin of the florida museum of natural history 54 (9): 138–146. - get paper here\nthe agama is mostly a docile lizard except for a cock who defends his territory. there are several identifiable behaviors in this species (head nod, head bob, challenge display, threat display, fighting, and basking). the head nod is when\na. mutabilis desert agama. north africa to southwestern asia. rocky and sandy deserts. 10 in (25 cm). smooth scales, yellow to reddish brown with spotted pattern. strongly diurnal. 5 - 10 eggs. somewhat difficult to maintain .\nthe colour patterns of the spiny agama vary according to age, sex and breeding condition. adult males range from olive to blue, with a purple - red or orange head which typically becomes more brightly coloured in the breeding season. in contrast, females are typically yellowish in colour with irregular orange patches and a blue head. juvenile spiny agamas are grey or brown, and often possess white spots (2). interestingly, the body colour of the spiny agama changes according to the external temperature, appearing brightest at warmer temperatures (4) .\nthere are currently no specific conservation measures known to be in place for the spiny agama, although it is likely to occur in some protected areas. more research needs to be undertaken to assess the impact of the pet trade on this species and its population size (1) .\nred - headed agama, fairchild botanical garden, 2009. i wonder if fairchild put these lizards here, even though they may have come in from other parts of miami where they are found. however, i think that it is more likely that they were put there intentionally .\nsteele, a. l. , wibbels, t. and warner, d. a. 2018. revisiting the first report of temperature‐dependent sex determination in a vertebrate, the african redhead agama. j zool. . doi: 10. 1111 / jzo. 12560 - get paper here\nagama was founded in 2004, taking a completely new and market - changing approach. firstly, it offered a service - focused monitoring solution, putting the end customer and quality of experience (qoe) first. secondly, it leveraged the extremely fast evolution of software on standardised hardware .\nsynonymy: has been previously synonymized with a. hartmanni by anderson 1898. phylogenetics: agama cf. benueensis is not closely related to a. doriae. it may be treated as a valid species. however, leaché et al. 2014 showed it as such in various trees without discussing its differences to it’s sister species, a. sankaranica and a. boensis. distribution: agama doriae doesn’t occur in mali. not in benin fide ullenbruch et al. 2010. map in moody & böhme 1984. a. d. benueensis is not in nigeria fide mediannikov et al. 2012 .\nsmears of peripheral blood from the common rainbow lizard (agama agama) were examined for the distribution and localization of lipid, glycogen, acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase and peroxidase, using a variety of staining techniques. while erythrocytes were strongly reactive with the peroxidase test, granulocytes and monocytes were only weakly or moderately active. lipid and glycogen, as well as acid and alkaline phosphatase, were found in granulocytes and monocytes. some lymphocytes showed weak acid phosphatase and moderate pas activities. a small population of' mononuclear' cells was noted which were not reactive to any of the histochemical tests adopted .\nreceptive female agama lizards are characterised by pronounced, swollen abdomens as a result of egg production. during mating, the male holds the female’s body off the ground using one front foot and one hind leg, before inserting one of two penises into her cloaca for fertilisation. although little specific information is available on the breeding behaviour of the spiny agama, clutch sizes in the genus tend to be relatively small (5). once spiny agamas have dispersed from the site in which they were born, individuals tend to remain in their new home range for the remainder of their lives (7) .\na. planiceps red - headed agama? (no common name noted in obst, et al .). southwestern africa. mountain regions. 14 in (35 cm). spines on nape of neck, shingled tail. red head and thorax, rest mainly blackish - blue. substantially herbivorous .\nthe spiny agama inhabits rocky areas on mountains or hills, often dwelling on the slopes of valleys or on larger stones littering dry river beds (2). it tends to prefer dry river beds that are vegetated, for example with acacia scrub. this species is able to tolerate quite arid conditions (1) .\nleaché, a. et al. 2014. a hybrid phylogenetic–phylogenomic approach for species tree estimation in african agama lizards with applications to biogeography, character evolution, and diversification. molecular phylogenetics and evolution 79: 215 - 230, doi: 10. 1016 / j. ympev. 2014. 06. 013 - get paper here\nalthough they are primarily insectivorous, agamas will eat small mammals, small reptiles, and vegetation. an ambush predator, the agama sits in vegetation, under a rock outcropping, or in the shade and waits until an insect or small mammal walks by and then chases its prey, which is caught with a sticky - tipped tongue .\n► agama lizards are gentle creatures, except for the dominant male who is extremely protective of his territory against other mature males. a cock will defend his territory, and display of different colors and behavior has been identified during combat. before a fight, the head of the cock turns brown, and white spots appear on his body .\n► agama lizards are active during the day and usually bask in the morning sun to regulate their body temperatures. if the temperatures soar higher, then they withdraw to shady places or burrows. if threatened, they can run quickly and hide among crevices, or may attempt to conceal themselves by changing their bright colors to blend with the surroundings .\ngonçalves, duarte v. ; josé c. brito, pierre - andré crochet, philippe geniez, josé m. padial, d. james harris 2012. phylogeny of north african agama lizards (reptilia: agamidae) and the role of the sahara desert in vertebrate speciation. molecular phylogenetics and evolution < br / > 64 (3): 582–591 - get paper here\nmediannikov, oleg; sébastien trape, jean - françois trape 2012. a molecular study of the genus agama (squamata: agamidae) in west africa, with description of two new species and a review of the taxonomy, geographic distribution, and ecology of currently recognized species. russ. j. herpetol. 19 (2): 115 - 142 - get paper here\nthe agama lizard is characterized by its whitish underside, buff brown back limbs and tail with a slightly lighter stripe down the middle and six to seven dark patches to the side of this stripe. there is some sexual dimorphism. the subordinate males, females, and adolescents possess an olive green head. a blue body and yellow tail and head characterize the dominant male .\nthe length of the lizard is up to 25 centimetres (9. 8 in), the tail accounting for up to two - thirds of the total length. the limbs and tail are long and thin and allow for good climbing and running capability. unlike members of the closely related genus agama, the third (middle) toe is the longest instead of the fourth .\nboth s. brevicaudata and o. truncata were recovered from the intestine and rectum of the lizard a. agama while parapharyngodon spp. and m. monas were recovered from the rectum only. an unidentified nematode was recovered from the intestine of the lizard. no parasite was found in the lungs and stomach. s. brevicaudata has the highest worm burden (221 worms) recovered from the rectum .\nmale colouration determines social rank within the spiny agama’s small social groups. the bright head colour of breeding males is generally only acquired by dominant individuals. subordinate males tend to occupy the outer regions of established territories, while dominant males are more frequently found at the centre. dominant males use aggressive behaviour to defend their territory, but only direct aggression towards other males displaying bright colours (6) .\njustification: agama spinosa is listed as least concern due to its wide distribution across northeastern africa, and because it is not affected by any major widespread threats. there are localized and future potential threats to this species, such as collection for the pet trade and quarrying. research into the trade of this species should be carried out in order to obatin harvest levels and assess their effect on the population size .\nscurrying across the sand, seeking out its insect prey, the arabian toad - headed agama is active in all but the hottest hours of the day. during the hottest periods, it will stand high on extended legs to limit contact with the sand, balancing on fingertips and heels while using the tail as a prop. it may remain dormant during cold winter days (5). the arabian toad - headed agama is able to sink rapidly into the sand by vibrating the body in a process called ‘shimmy burial’, and it uses this behaviour to escape from predators or create a nocturnal shelter (3) (5). most agamid lizards are egg layers, producing a clutch of one to seven eggs, which are incubated for around six to eight weeks in a burrow (2) (4) .\na total of 133 specimens of a. agama (111 females and 22 males) comprising 67 specimens from ibadan and 66 specimens from ile - ife were captured by hand from various locations within the study areas between february and october, 2015. the lizards were kept in ventilated cages and transported to the laboratory of the department of zoology, obafemi awolowo university, ile - ife for dissection and examination of helminth parasites .\nlectotype: zmuu 32 (lacerta agama linnaeus, 1758) neotype: zfmk 15222 (erroneously designated by wagner despite the fact that linné’s holotype is still existing) syntypes: zmb 9169, 54524, 67193 [ agama colonorum var. congica peters 1877 ] syntypes: zmb 54526 (was 6419 part), 403, 8299, 7209 [ picticauda ] holotype: bmnh 95. 12. 31. 4 [ 1946. 8. 27. 79 ], collected by dr. a. donaldson smith on february 27th 1895 [ smithi ] paratypes: zmb 30760 ,\nmtalio, mikalama, t. t .\n, leg. loveridge; mcz 18565 - 571, 18574 - 75, ummz 61435 [ dodomae ] holotype: zfmk 15222 (genbank: gui133323), an adult male collected on 14 february 1974, by w. böhme and w. hartwig [ wagneri ]\nlizards and other reptiles such as snakes, crocodiles are used for food in some parts of the world [ 3 ]. for example in southwest and southeast part of nigeria, the clouded–monitor lizard is a source of meat among poor people. they serve an important role in insect control in some agricultural areas. in africa, the lizards commonly found are geckos, agama lizard, chameleons, monitor lizard, alligator lizard [ 4 ] .\nleaché, adam d. ; rebecca a. chong, theodore j. papenfuss, philipp wagner, wolfgang böhme, andreas schmitz, mark - oliver rödel, matthew lebreton, ivan ineich, laurent chirio, aaron < br / > bauer, edem a. eniang, & sherif baha el din 2009. phylogeny of the genus agama based on mitochondrial dna sequence data. bonner zoologische beiträge 56 (4): 273–278 - get paper here\na dominant male agama will mate with any willing female that comes into his territory. in courtship, he approaches the female from behind and bobs his head at her. if she accepts him the two mate and then separate. if she doesn' t, he may continue bobbing his head until he is exhausted. it is not uncommon for a female to initiate courtship by running up to the male and raising her tail in front of him .\nthe annual rains in this part of africa dictate when female agamas are able to reproduce. the abundant rains in march to may lead to high insect populations. this then allows the females to feed heavily and prepare themselves for egg laying between june and september. after copulating with the lead male in her group, the female agama digs a nest in moist, sandy soil in which plants are growing. she then deposits the eggs within the nest, which is about 2 inches deep. in a few months the hatchlings emerge .\nreptile. agama lizards are sometimes called rainbow lizards because of the colorful displays put on by the dominant males. while most agamas are green and brown, dominant males show off by rapidly turning their bodies blue and their heads bright red or yellow. most agamas live in small groups with the dominant male ruling over several females and sub - males. while sunning themselves each morning, the dominant male will claim the most elevated spot, with subordinates in lower areas. agamas hunt by vision and prefer to wait for an insect to come by. their sticky tongues help them hold onto prey .\nhints: an environment suitable for a collared lizard (crotaphytus collaris) will suit most agamas. if your agama of unknown species does not thrive, you can try warming the basking area and nights up a bit. if that doesn' t work, you can try a more woodland (such as for blue tongue skinks (tiliqua scincoides intermedia) or montane, such as for jackson' s chameleons (chameleo jacksonii). of course, you must have the lizards checked by a reptile veterinarian for problems associated with parasite infestation, dehydration and systemic infection as well as fine tuning the environment !\nthere was no acanthocephalan recovered from the a. agama examined in this study and this may be due to some barriers of phylogenetic incompetency and host specificity nature [ 31 ]. similarly, there were no reports of this parasite from the same lizards examined in previous studies in lagos, southwest nigeria (10) and nsugbe, anambra state, southeast nigeria [ 11 ]. the same situation was observed from pond turtles in turkey by yildrimhan and sahin [ 32 ]. however, unless proven by further studies including experimentation, other possibilities like the absence of some appropriate intermediate hosts and vectors to convey them to the reptile species under consideration cannot be ruled out .\nthere have been various studies conducted on the parasites of lizards and other reptiles in various parts of nigeria and other parts of the world [ 5, 10 - 13 ]. however, there is still dearth of information on endoparasites of lizards in some parts of nigeria which makes understanding of the relationship between these parasites and their hosts difficult. studies on reptiles and their parasitic fauna will help to improve the knowledge about their diseases and zoonoses as well as that pertinent to the biodiversity and bionomics of different populations involved in these types of associations. this study is aimed at providing information on the helminth fauna of the lizard, a. agama in ibadan and ile - ife, southwest nigeria .\nthe main diet for an agama is crickets and other arthropods. most species, however, do eat some fruits and vegetables like collard greens and dandelion flowers. variation is very important for lizards because it mimics their natural diet. although most agamas are from a dry area, they should be offered a shallow water dish with an airstone in so the water bubbles slightly. this helps the agamas notice the water better. they should also be misted slightly on a daily basis allowing them to drink the mist. when feeding lizards it is important to not put too many insects in with the lizard. if the lizard is not planning to eat the insects, they will not kill them and will instead allow the insect to chew on them. having too many insects in the cage is a stress and can cause damage to your pet. you want to feed enough to your lizard that the base of the tail stays plump and you do not start to notice small bones sticking out from the base of the tail. if you do notice any bones sticking out, this means that the lizard is not getting enough to eat or is having trouble digesting its food. many lizards will not drink from standing water. please provide your agama with a moving water source such as a waterfall or an air stone and an air pump. these lizards should also be misted lightly daily .\nall the 133 specimens of the lizard, a. agama examined from both ibadan and ile - ife were infected with one or more helminth parasites, giving an overall prevalence of 100% . a total of five helminths were recovered comprising three nematodes, one cestode and one trematode. the nematodes recovered include; strongyluris brevicaudata with a prevalence of 92. 5% , parapharyngodon sp. has a prevalence of 89. 5% and unidentified nematode with a prevalence of 0. 8% . the cestode and trematode recovered were oochoristica truncata and mesocoelium monas with prevalences of 56. 4% and 1. 5% respectively. the helminths recovered from lizards examined from ibadan and ile–ife and their prevalences is shown in table 1 .\nmost agamas we carry are land dwellers and usually live in woodland to desert areas. to keep their captive housing most natural, a tank with a large amount of ground space would be best. branches and rocks would be a good furniture suggestions. the size of your tank will depend on the species of agama you have chosen, most average 1 ft. to 2 ft. in length. substrate: a good substrate for these lizards would be a mix of soil and sand, both of which we carry in aisle 6. also, bark would be a good choice or a mixture of all 3. most of these species live on the border line between woodland & desert. putting a reptile in a small enclosure will not keep the reptile small but it will be uncomfortable and stressful for the animal. stress can cause death for these delicate creatures because it weakens their immune system and allows an illness to take over .\nup to twelve eggs are laid in a hole dug by the female. the hole is about two inches deep and is located in sandy damp soil that is exposed to sunlight most of the day and covered by vegetation. the temperature of the nest determines the sex of the embryos, with all becoming males at 29 degrees celsius and all females at 26 - 27 degrees. the eggs hatch within eight to ten weeks, and the hatchlings begin eating rocks, sand, plants, and insects almost immediately. the adolescent will remain solitary for the first two months, but by four months will join a gregarious group with a dominant male (cock), several females, and other subordinate adolescent males (sub - males). how agama groups come together in the wild is not known. in order for a subordinate male to gain mating rights he must either establish his own territory or defeat the current dominant male in a fight .\nthe sex of the host had no influence on the overall prevalence of helminth infections in the lizard a. agama examined in this study, as both sexes have the same prevalence (100 %) of infection. the same finding was reported by nwadike [ 11 ]. this may be due to the fact that both sexes were exposed to similar diet, amo et al. [ 37 ] stated that both sexes seem to be susceptible to parasite infections as the prevalence and intensity of infection were similar. however, there was a significant difference in the overall intensity of helminth infection and the sex of the lizard. it was also observed that only in the parasite, s. brevicaudata that the intensity of infection was significantly higher in males than in females. similar finding was reported by adeoye and ogunbanwo [ 10 ] where male lizards which are considered more active had a higher intensity of infection than female conspecifics. ulcer and olsson [ 38 ] suggested that the higher intensity in males could be due to being more susceptible to parasitic infections probably as a result of immune suppressive effects of testosterone during the reproductive period. in contrast, omonona et al. [ 12 ] reported females to have higher intensity of infection with s. brevicaudata .\nour privacy / cookie policy contains detailed information about the types of cookies & related technology on our site, and some ways to opt out. by using the site, you agree to the uses of cookies and other technology as outlined in our policy, and to our terms of use .\nagamas can be found anywhere in western africa that the environment provides enough food to support a population. agamas are primarily insectivores. they' re active hunters that chase their prey, snapping it up in their jaws or grabbing it with their sticky tongues. they' ve been known to eat ants, spiders, beetles, caterpillars and worms. agamas can even leap into the air to snag a meal. plants, berries, seeds and eggs from other smaller reptile species round out their diet .\nmale agamas are territorial and must fight other males to claim their space. agamas live in social groups including a lead male, about half a dozen females, and subordinate males. subordinate males can only gain their own group if they eliminate the existing lead male - - the cock - - or establish a colony outside all other cocks' territory. only the cock is allowed to mate with the females. the center of a cock' s territory is usually marked by the presence of a physical object, such as a tree or boulder, on which the lizards congregate. in urban areas fights between males are more common because space is at a higher premium .\nmadeline masters works as a dog walker and professional writer. in the past she has worked as a fitness columnist, fundraising copywriter and news reporter. masters won two pennsylvania newspaper association awards in 2009. she graduated from elizabethtown college with a bachelor of arts in english .\nnote: depending on which text editor you' re pasting into, you might have to add the italics to the site name .\nbenin, burkina faso, cameroon, cape verde islands, chad, ghana, guinea (conakry), guinea - bissau, liberia, mali, mauritania, nigeria, senegal, togo, ivory coast .\ntype locality: „amerika\n; corrected to “kamerun” (mertens 1938: 37). neotype from mokolo, margui - wandala\ncongica: type locality: “chinchoxo, cabinda, angola, 05°06’s, 12°06’e (probably a valid species fide wagner, pers. comm. , 2 feb 2015 )\nsmithi: ethiopia; type locality: “between [ webi ] shebeli and juba rivers” [ 03°58′ n, 41°40′ e, fide largen & spawls, 2006 ], ethiopia .\nnote: tdwg regions are generated automatically from the text in the distribution field and not in every cases it works well. we are working on it .\noviparous; this species was the first lizard in which temperature‐dependent sex determination (tsd) was discovered, over 50 years ago. females are produced at relatively cool temperatures and males at warmer temperatures (30°c) (steele et al. 2018) .\nakani, godfrey c. , fabio petrozzi, lorenzo rugiero, gabriel h. segniagbeto and luca luiselli. 2013. effects of rainfall and geography on the comparative diets of eight rainbow lizard populations across togo, benin and nigeria (west africa). amphibia - reptilia 34 (2): 185 - 192 - get paper here\nandersson, l. g. 1900. catalogue of linnean type - specimens of linnaeus' s reptilia in the royal museum in stockholm. bihang till konglika svenska vetenskaps - akademiens. handlingar. stockholm. (4) 26 (1): 1 - 29. - get paper here\nbarbour, t. & loveridge. a. 1928. a comparative study of the herpetological fauna of the uluguru and usambara mountains, tanzania territory with descriptions of new species. mem. mus. comp. zool. cambridge (massachusetts), 50 (2): 85 - 265 - get paper here\nbarnett, linda k. & emms, craig 2005. common reptiles of the gambia. rare repro, hailsham, east sussex, 24 pp .\nbocage, barboza du 1895. sur un batrcien nouveau e fernão do pó. j. sci. math. phys. nat. lisboa, 3 (2): 270 - 272\nböhme, wolfgang, mark - oliver rödel, christian brede & philipp wagner 2011. the reptiles (testudines, squamata, crocodylia) of the forested southeast of the republic guinea (guinée forestière), with a country - wide checklist. bonn zoological bulletin 60 (1): 35 - 61 - get paper here\nboistel, renaud; , anthony herrel; renaud lebrun, gheylen daghfous, paul tafforeau, jonathan b. lososô and bieke vanhooydonck | | 2011. shake rattle and roll: the bony labyrinth and aerial descent in squamates. integrative and comparative biology, doi: 10. 1093 / icb / icr034 - get paper here\nbonetti, mathilde 2002. 100 sauri. mondadori (milano), 192 pp .\nboulenger, g. a. 1895. on the reptiles and batrachians obtained by mr. e. lort - phillips in somaliland. ann. mag. nat. hist. (6) 16: 165 - 169 - get paper here\nboulenger, g. a. 1896. second report on the reptiles and batrachians collected by dr. a. donaldson smith during his expedition to lake rudolf. proc. zool. soc. london 1896: 212 - 217 - get paper here\nboulenger, g. a. 1885. catalogue of the lizards in the british museum (nat. hist .) i. geckonidae, eublepharidae, uroplatidae, pygopodidae, agamidae. london: 450 pp. - get paper here" ]

{ "text": [ "the common agama , red-headed rock agama , or rainbow agama ( agama agama ) is a species of lizard from the agamidae family found in most of sub-saharan africa .", "the species name was formerly applied to a paraphyletic collection of taxa , and mitochondrial dna analysis of various populations indicates they represent separate species .", "consequently , three former subspecies a. a. africana , a. a. boensis , and a. a. mucosoensis are now considered separate species , and a. a. savattieri is considered synonymous with a. africana . " ], "topic": [ 6, 6, 29 ] }

[ "the common agama, red-headed rock agama, or rainbow agama (agama agama) is a species of lizard from the agamidae family found in most of sub-saharan africa. the species name was formerly applied to a paraphyletic collection of taxa, and mitochondrial dna analysis of various populations indicates they represent separate species. consequently, three former subspecies a. a. africana, a. a. boensis, and a. a. mucosoensis are now considered separate species, and a. a. savattieri is considered synonymous with a. africana." ]

[ "conservation biologist dwayne lepitzki looks for banff springs snails in the thermal hot springs cave in banff national park in march 2011 .\neither way, an expert on the banff springs snail was upset to hear about the decision .\nbanff springs snails at the cave and basin national historic site in banff national park, alberta in march 2011 .\ndescription of critical habitat of the banff springs snail in banff national park of canada (2008) the banff springs snail (physella johnsoni) is a species listed on schedule 1 of the species at risk act as endangered. the species is globally rare and its canadian distribution is limited to thermal springs within banff national park and cave and basin national historic site .\ntwo long - time parks canada employees who were dismissed for skinny dipping in banff’s thermal hot springs — the home of the endangered banff springs snail — have been reinstated, according to an arbitration decision .\nthe banff springs snails are facing a tough 2011, with the hot springs slowly drying up where the unique mollusks live .\nthe banff springs snails are facing a tough 2011, with the hot springs slowly drying up where the rare mollusks live .\nbanff springs snails (physella johnsoni) at the cave and basin national historic site in banff national park, alberta in march 2011 .\na video describing the actions taken by parks canada to recover the endangered banff springs snail. cette vidéo est aussi disponible en français à urltoken\nthe banff springs snail, which is about half the size of a kernel of corn, isn' t found anywhere else in the world .\nthe banff springs snail has a shell that spirals to the left, whereas most snails have shells that spiral to the right, according to parks canada .\nthe banff springs snail made history in 1997 as the first mollusk to be designated as threatened. now endangered, the world’s entire population of the snails is confined to tiny patches of rare and fragile habitat at the banff thermal springs. it could easily become extinct unless its habitat is protected. in this short video i produced for parks canada, kelsey helps us understand the story of the banff springs snail .\nthe banff springs snail is a globally rare snail with a highly specialized habitat and restricted distribution. it has been recorded from eleven thermal springs in banff national park, was extirpated from six springs, and has now been re - established into two springs. snail populations fluctuate seasonally by up to two orders of magnitude, making population trends difficult to ascertain. while the species does not appear to be in danger of extinction, some populations appear to be at greater risk of extirpation than others .\nthe banff springs snail is endangered because it meets the following quantitative criteria: b1ac (iv) + 2ac (iv). the official reason for designation is as follows :\nthe banff springs snail was historically located at the banff upper hot springs, but hasn’t lived there for decades and re - establishing the snail into its former habitat is impossible at this time. this is because of the inconsistent supply of thermal water, which has dried up for 14 of the past 17 years due, largely, to climate change .\nbanff residents are outraged over the proposed sale of the banff upper hot springs, an attraction they consider to be a part of their history and a part of their home .\nan ontario man who swam with the endangered banff springs snail — smoking a cigar while he bathed — pleaded guilty in a canmore court wednesday. he was fined $ 4, 500 .\nproposed recovery strategy and action plan for the banff springs snail (physella johnsoni) in canada\n( 2006 - 11 - 08) (pdf format, 915. 33 kb )\nnow endangered, the world’s entire population is confined to tiny patches of rare and fragile habitat: the thermal springs in banff national park. they are closed to protect the snail’s habitat .\nthe park needs your help in protecting the banff springs snail. collectively we are all caretakers of the springs in which the entire world population of this snail exists. if you see any vandalism, unintentional disturbances, or threats to the snail or its thermal spring habitat, contact the warden service at 762 - 1470. for more information, visit the parks canada website: species at risk\nlepitzki, d. a. w. 1998. the ecology of physella johnsoni, the threatened banff springs snail. final report (1997 / 1998) prepared for heritage resource conservation - aquatics, banff national park, alberta, 4 july 1998. 146 pp .\nrecovery strategy and action plan for the banff springs snail (physella johnsoni) in canada (amendment )\n( 2010 - 11 - 18) (pdf format, 1, 876. 20 kb )\nexplanatory note regarding amendments to the recovery strategy and action plan for the banff springs snail (physella johnsoni) in canada\n( 2010 - 11 - 18) (pdf format, 21. 39 kb )\nrecovery strategy and action plan for the banff springs snail (physella johnsoni) in canada (final version )\n( 2007 - 02 - 14) (pdf format, 2, 026. 86 kb )\nthere is insufficient population data available for this species. lepitzki (2001, in natureserve 2009) could not find a warm spring location in banff national park where the snail was collected in a previous 1965 study. it may be that the spring was destroyed by construction near the banff springs hotel .\nwhen sara passed in 2002, many of the animals and plants that were assessed by cosewic as being extirpated, endangered, threatened, and special concern, including the endangered banff springs snail, were automatically listed and legally protected under sara .\ndr. dwayne lepitzki, independent conservation biologist and world expert on the endangered banff springs snail, feels that privatization could result in added pressure on parks canada management to make certain exceptions that could be detrimental to the environment and the species .\nsurveys have shown that the snail populations fluctuate drastically. low snail numbers occur in spring, just before banff experiences its major influx of summer visitors. in the two most dramatic cases, fewer than 50 snails were counted in two separate thermal springs. the species is most at risk from natural and human disturbances when its population numbers are low .\nin may 2000, cosewic adopted quantitative criteria more similar to that used by the iucn (international union for the conservation of nature) and re - examined the status of the banff spring snail. they uplisted the banff springs snail to endangered – a species facing imminent extirpation or extinction. the reason for designation was that it was a “highly specialized species with extremely limited distribution subject to human disturbance and extreme fluctuations in population size. ”\nalarmingly, the park found that the snail had disappeared from four of its historic locations. in november 2002, the snail was re - established at one of its historic locations, the upper middle springs, and in november 2003, re - established at kidney spring .\nthe planet is losing species at an alarming rate, faster than ever before seen in history. world leaders formally expressed their concern about the variety of life on this planet by adopting the convention on biological diversity in rio de janeiro in 1992. it' s important that banff national park takes the lead in protecting species such as the banff springs snail .\nparks canada is responsible for the continued survival of this unique species because the entire world' s population lives in the thermal springs of banff national park. the disturbance and destruction of the snail' s fragile habitat, caused by vandalism or the illegal use of the thermal springs by humans, are major threats to the continued existence of the species .\nwe knew little about this unique species until recently. seventy years passed between when the snail was first described in 1926 and when the first scientific study began. no data on snail numbers and no information on the snail' s natural history, biology or role in the ecosystem existed .\ntake action: e - mail your mp to tell them to keep the springs in the public domain learn more about the don' t sell our hot springs campaign .\nit' s also a matter of biodiversity or the variety of life. everything on this planet is important and inter - dependent. the banff springs snail and its close cousin found in liard hot springs in northern british columbia may offer us the last chance to learn about the unique characteristics of snails that live in thermal springs in canada. thermal springs are harsh environments and it takes special adaptations to survive and thrive in warm water that contains little or no oxygen, large amounts of dissolved minerals, and unique bacteria and algae .\nlepitzki, d. a. w. 2002. status of the banff springs snail (physella johnsoni) in alberta. alberta sustainable resource development, fish and wildlife division, and alberta conservation association, wildlife status report no. 40, edmonton, alberta. 29 pp .\nlepitzki, d. a. w. and c. pacas. 2010. recovery strategy and action plan for the banff springs snail (physella johnsoni), in canada. species at risk act recovery strategy series. parks canada agency, ottawa. vii + 63 pp .\ncosewic. 2008. cosewic assessment and update status report on the banff spring snail physella johnsoni in canada. committee on the status of endangered wildlife in canada. ottawa, canada. 54 pp .\nleptizki, d. a. w. 1997. status report on the banff springs snail physella johnsoni (clench, 1926) in canada. a report prepared for c. o. s. e. w. i. c. secretariate. 12 january 1997. 36 pp .\n, in the basin spring pool at the cave and basin national historic site, banff, alberta .\ncanmore — an ontario man who swam with endangered banff springs snails — smoking a cigar while he bathed and then claiming god told him to do it — pleaded guilty in a canmore court wednesday .\nwe are increasing the protection being offered to the snail and its habitat from disturbance and destruction by humans. in february 2002, a restricted activity order was issued for all the thermal springs water. this prohibits entry to any of the springs and their outflow streams at all times. this order also prohibits the handling disturbing of any organic matter or aquatic life within these springs. the kidney spring has been fenced off and surveillance equipment has been installed here and at the middle and basin springs .\nexamining the feasibility of re - establishing the snail at the banff upper hot springs is an action in the recovery strategy and action plan for the species, which is protected under the species at risk act (sara). one of parks canada’s general strategies is to restore and re - establish populations wherever possible .\nwhen cosewic first examined the banff springs snail in 1997, they determined that the species was threatened. at that time, threatened meant that it was a species likely to become endangered if limiting factors were not reversed. also at that time, it was the first living mollusc to be assessed in canada by cosewic .\nnear the town of banff in banff national park, alberta, canada lives a little snail that is found no where else in the world. according to cosewic (committee on the status of endangered wildlife in canada) and until the spring of 2010, it was the only species in banff - canada’s first national park – that was endangered. this means that of all the plants and animals that live in banff, it was the species most at - risk of going extinct. however in april 2010, cosewic also assessed the whitebark pine (\nwhile the work to reestablish and protect the snail is more viable under a publically owned entity, the environment could be further impacted by private development of a privatized hot springs, including expanded parking lots in the pristine natural setting .\na research and recovery program on the snail, its habitat, and threats has been ongoing since the fall of 1995. while the program has been funded in large part by banff national park, other contributors have included the parks canada species at risk recovery action and education fund, the hot springs enterprise unit of parks canada, the endangered species recovery fund (sponsored by the world wildlife fund – canada, canadian wildlife service, and the canadian millennium partnership program), and the bow valley naturalists. why is the snail here? why is it important? why should you care? this is a summary of what’s been learned and how you can help. we’ll explore the life of the snail as well as its fascinating habitat. this was written by the principal investigator, dr. dwayne a. w. lepitzki, who has been on contract with parks canada since the fall of 1995 to study the banff springs snail .\n“who knows how much pressure will be put on parks canada by private companies to allow them to drill a well and divert water to ensure a steady supply of thermal water, ” lepitzki explains. “that idea has been tossed around for several years, but it’s not a viable solution because all the thermal spring water is tied into one system. if you drill a well, it could reduce the supply to other hot springs, which is critical habitat for the banff springs snail .\nthis species is known from five warm thermal springs, all considered a single population (cosewic 2008, lepitzki and pacas 2010). a few shells have also been found in gord' s spring (middle spring area), kidney spring, and upper hot spring (cosewic, 2008). historical sites in the park include: upper hot, kidney, upper middle, vermillion cool springs (possibly), and banff springs hotel area (no longer exists). subsequent collections include\noutlet of middle spring 0. 8 miles east of middle spring in 1965 and middle springs in 1975 but no other springs were examined at that time (h. athearn, pers. comm. , 1996) .\nbailey thomas townsend, 27, admitted to swimming in the thermal pool in banff national park on nov. 26, 2014 .\nif historical sites are included (except the known extirpated banff springs hotel site and vermilion cool springs which is likely physella gyrina), area of occupancy is 0. 345 square km. as of 1996, this had declined to 0. 0326 square km with extant populations in only five springs. as of 2006, two subpopulations ave been re - introduced (upper middle and kidney) and are self maintaining and the area of occupancy is 0. 177 square km (cosewic, 2008) .\n) as endangered. this is a tree that is confined to high elevations in the mountains of british columbia and alberta, including banff .\nbilyj, m. , lepitzki, d. , hughes, e. , swiderski, j. , stackebrandt, e. , pacas, c. and yurkov, v. 2014. abundance and diversity of the phototrophic microbial mat communities of sulphur mountain banff springs and their significance to the endangered snail, physella johnsoni. open journal of ecology 4 (8): 488 - 516. doi: 10. 4236 / oje. 2014. 48041 .\nthis species is a canadian endemic from sulphur mountain, banff national park, alberta. the distribution is confined to the upper reaches of fewer than five separate thermal springs, but they constitiute a single population. occurrences listed in montana, colorado, and wyoming are in error from burch (1989) .\nit' s been estimated they became their unique selves about 10, 000 years ago, when glaciers retreated from the banff area and prehistoric lake levels dropped .\njackiewicz (1998), states that there are several problems concerning the nomenclature of the family lymnaeidae, and that there is probably no other snail group in such taxonomical disarray .\nin addition it lives in five other thermal springs, four of which are in a high visitor use area at the cave & basin national historic site .\nthis small snail is the most at risk wildlife species in the park. the grizzly bear, woodland caribou, and wolverine are all classified as\nvulnerable\n, one rung down the ladder from\nthreatened\n. this small snail also made history by being the first mollusc (i. e. , snails and clams) to be classified by cosewic .\nthese snails are indeed in\nhot water\nin more ways than one. snails seem to prefer water between 30° and 36°c - this is slightly cooler than the average relaxing bath at 38° to 40°c. in some thermal springs, their numbers seem to follow the seasonal rise and fall of water temperatures - snail numbers drop with declining water temperature and increase with rising water temperature. most are also found right where the spring bubbles out of the ground. even 5 or 10 metres downstream, snail numbers decrease drastically .\nhe can be contacted through this bvn website. funding to help develop these webpage summaries was provided by a donor to bvn who wanted to help spread the word about the little snail .\nare snails just as important as grizzly bears? you bet they are! just as a healthy population of large carnivores, such as the grizzly bear, is used to indicate the health or integrity of a large ecosystem, healthy populations of banff springs snails indicate the integrity of their unique thermal spring ecosystems. it' s all a matter of scale .\nillegal activities can impact the snail and its habitat in a number of ways. people entering and exiting the thermal spring pool can kill snails, while waves will disrupt and disturb the microbial mats. water agitation causes the microbial mats on the bottom to lift, which will eventually clog pipes and cause water level problems in the springs. disturbance of the mats is especially disruptive because these mats are one of the few places where snail eggs have been found in nature. chemicals, deodorants, and insect repellents on the skin of illegal swimmers and hand dippers may also harm snails and their habitat .\n( < 100 square km (less than about 40 square miles) ) this species is a canadian endemic from sulphur mountain, banff national park, alberta. the distribution is confined to the upper reaches of fewer than five separate thermal springs, but they constitiute a single population. occurrences listed in montana, colorado, and wyoming are in error from burch (1989) .\nthe snails live in an area fed by the upper hot springs, one of the resort town' s most popular tourist attractions. most of them live where the water gurgles up from the ground .\nwethington, a. r. and r. guralnick. 2004. are populations of physids from different hot springs different lineages? american malacological bulletin, 19 (1 / 2): 135 - 144 .\ntitcomb, who worked for parks canada since 1999 — including at the upper hot springs where he informed visitors they weren’t allowed to swim at the cave and basin — admitted that they went into the pool .\nno one from banff national park responded tuesday for a request for comment on the decision, but the lawyer for parks canada argued during the hearing that the case was important because it affects their mandate to protect the country’s natural heritage .\nin 2005, the population size was estimated at about 34, 000 snails. however, the population size fluctuates annually by over two orders of magnitude; populations generally fluctuate seasonally, increasing during the fall and decreasing during the late winter and early spring. the cause of this seasonal pattern is unclear (lepitzki and pacas 2010), but a survey of the microbial mat communities of the sulphur springs suggests that mat chlorophyll content appeared to be directly proportional to snail numbers (bilyj et al. 2014 )\nthe world’s entire population of the snails is confined to tiny patches of rare and fragile habitat: the thermal springs. it could easily become extinct unless its habitat is protected, and it has already disappeared from some of its historic range .\nthermal springs on sulphur mountain, banff national park. habitats are also mineral (total dissolved solids greater than 1000 mg per liter). critical habitat attributes include a steady supply of warm thermal spring water (30 - 38 degrees c), with high conductivity (1200 - 2000 us / cm), and noticeably high levels of hydrogen sulphide (up to 6. 0 mg / l) (leptizki, 2002). the habitat is naturally fragmented and patchy with only the upper reaches being preferred (cosewic, 2008) .\nparks canadas long - term objective is to re - establish populations in historic thermal spring locations while maintaining the present self - sustaining populations. the recovery plan for the snail focuses on communication, protection, and scientific research. recovery efforts include protection from human disturbances through the closure of some sites to the public, stepped - up surveillance, law enforcement, and fines. communication initiatives are underway that will educate and inform local residents, park staff, and visitors about the snail. research to document population fluctuations, micro - distribution, water chemistry and reproductive biology is ongoing. researchers are also beginning to study the microbiology, bacteria, algae, plants and other animals within the thermal spring ecosystems .\none of the challenges in the implementation of critical habitat is the scientific problem of defining it for an endangered species. after reviewing the individual cases of critical habitat designation challenges for canada lynx, sage grouse, killer whales, spotted owls, banff springs snail, and other examples in this symposium, our goal in this paper is to review the conceptual definition of critical habitat to identify the scientific implementation gaps in critical habitat science. starting from niche theory and the theory of density dependent habitat selection, we develop a quantitative definition of habitat quality for endangered species. we then extend habitat quality to an operational definition of critical habitat by considering concepts of minimum viable populations, thresholds for extinction, and other general conservation biology ‘rules’ for preventing extinction. this emphasizes that critical habitat itself does not conceptually exist in the absence of a population target or goal, as recognized in both sara and the esa in the link between critical habitat and a recovery goal. therefore, the concept of critical habitat is ultimately tied to the recovery goal, and so we conclude by reviewing some of the different standards of ‘recovery’ as exemplified in the various case studies discussed in the symposium. for the science of critical habitat to develop, more focus on the link between populations and habitats is needed, one of the most challenging scientific aspects of endangered species recovery .\nstarting in january 1996, parks canada researchers began to determine the status and distribution of the species. this was followed by biology and ecology studies. the researchers spend most of their time on their knees - visually searching for the snails. the largest snail is about the size of your small fingernail; the majority are about half that size. most snails are also found right at the water' s surface, clinging to algae and bacterial mats, their probable food source .\nsmall, globose snail with a short spire. original description reproduced by clarke (1981) and lepitzki (1997) :\nshell sinistral, small, globose, thin. color dark reddish horn, sometimes faintly striated. whorles 4 1 / 2 to 5, convex and well rounded, nuclear whorl darker in color. spire rather short, terminating in an acute apex. aperture well rounded, flaring slightly at the base. palatal lip very thin, rarely labiate. parietal lip of a thin deposit only on body whorl. columella rather narrow, not twisted, inclined toward the left and not abruptly terminating in the body whorl but gradually continuing the general contouor. suture very well impressed, slightly indented. sculpture of very fine growth lines but no cross striae. the loss of the periostracum on some of the prominent growth linesgives it the appearance of striations above. varicose bands rare and most noticeable when seen from within the aperture .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nunless otherwise noted, all text, photos, graphs, and models are copyrighted by d. a. w. lepitzki .\nadd content ratings to your videos so your grandma doesn’t encounter your mature work by mistake .\nspecies extinction is now happening at 1, 000 times its normal ...\nbailey townsend leaves canmore court on wednesday afternoon after receiving $ 4, 500 in fines for swimming in the thermal pool at the cave and basin .\n“it is was it is, ” he said outside court after the hearing. “i didn’t hurt no snails, though. ”\njudge les grieve heard townsend was warned by parks canada staff that he couldn’t swim in the thermal pool at the cave and basin national historic site, but he returned later in the day and ignored the no swimming signs posted around the pool .\n“he walked up and proceeded to enter and swim, ” said federal crown prosecutor adam zelmer, noting townsend lit a cigar and smoked it while he swam .\nit was reported to parks canada dispatch and townsend was apprehended by two wardens in the parking lot .\n“he immediately stated he did not want a lawyer, ” zelmer said. “god had directed him to swim in the pool. ”\ntownsend, who smelled of alcohol, was charged with two federal offences: entering a closed area under the national parks act, and damaging or destroying the habitat of an endangered species under the species at risk act .\ncourt heard that an inspection by an expert showed the microbial mat, which is where the snails feed and lay their eggs, was disturbed and even removed in three main areas of the thermal pool during the incident .\nzelmer said it’s the second such case of people caught swimming in the pool in recent months .\nin an earlier case, he said, two people were ordered to pay $ 1, 500 each in fines — as a way to deter future incidents .\n“obviously that was not addressed, ” he said, noting the incident with townsend happened a couple months later .\nzelmer and duty counsel lynda levesque put forward a joint submission for a $ 2, 000 fine under the national parks act and another $ 2, 500 fine under the species at risk act — although levesque said her client wouldn’t be able to afford it because he doesn’t have a job .\nwhen asked by the judge why he did it, townsend responded: “god’s ways are not our ways. ”\ngrieve then asked whether he was intoxicated or whether he has mental health issues .\n“i’m not mental, ” said townsend. “i guess i was intoxicated. ”\n“i’d rather go to jail than pay a fine, ” replied townsend, who ultimately didn’t get any jail time after his lawyer suggested he was taking the matter quite seriously .\ntownsend, however, could still go to jail for up to six months if he doesn’t pay the $ 4, 500 in fines by july 31 .\nthe maximum fine for entering a closed area under the national parks act is $ 25, 000. separately, fines under the species at risk act can go up to $ 50, 000 and / or a year in jail .\nwe encourage all readers to share their views on our articles and blog posts. we are committed to maintaining a lively but civil forum for discussion, so we ask you to avoid personal attacks, and please keep your comments relevant and respectful. if you encounter a comment that is abusive, click the\nx\nin the upper right corner of the comment box to report spam or abuse. we are using facebook commenting .\noops. a firewall is blocking access to prezi content. check out this article to learn more or contact your system administrator .\nstand out and be remembered with prezi, the secret weapon of great presenters .\nneither you, nor the coeditors you shared it with will be able to recover it again .\nreset share links resets both viewing and editing links (coeditors shown below are not affected) .\nbut that source is drying up, and there are predictions next spring will be particularly hard on the snails .\ni' m not sure we actually can do anything to deal with the drying up. i think if it' s a result of things like climate change, or a lack of snow, we certainly can' t do anything with respect to that ,\nsaid charlie pacas, an aquatics specialist with parks canada .\none option is to temporarily evacuate one group of the snails to an aquarium, but that' s not seen as desirable because moving them could actually change the species .\naudience relations, cbc p. o. box 500 station a toronto, on canada, m5w 1e6\nit is a priority for cbc to create a website that is accessible to all canadians including people with visual, hearing, motor and cognitive challenges .\nclosed captioning and described video is available for many cbc - tv shows offered on cbc watch .\ncritical habitat descriptions in the canada gazette (79 record (s) found. )\ndescription of critical habitat of american water - willow in point pelee national park of canada (2011) american water - willow (justicia americana) is a species listed on schedule 1 to the species at risk act as threatened. american water - willow is an aquatic plant that occurs at one site within point pelee national park of canada. critical habitat for american water - willow is identified within the final recovery strategy for the american water - willow (justicia americana) in canada .\ndescription of critical habitat of the prothonotary warbler in big creek national wildlife area (2011) the prothonotary warbler (protonotaria citrea) is a migratory bird protected under the migratory birds convention act, 1994 and listed on schedule 1 of the species at risk act as an endangered species. in canada, the prothonotary warbler breeds primarily along the shores of lake erie, nesting in cavities that were created naturally (e. g. by rot or decay) or excavated by primary cavity nesters such as black - capped chickadees (poecile atricapilla) ...\ndescription of critical habitat of red mulberry in point pelee national park of canada (2011) red mulberry (morus rubra) is a species listed on schedule 1 to the species at risk act as endangered. it is an understory tree that occurs at three sites within the mainland portion of point pelee national park of canada and one site on middle island within the same park. critical habitat for red mulberry is identified within the recovery strategy for the red mulberry (morus rubra) in canada .\ndescription of critical habitat of eastern prickly pear cactus in point pelee national park of canada (2011) eastern prickly pear cactus (opuntia humifusa) is a species listed on schedule 1 to the species at risk act as endangered. critical habitat for eastern prickly pear cactus is identified within the final recovery strategy for the eastern prickly pear cactus (opuntia humifusa) in canada .\ndescription of critical habitat of deerberry in st. lawrence islands national park of canada (2011) deerberry (vaccinium stamineum) is a species listed on schedule 1 to the species at risk act as threatened. deerberry is a colonial shrub that occurs naturally at three sites within st. lawrence islands national park of canada. critical habitat for deerberry is identified within the final recovery strategy for the deerberry (vaccinium stamineum) in canada .\ndescription of critical habitat of haller’s apple moss in jasper national park of canada (2010) the haller’s apple moss (bartramia halleriana) is a species listed on schedule 1 to the species at risk act as threatened. critical habitat for haller’s apple moss is identified within the final recovery strategy for the haller’s apple moss (bartramia halleriana) in canada .\ndescription of critical habitat of the eastern yellow - bellied racer in grasslands national park of canada (2010) the eastern yellow - bellied racer (coluber constrictor flaviventris) is a species listed on schedule 1 to the species at risk act as threatened. critical habitat for the eastern yellow - bellied racer is identified within the final recovery strategy for the eastern yellow - bellied racer (coluber constrictor flaviventris) in canada .\ndescription of critical habitat of water - pennywort in kejimkujik national park of canada (2010) water - pennywort (hydrocotyle umbellata) is a species listed on schedule 1 of the species at risk act as threatened. it is a small vascular plant that is part of a larger group of taxonomically unrelated species known as atlantic coastal plain flora. critical habitat for water - pennywort is identified in the recovery strategy and management plan for the multiple species of atlantic coastal plain flora in canada .\ndescription of critical habitat of the lake chubsucker in big creek national wildlife area, long point national wildlife area, st. clair national wildlife area, and point pelee national park of canada (2010) the lake chubsucker (erimyzon sucetta) is a species listed on schedule 1 of the species at risk act (sara) as a threatened species. it is a freshwater fish found in southwestern ontario, in heavily vegetated and stagnant bays, channels, ponds and swamps and is a member of the sucker family. it typically inhabits clear, well - vegetated, slow - moving or still waters. critical habitat for lake chubsucker is identified and described in full in the reco ...\ndescription of critical habitat of the northern bottlenose whale (hyperoodon ampullatus), scotian shelf population, in the gully marine protected area (2010) the scotian shelf population of the northern bottlenose whale is listed on schedule 1 of the species at risk act (sara). the critical habitat for this population was identified in the recovery strategy for the northern bottlenose whale (hyperoodon ampullatus), scotian shelf population, in atlantic canadian waters urltoken\ndescription of critical habitat of the inner bay of fundy atlantic salmon in fundy national park of canada (2010) the inner bay of fundy atlantic salmon (salmo salar) is a species listed on schedule 1 of the species at risk act as endangered. critical habitat for the inner bay of fundy (ibof) atlantic salmon is identified within the recovery strategy for the atlantic salmon (salmo salar), inner bay of fundy populations .\ndescription of critical habitat of the greater sage - grouse in grasslands national park of canada (2010) the greater sage - grouse (prairie population) [ centrocercus urophasianus urophasianus ] is a species listed on schedule 1 of the species at risk act as endangered. critical habitat for the greater sage - grouse is identified within the replacement of section 2. 6 of the recovery strategy for the greater sage - grouse (centrocercus urophasianus urophasianus) in canada .\ndescription of critical habitat of the black - footed ferret in grasslands national park of canada (2009) the black - footed ferret (mustela nigripes) is a species listed on schedule 1 of the species at risk act as extirpated. critical habitat for the black - footed ferret is identified within the final recovery strategy for the species as the limits of the black - tailed prairie dog (cynomys ludovicianus) colonies in canada based on their boundaries mapped in 2007 .\ndescription of critical habitat of the whooping crane in wood buffalo national park of canada (2008) the whooping crane (grus americana) is a migratory bird protected under the migratory birds convention act, 1994 and is listed on schedule 1 of the species at risk act as an endangered species. in canada, the whooping crane, breeds in and adjacent to wood buffalo national park of canada and winters in the united states. the recovery strategy for the whooping crane in canada identifies critical habitat for the species within wood buffalo national ...\nturgeon, d. d. , j. f. quinn, jr. , a. e. bogan, e. v. coan, f. g. hochberg, w. g. lyons, p. m. mikkelsen, r. j. neves, c. f. e. roper, g. rosenberg, b. roth, a. scheltema, f. g. thompson, m. vecchione, and j. d. williams. 1998. common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada: mollusks. 2nd edition. american fisheries society special publication 26, bethesda, maryland: 526 pp .\nthe species has a severely restricted distribution with a marked microdistribution within each spring, a tiny area of occupancy, an unusual habitat, and evidence of decline in number of historical sites but increase significantly in population size .\ndue to latency between updates made in state, provincial or other natureserve network databases and when they appear on natureserve explorer, for state or provincial information you may wish to contact the data steward in your jurisdiction to obtain the most current data. please refer to\nnatural and human caused threats include thermal water flow stoppages, reductions / fluctuations, redirections; limited or low quality habitat; soaking and swimming (currently only at upper hot spring with 300, 000 people in 1995 / 1996; and illegally at kidney spring); population lows and genetic inbreeding; trampling / local disturbance; limb dipping; stochastic events; and others (predation, competition, collecting. climate change preductions predict a decrease in summer precipitation and increase in winter and psring precipitation indicating future flow anomalies (cosewic, 2008) .\nin the last 10 years, the species has experienced a 409% increase in population trend including two re - introduced populations, from a mean of 9, 358 in 1996 to 19, 058 in 2005 (cosewic, 2008) .\nalthough individual populations are stable or increasing, total diversity is declining as half of the 10 listed sites are not extirpated (lepitzki, 2002) .\nbecause it is a local endemic from a unique habitat with very limited range, it is intrinsically vulnerable to extirpation. as there is only one global population, there is no possibility of a rescue effect in the event of a catastrophe .\noccurrences are based on some evidence of historical or current presence of single or multiple specimens, including live specimens or recently dead shells (i. e. , soft tissue still attached without signs of external weathering or staining), at a given location with potentially recurring existence. weathered shells constitute a historic occurrence. evidence is derived from reliable published observation or collection data; unpublished, though documented (i. e. government or agency reports, web sites, etc .) observation or collection data; or museum specimen information .\nseparation barriers are largely based on permanent hydrological discontinuity between water bodies, with distances of 30 meters or greater between maximum high water marks constituting a separation barrier. additional barriers are chemical and / or physical and include any connecting water body (regardless of size) with one or more of the following on a permanent basis: no dissolved calcium content, acidity greater than ph 5, lack of dissolved oxygen, extremely high salinity such as that found in saline lakes and brine waters, or temperature greater than 45 an additional physical barrier, particularly for flowing water, is presence of upland habitat between water connections. high waterfalls and anthropogenic barriers to water flow such as dams are barriers as they limit movement in an upstream direction .\nuse the generic guidelines for the application of occurrence ranks (2008). the key for ranking species occurrences using the generic approach provides a step - wise process for implementing this method .\nzoological data developed by natureserve and its network of natural heritage programs (see local programs) and other contributors and cooperators (see sources) .\nburch, j. b. 1989. north american freshwater snails. malacological publications: hamburg, michigan. 365 pp .\nclarke, a. h. 1981a. the freshwater mollusks of canada. national museum of natural sciences, national museums of canada, d. w. friesen and sons, ltd. : ottawa, canada. 446 pp .\nlepitzki, d. a. w. 2001. gastropods: 2000 preliminary status ranks for alberta. unpublished report prepared for alberta sustainable resource development, fish and wildlife division, edmonton, alberta. 126 pp .\nremigio, e. a. , d. a. w. lepitzki, j. s. lee, and p. d. n. hebert. 2001. molecular systematic relationships and evidence for a recent origin of the thermal spring endemic snails physella johnsoni and physella wrighti (pulmonata: physidae). canadian journal of zoology, 79: 1941 - 1950 .\ntaylor, d. w. 2003. introduction to physidae (gastropoda: hygrophiila); biogeography, classification, morphology. revista de biologia tropical (international journal of tropical biology and conservation), 51, supplement 1: 1 - 287 .\nwethington, a. r. and c. lydeard. 2007. a molecular phylogeny of physidae (gastropoda: basommatophora) based on mitochondrial dna sequences. journal of molluscan studies, 73 (3): 241 - 257 .\nwu, s. - k. 1989. colorado freshwater mollusks. natural history inventory of colorado 11: 1 - 117 .\nwu, s. - k. and d. e. beetle. 1995. wyoming physidae (gastropoda: pulmonata: hygrophila). malacological review, 28 (1 - 2): 81 - 95 .\nthe small print: trademark, copyright, citation guidelines, restrictions on use, and information disclaimer .\nnote: all species and ecological community data presented in natureserve explorer at urltoken were updated to be current with natureserve' s central databases as of november 2016. note: this report was printed on\ntrademark notice :\nnatureserve\n, natureserve explorer, the natureserve logo, and all other names of natureserve programs referenced herein are trademarks of natureserve. any other product or company names mentioned herein are the trademarks of their respective owners .\ncopyright notice: copyright © 2017 natureserve, 4600 n. fairfax dr. , 7th floor, arlington virginia 22203, u. s. a. all rights reserved. each document delivered from this server or web site may contain other proprietary notices and copyright information relating to that document. the following citation should be used in any published materials which reference the web site .\nnatureserve. 2017. natureserve explorer: an online encyclopedia of life [ web application ]. version 7. 1. natureserve, arlington, virginia. available http: / / explorer. natureserve. org. (accessed :\nridgely, r. s. , t. f. allnutt, t. brooks, d. k. mcnicol, d. w. mehlman, b. e. young, and j. r. zook. 2003. digital distribution maps of the birds of the western hemisphere, version 1. 0. natureserve, arlington, virginia, usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with robert ridgely, james zook, the nature conservancy - migratory bird program, conservation international - cabs, world wildlife fund - us, and environment canada - wildspace .\npatterson, b. d. , g. ceballos, w. sechrest, m. f. tognelli, t. brooks, l. luna, p. ortega, i. salazar, and b. e. young. 2003. digital distribution maps of the mammals of the western hemisphere, version 1. 0. natureserve, arlington, virginia, usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with bruce patterson, wes sechrest, marcelo tognelli, gerardo ceballos, the nature conservancy - migratory bird program, conservation international - cabs, world wildlife fund - us, and environment canada - wildspace .\niucn, conservation international, and natureserve. 2004. global amphibian assessment. iucn, conservation international, and natureserve, washington, dc and arlington, virginia, usa .\ndata developed as part of the global amphibian assessment and provided by iucn - world conservation union, conservation international and natureserve .\nno graphics available from this server can be used, copied or distributed separate from the accompanying text. any rights not expressly granted herein are reserved by natureserve. nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring by implication, estoppel, or otherwise any license or right under any trademark of natureserve. no trademark owned by natureserve may be used in advertising or promotion pertaining to the distribution of documents delivered from this server without specific advance permission from natureserve. except as expressly provided above, nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring any license or right under any natureserve copyright .\n). your comments will be very valuable in improving the overall quality of our databases for the benefit of all users .\ninformation archivée dans le web à des fins de consultation, de recherche ou de tenue de documents. cette dernière n' a aucunement été modifiée ni mise à jour depuis sa date de mise en archive. les pages archivées dans le web ne sont pas assujetties aux normes qui s' appliquent aux sites web du gouvernement du canada. conformément à la politique sur les communications et l’image de marque, vous pouvez demander de recevoir cette information dans tout autre format de rechange à la page « contactez - nous » .\ninformation identified as archived on the web is for reference, research or recordkeeping purposes. it has not been altered or updated after the date of archiving. web pages that are archived on the web are not subject to the government of canada web standards. as per the policy on communications and federal identity, you can request alternate formats on the\ncontact us\npage .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nconservation of endangered species is a cornerstone of the science of conservation biology, and arguably the most publicly prominent pursuit of the discipline. one of the main vehicles for endangered species recovery in the us has been the endangered species act (esa), and in canada, the relatively new species - at - risk act (sara). dspite the high profile afforded conservation successes under the esa and fledgling sara, reviews of the esa almost a decade ago revealed systematic problems with the implementation of the esa at the critical habitat identification stage. despite the intention of sara to avoid these problems, recent challenges in canada suggest that similar problems of translating science into policy are hampering the implementation of critical habitat provisions. here we review the impetus for, and evolution of, the esa and sara, and respective considerations for critical habitat. we use this to frame the various contributions to this symposium, with a particular emphasis on understanding the source of potential barriers to implementation of critical habitat provisions at the science - policy interface. we also explore perceptions of the role of conservation science in public policy, recognizing that endangered species conservation is ultimately an interdisciplinary undertaking, and that impediments to implementation of legislative provisions may be rooted in different value systems .\n08: 00 critical habitat for imperiled species: some canada - us comparisons findlay, c. s. *, university of ottawa; doak, d. f. , university of wyoming; wolf, s. , center for biological diversity; mooers, a. o. , simon fraser university\n08: 45 conservation lessons across borders: critical habitat protection for the endangered canadian population of northern spotted owls sutherland, glenn d. *, environment canada and cortex consultants inc. ; waterhouse, f. louise, british columbia ministry of forests\nwith limited connectivity to the us population, the endangered canadian population of northern spotted owls faces imminent extirpation. assessments of landscape management options using spatially - explicit modelled representations of population dynamics and habitat supply - particularly representing the multi - scaled functional nature of critical habitat - have informed successive stages of spotted owl recovery efforts under sara. important lessons from this collective, multi - staged effort are: (1) ‘critical’ habitat for larger - ranging species is imprecisely defined, frustrating adequate policy implementation dependent on differentiating among multiple marginal utilities of habitat value; (2) projections of critical habitat condition integrating weighted habitat quality values across site, territory, connectivity, and population factors, assisted stakeholders to identify ecological and socio - economic risks of alternative decisions, although agreement on assumptions was difficult to achieve; (3) spatio - temporal habitat projections provides a consistent means for making iterative refinements to management plans as policy responses to the population’s status changes. we conclude that the large investment of effort to develop an effective suite of tools for applying the science behind critical habitat does improve the transparency of the information used during the process and offers a framework for effectiveness monitoring, but does not necessarily expedite a policy driven process." ]

{ "text": [ "the banff springs snail ( physella johnsoni ) is a species of small air-breathing freshwater snail in the family physidae .", "based on molecular research , it appears that physella johnsoni separated out as a species from physella gyrina about 10,000 years ago . " ], "topic": [ 2, 6 ] }

[ "the banff springs snail (physella johnsoni) is a species of small air-breathing freshwater snail in the family physidae. based on molecular research, it appears that physella johnsoni separated out as a species from physella gyrina about 10,000 years ago." ]

[ "physa lake is a 9 acre lake located in bayfield county. it has a maximum depth of 25 feet. fish include panfish and largemouth bass .\nsurveys of other high elevation lakes in the vicinity of fish lake and possibly even searches at the bottom of fish lake itself may be of value .\ndata and apps idaho fish and wildlife information system bringing information to bear on the management and conservation of fish, wildlife, and plants in idaho .\nthe present results showed significant increase in ast and alt, and alp in planorbis and physa snail samples, collected from nasayma site in lake manzala. moreover, the results showed alterations in cat, gst and ggt activity in snail samples collected from lake manzala .\ncitation: el - khayat hmm, hamid ha, gaber hs, mahmoud kma, flefel he (2015) snails and fish as pollution biomarkers in lake manzala and laboratory a: lake manzala snails. fish aquac j 6: 153. doi: 10. 4172 / 2150 - 3508. 1000153\nthere was formerly one occurrence of this species, now considered extinct. it was strictly endemic, so far as is known, to fish lake, sevier county, utah .\nali mhh (2008) assessment of some water quality characteristics and determination of some heavy metals in lake manzala, egypt. egypt. j. aquat. biol. fish. 2: 133 - 154 .\nmaltchik l, lanés lek, stenert c, medeiros esf (2010) species - area relationship and environmental predictors of fish communities in coastal freshwater wetlands of southern brazil. environ. biol. fish. pp: 88: 25 - 35 .\nchamberlin and berry (1930) described this species, which they named aplexa microstriata, the type locality being\nfish lake, utah\n. chamberlin and jones (1929) had earlier assigned specimens of this species to aplexa hypnorum .\nmoreover, freshwater molluscs play an important role in aquatic ecosystems, providing food for many fish species and vertebrates [ 23 ] .\nclarke (1991) has noted regarding the area of former occurrence of this species :\nfish lake is at high elevation (8843 feet), 5. 7 mi long (with axis sw to ne), 1. 1 mi wide, and with depths exceeding 100 feet near its east side. along the west side the bottom is of gravel and mud but with some rocks. during the summer the lake bottom becomes choked with spirogyra and elodea to depths of about 40 feet and dredging is impossible. the northeastern end of fish lake is a shallow, muddy, vegetation - choked bay (widgeon bay) which is surrounded by a quaking bog .\nthe present results showed significant increase in ast, alt, and alp in planorbis and physa, respectively in most samples collected from nasayma site in lake manzala. most of snails collected from port - said and dakahlya sites showed significant increase in urea. results of creatinine in samples from different lake sites showed alteration, ranged between non - significant decrease and increase (table 1). significant increase of total protein level was obtained in all field samples while total bilirubin showed the highest levels in physa and planorbis samples collected from nasayma, dakahlya and in biomphalaria samples collected from matarya, dakahlya. also, results showed higher levels of indirect bilirubin than direct. most snail samples showed approximately normal a / g ratio (table 2) .\nthe only habitat information provided by anyone who saw this species alive in the field was that contained in the type description by chamberlin and berry (1930), who reported only :\n... in shallow water along shore of portions of fish lake, utah... .\nhontela a (1998) interrenal dysfunction in fish from contaminated sites: in vivo and invitro assessment. environ. toxicol. chem. 17: 44 - 48 .\nlake manzala is considered one of the most important lakes in egypt. it is exposed to high levels of pollutants from industrial, domestic and agricultural resources [ 1 - 3 ]. ali reported that lake manzala receives about 4000 million cubic meters of untreated industrial, domestic and agricultural waste water annually [ 4 ] .\nthis work aims to record the alterations of the physiological, hematological and histopathological parameters in snails collected from lake manzala as a bio - indicator for water pollution .\ntable 2: total protein, albumin, globulin, a / g ratio, total bilirubin, direct and indirect in tissue extract of snails collected from lake manzala .\nfws digital media library - - the u. s. fish and wildlife service' s national digital library is a searchable collection of selected images, historical artifacts, audio clips, publications, and video .\ntable 3: catalase (cat), glutathione - s - transferase (gst) and gamma - glutamyl transpeptidase (ggt) in tissue extract of snails collected from lake manzala .\nbadawy mi, wahaab ra (1997) environmental impact of some chemical pollutants on lake manzala. int. j. environ. hlth. res. 7: 161 - 170 .\nsnail samples were collected from 8 sites in lake manzalafrom 3 governorates; port - said (kobry el - lansh, kaar el - bahr and el - khankak), dakahlya (gammalya, matarya and nasayma) and damietta (ananyya and sayala). the snails collected were kept in water from their habitat and examined for natural infection. the negative (uninfected) biomphalaria snails and other collected species (physa and planorbis) were contributed in the physiological studies. on the other hand, both negative and positive biomphalaria samples were examined histologically .\nibrahim a, bahnasawy m, mansy s, el - fayomy r (1999) distribution of heavy metals in the damietta nile estuary ecosystem. egypt. j. aquat. biol. fish. 3: 369 - 397 .\ntable 1: aspartate amino transferase (ast), alanine amino transferase (alt) alkaline phosphatase (alp), glucose, creatinine and urea in tissue extract of snails collected from lake manzala .\nsimilarly, histopathological changes have been widely used as biomarkers in the health evaluation of animal organisms. the discharge of toxic elements into the rivers, estuaries and coastal waters poses serious pollution and consequently affects the fish, flora and fauna as snail .\nabdelkhalek nkm, ghazy ew and abdel - daim mm (2015) pharmacodynamic interaction of spirulinaplatensis and deltamethrin in freshwater fish nile tilapia, oreochromisniloticus: impact on lipid peroxidation and oxidative stress. environ scipollut res. int. 22: 3023 - 3031 .\nthe histological observations of biomphalaria snails collected from lake mazala showed accumulation of heavy metals in the head foot tissues. this was proved in the study of [ 22 ] who recorded that the metals concentrations were higher in snail tissues and water samples from lake manzala. the collected water samples from damietta sites showed the highest significant cu & cd concentration while port - said samples showed the highest pb concentration and dakahlia showed the highest zn concentration .\nhelal ib, elmehlawy mh, rizk et, el - khodary gm (2003) effect of euphorbia peplus plant extract and the antihelmenthicprazequantel on the defence system of biomphalariaalexandria snail. egypt. j. aqaat. biol. & fish. 7: 501 - 505 .\ncazenave j, wunderlin da, hued ac, de los angeles - bistoni m (2005) haematological parameters in a neotropical fish, corydoraspaleatus (jenyns, 1842) (pisces, callichthyidae) captured from pristine and polluted water. hydrobiologia. 537: 25 - 33 .\nthe majority of snail samples showed significant decrease in total and differential cell count as compared with lab bread controls (table 4). the higher percent of decrease in the total cell count (- 72 %) was recorded in biomphalaria collected from nasayma, dakahlya. hemoglobin concentration showed alteration; increased to 2. 6 g in planorbis collected from kobry el - lansh and decreased to 0. 8 g in physa collected from annanya, damietta .\nin conclusion, the severe alterations and degeneration recorded in the physiological and hematological parameters and also histopathological observations are clear evidence for the pollution of the water from which these snail samples were collected. this conclusion is confirmed by [ 67 ] who recorded highly significant concentrations of cu, cd, pb and zn in water samples from different lake manzala sites. also, these metals were highly concentrated in snail and fish tissues and the higher metal bioaccumulation was determined in snails collected from sites showed higher water metals concentrations .\nabdel - baky te, hagras ae, hassan sh, zyadah ma (1998) heavy metals concentration in some organs of oreochromis aureus stein in lake manzala. e egypt. j. egypt. ger. soc. zool. 25: 237 - 256 .\ntext modified from: oliver, george v. and william r. bosworth iii. 1999. rare, imperiled, and recently extinct or extirpated mollusks of utah [: ] a literature review. publication number 99 - 29. utah division of wildlife resources, salt lake city. 230 pp .\nhistopathological examinations: snail specimens collected from lake manzala were dissected, removed from their shells gently and fixed in 10% buffered neutral formalin solution. five - micron thick paraffin sections were prepared, stained by hematoxylin and eosin (he) and then examined microscopically and photographed for histopathology observations [ 29 ] .\nel - khayat hmm, mahmoud kma, gaber hs, abdel - hamid h, abu taleb hma (2015b) studies on the effect of pollution on lake manzala ecosystem in port - said, damietta and dakahlya governorates, egypt. j. egypt. soc. parasitol. (jesp). 45: 155 - 168 .\nsignificant alterations in catalase (cat) level were noticed in all snail samples collected from lake manzala as compared with lab bread controls (except in planorbis collected from kobry el - lansh and biomphalaria from gammalya and biomphalaria from nasayma). the recorded alterations in the snail samples was increased by 18 to185% , or decreased by - 13 to - 90% (table 3) .\nall these histopathological damages in snail organs may be due to the pollution of lake manzala water by heavy metals which recorded by [ 22 ]. stress responses in invertebrates can occur following acute or chronic exposures to contaminated environments and as such, the overall health status of individuals within those environments, both in terms of histopathological lesions and the presence of infecting organisms, may ultimately reflect the general health status of these sites [ 54 ] .\nsignificant increase of total protein level was recorded also in all samples collected from lake manzala. this increase may be attributed to the changes in hepatic protein synthesis [ 43, 44 ] due to the stress in the polluted habitat. these results go in the same direction as those of [ 45 ] who recorded an increase in the total protein concentration in helix snails dependent in the presence of metal dust. also, [ 46 ] highlighted a significant increase in the total protein rate under the effect of a chemical stress at different biological models. mello observed significant changes in protein metabolism in response to exposure to different concentrations of e. splendens var. hislopii latex, with significant increases in snails exposed to 0. 8 and 1. 0 mg / l of the latex, indicating latex toxicity [ 47 ]. the same was observed by [ 48 ] using other plants and higher concentrations .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\ngland, switzerland, 5 july 2018 (iucn) – australia’s unique reptiles – including lizards and snakes – face severe threats from invasive species and climate change, with 7% of th ...\nthe value of medicinal and aromatic plant trade has increased three - fold in the past 20 years, but traditional harvesting practices are being replaced by less sustainable alternatives... .\na recently released iucn technical brief recommends increasing investments in sustainable land management practices, as well as better cooperation between agriculturalists and conservationists to conse ...\njohnson, p. d. , bogan, a. e. , brown, k. m. , burkhead, n. m. , cordeiro, j. r. , garner, j. t. , hartfield, p. d. , lepitzki, d. a. w. , mackie, g. l. , pip, e. , tarpley, t. a. , tiemann, j. s. , whelan, n. v. and strong, e. e. 2013. conservation status of freshwater gastropods of canada and the united states. fisheries 38 (6): 247 - 282 .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\n- - natureserve explorer is a source for authoritative conservation information on more than 50, 000 plants, animals and ecological communtities of the u. s and canada. natureserve explorer provides in - depth information on rare and endangered species, but includes common plants and animals too. natureserve explorer is a product of natureserve in collaboration with the natural heritage network .\nitis reports - - itis (the integrated taxonomic information system) is a source for authoritative taxonomic information on plants, animals, fungi, and microbes of north america and the world .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nwe seek employees with a strong customer service philosophy and an attitude of helpfulness .\nbefore boating on an unfamiliar wisconsin waterways check for a sign at the public boat landing to determine if there are local regulations (more restrictive than state law) which may apply on that waterbody. also be sure to review the document wisconsin boating regulations at\nto learn about statewide regulations. there may be a delay between the time an ordinance is passed and the time it gets into our database .\ntherefore, the only way to know for sure if a water body has an ordinance in effect is to look for a sign posted at a public boat landing .\ncall 1 - 888 - 936 - 7463 (tty access via relay - 711) from 7 a. m. - 10 p. m .\nmake the best use of scientific research and information from our 700 + peer reviewed, open access journals that operates with the help of 50, 000 + editorial board members and esteemed reviewers and 1000 + scientific associations in medical, clinical, pharmaceutical, engineering, technology and management fields .\ncopyright: © 2015 el - khayat hmm, et al. this is an open - access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited .\ndetermination of liver and kidney functions: the assessment of aspartate aminotransferase (ast), alanine aminotransferase (alt), alkaline phosphatase (alp), urea, creatinine, total and direct bilirubin, albumin (alb) and total protein were examined in snail tissue extracts. they were assayed biochemically using biosystem autoanalyzer, backmann at theodor bilhaz institute (tbri) hospital laboratories. snail tissues were dissected out, homogenized in bi - distilled water (1: 1 w / v) using motor homogenizer and centrifuged at 5000 rpm for 20 min at 4ºc and the supernatants were taken and kept at - 20ºc till used as described by [ 24 ] .\ncreatinine was determined according to [ 25 ]. in this method, creatinine reacts with picrate to form a coloured complex and the rate of formation of the complex is measured photometrically at 492 nm .\nurea was determined by using the coupled urease / glutamate dehydrogenase (gldh) enzyme system according to [ 26 ] .\ndetermination of antioxidant enzymes: the antioxidant enzymes catalase (cat), glutathione - s - transferase (gst) and gamma glutamyltransferase (ggt) were assayed in snail tissue extract using spectrophotometer. snail’s tissues were dissected out. each snail tissue from each treatment was homogenized in bi - distilled water (10: 1 w / v) using motor homogenizer. homogenates were centrifuged at 5000 rpm for 20 min at 4°c and the supernatants were taken and kept at - 20°c till used .\ndetermination of snail hemolymph components: snail hemolymph was collected in accordance to the technique of [ 27 ]. the hemolymph was obtained via small hole made in the shell into which capillary tube was inserted then it was drawn into tube by capillary suction. the hemocytes of the samples hemolymph were determined by haemocytometer. for total and differential counting, monolayer of hemocytes were stained with giemsa stain for 20 minutes, according to the methods of [ 28 ] and counted by light microscopy .\nstatistical analysis: data are expressed as means ± sd. the results were computed statistically (spss software package, version 20) using the t - test analysis. values of p < 0. 05 were considered statistically significant .\n*, * * & * * * significant compared to control value at p < 0. 05, p < 0. 01 & p < 0. 001, respectively .\n*, * * & * * * significant compared to control value at p < 0. 05, p < 0. 01 & p < 0. 001, respectively. ◊ a / g = ratio of albumin / globulin concentration\n*, * * & * * * significant compared to control value at p < 0. 05, p < 0. 01 & p < 0. 001, respectively .\nglutathione - s - transferase (gst) alteration was demonstrated in all samples includes decrease in activity ranging from - 21% to - 83% (p < 0. 001) and increase in activity ranging from 13% to 119% .\nthe same result was noticed in gamma - glutamyl transpeptidase (ggt) in snail samples as compared with lab bread controls, some samples showed decrease change activity ranging from - 1% to - 35% and other samples showed increase change activity ranging from 6% to 666% , (table 3) .\na knowledge of the normal histology and structure of snails is guided by [ 30 ] .\nhead foot: the normal foot region has an outer cuticular layer as a protective layer of the foot. inner to this lining there is a tall columnar epithelium with basal nuclei in its cell. amongst the columnar epithelium there are modified sacs like cells in the form of unicellular glands which open through the cuticular layer exterior to the foot surface. these unicellular glands are involved in mucous secretion. embedded in between there are transversely muscle fibers, called as longitudinal muscle fibers. major part of the foot muscles are made up of thickly arranged oblique muscle fibers .\nhistopathological observations in foot region of biomphalaria snail samples showed necrotic change (shrinkage) in the mucous secreting unicellular glands (figure 1b) and hyaline substances are shown in samples collected from port said (figure 1c) and splitting fiber tissues in dakahlya and damietta snails (figure 1d, 1e). also, results showed oblique splitting muscle fibers, increased empty spaces and atrophy within muscles of snail head in dakahlya samples (figure 1f, 1g, 1h) .\nsalivary gland: the normal salivary gland of b. alexandrina snail composed of two lobs found in the buccal mass as shown in (figure 2a). the histopathological effects of polluted water showed shrinkage and atrophy in the salivary gland of snails collected from damietta (figure 2b), focal areas of necrosis (figure 2c, 2d), large fat vacuoles (figure 2e) and enlargement of the salivary gland (figure 2f) in snails collected from port said .\ncentral ganglia: the central nervous system ganglia are in the form of compact mass of ring surrounding the esophagus of the snail. (figure 3) showed that all ganglia exhibit presence of enlarged neurosecretory neurons (figure 3a). fibrosis (figure 3b, 3c) and degeneration with large vacuoles (figure 3d) were observed in snail samples collected from damietta and dakahlya (figure 3) .\nmale organs (prostate gland): the normal histological structures of the male organs of b alexandrina composed mainly of sperm duct and the prostate tubules (figure 5a) .\nthe histopathological observations of port said samples showed severe dilated sperm duct and prostate tubules, dilated lumen of prostate tubules which filled with hyaline and degeneration wall with necrotic change (figure 5b, 5c). while dakahlya samples showed enlarged sperm duct, degenerated prostate tubules and clogged sperms. the prostate gland in damietta samples showed severe degeneration and atrophy (figure 5b, 5c) .\nthe hermaphrodite gland: histology of normal hermaphrodite gland of the adult b. alexandrina snails as that of any other pulmonate snail consists of number of vesicles known as acini separated from each other by thin vascular connective tissue (figure 6a). each acinus is enveloped in a sheath of squamous epithelium. in each acinus both male and female reproductive gametes are produced where mature ova are located at the periphery of the acini and bundles of male sperms are arranged in the center. various stages of sperm and ovum development (simultaneous) are evident .\nfigure 1: the normal histological structures of the head foot of snail biomphalria alexandrina (a) (x400); shrinkage in the mucous secreting unicellular glands (b) (x100); hyaline degeneration (c) (x400); oblique muscle fiber got splitting and focal areas of necrosis (d & e) (x100); atrophy (f) (x100); empty spaces or vacuoles within muscle (g & h) (x400) .\nfigure 2: the normal salivary gland of biomphalria alexandrina snail (a) (x40); shrinkage in and degeneration of one lobe (b) (x100); focal areas of necrosis 100x (c & d) (x400); large fat vacuoles (e) (x400); and enlargement of the salivary gland (f) (x400) .\nfigure 3: enlargement of neurosecretory neurons (a) (x400); fibrosis (b, c) (x400); degeneration with large vacuoles (d) (x400) .\nfigure 4: the normal histological structures of hepatopancrease of snail biomphalria alexandrina (a) (x400); vacuolar degeneration of tubules cells (b) (x400); atrophy, degeneration and fat vaculation (c & d) (x400); severe necrotic change of cells of tubules (b) (x400); dilated lumen and more than two hepatopancreatic tubules connected together with one larger lumen (e, f) (x100) .\nfigure 5: the normal histological structures of the male organs of biomphalaria alexandrina (a) (x100). severe dilated sperm duct and prostate tubule, dilated lumen of prostate tubules and filled with hyaline degeneration wall of prostate tubules with necrotic change (b & c, x100 & x400), enlarged sperm duct (d, x100), clogged sperms (e, x100) and degenerated prostate gland (f, x100) .\nfigure 6: the normal histological structures of hermaphrodite of snail biomphalria alexabndrina (a) (x400); vacuolation and atrophy of different stages of sperm (b) (x400); atretic and absorption of oocytes (c) (x400); atrophy and necrotic change of sperm stages (d) (x400); large fat vacuoles (e) (x400); severe necrotic change (f) (x100); severe fat vacuoles and degenerated hermaphrodite (g) (x100) and degenerated hermaphrodide, atretic oocytes, atrophy of sperms (h & i, x100) .\nsome of biomphalaria samples collected from dakahlya and port said showed the presence of parasite sporocycts .\nthe oblique muscle fiber got damaged and mother sporocysts take place within foot muscles, thereby causing splitting, necrosis and increased empty spaces within muscle fibers (figure 7a - 7c) .\nthe digestive gland was destructed while daughter sporocycts which contain many developing cercariae were noticed. the histopathological changes of digestive gland of b. alexandrina induced exudation in the lumen of tubules, expansion of hemolymphatic spaces between the tubules, loosing of connective tissue and increase of vaculation and necrotic changes in the digestive cells (figure 7d, 7e, 7f) .\n( figure 8) showed the accumulation of heavy metals in head foot tissues of biomphalaria snails collected from port said, damietta and dakahlya samples .\nfigure 7: head foot muscle of biomphalaria snail containing mother sporocyct causing splitting, necrosis and increased empty spaces within muscle fibers (a, b, c x100); hepatopancrease acini filled with different stages of s. mansonai cercariae causing degeneration, loosing of connective tissue and increase of vaculation and necrotic changes in the digestive cells (d, x100 & e, f x400) .\nfigure 8: port said samples showed mantel layer more dark in color (arrows), separated from head foot (edema) and large number of pigment cells scattered in head foot with necrotic change in the middle of connective tissues (a, x400). damietta samples showed darkened of mantel (arrows) closed to connective tissues of head foot (b, x400). dakahlya samples showed atrophy of connective tissues with edema and darkened its outer layer (c, x400) .\nunder conditions of pollution mollusks are susceptible to the pathogenic effects of toxicants, which in turn may result in detrimental changes to their immunological and physiological processes [ 31 ] .\nast and alt are vital enzymes in the metabolism and generation of energy from amino acids [ 32 ]. therefore, the elevated transaminases may indicate the high energy demand of the snail under stressful conditions of intoxication. also, the increase in alt, ast and alp enzymes were correlated with alteration in phospholipid metabolism [ 33 ] which indicated mainly to hepatocellular disorder [ 34 ]. under physiological stress conditions in animals, the catalytic activity of the urea pathway enzymes is also accelerated [ 35 ] .\nthe histopathological changes produced by pollutants in organs and tissues can occur before they produce irreversible effects on the biota. so, histological methods can be used in conjunction with other parameters and / or ecotoxicological bioindicators as an early warning system for the survival of the species, as well as for environmental protection .\nsimilar observations were recorded by [ 61 ] in the snail archachatina marginata that the digestive gland tubule becomes compressed thereby resulting reduced tubular lumen of the gland as observed by that more cercaria and rediae were found in between the hepatic tubules and tunica propria causing extension of the space between tubules .\nthis study is a joint project (biomarkers as indicators of environmental pollution: experimental approach and case studies), kindly funded by the academy of scientific research and technology through the bilateral agreement between academy of scientific research and technology of the arab republic of egypt and bulgarian academy of sciences (2012 - 2014) .\ndigiulio rt, benson wh, sanders bm, vanveld pa (1995) biochemical mechanisms: metabolism, adaptation and toxicity. fundamentals of aquatic toxicology: effects, environmental fate and risk assessment. pp: 523 - 562 .\nlohner tw, reash rj, willet ve, rose la (2001) assessment of tolerant sunfish populations (lepomis sp .) inhabiting selenium - laden coal ash effluents. hematological and population level assessment. ecotoxicol. environ. saf. 50: 203 - 216 .\nhontela a, daniel c, ricardac (1996) effects of acute and subacute exposures to cadmium on the interrenal and thyroid function in rainbow trout, oncorhynchusmykiss. aquat. toxicol. 35: 171 - 182 .\nbarton ba, rahn ab, feist g, bolling h, schreck cb (1998) physiological stress response of the freshwater chondrostean paddlefish (polyodonspathula) to acute physical disturbances. comp. biochem. physiol. 120: 355 - 363 .\nbenguira s, hontela a (2000) adrenocorticotrophin and cyclic adenosine 3', 5' - monophosphate - stimulated cortisol secretion in interrenal tissue of rainbow trout exposed in vitro to ddt compounds. environ. toxicol. chem. 19: 842 - 847 .\nparis - palacios s, biagianti - risbourg s, vernet g (2000) biochemical and (ultra) structural hepatic perturbation of brachydaniorerio (teleostei, cyprinidae) exposed to two sublethal concentrations of copper sulphate. aquat. toxicol. 50: 109 - 124 .\nteles m, pacheco m, santos ma (2003) anguilla anguilla l. liver ethoxyresorufin o - deethylation, glutathione s - transferase, erythrocytic nuclear abnormalities and endocrine responses to naphthalene and beta - naphthoflavone. ecotoxicol. environ. saf. 55: 98 - 107 .\nviarengo a (1989) heavy metals in marine invertebrates: mechanisms of regulation and toxicity at the cellular level. rev aquat sci. 1: 295 - 317 .\nrainbow ps, dallinger r (1993) metal uptake, regulation and excretion in freshwater invertebrates. ecotoxicology of metals in invertebrates. pp: 119 - 131 .\nroesijadi g, robinson we (1993) metal regulation in aquatic animals: mechanisms of uptake, accumulation and release. molecular biological and biochemical approach to aquatic toxicology. pp: 387 - 420 .\ndallinger r (1995) mechanisms of metal incorporation into cells. cell biology in environmental toxicology. bilbao, spain: university of the basque country press. pp: 135 - 154 .\ndallinger r (1995) metabolism and toxicity of metals: metallothioneins and metal elimination. cell biology in environmental toxicology. bilbao, spain: university of the basque country press. pp: 171 - 190 .\ntaylor mg (1995) mechanisms of metal immobilization and transport in cells. cell biology in environmental toxicology. bilbao, spain: university of the basque country press. pp: 155 - 170 .\nbrown mt, depledge mh (1998) determinants of trace metal concentrations in marine organisms. metabolism of trace metals in aquatic organisms. new york. pp: 185 - 217 .\nlangston wj, bebianno mj, burt gr (1998) metal handling strategies in molluscs. metabolism of trace metals in aquatic organisms. new york. pp: 219 - 284 .\nel - khayat hmm, mahmoudkma, abdel - hamid h, abu el einin hm (2015a) applications of issr rdna in detecting genetic variations in lymnaeanatalensis snails with focusing on the characterization of their collecting sites in certain egyptian governorates. african journal of biotechnology. 14: 1354 - 1363 .\nreitman s, frankel s (1957) a colorimetric method for the determination of serum glutamic oxalacetic and glutamic pyruvic transaminases. am. j. clin. pathol. 28: 56 - 63 .\nhenry rj, cannon dc, winkleman w (1974) clinical chemistry: principles and techniques. harper and row publishers, new york .\ntietz nw (1995) clinical guide to laboratory tests. wb saunders co, philadelphia, usa. pp: 622 - 626 .\nmichelson eh (1966) specificity of hemolymph antigens in taxonomic discrimination of medically important snails. j. parasitol. 52: 466 - 472 .\nabdul salam jm, michelson eh (1983) schistosoma mansoni: immunofluorescent detection of its antigen reacting with biomphalariaglabrata amoebocytes. exp. parasitol. 55: 132 - 137 .\nbancroft jd, stevens a (1996) theory and practice of histological techniques. edinburgh: churchill livingstone. pp: 766 .\nemile ma (1980) snail - transmitted parasitic diseases. boca raton: crc press .\nmorleynj, lewisjw, hooled (2006) pollutant - induced effects on immunological and physiological interactions in aquatic host - trematode systems: implications for parasite transmission. j. helminthol. 80: 137 - 49 .\ntunholi v, lustrino d, tunholi - alves v, mello - silva cc, maldonado a, et al. (2011) biochemical profile of biomphalariaglabrata (mollusca: gastropoda) after infection by echinostomaparaensei (trematoda: echinostomatidae) parasitol res, 109: 885 - 891 .\nvarley h, gowenlock ah, bell m (1980) enzymes. “practical clinical biochemistry”. william heinemann medical books, ltd london. 22: 685 - 770 .\nel - khayat hmm, abu zikri n (2004) biochemical situation in biomphalariaalexandrina infected with schistosoma mansoni during twelve weeks post infection. j. egypt. ger. soc. zool. 43: 57 - 75 .\nbecker w (1980) metabolic interrelationships of parasitic trematodes and molluscs; especially schistosoma mansoni in biomphalariaglabrata. z. parasitenkd. 63: 101 - 111 .\nbislimi k, behluli a, halili j, mazreku i, halili f (2013) impact of pollution from kosova’s power plant in obiliq on some biochemical parameters of the local population of garden snail (helix pomatia l .) resources and environment. 3: 15 - 19 .\nmohamed r (2011) impact profenophos (pesticide) on infectivity of biomphalariaalexandrina snails with schistosoma mansoni miracidia and on their physiological parameters. open j ecol. 1: 41 - 47 .\nmohamed am, el - emam ma, osman gy, abdel - hamid h, ali rem (2012) biological and biochemical responses of infected biomphalariaalexandrina snails with schistosoma mansoni post exposure to the pesticides basudin and selecron and the phytoalkaloid colchicine. j. evol. biol. res. 4: 24 - 32 .\nnaplekova nn, bulavko gi (1983) enzyme activity of soils polluted by lead compounds. soviet soil sci. 15: 33 - 38 .\nperez - mateos m, gonzales - carcedo s (1987) effect of cadmium and lead on soil enzyme activity. rev. ecol. biol. soil. 1: 11 - 18 .\nabdel - daim mm, abdelkhalek nkm, hassan am (2015) antagonistic activity of dietary allicin against deltamethrin - induced oxidative damage in freshwater nile tilapia. oreochromisniloticus. ecotoxicol. environ. safety. 111: 146 - 152 .\nsaad am, hussein mf, bushara ho, dargie jd, taylor mg (1984) erythrokinetics and albumin metabolism in primary experimental schistosomabovis infections in zebu calves. j. comp. pathol. 94: 249 - 262 .\nmahmoud mr, el - abhar hs, saleh s (2002) the effect of nigeila sativa oil against the liver damage induced by schistosoma mansoni infection in mice. j. enthnopharmacol. 79: 1 - 11 .\ngrara n, atailia a, boucenna m, khaldi f, berrebbah h, et al. (2012) effects of heavy metals on the snails helix aspersa bioindicators of the environment pollution for human health. int. conf. appl. life sci. turkey .\nmasaya m, yoshinobu h, ai y, maki k, yasuo o (2002) determination of cellular levels of nonproteinthiols in phytoplankton and their correlation with susceptibility to mercury. j. phycol. 38: 983 .\nmello - silva cc, pinheiro j, vasconcellos mc, rodrigues mla (2006) physiological changes in biomphalariaglabrata say, 1818 (pulmonata: planorbidae) due to the concentration of the latex of euphorbia splendens var. hislopii (euphorbiaceae). mem. inst. oswaldo cruz. 101: 03 - 08 .\nalcanfor jdx (2001) ação de extratos de plantas do cerradosobre biomphalariaglabrata (say; 1818) hospedeirointermediário de schistosoma mansoni (sambom; 1907). goiânia / goiás. master science dissertation. instituto de patologia tropical e saúdepública da universidade federal de goiás. p. 84 .\nbisop mh, dubenn - engelkiry jl, fody md (1996) non protein nitrogen. “clinical chemistry, principles, procedures, correlations”. publisher, 227 east washington square, philadelphia, pa 19106. chapter 16: 341 - 356 .\nmello - silva cc, de vasconcellos mc, bezerra jcb, rodrigues mla andpinheiroj, (2011) the influence of exposure to euphorbia splendens var. hislopii latex on the concentrations of total proteins and nitrogen products in biomphalariaglabrata infected with schistosoma mansoni. actatropica, 117: 101 - 104 .\nwolmarans ct, yssel e (1988) biomphalahaglahrata: influence of selected abiotic factors on leukocytosis j. mvertebr. pathol. 57: 10 - 14 .\nkoprucu ss, koprucu k, urail ms (2006) acute toxicology of synthetic pyrethroiddeltamethrin to fingerling european catfish (silirusglanis l .). bulletin of environmental contamination and toxicology. 76: 59 - 65 .\nstentiford gd, feist sw (2005) a histopathological survey of shore crab (carcinusmaenas) and brown shrimp (crangoncrangon) from six estuaries in the united kingdom. j invert pathol. 88: 136 - 46 .\nrainbow ps, phillips djh (1993) cosmopolitan biomonitors of trace metals. marine pollution bulletin. 26: 593 - 603 .\nmarigomez i, soto m, cajaraville mp, angulo e, giamberini l (2002) cellular and sub cellular distribution of metal in mollusks. microscopy research and technique. 56: 358 - 392 .\nusheva ln, vaschenko ma, durkina vb (2006) histopathology of the digestive gland of the bivalve mollusk crenomytilusgrayanus (dunker, 1853) from southwestern peter the great bay, sea of japan. russ j mar biol. 32: 166 - 172 .\nmarigómez i, lekube x, cajaraville mp, domouhtsidou g, dimitriadis v (2005) comparison of cytochemical procedures to estimate lysosomal biomarkers in mussel digestive cells. aquattoxicol. 75: 86 - 95 .\nfrazier jm (1979) bioacumulation of cadmium in marine organism. environ. helathperspect. 28: 75 .\nbenedeti l, balongnani l, balongnani fa, marini m, otaviani e (1982) effect of pollution on some freshwater species i. histochemical and biochemical features of leadviviparusviviparous (mollusca, gastropoda). basic and appl. histochem. 26: 79 .\notitoloju aa, ajikobi do, egonmwan ri (2009) histopathology and bioaccumulation of heavy metals (cu & pb) in the giant land snail, archachatinamarginata (swainson). open environ poll toxicol j. 1: 79 - 88 .\njonnalagadda pr, rao bp (1996) histopathological changes induced by specific pesticides on some tissues of the fresh water snail, bellamyadissimilis. bulletin of environmental contamination and toxicology. 57: 648 - 654 .\nkanapala vk, arasada sp (2013) histopathological effect of paraquat (gramoxone) on the digestive gland of freshwater snail lymnaealuteola (lamarck: 1799) (mollusca: gastropoda). int j sci res environ sci. 1: 224 - 230 .\nhernadi l, vehovszky a (1992) ultrastructural biochemical and electrophysiological changes induced by 5, 6 - dihydroxytryptamine in the cns of the snail helix pomatia l. brain res. 578: 221 - 234 .\nboer hh, moorer - van cm, muller lj, kiburg b, vermorken jb, et al. (1995) ultrastructuralneuropathological effect of taxol on neuronsof the fershwater snail lymnaeastangnalis. j. neuro - oncel. 17: 49 - 57 .\nwiemann m, wittkowaski w, altrup u, speckmann ej (1995) alterations of neuronal fibers after epileptic activity induced by pentylenetetrazole: fine structure investigated by calcium cytochemistry and neurobiotin labeling (buccal ganglia, helix pomatia). cell tissue res. 289: 43 - 53 .\nworld aquaculture and fisheries congress. august 28 - 29, 2018 amsterdam, netherlands\n9th international conference on fisheries & aquaculture. september 17 - 19, 2018 vancouver, canada\n12th world congress on aquaculture & fisheries. september 19 - 20, 2018 macau, hong kong\n© 2008 - 2018 omics international - open access publisher. best viewed in mozilla firefox | google chrome | above ie 7. 0 version\nif you know the book but cannot find it on abebooks, we can automatically search for it on your behalf as new inventory is added. if it is added to abebooks by one of our member booksellers, we will notify you !\nby using the web site, you confirm that you have read, understood, and agreed to be bound by the terms and conditions. © 1996 - 2018 abebooks inc. all rights reserved. abebooks, the abebooks logo, abebooks. com ,\npassion for books .\nand\npassion for books. books for your passion .\nare registered trademarks with the registered us patent & trademark office .\nalthough this species is now presumed to be extinct, chamberlin and berry in the type description (1930) reported :\nabundant... in 1928 and in sept. , 1929 .\nsometime between 1929, when chamberlin and berry (1930) found it to be abundant, and 1989 and 1990, when clarke (1991) searched for it 3 times and failed to find it, this species apparently became extinct." ]

{ "text": [ "the fish lake physa , scientific name physella microstriata , was a species of air-breathing freshwater snail , an aquatic gastropod mollusk in the family physidae .", "this species was endemic to the united states .", "it is now extinct . " ], "topic": [ 2, 26, 0 ] }

[ "the fish lake physa, scientific name physella microstriata, was a species of air-breathing freshwater snail, an aquatic gastropod mollusk in the family physidae. this species was endemic to the united states. it is now extinct." ]

[ "platylesches robustus neave, 1910; proc. zool. soc. lond. 1910: 83\nplatylesches shona evans, 1937; cat. african hesp. brit. mus. : 169\nplatylesches ayresii; [ bow ]: pl. 130, f. 13; [ afrl ]\nplatylesches chamaeleon; [ bow ]: pl. 130, f. 14; [ afrl ]\nplatylesches galesa; [ bow ]: pl. 130, f. 15; [ afrl ]\nplatylesches picanini; [ bow ]: pl. 130, f. 17; [ afrl ]\nplatylesches robustus; [ bow ]: pl. 130, f. 18; [ afrl ]\nplatylesches affinissima strand, 1920; arch. naturgesch. 86, a, (7): 164\nplatylesches is a genus of skippers in the family hesperiidae, commonly called hoppers, found in africa .\nplatylesches tina; [ bk ]: 431, pl. 63, f. 852; [ afrl ]\nplatylesches affinissima; [ bow ]: pl. 130, f. 14 (text); [ afrl ]\nplatylesches tina evans, 1937; cat. african hesp. brit. mus. : 170; tl: malawi\nplatylesches holland, 1896; proc. zool. soc. lond. 1896 (1): 72; ts: parnara (?) picanini holland\nplatylesches moritili; [ bow ]: pl. 130, f. 16; [ bk ]: 430, pl. 63, f. 851; [ afrl ]\npamphila ayresii trimen, 1889; s. a. butt. 3: 321\nparnara batangae holland, 1894; ent. news 5 (3): 92; tl: batanga, german west africa\npamphila chamaeleon mabille, 1891; bull. soc. ent. belg. 35 (18): clxxix; tl: sierra leone\nhesperia neba hewitson, 1877; ann. mag. nat. hist. (4) 19 (109): 84\nparnara (?) picanini holland, 1894; ent. news 5 (3): 91\ntransvaal, rhodesia, malawi, tanzania - s. kenya. see [ maps ]\nchecklist of afrotropical papilionoidea and hesperoidea; compiled by mark c. williams, 7th ed. (2008) (april 2007) ;\n[ maps ] warning! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information, and the process does not always produce acceptable result; see about maps for more info .\non two collection of lepidoptera sent by h. h. johnston, esq. , c. b. , from british central africa\nwallengren, 1857 kafferlandets dag - fjärilar, insamlade åren 1838 - 1845 af j. a. wahlberg / lepidoptera rhopalocera in terra caffrorum annis 1838 - 1845 collecta a j. a. wahlberg k. svenska vetenskakad. handl. 2 (4): 1 - 55\nif you have corrections, comments or information to add into these pages, just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources, and may include many inaccuracies. expert help is welcome .\na taxon identifier is composed of name, author, year and attribute, all separated by a blank. these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication. the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words (genus and species) separated by a blank .\nthe author' s name is made up of a string of letters, with no blanks, and multiple authors' names are separated by a comma. spelling of author' s name is based on the original publication. if there are more than three authors, only the names of the first two authors are shown, followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets. this is rarely needed, but to differentiate homo - identifiers, this will contain the page, line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks, hyphens, and apostrophes are eliminated, thus only the following characters are used: a to z, a to z, 0 to 9, blank, comma, and opening and closing square brackets. although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition, it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions (contact information) with supporting references, possibly with pdf or hard copy .\n© 2016, butterfly conservation society, ghana - african butterfly research institute - icom ltd .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nackery pr, smith cr, and vane - wright ri eds. 1995. carcasson' s african butterflies. canberra: csiro .\nlarsen, t. b. 2005 butterflies of west africa. stenstrup, denmark: apollo books .\ncorrespondence regarding this page should be directed to andrew v. z. brower at\n. note that images and other media featured on this page are each governed by their own license, and they may or may not be available for reuse. click on an image or a media link to access the media data window, which provides the relevant licensing information. for the general terms and conditions of tol material reuse and redistribution, please see the\neach tol branch page provides a synopsis of the characteristics of a group of organisms representing a branch of the tree of life. the major distinction between a branch and a leaf of the tree of life is that each branch can be further subdivided into descendent branches, that is, subgroups representing distinct genetic lineages .\nfor a more detailed explanation of the different tol page types, have a look at the structure of the tree of life page .\ntree of life design and icons copyright © 1995 - 2004 tree of life project. all rights reserved .\ncopyright © new earth online. content from external sites are the property of their respective owners where stated .\nconservation status where available has been identified by the iucn red list of threatened species .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\nseitz, a. die gross - schmetterlinge der erde 13: die afrikanischen tagfalter. plate xiii 79 c\nthis article is issued from wikipedia - version of the 8 / 19 / 2016. the text is available under the creative commons attribution / share alike but additional terms may apply for the media files .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page: myers, p. , r. espinosa, c. s. parr, t. jones, g. s. hammond, and t. a. dewey. 2018. the animal diversity web (online). accessed at https: / / animaldiversity. org .\ndisclaimer: the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. adw doesn' t cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283, drl 0628151, due 0633095, drl 0918590, and due 1122742. additional support has come from the marisla foundation, um college of literature, science, and the arts, museum of zoology, and information and technology services." ]

{ "text": [ "platylesches fosta is a butterfly in the hesperiidae family .", "it is found in western uganda and tanzania ( along the eastern shores of lake tanganyika ) . " ], "topic": [ 2, 20 ] }

[ "platylesches fosta is a butterfly in the hesperiidae family. it is found in western uganda and tanzania (along the eastern shores of lake tanganyika)." ]

[ "branchipodopsis hodgsoni g. o. sars, 1898 (for details see brendonck, 1995) .\nhatching characteristics of the fairy shrimp branchipodopsis wolfi in relation to the stochastic nature of its habitat, desert rock pools .\nthe genus branchipodopsis (crustacea, branchiopoda, anostraca) in southern africa. morphology, distribution, relationships and the description of five new species\nthe genus branchipodopsis (crustacea, branchiopoda, anostraca) in southern africa. morphology, distribution, relationships and the description of five new species .\nthe genus branchipodopsis (crustacea, branchiopoda, anostraca) in southern africa. morphology, distribution, relationships and the description of five new species .\narticle: the genus branchipodopsis (crustacea, branchiopoda, anostraca) in southern africa. morphology, distribution, relationships and the description of five new species\nlocation of stations where branchipodopsis buettikeri has been sampled in oman. •: stations; ▴: locus typicus; grey area: jiddat al harasis region\nanostraca g. o. sars, 1867 branchipodidae h. milne edwards, 1840 branchipodopsinae brtek, 1997, branchipodopsis g. o. sars, 1898\nhatching phenology, life history and egg bank size of fairy shrimp branchipodopsis spp. (branchiopoda, crustacea) in relation to the ephemerality of their rock pool habitat\nhatching phenology, life history and egg bank size of fairy shrimp branchipodopsis spp. (branchiopoda, crustacea) in relation to the ephemerality of their rock pool habitat | springerlink\ndetails - the genus branchipodopsis (crustacea, branchiopoda, anostraca) in southern africa. morphology, distribution, relationships and the description of five new species - biodiversity heritage library\nnothing is known about the biology of branchipodopsis buettikeri except that it matures rapidly, as has been observed in b. wolfi in south africa by brendonck et al. (1998) and brendonck and riddoch (2001). hamer and martens (1998) noted also that branchipodopsis species are always small, and that they reach sexual maturity rapidly as already noted by hamer and appleton (1996). the number of cysts carried by such small specimens is consequently low. branchipodopsis buettikeri can be considered a pioneer fairy shrimp inhabiting ephemeral desert pools .\nhatching phenology, life history and egg bank size of fairy shrimp branchipodopsis spp. (branchiopoda, crustacea) in relation to the ephemerality of their rock pool habitat | bram vanschoenwinkel - urltoken\nbranchipodopsis buettikeri, a new fairy shrimp species (anostraca, branchipodidae) collected from shallow desert temporary ponds in the sultanate of oman, is described. it is the first species of the genus branchipodopsis found in the arabian peninsula. the new species is mainly distinguished from other species of the genus by the shape of the second antennae of the male, and by the shape of the clypeus outgrowths. biogeographical implications are discussed .\nbrendonck l, riddoch bj (2002) hatching characteristics of the fairy shrimp branchipodopsis wolfi in relation to the stochastic nature of its habitat, desert rock pools. in: williams wd (ed) verh internat verein limnol 27: 3931–3935\nwhile surveying the fauna of saudi arabia (thiéry, 1996), and most largerly of the arabian peninsula, a. t. was able, through the kind cooperation of dr. m. d. gallagher of the natural history museum in muscat (sultanate of oman), to examine a collection of anostracans from oman, and found an undescribed species of branchipodopsis. this species which has been referred in thiéry (1996) to branchipodopsis n. sp. is now described .\nphylogenetic reconstructions have been done. hamer and appleton (1996) attempted to divide the african species into species groups (see cladograms p. 371, fig. 41); it must be noted that 7 of 23 species were reported from their type locality only and that some descriptions were too brief, as for branchipodopsis abiadi, b. acanthopenes, and b. candea. moreover, they suggested that the asian branchipodopsis species, b. affinis, b. acanthopenes, and b. tergopossiani, may belong to a single species. so, as it is almost impossible to base any zoogeographical hypothesis on such a limited amount of data, the present discussion of the distribution remains purely descriptive .\n( a) summary of branchipodopsis wolfi population dynamics with reproduction. the matrix population model comprises three stage classes; eggs produced during the previous inundation (n 0), older eggs (n 1) and the active population (n 2). (b) impact of small changes in life history trait values on the probability of population extinction under different median hydroperiods .\nfemales longer than males as previously observed in several other branchipodopsis species. no frontal appendage, antenna 2 more or less flat with a spiny tip; brood pouch short and more or less tubulary swollen, not reaching half of the third abdominal segment as previously described by thiéry (1996, fig. 8e, f); telson without ventral spines, cercopods straight and wholly setiform (fig. 4e) .\nthe southern african species of branchipodopsis are reviewed. eleven previously known species are redescribed and five new species (b. barnardi, b. dayae, b. drakensbergensis, b. hutchinsoni and b. underbergensis) are described. the male second antennae (clypeus), cercopods, last abdominal segments and penes, as well as extensions of the genital segments of the females of certain species, are illustrated as are species distributions. the 16 species have been divided into groups based on a tentative cladistic analysis and a key, using the morphology of the clypeus, is presented. intraspecific variation in two widespread species, b. tridens and b. wolfi, is illustrated and discussed. the characters used in the taxonomy of the genus branchipodopsis, aspects of species diversity, habitats, dispersal and future research are commented on .\nlarge branchiopod biology male and female anostracans (branchipodopsis tridens). we study various aspects of the biology of large branchiopods (anostraca, notostraca, spinicaudata, laevicaudata), often considered flag ship species of temporary pools. we especially focus on adaptations of these living fossils to the often unpredictable nature of their habitat, such as their hatching phenology, growth and maturation. our study systems are frequently situated in arid and semi - arid regions where challenges to persist are high .\nty - jour ti - the genus branchipodopsis (crustacea, branchiopoda, anostraca) in southern africa. morphology, distribution, relationships and the description of five new species t2 - annals of the south african museum. annale van die suid - afrikaanse museum. vl - 104 ur - urltoken pb - south african museum, cy - cape town: py - 1996 sp - 311 ep - 377 sn - 0303 - 2515 au - hamer, m l au - appleton, c c er -\n@ article { bhlpart74525, title = { the genus branchipodopsis (crustacea, branchiopoda, anostraca) in southern africa. morphology, distribution, relationships and the description of five new species }, journal = { annals of the south african museum. annale van die suid - afrikaanse museum. }, volume = { 104 }, copyright = { in copyright. digitized with the permission of the rights holder }, url = urltoken publisher = { cape town: south african museum, 1898 - 2004. }, author = { hamer, m l and appleton, c c }, year = { 1996 }, pages = { 311 - - 377 }, }\na. t. is grateful to dr. michael d. gallagher who asked him to study the branchiopod samples stored in the natural history museum in muscat (sultanate of oman) and told him the field notes of collectors and a detailed map of oman. a. t. is also grateful to khair bin ahtar bin salim, director of museums (ministry of national heritage and culture in muscat) for the loan of the sample 2639. warm thanks to rn. dr. jàn brtek (hornonitrianske muzeum, prievidza, slovakia) for advice and comments, to claude grill (electron microscopy center, university of montpellier, france) for assitance in scanning electron microscopy, and to dr. danielle defaye (muséum national d’histoire naturelle in paris) for the loan of the sample of branchipodopsis abiadi m. n. h. n. bp. 300 .\n< mods xmlns: xlink =\nurltoken\nversion =\n3. 0\nxmlns: xsi =\nurltoken\nxmlns =\nurltoken\nxsi: schemalocation =\nurltoken urltoken\n> < titleinfo > < title > the genus branchipodopsis (crustacea, branchiopoda, anostraca) in southern africa. morphology, distribution, relationships and the description of five new species < / title > < / titleinfo > < name > < namepart > hamer, m l < / namepart > < / name > < name > < namepart > appleton, c c < / namepart > < / name > < typeofresource > text < / typeofresource > < genre authority =\nmarcgt\n> < / genre > < note type =\ncontent\n> 104 < / note > < relateditem type =\nhost\n> < titleinfo > < title > annals of the south african museum. annale van die suid - afrikaanse museum. < / title > < / titleinfo > < origininfo > < place > < placeterm type =\ntext\n> cape town: < / placeterm > < / place > < publisher > south african museum, < / publisher > < / origininfo > < part > < detail type =\nvolume\n> < number > 104 < / number > < / detail > < extent unit =\npages\n> < start > 311 < / start > < end > 377 < / end > < / extent > < date > 1996 < / date > < / part > < / relateditem > < identifier type =\nuri\n> urltoken < / identifier > < accesscondition type =\nuseandreproduction\n> in copyright. digitized with the permission of the rights holder < / accesscondition > < / mods >\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nweekers, peter h. h. , gopal murugan, jacques r. vanfleteren, denton belk, and henri j. dumont\ndisclaimer: itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available, and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties. however, it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes. while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available, ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party, wildlife statutes, regulations, and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register. for further information on u. s. legal requirements with respect to protected taxa, please contact the u. s. fish and wildlife service .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\nbiostor is built by @ rdmpage, code on github. page images from the biodiversity heritage library .\nbram vanschoenwinkel was supported by a phd grant from the fund for scientific research flanders (fwo) during the time this research was undertaken and currently holds a postdoctoral fellowship with the kuleuven research fund (pdm - kort). we thank the family strydom and danie vorster for logistic support and access to the site. this research is financially supported by project g. 0118. 03 of the fwo (fund for scientific research flanders). we are grateful to rony van aerschot for manufacturing the hatching chambers and to helga seaman for borrowing her vehicle .\nbauder et (2005) the effects of an unpredictable precipitation regime on vernal pool hydrology. freshwater biol 50: 2129–2135\nboven l, stoks r, forro l, brendonck l (2008) seasonal dynamics in water quality and vegetation cover in temporary pools with variable hydroperiods in kiskunsag (hungary). wetlands 28: 401–410\nbrendonck l (1996) diapause, quiescence, hatching requirements: what we can learn from large freshwater branchiopods (crustacea: branchiopoda: anostraca, notostraca, conchostraca). in: international symposium on diapause in the crustacea. kluwer, st petersburg, pp 85–97\nbrendonck l, de meester l (2003) egg banks in freshwater zooplankton: evolutionary and ecological archives in the sediment. hydrobiologia 491: 65–84\nbrendonck l, riddoch bj (2000) egg bank dynamics in anostracan desert rock pool populations (crustacea: branchiopoda). arch hydrobiol 148: 71–84\nbrendonck l, riddoch bj, van de weghe v, van dooren t (1998) the maintenance of egg banks in very short - lived pools—a case study with anostracans (branchiopoda). in: brendonck l, de meester l and hairston ng jr. (eds), evolutionary and ecological aspects of crustacean diapause. arch hydrobiol 52: 141–161\nspecies: specialists of ephemeral rock pools. afr j aquat sci 25: 98–104\nde block m, stoks r (2004) life - history variation in relation to time constraints in a damselfly. oecologia 140: 68–75\nde meester l, gomez a, okamura b, schwenk k (2002) the monopolization hypothesis and the dispersal - gene flow paradox in aquatic organisms. acta oecologica 23: 121–135\ndrinkwater le, clegg js (1991) experimental biology of cyst diapauze. in: browne ra, sorgeloos p, trotman cna (eds) artemia biology. crc press, boca raton ann arbor boston, pp 93–117\ngraham tb, wirth d (2008) dispersal of large branchiopod cysts: potential movement by wind from potholes on the colorado plateau. hydrobiologia 600: 17–27\nhamer ml, appleton cc (1991) life - history adaptations of phyllopods in response to predators, vegetation and habitat duration in north - eastern natal. hydrobiologia 212: 105–116\nhildrew ag (1985) a quantitative study of the life - history of a fairy shrimp (branchiopoda, anostraca) in relation to the temporary nature of its habitat, a kenyan rainpool. j animal ecol 54: 99–110\nhulsmans a, vanschoenwinkel b, pyke c, riddoch bj, brendonck l (2008) quantifying the hydroregime of a temporary pool habitat: a modelling approach for ephemeral rock pools in se botswana. ecosystems 11: 89–100\njocqué m, riddoch bj, brendonck l (2007) successional phases and species replacements in freshwater rock pools: towards a biological definition of ephemeral systems. freshwater biol 52: 1734–1744\njohansson f, suhling f (2004) behaviour and growth of dragonfly larvae along a permanent to temporary water habitat gradient. ecol entomol 29: 196–202\n( branchiopoda—anostraca). proceed symp on crustacea, part ii, pp. 724–735\n( crustacea, anostraca) in mediterranean temporary mountain pools. hydrobiologia 462: 145–156\nmura g, fancello g, di guiseppe s (2003) adaptive strategies in populations of chirocephalus diaphanus (crustacea, anostraca) from temporary waters in the reatine apennines (central italy). j limnol 62: 35–40\nroff da (1992) the evolution of life histories: theory and analysis. chapman and hall, new york\nseaman mt, kok dj, meintjes s (1995) the description and preliminary prediction of the inundation pattern in a temporary habitat of anostraca, notostraca and conchostraca in south - africa. hydrobiologia 298: 93–104\nsneath pha, sokal rr (1973) numerical taxonomy. freeman, san francisco\nspencer m, blaustein l (2001) hatching responses of temporary pool invertebrates to signals of environmental quality. isr j zool 47: 397–417\nspencer m, blaustein l, schwartz ss, cohen je (1999) species richness and the proportion of predatory animal species in temporary freshwater pools: relationships with habitat size and permanence. ecol lett 2: 157–166\nstearns sc (1992) the evolution of life histories. oxford university press, oxford\n( crustacea: anostraca): phenotypic plasticity, additive genetic and maternal effects. in: brendonck, l, de meester l, hairston ng jr (eds) evolutionary and ecological aspects of crustacean diapause. arch hydrobiol 52: 219–227\nvanschoenwinkel b, gielen s, vandewaerde h, seaman m, brendonck l (2008) relative importance of different dispersal vectors for small aquatic invertebrates in a rock pool metacommunity. ecography 3: 567–577\nvanschoenwinkel b, hulsmans a, de roeck er, de vries c, seaman m, brendonck l (2009a) community structure in temporary freshwater pools: disentangling effects of habitat size and hydroregime. freshwater biol 54: 1487–1500\nvanschoenwinkel b, gielen s, seaman m, brendonck l (2009b) wind mediated dispersal of freshwater invertebrates in a rock pool metacommunity: differences in dispersal capacities and modes. hydrobiologia 635: 363–372\nwellborn ga, skelly dk, werner ee (1996) mechanisms creating community structure across a freshwater habitat gradient. ann rev ecol syst 27: 337–363\nwiggins gb, mackay rj, smith im (1980) evolutionary and ecological strategies of animals in annual temporary pools. arch hydrobiol 58: 97–206\nwissinger sa, brown ws, jannot je (2003) caddisfly life histories along permanence gradients in high - altitude wetlands in colorado (usa). freshwater biol 48: 255–270\nzaret tm (1980) predation and freshwater communities. yale university press, new haven\nannals of the south african museum. annale van die suid - afrikaanse museum .\ncopyright © 1999 - 2018 john wiley & sons, inc. all rights reserved\nenter your email address below. if your address has been previously registered, you will receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password. if you don' t receive an email, you should register as a new user\nwe use cookies to enhance your experience on our website. by continuing to use our website, you are agreeing to our use of cookies. you can change your cookie settings at any time .\nlaboratoire de biologie animale - e. a. 2202 biodiversité, université de provence, 3 place victor hugo, case 18, 13331 marseille cedex 3\nspecimens were borrowed from the oman natural history museum in muscat (onhm). the collections took place in april 1982, march 1990, march 1995, and january 1997 from south oman desert over a restricted area ranging from\n) were studied under scanning electron microscope (sem) (cambridge® 360 instrument) at 20 kv. thoracopods were mounted on slides in glycerine. the general morphological terminology follows the diagram of idealized male second antennae (clypeus) by\n. length of specimens is taken from front of the head to the tip of cercopods .\n, sp. nov. , male, sem photographs. a, head, anterior view; b, same, right lateroventral view; c, same, ventrolateral view; d, antenna 2 in another lateral view; e, f, g, details of the spoon - shaped distal part of antenna 2 under different views. scale bars in\n, sp. nov. , male, sem photographs. a, b, details of the clypeal anvil - shaped knobs under two different views; c, flat lamella at the base of the second joint of the antenna 2 (arrow); d, detail of the flat lamella in lateral view. note the abundance of epibiontic protozoa epystilidae, on different parts of antenna 2. scale bars in\n, following the magnification. for most of the resting eggs of african species figured in literature (\n), the diameters were estimated from sem photographs. as no data on eurasian cysts were available, some cysts taken from a female of\nnorth of somon bojansterim, collecter z. kassab, on 1 august 1965 .\nthe identification of the epibiontic protozoa were made according to pennak (1978) and lee et al. (1985) .\n, both deposited in the national muséum of natural history in paris (m. n. h. n. bp741). male and female were collected from haylat yalooni, pond life from jiddat, sand substrate ,\n, altitude 154 m, on 25 march 1995, collector m. lawrence (o. n. h. m. 2456). paratypes are kept in the collections of the oman natural history museum in muscat (o. n. h. m. 2456). the abdomen and telson of a male sputter - coated with gold remains in the m. n. h. n. collection .\naltitude, on 20 april 1982, collected by m. d. gallagher (m. d. g. 6422). —o. n. h. m. 1520. 3: eleven males ranging from\n, altitude 150 m, on 27 march 1990, collector a. j. spalton (yalooni 234). —o. n. h. m. 1520. 4: one male used for sem study, and three females with cysts in formation, length\n, on 27 march 1990, collector a. j. spalton (yalooni 235). —o. n. h. m. 2438. 2: two females, one without cysts\n, altitude 180 m, on 11 march 1995, collector m. lawrence. —o. n. h. m. 2456: fifteen males ranging from\n, altitude 154 m, on 25 march 1995, collector m. lawrence. —o. n. h. m. 2639: males and females from jiddat al harasis, awd salaam butty, limestone mud of temporary pool ,\n, altitude 150 m, on 23 january 1997, collector t. scoons (yal. 603) .\n); no median ventral process between second antennae. a dorsal narrow and ovate lamelliform setiferous process is present on the basal joint of each antenna 2, just proximal to the apical joint; it bears long sparse setae (\n, sp. nov. , male (a–d). a, habitus, left lateral view; b, left thoracopod 5 with details of setae of exopodite and spines of endopodite; c, endite of left thoracopod 6 with detail of medial setae and inner lateral spines. note the presence of an epizoic green alga on the distal spine (arrowhead); d, telson and cercopods in dorsal view; e, female, dorsal view of cercopods. scale bars in\n, sp. nov. , male, sem photographs. a–d, morphology of penes; a, distal edge of the basal part, penes retracted; b, detail of the spiny ornamentation of the inner bubble basal part (hooks, arrow h) (see the epibiontic epystilidae, arrow e); c, ventral view of two devaginated penes with arrowed tips; d, detail of the tip of the distal part of one of the spiny penes; e, detail of the two spines located ventrally on the telson; f, distal part of a cercopod showing the differential setation between the inner and outer borders. scale bars in\non preserved specimens of both sexes: ivory to dull ivory white; sclerotinized antennae 2 of males yellowish; cysts yellow, pale brown to red brown in accordance with the maturity of the brood .\n, pond life from jiddat on sandy substrate, elevation 154 m, 25 march 1995, collecter mark lawrence .\nthis species is named after dr. william büttiker, former professor of entomology at the museum at lausanne (switzerland), for his important contributions to the knowledge of the invertebrate fauna of the sultanate of oman and of the arabian peninsula. the german ü is written ue .\nfrom the rest of the species in the genus are the twisted and spoon - shaped distal part of second antenna of the male, and the shape of the basal process distinctly bilobed apically with an anvil - shaped inner lobe. from the former, the new species resembles that of\n, while by the shape of basal process, it is very distinct from other species. by their diameter, the cysts of\n, n. sp. , can be considered to date as an omani endemic .\n, with rainfall generally light and irregular, although heavy rains and thunderstorms can cause severe flooding .\nfemales from yalooni haylat (o. n. h. m. 2456) bear on their antennae 2 several green algae (chlorophytes, chlorococcales); one male from bulkharait was covered, on head and penes, by dense colonies of stalked protozoans (unidentified epistylidae) (figs. 3, 5b, c). the presence of epibiotic organisms on branchiopods is relatively common in temporary pools (thiéry and cazaubon, 1992; foissner, 1996), the high densities of epistilids being mostly related to muddy pools with water rich in organic matter (thiéry, unpublished) .\n) attract not only local birds but an interesting variety of transdesert migratory species, e. g. , the abdim’s stork (\nzoogeography of fresh waters, volume 1: general distribution and dispersal of freshwater animals .\ncontributions to a knowledge of the fauna of south - western africa ii: crustacea entomostraca, phyllopoda .\ncontributions to the crustacean fauna of south africa n°10. a revision of the south african branchiopoda (phyllopoda) .\nreport on phyllopod crustacea (anostraca, notostraca and conchostraca) including a revision of the anostraca of the indian empire .\nsitzungsberichte der kaiserlichen akademie der wissenchaften, mathemat. - naturwiss. klasse, i\nan updated diagnosis of the branchipodid genera (branchiopoda: anostraca: branchipodidae) with reflections on the genus concept by dubois (1988) and the importance of genital morphology in anostracan taxonomy .\nanostracans (branchiopoda) of botswana: morphology, distribution, diversity, and endemicity .\nwind - borne short - range egg dispersal in anostracans (crustacea: branchiopoda) .\nthe maintenance of egg banks in very short - lived pools—a case study with anostracans (branchiopoda) .\nchecklist of the valid and invalid names of the “large branchiopods” (anostraca, notostraca, spinicaudata and laevicaudata), with a survey of the taxonomy of all branchiopoda .\nrevised key to families and genera of the anostraca with notes on their geographical distribution .\nsymphorionte wimpertiere (protozoa, ciliophora) auf großen kiemenfußkrebsen (crustacea, branchiopoda) .\neuphyllopodes et cladocères continentaux récoltés par m. monod au sahara occidental et en mauritanie .\nthe large branchiopoda (crustacea) from temporary habitats of the drakensberg region, south africa .\na new fairy shrimp, branchinecta acanthopenes n. sp. (anostraca, branchinectidae), from india .\ndispersal of aquatic organisms: viability of disseminules recovered from the intestinal tract of captive killdeer .\nles crustacés branchiopodes anostraca, notostraca and conchostraca des milieux limniques temporaires (dayas) au maroc .\nlarge branchiopods (crustacea: anostraca, notostraca, spinicaudata, laevicaudata) from temporary inland waters of the arabian peninsula .\nepizootic algae and protozoa on fresh water branchiopods (anostraca, notostraca and spinicaudata) in moroccan temporary ponds .\nrare and little known species of fairy shrimps (crustacea anostraca) in russian and kazakhstanian faunas (addenda to the descriptions) .\noxford university press is a department of the university of oxford. it furthers the university' s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide\nfor full access to this pdf, sign in to an existing account, or purchase an annual subscription .\nthis revised version was published online in august 2006 with corrections to the cover date .\nbanarescu, p. , 1990. zoogeography of freshwaters. general distribution of freshwater animals. vol. 1. aula - verlag wiesbaden: 511 pp .\nbarnard, k. h. , 1924. contributions to a knowledge of the fauna of south - west africa. ann. s. afr. mus. 20: 213–228 .\nbarnard, k. h. , 1929. contributions to the crustacean fauna of south africa. a revision of the south african branchiopoda (phyllopoda). ann. s. afr. mus. 29: 181–272 .\nbarnard, k. h. , 1935. scientific results of the vernay - lang kalahari expedition, march - september, 1930. crustacea. ann. transv. mus. 16: 481–492 .\nbelk, d. , 1977. zoogeography of the arizona fairy shrimps (crustacea: anostraca). j. ariz. acad. sci. 12: 70–75 .\nbelk, d. , 1991. why only one of two common central texas anostraca atop enchanted rock? hydrobiologia 212: 83–86 .\nbrehm, v. , 1958. crustacea. phyllopoda und copepoda calanoida. in b. hanström, p. brinck & g. rudebeck (eds), south african animal life, results of the lund university expedition, 1950–1951. almquist & wiksell, uppsala. 5: 10–39 .\nbrendonck, l. , 1995. a new branchipodid genus and species (crustacea: branchiopoda: anostraca) from south africa. zool. j. linn. soc. 115: 359–372 .\nbrtek, j. & a. thiéry, 1995. the geographic distribution of the european branchiopods (anostraca, notostraca, spinicaudata, laevicaudata). hydrobiologia 298: 263–280 .\ndaday, e. , 1908. diagnoses praecursoriae specierum aliquot novarum e familia branchipodidae. ann. sci. nat. , zool. 7: 137–150 .\ndaday, e. , 1910. monographie systematique des phyllopodes anostraces. ann. sci. nat. , zool. ser. 9, 11: 91–489 .\ngonzalez, r. j. , j. drazen, s. hathaway, b. bauer & m. simovich 1996. physiological correlates of water chemistry requirements in fairy shrimp (anostraca) from southern california. j. crust. biol. 16: 315–322 .\n( crustacea: branchiopoda: anostraca) species from southeastern africa. ann. s. afr. mus. 103: 167–181 .\n( crustacea, branchiopoda, anostraca) in southern africa. morphology, distribution, relationships and the description of five new species. ann. s. afr. mus. 104: 311–377 .\n, a new genus and species of branchipodid (crustacea: branchiopoda: anostraca) from namibia. ann. natal mus. 36: 1–7 .\nhamer, m. , l. brendonck, c. c. appleton & a. coomans, 1994. a review of african streptocephalidae (crustacea: branchiopoda: anostraca) part 1: africa south of the zambezi and kunene rivers. arch. hydrobiol. suppl. 99: 279–311 .\nhamer, m. l. & n. a. rayner, 1996. a note on the unusual crustacean community of a temporary pool in the northern cape. s. afr. j. aquat. sci. 22 (1 / 2): 100–104 .\nhorne, f. , 1967. effects of physico - chemical factors on the distribution and occurrence of some southeastern wyoming phyllopods. ecology 48: 472–477 .\nhutchinson, g. e. , g. e. pickford & j. f. m. schuurman, 1932. a contribution to the hydrobiology of pans and other inland waters of south africa. arch. hydrobiol. 24: 1–154 .\niucn species survival commission, 1994. iucn red list categories. 21 pp .\nmaeda - martinez, a. m. , d. belk, h. obregón - barboza & h. dumont, 1995. diagnosis and phylogeny of the newworld streptocephalidae (branchiopoda: anostraca). hydrobiologia 298: 15–44 .\nmartens, k. & f. de moor. 1995, the fate of the rhino ridge pool at thomas baines nature reserve: a cautionary tale for nature conservationists. s. afr. j. sci. 91: 385–387 .\nsars, g. o. , 1898. on some south african phyllopods raised from dried mud. arch. math. naturv. b 20: 1–43 .\nsars, g. o. , 1899. additional notes on some south african phyllopoda. arch. math. naturv. b 21: 1–29 .\nsars, g. o. , 1905. on two apparently new phyllopoda from south africa. arch. math. naturv. b 27: 1–16 .\nschultze, r. e. & o. s mcgee, 1978. climatic indicies and classifications in relation to the biogeography of southern africa. in m. j. a. werger (ed), biogeography and ecology of southern africa. dr w. junk, the hague: 19–52 .\nstone, a. w. , 1988. climate and weather. in f. w. gess & m. n. bruton (eds), a field guide to the eastern cape coast. grahamstown centre of the wildlife society of southern africa: 19–30 .\nstuckenberg, b. , 1969. effective temperature as an ecological factor in southern africa. zool. afr. 4: 145–197 .\nwcmc, 1992. development of a national biodiversity index: a discussion paper prepared by the wcmc. report of the wcmc, 15 september, 1992 .\nwalton, c. (ed .), 1984. readers digest atlas of southern africa. readers digest association sa (pty) ltd, cape town. 256 pp .\n( crustacea: notostraca) in australia: a biogeoclimatic analysis. hydrobiologia 212: 235–240 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwarning: the ncbi web site requires javascript to function. more ...\nannah mabidi, 1, 2 matthew s. bird, 1 renzo perissinotto, 1 and d. christopher rogers 3\n1 dst / nrf research chair: shallow water ecosystems, nelson mandela metropolitan university, p. o. box 77000, port elizabeth 6031, south africa\n2 africa earth observatory network, nelson mandela metropolitan university, p. o. box 77000, port elizabeth 6031, south africa\ncopyright annah mabidi, matthew s. bird, renzo perissinotto, d. christopher rogers\nthis is an open access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license (cc by 4. 0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited .\nfactors influencing large branchiopod assemblages have been studied extensively (hamer and appleton 1991a, b, thiéry and puente 2002, timms and sanders 2002, boven et al. 2008, waterkeyn et al. 2008, rogers 2009, padhye and dahanukar 2015). annual average rainfall, rainfall season and effective temperature are climatic factors that appear to influence anostracan distribution (hamer and brendonck 1997), while local abiotic factors such as waterbody size, number of niches, habitat duration and life history traits influence large branchiopod species richness (thiéry 1991, hamer and appleton 1991b, king et al. 1996, waterkeyn et al. 2009). relationships between geochemical substrate properties and the distribution of anostracan species have also been reported (rogers 2014) .\nhere, we present large branchiopod diversity and distribution patterns prior to shale gas development. we present data on patterns of species assemblage composition and richness and assess these patterns in the context of environmental parameters for regional branchiopod populations. the survey is the first of its kind for the karoo region and represents an important step towards understanding large branchiopod communities in this largely unexplored region. this information can be useful in planning and decision - making for development and to monitor changes in the temporary aquatic biota of the region in relation to future impacts .\n). air temperatures in the region are notoriously variable both diurnally and seasonally. temperature extremes range from - 5 °c in winter (mean july daily minimum < 0 °c) to 43 °c in summer (mean january daily maximum > 30 °c) (schulze 1997 ,\n). regional rainfall is highly unpredictable in both space and time. sporadic rainfall events occur throughout the year, displaying elements of a perennial precipitation regime. however, long term records show that the bulk of the rainfall generally occurs in summer, peaking between december and march (schulze et al. 1997). mean annual precipitation ranges from 70 mm in the west to around 400 mm in the east, with a coefficient of variation of annual precipitation of 30–60% (schulze 1997, desmet and cowling 1999). the hot and dry climatic conditions limit the occurrence of perennial aquatic habitats, whilst favouring the presence of temporary waterbodies .\nlocation of the sites sampled for large branchiopods in the eastern cape karoo region of south africa (a), including a zoomed - in perspective of the 22 sites within the focal study area (b) .\nthe waterbodies of the region can be divided into three major types. first are depressional systems, which manifest as surface water on a temporary basis predominantly as isolated pools fed by direct precipitation, although some depressions may be connected to a larger drainage network (ollis et al. 2015). second are rivers (longitudinal features), which are generally small and temporarily inundated. very few river systems in the region are genuinely permanent (e. g. great fish river). lastly, dams (reservoirs) provide an exception to the natural surface water regime of the region in that they artificially increase the number of permanent water features in the landscape. these reservoirs are typically utilized for livestock .\ntwenty - two lentic habitats (nine dams and thirteen depressional wetlands) were sampled for large branchiopods during november 2014 (austral spring) and april 2015 (austral autumn, see suppl. material\n: appendix 1 for full locality information for each habitat). the geographic region covered includes the eastern cape karoo area earmarked for shale gas exploration, specifically from the towns of aberdeen and jansenville in the west to tarkastad and cradock in the east (figure\n). site w117 (depression wetland) was only sampled in november 2014, as it was dry during the april 2015 survey. the sites were divided into three size categories according to surface area, as small (< 499 m\n). large branchiopods were sampled semi - quantitatively with a d - frame sweep net (1 mm mesh size, 250 mm mouth diameter) by means of a timed collection effort standardised according to the three size categories. small wetlands were swept for three minutes, medium - sized wetlands for six minutes and large wetlands for twelve minutes. the samples were preserved in a 10% formalin solution. material was identified to lowest justifiable taxonomic level using keys by\ndissolved oxygen, ph, electrical conductivity, turbidity, temperature and salinity were measured in situ on both sampling occasions using a ysi 6600–v2 multi - probe system. waterbody dimensions (surface area and maximum depth) were estimated at each site. maximum depth was measured at the deepest point of each waterbody using a marked depth stick. the surface area was calculated using a handheld gps device (garmin etrex vista hcx, ~ 3 m point accuracy) .\nthe presence and extent of macrophyte habitat was visually assessed qualitatively. the total cover of macrophytes (emergent and submerged) in each waterbody was recorded on an ordinal scale: 0 (not present); 1 (sparse); 2 (moderate); 3 (extensive) and 4 (complete cover). the presence and extent of floating macroalgal mats was also recorded at each site on a scale of 0–4, as for the vegetation. an estimate of the degree of agricultural land use impact within 500 m of each waterbody was visually assessed using four nominal categories: 0 (none); 1 (low); 2 (moderate); and 3 (high). the presence at each site of animals, signs of grazing, dung, and trampling was noted in order to estimate the degree of impact and place a site into one of the above categories. the sampling sites were overlain on the south african lithological map in qgis v2. 2. 0 software to assess the geology underlying each site .\naffinity between pairs of large branchiopod species was calculated from species co - occurrence data for both april and november samples using fager’s index of affinity. this index (if) indicates the likelihood that two species will co - occur in a species assemblage (maeda - martínez et al. 1997). the formula is as follows :\nwhere j is the number of joint occurrences, n 1 is the total number of occurrences of species 1 and n 2 is the total number of occurrences of species 2. results equal to or higher than 0. 5 were considered to show affinity (fager and mcgowan 1963, see suppl. material 1: appendix 2 for the original data used to perform this analysis). species data from previous collections in the region were compiled together with the current collections to provide a distribution record for the eastern cape province .\n. large branchiopods occurred in 15 out of the 22 waterbodies investigated (i. e. 68% of the total). thirteen species were collected in total across the two sampling events. seven of the thirteen species were collected on both sampling events. regarding the anostracans, four species of\n( lucas, 1864), was recorded from the karoo waterbodies, being present at six of the sites. six spinicaudatan species were also collected, three of the genus\nbarnard, 1924, was recorded. this species was found in a single small depression wetland in the mountain zebra national park near cradock (figure\nlarge branchiopod species collected from 15 waterbodies of the eastern cape karoo sampled in november 2014 and april 2015. see suppl. material 1: appendix 1 for full locality information for each site code .\nfourteen waterbodies (i. e. 93% of the total 15) contained at least one anostracan species (table\n). the anostracans and spinicaudatans were the most common, occurring across 14 and 13 of the sampled waterbodies respectively. however, three of these species were represented at only a single site (\n) and was the most common assemblage. the fager’s index of affinity of the different species collected is presented in table\n. a relatively high affinity (> 0. 50) with most of the species was observed for\nfager’s affinity indices between pairs of large branchiopod species in waterbodies in the eastern cape karoo collected in november 2014 and april 2015 .\nis a widespread and common species in south africa, and has previously been recorded in the eastern cape. during this study, the species was collected from 10 out of the 22 waterbodies (45 %). the spinicaudatans\n), was not encountered during the current study. this was also the case with\nlarge branchiopod distribution records for the eastern cape province. species previously recorded in the province are indicated with an asterisk. for collections made during the current study (november 2014 and april 2015), the site code is given (see suppl. material 1: appendix 1 for full locality information for each site code). ec = eastern cape .\nall showed significant association with branchiopod assemblages in november 2014 only. the underlying geology of each waterbody, its position (spatial factors) and the electrical conductivity of its water were significant predictors of assemblage composition in april 2015 only. there was therefore little consistency in the environmental correlates of assemblage composition across the two seasons. the amounts of explained variation were moderate, with significant predictors explaining between 16. 95% and 52. 2% of the variation in branchiopod assemblage composition among sites (table\ntests for relationships between the composition of large branchiopod assemblages and environmental predictor variables, either singular or in sets, using the dbrda multivariate f - statistic. p values less than 0. 10 are highlighted in bold. the column headed ‘% var’ indicates the percentage of multivariate assemblage variation (in terms of bray - curtis similarity) that is explained by the particular variables or sets of variables .\ndepicts the similarity of sites in terms of assemblage composition between the two seasons sampled and between the various subregions of the karoo. the sites do not appear to separate out according to either season or locality on the dendrogram, and there appears to be much assemblage variation even within each locality / subregions. the permanova test, which tests for an overall difference in multivariate space between the group centroids of each season and each locality, showed no significant overall difference between large branchiopod assemblages sampled in spring and autumn or between the localities (season: f\n= 0. 691, p = 0. 7809). the p values were low however (0. 05 < p < 0. 10) for both factors, suggesting some influence of these factors on assemblage composition, albeit non - significant .\ndendrogram plot depicting the bray - curtis similarity of large branchiopod assemblages among sites sampled in the eastern cape karoo. sites are coded according to the season sampled (spring – november 2014 vs autumn – april 2015) and symbols indicate the sub region in which each site occurs, by reference to the nearest town name (with the exception of sites occurring within the mountain zebra national park, coded as ‘mountain zebra’) .\nare either absent, or are found in low numbers. there is only one known case of a multispecies\nis common in the arid southwest karoo, extending north - eastwards to groblerhoop in the northern cape, where rainfall is less than 300 mm per year. however, its distribution is known to vary, occurring also further east and south where rainfall is slightly higher (\nsp. , which prior to this study had not been recorded in the eastern cape region. the genus is fairly widespread in south africa, with distribution records for heidelberg (gauteng province), kimberley (northern cape), greater namaqualand (northern cape), ovamboland and kaokoveld (namibia) (\nmabidi a, bird ms, perissinotto r, rogers dc (2016) ecology and distribution of large branchiopods (crustacea, branchiopoda, anostraca, notostraca, laevicaudata, spinicaudata) of the eastern cape karoo, south africa. zookeys 618: 15–38. doi: 10. 3897 / zookeys. 618. 9212\nappendix 1: geographic position and underlying geology of the of 22 study sites. latitude and longitude are provided in decimal degrees. the location of each site is also labelled according to the sub - region in which it occurs, by reference to the nearest town name. an exception to this is mznp, which represents sites sampled within the mountain zebra national park and sites sampled along the r337 road, which are located in mountainous terrain with no nearby towns .\nappendix 2: large branchiopod species found in november 2014 and april 2015 in the 15 study sites included in the survey. a = present only in april; n = present only in november; an = present during both periods; 0 = absent during both periods .\nappendix 3: environmental characteristics of the 22 waterbodies investigated in november 2014. all physico - chemical and biological values are means taken from 3 subsamples for each site. d – dam; nd – natural depression; r – river; cv – complex vegetation; sv – simple vegetation; bu – benthic unvegetated; lu – land - use impact; do – dissolved oxygen; temp. – temperature; cond. – conductivity; dip – dissolved inorganic phosphorus; din – dissolved inorganic nitrogen; tss – total suspended solids; pom – particulate organic matter; p chl - a – pelagic chlorophyll a; b chl - a – benthic chlorophyll a; md – maximum depth; sa – surface area .\nappendix 4: environmental characteristics of the 22 waterbodies investigated in april 2015. all physico - chemical and biological values are means taken from 3 subsamples for each site. d – dam; nd – natural depression; r – river; cv – complex vegetation; sv – simple vegetation; bu – benthic unvegetated; lu – land - use impact; do – dissolved oxygen; temp. – temperature; cond. – conductivity; dip – dissolved inorganic phosphorus; din – dissolved inorganic nitrogen; tss – total suspended solids; pom – particulate organic matter; p chl - a – pelagic chlorophyll a; b chl - a – benthic chlorophyll a; md – maximum depth; sa – surface area .\nthis dataset is made available under the open database license (urltoken). the open database license (odbl) is a license agreement intended to allow users to freely share, modify, and use this dataset while maintaining this same freedom for others, provided that the original source and author (s) are credited .\nannah mabidi, matthew s. bird, renzo perissinotto, d. christopher rogers\npermanova + for primer: guide to software and statistical methods. primer - e\ncontributions to the crustacean fauna of south africa: a revision of the south african branchiopoda (phyllopoda) .\ncontributions to the crustacean fauna of south africa 10: a revision of the south african phyllopoda .\ncontributions to a knowledge of the fauna of south - west africa ii: crustacea entomostraca, phyllopoda .\nboven l, stoks r, forro l, brendonck l. (2008 )\nseasonal dynamics in water quality and vegetation cover in temporary pools with variable hydroperiods in kiskunsag (hungary) .\nin: day ja, stewart ba, de moor ij, louw ae. (eds )\nfreshwater invertebrates of southern africa. crustacea i: notostraca, anostraca, conchostraca and cladocera\nbrendonck l, rogers dc, olesen j, weeks srh. (2008 )\nchanges in biotic communities developing from freshwater wetland sediments under experimental salinity and water regimes .\ncancela da fonseca l, cristo m, machado m, sala j, reis j, alcazar r, beja p. (2008 )\ncollen b, whitton f, dyer ee, baillie jem, cumberlidge n, darwall wrt, pollock c, richman ni, soulsby a - m, böhm m. (2014 )\nchange in marine communities: an approach to statistical analysis and interpretation (2 nd edn). primer - e\ncubasch u, wuebbles d, chen d, facchini mc, frame d, mahowald nwjg. (2013 )\nin: stocker tf, qin dp, tignor m, allen sk, boschung j, nauels a, xia y, bex v, midgley pm. (eds) climate change 2013: the physical science basis .\ndarwall w, smith k, allen d, holland r, harrison i, brooks e. (2011 )\nday ja, stewart ba, de moor ij, louw ae. (1999 )\nde roeck er, vanschoenwinkel bj, day ja, xu y, rait l, brendonck l. (2007a )\nde roeck er, vanschoenwinkel bj, day ja, xu y, raitt l, brendonck l. (2007b )\nlife - history traits of streptocephalus purcelli sars, 1898 (branchiopoda, anostraca) from temporary waters with different phenology .\neaton ad, clesceri ls, rice ew, greenberg ae. (2005 )\nkaroo shale gas report–special report on economic considerations surrounding potential shale gas resources in the southern karoo of south africa .\ngeel c, de wit m, booth mp, schulz hm, horsefield b. (2015 )\npaleo - environment, diagenesis and characteristics of permian black shales in the lower karoo supergroup flanking the cape fold belt near jansenville, eastern cape, south africa: implications for the shale gas potential of the karoo basin .\ndistribution, diversity and conservation of anostraca (crustacea: branchiopoda) in southern africa .\na note on the unusual crustacean community of a temporary pool in the nothern cape .\nfour new streptocephalus (crustacea, branchiopoda, anostraca) species from south - east africa .\nhamer m, brendonck l, coomans a, appleton cc. (1994a )\na review of the african streptocephalidae (crustacea: branchiopoda: anostraca) part 1: south of zambezi and kunene rivers .\nhamer m, brendonck l, coomans a, appleton cc. (1994b )\na review of the african streptocephalidae (crustacea: branchiopoda: anostraca) part 2: north of zambezi and kunene rivers .\nphysical and chemical characteristics and phyllopod fauna of temporary pools in northeastern natal, republic of south africa." ]

{ "text": [ "branchipodopsis is a genus of aquatic crustaceans , in the order anostraca .", "it is one of several genera known as fairy shrimp .", "all described species are specialised for inhabiting ephemeral rock pools in situations such as mountains and deserts .", "though the genus is most widely known from africa , some occur in the middle east and adjoining regions . " ], "topic": [ 26, 27, 18, 13 ] }

[ "branchipodopsis is a genus of aquatic crustaceans, in the order anostraca. it is one of several genera known as fairy shrimp. all described species are specialised for inhabiting ephemeral rock pools in situations such as mountains and deserts. though the genus is most widely known from africa, some occur in the middle east and adjoining regions." ]

[ "eastern amazon climbing mouse by lambert m. surhone, mariam t. tennoe, susan f. henssonow\nnote: this list is not comprehensive. some species may live outside the amazon rainforest biome .\nmore than 430 species of mammal are found in the amazon, the majority of which are bats and rodents .\n, anteaters, and armadillos - - are common residents of the amazon rainforest and only exist in the new world .\nthe amazon is home to the world' s largest rodent, the capybara which can weigh 200 pounds (91 kg) .\nthis species occurs in the eastern fringe of amazonian rainforest, principally in pará and mato grosso east of the rio xingu and as far south as serra do roncador, central brazil (musser and carleton 2005, tribe 2015) .\nthe amazon is home to more species of plants and animals than any other terrestrial ecosystem on the planet - - perhaps 30 percent of the world' s species are found there .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\njustification: this species is listed as least concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large population, and because it is unlikely to be declining at nearly the rate required to qualify for listing in a threatened category .\nthis rodent is often found in house plantations, gallery forest and cerrado dry forest (tribe 2015) .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference (book, 2005) [ worldcat. org ]\nyour web browser is not enabled for javascript. some features of worldcat will not be available .\nyour list has reached the maximum number of items. please create a new list with a new name; move some items to a new or existing list; or delete some items .\nnote: citations are based on reference standards. however, formatting rules can vary widely between applications and fields of interest or study. the specific requirements or preferences of your reviewing publisher, classroom teacher, institution or organization should be applied .\nthe e - mail address (es) field is required. please enter recipient e - mail address (es) .\nthe e - mail address (es) you entered is (are) not in a valid format. please re - enter recipient e - mail address (es) .\ni thought you might be interested in this item at urltoken title: mammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference author: don e wilson; deeann m reeder publisher: baltimore: johns hopkins university press, ©2005. isbn / issn: 0801882214 9780801882210 0801882389 9780801882388 0801882397 9780801882395 oclc: 57557352\nwilson and reeder' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today. the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and, for the first time, common names. each concise entry covers type locality, distribution, synonyms, and major reference sources. the systematic arrangement of\ninformation indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level. this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\n- - publisher' s website .\nplease choose whether or not you want other users to be able to see on your profile that this library is a favorite of yours .\nthis indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\na uniquely valuable compendium of taxonomic and distributional data on the world' s living and historically extinct mammalian species. contributors and editors alike deserve the thanks of all\nadd tags for\nmammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference\n.\nyou may have already requested this item. please select ok if you would like to proceed with this request anyway .\nwilson and reeder' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today. the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and, for the first time, common names. each concise entry covers type locality, distribution, synonyms, and major reference sources. the systematic arrangement of information indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level. this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\n- - publisher' s website .\nworldcat is the world' s largest library catalog, helping you find library materials online. learn more ››\ndon' t have an account? you can easily create a free account .\nkeyword search - try again, but check your spelling, and / or use fewer search terms .\nif we don' t have it today, create a' want' and receive an automated email when the item is listed for sale .\nfind books from over 100, 000 booksellers worldwide, for easy searches and price comparison .\nby using the web site, you confirm that you have read, understood, and agreed to be bound by the terms and conditions. copyright © 1996 - 2018 abebooks inc. & abebooks europe gmbh. all rights reserved .\nsorry, we just need to make sure you' re not a robot. for best results, please make sure your browser is accepting cookies .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page: myers, p. , r. espinosa, c. s. parr, t. jones, g. s. hammond, and t. a. dewey. 2018. the animal diversity web (online). accessed at https: / / animaldiversity. org .\ndisclaimer: the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. adw doesn' t cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283, drl 0628151, due 0633095, drl 0918590, and due 1122742. additional support has come from the marisla foundation, um college of literature, science, and the arts, museum of zoology, and information and technology services .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 3. 2 / / en\nin 2013, scientists announced the discovery of a previously undescribed species of tapir .\ncarbon dioxide (co2) emissions generated from urltoken operations (server, data transfer, travel) are mitigated through an association with anthrotect, an organization working with afro - indigenous and embera communities to protect forests in colombia' s darien region. anthrotect is protecting the habitat of mongabay' s mascot: the scale - crested pygmy tyrant .\nrainforest\nis used interchangeably with\nrain forest\non this site .\njungle\nis generally not used." ]

{ "text": [ "the eastern amazon climbing mouse , rhipidomys emiliae , is a rodent species from south america .", "it is endemic to central brazil , where it is found in the eastern fringe of the amazon rainforest , as well as in gallery forest and tropical dry forest within the cerrado ecoregion .", "it is often found in areas under cultivation . " ], "topic": [ 17, 24, 24 ] }

[ "the eastern amazon climbing mouse, rhipidomys emiliae, is a rodent species from south america. it is endemic to central brazil, where it is found in the eastern fringe of the amazon rainforest, as well as in gallery forest and tropical dry forest within the cerrado ecoregion. it is often found in areas under cultivation." ]

[ "the mitred conure may also be called the mitred parakeet or the red - headed conure .\nmitred parakeet: loud screeching\nweee weee\nor\ncheeah cheeah .\nfor more information, visit the mitred parakeet - birdlife species factsheet published by birdlife international .\nmitred parakeet (aratinga mitrata), also known as the mitred. . stock photo, picture and royalty free image. image 6024998 .\nmitred parakeet: red - masked parakeet has more extensive red on head and leading edge of wing. green parakeet has much less red overall. in its native range the red - fronted parakeet is extremely similar but has a red forehead, while the white - eyed parakeet has conspicuous red and yellow patch on its under wing coverts .\nthe juvenile has a reduced red forehead, but lacks the scattered red specks. the mitred parakeet is similar to the\nwhite - eyed parakeet has conspicuous red and yellow patch on its underwing coverts .\npranty, b. in preparation. status of the monk parakeet in florida .\nthe mitred parakeet is rare to uncommon in humid forest on the east slope of the andes at elevations ranging between 1600 - 3400 m. it also occurs in\nred - masked parakeet has more extensive red on head and leading edge of wing .\nclosely related to the mitred parakeet, this species is endemic to the arid tumbesian zone of southwestern ecuador and northwestern peru. adults are best distinguished from the mitred parakeet by the more solid and extensive red on the head, more extensive red in the underwing coverts, and smaller overall size. this species is considered near - threatened within its native range (\nmitred parakeet (aratinga mitrata), also known as the mitred conure in aviculture, is a species of parrot in the psittacidae family. it is native to the andes from north - central peru, south through bolivia, to north - western argentina, with introduced popu\ngreen parakeet: raucous, high - pitched shrieks\nscreek screek\n, also shrill chatter .\nfollow these steps to stop your pet budgie / parakeet from bossing around your other pet birds .\nwhen well cared for in captivity, a mitred conure can live 20 to 30 years .\ngreen parakeet: in the united states could be confused with escaped mitred or red - masked parakeets, both of which show varying amounts of red on the head and wings. in mexico could be confused with aztec or orange - fronted parakeets, both of which are smaller and shorter tailed. the pacific parakeet in mexico is virtually identical and may be a local form of the green parakeet .\nstock photo - mitred parakeet (aratinga mitrata), also known as the mitred conure in aviculture, is a species of parrot in the psittacidae family. it is native to the andes from north - central peru, south through bolivia, to north - western argentina, with introduced popu\nfor more information, visit the red - masked parakeet - birdlife species factsheet published by birdlife international .\nthe mitred parakeet is social and typically seen in small flocks, but may gather in groups of up to 100 outside the breeding period. rarely, flocks of up to 2000 may gather at roosting places .\nmitred conures love to bath and should be showered with a spray bottle or under a sink sprayer regularly .\nthe mitred parakeet has a large range, estimated globally at 250, 000 square kilometers. native to argentina, bolivia and peru, this bird prefers subtropical or tropical forest and shrubland ecosystems, though it sometimes resides in degraded former forests as well. the global population of this bird has not been precisely determined, but does not show signs of decline that would necessitate inclusion on the iucn red list. for this reason, the current evaluation status of the mitred parakeet is least concern .\nsince 1981, when the mitred conure was listed on cites appendix ii 158, 149 individuals have been traded on international market .\nfairly large green parakeet with red forehead grading into scattered bright red feathers on crown, face, cheek, sometimes on the bend in the wing .\nhere is a public link to my facebook album of the mitred parakeets. the first photo shows the bird with the hole in its beak .\ntame, hand - fed mitred conures can make affectionate family pets when given plenty of love and attention. as with any pet bird, mitred conures have their moods, and like other conure species, the mitred can get nippy. for this reason, a conure is not the best pet for households with small children, but they can make quite good family pets in homes with older children who understand how to handle and respect birds .\nmitred parakeet: these parakeets breed during the winter months, colonially, on cliffs and sometimes in the hollows of dead trees. the female lays two to three broad, oval white eggs in tree cavities or rock crevices lined with pieces of decayed wood. incubation occurs for about 25 days before they hatch .\nfifty - four species of parrots and parakeets in fifteen genera have been recorded in north america (including two extinct species, the carolina parakeet and cuban macaw) .\nmitred parakeet: in its native range occurs in mountain valleys in a narrow band from southern peru to northern argentina. populations of escaped birds also established in los angeles and san francisco, california, and south florida. prefers dry subtropical forest, but also uses cultivated areas and grasslands with scattered trees. frequently found near rocky cliffs .\n. the mitred parakeet has a reduced red forehead and a variable amount of red around the eyes. it also has scattered specks on the head, sides of the neck, breast, and the underparts. the bill is pale. it has no red on the shoulder area. it has red where the tarsus meets the thigh .\nmitred parakeet: these parakeets feed on a variety of native and ornamental tree fruits, berries, nuts and seeds. they travel in groups of two to a hundred in search of food and plant matter. they are occasionally seen foraging in cultivated areas. they usually feed in forests, but may visit open areas in search of grain .\nif you are interested in owning a mitred conure, always check with animal rescue organizations and adoption societies. mitered conures are such loud birds that owners who find themselves unable to deal with the racket often give up their birds. although aviary pet stores may carry the mitred conure, a bird breeder is usually a better option .\nas with all birds, proper exercise is imperative to a mitred conure & apos; s good health. mitred conures are by nature very active and inquisitive, and they need to be provided adequate space to fly, explore, and play. keeping this in mind, your mitred conure should be allowed adequate time out of his cage per day for supervised play time. give your bird a minimum of four hours of free flight time out of the age each day in a space that is safe .\na mitred conure needs a cage of substantial size—one with a 24 - inch square footprint and 36 inches in height should be regarded as a minimum. provide perches and plenty rated for strong chewers, and change them frequently to prevent the bird from getting bored. mitred conures are athletic birds that should also have a playpen outside the cage .\nother synonyms catalan: aratinga mitrada czech: aratinga škraboškový danish: maskearatinga german: rotmaskensittich english: mitred conure, mitred parakeet, mitred parakeet (mitred) spanish: aratinga mitrada spanish (argentine): calacante cara roja spanish (spain): aratinga mitrada [ grupo mitratus ] spanish (honduras): buhito menor spanish (peru): cotorra mitrada estonian: mägiaratinga finnish: pahta - aratti french: conure mitrée, conure mitrée (nominal), conure mitrée [ mitratus ] hungarian: pirosálarcos aratinga italian: conuro mitrato japanese: benigaomekishikoinko, benigaomekishikoinko (mitratus guru - pu) japanese: ベニガオメキシコインコ, ベニガオメキシコインコ (mitratus グループ) latin: aratinga mitrata, aratinga mitrata [ mitrata group ], aratinga mitrata mitrata, conurus mitratus, psittacara mitratus, psittacara mitratus [ mitratus group ] lithuanian: raudonskruostė aratinga dutch: roodmaskeraratinga, roodmaskeraratinga (mitratus groep) norwegian: rødflekkparakitt, rødflekkparakitt (mitratus gr .) polish: konura maskowa portuguese: mitrata russian: краснолицая аратинга slovak: klinochvost diadémový swedish: rödfläckig parakit, rödfläckig parakit [ mitratus group ] chinese: 红耳绿鹦哥 chinese (traditional): 密垂德鸚哥\nneidermyer, w. j. , and j. j. hickey. 1977. the monk parakeet in the united states, 1970 - 75. american birds 31: 273 - 278 .\ngreen parakeet: forages in flocks of 100 or more birds, sometimes gathering in larger numbers if food is plentiful. eats a wide variety of seeds, nut, berries, and fruit .\nthe sun parakeet or sun conure (aratinga solstitialis) is a medium - sized brightly colored parrot native to northeastern south america. the adult male and female are similar in appearance, with predomi\nthe mitred conure, like other conures, is a relatively hardy bird compared to other parrots. but it is prone to some of the same health issues that affect other conures :\ngenerally, mitred conures who are well socialized and get lots of attention make attractive, fun - loving companions—albeit loud ones. the dawn and dusk periods may be very loud in a home where a mitred conure lives. mitred conures are somewhat clownish by nature, and may perform tricks to gain attention. mitered conures are therefore good pets for owners who enjoy lots of interaction with a pet bird, and are a rather poor choice for owners who do not have the time or inclination to place a pet bird at the top of the priority list .\nlike all parrots, mitred conures need to chew and should be given plenty of sturdy play toys to gnaw on. this will not only channel the gnawing instinct but also provide exercise .\nthe taxonomy has recently undergone significant changes with the description of two new subspecies, and the proposed elevation of the taxon alticola, traditionally considered a subspecies, to species status; the chapman' s parakeet .\nmost of the birds in the flock are of a species known variously as the cherry - headed conure, red - masked conure, and red - headed conure - all pet trade names. ornithologists call them red - masked parakeets, and the scientific name is aratinga erythrogenys. in the summer of 1995, a female mitred conure (or mitred parakeet, aratinga mitrata) showed up. she began to breed with the cherry heads, and continued to do so until at least 2006. i don' t know whether she' s still alive. the hybrid offspring are fertile, so there are quite a few double hybrids in the flock now as well. in the past there have been two blue - crowned conures (blue - crowned parakeet, or aratinga acuticaudata). back to the top\nmitred parakeets have been seen in new york since at least 1984, mostly in southwestern nassau county and queens. mitred parakeets are popular pets, commonly known as mitred conures. during the 1980s, over 140, 000 were imported to the u. s. from south america. jfk airport was a major hub for the importation of wildlife for the pet trade, and it is likely that birds escaped from quarantine during this period. the population may also be supplemented by releases of pet birds. miami and los angeles were also major importation hubs, and populations of aratinga mitrata are well established in those areas .\ngreen parakeet: little known. nests in tree cavities and old woodpeckers holes, also in rock crevices and other holes. lays two to five white eggs that are incubated by the female while food is brought by the male .\nthe mitred conure is the second largest of all the conures, reaching an average length of 13 to 15 inches from the beak to the tips of the tail feathers. on average, adults weight about 7 ounces .\n; although the two species are readily distinguished given reasonable views, southern california observers are understandably poorly aware of identification criteria. single birds (at least one bearing a leg ring) were seen with mitred parakeet flocks in lower zuma canyon (malibu), at pt. fermin (san pedro), and at rancho los alamitos (long beach). subsequently, small flocks were found in temple city and adjacent monrovia, and in redondo beach. (\nthe only two naturally occurring members of this family found north of mexico were the carolina parakeet and the thick - billed parrot. despite an astonishingly large population, the parakeet went extinct due to over - hunting and the parrot was extirpated in north america in the early twentieth century because of both hunting and habitat loss. despite reintroduction efforts, the thick - billed parrot hasn’t been able to reestablish itself in arizona, and mexican populations of this species remain threatened by habitat loss .\nthe snappy green and red mitred conure is an exuberant, small - to - medium - sized parrot who loves to play, and who has the talent to become a good talker. this is a very active bird, curious about the world, comical, and eager to explore. but a mitred conure can also be somewhat temperamental and can be prone to nipping—and it will scream if denied the attention it wants and needs. this may not be a great bird for a beginner, an owner senstive to noise, or for an apartment dweller with nearby neighbors. some owners, however, use mitred conures as\nwatch birds\ndue to their piercingly loud alarm calls .\nthis long - tailed green parakeet, marked with red on the face, is native to the eastern foothills of the andes in southern south america. bird escaped from captivity have established feral populations around los angeles and san francisco, california, and locally in southeastern florida. often they are in mixed flocks with the similar red - masked parakeet, native to northwestern south america. in the united states, these birds live mostly in parks and suburbs with extensive exotic plantings, not in natural wild habitats .\ncollar, n. , boesman, p. , sharpe, c. j. & kirwan, g. m. (2018). mitred parakeet (psittacara mitratus). in: del hoyo, j. , elliott, a. , sargatal, j. , christie, d. a. & de juana, e. (eds .). handbook of the birds of the world alive. lynx edicions, barcelona. (retrieved from urltoken on 10 july 2018) .\nother synonyms catalan: aratinga mitrada czech: aratinga cervenoskvrnný, aratinga škraboškový danish: maskearatinga german: rotmaskensittich english: chapman' s conure, mitred conure, mitred parakeet, mitred, hocking' s or chapman' s parakeet spanish: aratinga de wagler, aratinga mitrada, buhito menor, calacante cara roja, calancante cara roja, periquito de cara roja spanish (argentine): calacante cara roja, calancante cara roja spanish (chile): cotorra mitrata spanish (spain): aratinga mitrada spanish (honduras): buhito menor spanish (peru): cotorra mitrada spanish (uruguay): loro cara roja estonian: mägiaratinga finnish: pahta - aratti french: conure mitrée, conure mitrée, c. de hocking ou c. de chapman, perriche mitrée, perruche mitrée hungarian: pirosálarcos aratinga italian: aratinga mitrata, conuro mitrato, parrocchetto mitrato japanese: benigaomekishikoinko japanese: ベニガオメキシコインコ latin: aratinga [ mitrata, hockingi or alticola ], aratinga mitrata, aratinga mitrata mitrata, conurus mitratus, psittacara [ mitratus, hockingi or alticolus ], psittacara mitratus lithuanian: raudonskruostė aratinga dutch: roodmaskeraratinga norwegian: mitrata kilehaleparakitt, mitrata - parakitt, rødflekkparakitt polish: konura maskowa, szmaragdolotka maskowa portuguese: mitrata russian: краснолицая аратинга slovak: klinochvost diadémový swedish: rödfläckig parakit chinese: 红耳绿鹦哥 chinese (traditional): 密垂德鸚哥\n[ … ] know if they are still alive or not. urltoken 10, 000 birds | mysteries of the mitred parakeets my first conure was a cherry headed conure, so i' ve read the book, seen the movie in theaters [ … ]\nthe cherry - headed conure is from a small territory on the west side of the andes in southern ecuador and the extreme north of peru. the mitred conure ranges from southern peru through central bolivia, on down to northwestern argentina. back to the top\na mature mitred conure is mostly vivid green in color, with spots of bright red on the faces, heads, necks, and the top halves of the legs. it has a bare white ring around the eyes, with a horn - colored beak and gray feet. males and females are identical in color. this bird is rather difficult to distinguish from its close relative, the cherry - headed conure, but the mitred is missing the bright red on the bend of the wing that is present in the cherry - headed .\nresponsible owners must make sure that certain nutritional requirements are met. in the wild, mitred conures feast mostly on fruit, nuts, and seeds, but in captivity, they do best on a balanced, pelleted diet, supplemented with fresh fruits, vegetables, and nuts .\none of the least known stories of new york birding is the tale of the wild mitred parakeets. while many birders are familiar with the local monk parakeets whose large stick nests are found throughout the metropolitan area, the mitred parakeets are largely a mystery. but in fact they have been with us for more than 25 years, and each spring for the past decade or more, like clockwork, they show up on one block in hillcrest, queens to feed on the blossoms of two ornamental cherry trees. i have been observing them there and at few other lucky locations for the past few years .\nbut the greatest mystery of the mitred parakeets of new york is where they go during the breeding season, and whether they are breeding. sightings are virtually unknown from june through november. the birds have never been recorded on breeding bird surveys (or for that matter on any christmas bird count). there is some anecdotal evidence of nests with fledglings from valley stream, nassau (circa 1987), and cunningham park, queens (late 1990s), but otherwise the birds just seem to disappear. so could the population be composed of old birds and / or recently released birds? are they dying out? it’s possible. but this year i observed a pair copulating in hillcrest, and in 2009 i observed young birds in the queens flock, so they probably are breeding somewhere. it is quite safe to say, however, that mitred parakeet is not a candidate for addition to the new york state checklist of birds at this time .\nspreyer, m. f. , and e. h. bucher. 1998. monk parakeet (myiopsitta monachus). in a. poole and f. gill, editors. birds of north america, no. 292. the academy of natural sciences, philadelphia, pennsylvania, and the american ornithological union, washington d. c. , usa .\nthe mitred conure is native to the south american andes from north - central peru, south through bolivia to northwestern argentina, where it typically inhabits forests at altitude from about 3, 000 to 11, 000 feet. introduced populations are also found in california, florida, and hawaii, where they are sometimes considered a nuisance due to crop damage .\ngreen parakeet: native to central america, from mexico to northern nicaragua. birds have established self - sustaining populations in south texas. it is unclear whether this is a population of feral released birds or wild vagrants which have moved from mexico. usually non - migratory, but will move sometimes to take advantage of food supplies. inhabit all kinds of forested habitats except rainforests .\n@ seth – i’d agree with that, with the corollary that they have had no significant impact yet. as you note they are not common, but if they make the switch from merely locally established to being invasive that could change. in london the rose - ringed parakeet is shifting from being merely established to being invasive, and this is leading to concerns about competition with native hole - nesters. as for the economic impacts – parrots can certainly be significant pests in places (particularly australia) so i’d need to see a citation for their effects being “minuscule. ”\nmitred parakeets are native to southwestern south america. they are a temperate zone species, found at high elevations, so they are somewhat cold - adapted. in winter, they gather in flocks to feed on patchy seasonal crops. they maintain this pattern in new york. virtually all of the sightings are between december and may. they feed on a variety of native and ornamental tree fruits and seeds. many sightings have been on extremely cold winter days. it is possible that in the worst conditions they seek warm, man - made microhabitats, of which there are plenty in urban areas .\nduring studies flocks of mitred parakeets were found in malibu (especially zuma canyon and pt. dume), west los angeles, culver city, venice, central los angeles, manhattan beach, redondo beach, san pedro, long beach, huntington beach, highland park, temple city, arcadia, and el monte. maximum flock sizes were 100 in the san gabriel valley, 60 in palos verdes estates, 55 in malibu (lower zuma canyon), 48 in lakewood, and 47 in exposition park south of downtown los angeles. seasonal status and foraging behavior in the long beach area were discussed by\n@ cyberthrush, the ecological impacts of feral parrot species are often overrated. in new york they’re virtually nil. there had been concern that the birds would be agricultural pests (as some species are in their native lands), but in new york the birds are limited to the urban environment. they also do not compete with native species. so unless you are particularly sensitive to their screeches, it’s not a problem. even in florida and california where many non - native parrots are established, their impacts have been few if any. in their native lands, many parrots (including mitred parakeets) take advantage of the easy - pickings on farms, but their impacts are miniscule relative to insect pests. so since the “cat is out of the bag”, just enjoy them !\ni got some new and disturbing information on the mitred parakeets of queens, through a fellow who has been studying urban parrot populations around the world. after reviewing photographs of the queens birds, he believes the feather discoloration is due to psittacine beak and feather disease (pbfd), a contagious viral infection that is especially deadly to young birds. older birds can recover, but become carriers. feather discoloration is one of the early symptoms of the disease. some information on the disease is at urltoken as you can see from the photos, many of the birds are in poor condition. to my own eyes, the birds were in worse condition in 2011 than in prior years. in fact one of my photos not shown above shows a bird with a hole in its beak, one of the later symptoms .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\n. only wpt members gain exclusive access to some of the world' s top parrot specialists .\nlisten to exciting podcast interviews with parrot specialists from around the world, many available for wpt members only .\nlargely green in colour, with long, maroon - red tails, dark red belly patch and bright blue primaries. face and crown dark grey - brown. rose - red colour on the head restricted to a narrow band on the frons and a few scattered feathers in the crown. upper breast brownish grey scalloped with grey / white. ear coverts paler grey - brown. eye ring white .\nnot recorded, but probably similar to p. roseifrons - rolling prrrrt prrrt and screeches .\ncites iucn red list birdlife international parrots of the world, forshaw and knight, 2010 .\ntwo distinct populations, both in extreme w amazonia of n peru: one by san martín–loreto border from shanusi to yurimaguas and sarayacu, and possibly r cushabatay; the other in e loreto, in santa cecilia region and quebrada vainilla along r amazon to mouth of r orosa .\nmainly unknown; has been observed feeding of flowers, berries and other fruits .\nhas been observed in groups of 10 - 30 birds feeding of flowers and fruits of trema micrantha and erythrina sp .\njan to mar in amazonas, peru, with young being observed from april .\ngain exclusive access to 600 + pages of additional research, seminars and podcasts, specialists to ask your toughest questions, and dozens of other fun resources - when you become a wpt member. join today > >\n↑ contact us | terms & conditions | privacy policy | disclaimer | © 2018 world parrot trust. all rights reserved. | design: david occhino design\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis large conure is native from east - central peru to eastern bolivia and northwestern argentina. it belongs to a complex of primarily green species with red markings on the head. its occurence in california was not published upon until\n, although c. t. collins (pers. comm .) reports that this species was present in long beach, los angeles county, by 1980. the extensive red markings on the heads of most individuals in the region suggest that the nominate subspecies is involved .\n. the total population in the greater los angeles region was estimated at 680. (\nthis species appears to have undergone a population surge. the population in orange county is estimated at 100, the populaltion in south coast (long beach) has increased by 50 parakeets, and they have also increased in the los angeles basin. san diego reports a modest population .\nreported the number in the san gabriel valley to be less than 100. now, the population in the san gabriel valley has grown to 400 and the total population has increased to over 1000. (\ndistribution in california: naturalized in coastal areas from malibu to long beach and coastal northwestern orange county, and also in the los angeles basin and san gabriel valley; small numbers (naturalized) from san francisco to south san francisco bay region, and sightings also in san diego and sacramento areas (garrett 1997) .\n: central and southern peru (east of andes) to eastern bolivia, northwestern argentina; california birds appear to be from the nominate subspecies .\nthis species has a large range, with an estimated global extent of occurrence of 250, 000 km. the global population size has not been quantified, but it is believed to be large as the species is described as' common' in at least parts of its range (stotz\n. 1997) so the species is not believed to approach the thresholds for the population decline criterion of the iucn red list (i. e. , declining more than 30% in ten years or three generations). for these reasons, the species is evaluated as least concern .\ncitation: birdlife international 2004. aratinga mitrata. in: iucn 2006. 2006 iucn red list of threatened species. < urltoken >. downloaded on 18 january 2007 .\ndescription: green body; paler on breast and abdomen; forehead, forecrown and eye area dark red; red feathers scattered on the sides of the head, throat, nape, breast and abdomen; greater under wing - coverts as well as underside of flight and tail feathers goldish or olive - yellow; eye ring whitish; iris brownish - yellow; feet flesh - tone; beak horn - colored. immatures as adult, but with only a red forehead. some immatures may have barely visible signs of red. average length: 15 inches\nthe california parrot project relies on public participation to document and monitor wild parrot populations in california. if you have seen this parrot in the wild, please take a few moments to report your sighting using our online form. your time and effort is greatly appreciated .\nin flight it produces a high ringing kereet. call has been described as a harsh weee weee, cheeah cheeah .\naudio © lang elliott, bob mcguire, kevin colver, martyn stewart and others .\ntell congress to oppose a harmful rider that threatens sage - grouse and other wildlife .\ntell congress and the department of the interior to uphold the country' s most important bird protection law .\nthere are many ways to contribute—we need species information, photographs, audio, video, translations, maps, distribution data, and bird sightings. there' s a role for everyone !\n), in neotropical birds online (t. s. schulenberg, editor). cornell lab of ornithology, ithaca, ny, usa. retrieved from neotropical birds online :\nplumage variation considerable and confusing, leading to discrimination in recent years of three taxa which are here treated tentatively as synonyms: long - established form alticola and recently described hockingi were considered full species owing to apparently stable characters and sympatric occurrence with present species # r, but new observations of unpaired birds with alticola and hockingi plumage features within flocks of p. mitratus, combined with evidence that museum materials of such birds lack adult moult patterns, suggest that “ alticola ” and “ hockingi ” refer to variations within juvenile plumages of p. mitratus # r, while recently described subspecies tucumanus # r appears to represent individual variation within p. mitratus # r. two subspecies recognized .\narndt, 2006 – n & c peru on e slope of andes from w amazonas to junín .\n( tschudi, 1844) – c peru (s from ayacucho) and ce bolivia to nw argentina (córdoba) .\n, but forehead purplish and red extending variably, often in flecks, onto cheeks and ear - coverts, but bend of ...\nsqueaky notes and screeches, with a distinctive nasal and slightly plaintive quality. vocal, ...\nmontane evergreen and deciduous woodland edge, cloud forest patches, secondary forest, semi - humid ...\ndec in argentina. nest in hollow of tree, also in cliffs. eggs 2–3 .\napparently wandering post - breeding flock, jan, se bolivia, and seasonally numerous in intermontane ...\nnot globally threatened (least concern). cites ii. generally common and locally abundant, despite strong pressure on cloudforest habitat in transitional zone between densely ...\nonly subscribers are able to see the bibliography. login or subscribe to get access to a lot of extra features !\nonly members are able to post public comments. to make the most of all of hbw' s features, discover our subscriptions now !\nrecent reappraisal of higher taxonomy of parrots # r proposed arrangement into three superfamilies, here treated as families (strigopidae, cacatuidae, psittacidae); same study split psittacidae, as here defined, into three families, with additional recognition of psittrichasidae (psittrichas to coracopsis, below) and psittaculidae (psephotus to micropsitta, below); in present work, separation of these families considered to require further study and perhaps additional support. in the past, present family was often split into two, with recognition of family loriidae; at the other extreme, it was sometimes considered to include all psittaciformes .\npreviously included within aratinga, but differs genetically # r # r # r .\nget access to the contents of the hbw including all species accounts, family texts, plates, audiovisual links, updates and related resources .\nalso available: 2 - year subscription package: 55. 90 € (instead of 59. 90 €) 3 - year subscription package: 82 € (instead of 89. 85 € )\nsupporting members help us to develop and update the project more quickly and to reach more people by keeping prices down .\nview more information, tracking references to their source (when available on the internet) .\nalso available: 2 - year subscription package: 82. 5 € (instead of 89. 9 €) 3 - year subscription package: 122. 5 € (instead of 134. 85 € )\nthere is a registration fee of 20€. this is a one - time only fee when you become a subscriber of hbw alive. you won’t pay it again as long as you renew your subscription before it expires .\nif you represent an organization or institution, click here for more information on institutional subscriptions .\nthis map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding (anonymously); markers do not indicate precise localities .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\nsacc. 2005 and updates. a classification of the bird species of south america. available at: urltoken .\npsittacara mitratus (del hoyo and collar 2014) was previously placed in the genus aratinga as a. mitrata .\njustification: this species has a very large range, and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion (extent of occurrence < 20, 000 km 2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size, habitat extent / quality, or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation). the population trend appears to be stable, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion (> 30% decline over ten years or three generations). the population size has not been quantified, but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion (< 10, 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10% in ten years or three generations, or with a specified population structure). for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nthe global population size has not been quantified, but this species is described as' common but patchily distributed' (stotz et al. 1996). trend justification: the population is suspected to be stable in the absence of evidence for any declines or substantial threats .\nthe species has been heavily traded: since 1981 when it was listed on cites appendix ii, 158, 149 wild - caught individuals have been recorded in international trade (unep - wcmc cites trade database, january 2005) .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\np. m. mitratus: both adults green in colour, with yellow on the underparts; brown / red forehead turning to brighter red on forecrown, lores, cheeks and sides of neck; ear coverts occasionally red; red feathers scattered variably on hindneck, mantle, throat, thighs and bend of wing; olive / green underwing coverts. bill horn colour. eye ring bare and buff / white. eye dull yellow with grey inner ring. p. m. alticola: both adults darker green than mitrata, particularly upperparts; red confined to thin frontal band and few scattered feathers on lores and sides of head; red on thighs absent .\np. m. mitratus: red on cheeks and sides of neck minimal or absent. eye brown. p. m. alticola: undescribed .\ncalls deep and harsh, as well as loud and abrupt notes. some sounds are said to resemble a toy trumpet .\ncites birdlife international internet bird collection parrots: a guide to parrots of the world, juniper and parr, 1998 parrots of the world, forshaw and cooper, 1977. 2010 edition parrots of the world, forshaw, 2006. parrots in aviculture, low, 1992. psittacine aviculture, schubot, clubb and clubb, 1992 .\naviary or suspended enclosure, minimum length 2m (6. 5 ft) .\nfruit such as: apple, pear, orange, cactus fruits, banana, pomegranate, forming about 30 percent of the diet; vegetables such as: carrot, celery, green beans and peas in the pod; green leaves such as: swiss chard, lettuce, sowthistle, chickweed, dandelion; spray millet; small seed mix such as: millet, canary, and smaller amounts of oats, buckwheat, safflower and limited sunflower; sunflower soaked or sprouted; cooked beans and pulses and boiled maize; limited cubed hard cheese; complete pellet .\navid bathers so provide overhead misters or shallow water bowls; also provide bird - safe chew toys such as: fir, willow, elder and pine branches; wood block toys, vegetable - tanned leather toys; puzzle and foraging toys, ladders, swings .\nvertical box 12\nx 12\nx 18\n( 30. 5cm x 30. 5cm x 46cm) .\nrace alticola may be rare. possibly overall in decline. has been traded internationally in large numbers .\np. m. mitratus: found in subtropical zone of e andes in c peru, south from huanuco, through west - central bolivia to nw argentina, south to la rioja and w cordoba. introduced to california, florida and hawaii, us. p. m. alticola: temperate zone in cuzuco region, c peru .\nfound 1000 - 3500m (3280 - 11, 480 ft). alticola possibly seen up to 4000m (13, 120 ft). seen generally in dry subtropical zones but also recorded from temperate areas such as montane deciduous forest, cloud - forest, cultivated fields, grassy hills with tall herbaceous plants, brush and scrub areas with scattered trees and legume - rich savanna .\nseen in pairs or threes but may congregate up to 100 individuals outside of breeding season. may take cultivated crops, but generally feeds in natural forest areas. this species, as well as others, migrates to lerma valley in nw argentina .\n3 broad - oval eggs, 32. 0 x 26. 5mm (1. 2 x 1 in) .\ncombined with a declining or fluctuating range size, habitat extent / quality, or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation). the population trend appears to be stable, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion (> 30% decline over ten years or three generations). the population size has not been quantified, but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion (< 10, 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10% in ten years or three generations, or with a specified population structure). for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nrecommended citation birdlife international (2018) species factsheet: psittacara mitratus. downloaded from urltoken on 10 / 07 / 2018. recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species: birdlife international (2018) iucn red list for birds. downloaded from urltoken on 10 / 07 / 2018 .\nestablished status: species are present but not confirmed to be breeding. population persists only with repeated introductions and / or escapes of individuals .\nthreats to natives: members of the parrot family carry newcastle disease, identified in 1971, which can infect native songbirds, game birds, domestic chickens and turkeys, and other exotic bird species. the native bird species can be infected by smuggled exotic birds and birds not properly quarantined that are released into the wild. this species also breeds in cavities which might limit the number available to native cavity nesters .\nspecies account: native to peru, bolivia, and argentina. it is widespread in miami, dade county, in small numbers, where it sometimes breeds in dead royal palms in suburban areas (florida bba). the sightings in florida are escaped caged birds .\npranty, b. 1995c. field observations [ winter report: december 1994 - february 1995 ]. florida field naturalist 23: 77 - 86 .\npranty, b. 2000b. field observations [ spring report: march to may 2000 ]. florida field naturalist 28: 204 - 215 .\npranty, b. , and s. epps. in preparation. the exotic parrot fauna of broward county .\nrobertson, w. b. , and g. e. woolfenden. 1992. florida bird species: an annotated list. florida ornithological society, gainesville, florida, usa .\nstevenson, h. m. , and b. h. anderson. 1994. the birdlife of florida. university press of florida, gainesville, florida, usa .\nfwc facts: 99 percent of all animal species that ever lived on earth are now extinct .\nflorida fish and wildlife conservation commission • farris bryant building 620 s. meridian st. • tallahassee, fl 32399 - 1600 • (850) 488 - 4676\npursuant to section 120. 74, florida statutes, the fish and wildlife conservation commission has published its 2017 agency regulatory plan .\nunder florida law, e - mail addresses are public records. if you do not want your e - mail address released in response to a public records request, do not send electronic mail to this entity. instead, contact this office by phone or in writing .\npopular as as pet, they are considered outgoing and playful. they are even used as\nwatch birds\n, given their loud, piercing alarm call .\na group of parakeets is collectively known as a\nchatter\nand a\nflock\nof parakeets .\ngreen body; paler on breast and abdomen; forehead, forecrown and eye area dark red; red feathers scattered on the sides of the head, throat, nape, breast and abdomen; greater under wing - coverts as well as underside of flight and tail feathers goldish or olive - yellow; eye ring whitish; iris brownish - yellow; feet flesh - tone; beak horn - colored .\nimmatures as adult, but with only a red forehead. some immatures may have barely visible signs of red .\nin its native range occurs in mountain valleys in a narrow band from southern peru to northern argentina. populations of escaped birds also established in los angeles, california, and south florida. prefers dry subtropical forest, but also uses cultivated areas and grasslands with scattered trees. frequently found near rocky cliffs .\ntravels in groups of 2 to 100 in search of fruit, berries, and nuts. usually feeds in forests, but may visit open areas in search of grain .\nall photos and videos © rick swartzentrover - free for non - profit use .\ncheek, and at times on the bend in the wing. its dull green\nare faintly washed olive, the hooked bill is dull yellow, and the legs and feet are gray. it feeds on fruits, berries and nuts. it has a fast direct flight with rapid wing beats. sexes are similar .\npopular as a pet, they are considered outgoing and playful. they are even used as\nwatch birds\n, given their loud, piercing alarm call .\nthe taxonomic order psittaciformes (pronounced sit - uh - suh - form - eez) is composed of three families; the cockatoos, new zealand parrots such as the kea, and parakeets and parrots .\nthe psittacidae (pronounced sit - uh - suh - dee), a family of nearly worldwide occurrence, includes three hundred and forty - eight species of parrots and parakeets in seventy - seven genera .\nlories, parakeets, macaws and parrots are known for their distinctive bill shape, intelligence, and popularity as pets. the yellow - headed parrot is especially popular in this regard as it readily learns to repeat human speech. unfortunately, this trait has made it such a popular cage bird that wild populations have become highly endangered because of capture for the pet trade .\nlories, parakeets, macaws and parrots are medium to large in size while parakeets are generally smaller. although all share a short, sharply decurved bills, and have fairly short legs with strong “zygodactyl” toes (two facing forward and two facing backward), the overall shape of these birds differs considerably among groups. for example, the macaws and parakeets sport long, pointed tails and wings, while most of the parrots have square - shaped, short or medium length tails and fairly broad wings .\nlories, parakeets, macaws and parrots are colorful birds with predominately green plumage. red and yellow patches are often found on the heads, wings, and tails, while some species also have blue or gray coloration .\nin the united states and canada, most members of this family occur as populations that escaped from captivity. most of these persist in cities with mild climates and fruiting plants (many of which are also introduced species) that provide them with food. wild parrots and parakeets from mexico may be found in populations of red - crowned and green parakeets in southern texas, and occasional vagrant thick - billed parrots in the pine forests of southern arizona and new mexico .\nin north america, lories, parakeets, macaws and parrots are non - migratory .\nlories, parakeets, macaws and parrots are highly social birds typically occurring in flocks. they form strong pair bonds with individual pairs often discernible even when associating with other birds. members of this family use their strong bills to crack open seeds and feed on fruits. when searching for fruiting and seeding trees, parrots and parakeets fly high overhead, giving frequent screeching vocalizations. upon flying into a tree, though, they go quiet and seem to “disappear” as their green plumage blends in with the foliage .\nseveral members of this family are endangered in various parts of the world due to habitat loss and capture for the pet trade. the red - crowned parrot falls into this category; although not threatened in texas, it is highly endangered in mexico .\n© 2002 - 2013 urltoken all rights reserved. mitch waite group. no part of this web site may be reproduced without written permission from mitch waite group. privacy policy\nthe front part of the head consisting of the bill, eyes, cheeks and chin .\nsummary of the extent of the breeding, wintering, migration and year - round range of this species in the western hemisphere, including canada, u. s. a. and mexico :\nlike all conures are intelligent parrots and are flock - oriented birds. they require plenty of mental stimulation to prevent boredom and the resulting behavior problems, and owners need to be prepared to fill in as the bird & apos; s flockmate. bored or lonely conures may soon turn to biting, chewing, and screaming. frequent and lengthy interaction time with human caretakers will prevent this. this interaction time is well spent teaching the bird to mimic words and phrases—this is one of the better - talking of the conures, and teaching it to speak is a good channel for your bird & apos; s substantial vocal energy. a bird that learns a lot of words is a bird that is less inclined to scream .\nalso, you might want to review our profiles of other medium - sized parrots .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with nbn atlas, please upload using the upload tools .\nthreats to natives: effects on native species is unknown. it is the most abundant naturalized parrot species and the only member of the parrot family that is not a cavity nester. tested birds seem to be remarkably free of newcastle and other avian diseases .\nhabitats: central or core urban area, low density suburban development, areas peripheral to core urban areas, and small towns .\nde schauensee, r. m. 1970. a guide to the birds of south america. livingston publishing company, wynnewood, pennsylvania .\nforshaw, j. m. 1973. parrots of the world. landsdowne press, melbourne, australia .\njames, f. c. 1997. nonindigenous birds. pages 139 - 156 in strangers among us: impact and management of nonindigenous species in florida. (simberloff, d. , d. schmitz, and e. wilson, eds .) island press, washington d. c .\nlong, j. l. 1981. introduced birds of the world. a. h. & a. r. reed, ltd. sydney australia\nowre, o. t. 1973. a consideration of the exotic avifauna of southeastern florida. wilson bulletin 85: 495 .\npranty, b. 1996d. field observations [ fall report: august - november 1995 ]. florida field naturalist 24: 48 - 59 .\npranty, b. 1998b. field observations [ summer report: june - july 1998 ]. florida field naturalist 26: 26 - 32 .\nfwc facts: it is against the law to damage seagrass beds in some areas within state waters. fines are based on the economic & environmental importance & costs of assessing, repairing damage." ]

{ "text": [ "the mitred parakeet ( psittacara mitratus ) , also known as the mitred conure in aviculture , is a species of green and red parrot in the family psittacidae .", "it is native to the forests and woodlands in the andes from north-central peru , south through bolivia , to north-western argentina , with introduced populations in california , florida and hawaii .", "it may constitute a cryptic species complex . " ], "topic": [ 19, 24, 11 ] }

[ "the mitred parakeet (psittacara mitratus), also known as the mitred conure in aviculture, is a species of green and red parrot in the family psittacidae. it is native to the forests and woodlands in the andes from north-central peru, south through bolivia, to north-western argentina, with introduced populations in california, florida and hawaii. it may constitute a cryptic species complex." ]

[ "there is little information. the aba roundleaf bat is thought to be sparsely distributed throughout its range, and to roost in small colonies (approximate group size in the dozens, not hundreds) .\nthe aba roundleaf bat (hipposideros abae), also known as the aba leaf - nosed bat, is a species of bat in the family hipposideridae, this family is closely related to the horse shoe bats mentioned above! it inhabits a range of habitats owing to its amazing spesies diversity of over 70 species, (tropical moist lowland forests, dry or moist savanna, and caves .\n( roundleaf bats), which consists of 76 species. the remaining genera are\nkunz, t. , p. racey. 1998. bat biology and conservation. washington and london: smithsonian institution press .\n2009 .\nleaf - nosed bat\n( on - line). encyclopaedia britannica online. accessed february 27, 2009 at urltoken .\nhand, s. j. and archer, m. 2005. a new hipposiderid genus (microchiroptera) from an early miocene bat community in australia. palaeontology 48 (2): 371–383 .\nslit faced bats or hollow faced - bat all grouped in a single genus nycteris. they in habit a variety of habitats ranging from wooded grasslands to tropical rain forest…this one was collected from murchison falls np one of uganda’s scenic beauties .\nthis widespread african bat has been recorded throughout much of west, central, and east africa and part of southern africa including angola, southern democratic republic of the congo, northern and eastern zambia, southern malawi and north - western mozambique. it is found between sea level and 2, 300 m asl .\nhipposiderids cause little economic damage. there are no known pathogens specific to hipposideridae that are harmful to people or domesticated animals. however, bats occasionally roost in occupied buildings, which can be destructive and has the potential to spread disease. any species of bat infected with rabies could potentially bite and transmit the pathogen to humans .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\njustification: listed as least concern in view of its wide distribution, tolerance of a degree of habitat modification, presumed large population, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category .\nthis species is patchily distributed in a range which extends from guinea - bissau in west africa (also the most northerly record) to northern uganda (also the most eastern and southerly record) (simmons 2005). it is a lowland species found below 1, 000 m. there are records from guinea - bissau, guinea, sierra leone, liberia, côte d' ivoire, burkina faso, ghana, togo, nigeria, cameroon, central african republic, sudan, democratic republic of congo and uganda, and it is to be expected in mali, benin and chad .\nit is found in the guinea savanna zone extending southwards into derived savanna and areas of destroyed rainforest (koopman, mumford and heisterberg 1978; happold 1987). it does not occur in closed rainforest. it roosts in caves and rocky crevices or on the undersides of boulders, but apparently not in houses (happold 1987) .\nthere are no known major threats to this species. it appears to have taken advantage of forest clearance by moving into formerly forested land .\nno specific conservation measures are in place, but it occurs in comoe national park in côte d' ivoire. and presumably also in other protected areas across its wide range .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\nthis species is patchily distributed in a range which extends from guinea - bissau in west africa (also the most northerly record) to northern uganda (also the most eastern and southerly record) (simmons 2005). it is a lowland species found below 1, 000 m. there are records from guinea - bissau, guinea, sierra leone, liberia, cte d' ivoire, burkina faso, ghana, togo, nigeria, cameroon, central african republic, sudan, democratic republic of congo and uganda, and it is to be expected in mali, benin and chad .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\n( trident bats). hipposiderids live in tropical and subtropical regions of africa, south asia, australia, the philippine islands, and the solomon islands. they can be found in deserts, dunes, savannas, grasslands, forests, rainforests, scrub forests and mangroves. most species roost in dark, enclosed spaces, but some do roost in open areas. hipposiderids range from 28 to 110 mm in body length, 30 to 110 mm in forearm (wing) length, and may or may not have a tail, up to 60 mm in length. colors range from white to red to dark brown depending on species, geographic area, sex, and age, and\nalso varies in length and texture. they may have small or large ears, and some species’ ears are interconnected along the dorsal surface of the head. the appearance of the noseleaf is highly variable among genera. hipposiderids show a great deal of diversity in roosting behavior and reproductive habits and show slight differences in feeding habits from genus to genus .\nhill, j. , j. smith. 1992. bats: a natural history. austin, tx: university of texas press .\nnowak, r. 1994. walker' s bats of the world. baltimore: johns hopkins university press .\nwilson, d. , d. reeder. 2005. mammal species of the world. a taxonomic and geographic reference (3rd ed .). johns hopkins university press .\nmembers of hipposideridae are found throughout tropical and subtropical regions of the old world. these old world leaf - nosed bats are found in africa, southern asia, the philippine islands, the solomon islands, and australia .\nsimmons, n. , t. conway. 1997 .\ntree of life web project\n( on - line). rhinolophidae. horseshoe bats. . accessed february 26, 2009 at urltoken .\na defining characteristic of hipposiderids is their elaborate noseleaf. the noseleaf consists of fleshy protrusions on top of a u - shaped rhinarium (i. e. , the wet surface surrounding the nostrils). hipposiderids have an erect transverse leaf within the noseleaf as well as smaller accessory leaflets. the common name of many genera corresponds to the shape of the noseleaf. for example ,\nhave two circular lateral leaflets, the smaller of which is superimposed onto the larger, resulting in a noseleaf resembling the petals of a flower. differences in noseleaf characteristics are commonly used to discern between genera. these' appendages' are thought to be related to nasal echolocation, and may help to focus and modify echolocation signals .\nmolars, and a u - or horseshoe - shaped rhinarium. however, hipposiderids can be differentiated from rhinolophids using a number of different characteristics. hipposiderids generally have a more rounded noseleaf, while the noseleaf of rhinolophids is spear - like and pointed. hipposiderids have only two bones in each toe, while rhinolophids have three in all except the first toe, which has two. rhinolophids always have three lower premolars on each side of the mandible and hipposiderids have only two. the two families also differ in the structure of their shoulder and hip girdles. finally, rhinolophids have a sella, a flattened leaflet in the middle of the noseleaf structure, that is not present in hipposiderids .\ndewey, t. 2011 .\nhipposiderinae (old world leaf - nosed bats )\n( on - line). grzimek' s animal life. accessed april 25, 2011 at urltoken .\njones, g. 2001. bats. pp. 754 - 785 in d macdonald, ed. the encyclopedia of mammals. oxfordshire, uk: andromeda oxford limited .\nhipposideridae inhabits tropical and subtropical habitats and roosting preferences vary by genera. hipposiderids have been found roosting in caves, mines, hollow trees, buildings, and man - made underground compartments like cellars and tombs. in africa ,\nroost in the inner walls of wells, in caves, and in man - made structures. though\nlive in forests and generally roost in trees, in taiwan they have been discovered in abandoned japanese bomb shelters, also known as pillboxes .\nalthough little information is available on the diets of most hipposiderid species, they are considered to be primarily insectivorous. those species that have been studied prefer cicadas, cockroaches, termites, and beetles. the beetle larvae prey of\nlive in wild figs, which results in the addition of small amounts of fruit to their otherwise insectivorous diet .\nhipposiderids have excellent echolocation, and catch most of their prey via aerial hawking and gleaning. they usually fly only a few meters above the ground while echolocating for potential prey. although most species are thought to prey on flying insects, some occasionally feed on flightless insects such as\n. hipposiderids are generally territorial and hunt and feed within a specific range. for example, members of the genus\n, have been observed flying more than a mile through the desert to their feeding territory. often, hipposiderids bring captured prey back to their roost prior to consumption. when chewing, the jaws of hipposiderids move side - to - side and up and down, simultaneously. this shearing motion helps break down the chitinous exoskeleton of insect prey .\ngraham, g. , f. reid. 1994. bats of the world. new york: st martin' s press .\nnowak, r. 1991. walker' s mammals of the world: fifth edition. baltimore and london: the johns hopkins university press .\nwalton, d. , b. richardson. 1989. fauna of australia volume 1b: mammalia. canberra, australia: australian government publishing service .\nas insectivores, hipposiderids help control insect pest populations. while little information exists on potential endoparasites of hipposiderids, like most\nhipposiderids are preyed upon by a number of small nocturnal mammals with the ability to capture them mid - flight or locate their roosts. in many localities, the major predator of hipposiderids is\n, which are sometimes able to locate their roosting sites. during flight, hipposiderids can be captured and eaten by various birds of prey including\nhave been known to locate hipposiderid roosts. in conjunction with their ability to fly, the nocturnal lifestyle of bats helps reduce predation as does the colonial roosting behavior of many species .\n, members of the family hipposideridae have relatively small eyes, indicating that vision may not be as important as echolocation for navigation and foraging purposes. however, vision may be used to detect objects past the range of echolocation. hipposiderids, like all\nmany hipposiderid species have a small sac just posterior to the nose leaf. the sac, which is possessed primarily by males, secretes a waxy substance that may be used during mating season to attract mates or fend of potential rivals .\nthomas, j. , c. moss, m. vater. 2004. echolocation in bats and dolphins. chicago: university of chicago press .\ninformation regarding the lifespan of hipposiderids is limited, as a majority of species in this family are not well - known. however, some species have been found to live more than 10 years .\nnot enough information is known about hipposiderid mating systems to make accurate generalizations about the family as a whole; however, research on individual species provides limited but important insight. only one example of a polygynous mating in hipposiderids is known. colonies of\n, which can contain up to 500, 000 individuals, are divided into small harems consisting of one adult male and several adult females, with whom the male mates. mating occurs seasonally, during the fall, and females give birth to a single young during spring after storing sperm over winter .\nmate in october and give birth in april. although birthing season varies slightly, coinciding with peak rainy season when food is most abundant ,\ngive birth in april north of the equator and in october south of the equator .\nmate in november and give birth in late april. although the specific times vary among species, birthing among hipposiderids generally occurs during spring. female hipposiderids give birth to a single young per pregnancy. gestation lasts from 90 days in\nin south africa. females typically carry their young for a few weeks after giving birth. for example ,\nproduce a single young, which the female carries for 20 to 22 days. age at weaning, age at first flight, and age at independence appears to vary according to latitude. species subject to greater seasonality appear to mature more quickly than those resident to more tropical regions. in at least one species ,\nof nigeria, delayed implantation occurs. the egg does not implant in the uterine lining for up to 2 months after fertilization, and as a result, young are born when prey are more abundant, directly before the rainy season .\nfemales are the primary care givers in hipposiderids. female typically carry their young for a few weeks after birth and prior to weaning. females have\npubic teats\n, which their young hold on to during the carrying period. little is known of lactation and weaning in hipposiderids. however, lactation lasts for about 40 days in the genus\nare usually weaned at 7 weeks old. tropical species are thought to be weaned by 8 to 20 weeks and time to independence appears to vary according to latitude, as tropical species reach sexual maturity between 16 and 24 months, and temperate species reaching sexual maturity by 6 to 8 months .\nslaughter, b. , d. walton. 1970. about bats: a chiropteran biology symposium. dallas: southern methodist university press .\nhave been subjected to severe range contraction due to deforestation, which has resulted in a population reduction of 20% in just the last 5 years .\nhave had nearly all of their native range destroyed and now only roost in the homes of three different villages in central india. due to deforestation ,\ncan be found in a single cave on the island of guinea, and are classified as critically endangered. if conservation efforts are to be successful, habitat loss must be slowed and reforestation projects should be encouraged in critical habitat areas .\niucn, 2008 .\niucn 2008 red list\n( on - line). accessed february 15, 2009 at urltoken .\nas insectivores, hipposiderids help control insect pest populations that might otherwise spread disease or damage crops. the guano of hipposiderids is locally used as a nitrogen rich fertilizer .\n, malcolm c. mckenna and susan k. bell proposed a division of hipposideridae (called rhinonycterinae in their work) into three\nsimmons, 2005, pp. 365–379; mckenna and bell, 1997, pp. 306–307; other sources cited for specific genera\nziegler, 2000, p. 652; hand and kirsch, 2003, table 3; cf. mckenna and bell, 1997, p. 305 (excluded from rhinonycterinae )\narcher, m. , arena, d. a. , bassarova, m. , beck, r. m. d. , black, k. , boles, w. e. , brewer, p. , cooke, b. n. , crosby, k. , gillespie, a. , godthelp, h. , hand, s. j. , kear, b. p. , louys, j. , morrell, a. , muirhead, j. , roberts, k. k. , scanlon, j. d. , travouillon, k. j. and wroe, s. 2006. current status of species - level representation in faunas from selected fossil localities in the riversleigh world heritage area, northwestern queensland. alcheringa special issue 1: 1 - 17. isbn 0 - 9757894 - 5 - 7\nbenda, p. and vallo, p. 2009. taxonomic revision of the genus triaenops (chiroptera: hipposideridae) with description of a new species from southern arabia and definitions of a new genus and tribe. folia zoologica 58 (monograph 1): 1–45 .\nhand, s. j. and kirsch, j. a. w. 2003. archerops, a new annectent hipposiderid genus (mammalia: microchiroptera) from the australian miocene. journal of paleontology 77 (6): 1139–1151 .\nhutcheon, j. m. and kirsch, j. a. w. 2006. a moveable face: deconstructing the microchiroptera and a new classification of extant bats. acta chiropterologica 8 (1): 1–10 .\nmckenna, m. c. and bell, s. k. 1997. classification of mammals: above the species level. new york: columbia university press, 631 pp. isbn 978 - 0 - 231 - 11013 - 6\nsimmons, n. b. 2005. order chiroptera. pp. 312–529 in wilson, d. e. and reeder, d. m. (eds .). mammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference. 3rd ed. baltimore: the johns hopkins university press, 2 vols. , 2142 pp. isbn 978 - 0 - 8018 - 8221 - 0\nziegler, r. 2000. the bats (chiroptera, mammalia) from the late oligocene fissure fillings herrlingen 8 and herrlingen 9 near ulm (baden - württemberg). senckenbergiana lethaea 80 (2): 647–683 .\nthis west african species has been recorded from seven localities in guinea, liberia (central and western uplands), and cte d' ivoire. it may range into sierra leone and ghana, however, there are no records from this country (grubb et al. 1998). it is a lowland species recorded between sea level and 650 m asl .\nalthough the natural history of this species is little - known, it appears to be a associated with undisturbed tropical moist forest. roost sites include natural caves, boulder caves and overhanging cliffs .\nhutson, a. m. , racey, p. a. (chiroptera red list authority) & cox, n. (global mammal assessment team )\nlisted as vulnerable because its area of occupancy is probably less than 2, 000 km, its distribution is possibly severely fragmented (roosting sites), there is continuing decline in the quality of its cave habitats (through disturbance), and there is likely to be a corresponding decline in subpopulations and individuals (with over hunting likely at some colonies) .\nthe species is threatened by general deforestation, mining operations on mount nimba and the disturbance of roosting caves. it is likely harvested for subsistence use as food .\nit is present within the mount nimba strict nature reserve world heritage site. there is a need to protect important roost sites and areas of suitable forest habitat. further studies are needed into the distribution of this species .\nmostly a lowland tropical moist forest species but can also found in relic and riverine forests in dry savanna (happold, 1987; grubb et al. 1998). roost in caves, rocky crevices and abandoned mineshafts (happold, 1987). animals have also been found under a bridge, in a hollow kapok tree and in derelict buildings (m. n. morton in grubb et al. 1998) .\nlisted as least concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large population, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category .\nthis is one of the most common bats in africa, with some colonies containing up to 500, 000 individuals .\nthe species is locally threatened by the loss and conversion of suitable habitat. it is also threatened in parts of its range by collection for subsistence use .\nin view of its wide range it seems likely that the species is present in a number of protected areas. it has been recorded from the manga forest reserve of tanzania (doggert et al. 1999). no direct conservation measures are currently needed for this species as a whole .\nmickleburgh, s. , hutson, a. , bergmans, w. & fahr, j. 2004. hipposideros ruber. 2006 iucn red list of threatened species. downloaded on 30 july 2007 .\npopular: trivia, history, america, cities, world, usa, states, television, ... more\nsome of the insect eating bats of uganda that help control pests and other bugs creating a sustainable and dependable relationship between the bats and humans. the images shown here, emphasise facial features “nose leafs” as these are key in there identification .\nprivacy & cookies: this site uses cookies. by continuing to use this website, you agree to their use. to find out more, including how to control cookies, see here: cookie policy" ]

{ "text": [ "the aba roundleaf bat ( hipposideros abae ) , also known as the aba leaf-nosed bat is a species of bat in the family hipposideridae .", "it is found in west africa along the southern coast from nigeria to senegal .", "populations have also been noted in sudan and uganda .", "its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests , dry savanna , moist savanna , and caves . " ], "topic": [ 25, 20, 17, 24 ] }

[ "the aba roundleaf bat (hipposideros abae), also known as the aba leaf-nosed bat is a species of bat in the family hipposideridae. it is found in west africa along the southern coast from nigeria to senegal. populations have also been noted in sudan and uganda. its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests, dry savanna, moist savanna, and caves." ]

[ "you are not logged in. registered users can see the position of the vessel shaamit on this map .\nshaamit current position and history of port calls are received by ais. technical specifications, tonnages and management details are derived from vesselfinder database. the data is for informational purposes only and vesselfinder is not responsible for the accuracy and reliability of shaamit data .\nwhat is the ship' s current position? where is the ship located? shaamit current position is 1. 33069 n / 103. 29762 e on jul 3, 2018 05: 20 utc. vessel shaamit (imo: 9726114, mmsi: 565943000) is a lpg tanker built in 2016 and currently sailing under the flag of singapore. below you can find more technical information, photos, ais data and last 5 port calls of shaamit detected by ais .\neven on the optimistic view, shaamit has nothing to spare against battle - hardened adversaries in classic cliche and pentire. lammtarra' s generation should triumph on saturday .\nmichael hills of great britain raises his fist in victory after winning first place on shaamit during the vodafone derby at epsom racecourse in epsom, england. \\ mandatory credit: phil cole / allsport\n124 pentire, 122 luso, 121 classic cliche, swain, 119 singspiel, strategic choice, 117 oscar schindler, shaamit, 116 annus mirabilis, 114 farasan, 112 song of tara .\nit is in comparison with last year' s derby winner, the great lammtarra, that shaamit' s king george chances are best assessed. both have trodden an injury - strewn path and done their growing - up in public .\nformer jockey michael hills — who won the derby in 1996 aboard shaamit — explains the challenges that will be facing the horses and jockeys as they tackle the unique challenges of the epsom track during the investec derby (4. 30pm, saturday 4 june) .\nthe official handicapper' s assessment of shaamit' s derby win, a rating of 123, is on a par with that accorded to lammtarra at the same stage. in terms of comparitive form and times this seems excessive - 117 would be nearer the mark .\nthat quality can appear somewhat strained, however, in the immediate muddle of the derby form itself. this year, only one victor, chief contender, has emerged from 12 subsequent efforts by shaamit' s victims at epsom last month. but that is par for derby fields .\nshaamit (ire) b. h, 1993 { 1 - l } dp = 10 - 4 - 4 - 10 - 8 (36) di = 0. 80 cd = - 0. 06 - 6 starts, 2 wins, 0 places, 1 shows career earnings: ₤585, 959\nbut lammtarra came into the derby with far better form than shaamit' s, having won a listed race from the group - class filly myself in an exceptional debut time. william haggas' s colt, by contrast, beat ordinary horses for his maiden win and has yet to put up a fast time .\nthe 54, 776 - mt gparagon and 54, 500 - mt shaamit had reportedly un - berthed and were expected to depart from enterprise' s houston ship channel and energy transfer' s nederland terminals, respectively. market sources listed them among the first vlgcs to set sail from the gulf coast since rains from harvey flooded the region .\n14. operation shaamit was an intelligence led operation against a man involved in the conversion of blank firing mac 10 machine guns. he was believed to have gone to india and was arrested on his return to the uk. he was found to be in possession of 6 kilos of cocaine and was sentenced to 6 yrs 4 mths imprisonment for supplying class a drugs .\npentire gave a breathtaking display of sheer class to win the king george vi and queen elizabeth diamond stakes here yesterday. and as well as putting horses of the calibre of the gold cup winner classic cliche and the derby hero shaamit behind him, the little bay colt erased the memories of last year' s narrow defeat in the pounds 500, 000 summer showpiece and made michael hills' determined efforts to ride him sweetly worthwhile .\nshaamit - ridden by hills at epsom and pat eddery yesterday - failed to become the 15th derby winner to go on to king george triumph, but his trainer william haggas retains faith in the three - year - old, saying :\nhe was just not good enough on the day, but it was only his fourth race and the first two are very good horses, and real old pros. we' ll be back next year .\nbut the furious pace set by the leader played into his hands. although pentire had only one behind him on the turn into the short straight, he was one of only three still on the bridle and was scything through the tail - enders. up front michael kinane sent classic cliche, certain to stay, for home two out as shaamit began his challenge, but once pentire loomed up on their outside with a furlong to run the result was never in doubt .\nof the first three home, only classic cliche is likely to contest the prix de l' arc de triomphe in october. shaamit will drop back to the ten furlongs of the irish champion stakes, and wragg indicated that the breeders' cup turf in toronto would be pentire' s first - choice autumn target. he said :\nhe' s only 50 - 50 to go to longchamp. he' s a fast - ground horse and it' s usually soft there, and the track at woodbine will suit him well .\n' it' s just unfortunate that he' s never won it. he will do some time. i told him to ride shaamit [ the 1996 winner trained by piggott' s son - in - law, william haggas ], but he couldn' t at the time. he knew he' d made a mistake and don' t forget that he could have ridden lammtarra [ winner in 1995 ]. he' s the best at the moment. there are a few who are good, but i think he' s the best.'\nbritish trainer william haggas has the distinction of being lester piggott’s son - in - law. but far more impressive — for a trainer with a modest number of horses at the turn of the century — is the fact that he has a 100% success rate in the the epsom derby and the investic oaks; he won the derby with long shot shaamit (mtoto) in 1996 and came back again with the great filly, dancing rain (danehill dancer) to win the oaks in 2011. below is an interview with haggas that focuses on his 2012 royal ascot hopes, including roy & gretchen jackson’s (barbaro) filly, sentaril .\nat the beginning of 1996, pilsudski, rated in the 90s by timeform, began his pattern race career with a gallant second to singspiel in a group 3 race. from there he never looked back, winning two group 3 races in the uk and ireland, before taking his first group 1 race in germany. that performance was enough to earn him a ticket to the prix de l' arc de triomphe, europe' s premier all - aged race. here he would come up against the best of his generation, and the top performers among the younger horses, including the classic winners shaamit and zagreb, french star helissio and proven group 1 performer pentire. he certainly didn' t disgrace himself, finishing second to helissio who later earned the cartier horse of the year award for winning six out of his seven races in 1996 .\nthe newmarket - based jockey knew he would be in pentire' s saddle only on wednesday, when he challenged the jockey club stewards over a ban for careless riding that would have ruled him out of the group 1 contest and - unusually - won his appeal. and if his road to ascot was far from plain sailing, the same applied to the early stages of the race itself. pentire was caught flat - footed as the stalls opened and annus mirabilis, on pacemaking duty for classic cliche, shot out like a rabbit, and was well adrift of the field before a furlong had been covered .\nthe four - year - old' s famous finishing kick put him a length and three quarters clear at the line, with the battle for second place going to classic cliche by a neck. it was a full ten lengths back to oscar schindler .\nhills, 33, was winning his first king george, and said :\nhe had been a bit playful cantering to the start, and knuckled over on an ankle, and as he was standing in the stalls he was thinking about that, not the race. it took me two furlongs to get him running, but once he did, he was cantering, and took me to the others himself .\nlast year, when lammtarra caught pentire close home, hills was criticised for launching his attack too soon .\nobviously that was in my mind\n, he added ,\nand once he was back on the bridle i had to tell myself not to get there too early. but you don' t often come round the turn here travelling like he did. he' s inclined to be a bit lazy at home, but once he gets on the track and has 20, 000 people shouting at him, he' s a bit different .\nwinning trainer geoff wragg, previously successful with teenoso 12 years ago, confessed to some anxious moments .\nthis was a bigger thrill than the first one ,\nhe said .\nteenoso was an out - and - out stayer, but this horse is more exciting. as well as class, he has that brilliant turn of foot, and he' s such a game, honest little beggar. i must admit, though, that when he fell out of the stalls he gave me three heart attacks .\npentire runs in the chocolate and gold silks of mollers racing, a trust company set up by teenoso' s late owners, bachelor brothers eric and budgie moller, as a legacy, in the form of high - class horses, to the sport they loved. yesterday' s hero, bought for 54, 000 guineas and now winner of nearly pounds 800, 000, has fulfilled their wishes admirably .\nl willie carson missed the king george meeting after the the 53 - year - old jockey escaped serious injury in a fall at newmarket on friday night. carson still hopes to ride at goodwood this week. his rides include alhaarth or matiya in the sussex stakes and sahm in the lanson champagne vintage stakes .\nfollow the independent sport on instagram here, for all of the best images, videos and stories from around the sporting world .\nthis website uses cookies and local storage. by using our services, you agree to our use of cookies and local storage .\nfor the past months are listed below as detected by our live ais ship tracking system .\n. vesselfinder also gathers and keeps detailed information about ship movement history (e. g ship track) for the past 7 days (max) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nsky sports news takes you through all of the day' s racing news, plus alex hammond' s tip of the day .\nfollow the latest from the written press with the best gossip and speculation from the papers .\nsky has launched a pub finder for eager fans wanting to find a venue to watch sky sports .\nget a sports star to visit your old secondary school as part of our free schools initiative .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nyou are not logged in. registered users can create coastal alert for this vessel .\nthe grayed - out fields are available with our\ncoastal accounts\nor\nsatellite accounts\n.\ncookies help us deliver our services. by using our services, you agree to\nwe really need your help to keep this informations right and up to date. if you are familiar with this vessel take some time to edit this wiki and add more details about this record .\nyyyy - mm - dd dd. mm. yyyy mm. dd. yyyy\nmichael says: “the derby is a great race to ride in. it’s very rough and competive, but a fantastic feeling !\n“we’re stood at the nine furlong marker. down here to my right is the derby start and as you can see, there is a real climb — 184 feet — from the start to the seven furlong marker, which is at the top of the hill .\n“the start of the race is vital, because everyone wants to get as good a position as they can and then reserve their horse’s energy. the quicker you can get your spot, then you can calm your horse down and get him into a rhythm and that gives him a better chance of handling the track. if you’re out of position and trying to make ground up the hill, it’s going to take energy out of the horse and you’re not going to have as much horse at the end of the race .\n“at the mile - and - a - half start, riders go to the right hand rail to cut the corner off and when they get to the bend, they switch back to the left hand rail, which is the inside rail. it’s one of the most important parts of the race as the whole field switches across the track. this causes a lot of interference, jockeys who are out of position see a little window where they can get back into where they want to be. while we are all mates in the weighing room, but i promise you at this stage of the race no - one likes anybody. we all go deaf and you do what you have to do…”\nwatch the full video above for michael’s thoughts on coping with the challenges of tattenham corner, coming down the famous epsom hill, before turning into the straight and having to deal with the camber towards the inside rail before running uphill to the finishing post .\n© copyright ti media limited. all rights reserved. terms & conditions | privacy policy | cookie consent\nopen an account with betfair and bet at least €5 at min odds of 1 / 5 on the sportsbook. win or lose betfair match your first bet up to €50. free bet stakes not returned\nmichael hills of great britain raises his fist in victory after winning first place ...\ndoctype html public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\npopular: trivia, history, america, cities, world, states, usa, television, ... more\npopular: trivia, history, america, cities, world, usa, states, television, ... more\nget a one - time position report, book satellite tracking for 14 days for this vessel, or upgrade to our unlimited sat plans to see all ships by satellite .\nshare your knowledge with the community. information will be published after a short review .\nthe history of former names is compiled automatically from ais signals and gives insight into vessel owner changes, charter name changes and reflaggings .\nthe report will be sent to your email address within 12 hours after your payment has been completed .\nby continuing to use this site, you are agreeing to our use of cookies. review our\n[ yes ] i would like to receive s & p; global platts promotional emails .\nyour registration is complete and your account is active. an email confirming your password has been sent. if you have any questions or concerns please contact support @ urltoken or click here\nenter your email id below and we will send you an email with your password .\nwe could not find the username you entered. please re - enter it .\nyou are a premium subscriber, we are unable to send you your password for security reasons .\nif you are a premium subscriber, we are unable to send you your password for security reasons. please contact the client services team .\nif you are a platts market center subscriber (https: / / pmc. platts. com), please navigate to platts market center to reset your password .\nus gulf coast propane climbed to a seven - month high wednesday as the first post - harvey lpg cargoes prepared to set sail from the texas coast .\nseptember non - lst propane climbed 1. 125 cents to 83 cents / gal, but maintained its value at 71% of crude futures .\nthe 54, 490 - mt chaparral left the phillips 66 freeport terminal tuesday, but remained in the freeport queue area wednesday afternoon, reportedly waiting to load another 5, 000 mt .\nphillips 66 was in the process of restarting the 145, 000 b / d gulf coast fractionators facility wednesday, the company said on its online operations information center. phillips 66, targa resources and devon energy with phillips operating own gulf coast fractionators .\nvlgc freight rates were heard to be rising, although prices were unchanged day on day at $ 23 / mt to northwest europe and $ 52 / mt to japan through the panama canal .\nwith traders waiting for their new loading dates because of the harvey port closures, the october ship list is fairly thin ,\na broker said .\nin september there is very little - - mostly swapping going on\nhe added .\nso that does seem bullish for freight. then there is only one owner... in the mix for october loadings out of the us and very few relets .\nelsewhere in gulf coast ngls, butane rose 1 cent to a seven - month high 98 cents / gal. sources have pointed to rising propane, which can compete with butane as a petrochemical feedstock, as well as increased demand from gasoline blenders for strength in butane .\nseptember non - lst ethane rose 87. 5 points to 25. 875 cents / gal - - a one - week high - - as reliance' s 800, 000 - barrel ethane crystal loaded from enterprise' s morgan' s point, texas, terminal and set sail wednesday for india through the suez canal .\nethane' s premium over natural gas futures has climbed back up to about 88 cents / mmbtu after dipping as low as 46 cents / mmbtu friday. its premium averaged $ 1 / mmbtu in august .\nnon - targa natural gasoline rose 75 points to $ 1. 115 / gal based on three trades at that level in the platts market on close assessment process .\ntarga barrels of natural gasoline were heard at parity to non - targa, or enterprise barrels, while lone star barrels remained 1 cent below non - targa .\nit’s free and easy to do. please use the button below and we will bring you back here when complete .\nthe derby, under attack from many quarters, has yet to fail in its most important function - testing the classic generation' s worth. the strength of the derby winner remains the surest indicator of a good or bad year .\nby the time of the king george, the corresponding strike - rate for the previous three years was two from 12, two from 24 and nought from six. in 1977, the derby contestants had yielded just one win from 21 subsequent efforts before the minstrel' s stirring king george victory - that of the ministrel himself in the irish derby .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 / / en\nurltoken\nreport 6 of the 28 january 2010 meeting of the mpa committee, in which the commissioner reports on policing performance and other issues .\nwarning: this is archived material and may be out of date. the metropolitan police authority has been replaced by the mayor' s office for policing and crime (mopc) .\nthis report summarises the progress of the metropolitan police service against the objectives featured in the policing london 2009 – 2012 business plan .\nthis report covers initiatives and activities that occurred in october, november and december 2009. unless otherwise stated, the data and the indicators in the tables reflect the rolling year to 30 november 2009 and references to the financial year to date (fytd) are for the period april to november in 2009 / 10. it is intended to highlight progress against corporate targets and identifies key operational activities that deliver a safer city for all london’s communities .\n1. this report provides updates on performance against the corporate objectives featured in the policing london business plan. for each objective we summarise progress and report on key initiatives. for ease of reference a summary table giving an overview of performance is attached at appendix 1 with a green (g), amber (a), red (r) assessment against the critical performance areas (cpas) under each objective .\nobjective: make our services more accessible and improve people’s experience of their contact with us, especially victims and witnesses .\nthe decrease in serious acquisitive crime (saq) for the fytd at 2. 5% / 3, 357 offences is less than that above for the rolling year, but it is now on track to meet the 2009 / 10 reduction target of 2% . that was not the case in the previous report where saq had only gone down by 1. 3% for the first six months of the fytd .\na drop of almost 10% (7, 081 offences / 9. 6 %) in motor vehicle crime has been behind that saq reduction. residential burglary unfortunately has risen by 3, 574 offences / 9. 7% fytd. however the rise between october and november, when the clocks change, was only 4% this year compared to 13% in 2008. the figure for residential burglary for december is very encouraging because it is 11% lower than it was in december 2008 but the fytd is still showing an increase of 6. 7% .\n2. the activities of operation bumblebee have led to the arrest of 164 burglars between 18 october and mid - december. those arrests are part of the work under bumblebee to help boroughs fight burglary as reported to the november meeting. the bumblebee task force has moved on from hillingdon to croydon where it has achieved 190 arrests for all offences that resulted in 61 people under investigation and 85 charges of which 26 were for burglary .\n3. the tp payback and asset confiscation enforcement unit is a key contributor to operation bumblebee. the unit carried out operation hirst against a four person team committing residential burglaries in harrow. the gang were arrested and are in custody awaiting trial. money held in accounts and vehicles owned by defendants were restrained and £4, 500 found on the gang forfeited at the magistrates court. the wife of one of the defendants has been arrested and is on bail for laundering the proceeds of their crimes .\n4. the national mobile phone crime unit conducted a pro - active operation at a concert by the specials in november at the hammersmith apollo as a response to the rise in large organised thefts of mobile phones at concert venues. six men were arrested with over 50 phones stolen at the venue. they were charged with conspiracy and 25 other offences and are still in custody .\n5. on 20 november so organised a joint operation at heathrow, targeting illegal taxis as part of the process to integrate counter terrorism security work with mps “business as usual”. the mps worked with partner agencies and local councils from across three counties. 390 vehicles were stopped, and over 90 drivers were reported for various offences. dangerous and uninsured vehicles were seized, unpaid fines recovered and numerous licensing infringements dealt with .\n6. the directorate of information (doi) in partnership with transport ocu provided mps technology to the surface transport and traffic operations centre. the centre is london’s new traffic control centre and brings together all the control rooms with a strategic overview of surface transport and traffic in london. it will revolutionise the way the mps and partners manage london’s strategic road network. it will also equip colleagues in special operations rooms with critical intelligence to assist in the management of large - scale events, particularly the 2012 london olympics .\nwhile msv for the financial year to date is off target, november had the third lowest monthly figure since records began in april 2008 .\nthe target for knife crime reduction is being met for the rolling 12 months but the reduction for the financial year to date is 4. 2% / 364 offences, suggesting that the target may not be met. the last three months have had fluctuations of around 10% / 100 + offences each month .\nenhanced recording of serious sexual offences since april 2009 is probably responsible in part for the fact that the target sd rate is not being met. the commissioner will make some preliminary comments on this issue at this meeting. a report is scheduled to go to the 4 march meeting of the strategic & operational policing committee on the extent to which the rise in rape is due to more / better reporting .\nthere will be a new working group reporting to the lcjb and chaired by a senior mps officer, that will look at ways to improve the number of serious sexual offences which proceed through the criminal justice system to trial. the focus of scd2 in the future will be on reducing the attrition of those cases and increasing the number of them that reach trial .\n7. operation farandine was launched by the southwark gangs, drugs and firearms team to combat serious violence and criminal networks on estates in southwark. the team concentrated on disrupting the drug supply networks that were at the centre of criminality on the estates. they gathered evidence over many months this year and with support from the tsg searched over 25 properties in november .\n8. as a result 30 people were arrested. of these, 23 were remanded in custody and charged with 187 offences while 5 others were bailed to return pending police enquiries. the police seized 2kgs of cocaine and heroin, £35k in cash, 2 cars, other valuable items and a number of weapons. 4 supply networks dealing in class a drugs have been put out of business and two properties used for drug supply have been returned to the local authority .\n9. the operation blunt 2 task force has been augmented by two tsg units. in november they arrested 240 people and seized 28 weapons. maintaining the confidence of young people has been critical to the task force’s activities, especially the use of search powers. the force is working with the charity, groundwork, to engage with young people on issues such as the police work to protect them from violence and knife crime. this engagement work is now a routine element of the task force’s operations .\n10. as part of operation athena, mps officers on 27 november made 322 arrests across london. the operation was targeted at the perpetrators of domestic & interfamilial violence, hate crime and other forms of violence. amongst those arrested were :\nthe raids were accompanied by measures to raise awareness and reporting of domestic violence and hate crime by leafleting, distributing information on reporting such crimes to / through third parties and work to improve the service to crime victims with disabilities .\noperation athena days have taken place since 2000 with two days a year since 2006. in may 2009 the day resulted in 292 arrests including ones for rape, serious sexual and physical assaults, harassment and criminal damage .\n11. under operation artemis, the mib fugitive team, responsible for pursuing wanted offenders, has arrested 99 wanted offenders for serious crime since january 2008 (14 in past 3 months). over 9 months each borough was invited to provide attachments, to work with artemis and locate their borough’s most wanted offenders. on return to their bocu those attached were able to share their learning and skills with local staff .\n12. operation safe bus took place in the autumn to address peaks in crime and anti - social behaviour. safer transport teams and hub teams carried out more high visibility patrols on the bus network and at key transport hubs. the work was planned in conjunction with the operation blunt team and in support of ‘autumn nights’ .\n13. joint mps / btp working also took place on key dates at the transport hub locations of brixton rd, stratford, romford and lewisham travel interchange. the safer transport command reassurance teams also assisted as did the safer transport command tasking teams. the operation resulted in 549 arrests including 20 for knife crime as well as 26 weapon seizures and the collection of intelligence. most important of all, crime on the bus network (initial allegations) so far appears to have reduced .\n15. operation trident secured the convictions at the central criminal court of two brothers derrell callender, and dwight callender aged 20 and 23 for attempted murder of a 17 year - old boy and a 19 - year old man .\n16. in november guilty verdicts were obtained in two historic rape cases, one of which involved two rapes, and one indecent assault case by the cold case review team .\n17. the mib serious sexual offences desk was involved in identifying and compiling analysis regarding operation daphne, three linked series of aggravated burglaries involving sexual offences. this series was identified through research of crime types and tasked to scd1 to investigate. a man was arrested, and found guilty of two counts each of robbery, unlawful imprisonment, abh and theft .\n18. during december the clubs and vice unit lead on a major operation to disrupt london’s vice trade. codenamed ‘cashleen’, the three day blitz centred on ‘carders’ who place cards advertising brothels in telephone boxes across london. this year, over 400, 000 cards have been seized by metropolitan police service officers. officers are focusing on westminster, camden, kensington and chelsea and lambeth because of the high number of complaints received .\nthe sd targets for overall numbers of class a drug trafficking and those for cocaine related sds are unlikely to be met because of the need to realign resources to cover other priorities. there has been an average of 171 overall class a sds for the last three months vs. a monthly target of at least 210, while for cocaine the three monthly average is 116 against a monthly target of 125 .\n19. the mps was part of a joint operation with the spanish national police, soca and the maritime analysis and operations centre that seized a ship off the coast of northern spain coming from the west indies. the 150ft ship had a cargo of 1. 5 tonnes of cocaine with an estimated street value of £375 million pounds most of which was destined for london. a number of arrests have been made .\n20. the capture of the ship by spanish national police was the culmination of a proactive operation led by officers from the mps' s central task force supported by mib and soca. that operation is focused on a gang of experienced criminals dealing in class a drugs on a large scale and in laundering the multi - million pound proceeds. their activities stretch from london to spain to the caribbean and columbia .\n21. the mps’s central e - crime unit have made europe’s first arrests in the battle against an online ‘trojan’ virus, which threatened to compromise thousands of uk computers. the zeus or zbot trojan is believed to have infected and subsequently accessed personal information (including financial) from tens of thousands of computers around the world with very substantial potential losses to individuals and institutions. on 3 november 2009 officers from the e - crime unit with greater manchester police, arrested a 20 - year - old man and woman in manchester for fraud and misuse of a computer offences. they are bailed until march 2010 pending further enquiries .\n22. the e - crime unit took down 1, 219 scam websites on december 3rd as part of operation papworth. the websites were run by organized criminal networks. they purported to sell designer items at bargain prices but shoppers ended up with either nothing at all or counterfeit products. victims also ran the potential risk of the criminals stealing their identity for misuse elsewhere. the websites are thought to have generated millions of pounds for the networks .\n23. a fraudster who e - mailed his victims telling them they had won the lottery and then asked for money for administrative fees was ordered to pay over £745, 000 with six months to pay and a default sentence of five years. the emails also said that the company was endorsed by the mps and mpa .\n24. the mps continues to report its performance in relation to counter - terrorism to the mpa / mps counter terrorism protective services sub - committee, chaired by lord toby harris .\n25. since the last report to the authority significant concerns have been raised in the media and other quarters about the use of s44 tact 2000 (counter terrorism stop & search powers) in particular in relation to the taking of photographs. to counter this, clear and unequivocal guidance has been issued to all officers, particularly front - line staff, with a much needed emphasis placed on a discretion and common - sense approach. we will continue to monitor the way this power is being used and report back to members in due course .\n26. all london boroughs have their full quota of prevent engagement officers (peo). the relationship between the peos and territorial policing is currently being progressed. the thrust of this is to ensure that all appropriate borough resources such as snts and school involvement officers are fully briefed in respect of prevent and are delivering a consistent prevent message to communities and partners .\n27. on 10 december three men were sentenced for their part in the 2006 “airline plot” investigated under operation overt in supporting the airline bomb plotters. one was convicted of conspiracy, a second of preparation & assistance for terrorism, and a third for possessing records useful for terrorism. the three were sentenced to life with minimum 18 years, 8 years and 15 months .\nthe mps does not use pis for this corporate objective, which is linked to the wider milestones for delivering the national olympic security programme that goes beyond policing and are the responsibility of the home secretary .\n28. the policing of the new years eve festivities was successful thanks to the efforts of the 3, 100 officers deployed, good planning by the mps and good partnership working, led by the gla. the 86 arrests were broadly in line with last year and were mainly for low level public order offences and drunkenness. there were a few more serious crimes including an allegation of rape. despite the cold weather, the viewing area was full to its almost 200, 000 capacity with a similar number unable to get in. the numbers of people coming to this event compared to the safe capacity of the area remains a cause for concern and will be discussed with partners .\n29. the mps’s strategy research and analysis unit worked with so on an assessment of the policing of the demonstrations outside of a harrow mosque. this work will help to improve communications in the lead up to further demonstrations. in addition the evidence has been used during discussions about operations at the prevent board .\n20% of total police officer recruits (or 0. 8: 1 )\nthe assessment for the second half of this performance year is that bme representation on intakes will reach 25. 4% with the rate for the whole of 2009 / 10 to be a minimum of 16. 6% for 2009 / 10. that will be an improvement on last year' s 16. 2% .\n30. the proportion of bme officer recruits is 14. 3% for the eight months to november 2009, against a target to increase to 20% . the 20% has always been seen as a very challenging goal. because police officer turnover is 18% lower than forecast, the number of new officers to be recruited this year has been reduced by 400. the strategic impact of reduced attrition is :\n31. bme police officer strength increased from 2, 864 at the end of march 2009 to 3, 044 at the end of november 2009, an increase of 180 officers and a rise in percentage terms from 8. 8% at the end of march 2009 to 9. 1% .\n33, 413 regular police officers - 23% are female and 9. 1% bme\n33. the current revenue budget position is that the outturn forecast, as at period 7 (october), is to overspend by £17. 1m (approximately 0. 5% of budget). the majority of the overspend is due to operational demands as a result of the g20, tamil and climate camp demonstrations .\n34. on 26 november, the authority agreed the draft 2010 - 13 budget and business plan for submission to the mayor in line with his budget guidance. the mayor’s budget for the mpa should be agreed by mid february .\nthere are key areas of specific activity in relation to equalities that demonstrate our commitment to diversity and are essential to the success of the mps. these include improving the quality of service provided to victims of hate crime, ensuring that a consistent and effective service is provided to london’s diverse communities; improving performance against domestic violence, ensuring a consistent level of service across all communities and minimising disproportionality issues; increasing community trust and confidence in the police use of stop and search ensuring it is used fairly and proportionately; continuing to develop a workforce that reflects the diversity of london and improving the progression of women within the police service .\n1. there are no direct legal implications arising from this performance monitoring report .\n2. the mpa is required to monitor compliance of the performance of the mps in accordance with s6za of the police act 1996 as inserted by the paragraph 8, schedule 2 of the police and justice act 2006 and the police authorities (particular functions & transitional provisions) order 2008 .\nbritish crime survey – a long established home office managed survey of uk residents conducted face - to - face in people’s homes designed to capture levels of crime and public attitudes to crime as well as other criminal justice issues. the results play an important role informing government policy. the survey captures the views of approximately 48, 000 citizens across england & wales annually – roughly 3, 000 in london. survey results are published quarterly and relate to a rolling 12 - month period. limitations are that respondents are aged 17 + and it does not capture business crime .\na network of individuals involved in ongoing criminal activity for some form of personal gain (usually profit, but can also be for social standing) .\na disruption has been achieved when a network is unable to operate at its normal level of activity for a significant amount of time .\nwhere the consequence of pursuing an activity is seen to have an adverse effect on the social, physical or economic well being of individuals or a community .\nmost serious violence includes homicide & child destruction; attempted murder; wounding / gbh; causing death by driving (dangerous driving, careless driving under the influence of drink or drugs, careless or inconsiderate driving) or by aggravated vehicle taking .\nsanction detection - police generated detections of a crime. sds include charges, cautions, fixed penalty notices [ fpn ], taken into considerations [ tic ], summons and cannabis warnings\ntaken into consideration – the clear up of multiple crimes attributable committed by one criminal e. g. multiple burglaries\nthe great lester piggott was the best jockey in the world for decades. he rode his first winner aged 12, his first derby at 18 and went on to win racing' s most famous classic nine times, a record that will surely never be beaten. fifty years after that first epsom success, lester, famed for his wry sense of humour, a love of money that landed him in jail, his troubled relationships and his astute judgment of horses, talks about his long and eventful life in racing... but not in long sentences\nall of these things matter, but, according to the man who has won more derbys than anyone else, there is a one - word answer .\nlester piggott thinks, but not for long, before muttering:' balance.'\na meeting with lester in the run - up to the derby is akin to being granted an audience with the dalai lama in an attempt to discover the meaning of life. the answer is often shorter than expected .\nin lester' s case (it is impossible to refer to him as piggott, for he supersedes the surname epithet), the answer to the eternal conundrum is, and always will be, balance .\n' it doesn' t matter how big the horse is, you can tell if it' s going to act around epsom,' he says .\nlester looks mildly amused. the man with all the answers but neither the will nor the capability to explain .\n' you just know,' he says.' a lot of them you can tell just by looking.'\nlester is not big on words. nor on giving an opinion, even though he is asked for one on everything from breeding to bread by everyone he meets. his partial deafness and the speech impediment that muffles his voice have contributed to his lack of ostentation although, in truth, his character would have impeded any effort at gregariousness. it suits him just fine not to be the greatest interviewee in the world; and lester makes himself perfectly understandable when he wants to be understood .\nthe reason that balance is so crucial to success in the derby is the nature of the course. from the mile - and - a - half start, epsom climbs to a height of 500 feet above sea level between the seven - furlong marker and the six, from where it sweeps violently downhill and left - handed into tattenham corner. any horse struggling to maintain its pace or being asked to quicken feels as if its legs are being taken from underneath it. over the next three furlongs, the course drops 90ft, but the gradient becomes more gradual with half a mile to run. as the horses enter the straight, the camber (the course slopes away from the grandstand to the far rail) accentuates any tiring and any tendency to hang to the left. according to trainer david elsworth, epsom is no better than a funfair ride .\nfor lester, epsom was a problem to be solved and no one in the history of racing has cracked it more often and with more assurance than l piggott. the old sage will be 69 this year. he is alert, polite and reserved. it is 50 years since he first won the derby on never say die, the first of an unprecedented nine victories .\nhis first derby ride, in 1951 at the age of 15, was an inauspicious start. lester was on board a talented but temperamental horse called zucchero, who planted himself at the start and refused to go forward until the rest of the field were granted an unassailable advantage. what did the young jockey learn from his first experience of the derby ?\nthree years later, and having been suspended for six months for dangerous riding along the way, he became the youngest jockey to win the race, on the 33 - 1 shot never say die. he had picked the horse as his derby mount when he was 100 - 1, purely because of his physical conformation. even then, he could tell just by looking. as wild celebrations of classic success go, lester' s was unimpressive. he went home to mow the lawn .\n' it was a bit unexpected, really,' he says.' the owner wasn' t there and there was nothing going on. i never thought to celebrate. it was very different in those days and there was always a big race the next day, so i just got on with it.'\nlooking at the photographs of lester' s derby rides, it becomes evident that there is a pattern. at tattenham corner, he is nearly always in the same place: about sixth and one horse off the inside rail .\n' that' s the place to be, if you can be,' he explains.' it means you can go when you like. if you don' t have to make up ground coming down the hill, it helps. a lot of times you think you' d love to be there, but your horse can' t do it, so there' s no point trying.'\nthe modern world of sporting celebrity is anathema to men of lester' s generation and attitude. the mere idea of him being photographed lying on a fluffy rug in front of the fire or turning up at glitzy showbiz parties in a sarong is comical. his verdict on professional sportsmen and women turning into public property is abrupt and simple.' it' s not a good thing,' he says, although he does acknowledge that in today' s world it comes with the job .\n' times are different now. we didn' t have to do publicity, so it didn' t matter.'\nwith experience comes sagacity and there have been few who gained experience as young as lester.' you have to remember that i rode my first winner at 12, so by the time i won the derby i was a veteran. i' d been riding in races for six years.'\ndespite his disapproval of over - exposure in the media, the best jockey riding today in his estimation happens to be the most famous. if lester had a runner in the derby, he would want only one jockey to ride it :\n' frankie.' his tone is assured. this was not some glib comment trotted out for the sake of column inches. he had thought about it before and he means it. dettori is yet to win the derby, but that matters not, according to the one who knows .\nthis unexpected flow of dialogue leads me to ask whether the judgment of a jockey in picking the right horse to ride - if he is lucky enough to be in a position to choose - is as important as his judgment in the race itself. lester was renowned as a great judge and as a ruthless colleague. if he thought a certain horse could win a big race, he would ensure that the owner knew he was available and willing to replace its regular rider." ]

{ "text": [ "shaamit ( 1993 – 2001 ) was an irish-bred , british-trained thoroughbred race horse and sire .", "in a career which lasted from september 1995 to october 1996 he ran six times and won twice .", "he is most notable for being the winner of the epsom derby in 1996 .", "he was retired to stud at the end of his three-year-old season where he had limited success .", "he died in 2001 . " ], "topic": [ 22, 14, 7, 14, 14 ] }

[ "shaamit (1993 – 2001) was an irish-bred, british-trained thoroughbred race horse and sire. in a career which lasted from september 1995 to october 1996 he ran six times and won twice. he is most notable for being the winner of the epsom derby in 1996. he was retired to stud at the end of his three-year-old season where he had limited success. he died in 2001." ]

[ "harita rectilinea; [ poole ]; [ mob17 ], 193, f. 402, pl. 8\nbimbisara harita = neptis harita (male and female). between 1899 and 1900 46 bimbisaraharita 291 2\ni̇zmir izmir (smyrna smyrne) antique town city plan. turkey harita, 1911 map\nharita irregularis holloway, 1979; 530, pl. 87, f. 3; tl: new caledonia, koh\nchrysophanus aditya polyommatus omphisa polyommatus jaloka (m) polyommatus devanica polyommatus vardhana niphanda tessellata hipparchia cadesia neptis harita symbrenthia cotanda symbrenthia daruka argynnis sipora. 1874 27 asianlepidoptera1mintern 1874\nincluded type - species: acharya crassicornis moore, 1882: 185, pl. 6, fig. 3. acontia vialis moore, 1882: 135. amtella angulipennis moore, 1882: 158, pl. 5, fig. 6. apanda denticulata moore, 1882: 187, pl. 6, fig. 24. baorisa hieroglyphica moore, 1882: 133, pl. 4, fig. 14. bibacta truncata moore, 1882: 198, pl. 6, fig. 25. callopistria recurvata moore, 1882: 144. calpe fasciata moore, 1882: 151. calymera picta moore, 1882: 104, pl. 4, fig. 7. cephena costata moore, 1882: 196, pl. 6, fig. 17. chandata partita moore, 1882: 114, pl. 4, fig. 16. chutapha costalis moore, 1882: 131. coarica fasciata moore, 1882: 153, pl. 5, fig. 1. corcobara angulipennis moore, 1882: 186, pl. 6, fig. 16. dianthoecia stellifera moore, 1882: 123. dimya sinuata moore, 1882: 122. dordura apicalis moore, 1882: 170, pl. 5, fig. 20. dryobata leucosticta moore, 1882: 129. egnasia castanea moore, 1882: 184. eutelia inextricata moore, 1882: 147. falana sordida moore, 1882: 154. gonitis brunnea moore, 1882: 153. harita rectilinea moore, 1882: 187, pl. 6, fig. 23. harmatelia basalis moore, 1882: 183, pl. 6, fig. 13. harmatelia basalis moore, 1882: 183, pl. 6, fig. 13. hiccoda dosaroides moore, 1882: 135. hingula albolunata moore, 1882: 181. hyada grisea moore, 1882: 130, pl. 4, fig. 26. jarasana lativitta moore, 1882: 132. karana decorata moore, 1882: 107 .\nincluded genera: acharya moore, 1882: 185. amrella moore, 1882: 158. apanda moore, 1882: 186. asthala moore, 1882: 196. bamra moore, 1882: 159. baorisa moore, 1882: 133. bibacta moore, 1882: 197. calymera moore, 1882: 104. cephena moore, 1882: 196. chandata moore, 1882: 113. chutapha moore, 1882: 131. coarica moore, 1882: 153. corcobara moore, 1882: 186. dimya moore, 1882: 121. donda moore, 1882: 161. dordura moore, 1882: 170. durdara moore, 1882: 176. gonotis; moore, 1882: 153. harita moore, 1882: 187. harmatelia moore, 1882: 182. hiccoda moore, 1882: 134. hingula moore, 1882: 180. hyada moore, 1882: 129. jarasana moore, 1882: 132. karana moore, 1882: 106. lugana moore, 1882: 145. mathura moore, 1882: 188. mithila moore, 1882: 156. motama moore, 1882: 110. nagasena moore, 1882: 151 .\na taxon identifier is composed of name, author, year and attribute, all separated by a blank. these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication. the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words (genus and species) separated by a blank .\nthe author' s name is made up of a string of letters, with no blanks, and multiple authors' names are separated by a comma. spelling of author' s name is based on the original publication. if there are more than three authors, only the names of the first two authors are shown, followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets. this is rarely needed, but to differentiate homo - identifiers, this will contain the page, line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks, hyphens, and apostrophes are eliminated, thus only the following characters are used: a to z, a to z, 0 to 9, blank, comma, and opening and closing square brackets. although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition, it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions (contact information) with supporting references, possibly with pdf or hard copy .\nhypena belinda butler, 1879; 61, pl. 56, f. 3; tl: japan, yokohama\nacosmetia nebulosa moore, 1881; 350, pl. 38, f. 13; tl: darjeeling\nkhasia hills, ceylon, burma, peninsular malaysia, sumatra, borneo. see [ maps ]\n[ maps ] warning! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information, and the process does not always produce acceptable result; see about maps for more info .\nillustrations of typical specimens of lepidoptera heterocera in the collection of the british museum. part 9. the macrolepidoptera heterocera of ceylon\ndescriptions of new indian lepidopterous insects from the collection of the late mr. w. s. atkinson\nturner, 1903 new australian lepidoptera, with synonomic and other notes trans. r. soc. s. austr. 27: 1 - 26\nif you have corrections, comments or information to add into these pages, just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources, and may include many inaccuracies. expert help is welcome .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwe' ve sent an email to please follow the instructions to reset your password .\nenter your log in email address and we' ll send you a link to reset your password .\nif is associated with an alamy account you' ll receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\npublication: descriptions of new indian lepidopterous insects from the collection of the late mr. w. s. atkinson\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site. view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 0 transitional / / en\n* our website is multilingual. some comments have been translated from other languages .\ncurators: konstantin efetov, vasiliy feoktistov, svyatoslav knyazev, evgeny komarov, stan korb, alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion, flight time, etc. .\nthis checklist includes all known bornean species, giving the page number on which a fuller account can be found, a broad categorisation of the type of geographical distribution and bornean habitat preference. in the geographical distribution, the term wallacea indicates the presence of the species in sulawesi and the philippines, * means shared with sumatra only and * means shared with peninsular malaysia only. s. e. asia means presence in several of the countries from burma to vietnam and thailand. the suggested habitat preference is bracketed if based on less than five specimens .\ndaona mansueta walker. indian subregion, burma, borneo, seram, new guinea, australia. lowland forest. raparna auropurpurea pagenstecher (holloway, 2006: 424) borneo, nias. [? lowland open and disturbed habitats ] .\n. n. e. himalaya, borneo. [ no precise data available ] .\n. sundaland * *. lowland to lower montane forest (including softwood plantations) .\n. indian subregion, china, borneo, bali, sulawesi. [ lowland and montane disturbed forest and cultivated areas ] .\n. n. e. himalaya, thailand, sundaland * *, sulawesi. [ lowland ] .\n. n. e. himalaya to sundaland and philippines. lowland forest and disturbed habitats .\n. sri lanka, japan, taiwan, s. e. asia, borneo. lowland forest and disturbed areas .\n. n. e. himalaya, taiwan, sundaland. [ lowland ] .\n. n. e. himalaya, thailand, borneo, java. [ lowland forest ] .\n. indo - australian tropics to samoa. lowland (including plantation), lower montane (and upper montane) forest .\n. n. e. himalaya, sundaland. lowland (including plantation) forest .\n. sri lanka, borneo, sulawesi, seram. [ lowland disturbed habitats ] .\n. india to new guinea and queensland. lowland (especially secondary and disturbed) forest and plantation .\n. india to taiwan, japan and sundaland * *. [ montane forest ] .\n. sundaland, s. moluccas, new guinea. [ lowland forest and disturbed habitats ] .\n. sundaland to australia and solomons. lowland to upper montane, forested and disturbed habitats .\n. indian subregion to japan and new guinea. [ no precise data available ] .\n. east asia, s. e. asia, sundaland *. upper montane forest .\n. sundaland, sulawesi. lowland forest, including plantation, and lower montane forest .\n. sri lanka, sundaland * *, sulawesi, ? seram. [ disturbed lowland and plantation forest ] .\n. ryukyu is. , taiwan, sri lanka, borneo. [ lowland forest ] .\n. himalaya, taiwan, ryukyu is. , borneo. [ upper montane forest ] .\n. borneo, sulawesi, seram, new guinea. lowland to upper montane forest .\n. indo - australian tropics east to australia. lowland, including logged, forest .\n. african and oriental tropics, china, japan, korea, australia. [ lowland ] .\n. indian subregion, taiwan, ryukyu is. , borneo, philippines. [ lowland ] .\n. indian subregion, ryukyu is. , burma, borneo, sulawesi. disturbed coastal habitats .\n. oriental tropics to sundaland, tanimbar. [ no precise data available ] .\n. old world tropics to australia and cook is. [ no precise data available ] .\n. indian subregion, sundaland *, sulawesi, australia. [ lowland and montane forest ] .\n. indo - australian tropics to japan and samoa. [ lowland to upper montane forest ] .\n. india, andamans, sundaland * *, philippines. [ montane forest ] .\n. indian subregion, sundaland, ? east to solomons. [ lowland ] .\n. indian subregion, borneo, new guinea to vanuatu, also recorded from tuvalu. [ lowland ] .\n. indian subregion, china, sundaland *, buru, new guinea. montane cultivation .\n. borneo, sulawesi, seram, new guinea. [ no precise data available ] .\n. n. e. himalaya, thailand, sundaland, sulawesi. lowland to montane forest .\n. indian subregion, sundaland * *, philippines. [ lowlands, also montane forest scrub on limestone ] .\n. andamans, sundaland, s. moluccas to bismarcks. [ lowland forest ] .\n( holloway, 2005: 452). indian subregion, borneo, philippines. lowland, possibly coastal and mangrove .\n. indo - australian tropics to japan and new caledonia. lower to upper montane forest .\n. n. e. himalaya, vietnam, sundaland. [ lowland forest ] .\n. indo - australian tropics to new guinea and queensland. [ lowland disturbed and cultivated areas ] .\n. indian subregion, china, taiwan, borneo, sulawesi. [ lowland ] .\n. indian subregion, sundaland * *, new guinea, bismarcks. queensland .\n. indian subregion, sundaland * *, philippines. [ lowland forest ] .\n. sundaland *, sulawesi, talaut, new guinea, australia. [ no precise data available ] .\npopular: trivia, history, america, cities, world, usa, states, television, ... more" ]

{ "text": [ "harita rectilinea is a moth of the noctuidae family .", "it is found in india ( khasia hills ) , sri lanka , burma , peninsular malaysia and on sumatra and borneo . " ], "topic": [ 2, 20 ] }

[ "harita rectilinea is a moth of the noctuidae family. it is found in india (khasia hills), sri lanka, burma, peninsular malaysia and on sumatra and borneo." ]

[ "this is the place for axiarcha definition. you find here axiarcha meaning, synonyms of axiarcha and images for axiarcha copyright 2017 © urltoken\nhere you will find one or more explanations in english for the word axiarcha. also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word axiarcha and, of course, axiarcha synonyms and on the right images related to the word axiarcha .\naxiarcha (cosmopterygidae) meyrick, 1921; ann. transv. mus. 8 (2): 96; ts: axiarcha discosema meyrick\naxiarcha discosema meyrick, 1921; ann. transv. mus. 8 (2): 96; tl: cape colony, capetown\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nsouth africa, limpopo, 5 miles n of wylies poort, 21–22. iii. 1954, leg. a. j. t. janse .\nholotype ♂, genitalia slide bengtsson 1444x♂, tmsa; paratypes 1♂, genitalia slide bengtsson 1367x♂, 1♀, abdomen missing, tmsa .\nbengtsson b. a. 2014. the afrotropical scythrididae. - esperiana memoir 7: 1–361 .\n[ afromoths ] de prins, j. & de prins, w. , 2013\nsangmi lee, richard brown & sibyl bucheli. gelechioidea - a global framework ;\n[ maps ] warning! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information, and the process does not always produce acceptable result; see about maps for more info .\nmeyrick, 1921 descriptions of south african micro - lepidoptera. part 1 ann. transv. mus. 8 (2): 49 - 148\nif you have corrections, comments or information to add into these pages, just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources, and may include many inaccuracies. expert help is welcome .\nthis article is issued from wikipedia - version of the 5 / 15 / 2014. the text is available under the creative commons attribution / share alike but additional terms may apply for the media files .\nwe parsed the following live from the web into this page. such content is managed by its original site and not cached on discover life. please send feedback and corrections directly to the source. see original regarding copyrights and terms of use .\n[ south africa, western cape ], cape colony, capetown, iv. 1912, leg. gladstone .\nmeyrick e. 1921b. descriptions of south african micro - lepidoptera. - annals of the transvaal museum 8 (2): 49—148 .\nthis webpage was generated by the domain owner using sedo domain parking. disclaimer: sedo maintains no relationship with third party advertisers. reference to any specific service or trade mark is not controlled by sedo nor does it constitute or imply its association, endorsement or recommendation .\nde prins, j. & de prins, w. (2017) .\nthis page is based on a wikipedia article written by authors (here). text is available under the cc by - sa 3. 0 license; additional terms may apply. images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses." ]

{ "text": [ "axiarcha is a genus of moth in the family cosmopterigidae .", "it contains only one species , axiarcha discosema , which is found in south africa . " ], "topic": [ 2, 26 ] }

[ "axiarcha is a genus of moth in the family cosmopterigidae. it contains only one species, axiarcha discosema, which is found in south africa." ]

[ "please help us to identify this moth. - acrolophus mortipennella - bugguide. net\nthis moth is missing one small dark spot in the median area but seems otherwise to be a good match for a. mortipennella. first refuge record; photographed with ambient lighting at a porchlight in open juniper - oak savannah .\nphotographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed. contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29: registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin, july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia, june 4 - 7. photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona, july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell, iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\ndisclaimer: dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service. we strive to provide accurate information, but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world. if you need expert professional advice, contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content. click the contributor' s name for licensing and usage information. everything else copyright © 2003 - 2018 iowa state university, unless otherwise noted .\nselect your preferred way to display the comments and click' save settings' to activate your changes .\nsee. i believe that is the species. the other possibility is a uid amydria. they are very closely related .\n80x5 - 240x3 - 240x4 - 320x1 - 320x2 - 320x3 - 640x1 - 640x2 set display option above. click on images to enlarge .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\ncounties that are filled - in are those for which the south carolina moths checklist has confirmed records of this species." ]

{ "text": [ "acrolophus mortipennella is a moth of the acrolophidae family .", "it was described by grote in 1872 .", "it is found in north america , including alabama , florida , illinois , kentucky , louisiana , mississippi , ohio , south carolina and texas .", "the wingspan is 23 – 30 mm . " ], "topic": [ 2, 5, 20, 9 ] }

[ "acrolophus mortipennella is a moth of the acrolophidae family. it was described by grote in 1872. it is found in north america, including alabama, florida, illinois, kentucky, louisiana, mississippi, ohio, south carolina and texas. the wingspan is 23 – 30 mm." ]

[ "variety pseudosquilla ciliata var. occidentalis borradaile, 1900 accepted as pseudosquilla ciliata (fabricius, 1787) (synonym )\ndana campbell set\nimage of pseudosquilla ciliata\nas an exemplar on\npseudosquilla ciliata (j. c. fabricius, 1787 )\n.\norganization of the mitochondrial genome of mantis shrimp pseudosquilla ciliata (crustacea: stomatopoda) .\npseudosquilla ciliata, nothing more than a couple of shots. - reef central online community\norganization of the mitochondrial genome of mantis shrimp pseudosquilla ciliata (crustacea: stomatopoda). - pubmed - ncbi\ncommon mantis shrimp - pseudosquilla ciliata (j. c. fabricius, 1787) - overview - encyclopedia of life\njennifer hammock split the classifications by inventaire national du patrimoine naturel from pseudosquilla ciliata (j. c. fabricius, 1787) to their own page .\nthanks, up until you have said it i hadn' t even noticed. do ciliata have meral spots ?\n13. hatziolos, m. e. and r. l. caldwell, role reversal in courtship in the stomatopod pseudosquilla - ciliata (crustacea). animal behaviour, 1983. 31 (nov): p. 1077 - 1087 .\npseudosquilla ciliata grows to 9. 5 cm (3. 7 inches) long, with a variable coloration pattern often coordinating with its habitat: green, brown, yellow, or black, sometimes mottled or with a dorsal stripe, and checkered eyes (caldwell 2005) .\ncitation :\nfalse mantis shrimp, pseudosquilla ciliata ~ marinebio. org .\nmarinebio conservation society. web. accessed tuesday, july 10, 2018. < urltoken >. last update: 3 / 20 / 2014 3: 15: 15 pm ~ contributor (s): marinebio\n( of pseudosquilla ciliata var. occidentalis borradaile, 1900) schram, f. r. ; müller, h. - g. (2004). catalog and bibliography of the fossil and recent stomatopoda. backhuys publishers: leiden, the netherlands. isbn 90 - 5782 - 144 - 3. 264 pp. (look up in imis) [ details ]\n( of squilla ciliata fabricius, 1787) ahyong, s. t. (2001). revision of the australian stomatopod crustacea. records of the australian museum supplement 26: 1 - 326. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nwe determined the nearly complete mitochondrial genome of pseudosquilla ciliata (crustacea, stomatopoda), including all protein - coding genes and all but one of the transfer rnas. there were no gene rearrangements relative to the pattern shared by crustaceans and hexapods. phylogenetic analysis using concatenated amino acid sequences of the mitochondrial protein - coding genes confirmed a basal position of stomatopoda among eumalacostraca. pancrustacean relationships based on mitogenomic data were analyzed and are discussed in relation to crustacean and hexapod monophyly and hexapod affinities to crustacean subtaxa .\nonly a few species of stomatopod that i have studied are promiscuous and mate readily in captivity. those that mate almost any time a male and female are introduced are odontodactylus sycllarus, gonodactylus smithii, and pseudosquilla ciliata. other species appear to have specific periods of female receptivity just before she lays her eggs. you can usually tell if a female is going to mate by examining her cement glands. if they are packed with a white material, she is getting ready to reproduce and probably will mate .\nresearch pseudosquilla ciliata » barcode of life ~ bioone ~ biodiversity heritage library ~ cites ~ cornell macaulay library [ audio / video ] ~ encyclopedia of life (eol) ~ esa online journals ~ fishbase ~ florida museum of natural history ichthyology department ~ gbif ~ google scholar ~ itis ~ iucn redlist (threatened status) ~ marine species identification portal ~ ncbi (pubmed, genbank, etc .) ~ ocean biogeographic information system ~ plos ~ siris ~ tree of life web project ~ unep - wcmc species database ~ worms\nstomatopods have internal fertilization just like mammals and like marsupials, they have a pair of penises. each penis is attached to the inside base of the last pair of walking legs. often you can see these tubes hanging down between the legs. in pseudosquilla ciliata and odontodactylus scyllarus, they are dark in color and about a third of the length of the leg, so they are easy to see. in some other species, they are clear an a bit harder to get a look at. the presence of the penises makes it much easier to sex a male than a female, so if you are sure there are no penises, you have a female .\nthis data file contains 60 contigs identified as transcripts potentially involved in phototransduction. the contig sequences are from 454 sequencing, assembled using newbler v2. 3, and identified using targeted blast and phylogenetic methods. retinal tissue was taken from a single individual of psuedosquilla ciliata, collected adjacent to the isla magueyes marine laboratory, puerto rico (17. 9687, - 67. 0488) in a sandy patch - reef lagoon .\ndo not get too excited now. . you are about to learn about one of the coolest and the wideliest - distributed stomadopods found in shallow waters (hatziolos, 1983). if just shown a picture, you may think our species, pseudoquilla ciliata, resemble cray fish, an organism you may have even eaten for dinner before. this species though would be pretty hard to capture and eat! throughout this website you will learn why this speicies be tough to capture and to eat as well as where it can found hiding, what it eats, how it captures its prey and its means of reproducing .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmclaughlin et al. 2005. common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada: crustaceans. american fisheries society special publication 31\ndisclaimer: itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available, and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties. however, it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes. while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available, ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party, wildlife statutes, regulations, and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register. for further information on u. s. legal requirements with respect to protected taxa, please contact the u. s. fish and wildlife service .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nclick on any image to see an enlargement. all photos © 2005 roy caldwell .\ncolor: variable; green, yellow, brown, black, cream. can be one solid color, have a stripe running down the back, or a mottled appearance. color and pattern often matches color of habitat. will change color in the aquarium across molts depending on lighting and habitat color .\nthe common mantis stays in its burrow at night, but ventures out by day and is an opportunistic feeder and active hunter, catching small crustaceans, worms and fish. it is has lightening - fast, spearer - style raptorial appendages, which it uses to strike at it’s prey in a manner similar to a preying mantis (caldwell 2005) .\nthe common mantis is regularly found in the aquarium industry. it is a hardy species that does well in captivity (caldwell 2005) .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\njavascript is disabled on your browser. to view this site, you must enable javascript or upgrade to a javascript - capable browser .\nthis is a restricted item and is not covered by our arrive alive 14 - day guarantee. please see our guarantee policy and restricted species list for mo ...\nspecificationsmpnmanufacturerthat fish placecommon nameciliata mantis shrimpscientific namepseudosquilla ciliatarestrictedyesph range8. 0 - 8. 4specific g ...\ndue to availability and individuality of each species, colors and sizes may vary .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nbecause of the sheer size of our forum, we' ve been forced to limit selling and trading to members who' ve met a couple of criteria. (if you' re seeing this message, you haven' t met them yet .) please take a moment to acquaint yourself with our selling / trading rules to help make your stay a long and rewarding one .\nok, so my lfs has one of these dudes in stock. it looks awesome and i am considering buying it and keeping it in my 30 gallon refugium. somebody talk me into or out of this impulse buy ...\ngreat species, interactive hardy & colorful they can be looked upong like a smasher as far as tank requirements go, this species does not require a dsb to burrow in just' something' .\nif it was me... . i' d of already bought it: p\n_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ the arrogance of man is thinking nature is in their control and not the other way around, nature has an order, a power to restore balance... i believe he is that power .\ncool, thanks. i appreciate your input. how about feeding requirements? how much? how often ?\nas often as you' d like, most stomatopods will go without food for up to 4 weeks... i generally give large potions of food my small 2inch smashers will get 1inch cube of prawn meat whilst my largest smasher will take whole prawns easily .\nthey are like garbage bins however it must not be' seasoned / flavored' seafoods a. k. a' chilli garlic prawn' also try to stick to uncooked raw foods (cooking reduces nutrients) .\nluckily for me i can general buy a whole fillet of a fish and still use it all in 1 night for a feeding .\nnice, haven' t actually seen one of those yet in person but most likely be the next viable addition i grab. they will eat as much as they can con you into giving them. my peacock will beg for food and keep taking it until you stop giving, it' s actually pretty funny. i tried to see if he would at any point stop accepting silversides one feeding. turns out the answer is no, he did eventually run out of armspace to hold them and started dropping pieces which was pretty funny watching it sit there trying to decide how to handle that situation .\nthe question of what, how much and how often to feed stomatopods keeps coming up. there are several issues to consider. what are the normal prey of the species? what size is the animal in question? how large and stable is the aquarium? where is the animal in its molt cycle? etc. when i get some time, i' m going to do a\nsticky\non this. roy\nthat would be great dr. roy! ! make for some interesting reading! !\npowered by vbulletin® version 3. 8. 4 copyright ©2000 - 2018, jelsoft enterprises ltd. powered by searchlight © 2018 axivo inc .\nuse of this web site is subject to the terms and conditions described in the user agreement. reef central tm reef central, llc. copyright ©1999 - 2014\nuser alert system provided by advanced user tagging v3. 3. 0 (pro) - vbulletin mods & addons copyright © 2018 dragonbyte technologies ltd .\nmoosa, m. k. & r. cleva (1984). sur une collection de stomatopodes (crustacea, hoplocarida) provenant des iles seychelles. bull. mus. natn. hist. nat. , paris, 4e serie 6: 421 - 429 [ details ]\nahyong, s. t. (2001). revision of the australian stomatopod crustacea. records of the australian museum supplement 26: 1 - 326. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nliu j. y. [ ruiyu ] (ed .). (2008). checklist of marine biota of china seas. china science press. 1267 pp. (look up in imis) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of squilla stylifera lamarck, 1818) ahyong, s. t. (2001). revision of the australian stomatopod crustacea. records of the australian museum supplement 26: 1 - 326. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of squilla quadrispinosa eydoux & souleyet, 1842) ahyong, s. t. (2001). revision of the australian stomatopod crustacea. records of the australian museum supplement 26: 1 - 326. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nneotype am p58255, locality exmouth (exmouth gulf, w. aust .) [ details ]\nplease note: any new fish purchased from us or from a local pet store should to be quarantined. all fish from anywhere in the wild can be possible carriers of bacteria and protozoa that can lead to an infection in your system, so we always recommend that you use some sort of quarantine system prior to adding them to your system. if you have a fish only system and can medicate the whole system, you may not need a separate quarantine tank. if you have a reef system that cannot be medicated, a good ultraviolet sterilization system should prevent any kind of disease outbreak. we medicate our system for bacterial infections and protozoans, but because we don’’t always hold our fish for long periods of time, there is no way to be sure all the protozoan cysts have been killed. a little bit of prevention will save you lots of trouble down the line .\n© kp aquatics - thank your for supporting our family by choosing kp aquatics .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia, please upload using the upload tools .\nkemp, s. 1913 ,\nan account of the crustacea stomatopoda of the indo - pacific region based on the collection in the indian museum\n, memoirs of the indian museum, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 1 - 217, 9 pls\nborradaile, l. a. 1900 ,\non the stomatopoda and macrura brought by dr. willey from the south seas\n, ed. willey, a. (ed .), on the stomatopoda and macrura brought by dr willey from the south seas. pt 4, pp. 395 - 428, cambridge university press, cambridge\neydoux, f. & souleyet, l. f. a. 1842 ,\ncrustacés\n, ed. eydoux, f. (ed .), voyage autour du monde exécuté pendant les années 1836 et 1837 sur la corvette' la bonite', commandée par m. vaillant. zoologie, vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 219 - 272, bertrand, paris\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: 3df8dc9c - f77b - 4116 - a3f4 - 8dd8ab513c93\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: 729cfeda - 0730 - 4f91 - 9805 - 18a5eb27210b\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: 90ef29bb - 4fea - 42ad - a9b7 - ff98c5855364\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: b9e95b08 - 2933 - 4948 - 823f - 1b7d04aa176c\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: f624aed0 - 3bc1 - 4356 - 96b1 - 74f5e8f68ba5\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: cfd5a274 - 35d6 - 41d8 - 9955 - fae3698f25f6\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. name: 403178\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment. find records and model species distributions. export reports, maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area, or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something? photograph something? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities. we honour and celebrate the spiritual, cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\nthis home page section for this species is currently being developed and will be completed asap! if you would like to help out or know of a great video, photo or site about this species, let us know and we' ll notify you as soon as it is finished. our current project plan is to have all marine species home pages finished before christmas this year. if you' d like to find out more about our ongoing projects here at marinebio, check out our marinebio projects page .\nstart or join a discussion about this species below or send us an email to report any errors or submit suggestions for this page. we greatly appreciate all feedback !\nhelp us protect and restore marine life by supporting our various online community - centered marine conservation projects that are effectively sharing the wonders of the ocean with millions each year around the world, raising a balanced awareness of the increasingly troubling and often very complex marine conservation issues that affect marine life and ourselves directly, providing support to marine conservation groups on the frontlines that are making real differences today, and the scientists, teachers and students involved in the marine life sciences .\nwith your support, most marine life and their ocean habitats can be protected, if not restored to their former natural levels of biodiversity. we sincerely thank our thousands of members, donors and sponsors, who have decided to get involved and support the marinebio conservation society .\ndeep music digitally imported urltoken proton radio * radio paradise radiotunes somafm wers 88. 9 fm\n~ sharing the wonders of the ocean to inspire conservation, education, research, and a sea ethic ~ marinebio. org, inc. is a u. s. 501 (c) 3 charitable, nonprofit organization. contact: info @ urltoken all marinebio conservation society memberships and donations are tax deductible in the united states. > < (( (( ° > © 1998 - 2017 marinebio copyright & terms of use. privacy policy. > - < °° > - <\nfor all at last returns to the sea — to oceanus, the ocean river, like the everflowing stream of time, the beginning and the end .\n- rachel carson\nindividuals may grow to about 6 cm in length and are generally dark green (males) or reddish brown (females). this species can be distinguished from other hawaiian stomatopods by examination of the last (sixth) abdominal segment and telson (pictured below). the sixth abdominal segment has six inflated carinae or lobes. the telson also with inflated carinae and three pairs of marginal teeth and one pair of accessory teeth. memebers of the genus\n, is also found in hawaii and is considered also to be introduced. it is typically a mottled beige with some white spots .\ndead branching coral heads, clumps of coralline algae, or crevices and small holes in solid reef substrate .\nin the coral heads on the shallow reefs of oahu (kinzie, 1968) .\nstomatopods are generally carnivorous predators, using their powerful raptorial claws to snap up live prey .\nstomatopods have separate sexes. fertilized eggs are carried by the female until hatching. the free - swimming planktonic larvae undergo several stages of development before settlement in shallow water .\n) was introduced to the hawaiian islands. manning and reaka (1981) subsequently described the same hawaiian population as a new species ,\n, and considered it endemic. kinzie (1984) examined their arguments in detail and concluded that at the least the species was cryptogenic. barber and erdmann (2000) proposed that\nwere observed in 1954 in dead coral heads in kaneohe bay. kinzie (1968) suggested that it was introduced onto oahu with concrete barges towed back at the end of world war ii, particularly from the area of the philippines and the south china sea. kinzie demonstrated experimentally that the more aggressive\nfrom coral head habitats in kaneohe bay. it' s continued presence around oahu has been reported by a number of authors .\nbarber, p. h. and m. e. erdmann. 2000. molecular systematics of the gonodactilidae (stomatopoda) using mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase c (subunit 1) dna sequence data. j. crust. biol. 20: 20 - 36 .\nby gonodactylus falcatus (crustacea: stomatopoda) recently introduced into the hawaiian islands. pac. sci. 22: 465 - 475 .\nkinzie, r. a. 1984. aloha also means goodbye: a cryptogenic stomatopod in hawaii. pac. sci. 38: 298 - 311 .\n, a new stomatopod crustacean from the hawaiian islands. j. crust. biol. 1: 190 - 200 .\noccurrence describes how often the species is found on surveys within its distribution. it is calculated as the% of reef sites surveyed by rls divers across all the ecoregions in which the species has been observed\nabundance is calculated as the average number of individuals recorded per rls transect, where present .\nplease use this form only for a single type of error. if you see multiple errors on the page for this species, please report these in separate forms by clicking on this button again after submitting this form\nthank you for highlighting this error. we appreciate your assistance in maintaining high quality control standards\nfind out more about stomatopods and roy caldwell' s research at the\nsecrets of the stomatopod: an underwater research adventure\nexhibit .\ngeneral information on stomatopods can be found at ucmp' s\nintroduction to stomatopods\n.\nscaly - tailed mantis shrimp, lysiosquilla scabricauda, peeking out of its burrow. photo by l. holly sweat, smithsonian marine station at fort pierce .\nmantis shrimps are crustaceans that resemble true shrimps and lobsters, each bearing a long tail and a short head with two large, moveable eyes. the namesake of this group of organisms results from the two retractable, spinous claws that are used to catch prey .\nthe scaly - tailed mantis shrimp, lysiosquilla scabricauda, is named for the series of tubercles and spines present on its telson, or tail (voss 1976). dark pigmented bands cross the body at intervals over a cream background color. the characteristic mantis - like appendages bear a row of 8 - 11 sharp spines on the claw (voss 1976; perry & larsen 2004) .\nthe range of l. scabricauda in the western atlantic ocean extends from bermuda, the gulf of mexico, and massachusetts to brazil (diaz & manning 1998; tavares 2002). shrimp are generally found inside burrows dug in exposed sandy areas .\ninformation on the distribution of l. scabricauda in the irl is scarce, but shrimp are located throughout the lagoon on tidal flats and in seagrass beds .\nreaching lengths of nearly 30 cm, l. scabricauda is the largest of the florida mantis shrimps (voss 1976; diaz & manning 1998). lifespan varies with environmental conditions and other factors .\nlittle information is available concerning the reproduction and embryology of l. scabricauda. like most marine invertebrates, the scaly - tailed mantis shrimp reproduces via a series of planktonic larval forms, which feed on other plankton before settling to the benthos and metamorphosing into juveniles. unlike the complete molts seen in adult crustaceans, the molting that takes place between the post - larval and juvenile forms of l. scabricauda occurs in stages (diaz & manning 1998) .\nlittle information is available concerning the physical tolerances of l. scabricauda. however, its natural range encompasses marine and estuarine habitats in warm temperate to tropical climate zones. this pattern of distribution suggests that scaly - tailed mantis populations prefer and / or require warm, saline waters in order to thrive .\nmantis shrimps are carnivorous, ambush predators, combining their keen eyesight and swift, powerful claws to capture large prey such as fishes and other crustaceans .\ndetailed records on the predators of l. scabricauda are scarce, but large crustaceans and fishes possibly prey on this species .\nalthough there are no obligate associations documented between the scaly - tailed mantis shrimp and other species, l. scabricauda is commonly found alongside other organisms from the various coastal marine and estuarine habitats in which it resides. for more extensive information on these ecosystems and their associated species found in and around the irl, please visit habitats of the irl .\nboyko, cb. 2000. the rise and fall of lysioquilla desaussurei and description of l. manningi n. sp. : the tale of the type. j. crust. biol. 20: 48 - 55 .\ndiaz, ga & rb manning. 1998. the last pelagic stage and juvenile of lysioquilla scabricauda (lamarck, 1818) (crustacea, stomatopoda). bull. mar. sci. 63: 453 - 457 .\nfoster, jm, thoma, bp, & rw heard. 2004. stomatopoda (crustacea: hoplocardia) from the shallow, inshore waters of the northern gulf of mexico (apalachicola river, florida to port aransas, texas). gulf carib. res. 16: 49 - 58 .\nholthuis, lb. 2000. nomenclatural notes on eighteenth century stomatopoda (hoplocarida). j. crust. biol. 20: 12 - 19 .\nperry, h & k larsen. 2004. a picture guide to shelf invertebrates from the northern gulf of mexico. online at urltoken (date accessed 08 / 27 / 2010) .\ntavares, m. 2002. stomatopods. pp. 246 - 250. in: the living marine resources of the western central atlantic. volume 1: introduction, molluscs, crustaceans, hagfishes, sharks, batoid fishes, and chimaeras. carpenter ke (ed .). fao species identification guide for fishery purposes and american society of ichthyologists and herpetologists special publication no. 5. fao, rome. pp. 1 - 600 .\nvoss, gl. 1980. seashore life of florida and the caribbean. dover publications, inc. mineola, ny. usa. 199 pp .\nregistered in england & wales no. 3099067 5 howick place | london | sw1p 1wg\nwe use cookies to improve your website experience. to learn about our use of cookies and how you can manage your cookie settings, please see our cookie policy. by closing this message, you are consenting to our use of cookies .\nwarning: the ncbi web site requires javascript to function. more ...\nmar biotechnol (ny). 2005 nov - dec; 7 (6): 618 - 24. epub 2005 aug 12 .\ninstitute of biology, freie universität berlin, königin - luise - strasse 1 - 3, berlin d - 14195, germany. podsi. lars @ urltoken\n1. image of the month - scyllarus. [ cited 2012 11 / 16 / 2012 ]; available from: urltoken\n2. mantis shrimp « the mantis shrimp. [ cited 2012 11 / 17 / 2012 ]; available from: urltoken\n3. news article: new beasts in the sea. 2000 [ cited 2012 11 / 18 / 2012 ]; available from: urltoken\n4. caldwell, r. , and fox, h. secrets of the stomatopod: an underwater research adventure. 2001 [ cited 2012 11 / 17 / 2012 ]; available from: urltoken\n5. caldwell, r. l. , cavity occupation and defensive behavior in the stomatopod gonodactylus - festai - evidence for chemically mediated individual recognition. animal behaviour, 1979. 27 (feb): p. 194 - 201 .\n6. caldwell, r. l. , variation in reproductive - behavior in stomatopod crustacea. crustacean sexual biology, ed. r. t. bauer and j. w. martin1991. 67 - 90 .\n7. caldwell, r. l. , recognition, signaling and reduced aggression between former mates in a stomatopod. animal behaviour, 1992. 44 (1): p. 11 - 19 .\n8. caldwell, r. l. and h. dingle, ecology and evolution of agonistic behavior in stomatopods. naturwissenschaften, 1975. 62 (5): p. 214 - 222 .\n9. christy, j. h. , competitive mating, mate choice and mating associations of brachyuran crabs. bulletin of marine science, 1987. 41 (2): p. 177 - 191 .\n10. christy, j. h. and m. salmon, comparative studies of reproductive behavior in mantis shrimps and fiddler crabs. american zoologist, 1991. 31 (2): p. 329 - 337 .\n11. dingle, h. and r. l. caldwell, the aggressive and territorial behaviour of the mantis shrimp gonodactylus bredini manning (crustacea: stomatopoda). behaviour, 1969. 33 (1 / 2): p. 115 - 136 .\n12. dingle, h. and r. l. caldwell, reproductive and maternal behavior of the mantis shrimp gonodactylus bredini manning (crustacea: stomatopoda). the biological bulletin, 1972. 142 (3): p. 417 - 426 .\n14. patek, s. n. , w. l. korff, and r. l. caldwell, biomechanics: deadly strike mechanism of a mantis shrimp. nature, 2004. 428 (6985): p. 819 - 820 .\n15. racheboeuf, p. r. , f. r. schram, and m. vidal, new malacostracan crustacea from the carboniferous (stephanian) lagerstätte of montceau - les - mines, france. journal of paleontology, 2009. 83 (4): p. 624 - 629 .\nclick on the pics below to view detailed images. narrative and pictures courtesy of dr. roy caldwell .\neven in the promiscuous species, mating doesn' t always go smoothly and a fight may break out at any time. if you try to introduce two animals, have net handy to intervene if they start fighting .\nstomatopod penises are erectile just like mammals. when the male is ready to mate, they become slightly longer and much stiffer (they are usually quite flaccid .). during copulation, the male mounts the female, grasps her carapace with his maxillipeds, and partially turns her over so that her ventral thorax is pressed against his ventral thorax. in other words, they mate belly to belly. he then makes several vigorous thrusts to insert the penises and then pumps rapidly for several seconds until he ejaculates. the ejaculate comes out like toothpaste out of a tube and often after copulation you can see threads of ejaculate hanging out of the female' s gonopores .\nbetween the female' s first pair of walking legs are her gonopores, the opening into which the male inserts his penises. the eggs will also be extruded through these openings .\nonce the animals have mated, the female eventually will lay eggs. we are not sure how long they can store sperm, but i have recorded fertile eggs from females that had not mated for three months .\nthe eggs are extruded through the oviducts and out through the gonopores. near the genital openings, they are exposed to the stored sperm where fertilization takes place. cement glands on the ventral thorax produce a gummy cement that the female uses to mold the eggs in to a mass - usually a disk - shaped glob that she can carry in her maxillipeds, but can put down if necessary. the eggs are cared for by the female for from 10 days to a couple of months. when they hatch, in gonodactylids the female remains with the larvae for another week. in most other species, the larvae leave the cavity or burrow almost immediately .\nthe female squilla empusa on the upper right was photographed while laying eggs and molding them into a disk .\nweb site author: a. san juan site created february 3, 1998 site dedication\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nclick on the tabs above for more in depth information! if you are wondering why the title of our website is\nin shallow water\nclick on the habitat link habitat .\nwe use cookies to enhance your experience on our website. by continuing to use our website, you are agreeing to our use of cookies. you can change your cookie settings at any time .\ndepartment of biology, university of louisiana at lafayette, lafayette, louisiana 70504 - 2451, u. s. a\npresent address: department of biology, university of evansville, evansville, indiana 47722, u. s. a .\ngenitalia vary and are diverse, possibly because of sexual selection (eberhard, 1985). although the primary function of mating is sperm transfer, postmating sexual selection, in terms of sperm competition and cryptic female choice, has become a topic of great interest to evolutionary biologists (parker, 1970; thornhill, 1983). in order to understand postmating sexual selection and how it operates in specific taxa, an understanding of the structure and function of different reproductive organs is imperative .\nmantis shrimp are benthic, marine, predatory crustaceans that live in defendable burrows. also called stomatopods, mantis shrimp can be further divided into two groups based on the morphology and function of their raptorial appendage (caldwell and dingle, 1976; caldwell, 1991). “smashers” live in preexisting cavities that are limited in abundance and are made of hard substrate. they kill and feed on hard - shelled prey and have complex communication and agonistic behaviors. “spearers” live in self - excavated burrows that are not limited in abundance and are made of sand or mud. “spearers” kill and feed on soft - bodied prey, are considered to be less aggressive than “smashers” (caldwell and dingle, 1975), and have not been studied as much because of their deeper, murkier habitats and less complex behaviors (see review in wortham - neal, 2002) .\nmantis shrimp have separate sexes and oviparous females that lay yolky eggs. females provide maternal care by brooding the egg mass, using the maxillipeds to clean the brooded embryos and to circulate water among them. males have paired testes, and females have paired ovaries with ventral cement glands; the cement - gland material holds the egg mass together during brooding. internal fertilization has been proposed and reported in the literature but without any direct evidence (caldwell, 1991). also, sperm storage and a sperm - storage structure have been discussed (gerstaecker, 1889; tirmizi and kazmi, 1984; caldwell, 1991) but with very little detailed observations on the function, location, and morphology .\nstomatopods have a diverse, complex range of social behaviors and mating systems (see review in caldwell, 1991). although much research exists on the social and reproductive behaviors of members of some families, little is known about their reproductive biology, and detailed functional and descriptive analyses are rare. descriptions and illustrations of stomatopod genital systems are limited, incomplete, or lacking detail (gerstaecker, 1889; giesbrecht, 1910; balss, 1938; deecaraman and subramoniam, 1980a, 1980b, 1983; mclaughlin, 1980; tirmizi and kazmi, 1984). in spite of the importance of reproductive biology, no study has focused on descriptions of the male and female reproductive anatomy of mantis shrimp .\nthe purpose of this study was to examine the reproductive morphology and genital systems of a mantis shrimp, using a “spearer” species as a model. detailed descriptions and functional analyses of the male and female genital areas as well as details of the reproductive biology of squilla empusa are presented and discussed. because spawning and mating are associated with molting in many crustaceans (gleeson, 1991; see review in bauer, 1996), observations related to reproduction and molting are presented .\n( gulf coast research laboratory). these organisms live in high densities, and over 100 individuals could be collected during a 30 - min trawling period. mantis shrimp were transported to the university of louisiana at lafayette in collecting bags with oxygenated sea water. to prevent fighting and cannibalism, mantis shrimp were housed individually in containers\nthat were submerged in a round, recirculating, underground - filtration aquaculture tank (5, 700 l). individuals were fed peeled penaeoid shrimp, and water temperature ranged from 21° to 23°c with a photoperiod of 14l: 10d, and salinity ranged from 30 ppt to 33 ppt .\nin the laboratory, field - collected males and females were immediately separated and placed into individual containers. each individual container had one artificial burrow made of pvc pipe. most individuals immediately entered the pipe and treated it like a natural burrow (i. e. , resided in it, returned food to it, and cleaned it of excess food). the dates that individuals molted were recorded to determine whether molting, spawning, and fertilization were associated .\nfemales were monitored daily for spawning and the brooding of embryos. the duration of brooding was documented as well as the position of the egg mass in the individual container (i. e. , being brooded by the female, on the floor of the burrow, or on the floor of the container). the purpose of these observations was to determine brooding duration and the number of females with stored sperm from field populations .\nmantis shrimp were initially fixed in formalin, washed with water, and then transferred to 70% alcohol for permanent storage. males and females were dissected. potassium hydroxide was used to dissolve tissue for exoskeleton observations. for scanning electron microscopy (sem), specimens were dehydrated in a graded alcohol series to 100% prior to immersion in hexamethyldisilazane, air - drying, and mounting on aluminum stubs using double - stick tape. the stubs were coated along the edges with colloidal graphite to enhance conductivity and sputter - coated with 20 nm gold for 2 min. specimens were examined using a jeol 6300 - f field emission scanning electron microscope at voltages of 15 kv and 20 kv .\nthe genital regions and internal reproductive systems were paraffin - carved using paraplast - plus® and a standard rotary microtome. these specimens were critical - point dried using\nand sputter - coated with 20 nm of gold. more detail of paraffin carving procedures can be found in\na binomial test was used to determine whether the number of all males and females collected from the field differed in reproductive months and nonreproductive months. i predicted that i would collect fewer females in reproductive months (one - tailed test, females should be in a burrow brooding embryos) but predicted to find equal numbers of males and females (two - tailed test, both sexes should be foraging at night) in nonreproductive months .\nin order to determine whether there were differences in size between the two male penes, thirty males were randomly selected from a field sample, carapace length was measured (mm), and both penes were removed at the base near the eighth thoracic segment and walking leg. each penis was measured for the total length to the nearest 0. 01 mm; because the penes are consistently naturally curved, the measured length was a straight line from the proximal end to the distal tip. because an articulation region is visible, the length of the penis from the proximal tip to the articulation region was also measured and termed “half penis. ” all measurements were made using digital calipers under a dissecting microscope .\nfor statistical analyses, some measurements were not normally distributed, as determined using sas (1999), and a square root transformation did not conform the data to a normal distribution. thus, nonparametric statistics were used (siegel and castellan, 1988) to determine differences between the lengths of the penes and the sizes of the males. a wilcoxon signed - ranks test was used to determine whether 1) the left and right penes of an individual were equal in length, 2) the left and right half penes were equal in length, and 3) the proportion of the left half penis to the total length of the left penis was equal to the proportion of the right half penis to the total length of the right penis. a spearman’s correlation analysis was used to determine whether body size and penes sizes were related .\nmost observations and details of female reproductive morphology were made on the sixth, seventh, and eighth thoracic sternites (fig. 1a, b). females have paired ovaries that lie between the dorsal heart and the ventral digestive glands and gut (fig. 1c). ripe ovaries are orange or pink, are oriented anteriorly to posteriorly, and are especially visible ventrally (fig. 1b). ovarian development can be divided into three stages that can be assessed visually. stage 1 represents no ovarian development. stage 2 represents a pink ovary in the thoracic and abdominal body cavity, and stage 3 represents fully developed ovaries that have fused in the telson (fig. 1b, e). gravid females can be differentiated from nongravid females by observing the ventral side of the telson. nongravid females have a monochromatic telson (fig. 1d), whereas gravid females have normal telson coloration along with a ventral median pink triangular structure, which represents fused ovaries (fig. 1e) .\n, nonreproductively active female, ventral telson; e, reproductively active female, ventral telson with fused ovary forming a “triangle. ” h = heart; dg = digestive gland; g = gut; gr = genital region; ma = maxillipeds; ov = ovary .\nfemale genital structures are located on the ventral, medial surface of the sixth thoracic segment. this genital region is associated with storage of seminal products, fertilization, oviposition, and release of cement - gland material. the anterior region of the sixth thoracic sternite has two gonopores that are lateral and a single medial pore called the cement - gland pore (fig. 2a, b). this pore, which was previously termed the genital vulval opening (deecaraman and subramoniam, 1983), can be closed (fig. 2c) or open (fig. 2d). the reproductive stage and female size does not correlate with the morphology of the cement - gland pore .\n. top of photographs is anterior and bottom of photographs is posterior. a, genital region with submedian gonopores and a posterior cement - gland pore; b, connection between genital slit and gonopores; c, d, cement - gland openings of two different females. cgp = cement - gland pore; gp = gonopore; gs = genital slit. scale bars ,\nthe genital area is organized by complex anatomical characters and forms a relationship between egg - laying structures and the transfer and storage of seminal products. males insert their penes into the genital slit region, which leads to a cuticular sperm storage organ (seminal receptacle) that is dorsal to the genital slit and gonopores (fig. 3a). the cement - gland pore is not connected to the gonopores or to the genital slit (fig. 3c) .\nsem of the interior of the ventral part of the sixth thoracic segment, showing the seminal receptacle (dorsal view, potassium hydroxide - cleared specimens). top of photographs is anterior and bottom of photographs is posterior. a, connection of oviducts to the seminal receptacle; b, oviduct (dissolved in potassium hydroxide) opens to the seminal receptacle and the exterior; c, seminal receptacle and separate posterior cement - gland pore; d, remnant of oviduct. cgp = cement - gland pore; e = external environment; gs = genital slit; o = oviduct; oc = oviducal channels; sr = seminal receptacle. scale bars\nobservations on oviducts were made using sem and from dissections of females. the oviducts open to the exterior at the gonopores and into the seminal receptacle by a separate duct called the oviducal channel (fig. 3a, b). possibly because of the location, development, and bulkiness of the cement glands, the oviducts are not ventral, perpendicular extensions from the ovary. instead, the oviducts are lateral extensions of the ovary near the sixth thoracic segment. the oviducts wrap ventrally around the lateral sides of the body cavity and then run medially on the dorsal side of the sixth thoracic sternite, ventral to the cement glands. each oviduct terminates at a lateral gonopore, which connects the oviduct with the external environment (fig. 3d) .\nmales transfer sperm and accessory material to the female. females store these seminal products inside their seminal receptacle (fig. 4a). the seminal receptacle is surrounded by cuticle and is shed every molt cycle, as seen by observing the exuvium of females. two distinct materials have been observed inside the seminal receptacle (fig. 4b). sperm are located in the dorsal region of the seminal receptacle (fig. 4b, c), and the accessory material occupies the ventral region (fig. 4b, d). empty seminal receptacles have also been observed (fig. 4e), with remnants of sperm still present (fig. 4f). there are two semicircular muscular regions at the dorsal end of the seminal receptacle (fig. 4f, g), which may function to force seminal products out of the seminal receptacle. material in the seminal receptacle and the oviducts are connected (fig. 4h) .\nsem of female seminal receptacle. top of photographs is ventral, bottom is dorsal, left is posterior, and right is anterior. a, longitudinal section through medial sixth and seventh sternites; b, material in seminal receptacle; c, sperm in seminal receptacle; d, accessory - gland material (sperm plug); e–f, empty seminal receptacle with some sperm remaining; g, “muscular” fibers at the dorsal base of the seminal receptacle; h, frontal section of genital region connecting the gonopores with the seminal receptacle. c = cuticle; cg = cement gland; cgp = cement gland pore; m = “muscular” fibers; o = oviduct; s = sperm; sp = sperm plug; sr = seminal receptacle. scale bars ,\nfemales have three internal cement glands, which are visible through the exoskeleton on the sixth, seventh, and eighth thoracic sternites (fig. 1b). these glands develop in synchrony with the ovaries and form dense white patches in reproductively active and mature females. the cement - gland material is extruded through the cement - gland pore (fig 4a). as observed through dissections of females, the glands develop medially to laterally (fig. 5a) and are connected together by a medial duct oriented perpendicular to the glands. in a female that is ready to spawn, the cement glands form three parallel stripes on the ventral side. cement gland development is divided into three stages that can be visually assessed: stage 1—no gland development and no ventral “stripes” (fig. 5b); stage 2—gland development into three parallel lines (one visible on the each of the sixth, seventh, and eighth thoracic segments, fig. 5c); and stage 3—gland development into three dense, thick lines that are connected medially (fig. 1b, 5d). in stage 3, the cement - gland material fills the ventral region of the thoracic cavity .\nfemale cement gland development. development begins medially and extends laterally in the body cavity. a, sem of transverse section through posterior sixth thoracic sternite, scale bar\n; b, stage 1; c, stage 2; d, stage 3. cg = cement gland; cgp = cement - gland pore; 6 = sixth thoracic sternite; 7 = seventh thoracic sternite; 8 = eighth thoracic sternite .\nthe male penes (fig. 6a) are located at the base of the last pair of walking legs on the eighth thoracic segment. the penes have an articulation region located at about one - half of the total length of the penes (fig. 6a, b). the distal end of the penes has two openings. the circular orifice at the distal tip is the opening of the accessory gland (accessory gland orifice), whereas the oval opening is the end of the vas deferens (genital orifice) (deecaraman and subramoniam, 1980b) (fig. 6c). thus, material from the accessory gland is transferred to the female through the accessory gland orifice, and sperm is transferred to the female through the genital orifice. the penes have two separate ducts, one leading to each orifice (fig. 6d). the material in the accessory gland duct (fig. 6d) is similar to the material found in the female seminal receptacle and may contribute to a sperm plug (fig. 4d) .\nsem of male reproductive organs. a, penis; b, articulation region of penis; c, distal end of male penis; d, transverse section through distal end of penis; e, transverse of abdominal segment; f, testes; g, sperm in testes. a = articulation region; agd = accessory gland duct; ago = accessory gland orifice; d = distal end; dg = digestive gland; g = gut; go = genital orifice; h = heart; t = testes; ts = testicular sac; vd = vas deferens. scale bars ,\nin males, the paired testes begin at the third abdominal segment and extend to the telson where they fuse. the testes are located ventral to the dorsal heart but dorsal to the digestive gland and gut (fig. 6e), and individual sperm are visible in the testes (fig. 6f, g). the vas deferens begins anterior of the fourth abdominal segment and leads to the eighth segment where it enters the penis (fig. 7a). males have paired accessory glands that extend to the 8 th thoracic segment (deecaraman and subramoniam, 1980b). males package sperm and accessory - gland material into a sperm cord (fig. 7b), which is then transferred to the female and stored in the seminal receptacle." ]

{ "text": [ "pseudosquilla ciliata , the common mantis shrimp , is a species of mantis shrimp , known by common names including rainbow mantis shrimp and false mantis shrimp .", "it is widespread in the tropical indo-pacific region and in both the western and eastern atlantic ocean . " ], "topic": [ 27, 13 ] }

[ "pseudosquilla ciliata, the common mantis shrimp, is a species of mantis shrimp, known by common names including rainbow mantis shrimp and false mantis shrimp. it is widespread in the tropical indo-pacific region and in both the western and eastern atlantic ocean." ]

[ "greya reticulata is a moth of the prodoxidae family. it is found from the coastal range of california in the united states .\nfemales of g. reticulata oviposit in the inflorescences of osmorhiza and sanicula (apiaceae). ~ jerry powell\nboth sexes resemble g. powelli but the latter is much smaller and has narrower forewings. they are currently not known to coexist. because reticulata feeds on a tall host and powelli on a prostrate host, they would be likely to fly at different heights above the ground if found together. the species was originally placed in prodoxus, and the female shows superficial resemblance with p. coloradensis. the presence of a pollex in greya is sufficient to correctly place this species away from prodoxus .\nbiology and systematics of greya busck and tetragma, new genus (lepidoptera: prodoxidae). donald r. davis, olle pellmyr & john n. thompson. 1992. smithsonian contributions to zoology 524: 1 - 74, f. 251 - 375 .\ndavis, d. r. , o. pellmyr & j. n. thompson. 1992. biology and systematics of greya busck and tetragma n. gen. (lepidoptera: prodoxidae). smiths. contrib. zool. 524: 1 - 88 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwing expanse 9 - 15. 5 mm. forewing in female white to pale ochreous, heavily banded with brownish confluent spots, creating a checkerspot pattern. male with same ground color, but heavily irrorated with brown, and obsolescent and indistinct banding. some males are almost devoid of pattern uniformly (male) to yellowish white (female). hindwing gray, often darker in the female .\nfeeds on osmorhiza chilensis (apiaceae). the female cuts and oviposits into young fruits, and the larva feeds on the developing seeds for the first one or two instars. the life history of later stages is unknown .\nknown from the coastal range of california, ranging from the san francisco bay area in the north to the usa - mexico border .\nin moist situations with osmorhiza chilensis as understory in shrubby, well - shaded deciduous forest. elevational range, 100 - 500 m .\nthis media file is licensed under the creative commons attribution - noncommercial license - version 3. 0 .\n. note that images and other media featured on this page are each governed by their own license, and they may or may not be available for reuse. click on an image or a media link to access the media data window, which provides the relevant licensing information. for the general terms and conditions of tol material reuse and redistribution, please see the\neach tol leaf page provides a synopsis of the characteristics of a group of organisms representing a leaf at the tip of the tree of life. the major distinction between a leaf and a branch of the tree of life is that a leaf cannot generally be further subdivided into subgroups representing distinct genetic lineages .\nfor a more detailed explanation of the different tol page types, have a look at the structure of the tree of life page .\ntree of life design and icons copyright © 1995 - 2004 tree of life project. all rights reserved .\nphotographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed. contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29: registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin, july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia, june 4 - 7. photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona, july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell, iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\nadults - sexually dimorphic. females well defined. males pale, whitish ochreous, heavily irrorated with brownish fuscous; banding obsolescent, indistinct, pale ochreous spots\ndisclaimer: dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service. we strive to provide accurate information, but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world. if you need expert professional advice, contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content. click the contributor' s name for licensing and usage information. everything else copyright © 2003 - 2018 iowa state university, unless otherwise noted." ]

{ "text": [ "greya reticulata is a moth of the prodoxidae family .", "it is found from the coastal range of california in the united states .", "the wingspan is 9-15.5 mm .", "the forewings of the females are white to pale ochreous , banded with brownish spots .", "males have the same ground color , but this is irrorated ( speckled ) with brown .", "the hindwings are gray , often darker in females .", "the larvae feed on osmorhiza chilensis .", "young larvae feed on the developing seeds of their host plant . " ], "topic": [ 2, 20, 9, 1, 1, 9, 8, 8 ] }

[ "greya reticulata is a moth of the prodoxidae family. it is found from the coastal range of california in the united states. the wingspan is 9-15.5 mm. the forewings of the females are white to pale ochreous, banded with brownish spots. males have the same ground color, but this is irrorated (speckled) with brown. the hindwings are gray, often darker in females. the larvae feed on osmorhiza chilensis. young larvae feed on the developing seeds of their host plant." ]

[ "for comparison of the osteology of the new species with geckolepis maculata, g. humbloti, and a specimen of otu ab, see the osteology of geckolepis section below .\nrotational video of the skull of geckolepis megalepis sp. nov. (zsm 2126 / 2007 )\ncomparative morphological data on geckolepis megalepis, and the holotype of g. maculata (zmb 9655), with values for g. polylepis and g. typica given by köhler et al. (2009) .\nstereoscopic 3d renderings of the skull of the holotype of geckolepis megalepis sp. nov. in anterolateral and dorsal view\npaluh, daniel j. ; aaron h. griffing & aaron m. bauer 2017. sheddable armour: identification of osteoderms in the integument of geckolepis maculata (gekkota) african journal of herpetology 66 (1): 12 - 24 - get paper here\nfor future reference we listed 24 variable skull traits (appendix s2) among geckolepis that provide a baseline for future comparative studies .\ngeckolepis megalepis lsid: urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: 08097ca5 - 172e - 4f45 - ae68 - ac4e02bbc644 .\nthe taxonomy of geckolepis has not yet been fully determined. it is probable that current species definitions do not reflect biological reality (m. vences pers. comm. january 2011), and g. maculata is considered to be a species complex (f. glaw and o. hawlitschek pers. comm. may 2011). a recent record from northern madagascar has been attributed to g. cf. maculata (durkin et al. 2011) .\ndotted lines in the phylogeny indicate uncertain placement. the phylogenetic position and distribution of geckolepis humbloti is inferred from hawlitschek et al. (2016) .\nnice additions - i' m expecting a few myself in the near future. geckolepis don' t have any pores - look for bulges to identify males .\nthere are also some differences between g. megalepis and the other species examined in the postcranium: the lateral processes of the first five caudal vertebrae (pygial series) are curved laterally (vs. straight in g. maculata and g. humbloti); the scapular ray of the scapulocoracoid does not surpass the clavicle (vs. surpassing the clavicle in g. maculata); the secondary coracoid ray of the scapulocoracoid extends to the level of the posterior margin of the clavicular fenestra (vs. surpassing the posterior margin of the fenestra in g. maculata); and the pubic tubercle of the pubis is posteriorly curved (vs. more or less vertical in g. maculata and g. humbloti) .\nthe squamosal is short, slender, and curved, contacting the posterolateral process of the parietal anteromedially, and the paroccipital process posteriorly. it is considerably reduced in g. maculata .\nskeletal description. in the following section, we present a generalised skeletal description of the genus geckolepis. data on g. humbloti is based on the scans produced for hawlitschek et al. (2016), re - analysed for this study. the postcranial skeleton of the ab specimen was not assessed; our postcranial osteological description pertains only to g. humbloti, g. maculata, and g. megalepis .\nshown in dorsal (a, d, f, h, j) and ventral (b, e, g, i, k) view, and coronal cut at the parietal level (c) of geckolepis megalepis (a–c, zsm 2126 / 2007), geckolepis otu ab (d–e, zsm 1520 / 2008), g. maculata (f–g, zmb 9655), and g. humbloti (h–i, zsm 80 / 2010; j–k, zsm 81 / 2006). note the high density of the scale covering in all the species, and the lack of mineralization in the postmental scales (compare with figs. 2 and 3) .\nlemme, inga; martina erbacher, nathalie kaffenberger, miguel vences & jörn köhler 2013. molecules and morphology suggest cryptic species diversity and an overall complex taxonomy of fish scale geckos, genus geckolepis. org divers evol 13: 87 - 95\nhabitat, natural history, and conservation status. geckolepis megalepis was observed active at night both in the rainy and dry seasons, on trees (see figs. 3a – 3b) and tsingy limestone rock. when captured, these geckos showed a strong tendency to autotomize large parts of their scales, leading to partly ‘naked’ geckos without any visible (bloody) lesions (fig. 3c). in a subjective comparison this tendency appeared to be even more developed than in other geckolepis species .\nranges for g. polylepis are probably reliable, but those for g. typica certainly come from several otus, and are therefore not actually representative of the variation of that species. values for true g. typica, as for g. maculata, are currently certain only from its holotype .\nthe first five caudal vertebrae possess long thin lateral processes, initially extending beyond the sacrals, gradually decreasing in breadth, jutting posterolaterally, straight in g. maculata and g. humbloti, curved laterally in g. megalepis, becoming increasingly posterior - jutting. the first three caudals lack hemal arches .\nköhler, gunther; hans - helmut diethert, ronald a. nussbaum, and christopher j. raxworthy 2009. a revision of the fish scale geckos, genus geckolepis grandidier (squamata, gekkonidae) from madagascar and the comoros. herpetologica 65 (4): 419 - 435 - get paper here\nour new fish scale girl, anchovy. geckolepis maculata (which i never pronounce properly) we purchased a 1. 1 from jon boone, earlier in 2015 and our friends from gecko labs picked them up for us at the october tinley narbc 2015. we flew back home on sunday, so dillon and julie were kind enough to pick these kids up and take them home with them and hang on to them til we could pick them up. these little guys are too adorable! this is a species that my husband has really looked forward to owning for a very long time. we are so excited to have them finally !\nphylogenetic relationships. geckolepis megalepis is closely related to a sister species pair formed by otus c and ab (lemme et al. , 2013; fig. 1), which are widely distributed in eastern and northern madagascar. their taxonomic status will need to be assessed in more detail in future work on this genus .\nshown in dorsal (a, f, k, p), ventral (b, g, l, q), lateral (c, h, m, r), labial (d, i, n, s), and lingual (e, j, o, t) view. depicting geckolepis otu ab (a–e, zsm 1520 / 2008), holotype of g. maculata (f–j, zmb 9655), and g. humbloti (k–o, zsm 80 / 2010; p–t, zsm 81 / 2006). from volume - rendering of micro - ct scans. rotational videos of these skulls are provided in videos s2 – s5. for labels, see fig. 6 .\nthe premaxilla is fused, with isodont, sharply pointed teeth with 13 tooth loci, this being a constant number among all geckolepis specimens examined. the ascending nasal process is short and forms a bony septum between the nares, tapering abruptly dorsally, where it briefly overlaps the nasals. the palatal shelf contacts the vomer, defines an incisive foramen, and contacts the maxillae laterally .\nthe parietal is in broad medial contact with its contralateral, the suture is straight in g. maculata and zigzags in g. megalepis, g. humbloti, and the ab specimen, although in the lattermost there is also partial fusion, rendering the suture faint. the parietal also contacts the postorbitofrontal anterolaterally, crista alaris of the prootic lateroventrally, and the squamosal posterolaterally. the bone is broad, curved downwards forming some lateral protection for the brain. it is subtrapezoidal in shape, its lateral and median margins subparallel, the anterior margin angled posteriorly along the frontoparietal suture, the posterior margin angled anteriorly. the posteroparietal process is long and thin in g. maculata and one specimen of g. humbloti, and broad and short in g. megalepis, one specimen of g. humbloti and the ab specimen, extending posterolaterally from the posterolateral corner of the parietal to contact with the squamosal .\npelvis (fig. 9): the pelvis is composed of fused paired ilia, ischia, and pubes. the ischiopubic fenestra formed by the ischia and pubes is cardioid in shape, anteriorly rounded at the medial symphysis of the pubes in g. maculata, but more pointed in g. megalepis and g. humbloti —this fenestra may be medially divided by a proischiadic cartilage, but only the posterior - most portion of this element is shown in our micro - ct scans .\navailable names. three junior synonyms currently exist within the genus geckolepis that must be considered as possible earlier names for g. megalepis: g. typica anomala mocquard, 1909, g. typica modesta methuen & hewitt, 1913, and g. petiti angel, 1942. synonymy of g. anomala, g. modesta, and g. petiti with g. typica was discussed at length by köhler et al. (2009). while this placement needs to be re - analysed in light of the genetic information produced by lemme et al. (2013), geckolepis megalepis can be distinguished easily from the type series of g. anomala, g. modesta, and g. petiti by its postmental scales (condition a / b vs. d in g. anomala, g. modesta, and g. petiti), and fewer scale rows at midbody (17–18 vs. 32 in g. anomala, 22–25 in g. modesta, and 28 in g. petiti) .\nthe maxilla possesses a large facial process and a relatively narrow palatal shelf, as well as a long posterior process, an anterior process, and an anterior maxillary lappet on the lingual side of the anterior process. the alveolar border bears deeply pleurodont, sharply pointed isodont teeth. tooth loci fluctuate between 35 and 40, 36 in g. megalepis and the ab specimen; g. maculata presents the lowest tooth count, with 35 tooth loci. the maxilla is pierced by four to six supralabial foramina. the posterior process is in contact with the jugal and ectopterygoid posteromedially. the palatal shelf contacts the anterior lateral process of the palatine posteriorly. the maxillary lappet contacts the vomer laterally and the premaxilla’s posterior palatine shelf ventrally, and does not extend to meet its contralateral. the anterior process contacts the premaxilla. the facial process is broad and dorsolaterally convex, its dorsal margin sloped downward from its posterior end to its anterior end, its posterior margin weakly (g. maculata, one specimen of g. humbloti) or strongly curved (g. megalepis, the ab specimen, and one specimen of g. humbloti) and in contact with the prefrontal; posterodorsally in contact with the frontal, and dorsally in contact with the nasal .\nthe nasal is nearly rectangular (except by the curved anterior edge that forms the posterodorsal margin of the nares), a small portion of the medial edge lies beneath the ascending nasal process of the premaxilla, and the anterolateral margin borders a small gap with the facial process of the maxilla; the lateral edge is straight in g. maculata, bulges slightly outward in g. megalepis and the ab specimen, and is curved with a lateral flange overlapping the maxillary facial process in g. humbloti (as seen in other geckos; evans, 2008); laterally in broad contact with maxillary facial process, and posteriorly in contact with the frontal. nasals are partially fused in the ab specimen .\nthe pubis curves from the anterior acetabulum ventrally and medially to the anterior symphysis with its contralateral at the front of the pelvis. it has a strong, medioventrally jutting pubic tubercle on the posterior portion of its lateral edge (see p. 138–145 in russell & bauer (2008) for discussion of terminology), which descends more or less vertically in g. maculata and g. humbloti, but is posteriorly curved in g. megalepis. medial to this is the concavo - convex pubic apron, the anterolateral edge of which runs anteromedially toward the medial symphysis with the contralateral pubis. the relatively large obturator foramen lies posterior to the pelvic tubercle, in line with the medial edge of the acetabulum .\nthe ectopterygoid is bent downward. it is anterolaterally in contact with the jugal, and posteriorly in ventrolateral contact with the anterolateral pterygoid flange. the bone’s downward bend is due to the more dorsal position of palatine and maxilla relative to the pterygoid. its medial margin is sigmoid in g. maculata and g. humbloti, variable in g. megalepis (wavy in zsm 2126 / 2007 but sigmoid in zsm 289 / 2004), and wavy in the ab specimen. the suborbital fenestra is roughly teardrop shaped, pointed anteriorly and rounded posteriorly, formed by the ectopterygoid laterally, pterygoid posteriorly, palatine anteromedially, and maxilla anterolaterally. the suborbital fenestra is broad in g. megalepis and the ab specimen and narrow in all the remaining specimens examined .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\nde silva, r. , milligan, h. t. , wearn, o. r. , wren, s. , zamin, t. , sears, j. , wilson, p. , lewis, s. , lintott, p. & powney, g .\nd' cruze et al. (2007) found that this species was common in the massif montagne des français. it was apparently rare around tsarakibany (durkin et al. 2011) .\nthere are no known species - specific conservation measures in place for this species. research is needed to determine the taxonomy of this species and to clarify apparent intraspecific differences in ecological requirements prior to any further conservation measures being implemented .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\nmadagascar, nossi be = nosy bé, nosy mitsio, nosy sakatia, nosy komba, grande comore (comoro island), mayotte, anfica, nosy fanihy .\nnote: tdwg regions are generated automatically from the text in the distribution field and not in every cases it works well. we are working on it .\nandersson, lars gabriel 1910. reptiles and batrachians from the north - west of madagascar collected by v. kaudern, 1906 - 1907. arkiv för zoologi 7 (7): 1 - 15 .\nandreone f. , f. glaw, r. a. nussbaum, c. j. raxworthy, m. vences, and < br / > j. e. randrianirina 2003. the amphibians and reptiles of nosy be (nw madagascar) and nearby islands: a case study of diversity and conservation of an insular fauna. journal of natural history 37 (17): 2119–2149\nbarbour, thomas 1918. vertebrata from madagascar. 2. amphibia and reptilia. bull. mus. comp. zool. harvard 61 (14): 479 - 489. - get paper here\nboulenger, g. a. 1885. catalogue of the lizards in the british museum (nat. hist .) i. geckonidae, eublepharidae, uroplatidae, pygopodidae, agamidae. london: 450 pp. - get paper here\ncarretero, m. a. ; harris, j. d. & rocha, s. 2005. recent observation of reptiles in the comoro islands (western indian ocean). herpetological bulletin (91): 19 - 28\nd' cruze, neil; jeremy sabel, katie green, jeffrey dawson, carlie gardner, janine robinson, georgina starkie, miguel vences, and frank glaw. 2007. the first comprehensive survey of amphibians and reptiles at montagne des francais, madagascar. herp. cons. biol. 2 (2): 87 - 99 - get paper here\nd’cruze, n. ; köhler, j. ; franzen, m & glaw, f. 2008. a conservation assessment of the amphibians and reptiles of the forêt d’ambre special reserve, north madagascar. madagascar conservation & development 3 (1): 44 - 54\nglaw, f. & vences, m. 1994. a fieldguide to the amphibians and reptiles of madagascar. vences & glaw verlag, köln (isbn 3 - 929449 - 01 - 3 )\nhawlitschek, oliver; boris brückmann, johannes berger, katie green, frank glaw 2011. integrating field surveys and remote sensing data to study distribution, habitat use and conservation status of the herpetofauna of the comoro islands. zookeys 144: 21 - 79 - get paper here\nhyde roberts, s. & c. daly 2014. a rapid herpetofaunal assessment of nosy komba island, northwestern madagascar, with new locality records for seventeen species. salamandra 50 (1): 18 - 26 - get paper here\nkrüger, jens 1999. neue erkenntnisse zur faunistik einiger reptilien madagaskars. salamandra 35 (2): 65 - 76 - get paper here\nmeirte, d. 1999. in: louette, m. , la faune terrestre de mayotte. annales sciences zoologiques, musée royal de l’afrique centrale, tervuren, belgique 284: 247 pp .\npeters, w. 1880. über die von hrn. j. m. hildebrandt auf nossi - bé und madagascar gasammelten säugethiere und amphibien. monatsberichte der königlich preussischen akademie der wissenschaften zu berlin 1880: 508 - 511. - get paper here\nrösler, h. 2000. kommentierte liste der rezent, subrezent und fossil bekannten geckotaxa (reptilia: gekkonomorpha). gekkota 2: 28 - 153\nrösler, herbert 1995. geckos der welt - alle gattungen. urania, leipzig, 256 pp .\nschönecker, p. & böhle, a. 2004. die geckogattungen madagaskars. draco 5 (19): 56 - 67 - get paper here\nvaillant, l. 1887. matériaux pour servir & l’historie herpétologique des iles comores. bulletin de la société philomathique de paris, 11: 131 - 136. - get paper here\nthis database is maintained by peter uetz (database content) and jakob hallermann, zoological museum hamburg (new species and updates) .\nthis is officially the worst photo from this madagascar trip that i kept. i spotted this gecko on the side of my sister' s bungalow while we were wrangling the\nthat had been in her bathroom. after i got this one shaky handheld photo from a distance, it ran up into the raffia roofing and was never seen again, though i looked many times over the course of a few days .\nhere is a list of all the reptiles and frogs i saw on this trip to madagascar .\nthe geckos in this genus are known for their very large scales that are connected very loosely to the skin and easily fall off when the lizard is touched. this one looks like it has remained untouched in the recent past .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ni' m so excited to have gotten these guys! they' ve been on my bucket list for a while and straight off the bat they are not how i expected them to be from the limited information i was able to find on them. instead of crazy fast untouchable, they were all easy free handled during my initial inspection of them. one is definitely dominant and has done some damage to the others though since they spent at least 24 hours housed together with almost no hides before i got them. all missing scales are from each other, not handling .\ni was told i should be able to get them sexed by posting vent shots here as well. being familiar with pores on gekko species and crested geckos, these guys have me stumped though i was told that once i realize what i' m looking for it will be much easier .\nwatching this one' s behavior, i' m betting this one is male .\ni' m thinking this one is female because the dominant one was courting and trying to mount this one .\ni didn' t see anything that looked like bulges either, but i' m not certain they are all mature either since i could find so little information. in order of the photo groupings they are 17. 5g, 9. 3g, 14. 2g, and 14. 6g which none look as though they could be considered under weight, but i don' t know what a normal weight is for adults .\ni don' t have any hands on experience with these yet, i' ve just been researching and talking to those who have worked with them. i' m told the males tend to be smaller and have noticeable, though not necessarily prominent hemipenal bulges. i' m supposed to have 2. 2 shipped to me as soon as the weather cooperates. i' ll try to get pictures for comparison once i have a chance (assuming they are properly sexed as well) .\npoor little guys look like they mauled the crap out of each other prior to you getting them .\ngecko time would love to have an article about these guys. it doesn' t have to be from someone with a lot of experience. it can be really interesting for people to read about how someone gets interested in an unusual gecko species, gets information about them, acquires them and then starts learning the\nreal story\nof taking care of them. if anyone is interested, please pm me or email (artport @ urltoken) and i can provide more information and suggestions. i' m a good editor, don' t be shy! aliza\neveryone looks much better a month later! and they' ve put on from 1. 8 to 5. 1 grams with the biggest now 22. 6 !\npowered by vbulletin® version 4. 2. 3 copyright © 2018 vbulletin solutions, inc. all rights reserved .\nsearch engine optimisation provided by dragonbyte seo v1. 4. 8 (lite) - vbulletin mods & addons copyright © 2018 dragonbyte technologies ltd. runs best on hivelocity hosting. user alert system provided by advanced user tagging (pro) - vbulletin mods & addons copyright © 2018 dragonbyte technologies ltd. forum advertisements provided by forum ads v2. 1. 0 patch level 2 (pro) - vbulletin mods & addons copyright © 2018 dragonbyte technologies ltd. © geckos unlimited 2013\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndisclaimer: itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available, and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties. however, it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes. while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available, ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party, wildlife statutes, regulations, and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register. for further information on u. s. legal requirements with respect to protected taxa, please contact the u. s. fish and wildlife service .\nthis is an open access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, reproduction and adaptation in any medium and for any purpose provided that it is properly attributed. for attribution, the original author (s), title, publication source (peerj) and either doi or url of the article must be cited .\nscherz md, daza jd, köhler j, vences m, glaw f .\nbased on the dna sequence data of lemme et al. (2013), otu d is the sister group of a clade containing otu ab from northern madagascar, and otu c which is widespread along madagascar’s east coast (fig. 1). otu ab occurs at sites north (e. g. , montagne d’ambre) and south (e. g. , manongarivo, nosy be) of the ankarana massif, the only site where otu d has so far been found. the genetic differentiation of otu d is strong, amounting to 6. 2% uncorrected pairwise sequence divergence in the mitochondrial 12s rrna gene compared to otu ab, and 7% to otu c. furthermore, otu d did not share haplotypes with otus ab and c in the nuclear gene cmos (lemme et al. , 2013) .\nspecimens were collected and euthanized before being fixed in 90% ethanol and transferred to 70% ethanol for long - term storage. the following institutional acronyms are used: université d’antananarivo département de biologie animale (uadba); zoologische staassammlung münchen (zsm); museum für naturkunde, berlin (zmb). field numbers (fgzc) refer to the zoological collections of f glaw. this study involved no experiments on living animals .\n( a) measurements and pholidosis of the head, drawn from the specimen in fig. 3a (small scales around the eye and nostril not depicted); (b) body measurements; (c) postmental scale conditions, adapted from lemme et al. (2013); (d) postnasal scale configuration types, adapted from köhler et al. (2009). scale counts in a: purple, canthal scales; blue, supralabials; red, infralabials. in c, cyan indicates mental scales and purple indicates postmental scales. for abbreviations and unillustrated characters, see materials and methods .\nmeasurements and meristics were performed by mds using a digital calliper (0. 01 mm precision) to the nearest 0. 1 mm. scale counts and finer measurements were performed using an olympus ® (tokyo, japan) szx - illk200 stereomicroscope .\nthe electronic version of this article in portable document format (pdf) will represent a published work according to the international commission on zoological nomenclature (iczn), and hence the new names contained in the electronic version are effectively published under that code from the electronic edition alone. this published work and the nomenclatural acts it contains have been registered in zoobank, the online registration system for the iczn. the zoobank lsids (life science identifiers) can be resolved and the associated information viewed through any standard web browser by appending the lsid to the prefix urltoken. the lsid for this publication is: urn: lsid: zoobank. org: pub: 12c9b971 - cf0f - 49b7 - 93b1 - 0a480aca9b53. the online version of this work is archived and available from the following digital repositories: peerj, pubmed central, and clockss .\nall field research and collecting of specimens was approved by the malagasy ministère de l’environnement, des eaux et des forêts (direction des eaux et forêts, def) under the following permits: 238 - minenvef / sg / dgef / dpb / scblf dated 14 november 2003; 298 / 06 - minenv. ef / sg / dgef / dpb / scblf / rech dated 22 december 2006; 036 / 08 meeft / sg / dgef / dsap / sse dated 30 january 2008; and 174 / 16 / meef / sg / dgf / dsap / scb, dated 25 july 2016. export of specimens was approved by the def under permits: 094c - ea03 / mg04, dated 1 march 2004; 051n - ea03 / mg07, dated 10 march 2007, and 270n - ea09 / mg16, dated 7 september 2016 .\n( figs. 3 – 9, table 1, appendices s1 and s2, video s1, fig. s1 )\nlsid: urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: 08097ca5 - 172e - 4f45 - ae68 - ac4e02bbc644\nholotype. zsm 2126 / 2007 (fgzc 1144), an adult of unknown sex, from the east side of ankarana national park (12. 9564°s, 49. 1172°e, ca. 150 m a. s. l .), antsiranana province, north madagascar, collected on 3 march 2007 by p bora, h enting, f glaw, a knoll & j köhler .\n( a) a specimen observed by a. anker (photograph used with permission); (b) a specimen observed by fg, and (c) a specimen photographed after scale loss, with inset indicating the transparent ‘tear zone’ at the base of a scale. none of the photographed animals were collected, but their attribution to g. megalepis is clear on the basis of the large size of their scales. note that the tails of all three specimens are regenerated .\n( a–c) the holotype, zsm 2126 / 2007; (d–f) paratype zsm 232 / 2016. shown in dorsal (a, d) and ventral (c, f) view, with a close - up view of the postmental scales (b, e) coloured for reference to fig. 1. scale bars indicate 10 mm. chin insets are not to scale .\nparatypes. zsm 289 / 2004 (fgzc 554), probably a subadult, sex unknown, from between mahamasina and the petit tsingy (exact coordinates not known, but ca. 12. 9558°s, 49. 1181°e, ca. 125 m a. s. l .), ankarana national park, antsiranana province, north madagascar, collected 25 february 2004 by f glaw, m puente & r randrianiaina; zsm 232 / 2016 (fgzc 5476), an adult of unknown sex, from the private forest of the ankarana lodge (12. 9613°s, 49. 1499°e, 134 m a. s. l .), ankarana massif, antsiranana province, north madagascar, collected 28 august 2016 by f glaw, k glaw, t glaw, jaques & na raharinoro; fgzc 1606 (uadba uncatalogued), sex and age unknown, from petit tsingy (ca. 12. 9558°s, 49. 1181°e, ca. 125 m a. s. l .), ankarana national park, antsiranana province, north madagascar, collected 12 february 2008 by n d’cruze, m franzen, f glaw & j köhler .\na this value includes the specimen figured in figs. 2 and 3a, and has a sample size of 4 .\ndescription of the holotype. (fig. 4) a large specimen in a moderately good state of preservation. several scales missing from dorsum and the left knee, and a few older scars on the venter; tail detached but preserved, presumably autotomized during or after capture .\ncolouration in preservative: head dorsally homogenously greyish brown, laterally greyishbrown flecked with darker and lighter areas posterior to eye and below mouth; no obvious dark lateral stripe; dorsal scales greyish brown flecked with dark and pale spots; legs as dorsum; ventrally dirty white; tail greyish brown with four dark transverse markings that do not continue onto the whitish ventral surface; exposed dorsal skin brown, ventral skin whitish. no information exists regarding the life colouration of the specimen .\n( lepís) meaning ‘scale’, and refers to the large size of the scales of this species in comparison to its congeners and other geckos, which aids also in its diagnosis .\n( a) dorsal, (b) ventral, (c) lateral, (d) labial, and (e) lingual view. abbreviations: adf, anterior inferior dental foramen; amf, anterior mylohyoid foramen; ar, articular facet; asnp, ascending nasal process of premaxilla; bo, basioccipital; bp, basipterygoid process of parabasisphenoid; ch, choana; cob, compound bone; cor, coronoid; d, dentary; dpp, descending parietal process; ect, ectopterygoid; ept, epipterygoid; f, frontal; hscc, horizontal semi - circular canal; if, incisive foramen; j, jugal; larst, lateral aperture of the recessus scalae tympani; mdf, mandibular fossa; mf, mental foramen; mko, opening of the meckelian canal, mx, maxilla; mx. ap, anterior process of maxilla; mx. fp, facial process of maxilla; mx. pp, posterior process of maxilla; urltoken, palatal shelf of maxilla; n, nasal; occ, occipital condyle; oto, otooccipital; pal, palatine; urltoken, maxillary process of palatine; pal. vf, vomerine flange of palatine; par, parietal; pbsh, parabasisphenoid; pmx, premaxilla; pmx. pps, premaxilla palatal shelf; pof, postorbitofrontal; pop, paroccipital process; ppp, posterolateral process of parietal; prf, prefrontal; pro, prootic; urltoken, crista alaris of prootic; pro. cp, crista prootica of prootic; psaf, posterior surangular foramen; pscc, posterior semicircular canal; pt, pterygoid; pt. qp, quadrate process of pterygoid; q, quadrate; urltoken, conch of quadrate; rap, retroarticular process; s, stapes; saf, surangular foramen; scr, sclerotic ring; smx, septomaxilla; spl, splenial; sof, suborbital fenestra; sq, squamosal, so, supraoccipital; spht, sphenooccipital tubercle; tbr, trabeculae; v, vomer; v. lp, lateral process of vomer; urltoken, maxillary process of vomer. a rotational video of the skull is provided in video s1 .\n( a) lateral and (b) dorsal view. abbreviations: lb, lumbar; sc, sacral. regions are indicated by the posterodorsal - most point of the neural arches .\n( a) ventral and (b) lateral view. abbreviations: 1cf, primary coracoid fenestra; 2cf, secondary coracoid fenestra; acr, acromion process; cf, clavicular fenestra; cl, clavicle; cor, coracoid; ic, interclavicle; gf, glenoid fossa; hu, humerus; hu. c, humeral condyle; hu. dtp, deltopectoral crest of humerus; urltoken, ectepicondylar crest of humerus; hu. hc, humeral crest of humerus; mc, metacarpal; ms, mesosternum; p, phalanges; ps, presternum; pu, patella ulnaris; r, radius; rl, radiale; s, scapula; sc. 1c, primary coracoid ray of scapulocoracoid; sc. 2c, secondary coracoid ray of scapulocoracoid; scf, scapulocoracoid fenestra; sf, scapular fenestra; ss, suprascapula; urltoken, scapular ray of scapulocoracoid; sr, sternal ribs; sucf, supracoracoid foramen; u, ulna; ul, ulnare; xs, xiphisternum .\n( a) dorsal and (b) lateral view. abbreviations: ac, acetabulum; ag, astragalocalcaneum; ep, epipubis; f, femur; fb, fibula; urltoken, internal trochanter; urltoken f, intertrochanteric fossa; f. fc, femoral condyle; hyi, hypoischium; il, ilium; il. pap, preacetabular process of ilium; is, ischium; is. t, ischiadic tuberosity; ltp, lenticular tibial patella; mt, metatarsals; of, obturator foramen; p, phalanges; pic, proischiadic cartilage; pb, pubis; urltoken, processus lateralis of pubis; pc, post - cloacal bone; pt, pubic tubercle; tb, tibia; tf, thyroid fenestra .\nthe mineralized scales were digitally removed from all the ct scans to facilitate rendering of the underlying bone surface and sculpturing. we also digitally removed the endolymphatic sacs .\ncranium: nares oriented anteriorly, bordered medially by premaxilla, ventrally by premaxilla and maxilla, laterally by facial process of the maxilla, and dorsally by nasals. the orbits are incomplete posteriorly, and they accommodate the majority of the circular eye (as defined by the sclerotic ring). the orbits are oriented anterolaterally, possibly enabling some field of vision overlap. they are formed by the maxilla and jugal ventrally, prefrontal anteriorly, frontal dorsally, and postfrontal posterodorsally. a sclerotic ring is present, composed of 14 bones .\nthe prefrontal is strongly convex and has an extensive overlap with the facial process of the maxilla, leaving the exposed surface roughly crescent - shaped in all species (slightly more crescentic in g. megalepis and some individuals of g. humbloti). the posterior edge is weakly bowed and curves posteromedially forming the orbito - nasal flange. dorsally it is distantly separated from the postorbitofrontal. the prefrontal and the maxilla bound the lacrimal foramen .\nthe frontals remain paired and unfused—this state may however change with age, as the ab specimen has at least partially fused frontals, although a partial suture is still visible anteriorly and posteriorly (see fig. 10a). it is in anterior contact with the nasal (straight or slightly concave suture), lateral contact to the facial process of the maxilla (concave suture) and the prefrontal (convex suture), posterolateral contact with the postorbitofrontal (which clasps the frontoparietal suture), and an extensive frontoparietal suture that is weakly curved anteriorly. the anterior end is overlapped by the nasal bones, and the visible portion is roughly half the width of the posterior end, the narrowest point being at the interorbital point. the subolfactory processes of the frontals contact each other but they remain separated, so there is also no ventral fusion. this condition is extremely rare in gekkotans, known only in the fossil gobekko cretacicus (daza, bauer & snively, 2013). the crista cranii of the frontals are sutured to the medial side of the posterodorsal process of the prefrontal, thereby forming the dorsal and anterior orbital ridge. the frontal lacks significantly extended anteromedial and anterolateral processes .\nthe jugal is elongated and slender with tapered ends. it extends from the posterior process of the maxilla anteriorly along its medial edge, in contact with the ectopterygoid ventromedially, almost extending far enough forward to meet the palatine and participate in the lacrimal foramen .\nthe postorbitofrontal is laminar: thin, short, and curved, extending just anterior and posterior to frontoparietal suture and bracing it (daza et al. , 2008; rieppel, 1984) in contact with frontal anteromedially and parietal posteromedially. it lacks a discrete free process for the attachment of the postorbital ligament (evans, 2008), which might instead be anchored to the body of the bone .\nthe quadrate has a deep indentation in the conch. this bone meets the quadrate process of the pterygoid ventrally and has suspension formed by ligaments of the squamosal and the paroccipital processes; it is not in direct contact with any other bones. it has a thick central column and a thin, posterolaterally directed conch that lacks an obvious squamosal notch dorsally. its cephalic condyle is dorsomedial and not strongly expanded. its mandibular condyle is concave. it possesses a large foramen in the ventral half of the conch .\nthe septomaxilla is very thin, u - shaped, in anterior contact with the premaxilla, otherwise suspended in the nasal capsule. its medial arm contacts the contralateral, separated anteriorly by a small foramen lying dorsal to the incisive foramen of the vomer. the lateral arm ascends slightly, and is long and cuneate with a sculpted lateral surface .\nthe palatine is squarish, with rounded lateral and medial edges. the vomerine flange and maxillary process are slender and subequal in length, together forming the border of the choana. the vomerine flange lies parallel to the posterior processes of the vomer and rests on a notch on the body of the vomer; the maxillary process contacts the maxilla’s palatal shelf laterally. the palatine forms the anteromedial border of the suborbital fenestra. the bone is without an obvious pterygoid process but possesses a posteroventral shelf where the palatine process of the pterygoid overlaps it. lateral to this overlap, the bone borders a slit extending medially from the suborbital fenestra between the palatine and pterygoid. the medial edge of the palatine forms the lateral border of the interpterygoid vacuity. the lateral face of the palatine is in contact with the anterolingual end of the ectopterygoid. the pterygopalatine joint is oblique .\nthe pterygoid is roughly y - shaped, with a brief anteromedial articulation with the palatine and anterodorsal articulation with the ectopterygoid, articulating with the epipterygoid at the fossa columellae, and contacting the quadrate posterolaterally. the pterygoid has a palatine process anteromedially and a sculpted anterior border that is straight lateral to the palatine process, forming the posterior border of the slit extending medially from the suborbital fenestra—then concave, forming the posterior border of the suborbital fenestra—then extending anteriorly again to form the pterygoid flange in contact with ectopterygoid, practically excluding the ectopterygoid from the posterior margin of the suborbital fenestra; also forming the posterolateral border of the interpterygoid vacuity. the facet that contacts the basipterygoid process is porous. in lateral view, the quadrate process curves laterally beyond this point and the fossa columellae to below the quadrate .\nthe basioccipital underlies most of the braincase, is slightly wider than long, and lacks a distinct basal tubera. it is in contact with the parabasisphenoid anteriorly, otooccipitals laterally, and forms the ventral component of the foramen magnum. it is excluded from participation in the lateral aperture of the recessus scala tympani by the otooccipital. it is posterolaterally bordered by anteroventral extensions of the otooccipitals forming the sphenooccipital tubercle, which is connected to a sharp crista tuberalis .\nthe parabasisphenoid is in contact with the prootic dorsally and basioccipital posteriorly. it possesses a short, pointed parasphenoid rostrum, which is an extension of the squared anterior ends of the cristae trabeculae. the basipterygoid processes diverge anterolaterally, broadening distally, with flat, curved distal ends forming a synovial joint with the corresponding fossa of the posterior pterygoid (payne, holliday & vickaryous, 2011). the vidian bridge extends to the base of the basipterygoid process from the crista prootica of the prootic. posteriorly, the crista sellaris forms the anterior wall of the sella turcica. it has two pairs of anterior openings: carotid canals opening anteromedially, and the anterior openings of the vidian canal anterolaterally, parallel to the basipterygoid processes .\nthe supraoccipital contacts the prootic anteriorly and otooccipitals ventrally, forming the dorsal edge of the foramen magnum. the posterior semi - circular canal extends posteriorly to the dorsal margin of the foramen magnum. the supraoccipital has a pair of dorsal tubercles that project dorsally without contacting the parietal; these tubercles are on either side of the midline of the holotype of g. megalepis, but are not strongly raised in any other specimen examined .\nthe prootic is thin and has a prominent, triangular crista alaris. it is in contract with the descending parietal process dorsally, the parabasisphenoid anteroventrally, supraoccipital posterodorsally, otooccipital posteroventrally, and almost in contact with the epipterygoid at the end of the crista alaris. the posterolateral margin forms the anterior wall of the fenestra ovalis, and the posteromedial surface forms the anterolateral wall of the brain case. the anterior semi - circular canal runs through the base of the alary process and crista alaris. the horizontal semicircular canal and the ampullar bulge are visible in the posterior edge of the prootic. a projection from the crista alaris extends anteromedially down to the crista sellaris of the sphenoid and contains the trigeminal foramen (daza, bauer & snively, 2013), flaring also anterolaterally to the level of the epipterygoid from the base of the crista alaris .\nthe otooccipital is in contact with the prootic anteriorly, basioccipital ventromedially, supraoccipital dorsally, and the squamosal on the anterior face of the distal end of the paroccipital process. the horizontal and posterior semi - circular canals are visible as a bulge in posterior view. the occipital recess is enclosed in its posteroventral face. anterodistally it projects ventrally to participate in the sphenooccipital tubercle with the basioccipital. the paroccipital process is long and thin, but broad dorsoventrally .\nthe foramen magnum is suboval, formed by the supraoccipital dorsally, otooccipitals lateroventrally, and basioccipital ventrally. the occipital condyles are double, formed by the otooccipitals laterally and the basioccipitals medially .\nthe splenial is a thin, triangular, and flat bone that forms the medial wall of the meckelian canal, posterior to the tubular portion. it has two discrete foramina, the anterior inferior dental foramen and the anterior mylohyoid foramen .\nthe coronoid has a strong and fin - like dorsal eminence with a broadened anterior edge, but its precise shape varies within species. it inserts into the dentary at the level of the last or penultimate tooth (except on one side of the jaw of the ab specimen, as mentioned above). the posteromedial process reaches the middle of the surangular, anterior to the distinct mandibular fossa. the triangular splenial is present on the lingual surface of the mandible, in contact with the posteromedial surface of the dentary, the lingual anteroventral face of the coronoid, and the lingual surface of the surangular .\nthe dorsal edge of the surangular portion of the compound bone is concave. the meckelian canal is closed, extending into the dentary from the adductor fossa. surangular and posterior surangular foramina are located in the labial side of the compound bone. an external foramen for the chorda tympani is present at the base of the retroarticular process of the compound bone. the length, width, and concavity of the retroarticular process are variable within species probably due to scaling of the jaw muscles. the retroarticular process is strongly laterally notched, with a medial ridge on its articular surface .\naxial skeleton (fig. 7): 26 presacral, two sacral, and a varying number of caudal vertebrae are present (the total number cannot be ascertained due to autotomized or regenerated tails in all scanned specimens). of the presacrals, eight are cervical (defined as being anterior to the first vertebra possessing a rib reaching the sternum), sixteen or seventeen are thoracic (rib - bearing), and one or two lack ossified ribs and are thus considered lumbars .\nthe atlas has an unfused neural arch, which is also not fused to the centrum, each side with a short dorsolateral posterior projection not overlying the axis. the odontoid process of the axis extends forward between the walls of atlas and into the braincase, fitting in between the occipital condyles. the anterior three cervical vertebrae (atlas, axis, and third cervical) lack ribs. the following five bear ribs of increasing length, all of which are to some degree dorsoventrally broadened .\nthe vertebrae are notochordal amphicoelous type (romer, 1956). the ribs of the first four thoracic vertebrae reach the sternum—the fourth via the xiphisternum—followed by seven vertebrae articulating with long, posteriorly arching ribs distally associated with postxiphisternal inscriptional ribs, followed by five or six vertebrae possessing shorter ribs gradually becoming more posteriorly curved (see fig. 7b); one or two lumbar vertebrae follow that are similar in shape to the posterior thoracic vertebrae but lack ribs .\nthe sacral pleurapophysis of the first sacral vertebra juts slightly posteriorly, articulating distally with the pelvic girdle. the posterodistal edge is fused to the anterior edge of the pleurapophysis of the second sacral vertebra, forming the foramen sacrale. the second sacral vertebra possesses a dorsoventrally thin posterior crest comprising almost half the distal breadth of the pleurapophysis (with asymmetrically emarginated distal edges in g. megalepis specimens: more emarginated on the left than the right in zsm 2126 / 2007 and right than left in zsm 289 / 2004) ;\npectoral girdle (fig. 8): the pectoral girdle is comprised of paired clavicles, epicoracoids, and scapulocoracoids, and a non - paired interclavicle and presternum .\nthe presternum is kite - shaped, and varies in ossification levels from poorly to fully ossified. it has a synchondrotic articulation with the first three sternal ribs along its posterolateral border, but lacks distinct facets for these. its anterolateral edges are thickened to form the coracosternal groove. no frontanelles are present. the mesosternal extension of the xiphisternum is variably long, but poorly ossified .\nthe sagittal interclavicle is posteriorly arrowhead - shaped, and extends less than one third into the sternum. it is anteriorly elongated, tubular and tapering, extending between the clavicles but not beyond them .\nthe clavicle curves posteriorly and dorsally from the midline. it articulates with the ossified acromion process of the poorly ossified suprascapula. it is angled posterolaterally, with a broadly expanded but dorsoventrally flat medial portion—containing a large, oblong clavicular fenestra—and slender curving lateral portion. it articulates at the midline with its contralateral and the interclavicle, and is dorsally exceeded or at least overlapped by the epicoracoid cartilage and parts of the suprascapular rays .\nforelimbs (fig. 8): the humerus is marginally longer than the radius and ulna. it is somewhat sigmoidal in dorsal view, with expanded proximal and distal ends. the proximal end is slightly less broad than the distal end. it possesses prominent humeral and deltopectoral crests (the latter with a sharp break separating it from the rest of the proximal humerus dorsally), as well as a moderately developed ectepicondylar crest and ectepicondyle. the bicipital fossa is deeply concave. the ectepicondylar foramen is visible in posterior view. in summary, it is fairly typical of gekkonids (russell & bauer, 2008) .\nthe radius is long and thin, slightly dorsoventrally flattened and weakly curved, with its distal articulatory facet with a distinct processus styloideus; its distal end articulates with the radiale posteriorly. the ulna is slender, dorsoventrally flattened, and straight, narrowing distally, but flaring at its distal end, where it articulates with the ulnare laterally and pisciform ventrally. the olecranon process is clearly distinct, and proximal to it, on the articular surface of the humerus, lies the sesamoid patella ulnaris, which is rounded. the internal face of the olecranon process forms a smooth sigmoid notch." ]

{ "text": [ "geckolepis maculata is a species of gecko that is commonly found in madagascar .", "the gecko has large scales , large legs , and is chestnut-cream with black bands .", "its common names are peters ' spotted gecko and golden fish scaled gecko . " ], "topic": [ 27, 1, 1 ] }

[ "geckolepis maculata is a species of gecko that is commonly found in madagascar. the gecko has large scales, large legs, and is chestnut-cream with black bands. its common names are peters' spotted gecko and golden fish scaled gecko." ]

[ "the rainbow whiptail (cnemidophorus lemniscatus) is an whiptail or ameiva lizard that lives in south america. it has dazzling colors of green, blue and orange. they are omnivores and eat anything from rodents to snails .\nwalker, james m. and bryce hach. 2016. cnemidophorus lemniscatus (rainbow whiptail) abundance and habitats in florida. herpetological review 47 (2): 296\nbarragan - contreras, leidy alejandra and calderón - espinosa, martha l. 2016. cnemidophorus lemniscatus (rainbow whiptail) diet; active plant consumption herpetological review 47 (4): 667\nbutterfield, brian p. ; j. brian hauge, anthony flanagan, and james m. walker 2009. identity, reproduction, variation, ecology, and geographic origin of a florida adventive: cnemidophorus lemniscatus (rainbow whiptail lizard, sauria: teiidae) southeastern naturalist 8 (1): 45–54\nwhen you buy a rainbow whiptail lizard from us, you receive our 100% ironclad live arrival guarantee. please read the details of our guarantee before ordering. because we responsibly offer reptiles for sale online (as well as amphibians, tarantulas, and scorpions), we reserve the right to delay your order upon the fairly rare occurrence of unacceptable weather conditions. this is strictly for the safety of the animal (s), and you will be notified by e - mail if this does occur .\ncole c j; dessauer h c 1993. unisexual and bisexual whiptail lizards of the cnemidophorus lemniscatus complex (squamata: teiidae) of the guiana region, south america, with descriptions of new species. american museum novitates 3081: 1 - 30 - get paper here\nwe have some colorful rainbow whiptails for sale at rock bottom pricing. these south american insectivorous lizards attain a medium size and are as vibrantly colored as any reptile in the world. they thrive in captivity and are rarely available within the hobby. when you buy a lizard from us, you automatically receive our 100% live arrival guarantee .\nreeder, t. w. ; charles j. cole and herbert c. dessauer 2002. phylogenetic relationships of whiptail lizards of the genus cnemidophorus (squamata: teiidae): a test of monophyly, reevaluation of karyotypic evolution, and review of hybrid origins. american museum novitates 3365: 1 - 64 - get paper here\nmarkezich, a. l. et al. 1997. the blue and green whiptail lizards (squamata: teiidae: cnemidophorus) of the peninsula de paraguana, venezuela: systematics, ecology, descriptions of two new taxa, and relationships to whiptails of the guianas. american museum novitates (3207): 1 - 60 - get paper here\nthe number of species increased from 10, 711 to 10, 793, i. e. an increase of 82 species. 66 new species have been described, 9 species have been revalidated from synonymy and 16 subspecies were elevated to full species ...\nover the past 4 months, the number of species increased from 10, 639 to 10, 711 .\nthe number of species has grown from 10, 544 in the may release to now 10, 639 (+ 95 species) .\noverall, 212 new taxa have been added or changed their status or name .\nthe reptile database is a taxonomic database that provides basic information about all living reptile species, such as turtles, snakes, lizards, and crocodiles, as well as tuataras and amphisbaenians, but does not include dinosaurs .\ncurrently there are more than 10, 000 species and an additional 2, 700 subspecies. this is making reptiles the largest vertebrate group after fish (~ 25, 000 species) and birds (~ 10, 000 species), and significantly larger than mammals (~ 5, 000 species) or amphibians (~ 6, 000 species) .\nthe reptile database provides taxonomic information for the catalogue of life and the encyclopedia of life. our taxonomic information has also been used by genbank and many other resources and is the only comprehensive reptile database on the web .\nthe reptile database can be used to find all species within a certain geographic area (e. g. all snakes of egypt). its collection of more than 2, 500 images allow users to identify a species or at least get an idea how the species or genus may look like. more than 30, 000 references provide a guide to further information .\nthis database is maintained by peter uetz (database content) and jakob hallermann, zoological museum hamburg (new species and updates) .\nlacerta lemniscata linnaeus 1758: 209 cnemidophorus lemniscatus — duméril & bibron 1839: 129 cnemidophorus scutata gray 1845: 21 (fide boulenger 1885: 364) cnemidophorus lemniscatus — cope 1876: 164 cnemidophorus lemniscatus lemniscatus — maslin & secoy 1986 cnemidophorus gramivagus mccrystal & dixon 1987: 245 cnemidophorus lemniscatus — conant & collins 1991: 126 cnemidophorus cryptus cole & dessauer 1993: 20 cnemidophorus pseudolemniscatus cole & dessauer 1993: 23 cnemidophorus lemniscatus — schwartz & henderson 1991: 384 cnemidophorus lemniscatus — köhler 2000: 100 cnemidophorus lemniscatus — mcnish 2011 cnemidophorus lemniscatus espeuti — harvey et al. 2012 cnemidophorus lemniscatus lemniscatus — harvey et al. 2012\ntrinidad, tobago, pato, margarita, coche, cubagua, aruba, st. thomas, swan, milford, isla san andres, isla de providencia, isla st. catalina; elevation: 100 - 400 m\nnote: tdwg regions are generated automatically from the text in the distribution field and not in every cases it works well. we are working on it .\nsyntypes: nrm (nhrm), three specimens. lectotype: nrm 126 (designated by cole and dessauer (1993: 18) ;\nzmuu linnaean collection 15x” (designated as the lectotype by maslin and secoy 1986: 25) syntypes: bmnh 1946. 8. 8 - 61 [ scutata ]\navila - pires, t. c. s. 1995. lizards of brazilian amazonia (reptilia: squamata). zoologische verhandelingen 299: 1 - 706 - get paper here\nblanco - torres, argelina; lina báez s. , edgar patiño - flores, juan m. renjifo - r. 2013. herpetofauna from the middle valley of the ranchería river, la guajira, colombia rev. biodivers. neotrop. 3 (2): 113 - 22\nburt, c. e. 1931. a study of the teiid lizards of the genus cnemidophorus with special reference to their phylogenetic relationships. bull. us natl. mus. 154: 286 pp. - get paper here\ncastro - herrera, f. & vargas - salinas, f. 2008. anfibios y reptiles en el departamento del valle del cauca, colombia. biota colombiana 9 (2): 251 - 277 - get paper here\ncohn, l. 1904. die schenkelporen des cnemidophorus lemniscatus - daud. zool. anz. 27: 185 - 192\ncole, charles j. ; carol r. townsend, robert p. reynolds, ross d. macculloch, and amy lathrop 2013. amphibians and reptiles of guyana, south america: illustrated keys, annotated species accounts, and a biogeographic synopsis. proceedings of the biological society of washington 125 (4): 317 - 578; plates: 580 - 620 - get paper here\ncolli, g. r. et al. 2003. a critically endangered new species of cnemidophorus (squamata, teiidae) from a cerrado enclave in southwestern amazonia, brazil. herpetologica 59 (1): 76 - 88 - get paper here\nconant, r. & collins, j. t. 1991. a field guide to reptiles and amphibians of eastern / central north america, 3rd ed. houghton mifflin (boston / new york), xx + 450 p .\ndisi, ahmad; zuhair s. amr, nashat hamidan 2014. diversity, threats, and conservation of the terrestrial and freshwater herpetofauna of jordan. russ. j. herpetol. 21 (3): 221 - 233 - get paper here\ndixon, james r. ; staton, mark a. 1977. arboriality in the teiid lizard cnemidophorus lemniscatus (reptilia, lacertilia, teiidae) in the venezuelan llanos. journal of herpetology 11 (1): 108 - 111 - get paper here\nduméril, a. m. c. and g. bibron. 1839. erpétologie générale on histoire naturelle complète des reptiles. vol. 5. roret / fain et thunot, paris, 871 pp. - get paper here\ngasc, j. p. ; lescure, j. ; peccinini - seale, d. 1994. unisexualite et vaste repartition: le cas de cnemidophorus lemniscatus (reptilia, teiidae) dans le complexe guyano amazonien. biogeographica 70: 33 - 39\ngibbons, whit; judy greene, and tony mills 2009. lizards and crocodilians of the southeast. university of georgia press, 240 pp .\ngorzula, stefan & senaris, j. celsa 1999. in: contribution to the herpetofauna of the venezuelan guayana. i: a data base. scientia guaianae, caracas, no. 8 [ 1998 ], 269 + pp. ; isbn 980 - 6020 - 48 - 0\ngutsche, a. 2005. beobachtungen zu natürlichen inkubationsbedingungen von cnemidophorus lemniscatus (linnaeus, 1758) (sauria: teiidae) auf der isla de utila, honduras. sauria 27 (2): 13–16 - get paper here\nharvey, michael b. ; gabriel n. ugueto & ronald l. gutberlet, jr. 2012. review of teiid morphology with a revised taxonomy and phylogeny of the teiidae (lepidosauria: squamata). zootaxa 3459: 1–156 - get paper here\nhoogmoed, m. s. , & lescure, j. 1975. an annotated checklist of the lizards of french guiana, mainly based on two recent collections. zoologische mededelingen 49 (13): 141 - 172. - get paper here\nhummelinck, p. w. 1940. studies on the fauna of curacao, aruba, bonaire and the venezuelan islands: no. 2. a survey of the mammals, lizards and mollusks. [' gymnophthalmus laevicaudus: 80 ]. studies on the fauna of curacao and other caribbean islands. 1: 59—108\nköhler, g. 2000. reptilien und amphibien mittelamerikas, bd 1: krokodile, schildkröten, echsen. herpeton verlag, offenbach, 158 pp .\nkornacker, paul m. ; dederichs, ursula 1997. herpetologische eindrücke einer venezuelareise. elaphe 5 (3): 87 - 96\nköhler, g. 1996. das portrait: cnemidophorus lemniscatus (linnaeus). sauria 18 (2): 1 - 2 - get paper here\nlee, j. c. 2000. a field guide to the amphibians and reptiles of the maya world. cornell university press, ithaca ,\nlinares, antônio meira and paula cabral eterovick 2013. herpetofaunal surveys support successful reconciliation ecology in secondary and human - modified habitats at the inhotim institute, southeastern brazil. herpetologica 69 (2): 237 - 256. - get paper here\nlinnaeus, c. 1758. systema naturæ per regna tria naturæ, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. tomus i. editio decima, reformata. laurentii salvii, holmiæ. 10th edition: 824 pp. - get paper here\nlowe, charles h. , jr; wright, john w. ; cole, charles j. ; bezy, robert l. 1970. chromosomes and evolution of the species groups of cnemidophorus (reptilia: teiidae). systematic zoology 19: 128 - 141\nmaslin, t. & secoy, d. m. 1986. a checklist of the lizard genus cnemidophorus (teiidae). contr. zool. univ. colorado mus. 1: 1 - 60\nmccranie, j. & castañeda, f. e. 2005. the herpetofauna of parque nacional pico bonito, honduras. phyllomedusa 4 (1): 3 - 16 - get paper here\nmcnish, t. 2011. la fauna del archipiélago de san andrés, providencia y santa catalina, colombia, sudamérica. colomba andina de impresos, isbn 978 - 958 - 99518 - 1 - 1\nmedina - rangel, guido fabián 2013. cambio estacional en el uso de los recursos de la comunidad de reptiles en el complejo cenagoso de zapatosa, departamento del cesar (colombia). caldasia 35 (1): 103 - 122\nmelo h. , a. i. & e. p. pino s. 2008. estructura y abundancia poblacional de ameiva ameiva y cnemidophorus lemniscatus (sauria: teiidae) en el sector nororiental del embalse el guájaro, la peña, departamento del atlántico, colombia. herpetotropicos 4 (1): 31 - 37 - get paper here\nmertens, r. 1972. herpetofauna tobagana. stuttgarter beitr. zur naturkunde nr. 252 22 pp. - get paper here\nmeshaka jr. , walter e. 2011. a runaway train in the making: the exotic amphibians, reptiles, turtles, and crocodilians of florida. herp. cons. biol. 6 (monograph 1): 1 - 101 - get paper here\nmontgomery, c. e. , reed, r. n. , shaw, h. j. , boback, s. m. & walker, j. m. 2007. distribution, habitat, size and color pattern of cnemidophorus lemniscatus (sauria: teiidae) on cayo cochino pequeno, honduras. southwestern naturalist. 51 (1): 38 - 45 - get paper here\nmontgomery, chad e. ; scott m. boback, stephen e. w. green, mark a. paulissen, and james m. walker 2011. cnemidophorus lemniscatus (squamata: teiidae) on cayo cochino pequeno, honduras: extent of island occupancy, natural history, and conservation status. herp. cons. biol. 6 (1): 10 - 24 - get paper here\nmorato, s. a. a. ; calixto, p. o. ; mendes, l. r. ; gomes, r. ; galatti, u. ; trein, f. l. ; oliveira, f. s. ; ferreira, g. n. 2014. guia fotográfico de identificação da herpetofauna da floresta nacional de saracá - taquera, estado do pará. curitiba: stcp engenharia de projetos ltda. ; porto trombetas: mrn – mineração rio do norte s. a. ; 213 p. - get paper here\npetix, s. 1996. parthenogenesis; advantageous or not for a species. reptile & amphibian magazine (feb 1996): 72 -\npresch, w. 1971. tongue structure of the teiid lizard genera ameiva and cnemidophorus with a reallocation of ameiva vanzoi. journal of herpetology 5: 183 - 185 - get paper here\nribeiro - júnior, marco a. , silvana amaral 2016. catalogue of distribution of lizards (reptilia: squamata) from the brazilian amazonia. iii. anguidae, scincidae, teiidae zootaxa 4205 (5): 401–430\nrivas fuenmayor, gilson and cesar luis barrio amorós 2005. new amphibian and reptile records from cojedes state, venezuela. herpetological review 36 (2): 205 - 209. - get paper here\nrivas, gilson a. ; césar r. molina, gabriel n. ugueto, tito r. barros, césar l. bar - rio - amorós & philippe j. r. kok 2012. reptiles of venezuela: an updated and commented checklist. zootaxa 3211: 1–64 - get paper here\nrocha, c. f. d. et al. 2000. new cnemidophorus (squamata: teiidae) from coastal rio de janeiro state, southeastern brazil. copeia 2000 (2): 501 - 509 - get paper here\nsavage, j. m. 2002. the amphibians and reptiles of costa rica: a herpetofauna between two continents, between two seas. university of chicago press, 934 pp. [ review in copeia 2003 (1): 205 ]\nschall, j. j. 1973. relations among three macroteiid lizards on aruba island. journal of herpetology 7 (3): 289 - 95 - get paper here\nschleich, h. - h. 1982. bemerkungen zur herpetologie von san andres (karibik, kolumbien) mit freilandbeobachtungen an anolis concolor cope und cnemidophorus lemniscatus lemniscatus (linne). herpetofauna 4 (19): 16 - 19 - get paper here\nschwartz, a. & henderson, r. w. 1991. amphibians and reptiles of the west indies. university of florida press, gainesville, 720 pp .\nseñaris, j. celsa; maría matilde aristeguieta padrón, haidy rojas gil y fernando j. m. rojas - runjaic 2018. guía ilustrada de los anfibios y reptiles del valle de caracas, venezuela. ediciones ivic, instituto venezolano de investigaciones científicas (ivic). caracas, venezuela. 348 pp .\nsilva, f. m. ; a. c. menks; a. l. c. prudente; j. c. l. costa; a. e. m. travassos; u. galatti. 2011. squamate reptiles from municipality of barcarena and surroundings, state of pará, north of brazil. check list 7 (3): 220 - 226\nsmith, c. a. & krysko, k. l. 2007. distributional comments on the teiid lizards (squamata: teiidae) of florida with a key to species. carib. j. sci. 43 (2): 260 - 265 - get paper here\nsunyer, j. ; townsend, j. h. ; wilson, l. d. ; travers, s. l. ; obando, a. ; páiz, g. ; griffith, d. m. & köhler, g. 2009. three new country records or reptiles from nicaragua. salamandra 45 (3): 186 - 190 - get paper here\ntaylor, e. h. 1956. a review of the lizards of costa rica. univ. kansas sci. bull. 38 (part 1): 3 - 322 - get paper here\nugueto, gabriel n. and michael b. harvey 2010. southern caribbean cnemidophorus (squamata: teiidae): description of new species and taxonomic status of c. murinus ruthveni burt. herpetological monographs 24 (1): 111 - 148 - get paper here\nvaldivieso, d. & j. r. tamsitt 1963. a check list and key to the amphibian and reptiles of providencia and san andres. carib. j. sci. 3 (2 / 3): 77 - 79\nvalencia - zuleta a, jaramillo - martínez af, echeverry - bocanegra a, viáfara - vega r, hernández - córdoba o, cardona - botero ve, gutiérrez - zúñiga j, castro - herrera f. 2014. conservation status of the herpetofauna, protected areas, and current problems in valle del cauca, colombia. amphibian & reptile conservation 8 (2): 1–18 (e87) - get paper here\nvanzolini, p. e. 1970. unisexual cnemidophorus lemniscatus in the amazonas valley: a preliminary note (sauria, teiidae). papéis avulsos de zoologia 23 (7): 62 - 68\nvitt, laurie j. ; de carvalho, celso morato 1995. niche partitioning in a tropical wet season: lizards in the lavrado area of northern brazil. copeia 1995 (2): 305 - 329 - get paper here\nvyas, d. k. ; moritz, c. ; peccinini - seale, d. ; wright, j. w. ; brown, w. m. 1990. the evolutionary history of parthenogenetic cnemidophorus lemniscatus (sauria: teiidae). ii. maternal origin and age inferred from mitochondrial dna analysis. evolution 44 (4): 922 - 932 - get paper here\nvelociraptor lizard attacks like lighting. nature, travel, fishing, herping, funny animals, 4k .\nscary skinks in my scalp: brain burrowers. nature, travel, herping, animals, 4k .\n4k. a pile of pet lizards you can catch! + herping big colorful reptiles & amphibians usa .\n4k it' s blue! playing cat & mouse with a pretty lizard. nature, fishing, herping, travel .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nyou came across this error because the pageyou were trying to visit does not exist .\nwe' ve recently redesigned the site so old links may not work. have a look at some of these changes .\nyou may want to update your bookmarks or try to find the updated information using the links below. if you are still unable to find the information you are looking for, please contact the webmaster using the information below .\nfaculties / academics - find links to all faculties, departments and other academic resources e. g. handbooks, prospectus\nmedia centre - find media relations information here eg. news releases, events and announcements information\nprogrammes - view the faculty booklets containing the programmes available at the st. augustine campus\nresearch & innovation - view the cutting - edge research being done at the st. augustine campus\ncopyright 2015 the university of the west indies st. augustine, trinidad and tobago\nour 7 faculties, professional schools offer more than 200 programs to some 15, 000 graduate, undergraduate and continuing studies students .\nthe uwi, st. augustine ranks first in trinidad and tobago among accredited tertiary - level programmes .\nsuper sale: colorado river toads (adults) 199. 99 • red sliders turtles 4. 99 • bearded dragon’s 49. 99 • ball pythons (babies) 29. 99 • savannah monitors (c. b. babies) 19. 99 • customer reviews / testimonials\nour job is to search out the very best. our commitment to you is nothing less .\nestablished status: populations are confirmed breeding and apparently self - sustaining for 10 or more consecutive years .\nbartlett, r. d. 1995. the teiids of the southeastern u. s. tropical fish hobbyist 43 (7): 112, 114 - 119, 121 - 122, 124 - 126 .\nbartlett, r. d. , and p. p. bartlett. 1999. a field guide to florida reptiles and amphibians. gulf publishing company, houston, texas. 278pp .\nking, f. w. , and t. krakauer. 1966. the exotic herpetofauna of southeast florida. quarterly journal of the florida academy of sciences 29: 144 - 154 .\nwilson, l. d. , and l. porras. 1983. the ecological impact of man on the south florida herpetofauna. university of kansas museum of natural history, special publication no. 9. 89pp .\nfwc facts: a 2011 survey showed that 49 percent of residents and 47 percent of tourists participate in wildlife - viewing trips in florida .\nflorida fish and wildlife conservation commission • farris bryant building 620 s. meridian st. • tallahassee, fl 32399 - 1600 • (850) 488 - 4676\npursuant to section 120. 74, florida statutes, the fish and wildlife conservation commission has published its 2017 agency regulatory plan .\nunder florida law, e - mail addresses are public records. if you do not want your e - mail address released in response to a public records request, do not send electronic mail to this entity. instead, contact this office by phone or in writing .\nguarantee that someone very experienced with reptiles will attempt to select the specific lizard (s) you are requesting .\nwe charge a flat $ 44. 99 for overnight delivery to your doorstep, regardless of the number of reptiles, amphibians, or inverts you buy. please read our\npage before ordering. sorry, we do not ship internationally (u. s. only). our delivery schedule can be found below :\nwe accept visa, mastercard, american express, discover, and paypal. we do not accept checks, money orders, or cashier' s checks .\nonline at absolute rock - bottom prices, which means we make these fascinating animals available to you affordably as pets, or even to start your own reptile breeding project. we are reptile enthusiasts who believe captive breeding is integral to the future of the market, as it not only helps protect wild herp populations, but is an incredibly rewarding experience that tends to intensify one' s passion for these amazing prehistoric creatures. whether you buy a snake, lizard, turtle, tortoise, or alligator, we are driven to provide the highest quality live reptiles for sale .\namphibians are generally slower - moving, and have uniquely moist skin which means they are never far from a source of water. their life cycle is nothing short of incredible: they hatch in water, spend weeks or months in metamorphosis, then become either terrestrial or remain primarily water bound. some salamanders even breathe through their skin! our live\nonline include frogs, toads, salamanders, and newts. some are huge, some are small, and virtually all are amazing to observe in captivity. when you buy amphibians from us, you can rest assured they are fully guaranteed to arrive alive and in great condition. why not start an amphibian breeding project today ?\nreptile and amphibian food should be varied, which is why we offer an array of feeder insects for sale. it' s always far more cost effective to buy feeder insects in bulk, which often saves up to 70% off pet store prices. plus, the feeders are delivered right to your doorstep. we offer live crickets for sale, as well as mealworms, wax worms, nightcrawlers, and now even lizards, all at the lowest possible prices. our reptile and amphibian feeder insects and lizards include a guarantee of live arrival .\namphibians are generally slower - moving than reptiles, and have uniquely moist skin which means they are never far from a source of water. their life cycle is nothing short of incredible: they hatch in water, spend weeks or months in metamorphosis, then become either terrestrial or remain primarily water bound. some salamanders even breathe through their skin! our live\nreptile and amphibian food should be varied, which is why we offer an array of feeder insects for sale. it' s always far more cost effective to buy feeder insects in bulk, which often saves up to 70% off pet store prices. plus, the feeders are delivered right to your doorstep. we offer live crickets for sale, as well as dubia roaches, mealworms, wax worms, nightcrawlers, and now even lizards, all at the lowest possible prices. our reptile and amphibian feeder insects and lizards include a guarantee of live arrival .\n© 2017 backwater reptiles, inc. | all rights reserved | terms | site map | privacy policy lizards for sale | snakes for sale | turtles for sale | tortoises for sale | salamanders for sale newts for sale | frogs for sale | toads for sale | tarantulas for sale | scorpions for sale alligators for sale | insects for sale | feeder insects for sale | feeder lizards for sale\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nenglish - german online dictionary developed to help you share your knowledge with others. more information! contains translations by tu chemnitz and mr honey' s business dictionary (german - english). thanks on that account! links to this dictionary or to single translations are very welcome! questions and answers" ]

{ "text": [ "the rainbow whiptail ( cnemidophorus lemniscatus ) is a species of lizard found in central america , the caribbean , and northern south america .", "it has also been introduced in florida and has established populations there .", "a rainbow whiptail grows up to approximately 12 inches ( 30.5 cm ) .", "both sexually reproducing and parthenogenetic populations are known . " ], "topic": [ 25, 17, 0, 18 ] }

[ "the rainbow whiptail (cnemidophorus lemniscatus) is a species of lizard found in central america, the caribbean, and northern south america. it has also been introduced in florida and has established populations there. a rainbow whiptail grows up to approximately 12 inches (30.5 cm). both sexually reproducing and parthenogenetic populations are known." ]

[ "have a fact about eupithecia emanata? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for eupithecia emanata? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nash pug (angle - barred pug) (eupithecia innotata f. fraxinata )\na taxon identifier is composed of name, author, year and attribute, all separated by a blank. these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication. the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words (genus and species) separated by a blank .\nthe author' s name is made up of a string of letters, with no blanks, and multiple authors' names are separated by a comma. spelling of author' s name is based on the original publication. if there are more than three authors, only the names of the first two authors are shown, followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets. this is rarely needed, but to differentiate homo - identifiers, this will contain the page, line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks, hyphens, and apostrophes are eliminated, thus only the following characters are used: a to z, a to z, 0 to 9, blank, comma, and opening and closing square brackets. although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition, it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions (contact information) with supporting references, possibly with pdf or hard copy .\ndoctype html public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 0 transitional / / en\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page: myers, p. , r. espinosa, c. s. parr, t. jones, g. s. hammond, and t. a. dewey. 2018. the animal diversity web (online). accessed at https: / / animaldiversity. org .\ndisclaimer: the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. adw doesn' t cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283, drl 0628151, due 0633095, drl 0918590, and due 1122742. additional support has come from the marisla foundation, um college of literature, science, and the arts, museum of zoology, and information and technology services .\nsign in to disable all ads. thank you for helping build the largest language community on the internet .\nhave a better pronunciation? upload it here to share it with the entire community .\nsimply select a language and press on the speaker button to listen to the pronunciation of the word. leave a vote for your preferred pronunciation .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nto date 683 species of macro - moth along with 1159 species of micro - moth have been recorded in norfolk since records began in victorian times. this site aims to provide full details of all the species that occur (or once occurred) in norfolk, with photographs, descriptions, flight graphs, latest records, distribution maps and more !\nif you have photos of any moths featured on this site, and would like them displayed along with your name and comments... please send them in (any size. jpg images) .\nplease consider helping with the running costs of norfolk moths. thank you: - )\nunderlying maps using digital map data © norfolk online lepidoptera archive - nola™ 2018. © james wheeler - n o r f o l k m o t h s 2007 - 2018. data © nola™ 2018\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\n. if you continue to use the site we will assume that you agree with this .\n* an asterisk denotes a region for which the species is listed as an migrant or information that requires additional checking .\naustria, belgium, great britain, hungary, germany, denmark, ireland, italy, corsica, latvia, lithuania, luxembourg, netherlands, norway, poland, romania, the soviet union - the european part, finland, france, czech republic, switzerland, sweden, estonia .\nregions of the russian federation: the volga - don, gorno - altaisk, the european northeast (?), the european north - west, the european central black earth, the european central european south taiga, trans - baikal, kaliningrad, karelia, krasnoyarsk, nizhny - amur, prealtay, of baikal, pribaikalskiy, seaside, mid - amur, mid - volzhsky, medium ural, south west siberian, south ural .\naustria, belarus, belgium, the british isles, france, germany, denmark (mainland), ireland, italy (mainland), corsica, latvia, lithuania, luxembourg, netherlands, norway (mainland), the channel islands, poland, russia, romania, slovakia, slovenia, ukraine, finland, france (mainland), czech republic, switzerland, sweden, estonia .\n[ 10 ] de jong, y. s. d. m. (ed .) (2011) fauna europaea version 2. 4 (faunaeur. org )\n[ 28 ] moths and butterflies of europe and north africa (leps. it), 2012\nnote: you should have a urltoken account to upload new topics and comments. please, create an account or log in to add comments\n* our website is multilingual. some comments have been translated from other languages .\ncurators: konstantin efetov, vasiliy feoktistov, svyatoslav knyazev, evgeny komarov, stan korb, alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion, flight time, etc.." ]

{ "text": [ "eupithecia emanata is a moth in the geometridae family .", "it is found in the russian far east , on the kuriles and in japan .", "the wingspan is about 15 – 21 mm . " ], "topic": [ 2, 20, 9 ] }

[ "eupithecia emanata is a moth in the geometridae family. it is found in the russian far east, on the kuriles and in japan. the wingspan is about 15 – 21 mm." ]

[ "comparative proteomic analysis of male and female venoms from the cuban scorpion rhopalurus junceus .\nthe dark morph of cubas blue scorpion, rhopalurus junceus. photo: roland teruel (c) .\nin vitro anticancer effect of venom from cuban scorpion rhopalurus junceus against a panel of human cancer cell lines .\nthe cuban scorpion rhopalurus junceus (scorpiones, buthidae): component variations in venom samples collected in different geographical areas .\nin vitro anticancer effect of venom from cuban scorpion rhopalurus junceus against a panel of human cancer cell lines. - pubmed - ncbi\nthe rhopalurus junceuss poison, coloured blue, contains a toxin whose composition and structure is still unknown .\nthe medication was produced from over 5, 000 scorpions of the rhopalurus junceus variety, native to eastern cuba. according to the company, it has no contraindications and is compatible with any other oncological treatment .\nthis species file is written by dr. roleando teruel. rhopalurus photo by dr. rolando teruel (c )\nvidatox 30 ch is a well - known and one from the best homeopathic medications. vidatox 30 ch is angiogenic and is a biotherapy homeopathic treatment whose active principle is the venom of the blue scorpion (rhopalurus junceus) .\nin cuba there are 32 species and subspecies of scorpions, including 28 endemic among the most common being the scorpion rhopalurus junceus the which has been used in traditional medicine to apply under the cuban stomach in case of urinary retention and improvement of some diseases .\nbiochemical and molecular characterization of the venom from the cuban scorpion rhopalurus junceus .\ngarcia - gomez b. i. , coronas f. i. , restano - cassulini r. , rodriguez r. r. , possani l. d. toxicon 58: 18 - 27 (2011) [ pubmed ] [ europe pmc ] [ abstract ]\nthe medical world is therefore skeptical .\nrhopalurus junceus, or blue scorpion venom, originated from cuba... is often marketed as having anti - cancer, anti - inflammatory, and analgesic properties ,\nreads the memorial sloan - kettering cancer center website .\nthe manufacturers' research cannot be corroborated. continued research... is needed .\nthe escoazul or escozul (from escorpión azul - in spanish: blue scorpion - the name by which it' s known in cuba) refers to different mix used in cuban traditional medicine as an anti - inflammatory, whose composition may vary, but always containing a diluted dose of rhopalurus junceus' s poison, a species of scorpion found in cuba, haiti and dominican republic .\nselected litterature: armas, l. f. (1974). escorpiones del archipiélago cubano. 5. nuevas especies de rhopalurus (scorpionida: buthidae). poeyana, 136, pp. 1 - 12 .\nthe invention relates to novel peptides obtained from the venom of the rhopalurus junceus scorpion, characterised by a high content of proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, amino acids, inorganic salts and other ions including peptides as active principles. the invention also relates to a formulation used as a drug due to the properties thereof, such as its anti - carcinogenic, analgesic and anti - inflammatory properties which improve the quality of life of cancer patients .\nic 50 values obtained after r. junceus scorpion venom treatment for 72hr in all panel cell line. ¨ne¨ means no effect as described in materials and methods. values represent the mean ±sd obtained from five independent experiments .\nbe careful with similar medicine from other producers except labiofam which say it' s analogue of vidatox. it can' t be true, because junceus rhopalurus scorpion is endemic to cuba. that' s why state center for control of drugs, equipment and medical devices (cecmed) alerts :\nany preparation made from rhopalurusjunceus scorpion venom other than the homeopathic medicine vidatox 30 ch sublingual drops, lacks sanitary authorization; its distribution and use are unauthorized and constitute a health risk .\nthe 30 ch vidatox ® is the registered trademark for the drug homeopathic and natural (health record: h - 11 – 038 – no2) obtained from junceus rhopalurus scorpion venom, endemic to cuba, indicated as adjunctive therapy in the treatment of symptoms caused by effects of cancer and pain relief. the decision to produce is the result over 15 years of a research project aimed at characterization of the poison, and evaluating their potential as antitumor agent, analgesic, antiinflammatory, and toxicological safety .\nadults rhopalurus junceus scorpions were maintained in individual plastic cages in laboratories belonging to the entrepreneurial group of biopharmaceuticals and chemistries production (labiofam). venom from scorpions kept alive in the laboratory was extracted by electrical stimulation. venom was dissolved in distilled water and centrifuged at 15000x g for 15min. the supernatant was filtered by using a 0. 2µm syringe filter and stored at - 20 o c until used. the protein concentration was calculated by the lowry modified method (herrera et al, 1999) .\nsystematic revision of the neotropical club - tailed scorpions, physoctonus, rhopalurus, and troglorhopalurus, revalidation of heteroctenus, and descriptions of two new genera and three new species (buthidae, rhopalurusinae). (bulletin of the american museum of natural history, no. 415 )\nvenom: no medical data available. from dr. teruel' s experience: mild venom, sharp painful sting with aftereffects lasting for 1 - 5 hrs. this species is much more irritable and prone to sting than h. junceus, but its sting is much less\nat present, there are an increased number of cancers that become refractory or intrinsically resistant to chemotherapy failing to die by apoptosis (plati et al, 2008; liu, 2009). the dual mechanisms of cell death of r. junceus scorpion venom could represent an interesting alternative to overcome drug resistance .\n12) pharmaceutical compositions as per claim 11 characterized by having a mix of peptides contained in rhopalurus junceus scorpion venom with the following concentrations: rjl - 01, at a 1, 5 - 2, 0% range; rjlb - 03, at a 8 - 9% range; rjlb - 07, in a 0, 5 - 0, 8% range; rjlb - 08 at a 0, 5 - 1, 0% range; rjlb - 09, at a 0, 3 - 0, 60% range; rjlb - 14, at a 0, 4 - 0 - 8% range, diluted in 10 - 20 ml distilled water .\nintervention for leandro has been the venom of a medium - size scorpion called rhopalurus junceus, known in cuba as the escorpión azul — blue scorpion. four months after he was diagnosed in may 2011, leandro' s weight had fallen to that of a 2 - year - old. but after consuming the venom - water mixture, his health has returned almost to normal. he can now walk and tell you about his favorite food (sunny - side - up eggs) and color (yellow), and he rides his bike (with training wheels) daily .\ni give thanks to god ,\nyaima says ,\nand to the doctors who knew about the scorpion .\nesposito la, yamaguti hy, souza ca, pinto da rocha r, prendini l. systematic revision of the neotropical club - tailed scorpions, physoctonus, rhopalurus, and troglorhopalurus, revalidation of heteroctenus, and descriptions of two new genera and three new species (buthidae: rhopalurusinae). bulletin of the american museum of natural history. 2017 (415): 1 - 134 .\nin captivity, it can be kept perfectly under desert conditions, substratum can be either fine, loose soil or sand, with planty of stones to hide under; moist once or twice a week and provide drinking water once or twice per month. if food is available, this scorpion does not display cannibalistic behavior (as opposite for h. junceus, which is always a cannibalistic species) .\nin our study, r. junceus scorpion venom induced a significant effect on cells viability against hela and a549 cells but the mode of cell death differed. the scorpion venom - induced apoptotic cell death in hela cells involved up - regulation of bax and down - regulation of bcl - 2 genes probably as a result of p53 up - regulation and included caspases activation, chromatin condensation and formation of apoptotic nuclei .\nvidatox is a drug produced from five protein peptides extracted from the venom of the blue scorpion (rophalorus junceus), which is endemic to cuba and which has analgesic, anti - inflammatory and anti - carcinogenic effect in more than 15 different cancer cell lines. the result of 15 years of research, by october 2010 vidatox had been tested on more than 10, 000 cancer patients, some 3, 500 of them foreigners, with positive results both in improving quality of life and stopping tumour growth .\ngeneral: adult size: males 45 - 70mm, females 65 - 75mm. color: entire body pale yellowish brown to light orange, with reddish pedipalp fingers and all ventral keels of the metasoma outlined with black. as in the case of h. junceus, it produces a clearly audible stridulating sound by swiftly rubbing the pectines with the sternite iii. females give birth only one time after each mating; gestation period 25 - 100 days. lifespan in captivity: 3 - 4 yrs from birth to natural death .\nback at gonzález' s nearby house, they add their catch to the dozens already inside a large metal barrel, covered by several rusty slabs. no living creature could possibly escape .\ni' ve been stung 13 times in five years ,\nperera says. but neither he nor gonzález is afraid. though the sting of r. junceus hurts like hell and can cause temporary numbness, it' s not deadly to humans .\npeople hate these animals ,\nperera reflects, genuinely confounded .\ni say,' bring on the scorpions!'\nthe complete history of how cuba stumbled upon its curative arachnid might never be known. there' s no written account, and the man who discovered the blue scorpion' s powers, a biologist named misael bordier chivas, died of a heart attack seven years ago. but the story goes something like this: while testing several snake, spider, and scorpion venoms for a variety of ailments during the 1980s for the university of guantánamo, professor bordier noticed improvement in rats and dogs taking r. junceus venom. he expanded his experiments and soon saw tumors decrease in size .\nthe scorpion twists itself backward as one of valdés' colleagues uses two long metal tongs to try to steady the five - inch arachnid .\nit takes a certain technique ,\nvaldés says. the man aims the tail over a small glass jar sitting in a bucket of ice, and the scientist steps on a pedal attached to an electro - stimulus machine. as a jolt transmitted through the tongs reaches the scorpion, it releases six to 12\nmicro - drops\nof milky - white venom .\neach scorpion is milked once a month for two years ,\nexplains valdés, who says the average lifespan of r. junceus is ten years .\nthen it' s released back into the wild to repopulate the species .\nthe venom moves on to havana, where for years it has been diluted with distilled water depending upon a patient' s condition .\nour results indicate that r. junceus scorpion venom induces necrotic cell death preferentially in a549 cells. necrosis could be detected in ao / eb fluorescence upon scorpion venom treatment. the p53 and bcl - 2 mrna were both down - regulated upon scorpion venom treatment. contrary to hela cells the effect of scorpion venom on bcl - 2 expression was not due primarily to p53. additionally, bax expression level do not varied in all time evaluated, then bax / bcl - 2 ratio in this cell line was increased mainly due to bcl - 2 down expression suggesting at this level necrotic cell death. sasi et al indicated that bcl - 2 over - expression is responsible for many drug - resistant or apoptotic - resistant cancers such as b - cell lymphoma and small cell lung cancer (sasi et al, 2009). attenuation of bcl - 2 may prove favorable in certain clinical settings to enhance alternative modes of cell death and drug efficacy .\ndose control 6 mg / kg 12, 5 mg / kg 25 mg / kg 50 mg / kg survival 20 20, 5 24 22, 5 20 time (days) table) 0 < 1. survival time among experimental groups implanted with 106 s - 180 mice cells intraperitoneally and treated with r. junceus scorpion venom given orally. dose control 6 mg / kg 12, 5 mg / kg 25 mg / kg 50 mg / kg survival, % 0 26 37 22 0 the 12. 5 - mg / kg dose gave a longer mean survival time (24 days), followed by the 25 - mg / kg dose (22. 5 days) and the 6 - mg / kg dose (20. 5 days), while the mean survival time of controls was 20 days (table) 0 (1 .) similarly, the 12. 5 - mg / kg dose evidenced the highest survival percents by the time at which 100% of mice in the control group had died (table) 0 (1), while the 6 - mg / kg and 25 - mg / kg doses showed 26% and 22% , respectively. notwithstanding these results, the longer survival time and the survival percents among the three experimental groups (6 mg / kg, 12. 5 mg / kg and 25 mg / kg) were not statistically significant. the 50 - mg / kg dose showed similar values to those of controls in all cases. assay on the antiproliferative activity of fractions obtained from molecular exclusion chromatography the effect of protein fractions on cell growth was determined in a similar way as that in example 6. the study used 2 tumor cell lines: hela (human cervix carcinoma) and a549 (human lung carcinoma) and the normal mrc - 5 cell line (human lung fibroblasts .) fractions were at a final 9 pg / ml - 600 pg / ml concentration in wells .\ndistribution: carribean (cuba and hati) and south - america (venezuela) .\nhabitat: this is an habitat generalist, lives in all types of forests (from dry coastal to rainy montane ones), savannas and semidesertic areas. found under stones, fallen tree trunks, inside epiphitic & terrestrial bromeliaceae, under barks up to 5m above the ground and commonly enters houses (even in large cities). does not burrow, but eventually can dig short scrapes under a stone or log to hide in .\nvenom: a ld 50 value of 8. 0 mg / kg has been reported for this species. this inidcates that this species isn' t among the most venomous scorpions. this is the most common scorpion in cuba, and a lot of peoples are stung each year. no deaths have been reported, with the exception of a few deaths due to anaphylactic shock following a hypersensitivity immune reaction .\nselected litterature: cao, j. , f. rivera and f. bello. 1997. algunos aspectos bioecologicos y farmacologicos del veneno crudo procedente de dos especies de escorpiones cubanos. resumenes iv simposio de zoologia, la habana, p. 70 .\nesposito la, yamaguti hy, souza ca, pinto da rocha r, prendini l. systematic revision of the neotropical club - tailed scorpions, physoctonus, rhopaluru s, and troglorhopalurus, revalidation of heteroctenus, and descriptions of two new genera and three new species (buthidae: rhopalurusinae). bulletin of the american museum of natural history. 2017 (415): 1 - 134 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwarning: the ncbi web site requires javascript to function. more ...\ndíaz - garcía a 1, morier - díaz l, frión - herrera y, rodríguez - sánchez h, caballero - lorenzo y, mendoza - llanes d, riquenes - garlobo y, fraga - castro ja .\ngraphics of cytotoxicity of scorpion venom against different cell lines. the cells were incubated for 72hr with scorpion venom at concentrations of 0. 1 - 1mg / ml. the percentage of cell proliferation was measured by mtt cytotoxicity assay. a. most sensitive human epithelial tumor cell lines. b. less sensitive human epithelial tumor cell lines. c. human hematopoietic tumor cell lines. d. normal cell lines .\neffect of scorpion venom treatment on p53, bax and bcl - 2 genes expression in hela and a549 cells. a. p53, bax and bcl - 2 mrnas expression were detected by rt - pcr after 8hr, 24hr and 48hr. b. relative signal intensities of p53, bax, bcl - 2 and bax / bcl - 2 ratio mrnas expression levels compared with gapdh. values represent the mean + sd obtained from at least three independent experiments. the p values were obtained comparing the control group versus every group of treatment by mann - whitney u test. significant differences * p < 0. 05, * * p < 0. 01, * * * p < 0. 001 .\nmorphological evidence of apoptosis / necrosis in hela and a549 cancer cells after 48hr of scorpion venom treatment. a. ao / eb stain in hela untreated control cells. b. ao / eb stain in a549 untreated control cells. c. ao / eb stain in scorpion venom treated - hela cells, arrows next to ‘a’ indicate apoptotic cells. d. ao / eb stain in scorpion venom treated - a549 cells, arrows next to ‘n’ indicate necrotic cells; arrows next to ‘l’ indicate late apoptosis; e. arrows indicate membrane blebbing in scorpion venom treated - hela cells. f. dapi stain of nuclei in scorpion venom treated - hela cells, arrows indicate apoptotic bodies. g. the histogram shows that there was a significant increase of apoptosis and necrosis compare to control cells. the apoptotic and necrotic cell number were compared with that of the untreated control, * significant difference (p < 0. 05) .\nrepresentative western blot showing the expression of caspase 3, 8 and 9 in untreated control and scorpion venom - treated hela cells (sv - treated cell). hela cells (2 × 10 5 / ml) were treated with 0. 75mg / ml scorpion venom for 24hr and 48hr then harvested for apoptosis - associated protein expressions estimated using western blotting as described in materials and methods .\n* correspondence to: alexis díaz - garcía, email: alexisdg @ infomed. sld. cu, tel: + 537 6830326, or + 537 6849662, fax: + 537 6830326\nreceived 2013 jan 11; revised 2013 may 10; accepted 2013 jun 11 .\npublished by library publishing media. this is an open access article, published under the terms of the creative commons attribution non - commercial license (urltoken). this license permits non - commercial use, distribution and reproduction of the article, provided the original work is appropriately acknowledged with correct citation details .\ncancer is one of the leading causes of death around the world. cancer is a complex multifactorial disease, which is dependent on cellular accumulation of various genetic and epigenetic events (blagosklonny, 2005). specifically, solid tumors are the most common worldwide with higher mortality rate. radiotherapy, chemotherapy and surgical are the key tools for cancer treatment (fritz et al, 2013). however, these treatments also cause severe systemic side effects. for this reason, several therapeutic approaches have been developed to overcome the complexities of different cancers (meiyanto et al, 2012). among them, searching and discovering new drugs against cancer, especially derived from the natural products, is increasing throughout the world. one of them, the scorpion venom, is now considered an interesting natural source for cancer therapy (gomes et al, 2010) .\nthe use of scorpion venom from species leiurus quinquestriatus and buthus martensii karsh (bmk) as a potential natural product for cancer treatment has been shown previously (xiao, 1990; debin et al, 1993). bmk scorpion and its venom have been used as a traditional and folk therapy for cancer treatment and others pathophysiological conditions (goudet et al, 2002). additionally, das gupta and colleagues established the cytotoxic activity of indian black scorpion (heterometrus bengalensis) venom on human leukemic u937 and k562 cells (das gupta et al, 2007) .\nrpmi - 1640 and dulbecco' s modified eagle' s medium were purchased from gibco / brl (caithershurg, md). fetal bovine serum (fbs) was purchased from hyclone. trizol reagent was obtained from invitrogen (invitrogen, usa). dntps, gotaq dna polymerase and m - mlv reverse transcriptase system were purchased from promega (promega inc, usa). the 3 - [ 4, 5 - dimethylth - iazol - 2 - yl ] - 2, 5 - diphenyl tetrazoliumbromide (mtt) reagent was purchased from sigma. all of other chemicals and reagents were obtained from sigma (st louis, mo) .\nhela and a549 cells (2 × 10 5 / well) seeded on 24 - well plate were cultured for 24hr. the concentration of scorpion venom used with fresh medium was 0. 75mg / ml and triplicate cell cultures wells were exposed included vehicle (control cells). treated and control cell cultures were incubated for a further 8hr, 24hr and 48hr. at the end of the incubation period cells were harvested and used for total rna extraction and reverse transcription pcr (rt - pcr) .\nto investigate the cell death event, hela and a549 cells (2 × 10 5 / well) were grown in 24 well - culture plates overnight and treated for 48hr with 0. 75mg / ml of scorpion venom. at this periods, cells were incubated with a mixture of acridine orange and ethidium bromide in pbs (100µg / ml acridine orange / 100µg / ml ethidium bromide). the nuclei of living cells were stained by the membrane - permanent dye acridine orange, while necrotic cells were stained by the highly fluorescent ethidium bromide. following the addition of fluorochromes, 200 cells were analyzed and counted in each of three independent experiments using fluorescence microscopy ix - 71 (olympus, japan) at 480nm and 520nm filters. additionally, scorpion venom - treated and non - treated cells were stained for 5min with 4′, 6 - diamidino - 2 - phenylindole dihydrochloride hydrate (dapi) (1µg / ml) to identify apoptotic bodies .\nthe ic 50 values were determined by interpolation of tendency line from linear regression curve and they were compared using mann - whitney u test. in case this parameter could not be obtained it means no effect and ¨ne¨ (no effect) was stated. analysis of main cell death event was made using mann - whitney u test. band intensity of each gene from scorpion venom - treated and non - treated cells were compared using mann - whitney u test. for all analysis we used the graphpad prism version 5. 01 for windows, (graphpad software, san diego california, usa). significant differences were considered for p < 0. 05 .\nin order to explore the effect of the scorpion venom on cell viability, increased concentration were applied to a panel of human cell lines. the result evidenced a significant reduction of cell viability against epithelial cancer cell lines (carcinomas and adenocarcinomas), when compared to respective control cells (p < 0. 05) after 72hr of treatment (\nsignificant reduction of cancer cell viability (p < 0. 05) was obtained between successive venom concentration used in the study showing the growth inhibition was in concentration - dependent manner. on contrary ,\nparameter was used to measure the effect of scorpion venom on cell viability in human cell lines .\nvalues from the panel with 1. 05±0, 02mg / ml and 0. 91±0, 01mg / ml, respectively (\nvalues from the panel which correspond to a549 and hela. in this study, we examined the effect of scorpion venom concentration (0. 75mg / ml), in hela and a549 cells, on expression rates of apoptosis - related genes. the concentration of scorpion venom used represents a value lower than ic\ngene was significantly over - expressed from 8hr and increased (p < 0. 05) in a time - dependent manner until 48hr (p < 0. 001) of venom treatment compare to control without treatment (\ngene increased significantly at 24hr (p < 0. 05) and 48hr (p < 0. 01) of scorpion venom treatment. on the contrary ,\ngene expression was significantly down - regulated from 8hr (p < 0. 05) to 24hr (p < 0. 01), as compared to untreated control (\n). the bax / bcl - 2 ratio was significantly increased between untreated control and scorpion venom - treated hela cells for 24hr (p < 0. 01) and 48hr (p < 0. 001) (\nmrna was significantly down - regulated after 24hr and 48hr of venom treatment compared to untreated controls (p < 0. 01) (\nmrna expression was also significantly down - regulated from 8hr (p < 0. 05) to 48hr (p < 0. 001) compared with untreated control (\n). in a549 cells a significant increase of bax / bcl - 2 ratio was found at 24hr and 48hr in the scorpion venom treated groups compared with controls (p < 0. 05). the increase of bax / bcl - 2 ratio was entirely due to\nto determine whether the growth inhibitory activity of scorpion venom was related to the induction of apoptosis or necrosis, morphological assay of cell death was investigated using the ao / eb and dapi staining. after hela and a549 cells were exposed to scorpion venom for 48hr, different morphological features were observed. nuclear morphology from control cells were seen uniformly green with normal morphology (\n). in this cells scorpion venom caused significant apoptosis over necrosis (p < 0. 05; apoptotic index 17 %) (\n). orange / red stained cells were very prominent over bright green nucleus, indicating high necrotic cell death (p < 0. 05; necrotic index 32 %) (\n). the results suggest that scorpion venom is able to induce apoptosis or necrosis depending on the cancer cell type .\nwe studied the expression of main caspases related with the extrinsic and intrinsic apoptotic pathway in hela cells. active forms of capase - 3, 8, 9 were detected at 24hr and 48hr after treatment, while in untreated control cells there was not observed increment of active form of caspases 3, 8 and 9 (\nmultiple signal pathways are involved in the regulation of apoptosis. the mechanism of p53 - mediated cell death is associated with its function as transcriptional modulator and this may influence the activation of pro - apoptotic genes like bax and suppression of anti - apoptotic like bcl - 2 genes (mirzayans et al, 2012; ouyang et al, 2012). bcl - 2 gene family play a central role in the activation of caspases and dominate the intrinsic pathways of apoptosis (wu et al, 2001) .\ndifferent reports have shown bcl - 2, to be the mediator of not only apoptosis, but also programmed necrosis (poliseno et al, 2004; sasi et al, 2009). shikonin, a naturally - occurring compound found in the roots of lithospermum erythrorhizon has been shown to directly induce necrosis. this compound has also been found to down - regulate bcl - 2 and bcl - xl levels. authors hypothesize that these findings could have true clinical impact, because shikonin may be able to inhibit bcl - 2 / xl levels, while inducing necrosis during bcl - 2 / xl over - expression, and stands out as a strong candidate for the suppression of apoptosis - resistant cancer cells (han et al, 2007) .\nin a549, the venom concentration used (higher than ic 50 value) induced necrotic cell death while in hela the same venom concentration (lower than ic 50 value) induced apoptotic cell death. it is quite probable that venoms can induce necrotic or apoptotic cell death depending on venom concentration. additional studies must be done at different venom concentrations to confirm the hypothesis .\nthe authors thank the team from the technical and scientific support department of tropical medicine institute “pedro kourí” for cell culture maintenance. additionally, authors acknowledge fidel nuñez fernandez from the tropical medicine institute “pedro kourí” for the critical review of the manuscript .\nadams jm, cory s. bcl - 2 - regulated apoptosis: mechanism and therapeutic potential .\nbrevet m, ahidouch a, sevestre h, et al. expression of k + channels in normal and cancerous human breast .\ncherubini a, taddei gl, crociani o, et al. herg potassium channels are more frequently expressed in human endometrial cancer as compared to non - cancerous endometrium .\nd' suze g, rosales a, salazar v, et al. apoptogenic peptides from\ndas gupta s, debnath a, saha a, et al. indian black scorpion (\nkoch) venom induced antiproliferative and apoptogenic activity against human leukemic cell lines u937 and k562 .\ndebin ja, maggio j, estrichartz gr. purification and characterization of chlorotoxin, a chloride channel ligand from the venom of the scorpion .\nfritz h, seely d, kennedy da, et al. green tea and lung cancer: a systematic review .\ngao r, zhag y gopalakrishnakone p. purification and n - terminal sequence of a serine proteinase - like protein (bmk - cbp) from the venom of the chinese scorpion (\ngomes a, bhattacharjee p, mishra r, et al. anticancer potencial of animals venom and toxins .\ngoudet c, chi cw, tytgat j. an overview of toxins and genes from the venom of the asian scorpion\ngupta sd, debnath a, saha a, et al. indian black scorpion (\nhan w, li l, qiu s, et al. shikonin circumvents cancer drug resistance by induction of a necroptotic death .\nherrera y, heras n, cardoso d. adaptación a microplacas y validación de la técnica de lowry .\njehle j, schweizer pa, katus ha, et al. novel roles for herg kþ channels in cell proliferation and apoptosis .\nliu fs. mechanisms of chemotherapeutic drug resistance in cancer therapy - - a quick review .\nmeiyanto e, hermawan a, anindyajati natural products for cancer - targeted therapy: citrus flavonoids as potent chemopreventive agents .\nmirzayans r, andrais b, scott a, et al. new insights into p53 signaling and cancer cell response to dna damage: implications for cancer therapy .\nmosmann t. rapid colorimetric assay for cellular grow and survival: application to proliferation and citotoxicity assays .\nomran ma. cytotoxic and apoptotic effects of scorpion leiurus quinquestriatus venom on 293t and c2c12 eukaryotic cell lines .\nouyang l, shi z, zhao s, et al. programmed cell death pathways in cancer: a review of apoptosis, autophagy and programmed necrosis .\nplati j, bucu ro and khosravi - far r. dysregulation of apoptotic signaling in cancer: molecular mechanisms and therapeutic opportunities .\npoliseno l, bianchi l, citti l, et al. bcl2 - low - expressing mcf7 cells undergo necrosis rather than apoptosis upon staurosporine treatment .\nrenault tt, teijido o, antonsson b, et al. regulation of bax mitochondrial localization by bcl - 2 and bcl - x (l): keep your friends close but your enemies closer .\nsasi n, hwang m, jaboin j, et al. regulated cell death pathways: new twists in modulation of bcl2 family function .\nwang wx, ji yh. scorpion venom induces glioma cell apoptosis in vivo and inhibits glioma tumor growth in vitro .\nwu yl, mehew jw, heckman ca, et al. negative regulation of bcl - 2 expression by p53 in hematopoietic cells .\nfeeding my hungry adult female. this is the mother of the baby in my previous video. the male is hiding in the corner .\n< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation, e. g. an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature, an orthologous protein, a record from another database, etc. < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences\n> more... < / a > < / p >\nhelp pages, faqs, uniprotkb manual, documents, news archive and biocuration projects .\nyou are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website. please consider upgrading your browser .\n< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins, you can use the ‘basket’ to save them, so that you can back to find or analyse them later. < p > < a href =' / help / basket' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > the annotation score provides a heuristic measure of the annotation content of a uniprotkb entry or proteome. this score < strong > cannot < / strong > be used as a measure of the accuracy of the annotation as we cannot define the ‘correct annotation’ for any given protein. < p > < a href =' / help / annotation _ score' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this indicates the type of evidence that supports the existence of the protein. note that the ‘protein existence’ evidence does not give information on the accuracy or correctness of the sequence (s) displayed. < p > < a href =' / help / protein _ existence' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides any useful information about the protein, mostly biological knowledge. < p > < a href =' / help / function _ section' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\ndoes not cause intoxication, paralysis or death in insects (a. domestica) .\n< p > manually curated information for which there is published experimental evidence. < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences # eco: 0000269\n> more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides information about the protein and gene name (s) and synonym (s) and about the organism that is the source of the protein sequence. < p > < a href =' / help / names _ and _ taxonomy _ section' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section provides an exhaustive list of all names of the protein, from commonly used to obsolete, to allow unambiguous identification of a protein. < p > < a href =' / help / protein _ names' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > manually curated information which has been inferred by a curator based on his / her scientific knowledge or on the scientific content of an article. < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences # eco: 0000305\n> more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section provides information on the name (s) of the organism that is the source of the protein sequence. < p > < a href =' / help / organism - name' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section shows the unique identifier assigned by the ncbi to the source organism of the protein. this is known as the ‘taxonomic identifier’ or ‘taxid’. < p > < a href =' / help / taxonomic _ identifier' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section contains the taxonomic hierarchical classification lineage of the source organism. it lists the nodes as they appear top - down in the taxonomic tree, with the more general grouping listed first. < p > < a href =' / help / taxonomic _ lineage' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides information on the location and the topology of the mature protein in the cell. < p > < a href =' / help / subcellular _ location _ section' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > uniprotkb keywords constitute a < a href =\nurltoken\n> controlled vocabulary < / a > with a hierarchical structure. keywords summarise the content of a uniprotkb entry and facilitate the search for proteins of interest. < p > < a href =' / help / keywords' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section describes post - translational modifications (ptms) and / or processing events. < p > < a href =' / help / ptm _ processing _ section' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the ‘ptm / processing’ section describes the extent of a polypeptide chain in the mature protein following processing. < p > < a href =' / help / chain' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the ptm / processing\n: / help / ptm _ processing _ section section describes the positions of cysteine residues participating in disulfide bonds. < p > < a href =' / help / disulfid' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > manually curated information which has been propagated from a related experimentally characterized protein. < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences # eco: 0000250\n> more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides information on the expression of a gene at the mrna or protein level in cells or in tissues of multicellular organisms. < p > < a href =' / help / expression _ section' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the ‘expression’ section provides information on the expression of a gene at the mrna or protein level in cells or in tissues of multicellular organisms. by default, the information is derived from experiments at the mrna level, unless specified ‘at protein level’. < br > < / br > examples: < a href =\nurltoken\n> p92958 < / a >, < a href =\nurltoken\n> q8tdn4 < / a >, < a href =\nurltoken\n> o14734 < / a > < p > < a href =' / help / tissue _ specificity' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides information on sequence similarities with other proteins and the domain (s) present in a protein. < p > < a href =' / help / family _ and _ domains _ section' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the ‘family and domains’ section provides information about the sequence similarity with other proteins. < p > < a href =' / help / sequence _ similarities' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section displays by default the canonical protein sequence and upon request all isoforms described in the entry. it also includes information pertinent to the sequence (s), including < a href =\nurltoken\n> length < / a > and < a href =\nurltoken\n> molecular weight < / a >. < p > < a href =' / help / sequences _ section' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> sequence < / a > section indicates if the < a href =\nurltoken\n> canonical sequence < / a > displayed by default in the entry is complete or not. < p > < a href =' / help / sequence _ status' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the ‘sequence’ section is used for sequence fragments to indicate that the residue at the extremity of the sequence is not the actual terminal residue in the complete protein sequence. < p > < a href =' / help / non _ ter' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > manually curated information that is based on statements in scientific articles for which there is no experimental support. < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences # eco: 0000303\n> more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the ‘sequence’ section reports information derived from mass spectrometry experiments done on the entire protein or on biologically active derived peptide (s). < p > < a href =' / help / mass _ spectrometry' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides links to proteins that are similar to the protein sequence (s) described in this entry at different levels of sequence identity thresholds (100% , 90% and 50 %) based on their membership in uniprot reference clusters (< a href =\nurltoken\n> uniref < / a >). < p > < a href =' / help / similar _ proteins _ section' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section is used to point to information related to entries and found in data collections other than uniprotkb. < p > < a href =' / help / cross _ references _ section' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides general information on the entry. < p > < a href =' / help / entry _ information _ section' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the ‘entry information’ section provides a mnemonic identifier for a uniprotkb entry, but it is not a stable identifier. each reviewed entry is assigned a unique entry name upon integration into uniprotkb / swiss - prot. < p > < a href =' / help / entry _ name' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the ‘entry information’ section provides one or more accession number (s). these are stable identifiers and should be used to cite uniprotkb entries. upon integration into uniprotkb, each entry is assigned a unique accession number, which is called ‘primary (citable) accession number’. < p > < a href =' / help / accession _ numbers' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the ‘entry information’ section shows the date of integration of the entry into uniprotkb, the date of the last sequence update and the date of the last annotation modification (‘last modified’). the version number for both the entry and the < a href =\nurltoken\n> canonical sequence < / a > are also displayed. < p > < a href =' / help / entry _ history' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the ‘entry information’ section indicates whether the entry has been manually annotated and reviewed by uniprotkb curators or not, in other words, if the entry belongs to the swiss - prot section of uniprotkb (< strong > reviewed < / strong >) or to the computer - annotated trembl section (< strong > unreviewed < / strong >). < p > < a href =' / help / entry _ status' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section contains any relevant information that doesn’t fit in any other defined sections < p > < a href =' / help / miscellaneous _ section' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ help / sequence - searches\n> more. . < / a > < / p >\nwe' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe’s new general data protection regulation (gdpr) that applies since 25 may 2018 .\nthis site uses cookies. by continuing to use this site, you are agreeing to our use of cookies. learn more .\nsounds to be a hardy speices that is able to adapt to alot of different enviroments. keep the temp and humdity in a realistic range and you should be fine .\nhello, i' ve been breeding this species for a little over a year. they are a very hardy species. moderate humidity, don' t soak them but you can' t let the substrate dry out completly. i keep the substrate damp at the bottom. temps around 75 - 80 seem to work fine. i keep my instars at room temps with no problems at all and add heat to the adults to help with breeding. adults are fine communally, i keep my instars seperate just to make sure none of the babies are canabalized while molting. i' ve never witnessed instar canabalism, but it' s been reported by people who know there stuff. they can eat things that would suprise you, prey items can be larger than they are .\nps urltoken has a great sticky called scorpion of the month. they have a great list of outstanding care sheets. rj is oct 2007. you wont see the pictures unless you join the forum .\ni love' em, you should try feeding a second instar an adult cricket! loads of fun... . .\nyou can keep them dry, humid, you really need to make an effort to try to kill them. so they are pretty strong and idiotproof .\none tip: when you keep adults in groups, watch out with males. keep equally sized males in your group, because they can be territorial and i have seen larger males killing the smaller one (in groups of 2 males, 2 females)... . resulting in some ripped off parts in the tank (claws, metasoma)... . kind of saw xxv practices... . .\nregistration is free, and dedicated forums exist for the discussion of tarantulas, true spiders, centipedes & scorpions. we also have classifieds, reviews, bite / sting / breeding reports and more! .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthis blog will list news about all aspects of scorpion biology and important taxonomical updates from the scorpion files. the scorpion files is a leading information source about scorpions, and has among others an updated list of all extant families, genera and species. (c) jan ove rein and the scorpion files .\n( herbst, 1800). miami new times journalist jean friedman - rudokvsky has traveled to cuba and looked into the history of cuba' s miracle drug against cancer .\nthis is an interesting article worth reading. the article doesn' t claim that the drug made from the venom of the\nblue scorpion\ndoes cure cancer, but it presents several interesting cases making you wonder if there is something in the drug having a positive effect in some cancer cases .\npersonally, i' m a skeptic that want research and scientific proof before believing that something is true (especially in relation to health and medicine). but at the same time i know that many medicines today originally came from plants and animals and that traditional medicine has been around since the dawn of man. so i will not rule out that there might be something in the venom of\nthat can have anti - cancer abilities, but hopefully future research will let us learn more about this .\nfriedman - rudovsky j. blue scorpion venom: cuba' s miracle drug. miami new times; 2013 [ cited 2013 april 17 ]. available from :\ndistribution: carribean (endemic from coastal desert areas in extreme southeastern cuba) .\nhabitat: this species lives mainly under stones and inside dead agave (agavaceae: agave sp .), occassionally found also under barks and inside houses .\nde armas lf. revalidation of three recently synonymized cuban species of heteroctenus pocock, 1893 (scorpiones: buthidae: centruroidinae). euscorpius. 2017 (248): 1 - 3 .\nthis species file is written by dr. roleando teruel. heteroctenuss garridoi photo by dr. rolando teruel (c )\nlegal status (the legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed. )\ncurrent assignee (the listed assignees may be inaccurate. google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list. )\npriority date (the priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed. )\nin order to carry out the experiments given as examples of work, several scorpions were chosen and their venom was extracted through electrical stimulation and diluted in adequately distilled water. it was later clarified by centrifugation at 10 000 rpm for 15 minutes to eliminate components such as mucus and cell debris. venom protein content determination was performed through the lowry method, which showed a 5 - 15 mg / ml concentration. intraperitoneal (ip) administration route assay substance and positive control were administered first. after 30 minutes, a 10 - 15pl croton oil solution was administered to each surface inside and outside the right ear of animals and the left ear was used as control. after three hours, animals were sacrificed following the usual standards for the species (according to felasa), both ears were severed and round 8 - mm diameter samples were taken with a punch and weighed on an analytical scale. topical administration route first, the 25 - 30pl croton oil solution was applied on each of the inner and outer surfaces of the animal' s right ear and the left ear was used as control. then the assay substance was given immediately. after three hours, animals were sacrificed following the usual standards for the species (according to felasa), both ears were severed and round 8 - mm diameter samples were taken with a punch and weighed on an analytical scale. oral administration route the 25 - 30pl croton oil solution was administered on each of the inner and outer surfaces of the animal' s right ear and the left ear was used as control. then the assay substance was administered by oral route immediately. after three hours, animals were sacrificed following the usual standards for the species (according to felasa), both ears were severed and round 8 - mm diameter samples were taken with a punch and weighed on an analytical scale .\n1) peptide called rjlb - 01, obtained from scorpion venom and characterized by having 544. 42 da molecular weight and seq. di no. 1 amino acid sequence .\n2) peptide called rjlb - 03, obtained from scorpion venom and characterized by having 1964. 0 da molecular weight and seq. di no. 2 amino acid sequence .\n3) peptide called rjlb - 04, obtained from scorpion venom and characterized by having 4748. 14 da molecular weight seq. di no. 3 amino acid sequence .\n4) peptide called rjlb - 05, obtained from scorpion venom and characterized having 908. 0 molecular weight of da and seq. di no. 4 amino acid sequence .\n5) peptide called rjlb - 07, obtained from scorpion venom and characterized by having 707. 03 da molecular weight and seq. di no. 5 amino acid sequence .\n6) peptide called rjlb - 08, obtained from scorpion venom and characterized by having 712. 42 da molecular weight and seq. di no. 6 amino acid sequence .\n7) peptide named rjlb - 09, obtained from scorpion venom and characterized by having 1203. 44 da molecular weight and seq. id no. 7 amino acid sequence .\n8) peptide called rjlb - 014, obtained from scorpion venom and characterized by having 5930. 45 da molecular weight and seq. di no. 8 amino acid sequence .\n11) pharmaceutical compositions as per claim 9, containing at least one peptide according to claims 1 - 8, which has antitumor activity, and such selected peptide having any of the described amino acid sequence .\n14) pharmaceutical compositions, as per claims 9, 10, 11, 12 and 13, used in formulations to be administered by oral, topical, parenteral, rectal, vaginal and aerosol routes .\nevaluation of the antinociceptive effect of rosmarinus officinalis l. using three different experimental models in rodents\nisolation, purification and partial characterization of viper venom inhibiting factor from the root extract of the indian medicinal plant sarsaparilla (hemidesmus indicus r. br. )\nevaluation of antitumor and antioxidant activity of oxalis corniculata linn. against ehrlich ascites carcinoma on mice\nevaluation of analgesic, anti - inflammatory and hepatoprotective effects of lycorine from sternbergia fisheriana (herbert) rupr .\n< p > the < a href =\nurltoken\n> gene ontology (go) < / a > project provides a set of hierarchical controlled vocabulary split into 3 categories: < p > < a href =' / help / gene _ ontology' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\nrodríguez - ravelo r, coronas fi, zamudio fz, gonzález - morales l, lópez ge, urquiola ar, possani ld .\nrodríguez - ravelo r, batista cv, coronas fi, zamudio fz, hernández - orihuela l, espinosa - lópez g, ruiz - urquiola a, possani ld .\n. 2015 dec 1; 107 (pt b): 327 - 34. doi: 10. 1016 / j. toxicon. 2015. 06. 026. epub 2015 jul 10 .\ngarcía - gómez bi, coronas fi, restano - cassulini r, rodríguez rr, possani ld .\nrodríguez - ravelo r, restano - cassulini r, zamudio fz, coronas fi, espinosa - lópez g, possani ld .\ndíaz - garcía a, ruiz - fuentes jl, yglesias - rivera a, rodríguez - sánchez h, riquenes garlobo y, fleitas martinez o, fraga castro ja .\nintraspecific variation in the egyptian scorpion scorpio maurus palmatus venom collected from different biotopes .\nabdel - rahman ma, omran ma, abdel - nabi im, ueda h, mcvean a .\nmoving pieces in a proteomic puzzle: mass fingerprinting of toxic fractions from the venom of tityus serrulatus (scorpiones, buthidae) .\npimenta am, stöcklin r, favreau p, bougis pe, martin - eauclaire mf .\nproteomic analysis of the venom from the scorpion tityus stigmurus: biochemical and physiological comparison with other tityus species .\nbatista cv, román - gonzález sa, salas - castillo sp, zamudio fz, gómez - lagunas f, possani ld .\nturkish scorpion buthacus macrocentrus: general characterization of the venom and description of bu1, a potent mammalian na⁺ - channel α - toxin .\ncaliskan f, quintero - hernández v, restano - cassulini r, batista cv, zamudio fz, coronas fi, possani ld .\nvenom gland transcriptomic and proteomic analyses of the enigmatic scorpion superstitionia donensis (scorpiones: superstitioniidae), with insights on the evolution of its venom components .\nsantibáñez - lópez ce, cid - uribe ji, batista cv, ortiz e, possani ld .\nxu x, duan z, di z, he y, li j, li z, xie c, zeng x, cao z, wu y, liang s, li w .\ncharacterization of the venom from the australian scorpion urodacus yaschenkoi: molecular mass analysis of components, cdna sequences and peptides with antimicrobial activity." ]

{ "text": [ "rhopalurus junceus , the red scorpion or blue scorpion , is an endemic species , one of 36 different types of scorpion found on the islands of cuba and dominican republic and parts of central america .", "it is called \" blue scorpion \" due to the peculiar blue tone on its tail and stinger ; it is also known as \" red scorpion \" because it has a reddish dark body . " ], "topic": [ 25, 23 ] }

[ "rhopalurus junceus, the red scorpion or blue scorpion, is an endemic species, one of 36 different types of scorpion found on the islands of cuba and dominican republic and parts of central america. it is called \" blue scorpion \" due to the peculiar blue tone on its tail and stinger; it is also known as \" red scorpion \" because it has a reddish dark body." ]

[ "epistolica meyrick, 1931; exotic microlep. 4 (2 - 4): 59\ngelechia ochrocorys meyrick, 1936; exotic microlep. 5 (2): 43\ngelechia rescissella zeller, 1852; k. vetenskakad. handl. 1852: 110\ngelechia allomima meyrick, 1938; inst. parcs nat. congo belge 14: 12\ngelechia wacoella chambers, 1874; can. ent. 6 (12): 237\ngelechia sirotina omelko, 1986; proc. zool. inst. leningr. 145: 107\ngelechia albomaculata omelko, 1986; proc. zool. inst. leningr. 145: 93\ngelechia capiteochrella chambers, 1875; cincinnati q. j. sci. 2 (3): 252\ngelechia discostrigella chambers, 1875; cincinnati q. j. sci. 2 (3): 248\ngelechia flexurella clemens, 1860; proc. acad. nat. sci. philad. 12: 163\ngelechia maculatusella chambers, 1875; cincinnati q. j. sci. 2 (3): 245\ngelechia mimella clemens, 1860; proc. acad. nat. sci. philad. 12: 163\ngelechia packardella chambers, 1877; bull. u. s. geol. surv. 3: 143\ngelechia palpialbella chambers, 1875; cincinnati q. j. sci. 2 (3): 253\ngelechia ribesella chambers, 1875; cincinnati q. j. sci. 2 (4): 290\ngelechia amorphella chambers, 1877; bull. u. s. geol. surv. 3: 124\ngelechia badiomaculella chambers, 1872; can. ent. 4 (10): 192; tl: kentucky\ngelechia (mesogelechia) teleiodella omelko, 1986; proc. zool. inst. leningr. 145: 105\ngelechia unistrigella chambers, 1873; can. ent. 5 (9): 176; tl: kentucky\ngelechia anthracopa meyrick, 1922; exotic microlep. 2 (16): 501; tl: china, shanghai\ngelechia grisseochrella; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 14 (ident. uncert. )\ngelechia griseella; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 14 (ident. uncert. )\ngelechia dujardini huemer, 1991; nota lepid. 14: 127; tl: yugoslavia, krk i. , punat\ngelechia mediterranea huemer, 1991; nota lepid. 14: 125; tl: hellas, lakonia, 7km sw monemvasia\ngelechia chionomima meyrick, 1929; exot. microlep. 3 (16): 488; tl: natal, weenen\ngelechia epiphloea meyrick, 1913; ann. transv. mus. 3 (4): 292; tl: barberton\ngelechia overhaldensis strand, 1920; archiv naturg. 85 a (4): 63; tl: overhalden, norway\ngelechia resecta meyrick, 1913; ann. transv. mus. 3 (4): 288; tl: pretoria\ngelechia anarsiella chambers, 1877; bull. u. s. geol. surv. 3: 126; tl: edgerton\ngelechia arotrias meyrick, 1908; proc. zool. soc. lond. 1908: 725; tl: natal, weenen\ngelechia grisseochrella chambers, 1875; cincinnati q. j. sci. 2 (3): 247; tl: california\ngelechia horiaula meyrick, 1918; exotic microlep. 2 (5): 133; tl: nw. india, abbottabad\ngelechia thoracestrigella chambers, 1875; cincinnati q. j. sci. 2 (3): 245; tl: california\ngelechia discoanulella chambers, 1875; cincinnati q. j. sci. 2 (3): 254; tl: texas\ngelechia amorphella; busck, 1903, proc. u. s. nat. mus. 25 (1304): 891\ngelechia rhombelliformis staudinger, 1871; berl. ent. z. 14 (3 / 4): 303; tl: sarepta\ngelechia abjunctella walker, 1864; list spec. lepid. insects colln br. mus. 29: 629; tl: cape\ngelechia albatella walker, 1864; list spec. lepid. insects colln br. mus. 29: 636; tl: ceylon\ngelechia angustella walker, 1864; list spec. lepid. insects colln br. mus. 29: 637; tl: ceylon\ngelechia anomorcta meyrick, 1926; exot. microlep. 3 (9): 277; tl: e. siberia, khaborowsk\ngelechia desiliens meyrick, 1923; exot. microlep. 3 (1 - 2): 23; tl: california, venice\ngelechia fecunda meyrick, 1918; ann. transv. mus. 6 (2): 17; tl: natal, umkomaas\ngelechia griseaella; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 14 (ident. uncert. , incertae sedis )\ngelechia liberata meyrick, 1910; ann. s. afr. mus. 5: 414; tl: cape colony, capetown\ngelechia marmoratella walker, 1864; list spec. lepid. insects colln br. mus. 29: 646; tl: sydney\ngelechia pallidegrisseella [ = pallidagriseella ] chambers, 1875; can. ent. 7 (3): 53 (emend. )\ngelechia suspensa meyrick, 1923; exot. microlep. 3 (1 - 2): 19; tl: brazil, teffé\ngelechia tetraleuca meyrick, 1918; ann. transv. mus. 6 (2): 18; tl: zululand, eshowe\ngelechia anagramma meyrick, 1921; ann. transv. mus. 8 (2): 72; tl: cape colony, middelburg\nclandestina omelko, 1986; proc. zool. inst. leningr. 145: 96 (preocc. gelechia clandestina meyrick, 1923 )\ngelechia junctipunctella caradja, 1920; dt. ent. z. iris 34 (1 / 2): 100; tl: biskra\ngelechia omphalopis meyrick, 1926; ann. s. afr. mus. 23: 330; tl: sw. africa, otjiwarongo\ngelechia veneranda walsingham, 1911; biol. centr. - amer. lep. heterocera 4: 62; tl: mexico, sonora\ngelechia dyariella busck, 1903; proc. u. s. nat. mus. 25 (1304): 877; tl: colorado\ngelechia gammanella walker, 1864; list spec. lepid. insects colln br. mus. 29: 638; tl: sarawak, borneo\ngelechia lactiflora meyrick, 1921; ann. transv. mus. 8 (2): 71; tl: portuguese east africa, magude\ngelechia cuneatella douglas, 1852; trans. ent. soc. lond. (n. s .) 1: 242; tl: london\ngelechia anthochra lower, 1896; trans. proc. r. soc. s. austr. 20: 168; tl: rockhampton, queensland\ngelechia platydoxa meyrick, 1923; exot. microlep. 3 (1 - 2): 20; tl: french guiana, r. maroni\ngelechia versutella zeller, 1873; verh. zool. - bot. ges. wien 23 (abh .): 253; tl: texas\ngelechia adapterella; busck, 1903, proc. u. s. nat. mus. 25 (1304): 890; [ nhm card ]\ngelechia dromicella busck, 1910; proc. ent. soc. wash. 11 (4): 177; tl: placer co. , california\ngelechia panella busck, 1903; proc. u. s. nat. mus. 25 (1304): 889; tl: arizona; california\ngelechia caudatae clarke, 1934; can. ent. 66: 175, pl. 9, f. 3 - 4; tl: washington, pullman\ngelechia cuneifera walsingham, 1911; biol. centr. - amer. lep. heterocera 4: 64; tl: mexico, guerrero, amula, 6000ft\ngelechia mandella busck, 1904; proc. u. s. nat. mus. 27 (1375): 759; tl: kaslo, british columbia\ngelechia monella busck, 1904; proc. u. s. nat. mus. 27 (1375): 759; tl: kaslo, british columbia\ngelechia picrogramma meyrick, 1929; exot. microlep. 3 (16): 489; tl: brazil, teffé; british guiana, bartica, mallali\ngelechia traducella busck, 1914; proc. u. s. nat. mus. 47 (2043): 12; tl: la chorrera, panama\ngelechia albomaculata; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, park & bae, 2006, j. asia - pacif. ent. 9 (2): 110\ngelechia invenustella berg, 1876; bull. soc. imp. nat. moscou 49 (4): 240; tl: cerro de caballada, rio negro\ngelechia teleiodella; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, park & bae, 2006, j. asia - pacif. ent. 9 (2): 110\ngelechia flavipalpella walsingham, 1881; trans. ent. soc. 1881 (2): 262, pl. 12, f. 31; tl: spring vale\ngelechia intermedia braun, 1923; proc. calif. acad. sci. (4) 12 (10): 120; tl: angeles bay, lower california\ngelechia benitella barnes & busck, 1920; contr. nat. hist. lepid. n. am. 4 (3): 229; tl: san benito, texas\ngelechia impurgata walsingham, 1911; biol. centr. - amer. lep. heterocera 4: 67, pl. 2, f. 23; tl: mexico, sonora\ngelechia sonorensis walsingham, 1911; biol. centr. - amer. lep. heterocera 4: 69, pl. 2, f. 26; tl: mexico, sonora\ngelechia sestertiella herrich - schäffer, 1854; syst. bearb. schmett. europ. 5 (65): 186, (58) (ii) pl. 66, f. 487\ngelechia hetaeria walsingham, 1911; biol. centr. - amer. lep. heterocera 4: 68, pl. 2, f. 24; tl: mexico, vera cruz, orizaba\ngelechia petraea walsingham, 1911; biol. centr. - amer. lep. heterocera 4: 63, pl. 2, f. 20; tl: guatemala, las mercedes, 3000ft\ngelechia adapterella walker, 1864; list spec. lepid. insects colln br. mus. 29: 590; tl: st. martin' s falls, albany river, hudson' s bay\ngelechia discoanulella; hodges, 1986, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 1: 126 (unrecognized); lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 14 (ident. uncert. )\ngelechia versutella; busck, 1903, proc. u. s. nat. mus. 25 (1304): 878; [ nacl ], # 1966; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 15\ngelechia albisparsella; busck, 1903, proc. u. s. nat. mus. 25 (1304): 877; [ nacl ], # 1929; [ nhm card ]; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 13\ngelechia anarsiella; busck, 1903, proc. u. s. nat. mus. 25 (1304): 874; [ nacl ], # 1930; [ nhm card ]; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 14\ngelechia bianulella; busck, 1903, proc. u. s. nat. mus. 25 (1304): 873; [ nacl ], # 1933; [ nhm card ]; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 14\ngelechia lynceella; busck, 1903, proc. u. s. nat. mus. 25 (1304): 879; [ nacl ], # 1946; [ nhm card ]; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 14\ngelechia ribesella; busck, 1903, proc. u. s. nat. mus. 25 (1304): 860; [ nacl ], # 1960; [ nhm card ]; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 14\ngelechia rileyella; busck, 1903, proc. u. s. nat. mus. 25 (1304): 887; [ nacl ], # 1961; [ nhm card ]; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 15\ngelechia badiomaculella; busck, 1903, proc. u. s. nat. mus. 25 (1304): 892; [ nacl ], # 1931 (ident. uncert .); [ nhm card ]; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 14\ngelechia bistrigella; busck, 1903, proc. u. s. nat. mus. 25 (1304): 892; [ nacl ], # 1934 (ident. uncert .); [ nhm card ]; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 14\ngelechia capiteochrella; busck, 1903, proc. u. s. nat. mus. 25 (1304): 893; [ nacl ], # 1936 (ident. uncert .); [ nhm card ]; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 14\ngelechia flexurella; busck, 1903, proc. u. s. nat. mus. 25 (1304): 895; [ nacl ], # 1942 (ident. uncert .); [ nhm card ]; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 14\ngelechia ocherfuscella; busck, 1903, proc. u. s. nat. mus. 25 (1304): 899; [ nacl ], # 1954 (ident. uncert .); [ nhm card ]; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 14\ngelechia wacoella; busck, 1903, proc. u. s. nat. mus. 25 (1304): 902; [ nacl ], # 1967 (ident. uncert .); [ nhm card ]; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 15\ngelechia palpialbella; busck, 1903, proc. u. s. nat. mus. 25 (1304): 899; [ nacl ], # 1957 (ident. uncert .); lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 14 (ident. uncert. )\ngelechia discostrigella; busck, 1903, proc. u. s. nat. mus. 25 (1304): 894; [ nacl ], # 1939 (ident. uncert .); [ nhm card ]; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 14 (incertae sedis )\ngelechia - species dictionary - global: ispot nature - your place to share nature. ispot is a website aimed at helping anyone identify anything in nature. once you' ve registered, you can add an observation to the website and suggest an identification yourself or see if anyone else can identify it for you .\ngelechia maculatusella; busck, 1903, proc. u. s. nat. mus. 25 (1304): 897; [ nacl ], # 1947 (ident. uncert .); [ nhm card ]; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 14 (ident. uncert. )\ngelechia mimella; busck, 1903, proc. u. s. nat. mus. 25 (1304): 898; [ nacl ], # 1949 (ident. uncert .); [ nhm card ]; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 14 (ident. uncert. )\ngelechia obscurella; busck, 1903, proc. u. s. nat. mus. 25 (1304): 898; [ nacl ], # 1952 (ident. uncert .); [ nhm card ]; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 14 (ident. uncert. )\ngelechia packardella; busck, 1903, proc. u. s. nat. mus. 25 (1304): 866; [ nacl ], # 1955 (ident. uncert .); [ nhm card ]; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 14 (ident. uncert. )\ngelechia pallidagriseella; busck, 1903, proc. u. s. nat. mus. 25 (1304): 899; [ nacl ], # 1956 (ident. uncert .); [ nhm card ]; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 14 (ident. uncert. )\ngelechia thoracestrigella; busck, 1903, proc. u. s. nat. mus. 25 (1304): 901; [ nacl ], # 1963 (ident. uncert .); [ nhm card ]; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 15 (ident. uncert. )\ngelechia unistrigella; busck, 1903, proc. u. s. nat. mus. 25 (1304): 901; [ nacl ], # 1965 (ident. uncert .); [ nhm card ]; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 15 (ident. uncert. )\nneu, ceu, caucasus, transcaucasia, china (gansu, qinghai, jilin), korea. see [ maps ]\nlarva on prunus spp. , p. spinosa, p. domestica [ me3 ], 108\nmorocco, austria, bosnia, seu, asia minor. see [ maps ]\nlarva on juniperus sabina, j. oxycedrus, j. phoenicea [ me3 ], 109\ntinea sororculella hübner, [ 1817 ]; samml. eur. schmett. [ 8 ]: pl. 66, f. 440\nlarva on salix spp. , s. caprea, s. cinerea, s. aurita, s. viminalis, s. purpurea [ me3 ], 111\nneu, ceu, russia, china (xinjiang, jilin), japan. see [ maps ]\nlarva on salix ssp. , s. alba, s. caprea [ me3 ], 113\nlarva on salix spp. , populus spp. , p. tremula, p. alba, p. nigra, populus canescens [ me3 ], 117\nlarva on populus nigra, populus pyramidalis, p. balsamifera, p. laurifolia [ me3 ], 118\nlarva on populus nigra, populus pyramidalis, p. balsamifera [ me3 ], 119\ns. finland, austria, poland, schweden, .... see [ maps ]\nlarva on acer campestre, a. platanoides huemer, 1991, nota lepid. 14: 124\nalpes maritimes, croatia, macedonia, greece, italy, turkey. see [ maps ]\natlanticella (amsel, 1955) (nothris); bull. inst. sci. nat. belg. 31 (83): 59\nlarva on platanus occidentalis busck, 1903, proc. u. s. nat. mus. 25 (1304): 878\natrofusca omelko, 1986; proc. zool. inst. leningr. 145: 103\ndepressaria bistrigella chambers, 1872; can. ent. 4 (5): 92\nclopica meyrick, 1931; an. mus. nac. hist. nat. buenos aires 36: 384\nconditor omelko, 1986; proc. zool. inst. leningr. 145: 91\ncuspidatella turati, 1934; atti soc. ital. sci. nat. 73: 197\ndelapsa meyrick, 1931; exotic microlep. 4 (2 - 4): 60\ndelodectis meyrick, 1938; dt. ent. z. iris 52: 3\ndichomeris dolbyi walsingham, 1911; biol. centr. - amer. lep. heterocera 4: 98, pl. 3, f. 22; tl: panama, la chorrera\ntelphusa exposita meyrick, 1926; sarawak mus. j. 3: 152; tl: mt murud, 6500 - 7200ft\nfarinosa teich, 1899; arb. naturfr. ges. riga 42: 75\nphthorimaea frequens meyrick, 1921; exotic microlep. 2 (14): 426; tl: queensland, brisbane\nfuscooculata omelko, 1986; proc. zool. inst. leningr. 145: 93\ngoniospila meyrick, 1931; an. mus. nac. hist. nat. buenos aires 36: 385\nparasia griseaella chambers, 1872; can. ent. 4 (5): 88; tl: ontario [? ]\nhaifella amsel, 1935; mitt. zool. mus. berl. 20 (2): 300\nteleia hyoscyamella rebel, 1912; dt. ent. z. iris 26 (1): 89; tl: heluan\ninconspicua omelko, 1986; proc. zool. inst. leningr. 145: 99\ntelphusa inferialis meyrick, 1918; exotic microlep. 2 (5): 133; tl: bengal, chapra\nlongipalpella teich, 1899; arb. naturfr. ges. riga 42: 75\ntelphusa machinata meyrick, 1929; exot. microlep. 3 (16): 488; tl: assam, khasis\npsoricoptera melanoptila lower, 1897; proc. linn. soc. n. s. w. 22 (2): 272; tl: broken hill, new south wales\nnothris mundata meyrick, 1929; exot. microlep. 3 (16): 495; tl: new mexico, mescalero, 7000ft\nnotabilis omelko, 1986; proc. zool. inst. leningr. 145: 99\nophiaula meyrick, 1931; exotic microlep. 4 (2 - 4): 60\ntelphusa paraula meyrick, 1916; exot. microlep. 1 (18): 568; tl: ceylon, maskeliya and madulsima; s. india, nilgiris\nparoxynta meyrick, 1931; exotic microlep. 4 (2 - 4): 59\npistaciae filipjev, 1934; trav. inst. zool. acad. sci. urrs 2: 17\npraestantella lucas, 1956; bull. soc. sci. nat. maroc 35: 256\nrepetitrix meyrick, 1931; exotic microlep. 4 (2 - 4): 60\ndepressaria rileyella chambers, 1872; can. ent. 4 (6): 106; tl: kentucky\nsachalinensis matsumura, 1931; 6000 illust. insects japan. - empire: 1083\nsattleri piskunov, 1982; dokl. akad. nauk. armyan. ssr 74 (3): 138\ntelphusa sematica meyrick, 1913; ann. transv. mus. 3 (4): 286; tl: barberton\nstenacma meyrick, 1935; exotic microlep. 4 (18 - 19): 585\nnothris thymiata meyrick, 1929; exot. microlep. 3 (16): 497; tl: arizona, nogales\nchelaria trachydyta meyrick, 1920; exotic microlep. 2 (10): 304; tl: bombay, dharwar\ntribalanota meyrick, 1935; mat. microlep. fauna chin. prov. : 67\nnothris griseella chambers, 1874; can. ent. 6 (12): 245; tl: texas\n[ afromoths ] de prins, j. & de prins, w. , 2013\n[ spl ] varis, v. (ed), ahola, m. , albrecht, a. , jalava, j. , kaila, l. , kerppola, s. , kullberg, j. , 1995\nsangmi lee, richard brown & sibyl bucheli. gelechioidea - a global framework ;\n[ maps ] warning! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information, and the process does not always produce acceptable result; see about maps for more info .\nexpedition of the california academy of sciences to the gulf of california in 1921. the tineid moths\nlepidoptera britannica, sistens digestimen novam lepidopterorum quae in magna britannica reperiunter... adjunguntur dissertationes variae ad historiam naturalam spectantes\ndie schmetterlinge deutschlands und der schweiz. 2. abteilung, kleinschmetterlinge. 2. die motten und federmotten\nsystematische bearbeitung der schmetterlinge von europa, zugleich als text, revision und supplement zu j. hübner' s sammlung europäischer schmetterlinge, die schaben und federmotten, (1847 -) 1853 - 1855 )\nthe moths of america north of mexico including greenland. fascicle 7. 1. gelechioidea, gelechiidae (part), dichomeridinae\nnotice sur la chassa des lépidoptéres durant l' été 1904 dans le district d' ourjoum, gouv. de viatka [ in russian ]\nreview .\na list of north american lepidoptera and key to the literature of this order of insects\n. by harrison c. dyar, ph. d. , ...\nzerny, 1935 die lepidopterenfauna des grossen atlas in marokko und seiner randgebiete mém. soc. sci. nat. maroc. 42: 1 - 163, pl. 1 - 2\nif you have corrections, comments or information to add into these pages, just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources, and may include many inaccuracies. expert help is welcome .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page: myers, p. , r. espinosa, c. s. parr, t. jones, g. s. hammond, and t. a. dewey. 2018. the animal diversity web (online). accessed at https: / / animaldiversity. org .\ndisclaimer: the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. adw doesn' t cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283, drl 0628151, due 0633095, drl 0918590, and due 1122742. additional support has come from the marisla foundation, um college of literature, science, and the arts, museum of zoology, and information and technology services .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html + rdfa 1. 1 / / en\nexcept where otherwise noted, content on this site is licensed under a creative commons attribution cc by licence .\npopular: trivia, history, america, cities, world, usa, states, television, ... more" ]

{ "text": [ "gelechia epistolica is a moth of the gelechiidae family .", "it is found in tibet .", "the wingspan is 22 – 23 mm .", "the forewings are light grey , irregularly irrorated grey-whitish and darker grey and with a small elongate blackish spot on the base of the costa .", "the discal stigmata are represented by dark grey spots , the first oblique-triangular , the second transverse .", "there are small irregular spots of blackish irroration around the apical part of the costa and termen .", "the hindwings are light grey . " ], "topic": [ 2, 20, 9, 1, 1, 1, 1 ] }

[ "gelechia epistolica is a moth of the gelechiidae family. it is found in tibet. the wingspan is 22 – 23 mm. the forewings are light grey, irregularly irrorated grey-whitish and darker grey and with a small elongate blackish spot on the base of the costa. the discal stigmata are represented by dark grey spots, the first oblique-triangular, the second transverse. there are small irregular spots of blackish irroration around the apical part of the costa and termen. the hindwings are light grey." ]

[ "maggie whitson marked\nblue chaser. libellula fulva. mature male\nas trusted on the\nlibellula fulva\npage .\nmaggie whitson marked\nbruine korenbout (libellula fulva )\nas hidden on the\nlibellula fulva\npage. reasons to hide: duplicate\nmaggie whitson marked\nblue chaser. libellula fulva. mature male\nas hidden on the\nlibellula fulva\npage. reasons to hide: duplicate\nkatja schulz chose to hide data on\nlibellula lydia drury, 1773\n.\nmaggie whitson marked\nblue chaser\nas trusted on the\nlibellula fulva\npage .\neduard solà added the catalan common name\nlibèl·lula\nto\nlibellula depressa linnaeus, 1758\n.\nkari pihlaviita added the finnish common name\nlitteähukankorento\nto\nlibellula depressa linnaeus, 1758\n.\nkatja schulz changed the thumbnail image of\nfile: libellula depressa male weinsberg 20080629 2. jpg\n.\njennifer hammock set\nplathemis + lydia\nas an exemplar on\nlibellula lydia drury, 1773\n.\nposted one of these last year and would like to know if this is a male or female libellula forensis .\nmaggie whitson added an association between\nfile: commonwhitetail. jpg\nand\nlibellula pulchella drury, 1773\n.\nmaggie whitson marked\nfile: commonwhitetail. jpg\nas hidden on the\nlibellula lydia drury, 1773\npage .\nhans - martin braun added the english common name\nbroad - bodied darter\nto\nlibellula depressa linnaeus, 1758\n.\njustification: libellula comanche is widespread and common throughout its range, present in protected areas, and with no indication of any population decline .\nlibellula comanche occurs at springs, seeps, and pools in clear streams. often in open landscapes but may be associated with woodland as well .\nspecies of the genus libellula (king skimmers) often perch on shoreline vegetation, are stout bodied, and usually have distinctive body and wing patterns .\nmaggie whitson marked\nfile: commonwhitetail. jpg\nas untrusted on the\nlibellula lydia drury, 1773\npage. reasons to untrust: misidentified\nmolecular phylogenetic analysis of the dragonfly genera libellula, ladona, and plathemis (odonata: libellulidae) based on mitochondrial cytochrome... - pubmed - ncbi\nmolecular phylogenetic analysis of the dragonfly genera libellula, ladona, and plathemis (odonata: libellulidae) based on mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase i and 16s rrna sequence data .\ncarle, f. l. & kjer, k. m. (2002) phylogeny of libellula (odonata: insecta). zootaxa, 87, 1–18 .\nkennedy, c. h. (1922) the morphology of the penis in the genus libellula (odonata). entomological news, 33 (3), 33–40 .\ngarrison, r. w. (1992) libellula mariae spec. nov. , a new dragonfly from costa rica (anisoptera: libellulidae). odonatologica, 21 (1), 85–89 .\na new species of libellula is described from specimens collected in the most interesting area of cuatro ciénegas, coahuila, méxico. libellula coahuiltecana sp. nov. is similar in color and morphology to l. needhami westfall with which it co - occurs locally. it differs from the latter by having conspicuous orange spots on base of wings and nodal area, and costal, subcostal, and wing tip areas slightly infumated with the same color. other differences exist in the morphology of the secondary genitalia of males and the shape of the vulvar plate of female .\nthe idea to adopt an olive tree arose as we strolled around the olive groves surrounded by frolicking dragonflies. due to their delicate nature, dragonflies only exist where the air is pure and where the land is free of pesticides. therefore, libellula is a symbol for purity and prosperity .\nthis is what will be delivered to your doorstep following the adoption of your tree. inside a wooden box emblazoned with the libellula logo you will find your personalized ceramic bottle, your first olive oil delivery, a brochure with information on the region and the grove, your adoption certificate, a stopper and a funnel .\ndear traveler, please kindly note: the rental price includes: final cleaning; wi - fi internet connection; linens, changed mid - week; towels, changed mid - week; maid service from monday to saturday 4 hours each day; beach / pool towels; electricity up to 350 kw per week. available upon request: baby bed. to be paid at the property: electricity over 350 kw per week according to consumption eur 0. 40 / kw. available for a fee, if desired: chef / cook. refundable security deposit paid cash upon arrival: eur 1000. villa libellula is a charming and bright three - story villa which faces the sun and the sea. it sleeps 22 people. from villa libellula you will enjoy a bright view of the sea. villa libellula is 600 square meters (6460 square feet). it features a private swimming pool and a private jacuzzi pool, panoramic private terraces with a view of the sea, a ...\njustification: libellula angelina was recorded at 86 localities in 29 prefectures until the 1950s. it declined in the 1960s, with drastic declines in the 1990s. in 2000 it was found at only 18 localities in six prefectures. developments have destroyed and degraded habitat and introduced predators threaten the species directly. these declines are expected to continue .\nnow that you are part of the libellula family, come spend some time getting to know sabina. you don' t have to plan anything - we will take care of it all! our team will help you with travel planning, which includes advising on accommodations, and crafting your unique experience composed of local culture, history, food, nature and sport. we will ensure that your stay is unforgettable and seamless. and don’t forget that rome, that eternal city, is two steps away !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwarning: the ncbi web site requires javascript to function. more ...\ndepartment of biology, clark university, 950 main street, worcester, massachusetts, 01610 - 1477, usa. thomas. artiss @ urltoken\nresearch support, u. s. gov' t, non - p. h. s .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\njavascript is required to use this web site. please turn it on before proceeding .\n' s large relational database assembled by hundreds of paleontologists from around the world. the two websites and their predecessors have been used by professional researchers, students, and the public since 1998. the fossilworks copy is refreshed daily. the data are owned by the contributors and the website and software were created by\nthe paleodb maintains a list of official publications. researchers ask to add entries to the list when they have used the site to download data or conduct analyses. large projects that involve documenting the taxonomic classification of an entire group are called online systematics archives .\njavascript must be enabled in order for you to use google maps. however, it seems javascript is either disabled or not supported by your browser. to view google maps, enable javascript by changing your browser options, and then try again .\nthis grove produces an excellent rich and fruity olive oil that appears golden - yellow in color. the olives ripen quickly as they are rather small, with a symmetrical and ellipsoidal shape. their coloring is deep violet by the time of harvest. if you prefer mild olive oil, the leccino olive is characterized by its delicate flavor, and is one of the oldest cultivars in italy .\nthe olive oil here is characterized by slight fruitiness. the olive trees thrive and are dense in foliage with medium sized silvery grey leaves. their unique structure allows these trees to withstand fairly low temperatures in the winter months. carboncella olives foster a fruity olive oil, and result in an intense green colour with golden reflections .\nhere you will find an olive oil with a particularly delicate flavor. the olive trees are thick in foliage and have slender leaves that are medium - sized and dark green. these olive trees experience constant fructification throughout their life cycle .\nour extra virgin olive oil (evoo) is unrefined and unaltered. we follow the age - old practices perfected during the roman empire, which excluded the use of heat and relies on simple pressure. this technique is known as cold - pressing, and results in an olive oil that contains less than 1% of oleic acid. we are warning you: after tasting our olive oil, you will become an olive oil snob .\nour limited edition ceramics are sourced from the neighboring town of deruta, a medieval town known for its ceramics worldwide. each bottle is handmade and personalized with the name of the adopter. you receive your deruta ceramic in the first adoption package. though you are encouraged to use it to serve your olive oil, we can see how you could turn it into a collector’s item !\nour olive trees reside in the enchanting and undiscovered region 20 miles from rome known as sabina. after you choose which tree to adopt, we guarantee 4 liters of olive oil delivered right to your doorstep !\n© 2018 libelluladopt. palombara sabina (rm) strada provinciale pascolare 209 cap 00018 - p. i. 13977921009\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29: registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin, july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia, june 4 - 7. photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona, july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell, iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\ndisclaimer: dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service. we strive to provide accurate information, but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world. if you need expert professional advice, contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content. click the contributor' s name for licensing and usage information. everything else copyright © 2003 - 2018 iowa state university, unless otherwise noted .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\na circumpolar cold - water species. it inhabits the central polar basin, where it was found right up to the polar region and peripheral arctic seas. in the atlantic ocean it moves with cold waters along the coasts of america up the gulf of st. lawrence and coasts of newfoundland; in the eastern part of the ocean it is not found south of iceland and nordkapp. in the pacific ocean it is numerous in the much colder water regions of the bering and okhotsk seas, occupied by the\narctic\nplankton complex. in the cold season of the year it is found in small numbers on the oceanic side of the north kuril islands and in the eastern coastal regions of kamchatka. [ lichtenstein, 1822 ]\nnew * no limits * build update for kodi 18 & 17. 6 - get no limits back in 2018 - fastest install\nin continuing your browsing of this site, you accept the use of cookies to offer you suitable content and services and realize visits statistics. learn more about cookies .\nany reuse of one or more photographs on this site is subject to an authorization request from the author. link to the code of intellectual property (legifrance )\nthank you for your contribution to the improvement of the inpn. the information submitted has been sent to an expert for verification and correction .\nwarning: the data available reflects the progression status of knowledge or the availability of the inventories. it should never be considered as comprehensive .\nnational inventory of natural heritage, website: https: / / inpn. mnhn. fr .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with nbn atlas, please upload using the upload tools .\nwe noticed that you' re using an unsupported browser. the tripadvisor website may not display properly. we support the following browsers :\nrates are calculated based on the latest information provided. please contact the manager / owner to confirm actual rates for your requested dates .\nplease note: rates may have been converted from the original local currency to british pounds and are approximate rates that may change due to exchange rate fluctuation. please contact the manager to confirm actual rates for your requested dates .\nearn money by renting out your home. with no up - front fees and no contract, you keep more for yourself .\nconfirm bookings in one click and track everything from enquiry to check - out – even while you' re on the go .\nwith millions of reviews and protected online payments, tripadvisor helps travellers book your home with confidence .\ninquiry cannot be sent because you have either de - selected all of your recently viewed properties or no properties meet either minimum stay or availability requirements .\n* tripadvisor llc is not a booking agent and does not charge any service fees to users of our site... (\ntripadvisor llc is not responsible for content on external web sites. taxes, fees not included for deals content .\nthe rental price includes: final cleaning; wi - fi internet connection; linens, changed mid - week; towels, changed mid - week; maid service from monday to saturday 4 hours each day; beach / pool towels; electricity up to 350 kw per week. available upon request: baby bed. to be paid at the property: electricity over 350 kw per week according to consumption eur 0. 40 / kw. available for a fee, if desired: chef / cook .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page: myers, p. , r. espinosa, c. s. parr, t. jones, g. s. hammond, and t. a. dewey. 2018. the animal diversity web (online). accessed at https: / / animaldiversity. org .\ndisclaimer: the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. adw doesn' t cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283, drl 0628151, due 0633095, drl 0918590, and due 1122742. additional support has come from the marisla foundation, um college of literature, science, and the arts, museum of zoology, and information and technology services .\ndoctype html public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 0 transitional / / en\nthis species is largely restricted to the coast line. its face, thorax and abdomen are all yellowish - brown in young individuals and females, with all but the sides of the thorax becoming vivid red. the thorax lacks stripes laterally. the legs are brown with no black except the spines. the wings are amber or orange in the front half with a yellow orange pterostigma and have black veins in the posterior 2 / 3 of the wing. the costa is bicolored, being dark basally to the nodus and lighter beyond to the pterostigma. there is a black middorsal stripe on the abdomen .\ntotal length: 45 - 57 mm; abdomen: 32 - 39 mm; hindwing: 35 - 45 mm .\nsee golden - winged skimmer (l. auripennis) for differences with that species. young yellow - striped skimmers (l. flavida) have pale lateral thoracic stripes .\nthis species, although reported as far inland as just north of the arkansas - louisiana border is much more common along the coastal areas where it replaces golden - winged skimmer. it may be one of the most abundant species, along with four - spotted pennant (brachymesia gravida) and seaside dragonlet (erythrodiplax berenice), at brackish waters where it typically perches low on vegetation surrounding or overhanging the water. females are often only encountered some distance from the water when mating. pairs mate while perched and females lay eggs, guarded or unaccompanied by males, vigorously tapping their abdomens to the water surface .\npermissions to use, copy and distribute documents delivered from this server, with the exception of photographs and content related to the dragonfly society of the americas, is hereby granted with restrictions. odonatacentral should be cited in all cases where the content is used. click here for restrictions of use and the correct citation. questions and comments about this site can be sent to jabbott1 @ urltoken .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\nchina (central and north), japan (honshu, shikoku, kyushu and offshore islands) and korea .\nold and stable ponds with a moderate growth of emergent vegetation in lowland hill areas. an area of open water is also necessary .\nfilling up of ponds to build houses and factories, and reforming to artificial ponds with concrete banks have much diminished the habitats. destruction of grassy fields caused decrease of this species because the females and immature males need such fields as refuges. introducing alien animals like procambarus clarkii (crustacea) and micropterus salmoides (carnivorous fish) is a serious problem because of direct predation and habitat destruction .\nthe ministry of environment started to protect this species in 1993, and collection is prohibited by law. but this is not enough for the protection of habitats from destruction. some ngos have begun to conserve this insect and its habitats, for example at okegaya pond, shizuoka pref. , imuta pond, kagoshima pref. and noyori - shin pond, oita pref .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\nthis southwestern north american species occurs from oregon, utah and kansas south to sonora and zacatecas. it is known from 11 states in the united states of america and 4 states in mexico .\nthe species is present in some protected areas (national parks, national wildlife refuges, state parks) in its united states range. occurrence in protected areas in mexico have not been documented. it does not appear to require further conservation measures at present .\nhéctor ortega - salas departamento de zoología, instituto de biología, unam, apartado postal 70 - 153, c. p. 04510\nenrique gonzález - soriano departamento de zoología, instituto de biología, unam, apartado postal 70 - 153, c. p. 04510\ngarrison, r. w. (1991) a synonymic list of the new world odonata. argia, 3 (2), 1–30. [ revised version 16 may 2014 ]\ngarrison, r. w. , von ellenrieder, n. & louton, j. a. (2006) dragonfly genera of the new world: an illustrated an annotated key to the anisoptera. the john hopkins university press, baltimore, maryland, 368 pp .\ngonzález - soriano, e. & novelo - gutiérez, r. (2007) odonata of mexico, revisited. in: tyagi, b. k. (ed .), biology of dragonflies. scientific publishers, jodhpur, pp. 105–136 .\nmiller, p. l. (1991) the structure and function of the genitalia in the libellulidae (odonata). zoological journal of the linnean society, 102, 43–73. urltoken\nriek, e. j. & kukalová - peck, j. (1984) a new interpretation of dragonfly wing venation based upon early upper carboniferous fossils from argentina (insecta: odonatoidea) and basic character states in pterygote wings. canadian journal of zoology, 62 (6), 1150–1166. urltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 / / en\nurltoken\nthe spangled skimmer has black and white stigmas (near tips of the wings) on their wings. at base of the wings, there are small black streaks. the females have amber streaks near the stigmas and brown - tinted wing tips. the body length varies from 1. 6 to 1. 8 inches. the male is dark gray - blue with a black face and dark green eyes. the female has a tan face, red brown eyes, a pale yellow thorax with one brown stripe, a yellow abdomen with black dorsal stripe and a flange near the end of abdomen .\nranging throughout eastern united states, this species can be found at ponds, long - lasting puddles, lakes, and slow streams, often with water lilies, cattails, or other vegetation. it also may be found at ponds inlets or outlets. in wisconsin, we are at the northwestern limit of its range, and it is known from only a few southern counties .\nthe flight season, throughout its range, is from late april to early september. in wisconsin, a few adults have been documented in late may and late june .\nshading illustrates monthly percentages of the total flight season records for the species. each flight season record is a unique date / location / observer combination where one or more adult or an exuvia was recorded (excludes nymphs). the actual number of flight season records for each month is shown in parentheses. flight seasons begin earlier in the southern part of the state, often by a week or more. also, flight charts may not be accurate for rare species because of few data available .\nthis site is produced in conjunction with the wisconsin aquatic and terrestrial resources inventory and sponsored by the wisconsin department of natural resources. the information presented on this site is subject to the wisconsin department of natural resources' legal notices, disclaimers, and terms of use .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndisclaimer: itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available, and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties. however, it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes. while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available, ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party, wildlife statutes, regulations, and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register. for further information on u. s. legal requirements with respect to protected taxa, please contact the u. s. fish and wildlife service .\nthese large, wide - bodied dragonflies have wide wings and all belong to family libellulidae. they spend their time perching on the ground or on vegetation, waiting for insects to fly within range before darting out to capture them .\n< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation, e. g. an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature, an orthologous protein, a record from another database, etc. < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences\n> more... < / a > < / p >\nhelp pages, faqs, uniprotkb manual, documents, news archive and biocuration projects .\nyou are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website. please consider upgrading your browser .\n< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins, you can use the ‘basket’ to save them, so that you can back to find or analyse them later. < p > < a href =' / help / basket' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ help / sequence - searches\n> more. . < / a > < / p >\nwe' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe’s new general data protection regulation (gdpr) that applies since 25 may 2018 .\npaul bedell marked\nladona julia (chalk - fronted corporal) - female\nas hidden on the\nladona julia\npage. reasons to hide: low quality\npaul bedell marked\nladona julia (chalk - fronted corporal) - male\nas trusted on the\nladona julia\npage .\nit looks like plathemis lydia crosses the continent so we assume you have it out there. this is a female. different wing pattern from the male. see. l. forensis wouldn' t have black on the wing tips, and would have a continuous stripe along the side of the abdomen, while plathemis has a broken stripe / / / / etc .\nselect your preferred way to display the comments and click' save settings' to activate your changes .\njavascript is disabled on your browser. please enable javascript to use all the features on this page .\nto whom correspondence should be addressed at current address: lakeside school, 14050 1st avenue ne, seattle, wa 98125. e - mail: thomas. artiss @ lakesideschool. org .\ncopyright © 2018 elsevier b. v. or its licensors or contributors. sciencedirect ® is a registered trademark of elsevier b. v." ]

{ "text": [ "libellula is a genus of dragonflies , commonly called skimmers , in the family libellulidae , distributed throughout the temperate zone of the northern hemisphere .", "most species are found in the united states , where they are the best-known large dragonflies , often seen flying over freshwater ponds in summer .", "many have showy wing patterns . " ], "topic": [ 26, 13, 23 ] }

[ "libellula is a genus of dragonflies, commonly called skimmers, in the family libellulidae, distributed throughout the temperate zone of the northern hemisphere. most species are found in the united states, where they are the best-known large dragonflies, often seen flying over freshwater ponds in summer. many have showy wing patterns." ]

[ ". both wings are a purplish brown - grey. the forewing has irregular fasciae and a reniform stigma that are highlighted with paler brown, and there is a deep, lens - shaped, white - edged, dark brown trapezoidal mark subapically at the costa .\n. usually only recorded in singletons, the species occurs from the lowlands to 1930m, mostly in forested localities .\n. the larva in okinawa (japan) has been illustrated by takeuchi & ohbayashi (2000), tominaga (2001) and by tanahara & tanahara (2000). the prolegs of a3 are strongly reduced, those of a4 only slightly so. there is a transverse ridge on a8, as seen in\nand a few other ophiusines, that supports subdorsal protuberances bearing the primary setae. the whole body is marked longitudinally with a dense array of dark brown lines on a pale brown to yellow ground, though the strength of this lineation is considerably reduced ventral to the spiracles. the tubercles in the ridge of a8 are transversely pale. the exterior of the abdominal prolegs has a more reticulate, spotty pattern. the host plant was\n( elaeocarpaceae). bänziger (1982) recorded the adult as piercing fruit in thailand .\nno part of this website or any of its contents may be reproduced, copied, modified or adapted, without the prior written consent of the author .\nyou can copy this taxon into another guide. if you are one of the editors of this guide it should copy everything, but if you' re not, it will only copy the licensed content .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page: myers, p. , r. espinosa, c. s. parr, t. jones, g. s. hammond, and t. a. dewey. 2018. the animal diversity web (online). accessed at https: / / animaldiversity. org .\ndisclaimer: the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. adw doesn' t cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283, drl 0628151, due 0633095, drl 0918590, and due 1122742. additional support has come from the marisla foundation, um college of literature, science, and the arts, museum of zoology, and information and technology services .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthe source code for the wiki 2 extension is being checked by specialists of the mozilla foundation, google, and apple. you could also do it yourself at any point in time .\nwould you like wikipedia to always look as professional and up - to - date? we have created a browser extension .\nit will enhance any encyclopedic page you visit with the magic of the wiki 2 technology .\ni use wiki 2 every day and almost forgot how the original wikipedia looks like .\nof perfecting techniques; in live mode. quite the same wikipedia. just better .\nwingspan is about 72mm. a pale rufous moth. fore wings with short sub - basal and oblique antemedial medial dark lines on pale reddish bands. renifrom large with a dark line in it. three indistinct waved postmedial line found on pale reddish suffusion and one sub - marginal line present. a large semi - circular patch with white edges at apex. abdomen and hind wings fuscous brown, where hind wings with indistinct pale medial line. the margin except at apex is greyish. [ 3 ]\npoole, r. w. (1989). lepidopterorum catalogus (new series) fascicle 118, noctuidae archived 2009 - 09 - 23 at the wayback machine. . crc press. isbn 0 - 916846 - 45 - 8, isbn 978 - 0 - 916846 - 45 - 9 .\nthis page was last edited on 24 march 2018, at 20: 53 .\nbasis of this page is in wikipedia. text is available under the cc by - sa 3. 0 unported license. non - text media are available under their specified licenses. wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation, inc. wiki 2 is an independent company and has no affiliation with wikimedia foundation .\n. this and the next species have similar, rather narrow, pale, biscuit - coloured lightly marked forewings and yellow hindwings with a black submarginal patch. in\nthe postmedial is darker, punctate, as distinct from a slightly paler but obscure and irregular fascia. both species have grey patches distal to the submarginal: the apical one is strongest in\nthe abdomen has a distinctive subapical black patch dorsally. see also the description of the previous species .\n); lesser sundas, australia, new caledonia, vagrant to norfolk i. (typical); vanuatu, fiji, samoa, tonga (ssp .\n. the only specimen noted in recent surveys was from 1618m on bukit retak in brunei .\n. hampson (1893) and sugi (1987) illustrated the mature larva in colour. it is a long, relatively slender and streamlined semi - looper that is variegated greyish brown. the finer patterning is longitudinal banding but superimposed on this is more oblique or transverse variegation that is coarser, blackish on a2, a3 and a5, the latter with extensive white markings on each side that are more intense on alternate longitudinal bands. a transverse ridge on a8 is edged darker posteriorly. the whole effect is cryptic, twig - like. semper (1896 - 1902) illustrated a more reddish brown larva with black longitudinal striae. the host - plant recorded by sugi was\n( epacridaceae) from guam (swezey, cited by holloway, 1979). the adult has been recorded as a fruit piercer in china (wu, 1981) and thailand (bänziger, 1982)." ]

{ "text": [ "pindara illibata is a moth of the noctuidae family .", "it is found in the oriental region , including taiwan , china , india , sri lanka , myanmar , japan and borneo . " ], "topic": [ 2, 20 ] }

[ "pindara illibata is a moth of the noctuidae family. it is found in the oriental region, including taiwan, china, india, sri lanka, myanmar, japan and borneo." ]

[ "how can i put and write and define hypselodoris zebrina in a sentence and how is the word hypselodoris zebrina used in a sentence and examples? 用hypselodoris zebrina造句, 用hypselodoris zebrina造句, 用hypselodoris zebrina造句, hypselodoris zebrina meaning, definition, pronunciation, synonyms and example sentences are provided by ichacha. net .\nplease see the attached photos. i think that this nudy is hypselodoris zebrina. am i right ?\n\n' hypselodoris zebrina\n' is a species of colourful sea slug or dorid nudibranch, a family chromodorididae .\nthis is certainly what i have identified as hypselodoris zebrina. it' s good to get another record of this' long lost' species .\nspecies hypselodoris centunculus yonow, 1994 accepted as hypselodoris whitei (a. adams & reeve, 1850 )\nhi bill, i hope this will be useful! !! i think i have some pics of hypselodoris zebrina or hypselodoris kanga or hypselodoris infucata! !! which one is what? all filmed at boonsung wreck, taplamu, thailand. depth between 12m to 20m .\nafter searching through the site, i thought it might be hypselodoris zebrina i' m hoping to get some info on what types of foods i should be providing it .\ntwo australian species, are possibly regional forms of hypselodoris infucata. they are hypselodoris saintvincentius found in south australia, and hypselodoris obscura from new south wales and southern queensland .\n- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - species: hypselodoris zebrina (j. alder & a. hancock, 1864) - id: 5496000110\nit has similarities to hypselodoris kanga, hypselodoris nigrostriata and hypselodoris zephyra all with yellow spots, and bluish purple lines, but in those species the gills are triangular in cross - section, while in your animal they are simple .\n... it (h. zebrina) has similarities to hypselodoris kanga, hypselodoris nigrostriata and hypselodoris zephyra all with yellow spots, and bluish purple lines, but in those species the gills are triangular in cross - section, while in your animal they are simple. the species was originally placed in the genus chromodoris. although no anatomical information is available the general body shape and colour pattern would suggest that it is most likely to be a species of hypselodoris ...\nhi bill, here are some photos of hypselodoris obscura on a possible food sponge .\nbill i have noticed with interest the discussions on the hypselodoris saintvincentius. i originally believed this animal to be h. infucata. is this hypselodoris saintvincentius or h. infucata ?\ni am sure this is hypselodoris zebrina, a species which was described about 150 years ago from southeastern india and has never been reported since. i have scanned a copy of the original illustration alongside for comparison (alder & hancock, 1864: plate 29, fig 7) .\nhi bill, this was a new one for me. i believe it is hypselodoris infucata .\ntaplamu, thailand. depth between 12m to 20m. photo: danny van belle lower: chromodoris zebrina, madras region, southeastern india. original painting - alder & hancock, 1864: plate 29, fig 7 .\nit has similarities to hypselodoris kanga, hypselodoris nigrostriata and hypselodoris zephyra all with yellow spots, and bluish purple lines, but in those species the gills are triangular in cross - section, while in your animal they are simple. the species was originally placed in the genus chromodoris. although no anatomical information is available the general body shape and colour pattern would suggest that it is most likely to be a species of hypselodoris .\ndear priscilla, this is an interesting find. i am sure it is hypselodoris zebrina, a species which was described about 150 years ago from southeastern india and has never been reported since. i have scanned a copy of the original illustration alongside for comparison (alder & hancock, 1864: plate 29, fig 7) .\ndear bill, here are some photos of hypselodoris infucata from eilat, red sea. depth 5m. 22 march 2003\nspecies hypselodoris marci ev. marcus, 1971 accepted as felimare marci (ev. marcus, 1971) (original combination )\ndear bill, because the gill structures of this animal are a bit triangular rather than simple as is usual with hypselodoris infucata, i was wondering whether it might be hypselodoris kanga? admittedly, there are no yellow spots on the gills, though .\ncame across this pretty hypselodoris in lembeh last year. first time i' d seen the blue variety. plenty of the green version tho'\ndear erwin, yes, it certainly looks like hypselodoris infucata to me. good to get a photo from the where it was first described .\nspecies hypselodoris bayeri (ev. marcus & er. marcus, 1967) accepted as felimare bayeri ev. marcus & er. marcus, 1967\nspecies hypselodoris ruthae ev. marcus & hughes, 1974 accepted as felimare ruthae (ev. marcus & hughes, 1974) (original combination )\ni thought i' d share these pictures of hypselodoris infucata since they show different color variations of the species. all were taken in tulamben, bali .\nspecies hypselodoris nyalya (ev. marcus & er. marcus, 1967) accepted as risbecia nyalya (ev. marcus & er. marcus, 1967 )\nfrom the background, i suspect your animal was small and almost certainly a juvenile. there are a number of species of hypselodoris with dark blue spots but until they have grown enough to develop their other colours it is not possible to be 100% sure of their identity. i suspect your animal is hypselodoris infucata .\ndear bill i send you 2 photos of a hypselodoris infucata laying eggs to add to the photos of this nudibranch mating (photos taken in bali and sulawesi) .\nspecies hypselodoris acriba ev. marcus & er. marcus, 1967 accepted as felimare acriba (ev. marcus & er. marcus, 1967) (original combination )\ndear ilan, this is a particularly startling colour form of hypselodoris infucata. this colour form looks quite similar to hypselodoris kanga, but in h. infucata the gills are simple, while in h. kanga they are triangular in cross - section, and have a series of yellow spots on the outer face. best wishes, bill rudman\ndear bill. the following pictures of a hypselodoris infucata were taken within a few seconds. the slug was sitting on one of the black stones in shallow water close to the edge of a deeper area of black sand, there were 2 hypselodoris nigrostriata 2 stones further away, and there was a bit of a surge moving it' s gills .\nhere are some photographs of hypselodoris infucata from the mediterranean sea. all three photographs are of the same specimen. these photographs were taken near fethiye, turkey, in june 2000 .\nfound these two hypselodoris infucata last weekend. don' t know for sure, but it seems like they are mating (what else could it be ?). can you confirm ?\nhi bill, i had a look through my files to see if i had better shots of hypselodoris infucata feeding. i think these photo 's show the food sponge a bit better .\nthis is a copy of sabine' s message which is posted on the nudibranch rhinophore page. i have duplicated this message as it shows an interesting colour variation of hypselodoris infucata. bill rudman\nthanks danny, your photos are an excellent addition to priscilla' s photo and certainly confirm in my mind that this species is alder & hancock' s h. zebrina. the absence of a purple median line in priscilla' s photo was a major difference from the original painting, but your photos show that the line can be present or absent. this is a very valuable contribution. best wishes, bill rudman\n( of chromodoris zebrina alder & hancock, 1864) alder, j. ; hancock, a. (1864). notice of a collection of nudibranchiate mollusca made in india by walter elliot esq. with descriptions of several new genera and species. transactions of the zoological society of london. 5: 113 - 147. , available online at urltoken page (s): 123 - 124, plate 29, figure 7 [ details ]\ni was keen to know if hypselodoris infucata can occur in high densities seasonally. on 26th march we have encountered hundreds of individuals in shallow reef of gulf of kutch, narara. after a point, i gave up the count .\nbill, this photo by h. - h. harms (hamburg, germany) was made off dahab, red sea, depth 3m in april 1979. is it hypselodoris infucata (as i guess) or something else? erwin\ndear kara, this is almost certainly hypselodoris zebrina. i would certainly be interested to know where your lfs got its shipment from for as far as i can tell the other records on the forum are the only records of this animal being found in almost 150 years. i am sure it is a sponge feeder, so if it is growing then you must have a sponge colony in your aquarium that it is partial to. it is certainly leading a lucky life, not only has it avoided being eaten by roy, but you apprently have its preferred sponge. if you can find what its eating and take a photo of it, it will be an exciting new bit of biological information about this animal good luck bill rudman\ndear bill at last i have found hypselodoris infucata, or so i think. please confirm. locality: aliwal shoal, umkomaas - 15m, south coast kwazulu - natal, south africa date: may 2000 size: 20mm regards, valda\ni found this hypselodoris infucata sitting on a pink sponge which it is apparently eating. the slug was about 2cm long. the divesite, teluk kembahu is a sand slope with patch reef. lembeh strait, sulawesi, indonesia. april 9, 2002\nas i mention in the earlier message, h. saintvincentius and h. infucata are difficult to distinguish. it is possible that h. saintvincentius will prove to be a southern australian' form' of the widespread h. infucata. your animal is a juvenile hypselodoris infucata .\nthanks mike, its an almost parallel situation to akos' s photo of hypselodoris obscura mating. the two species are obviously closely related but there seems to be a consistent radula difference with the innnermost tooth of h. obscura being bicuspid while it is tricuspid in h. infucata .\njohnson, r. f. and valdés, a. (2001) the hypselodoris infucata, h. obscura and h. saintvincentius species complex (mollusca, nudibranchia, chromodorididae), with remarks on the genus brachyclanis ehrenberg, 1831. journal of natural history 35: 1371 - 1398 .\ndear david, this is hypselodoris infucata. hypselodoris rudmani is basically translucent, with a reticulate pattern of opaque white, sometimes reduced to whitish spots. there are small black specks / spots scattered over the mantle - but very scarce or absent in the mid region. there is also a row of larger dark blue spots around the mantle edge, which is translucent clear. the gill pockets have unusually raised sheaths, and the rhinophore clubs are orange red. the simple gills are translucent with a thin orange line along the inner and outer edges - sometimes also with some white pigmentation .\nthis is hypselodoris infucata. it is interesting because it is one of a growing number of indian ocean species which are finding their way into the mediterranean through the suez canal. [ have a look at the lessepsian migrants page for further information. this species has been living in the mediterranean for some years .\ndear binyamin, although the gills have a slight widening at the base of the outer side, it doesn' t look like the gills of hypselodoris kanga. more importantly this animal does not have the relatively high profile of that species. it' s hard to put it into words but some species of hypselodoris have a fairly muscular and high body, such as h. bullocki and others have a lower profile with thinner, more fleshy, skin, such as h. maritima and h. emma. i would consider h. kanga to have a high profile, while this animal from the gulf of kutch is one with a low profile .\nhello, i found hypselodoris infucata at dahab on the sinai peninsula. it was on a sandy and grass bottom in shallow water. it was on some sea - weed. after a few minutes there some fish appeared and they attacked the nudibranch - i dont have a picture because my camera didn' t have enough batteries .\nfirstly, i think this is the widespread indo - west pacific species h. infucata. i have been unsure about two regional australian species, hypselodoris saintvincentius found in south australia, and hypselodoris obscura from new south wales and southern queensland, but johnson & valdés (2001) consider they have found differences. i must say that they each look a little different externally to the practised eye, but it is hard to put the differences in words. h. infucata usually can be distinguished from h. obscura in having dark patches down each side of the mantle. these sometimes merge, as in your animal, to a broad dark band down each side .\ncan you id this one for me? is it hypselodoris infucata? i just got back from diving vietnam and don' t see a lot of pics from there. i have about a dozen pics of nudibranches from there so please let me know if you want to see them to help with your geographic distribution data on species .\nhello to all! ! i have taken a picture of the hypselodoris infucata on the north coast of cyprus. the area where i found it has only few sponges. it was a night dive and the h. infucata was active. so, is this a new species or only a migrant which found its way to north cyprus ?\nhere is a photo of what i have identified from the fact sheet is hypselodoris infucata. locality: khor al adaid, qatar, persian gulf. depth: 8 - 15 m. length: 10 mm. 12 feb 2005. in coral community, feeding on sponge in picture. photographer: iain macdonald hopefully you can confirm. iain macdonald\ndear bill; another one i' m having difficulty with. i can' t choose between hypselodoris infucata and h. obscura. thank you for your help. locality: noumea - ouémo, 9 m, new caledonia, pacific ocean, december 06, sandy bottom or algae. length: 35 mm. photographer: jean - françois hervé .\ni took several pictures with macro & zoom, and here are the best photos after enlargement, where you can compare my thumb to the nudibranch. compared it to dennis' s picture in south australia in august 26, 2005, and there is a big similarity. hopefully no great white sharks in the area, could this be a hypselodoris saintvincentius ?\ndear jochen, this is hypselodoris infucata. it is nice to get photos from the red sea, because that is where this species was first found 170 years ago. it is found throughout the indo - west pacific and is quite variable in colour, so photos from the red sea help us to build up information on its colour variability in the indian ocean region .\nhypselodoris infucata is a commonly seen nudibranch here in eilat with a large, stable population, most typically colored as in the photos posted earlier by oren lederman (msg # 13791) and ilan ben - tov (msg # 9491). we' ve regularly seen an annual cycle, generally speaking, beginning with the appearance of juveniles in the early winter through mature mating adults in the spring and possibly into summer .\nhi bill, i saw the recent post by danny van belle on hypselodoris infucata from thailand. i am sending two photogrphs of the same species from burma (myanmar), some 200 km north of where danny took his photographs. the andaman sea variety seems to be a little different than the h. infucata from the mediterranean that i sent earlier; the ones in andaman have these small white raised dots on their bodies .\ndear ilan, thanks for these photos. hypselodoris infucata was first described from the red sea over 170 years ago, so it is one of the first chromodorids to be named. it is good to get some photos of typical red sea specimens. i have posted a scan of the original painting alongside [ rüppell, e. & leuckart, f. s. (1830 or 31) - pl 10, fig. 3 ] .\ndear orhan, those little white specks are in fact skin glands which can release white secretions. i assume they are a secondary mantle glands, with a similar function to those around the mantle edge. they are not always present which makes me think they have a cyclic activity, perhaps filling after feeding? if you look at the related species hypselodoris obscura, you will see that they are present in most of the photos of that species on the forum. best wishes, bill rudman\nwhile looking through my photos i also found a good photo of hypselodoris infucata feeding on a sponge. i send you a large photo so you might be able to make out which species of sponge it is. you can see, that the nudbranchs were really\nflocking\nto that place - there were even more there then the 3 specimens on the photo, perhaps six or so, if i remember correctly and they were all really buring their mouthparts in the sponge! (photo taken in sulawesi )\ndear bob, the bright blue animal is a colour form of hypselodoris infucata. have a look at sabine noack' s message [ # 9508 ] for the same colour form from bali. the reason i am considering it a colour form of h. kanga are the triangular patterns at the edge of the mantle. if you look at other photos on the forum of more typical colour forms of h. infucata [ see message # 9133 ] you will see darker green or blue diamond shaped marks at the edge of the mantle. i think the triangular marks in your animal are the outer half of the diamond pattern. the green animal you mention [ lower left photo ] is a different species, hypselodoris kanga, which can be distinguished by the shape and colour of the gills. i have discussed this in more detail in a separate message [ # 14186 ]. it is possible that h. infucata has evolved this blue colour form to mimic h. kanga much as occurs in the red - spotted chromodorids of southeastern australia, but we would need a lot more information to demonstrate that .\nto accompany orhan aytur' s message, although it is a well - known lessepsian species, hypselodoris infucata is rarely seen in turkish waters. it is found on, or around the sponge species of dysidea, but these sponges are mostly found in north aegean, marmara and in the black sea, which is probably too cold for h. infucata. therefore the distribution of h. infucata is limited to a few locations in the mediterranean coast of turkey, where sponges are plenty. it will not be a surprise to see this species in fethiye, marmaris, tekirova or in iskenderun bay. best wishes baki\ndear danny, this is definitely hypselodoris infucata. in fact it looks quite like the ones in the message just posted from turkey. one quite typical feature is the series of dark patches, usually diamond - shaped down each side of the mantle. one simple way to distinguish it from from h. kanga is that in h. kanga the gills are triangular in cross section and the outer face, which is without gill leaflets has a series of yellow spots. in h. infucata the gills are two - sided in cross - section, with a thin red line along the edge. best wishes, bill rudman\nit' s always good to get more photos of animals from along the northern part of the indian ocean because i still think we have things to learn about colour variation and speciation of these species. this is probably hypselodoris infucata, which in the western indian ocean seems to have a more spotted colour pattern than in the pacific, where the colours seem to diffuse into one another. however what strikes me about your animal is its similarities to h. sagamiensis, a species known only from japan. in fact if the large blue - black patches were slightly smaller i would almost be convinced it was h. sagamiensis .\ndear mike, thanks for these photos. the upper two photos are h. infucata, but the one alongside is most probably hypselodoris kanga. in hyspelodoris infucata the gills are what we call' simple' because they are essentially a two dimensional leaf with a red line along the internal and external edge. if you look at the gills in the lower animal, they are triangular in cross - section which means there are three edges to each gill, one on the inside and two on the outside, each with a red line. usually in h. kanga there are a series of white or yellow spots in the space between the outer red lines of each gill. i can' t see any sign of them in this animal but the triangular cross - section suggests that this is h. kanga .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nhere is an extract from the original description describing the colour pattern :\nwhite with waved crimson stripe down the centre of the back and transverse stripes of the same colour (of unequal lengths) at the sides and around the ends; there are largish yellow spots down each side of the central stripe and between the transverse ones near the margin; a crimson stripe also runs from the cloak along a ridge to the tail. dorsal tentacles. . with laminated part crimson... [ gills ] simply pinnate, crimson... length 2 / 10 inch\n[ p123 - 4 ] .\nin the original description, the colour of the stripes and the gills and rhinophores are described as' crimson' but the illustration would suggest' purple' may have been a better word to use. priscilla yeo' s photo, and subsequent photos from danny van belle show the colour variation in this species, in particular the variable nature of the purple median line on the mantle, ranging from a continuous line, to a few spots, and sometimes absent. the yellow spots, radial purple lines, and purple dorso - median line down the posterior foot are all very characteristic features found in no other species of chromodorid .\nreference: • alder, j. & hancock, a. (1864) notice of a collection of nudibranchiate mollusca made in india by walter elliot esq. , with descriptions of several new genera and species. transactions of the zoological society of london, 5: 113 - 147 .\nv. 5 1866 - transactions of the zoological society of london. - biodiversity heritage library\nvi. confributions to the natural history of the anthropoid apes. no. viii. on the external characters of the gorilla (troglodytes gorilla, sav. )\nif you are generating a pdf of a journal article or book chapter, please feel free to enter the title and author information. the information you enter here will be stored in the downloaded file to assist you in managing your downloaded pdfs locally .\nthank you for your request. please wait for an email containing a link to download the pdf .\nsign up to receive the latest bhl news, content highlights, and promotions .\nbhl relies on donations to provide free pdf downloads and other services. help keep bhl free and open !\nthere was an issue with the request. please try again and if the problem persists, please send us feedback .\nthey are quite common on this divesite\nthe boonsung wreck\nbut only on this site and nowhere else! !! i' ve made about 1500 dives in the area of the andaman sea - thailand .\nhtml public\n- / / ietf / / dtd html 3. 0 / / en\nhtml. dtd\n( bill rudman' s sea slug forum), another colourful indian ocean species which has seldom been seen much since it was first described in the middle of the 19th century by alder & hancock. it' s always very nice to encounter this species! the photo attached was taken in the andaman sea in ranong province of western thailand, a stone' s throw from burma. it was in a shallow rocky - reef environment. when viewed underwater, the reddish - purple lines appear black, so this species looks very similar to the more common\nthat i have seen, there is a reddish - purple longitudinal line on top of the foot and a row of purple - blue spots under the mantle skirt .\n• alder, j. & hancock, a. (1864) notice of a collection of nudibranchiate mollusca made in india by walter elliot esq. , with descriptions of several new genera and species. transactions of the zoological society of london, 5: 113 - 147 .\nbut lacks the promiment yellow spots! i wonder... ...... .... ? check out a\nby john greenamyer that was taken at anilao, batangas, philippines last month .\n... white with waved crimson stripe down the centre of the back and transverse stripes of the same colour (of unequal lengths) at the sides and around the ends; there are largish yellow spots down each side of the central stripe and between the transverse ones near the margin; a crimson stripe also runs from the cloak along a ridge to the tail. dorsal tentacles. . with laminated part crimson... [ gills ] simply pinnate, crimson ...\nmike miller san diego, calif jun. , 2010\nlawrence is a newspaper journalist based in bangkok, thailand. he escapes the office as often as he can to go diving in the rich waters of the indo - pacific but his regular dive sites are just down the road at pattaya in the gulf of thailand or at khao lak on the andaman coast .\nlawrence uses a nikon d200 in a nexus housing with a pair of inon z240s. the photo at top was taken using a 105 mm macro lens .\n© the slug site, michael d. miller 2010. all rights reserved .\ndebelius, h. & kuiter, r. h. (2007) nudibranchs of the world. conchbooks, frankfurt, 360 pp. isbn: 978 - 3 - 939767 - 06 - 0 page (s): 125 [ details ]\njohnson r. f. & gosliner t. m. (2012) traditional taxonomic groupings mask evolutionary history: a molecular phylogeny and new classification of the chromodorid nudibranchs. plos one 7 (4): e33479. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nour website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site. we suggest you upgrade to a modern browser .\ndebelius, h. & kuiter, r. h. (2007) < i > nudibranchs of the world < / i >. conchbooks, frankfurt, 360 pp. isbn: 978 - 3 - 939767 - 06 - 0\ndebelius, h. ; kuiter, r. h. (2007) i > nudibranchs of the world < / i: conchbooks, frankfurt. 360: 978 - 3\njohnson r. f. & gosliner t. m. (2012) traditional taxonomic groupings mask evolutionary history: a molecular phylogeny and new classification of the chromodorid nudibranchs. < i > plos one < / i > 7 (4): e33479 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nfind this pin and more on i' m slug - bulous darling! by monicapunneo .\nupper: entrance to harbour, dar es salaam, tanzania, july 1974. 50mm long alive. middle: adult animal on half eaten sponge dysidea? sp. koumac, new caledonia, october 1993. 42mm long alive. lower: juvenile animal, noumea, new caledonia, oct, 1988 photos: bill rudman .\nthroughout the indo - west pacific various names have been given to this species depending on the relative size of the yellow and blue spots. as is shown here, juveniles often have no dark blue specks and their yellow patches are relatively large .\nreferences: • rudman, w. b. (1984d) the chromodorididae (opisthobranchia: mollusca) of the indo - west pacific: a review of the genera. zoological journal of the linnean society 81: 115 - 273. • rudman, w. b. (1977) chromodorid opisthobranch mollusca from east africa and the tropical west pacific. zoological journal of the linnean society 61: 351 - 397. • rüppell, e. & leuckart, f. s. (1830 or 31) neue wirbellose thiere des rothen meeres. atlas zu der reise im nördlichen afrika von eduard rüppell. brunner, frankfurt am main. 23 - 50, pls 7 - 12 .\nlocality: larak island - bandar abbas, 4 - 8 m, iran, persian gulf, 5 january 2009, rocky bed. length: 1cm. photographer: omid alizade .\nlocality: narara, exposed reef, gujarat, india, arabian sea, 26th april 2009. length: 50 - 70 mm. photographer: deepak apte .\ndear deepak, i have never seen this species in large numbers, but i have seen quite a few other species of chromodorids in large numbers, and others have also witnessed large populations. these large populations are usually short - lived and are apparently the result of the presence of a good supply of their preferred food sponge and for those with veliger larvae, a successful settlement of the veligers .\nlocality: zeyko diving site / girne, 15m, turkish republic of north cyprus, editerranean, 16 august 2007, rocks - algae. length: 15 mm. photographer: henrik personn .\nas well as the message you refer to, there are a couple more messages on the forum reporting h. infucata from the mediterranean [ message # 20988; # 9145 ]. i am not sure if there are records from northern cyprus, but it is quite a well - known indo west - pacific visitor to the mediterranean via the suez canal. we call these animals lessepsian migrants .\nwhile diving the persian gulf yesterday on mv - hannan wreck, 34 nm off abu - dhabi island, and photographing a cluster of seven chromodoris annulata, i noticed a very tiny black nudibranch, barely seen, of about 3 - 4 mm length, and 1 mm width .\nlocality: mv - hannan wreck, 12m, abu - dhabi, united arab emirates, persian gulf (south), 26 july 2008, wreck on 20 m depth. length: 3 - 4 mm. photographer: yahia mokhtar .\nyour mention of large c. annulata and small h. infucata together reminds me of my photo [ # 15058 ] of the opposite. more importantly, perhaps you could check your photos of the cluster of c. annulata. hopefully they show the sponge this species eats more clearly than in your other message [ # 21749 ] ?\nlocality: lembeh, 15 - 20m, sulawesi, indonesia, pacific, july 2004 / 2006 / 2007, muddy. photographer: teresa (zubi) zuberbühler .\nthanks for these interesting photos. while the upper two photos are of h. infucata, i am pretty sure the lower photo is of h. kanga. if you look at earlier messages from mike krampf [ message # 18901 ] and bob whorton [ message # 14188 ] you will see i discuss how these two similarly coloured species can be distinguished by the shape and coloue of their gills. in your lower photo you can see the gills are triangular in cross - section, which means the outer edge has two red lines, instead of only one in h. infucata. usually we can see white or yellow spots inside the red lines in h. kanga. in your upper photo, showing the group feeding, some of the gills on the animal on the right have a double red line on the basal half. i suspect all the animals in that photo are h. infucata, but the double line is a bit of a puzzle - perhaps it is related to the larger size of this animal .\nthanks for the feeding photo. unfortunately the sponge they are eating is well hidden under a layer of sand. i presume the sponge will be a species of dysidea, which is the sponge they are normally found eating. from your photos it seems both h. infucata and h. kanga have almost identical egg ribbons. we have a number of other photos of the egg ribbon of h. kanga, but surprisingly no others of the widespread h. infucata. if anyone has photos of its egg ribbon they would be a useful confirmation .\n2 meters, israel, mediterranean, 10 october 2007. length: 5 cm long. photographer: udi hakim .\ni can understand your hesitation with these two species. i really am not sure if h. obscura is a' good' species or a regional variant of h. infucata. whatever the final decision, i think we will be able to say that h. obscura is found only on the subtropical and warm temperate coasts of eastern australia. so my feeling is that animals from new caledonia should be indentified as h. infucata .\ni have also noted in message # 14263 that you indicate that h. saintvincentius is only known known only from south australia and southwestern western australia which has confused me a little as carnarvon is not in the southwest but further north .\nlocality: one mile jetty carnarvon, 6 - 7 meters, western australia, indian ocean, 3 february, muddy sandy bottom. length: 20 - 30mm. photographer: brad cox .\nlocality: tulamben, 45 ft, bali, indonesia, java sea, 7 october 2006, sandy bottom. length: 3 cm. photographer: mike krampf .\ni found this beautiful looking seaslug today morning on a sandy shallow water near narara reef in gulf of kutch, gujrat, india. i would like experts to get this beauty identified .\nlocality: narara island, gulf of kutch, shallow water 10 cm, gujarat, gulf of kutch, arabian ocean, 03, february 2007, intertidal sandy area. length: 1. 5 inches. photographer: arpit deomurari .\nupper photos: locality: flat rock north stradbroke island, 10 - 14 metres, queensland australia, pacific ocean, 13th july 2006, rocky reef with sponges, hard & soft corals. length: 25mm. photographer: bruce wilkie. lower photo: flat rock, 11 may 2006. photographer: bruce wilkie\nwith regards to the id of these animals i am still unsure about the difference between h. infucata and h. obscura. you are the expert, and i have renamed my file on these animals. i have about 40 of these animals on file and when i get time i will have to go through carefully and see if i have wrongly id any of them. many thanks, bruce wilkie .\ndear bruce, the pinkish sponge in the upper photo is a dysideid and so could well be the food of this species. however i can' t see any obvious food sponge in the lower photo, although its possible the yellowish sponge is a dysideid, but i can' t be sure .\nconcerning the differences between h. obscura and h. infucata. all i can say is the external differences are subtle and if they are indeed distinct species, your animals are h. infucata .\nlocality: shag rock, point lookout, north stradbroke island. , 10 metres, queensland australia, pacific ocean, 12 august 2006, rocky reef with sponges, hard & soft corals. length: 25mm. photographer: bruce wilkie .\nconcerning its food. i am sure it is feeding, but as often hapens the sponge it is intersted in his almost completely overgrown by the a white & pinkish colont of what looks like an ascidian. in the two close - ups i have ringed the few parts of the greyish sponge colony on which i suspect it is feeding. it is probably a dysideid, but i can' t see enought to be sure .\nhi bill, found these h. obscura mating, thought you might like them for your records. over the last two weeks or so, these animals have been quite abundant .\nlocality: shag rock, point lookout, north stradbroke island. , 7 metres, queensland australia, pacific ocean, 12 august 2006, rocky reef with sponges, hard & soft corals. length: 25mm. photographer: bruce wilkie .\nmany thanks for all your help in identifying different animals over the past months. bruce wilkie .\ndear bruce, thanks for the photo. as i said in your other message [ # 17448 ], i am pretty sure these are h. infucata .\nlocality: dahab - lighthouse, 1, 5m, egypt, red sea, 11 july 2006, grass and sandy bottom. length: 35mm. photographer: martina balzarova have a nice day best wishes, martina\ndear martina, thanks for the photos. what you don' t mention is what happened to the nudibranch after it was attacked by the fish? did it survive? did the fish decide it tasted bad? i would be interested to know, as we have few observations of' natural' interactions between fish and chromodorids. best wishes, bill rudman\nlocality: dive site - three kings off whale island, 45 ft, north of nha trang, vietnam, south china sea, 28 june 2006, rock pinnacle. length: 4 - 5 cm. photographer: mike krampf .\ndear mike, yes this is a colour variant of h. infucata. concerning other photos from vietnam. any from there would be a valuable addition to our knowledge. we know very little about that fauna, apart from 2 papers published in 1956 on some opisthobranchs from nha trang by jean risbec. i look forward to seeing your photos best wishes, bill rudman\nlocality: eilat, malibu beach, 2m, israel, red sea (gulf of eilat), 04 february 2006 (night), coral rubble. length: ca 1. 5 cm. photographer: binyamin and shulamit koretz\nthe attached photo (probably sub - adult) shows an unsual color variation that i' ve never seen before at any development stage. you can see that the lower two - thirds of the rhinophore lamellae are pale rather than the usual red - orange. in parallel, the gill edges are also colored only in the uppermost area .\ndear binyamin, this is indeed a strange colour variation, but if you compare it with ilan ben - tov' s photos the biggest difference is the absence of the background blue colour. however the wat the gills and rhinophores only have orange at the tips is very strange as rhinophore colour is one part of the colour pattern we can usually rely on to be constant. i guess you should add this to your list of things to keep an eye on. best wishes, bill rudman\nlocality: jahir dive site, sulawesi, lembeh strait, indonesia. depth: 12 m. length: 6 cm. september 2004. black sand. photographer: bob whorton\ndear iain, nice to get another record of its food sponge, a species of dysidea. best wishes, bill rudman\nlocality: sodwana bay, north coast kwazulu - natal, south africa. indian ocean. depth: 10 m. length: 12 mm. 30 december 2004. inner reef top. photographer: david holloway\nlocality: the\ndekel\nbeach, israel, red sea. depth: ~ 24 meters. length: ~ 2 - 3 cm. 12 may 2005. photographer: oren lederman .\n• rüppell, e. & leuckart, f. s. (1830 or 31) neue wirbellose thiere des rothen meeres. atlas zu der reise im nördlichen afrika von eduard rüppell. brunner, frankfurt am main. 23 - 50, pls 7 - 12 .\ndear bill this was taken at at eilat in the northern red sea. ilan ben tov\nthanks baki, it would be inetersting to know if the dysidea it feeds on in the mediterranean is also a lessepsian migrant or a mediterranean native. best wishes, bill rudman\nhere' s another one from the same divesite which to my opinion could also be h. kanga but looks completely different to the other ones! you can also see them regulary on this divesite' the boonsung wreck'\ndivesite: boonsung wreck - tap lamu, west coast of thailand. depth: 15m. length: max 2cm .\nthanks orhan, h. infucata is a well - known lessepsian migrant into the mediterranean from the red sea. it is good to get a photo record of it from there. there seems to be some damage to the mantle around the gills, but it is clearly h. infucata best wishes, bill rudman\non pictures a (13: 39: 52) and b (13: 40: 32) both rhinophores are clearly visible, on picture c (13: 40: 50) one is missing (possibly pulled in). i didn' t touch the animal or manipulate the photos .\nlocation: ulami north, tulamben, east bali, indonesia. date: 28. 9. 2002 13: 40 depth: 4 m length: 4 cm\nthese nudibranch is very small in size but the color captured my eyes. taken on the dutch freighter wreck, north of bintan. [ bintan is. , riau archipelago, indonesia - south china sea ]\nlength: about 25 mm depth: 8 meters divesite: old slipway, kavieng, new ireland, papua new guinea date: oct. 16, 2001\ndear mary jane, yes this is a form of h. infucata. sometimes, like in your photo, the yellow and blue marks are very small specks, while in other animals they are quite large spots. best wishes, bill rudman\ndear valda, congratulations! yes it is h. infucata. best wishes, bill rudman .\ncontinuing the theme of your reply to mr. lumnitzer' s message, you will find attached an image of what is believed to be two (2) color forms of hyselodoris infucata copulating. the picture was taken at tulamben, bali, indonesia during a recent trip. please feel free to post the image if you find it of interest .\n( of jeanrisbecia franc, 1968) franc a. (1968) sous - classe des opisthobranches. in: p. grasse (ed). traite de zoologie 5 (3): 608 - 893. page (s): 866 [ details ]\nrudman, w. b. (1977). chromodorid opisthobranch mollusca from east africa and the tropical west pacific. zoological journal of the linnean society. 61: 351 - 397. [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nortea, j. , valdés, á. & garcía - gómez, j. c. (1996) revisión de las especies atlánticas de la familia chromodorididae (mollusca: nudibranchia) del grupo cromático azul. avicennia suplemento 1: 1 - 165 page (s): 22 [ details ]\nrudman, w. b. (1984). the chromodorididae (opisthobranchia: mollusca) of the indo - west pacific: a review of the genera. zoological journal of the linnean society. 81 (2): 115 - 273. page (s): 185 [ details ]\nrudman, w. b. ; darvell, b. w. (1990). opisthobranch molluscs of hong kong: part 1. goniodorididae, onchidorididae, triophidae, gymnodorididae, chromodorididae (nudibranchia). asian marine biology. 7: 31 - 79. page (s): 61 [ details ]\nvaught, k. c. ; tucker abbott, r. ; boss, k. j. (1989). a classification of the living mollusca. american malacologists: melbourne. isbn 0 - 915826 - 22 - 4. xii, 195 pp. (look up in imis) [ details ]\n( of risbecia odhner, 1934) rudman, w. b. (1984). the chromodorididae (opisthobranchia: mollusca) of the indo - west pacific: a review of the genera. zoological journal of the linnean society. 81 (2): 115 - 273. page (s): 195 [ details ]\n( of risbecia odhner, 1934) johnson r. f. & gosliner t. m. (2012) traditional taxonomic groupings mask evolutionary history: a molecular phylogeny and new classification of the chromodorid nudibranchs. plos one 7 (4): e33479. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of jeanrisbecia franc, 1968) rudman, w. b. (1984). the chromodorididae (opisthobranchia: mollusca) of the indo - west pacific: a review of the genera. zoological journal of the linnean society. 81 (2): 115 - 273. page (s): 195 [ details ]\n( of pterodoris ehrenberg, 1831) rudman, w. b. (1984). the chromodorididae (opisthobranchia: mollusca) of the indo - west pacific: a review of the genera. zoological journal of the linnean society. 81 (2): 115 - 273. page (s): 184 [ details ]\n( of brachyclanis [ sic ]) obis indo - pacific molluscan database. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nthe authors are grateful to the ministry of environment and forests, government of india, for the facilities provided. the authorities of the department of environment and forests, andaman and nicobar administration, for providing logistic support to conduct field surveys are duly acknowledged .\najmal khan s (2002) report on the crustacean fauna of coral reef ecosystem of andaman & nicobar islands. undp / gef pdf b project report, 1–31\nalcock a (1893) on some newly recorded corals from indian seas. j asia soc bengal 62 (2): 138–149\nalcock a (1902) report on the deep - sea madreporaria of the siboga expedition. siboga exped 16a: 1–51\nfrom andaman sea, consid. with distribution of dorippidae; with some remarks on the allied genus\narthur r (1996) a survey of the coral reefs of the mahatma gandhi marine national park, wandoor, andaman islands. a report submitted to anet, 47 pp\nbell fl (1887) report on a collection of echinodermata from the andaman islands. proc zool soc london 1: 130–145\nbryant d, burke l, mc manus j, spalding m (1998) reef at risk: a map - based indicator of threats to the worlds coral reefs. world resources institute, washington dc\nchakkaravarthy v, kumaralingam s, koushik s, raghunathan c, ramakrishna (2010) new records of scletarian corals from indian waters. bull environ sci xxviii (1): 23–36\ndone tj, kenchinton ra, zell ld (1982) rapid, large area, reef resource surveys using a manta board. in: proceedings of the fourth international coral reef symposium, manila, vol 2, pp 597–600\ndorairaj k, sundararjan r (1997) status of coral reefs of mahatma gandhi marine national park, wandoor, andamans. in: hoon v (ed) background papers. regional workshop on conservation\nenglish s, wilkinson c, baker v (1996) survey manual for tropical marine resources. australian institute of marine science, townsville\njeyabaskaran r (1999) report on rapid assessment of coral reefs of andaman & nicobar islands. goi / undp / gef project on management of coral reefs in india. zoological survey of india, port blair, p 110\nkarlson rh, cornell hv, hughes tp (2004) coral communities are regionally enriched along an oceanic biodiversity gradient. nature 429: 867–870\nkathirvel m (1983) crab resources and prospects for crab culture. cmfri bull 34: 66–68\nkenchinton ra (1984) large area surveys of coral reefs. unesco rep mar sci 21: 92–103\nkulkarni s, saxena a, choudhury bc, sawarkar vb (2001) ecological assessment of coral reefs in mahatma gandhi marine national park, wandoor, andaman & nicobar islands: conservation implications. technical report\nmacarthur rh (1972) geographical ecology. princeton university press, princeton, nj\nmaragos je, crosby mp, mcmanus jw (1996) coral reefs and biodiversity: a critical and threatened relationship. oceanography 9: 83–99\nmatthai g (1924) report on the madreporina corals in the collection of indian museum, calcutta. mem indian musuem 8: 1–52\nmondal t, raghunathan c, ramakrishna (2010a) new record of thirteen scleractinian corals in indian waters from middle and north andaman. int j biosyst 4: 75–89" ]

{ "text": [ "hypselodoris zebrina is a species of colourful sea slug or dorid nudibranch , a marine gastropod mollusc in the family chromodorididae .", "after initially being described from south-eastern india in 1864 , this species was not seen again until 2002 , nearly 150 years later . " ], "topic": [ 2, 5 ] }

[ "hypselodoris zebrina is a species of colourful sea slug or dorid nudibranch, a marine gastropod mollusc in the family chromodorididae. after initially being described from south-eastern india in 1864, this species was not seen again until 2002, nearly 150 years later." ]

[ "zanzibar red colobus don’t really drink, most of their water comes from their food .\nzanzibar red colobus are frequently found with zanzibar sykes monkeys (pictured here), and in pemba with forest living vervet monkeys .\nzanzibar red colobus are an endangered species, with numbers standing at less than 2000 individuals .\nyan wong changed the thumbnail image of\nfile: zanzibar red colobus. jpg\n.\nsilkiluwasha, f. 1981. the distribution and conservation status of the zanzibar red colobus .\nfrequent water drinking by zanzibar red colobus (procolobus kirkii) in a mangrove forest refuge .\n) is a species of red colobus monkey endemic to unguja, the main island of the zanzibar archipelago. the zanzibar red colobus is endangered and there are about 1. 500 monkeys left .\n( in press). a first full census of the zanzibar red colobus (procolobus kirkii) .\nfrequent water drinking by zanzibar red colobus (procolobus kirkii) in a mangrove forest refuge. - pubmed - ncbi\nzanzibar red colobus grooming a calf outside of jozani - chwaka bay national park. photo by dr. katarzyna nowak .\nnowak, k. 2008. frequent water drinking by zanzibar red colobus (procolobus kirkii) in a mangrove forest refuge .\nnowak, k. , p. lee. 2011. consumption of cycads encephalartos hildebrandtii by zanzibar red colobus procolobus kirkii .\nstruhsaker, t. 1981. vocalizations, phylogeny and palaeogeography of red colobus monkeys (colobus badius) .\ndepartment of commercial crops, fruits and forestry, zanzibar. update on habitat loss and conservation status of the endangered zanzibar red colobus on uzi and vundwe islands. zanzibar: unpublished report. 2009. accessed may 20, 2012 at urltoken .\n, unpublished report to the zanzibar integrated land and environment project of the commission for lands and environment, zanzibar .\nzanzibar red colobus have six distinct vocalisations of which their ‘warble’ call is among the most complex vocalisation of any non - human primate .\ngijzen, a. , j. mortelmans, j. vercruysse. 1966. notes on the zanzibar red colobus at antwerp zoo .\nsiex, k. , t. struhsaker. 1999. ecology of the zanzibar red colobus monkey: demographic variability and habitat stability .\n, the zanzibar red colobus, is endemic to the unguja, uzi, and vundwe islands of the zanzibar archipelago off the coast of mainland tanzania. unguja island is home to the largest population of\nstruhsaker, tom .\nzanzibar’s endangered red colobus monkeys .\nnational geographic. november 1998, volume 194 number 5: 72 - 81\nnowak, k. , p. lee. 2011. demographic structure of zanzibar red colobus populations in unprotected coral rag and mangrove forests .\ntable 15. 1: taxonomic arrangements of red colobus forms by different authors .\nthe zanzibar red colobus (procolobus kirkii), otherwise called the kirk’s red colobus, it is historically endemic to unguja island in the zanzibar archipelago. it is found in a variety of habitats such as ground water forests, coral rag thickets, mangrove swamps and in secondary forests .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below. < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive video - zanzibar red colobus monkeys feeding\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive video - zanzibar red colobus monkeys feeding\ntitle =\narkive video - zanzibar red colobus monkeys feeding\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nstruhsaker, t. t. (1992). conservation and natural resource management of jozani forest reserve and adjacent areas, zanzibar. unpublished report to the zanzibar forestry department, zanzibar .\nhas led some to speculate that zanzibar red colobuses may employ similar paternity deception strategies (struhsaker 2010) .\nsource: distribution map created by authors using published accounts of red colobus population locations .\ntable 15. 2: selected threat status listings of red colobus taxa by iucn .\nstruhsaker tt. 2010. the red colobus monkeys. oxford: oxford university press .\n2002. foraging challenges of red colobus monkeys: influence of nutrients and secondary compounds .\nkirk’s red colobus is named after sir john kirk, the british resident to zanzibar who first identified this attractive dweller of the island (5) .\nsiex, k. 2003. effects of population compression on the demography, ecology, and behavior of the zanzibar red colobus monkey (procolobus kirkii) .\nlast week we profiled the lesser bush baby. today we explore the red colobus monkey .\nstruhsaker tt. 1975. the red colobus monkey. chicago: university of chicago press .\nclutton - brock, t. h. (1975a). ranging behaviour of red colobus\nwcs is planning a campaign using the zanzibar red colobus as its flagship species, aimed at demonstrating the value, threats and heritage of the island’s natural forests .\nho, r. 2011 .\ninterspecies grooming: zanzibar red colobus and cattle\n( on - line). accessed may 25, 2012 at urltoken .\nstruhsaker, t. , k. siex. 1998. translocation and introduction of the zanzibar red colobus monkey: success and failure with an endangered island endemic .\nclutton - brock, t. h. (1975b). feeding behaviour of red colobus and black and white colobus in east africa .\nstruhsaker, t. , l. leland. 1980. observations on two rare and endangered populations of red colobus monkeys in east africa: colobus badius gordonorum and colobus badius kirkii. .\nzanzibar red colobus vocalizations and visual displays are designed for communication within large groups and for interactions at close range with neighboring troops (estes 1991). as in other\ncooney, d. , t. struhsaker. 1997. co - adsorptive capacity of charcoals eaten by zanzibar red colobus monkeys: implications for reducing dietary toxins. .\nstruhsaker, t. t. (2005). conservation of red colobus and their habitats .\nthe udzungwa red colobus monkey is considered endangered by the iucn red list of threatened species and is only found in the riverine and montane forests of the udzungwa mountains in tanzania. the zanzibar red colobus monkey is one of the most endangered species of primates in the world with less than 2, 000 individuals remaining .\nstruhsaker tt. 1981. vocalizations, phylogeny, and palaeogeography of red colobus monkeys (colobus badius). afr j ecol 19: 265–283 .\npikkarainen, t. (1991). inventory of jozani and ngezi forests: results. unpublished report to the zanzibar forestry department, zanzibar .\nstruhsaker, t. , d. cooney, k. siex. 1997. charcoal consumption by zanzibar red colobus monkeys: its function and its ecological and demographic consequences .\nclutton - brock, t. h. (1975). feeding behaviour of red colobus and black - and - white colobus in east africa .\nthe zanzibar red colobus monkey is one of the world’s most endangered primates. endemic to the island of unguja, it is only found in a fraction of its historic range .\nthus, in order to conserve the zanzibar red colobus and ensure the genetic viability of this species into the future, all of the remaining forest patches containing red colobus must be identified, protected and linked by functional corridors in a comprehensive protected areas network of community and government forests .\nour results from kibale red colobus shed light on the propensity for some primate retroviruses to cross phylogeographic boundaries. red colobus are a diverse set of taxa, with multiple forms distributed in overlapping and disjunct ranges throughout equatorial africa (62). evidence to date points to deep divergences between some eastern and western populations, estimated by our own analyses to be ∼4. 25 million years old. the deep phylogenetic splits between stlv from kibale red colobus and western red colobus suggest that, in the red colobus taxonomic complex, host phylogeographic subdivisions may exert a primary influence on the evolution of these red colobus retroviruses. notably, stlv - 1 from kibale red colobus did not cluster with stlv - 1 identified in western red colobus (stlv - 1wrc) and thus, as is common in stlv evolution, appear to have diverged phylogeographically .\nresearch objectives: the zanzibar red colobus is one of africa' s most rare and endangered primates and is threatened by continued habitat loss and degradation. they are also a major economic resource in zanzibar attracting 24, 000 paying tourists in 1997. this project monitors the demographics of 17 groups of zanzibar red colobus (approximately 450 individuals, perhaps 20 - 30% of all remaining zanzibar red colobus), provides training in primate conservation management for staff members of the zanzibar sub - commission for forestry, and compares the ecology, demography and behavior of the zanzibar red colobus monkey in relation to differences in population density, and food quantity and quality per capita. census data contributes to the monitoring program initiated in 1991 in jozani forest, the agricultural areas south of jozani forest, and masingini forest. data on behavior of the zanzibar red colobus is being collected from the subpopulations in jozani forest and the adjacent agricultural areas. these data will contribute to our understanding of the relationships between red colobus population densities and dynamics, behavioral ecology, social structure, and habitat type. this information is crucial for the development of effective conservation management plans for this highly endangered species .\n). inferred mtdna divergence dates suggest that the black - and - white colobus split from the other colobus 10. 21 ma (7. 10 to 13. 31 ma), and the olive colobus and red colobus diverged from one another 8. 79 ma (6. 35 to 12. 08 ma). also, the kibale red colobus (\nkirk’s red colobus is classified as endangered (en) on the iucn red list (1), and listed on appendix ii of cites (3) .\n. however, it is possible that most (if not all) damage is caused by sykes monkeys and blamed incorrectly on zanzibar red colobuses, as the more secretive and inconspicuous sykes monkeys often associate with groups of zanzibar red colobuses (siex and struhsaker 1999a) .\ncooney, d. o. , and struhsaker, t. t. (1997). adsorptive capacity of charcoals eaten by zanzibar red colobus monkeys: implications for reducing dietary toxins .\nwcs was instrumental in designing a protected area (pa) network on zanzibar .\nthe zanzibar red colobus lives in mix troops, with a higher ratio of females to males and an average troop size of 15 - 30 animals. troops tend to be larger within protected areas .\nstruhsaker, t. t. and siex, k. s. 1998. the zanzibar red colobus monkey: conservation status of an endangered island endemic. primate conservation 18: 51 - 58 .\n), and a number of nocturnal prosimian primates. red colobus from kibale have been studied almost continuously since 1970 (\nand ltr sequences were detected in dna samples from both htlv - 1 wb - positive red colobus monkeys. nearly identical\nstruhsaker, t. t. , cooney, d. o. , and siex, k. s. (1997). charcoal consumption by zanzibar red colobus monkeys: its ecological and demographic consequences .\nsiex, k. s. and struhsaker, t. t. 1999. ecology of the zanzibar red colobus monkey: demography variability and habitat stability. international journal of primatology 20: 163 - 192 .\n( udzungwa red colobus), the split between these two sister taxa occurred 0. 6 mya (ting 2008) .\nthe zanzibar red colobus prefers drier areas over wet ones, but can also be found in agricultural areas and in mangrove swamps. in agricultural areas they are more used to humans and come closer to the ground .\ngrubb pj, glander k, siex k. 2010. annotated list and measurements of red colobus taxa. appendix 1. 1. in: struhsaker tt, editor. the red colobus monkeys. oxford: oxford university press. pp. 277–284 .\nthe colobus seem to make up two genuses: colobus and the procolobus. there are a number of species and subspecies within these two genuses. the black and white colobus are made up of four species: colobus abyssinicus, colobus polykomos (colobus 263), colobus satanas, and colobus guereza. there seems to be some question about the genus of the red colobus. it is common to place them in the colobus genus, but they are sometimes placed in a special group making up the procolobus genus. (preston 72) one source which was five years old even referred to the smallest species colobus verus as the\ngreen colobus\n. (colobus 263) the other species of red colobus is colobus badius. while there are subspecies of the other species, the colobus badius seems to be well studied with at least six subspecies. the subspecies include c. b. temmincki, c. b. badius, c. b. waldroni, c. b. rufomitratus, c. b. kirkii (preston 72), and c. b. tephrosceles. (sleeper 71 )\nnowak, k. , cardini, a. , & elton, s. (2008). evolutionary acceleration in an endangered african primate: speciation and divergence in the zanzibar red colobus (primates, colobinae) .\nstruhsaker, t. t. and siex, k. s. 1998. translocation and introduction of the zanzibar red colobus monkey: success and failure with an endangered island endemic. oryx 32: 277 - 284 .\nthe five species of black - and - white colobus are slender, with long silky fur. although the black colobus (\nwas named a species by gray in 1868. it was named after sir john kirk, the governor general of zanzibar, who was the first to raise awareness about the species. kiswahili names for zanzibar red colobuses are\npunju\nand\nkima mweupe ,\nmeaning “poison” and “white colobus, ” respectively .\nis 24 to 30 months. another estimate based on studies of the uzi, vundwe, and kiwengwa populations of the zanzibar red colobus places the interbirth interval length at 28 to 36 months (nowak and lee 2011a) .\nmore recently, and on recognising the significant threat to zanzibar’s forests, wcs has carried out the first ever total census of zanzibar’s iconic endemic species the zanzibar red colobus (zrc). the data collected (to be announced at the beginning of 2016) detail every animal on the island as well as the location, size and demography of every zrc group. an ambitious campaign - using the zrc as its flagship - will begin in 2016 aimed at demonstrating the value, threats and heritage of zanzibar’s natural forests .\n). the dates inferred from the two studies are therefore congruent, and they both show that the red colobus radiation, and the living colobus monkey radiation as a whole, contains several deeply divergent lineages. this includes a separation of the kibale red colobus and western red colobus populations by ∼4. 25 ma. divergence dates and phylogenetic relationships for the non - african colobines, african noncolobines, and platyrrhines were congruent with those from past mitochondrial genomic studies (\nzanzibar red colobuses are endangered not only because of the low number of individuals, but also because of its limited and highly fragmented distribution. various estimates of the total\nsiex, k. s. and struhsaker, t. t. 2013. procolobus kirkii zanzibar red colobus (kirk' s red colobus). in: t. m. butynski, j. kingdon and j. kalina (eds), the mammals of africa. volume ii: primates, pp. 151 - 154. bloomsbury publishing, londons .\nkatja schulz marked\nfile: red colobus 2. jpg\nas trusted on the\npiliocolobus kirkii gray, 1868\npage .\nkatja schulz marked\nfile: red colobus 3. jpg\nas trusted on the\npiliocolobus kirkii gray, 1868\npage .\nhow might changes in classification have affected the attention given by conservationists to the rarest and most threatened of red colobus monkey populations? we will highlight the cases of three forms of red colobus, one probably extinct, one possibly extinct, and one verging on extinction .\n( ugandan red colobus), and their split occurred by 1. 4 mya. within this clade is the sister taxon relationship between\nsiex, k. s. 2005. habitat destruction, population compression, and overbrowsing by the zanzibar red colobus (procolobus kirkii). in j. d. patterson, ed. , commensalism and conflict: the primate human interface\nas its alternative common name of ‘zanzibar colobus’ suggests, kirk’s red colobus is found on the island of zanzibar. its population is worryingly small today and it is estimated that as few as 1, 000 to 1, 200 individuals persist, mainly within the jozani forest reserve (7). a small number of individuals also live on nearby pemba island, in the ngezi forest reserve (6) .\nharper, d. m. (1974). report of the expedition to zanzibar, 1972 .\nrobins, r. j. (1976). the composition of the jozani forest, zanzibar .\nmedium sized for a monkey, zanzibar red colobus adults grow up to 50cm tall and weigh around 7 kg. females are slightly bigger but lighter and more slender than males. males have broader shoulders, bigger skulls and longer canine teeth .\nthe vast majority of zanzibar’s human population is dependent upon shifting cultivation and forest products such as building poles, firewood, and charcoal. due to the high price of electricity, even zanzibar’s urban population is heavily reliant on firewood and charcoal for cooking. tree cutting to supply this demand continues to be a major threat to zanzibar’s wildlife. zanzibar is currently losing an estimated 3% of its forest each year .\njorgensen, m. (2009) behavioral application in wildlife photography: developing a foundation in ecological and behavioral characteristics of the zanzibar red colobus monkey (procolobus kirkii) as it applies to the development exhibition photography. isp collection, paper 670 .\nthe zanzibar red colobus has never been held successfully in captivity. an animal held at antwerp zoo in belgium in 1964 - 1965 survived in captivity the longest, but this was not more than seven months (gijzen et al. 1966) .\nsiex, k. s. 2003. effects of population compression on the demography, ecology, and behavior of the zanzibar red colobus monkey (procolobus kirkii). ph. d. thesis, duke university, durham, nc, usa .\nall colobus are native to africa. they are confined to within 10 degrees of the equator. the black and white colobus cover large area expanding across the continent. the red colobus live in small patches mainly near each coast. most of these groups seem to be separated, but a few do over lap. the colobus guereza and the colobus badius tephrosceles are both in the kibale forest of uganda. this does not seem to be a problem and they do not compete for similar food. (sleeper 71) the colobus badius kirkii is completely isolated from other colobus because they live on the island of zanzibar in the jozani forest. (struhsaker 73 )\nmonkeys share several features, including a greatly reduced thumb, a long tail, and elongated hindfeet (struhsaker 2010). red colobus species (\nvast tracts of zanzibar’s native forest have been destroyed for timber, development and agriculture, leading to a devastating decline in the population of this native monkey. it is believed that fewer than 1, 500 kirk’s red colobus persist today (7) .\nare not because they rarely feed on crops. it has thus been suggested that sykes monkeys associate with zanzibar red colobuses in shamba farmland areas because the larger and noisier red colobus groups serve as a distraction against human detection (siex and struhsaker 1999a; struhsaker 2010). there have also been surprising reports of jozani populations of\nzanzibar red colobuses derive most of their water from their leaf diet, but water drinking is seen in some populations. most notable is the discovery of frequent water drinking in populations of\nbeentje, h. j. (1990). a reconnaissance survey of zanzibar forests and coastal thicket .\n). for consistency with established siv nomenclature and to distinguish our new virus from that found in western red colobus (sivwrc), we tentatively designated this strain sivkrc for siv from a kibale red colobus. overlapping siv sequences were then obtained from dna from colobus 67 by using a combination of generic and sivkrc - specific pcr primers to generate a 465 - bp\nthan in other red colobus species (struhsaker and leland 1980; struhsaker 2010). young males also have a perineal organ - a small protuberance around the anus that superficially resembles a small swelling – that is retained in adult males, though in a reduced form (struhsaker and leland 1980). zanzibar red colobuses are the smallest\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below. < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive photo - kirk’s red colobus feeding in tree\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive photo - kirk’s red colobus feeding in tree\ntitle =\narkive photo - kirk’s red colobus feeding in tree\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nmcintyre, c. and shand, s. (2008) zanzibar. bradt travel guides ltd, england .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below. < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - kirk’s red colobus (procolobus kirkii )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - kirk’s red colobus (procolobus kirkii )\ntitle =\narkive species - kirk’s red colobus (procolobus kirkii )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\n. the conservation status of the zanzibar red colobus and its habitat on these islands is critical, as farmers were reported in 2009 to have killed at least 50 monkeys by poisoning and netting because they are perceived as crop raiders (\nupdate on habitat loss, conservation status of the endangered zanzibar red colobus on uzi, and vundwe islands\n2009). the destruction of coral - rag forest habitat is also an extensive and continuing threat. recommendations for conservation of the red colobus on these islands include the gazetting of southern uzi and vundwe islands as forest reserves, and the establishment of a community - based forest conservation project involving tourism (struhsaker 2005; nowak and lee 2011a) .\nstruhsaker, t. t. 2005. conservation of red colobus and their habitats. international journal of primatology 26 (3): 525 - 538 .\ntwo types of black - and - white colobus monkeys are found in kenya, those that inhabit coastal forests and those in inland, high - country areas. red colobus monkeys are also found in east africa but are quite rare. two other types of colobus monkeys in africa are the black and the olive. the colobus monkey lives in all types of closed forests, including montane and gallery forests. bamboo stands are also popular dwelling spots for the colobus .\nin addition to the three forms of red colobus we have highlighted, a majority of the remaining 13–15 forms must be regarded as threatened, based on having small, fragmented, and / or rapidly declining populations. of particular concern are pennant’s red colobus of bioko island, the niger delta red colobus, and preuss’ red colobus of western cameroon and eastern nigeria. each of these monkeys is rated as critically endangered on the current red list (iucn, 2012) where they are called procolobus pennantii pennantii, p. pennantii epieni and p. preussi respectively – the same classification employed by grubb and others (2013). groves (2007) calls these taxa piliocolobus pennantii, p. epieni and p. preussi .\ndavenport, t. r. b. , fakih, s. a. & markes, s. j. (2017) the first complete assessment of the population, demography and distribution of the zanzibar red colobus, piliocolobus kirkii. tawiri abstrs. dec 7th 2017 .\n. colobus monkeys are active during the day and are able to make long leaps between trees. the three genera of colobus are all more or less thumbless and can be distinguished by colour: black - and - white colobus (genus\nzanzibar red colobuses are promiscuous and copulation is initiated by both sexes. females often copulate with more than one male during a given estrous period (struhsaker 2010). in a long - term study of\nmodern taxonomic arrangements of the colobus monkeys either divide the red colobus and the olive colobus into two genera, piliocolobus and procolobus, respectively (e. g. , kingdon 1997, groves 2005), or consider them to belong to one genus, procolobus, with two subgenera (procolobus for the olive colobus and piliocolubus for the red colobus) (grubb et al. 2003 [ followed in the 2008 iucn red list ], grubb et al. 2013). the arrangement of using two separate genera in groves (2001, 2005, 2007) is followed here. this is an updated assessment to reflect the change in genus name .\nin the past, farmers living near jozani national park have complained about crop raiding by zanzibar red colobuses, but the evidence for this behavior is controversial. in the late 1990s, farmers claimed that they were consuming coconuts in agricultural areas and requested compensation and removal of the zanzibar red colobuses (siex and struhsaker 1999a). scientific investigation of the problem found that zanzibar red colobus consumption of coconuts was positively correlated with harvest, maybe due to a pruning effect (siex and struhsaker 1999a). this example illustrates the importance of scientifically quantifying perceived human - wildlife conflicts so that appropriate measures can be taken (struhsaker 2005). there have also been reports of crop damage to mangoes and breadfruit by\nstruhsaker, t. t. , cooney, d. o. and siex, k. s. (1997) charcoal consumption by zanzibar red colobus monkeys: its function and its ecological and demographic consequences. international journal of primatology, 18 (1): 61 - 72 .\nduring our tours in zanzibar we often visit the jozani - chwaka forest where certain troops have become somewhat habituated to humans .\nspecies. this is probably due to the absence of predators on the zanzibar islands (siex 2003; struhsaker 2010) .\ngoldman, h. , m. walsh. 2002. is the zanzibar leopard (panthera pardus adersi) extinct? .\npakenham, r. h. w. (1984). the mammals of zanzibar and pemba islands. unpublished report .\nan important benchmark in the classification of primates in modern times was the publication in 1967 of a handbook of living primates by john and prudence napier. napier and napier followed verheyen (1962) in recognising just two species of red colobus monkeys, colobus badius and c. kirkii, which they grouped together in the subgenus piliocolobus. in the same year, kuhn (1967) also followed verheyen in separating c. kirkii of zanzibar from c. badius as a monotypic species, and also placed the red colobus in the subgenus piliocolobus .\nand ltr sequences (> 99 %) were found in each stlv - 1 - infected red colobus, despite being from separate social groups. by blast analysis, the\nin this chapter we consider some of the causes and consequences of this example of taxonomic instability. for instance, could particular colobus populations, such as the critically endangered tana river red colobus of kenya and the probably recently extinct miss waldron’s red colobus of west africa, have suffered from a lack of sufficient conservation attention in part through their ambiguous distinctiveness? and could the use of different classifications have influenced the relative priority given to different regions of africa for primate conservation? finally, using the red colobus example, we consider what taxonomic practices might most beneficially be applied to conservation without a loss of scientific integrity .\nmbora dnm, meikle db. 2004. forest fragmentation and the distribution, abundance and conservation of the tana river red colobus (procolobus rufomitratus). biol conserv 118: 67–77 .\noates jf, abedi - lartey m, mcgraw ws, struhsaker tt, whitesides gh. 2000. extinction of a west african red colobus monkey. conserv biol 14: 1526–1532 .\nzanzibar red colobuses are social, living in multimale, multifemale social groups that usually contain two or more adult males. the average adult sex ratio (female / male) measured for jozani populations is high and more variable than other\nthis monkey has a coat that ranges from dark red to black, accented with a black stripe alog the shoulders and arms, and a pale underside. its black face is crowned with long white hair. you can see a pink mark on its lips and nose. the zanzibar red colobus has a long tail used for balancing. females have little difference in their body size and colour from their male counterparts .\niucn. 1996. 1996 iucn red list of threatened animals. gland, switzerland: iucn .\niucn (2010). iucn red list of threatened species. version 2010. 2. <\nting n. 2008. molecular systematics of red colobus monkeys (procolobus [ piliocolobus ]): understanding the evolution of an endangered primate. phd thesis, city university of new york .\nvisual communication is also important in red colobus monkeys, and they are thought to have distinct facial features, hair color, postures, and movements for this purpose (estes 1991) .\nthe black and white colobus is born almost white. it takes five weeks before the baby resembles its parents. (www. indiana. edu) the older colobus are black with white hair framing their faces, running down their sides, and covering the fluffy end of their tails. colobus are known for their fluffy long tails. their tails are one and one third times as long as their head and body. a colobus head and body measurement ranges from about 17\non the colobus verus to 28\non the black and white species. albinism in black and white colobus is seen often around mount kenya. (www. caribbeangardens) the colobus satanas are all black. the red colobus vary in color from reddish brown to orange and black. the eyes of the colobus are further apart when compared to other cercopithecidea family members. this gives them better vision and depth perception, which is needed for tree living. colobus lack cheek pouches, which are common to old world monkeys. (preston 71 )\ncardini, a. , & elton, s. (2009a). the radiation of red colobus monkeys (primates, colobinae): morphological evolution in a clade of endangered african primates .\nkirk’s red colobus requires full legal and practical protection if viable populations are going to persist. this attractive species has recently proven to be a popular tourist attraction within the jozani forest reserve and this interest may offer some hope for its future survival (7). the installation of speed bumps around jozani has also reduced the number of kirk’s red colobus killed on the roads (1) .\nmonkeys are distributed across equatorial africa from gambia to zanzibar in a fragmented manner (struhsaker 2010). the classification of the 18 different ‘forms’ of\nbased on field studies spanning nearly 40 years, this reference book summarizes and integrates past research with new and previously unpublished information on the behavioral ecology of africa' s red colobus monkeys from study sites as diverse as senegal, uganda, and zanzibar. it provides an unparalleled compilation of information on taxonomy, genetics, vocalizations, demography, social organization, dispersal, social behavior, reproduction, mortality factors, diet, ranging patterns, interspecific relations, and conservation. social relationships in red colobus are less rigidly structured than... more\nappendix 1. 1 annotated list and measurements of red colobus (procolobus) by the late dr. peter grubb, with additional data on procolobus kirkii from drs. kenneth glander and kirstin siex .\nlike all other colobus monkeys, the zanzibar red colobus is a foliovore (a herbivore that specialises in eating leaves). a diet of leaves holds little nutritional value, with high levels of hard - to - digest cellulose and less energy than other food sources. leaves also often include toxic compounds and it takes a specialised gut to process all this greenery. this monkey has evolved to deal with its unique dietary niche through an elongated digestive tract and a slow metabolism. it is its gut that is responsible for the colobus’ cute potbelly .\noriginally found in tropical evergreen forest, which has now been largely destroyed, kirk’s red colobus may now also be found in a range of secondary forest, agricultural land and fallow bush (4) .\nother recommended conservation measures for kirk’s red colobus are the further protection of its habitat, as well as the creation of habitat ‘corridors’ to enable the species to move between remaining habitat patches (1) .\nmbora dnm, butynski t. 2009. tana river red colobus. in: mittermeier ra et al. primates in peril: the world’s 25 most endangered primates 2008–2010. primate conserv 24: 15 .\ngatinot, b. l. (1978). characteristics of the diet of west african red colobus. in chivers, d. j. , and herbert, j. (eds .) ,\nthe zanzibar red colobus population is estimated to be some 2, 000 individuals, although a recent census by wcs will announce results in 2016. it is dependent upon the island’s ground - water forest (in jozani chwaka - bay national park - jcbnp) and a patchwork of coral - thicket forests from kiwengwa - pongwe forest reserve (kpfr) in the north to mtende forest on the southern tip of the island. the majority of these coral - thicket forests are small fragments, located outside of government protected areas, and are threatened by one of the highest human densities in africa (> 400 indivs / km 2). given that many other species rely on the same habitat, the zanzibar red colobus is an excellent flagship species, and by protecting the monkeys and their habitat, we hope to protect all of zanzibar’s unique flora and fauna .\none of the earliest attempts to provide an inventory of threatened species to guide conservation planning was the publication of the red data books by iucn’s survival service commission (known since 1980 as the species survival commission). these publications began to appear in 1966 as loose - leaf datasheet volumes giving information on rare and endangered animals which had come to the attention of iucn. the first red data book on mammals (simon, 1966) included 25 species and 22 subspecies of primates judged to be rare or endangered; among these were three red colobus monkeys, listed as colobus badius kirkii, c. b. rufomitratus and c. b. gordonorum. in 1978 colobus badius preussi was added to the list (goodwin et al. , 1978). in 1980, datasheet publications were superseded by bound volumes, with different volumes covering different groups of taxa, and in 1986 the red data books became the red list. table 15. 2 compares a selection of iucn’s threat ratings of red colobus taxa from 1978 to 2012 .\nkirk’s red colobus is listed as class a under the african convention on the conservation of nature and natural resources, meaning that capture or killing of this species is prohibited, unless for scientific purposes and with permission (10). it is also listed on appendix ii of the convention on international trade in endangered species (cites), meaning international trade in kirk’s red colobus should be carefully controlled (3) .\nthis study describes the occurrence and phylogenetic position of retroviruses naturally circulating in a population of east african red colobus (procolobus [ piliocolobus ] rufomitratus tephrosceles) from uganda. we hypothesized that simian retroviruses in this eastern red colobus population would be phylogenetically divergent from previously characterized west african colobine retroviruses, reflecting deep phylogenetic splits between some eastern and western populations in the red colobus taxonomic complex (62). our study also examines the prevalence and diversity of siv, stlv, and sfv in this population, which offers novel insights into the natural history of multiple simian retroviruses cocirculating in a single geographically defined population of wild colobine primates .\ncardini, a. , & elton, s. (2009b). geographic and taxonomic influences on cranial variation in red colobus monkeys (primates, colobinae): introducing a new approach to “morph” monkeys .\n, colobus badius rufomitratus, ph. d. thesis, university of bristol, bristol, uk .\nkrain, e. , wellard, k. , haji, s. p. , ali, s. h. , kraetzer, s. , and mbaye, k. (1993). farming systems of the coral rag area of zanzibar, national coconut development program, zanzibar, unpublished report .\ncardini a, elton s. 2009. geographical and taxonomic influences on cranial variation in red colobus monkeys (primates, colobinae): introducing a new approach to ‘morph’ monkeys. global ecol biogeogr 18: 249–263 .\nsiv sequences were identified in one (animal 67) of seven hiv - 2 wb - positive red colobus monkeys (14. 3 %) using generic pcr primers. blast analysis demonstrated this 337 - bp siv\nguereza, any of several species of colobus monkeys distinguished by their black and white pelts, especially colobus guereza from the east african mountains of uganda and northern democratic republic of the congo (kinshasa). …\nthe total population of the zanzibar red colobus in the wild is estimated at 2, 000 - 3, 000 individuals, making them one of the most endangered monkeys in africa. furthermore, about 50% of their population is found outside of protected areas, and their habitat is constantly being degraded by firewood collection, charcoal production and conversion of coastal thicket to agriculture .\nwcs has worked in partnership with the government and village conservation councils to establish ecological monitoring programs across the island. these programs are crucial to the conservation of zanzibar’s wildlife, including the zanzibar red colobus, serving as an early warning system for detecting changes in threats and population status, and guiding law enforcement. to ensure that critical habitat is protected, in 2009 wcs began to work with government and 29 communities around jcbnp and kpfr to establish and strengthen law enforcement by training, equipping, and deploying government and community forest guardians .\n) (pakenham 1984). zanzibar red colobuses are one of the main folivores and frugivores in the coral - rag forest ecosystem, and may, like other colobines, play a role in seed dispersal (though no official study has been conducted on this subject) .\nzanzibar red colobuses have also been the subject of 19 years of intermittent research beginning in the 1980s in jozani national park (struhsaker 2010). research on the populations in kiwengwa and on the uzi and vundwe islands was begun more recently in 2003 (nowak 2008) .\nthe forest is the home of the rare red colobus monkey, which is only endemic to this forest. this part of your holiday mainly focuses on a visit to the naturally reserved forest on this specially dedicated excursion .\nmitochondrial relationships and divergence dates of the african colobines: evidence of miocene origins for the living colobus monkeys .\n( colobus badius kirkii), ph. d. thesis, university of dar es salaam, tanzania .\nhowever, although taxonomic instability may have contributed to the lack of conservation attention given to red colobus monkeys, despite the precarious status of many forms, it is almost certainly not the only factor leading to their neglect. even though their classification has been highly unstable, red colobus have long featured in some way on the iucn red list. we conclude that taxonomy is probably only one factor in their neglect compared to, for instance, great apes and lemurs. morrison and others (2009) have found that the ‘charisma’ of animals like red wolves, polar bears and green turtles has meant that there has been no reduction in the conservation efforts devoted to them despite taxonomic research findings that question their species status. red colobus lack the charisma that great apes gain from their close similarity to humans, their intelligence and their size. they lack the ‘cuteness’ of furry lemurs. both great apes and lemurs are readily seen close - up in many zoos, and have been the focus of a great deal of media attention. red colobus, which have never survived very long in captivity, lack all these attributes .\ncolobus monkeys are quadrupedal, semibrachiators, and acrobatic leapers. colobus are able to jump over six meters from tree to tree. a mother colobus leaping over twenty - five feet with a baby holding on to her chest is the equivalent of a human jumping fifty feet from a standing position while carrying a twenty - five pound weight. (struhsaker 77) the colobus uses its tail for balancing, posture, and possible communication .\n) populations diverged from one another at the base of the red colobus radiation 4. 25 ma (3. 13 to 6. 30 ma). nearly identical divergence dates were obtained when we excluded the new world monkey\nthis is a 3 - hours guided excursion. the jozani forest tour (zanzibar) will take you to the jozani natural forest (it is the only natural forest in zanzibar island). the forest is located in the central east region of the zanzibar island. just about a 20min drive from stone town. it is a narrow neck of land between the chwaka bay in the north and uzi bay to the south. it contains about 100 tree species from a total of 43 families .\ndescription red colobus monkeys are arboreal (tree - dwelling), diurnal (active during the day), and specialized herbivores (plant - eaters). the name colobus originated from a word that means “mutilated” or “docked, ” referring to the monkey’s lack of thumbs on its hands, something all species of colobus monkeys have in common. this allows them to use their four long fingers to wrap around branches while they swing through the canopy .\nold world monkeys are divided into two major taxonomic groups: colobines and cercopithecines, corresponding to the subfamilies colobinae and cercopithecinae, respectively (13). to date, retroviruses have been characterized more thoroughly for the cercopithecine primates, which are more taxonomically diverse than the african colobines (22) and are known to harbor zoonotic retroviruses (8, 67, 68). the african colobines consist of three groups whose classification remains in debate: the black - and - white colobus, the olive colobus, and the red colobus. groves (21) recognizes all three groups as separate genera (colobus, procolobus, and piliocolobus, respectively). however, grubb et al. (22) recognize only two genera (colobus and procolobus) and consider both the olive colobus and the red colobus as subgenera of procolobus (procolobus [ procolobus ] and procolobus [ piliocolobus ], respectively). here, we follow the grubb et al. (22) classification because it is emerging as the consensus view .\nbirths take place throughout the year and a single offspring is born after a gestation period of around five months. the kirk’s red colobus infant is carried by the female through the trees for up to three months (9) .\nsimon n. 1966. red data book. volume 1: mammalia, a compilation. morges, switzerland: iucn .\nthe taxonomy of kirk’s red colobus is currently under debate, with some scientists placing it in the genus procolobus while others place it in piliocolobus (1) (6). further evidence is needed to resolve this issue (1) .\nwe infer from the general propensity for primate retroviruses to cross species barriers that the transmission of retroviruses from kibale red colobus to other primates, including other red colobus taxa, would probably have occurred if such transmission were ecologically possible. divergent stlv and siv lineages within kibale red colobus therefore most likely reflect long - term geographic and ecological separation of this population from western red colobus. we posit that geographic and ecological separation may be more important than biological barriers to host switching in structuring siv and stlv phylogeny. in contrast, the inferred congruent evolutionary relationships of sfv pol and colobine mtdna genes strongly support cospeciation of virus and host, extending further our understanding of the interdependent evolutionary history of sfv and simian host as demonstrated previously (60). nonetheless, analysis of sfv from additional colobine species would be needed to evaluate this cospeciation hypothesis more fully. similar studies have been successful in demonstrating coevolution of sfv with chimpanzee subspecies (37, 57, 60) .\n2008. mitochondrial relationships and divergence dates of the african colobines: evidence of miocene origins for the living colobus monkeys .\nwalz, e. 2006. cows and colobus (procolobus kirkii): resource sharing habits at jozani national park .\nsiex, k. s. 2004. jozani - chwaka bay national park monitoring program: overview and status. unpublished report for the zanzibar department of commercial crops, fruits and forestry\nbutynski tm, kingdon j. 2013. procolobus preussi preuss’ red colobus. in: butynski tm, kingdon j, kalina, j, editors. mammals of africa. vol. ii: primates. london: bloomsbury press. pp. 134–136 .\n). we focused on two red colobus social groups, lm and sc. at the time of sampling, the social groups of lm and sc consisted of 127 and 45 animals, respectively. the home ranges of the two groups overlapped extensively .\nmap showing (clockwise from upper left): uganda within africa, kibale national park within uganda (arrow), the study site within kibale national park (box), and male kibale red colobus (procolobus [ piliocolobus ] rufomitratus tephrosceles) .\ncolobine monkeys (family cercopithecidae; subfamily colobinae) are found in africa and asia. african species include the olive, red and pied. the pied colobus include the black, western pied, angola pied, geoffroy' s pied and the guereza .\ninfanticide is common, especially when a new male has taken over a group. the colobus verus species is the smallest and most primitive of the colobus. this species carries their young in their mouth. (colobus 263) the black and white colobus females are fascinated with the white newborns. these infants are passed around to other females in an auntlike behavior. the red colobus would generally not allow others to hold their babies. (www. indiana. edu) with only one infant and a long period of dependence, infants are able to learn the culture, social structure, feeding techniques, defensive actions, and other relationships while with its mother. often this is done through some type of play within a playgroup or with older monkeys .\n, diagnostic seroreactivity to the gag doublet proteins (p71 / p68) was observed in all sfv - infected monkeys. in contrast, only two red colobus males (animals 49 and 999; 6. 4 %) were seroreactive to htlv antigens (table\nat jozani with negative impacts on some of their food species (siex 2003). zanzibar red colobuses are occasionally killed as perceived agricultural pests. conservation of this species is thus strongly dependent on the development of effective management plans that address the potential human - wildlife conflicts in these agricultural areas (siex and struhsaker 1999a) .\n). like the sfv found in kibale and western red colobus, sivkrc appears to have codiverged from the distinct but phylogenetically related sivwrc and sivolc. however, except for sivwrc and sivkrc, the branching order of sivolc in this clade was only weakly supported (\na significant change in the classification of red colobus monkeys for conservation purposes occurred with iucn’s 1996 red list (iucn, 1996). here, all red colobus were lumped into one species, procolobus badius, with 14 subspecies. the 1996 primate assessments were made by the primate specialist group; oates and others (1994) is almost certainly the source of the classification employed. although several subspecies were listed as endangered or critically endangered in the 1996 red list, the species as a whole was rated as only near threatened, based on the new system of threat categories and criteria adopted by iucn in 1994. the same one - species classification was employed in the revised edition of the primate specialist group’s african primate action plan, which appeared in the same year (oates, 1996) .\nmitochondrial relationships and divergence dates of the african colobines: evidence of miocene origins for the living colobus monkeys. - pubmed - ncbi" ]

{ "text": [ "the zanzibar red colobus ( procolobus kirkii ) is a species of red colobus monkey endemic to unguja , the main island of the zanzibar archipelago , off the coast of tanzania .", "it is also known as kirk 's red colobus after sir john kirk , the british resident of zanzibar who first brought it to the attention of zoological science .", "it is now classified as an endangered species and in the mid-1990s was adopted as the flagship species for conservation in zanzibar .", "the population trend is still decreasing , and because this species is only located in the archipelago , conservationists are attempting to work with the local government to devise a proper , effective strategy to protect the population and habitat .", "the species has been reclassified twice ; it was previously in the genus colobus , and more recently in the genus procolobus . " ], "topic": [ 3, 4, 17, 17, 26 ] }

[ "the zanzibar red colobus (procolobus kirkii) is a species of red colobus monkey endemic to unguja, the main island of the zanzibar archipelago, off the coast of tanzania. it is also known as kirk's red colobus after sir john kirk, the british resident of zanzibar who first brought it to the attention of zoological science. it is now classified as an endangered species and in the mid-1990s was adopted as the flagship species for conservation in zanzibar. the population trend is still decreasing, and because this species is only located in the archipelago, conservationists are attempting to work with the local government to devise a proper, effective strategy to protect the population and habitat. the species has been reclassified twice; it was previously in the genus colobus, and more recently in the genus procolobus." ]

[ "epiphractis meyrick, 1908; proc. zool. soc. lond. 1908: 732; ts: epiphractis phoenicis meyrick\nepiphractis phoenicis meyrick, 1908; proc. zool. soc. lond. 1908: 732; tl: angola, bihe\nepiphractis tryphoxantha meyrick, 1930; trans. ent. soc. lond. 78 (2): 318\ntype species: ephiphractis phoenicis meyrick, 1908. proceedings of the zoological society of london 1908: 732. by monotypy. has been synonymized with orygocera meyrick, 1897 by viette (1987c: 144) .\nepiphractis speciosella legrand, 1965; mém. mus. hist. nat. paris (a) 37: 55\nepiphractis crocoplecta meyrick, 1913; ann. transv. mus. 3 (4): 321; tl: three sisters\nepiphractis supercilialis meyrick, 1930; exot. microlep. 3 (18 - 20): 577; tl: sierra leone\nepiphractis amphitricha meyrick, 1910; trans. ent. soc. lond. 1910: 373; tl: mauritius, les mares\nepiphractis aulica meyrick, 1912; ann. s. afr. mus. 10 (3): 66; tl: zululand, mfongosi\nepiphractis imbellis meyrick, 1914; ann. s. afr. mus. 10 (8): 252; tl: natal, durban\nepiphractis rubricata meyrick, 1913; ann. transv. mus. 3 (4): 320; tl: pretoria, barberton, waterval onder; pinetown, natal\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\n[ south africa, kwazulu - natal ], natal, karkloof, xii, leg. a. j. t. janse .\nprosarotra sarcopa meyrick, 1909; ann. transv. mus. 2 (1): 23, pl. 7, f. 8; tl: pretoria\n[ afromoths ] de prins, j. & de prins, w. , 2013\nsangmi lee, richard brown & sibyl bucheli. gelechioidea - a global framework ;\n[ maps ] warning! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information, and the process does not always produce acceptable result; see about maps for more info .\nif you have corrections, comments or information to add into these pages, just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources, and may include many inaccuracies. expert help is welcome .\na taxon identifier is composed of name, author, year and attribute, all separated by a blank. these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication. the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words (genus and species) separated by a blank .\nthe author' s name is made up of a string of letters, with no blanks, and multiple authors' names are separated by a comma. spelling of author' s name is based on the original publication. if there are more than three authors, only the names of the first two authors are shown, followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets. this is rarely needed, but to differentiate homo - identifiers, this will contain the page, line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks, hyphens, and apostrophes are eliminated, thus only the following characters are used: a to z, a to z, 0 to 9, blank, comma, and opening and closing square brackets. although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition, it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions (contact information) with supporting references, possibly with pdf or hard copy .\nmeyrick e. 1908b. descriptions of african micro - lepidoptera. - proceedings of the zoological society of london 47: 716–756 .\nmeyrick e. 1910a. descriptions of micro - lepidoptera from mauritius and chagos isles. - transactions of the entomological society of london 1910 (3): 366–377 .\nmeyrick e. 1912d. new south african microlepidoptera. - annals of the south african museum 10 (3): 53–74 .\nmeyrick e. 1913b. descriptions of south african micro - lepidoptera. iv - annals of the transvaal museum 3 (4): 267–336 .\nmeyrick e. 1914b. descriptions of south african microlepidoptera. - annals of the south african museum 10: 243–257 .\nviette p. 1988a. nouveaux lépidoptères de la réunion tineidae, oecophoridae, immidae, crambidae. - l' entomologiste 44 (3): 171–181 .\nmeyrick e. 1909b. descriptions of transvaal micro - lepidoptera. - annals of the transvaal museum 2 (1): 1–28, pls. 1–8 .\nlegrand h. 1966. lépidoptères des îles seychelles et d' aldabra. - mémoires du muséum national d' histoire naturelle (a) 37 (1965): 1–210, pls. 1–16 .\nmeyrick e. 1918a. descriptions of south african micro - lepidoptera. - annals of the transvaal museum 6 (2): 7–59 .\nmeyrick e. 1930c. microlepidoptera of mauritius. - transactions of the entomological society of london 78 (2): 309–323 .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page: myers, p. , r. espinosa, c. s. parr, t. jones, g. s. hammond, and t. a. dewey. 2018. the animal diversity web (online). accessed at https: / / animaldiversity. org .\ndisclaimer: the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. adw doesn' t cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283, drl 0628151, due 0633095, drl 0918590, and due 1122742. additional support has come from the marisla foundation, um college of literature, science, and the arts, museum of zoology, and information and technology services .\nfull text of\ncatalogue of the types specimens of microlepidoptera in the british museum (natural history) described by edward meyrick / by j. f. gates clarke\nfull text of\ncatalogue of the types specimens of microlepidoptera in the british museum (natural history) described by edward meyrick / by j. f. gates clarke" ]

{ "text": [ "epiphractis phoenicis is a moth of the oecophoridae family .", "this species was described from a specimen from bihé in central angola .", "the wingspan of the females is about 23 mm .", "head and thorax are light rosy-ochreous , forewings elongate and dilated posteriorly , ochreous-crimson .", "deeper purplish-crimson towards dorsum , lighter and more ochreous towards costa .", "the costal edge is whitish .", "the hindwings are grey . " ], "topic": [ 2, 5, 9, 23, 1, 1, 1 ] }

[ "epiphractis phoenicis is a moth of the oecophoridae family. this species was described from a specimen from bihé in central angola. the wingspan of the females is about 23 mm. head and thorax are light rosy-ochreous, forewings elongate and dilated posteriorly, ochreous-crimson. deeper purplish-crimson towards dorsum, lighter and more ochreous towards costa. the costal edge is whitish. the hindwings are grey." ]

[ "fig. 199. lepidochrysops parsimon parsimon (fabricius), < j genitalia .\nlibert, m. 2001 euchrysops butler et lepidochrysops hedicke: deux genres distincts? description de quatre nouvelles especes et de deux nouvelles sous - especes (lepidoptera, lycaenidae). lambillionea 101, 351 - 371 .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page: myers, p. , r. espinosa, c. s. parr, t. jones, g. s. hammond, and t. a. dewey. 2018. the animal diversity web (online). accessed at https: / / animaldiversity. org .\ndisclaimer: the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. adw doesn' t cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283, drl 0628151, due 0633095, drl 0918590, and due 1122742. additional support has come from the marisla foundation, um college of literature, science, and the arts, museum of zoology, and information and technology services .\n© 2016, butterfly conservation society, ghana - african butterfly research institute - icom ltd .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nan extremely diverse african genus. most of the species are endemic to the cape region of south africa. larvae feed on lamiaceae and verbenaceae in early instars, and then are taken into ant nests, where they are tended by the ants, consuming ant larvae and pupae, until they pupate (larsen 2005) .\nackery, p. r. , smith, c. r. & vane - wright, r. i. (ed .) 1995 carcasson' s african butterflies. canberra: csiro .\nlarsen, t. b. 2005 butterflies of west africa. stenstrup, denmark: apollo books .\ncorrespondence regarding this page should be directed to andrew v. z. brower at\n. note that images and other media featured on this page are each governed by their own license, and they may or may not be available for reuse. click on an image or a media link to access the media data window, which provides the relevant licensing information. for the general terms and conditions of tol material reuse and redistribution, please see the\neach tol branch page provides a synopsis of the characteristics of a group of organisms representing a branch of the tree of life. the major distinction between a branch and a leaf of the tree of life is that each branch can be further subdivided into descendent branches, that is, subgroups representing distinct genetic lineages .\nfor a more detailed explanation of the different tol page types, have a look at the structure of the tree of life page .\ntree of life design and icons copyright © 1995 - 2004 tree of life project. all rights reserved .\nscientists aim to describe a single' tree of life' that reflects the evolutionary relationships of living things. however, evolutionary relationships are a matter of ongoing discovery, and there are different opinions about how living things should be grouped and named. eol reflects these differences by supporting several different scientific' classifications'. some species have been named more than once. such duplicates are listed under synonyms. eol also provides support for common names which may vary across regions as well as languages .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\npopular: trivia, history, america, cities, world, usa, states, television, ... more\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 0 transitional / / en\nclick here to view book online to see this illustration in context in a browseable online version of this book .\nplease note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work." ]

{ "text": [ "lepidochrysops aethiopia is a butterfly in the lycaenidae family .", "it is found in malawi , zambia and northern mozambique .", "the habitat consists of deciduous woodland , usually on small , rocky hillsides .", "the wingspan is about 50 mm .", "the upperside of both wings of the males is pale bluish violet with a tinge of lilac .", "in females , both wings are brown with the basal three-fifths suffused with violet-blue scales up to the middle of the cell .", "the forewings in both sexes have a deep black dash closing the cell , and broadish dark termen .", "the hindwings have a linear black termen preceded by a row of terminal spots .", "the underside of both wings is very pale whitish grey with pale brown markings broadly edged with white .", "adults have been recorded in november and from to january to march . " ], "topic": [ 2, 20, 24, 9, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 8 ] }

[ "lepidochrysops aethiopia is a butterfly in the lycaenidae family. it is found in malawi, zambia and northern mozambique. the habitat consists of deciduous woodland, usually on small, rocky hillsides. the wingspan is about 50 mm. the upperside of both wings of the males is pale bluish violet with a tinge of lilac. in females, both wings are brown with the basal three-fifths suffused with violet-blue scales up to the middle of the cell. the forewings in both sexes have a deep black dash closing the cell, and broadish dark termen. the hindwings have a linear black termen preceded by a row of terminal spots. the underside of both wings is very pale whitish grey with pale brown markings broadly edged with white. adults have been recorded in november and from to january to march." ]

[ "cardita albida clessin, 1888 accepted as cardita muricata g. b. sowerby i, 1833\nspecies cardita albida clessin, 1888 accepted as cardita muricata g. b. sowerby i, 1833\nvariety cardita variegata var. turgida krauss, 1848 accepted as cardita caliculaeformis deshayes in maillard, 1863\nvariety cardita calyculata var. oblonga requien, 1848 accepted as cardita calyculata (linnaeus, 1758 )\nvariety cardita calyculata var. obtusata requien, 1848 accepted as cardita calyculata (linnaeus, 1758 )\nvariety cardita calyculata var. obsoleta dautzenberg, 1883 accepted as cardita calyculata (linnaeus, 1758) (synonym )\nvariety cardita calyculata var. obsoleta pallary, 1938 accepted as cardita calyculata (linnaeus, 1758) (synonym )\nvariety cardita calyculata var. imperans de gregorio, 1885 accepted as cardita calyculata (linnaeus, 1758) (synonym )\nvariety cardita calyculata var. pita de gregorio, 1885 accepted as cardita calyculata (linnaeus, 1758) (synonym )\nvariety cardita calyculata var. tirisa de gregorio, 1885 accepted as cardita calyculata (linnaeus, 1758) (synonym )\nvariety cardita calyculata var. oblonga bucquoy, dautzenberg & dollfus, 1892 accepted as cardita calyculata (linnaeus, 1758) (synonym )\nvariety cardita calyculata var. obtusata bucquoy, dautzenberg & dollfus, 1892 accepted as cardita calyculata (linnaeus, 1758) (synonym )\nvariety cardita calyculata var. unicolor bucquoy, dautzenberg & dollfus, 1892 accepted as cardita calyculata (linnaeus, 1758) (synonym )\nworms - world register of marine species - cardita calyculata var. oblonga requien, 1848\ncopyright © 2018 cardita formal wear, inc. · site by internet marketing agency social link\nwith cardita formal wear. the treasure coast' s only in stock formal wear company! !\ncardita bailyi burch, 1944 accepted as cyclocardia bailyi (j. q. burch, 1944 )\ncardita crebricostata a. krause, 1885 accepted as cyclocardia crebricostata (a. krause, 1885 )\ncardita crebricostata nomensis mc neil, 1943 accepted as cyclocardia crebricostata (a. krause, 1885 )\nto barcode of life (1 barcode) to biodiversity heritage library (185 publications) to clemam to clemam (from synonym cardita fabula reeve, 1843) to clemam (from synonym cardita formosula locard, 1891) to clemam (from synonym cardita sinuata lamarck, 1819) to clemam (from synonym chama calyculata linnaeus, 1758) to clemam (from synonym mytilicardia elongata fontannes, 1882) to clemam (from synonym cardita elongata bronn, 1831) to clemam (from synonym cardita calyculata var. imperans de gregorio, 1885) to clemam (from synonym cardita calyculata var. pita de gregorio, 1885) to clemam (from synonym cardita calyculata var. tirisa de gregorio, 1885) to clemam (from synonym cardita calyculata var. oblonga bucquoy, dautzenberg & dollfus, 1892) to clemam (from synonym cardita calyculata var. obtusata bucquoy, dautzenberg & dollfus, 1892) to clemam (from synonym cardita calyculata var. unicolor bucquoy, dautzenberg & dollfus, 1892) to clemam (from synonym cardita calyculata var. obsoleta dautzenberg, 1883) to encyclopedia of life to genbank (6 nucleotides; 3 proteins) to pesi (from synonym cardita fabula reeve, 1843) to pesi to pesi (from synonym mytilicardia elongata fontannes, 1882) to pesi (from synonym chama calyculata linnaeus, 1758) to pesi (from synonym cardita sinuata lamarck, 1819) to pesi (from synonym cardita formosula locard, 1891) to pesi (from synonym cardita calyculata var. obsoleta dautzenberg, 1883) to pesi (from synonym cardita calyculata var. unicolor bucquoy, dautzenberg & dollfus, 1892) to pesi (from synonym cardita calyculata var. obtusata bucquoy, dautzenberg & dollfus, 1892) to pesi (from synonym cardita calyculata var. oblonga bucquoy, dautzenberg & dollfus, 1892) to pesi (from synonym cardita calyculata var. tirisa de gregorio, 1885) to pesi (from synonym cardita calyculata var. pita de gregorio, 1885) to pesi (from synonym cardita calyculata var. imperans de gregorio, 1885) to pesi (from synonym cardita elongata bronn, 1831) to usnm invertebrate zoology mollusca collection\nspecies cardita antarctica e. a. smith, 1907 accepted as cyclocardia astartoides (martens, 1878 )\nspecies cardita bailyi burch, 1944 accepted as cyclocardia bailyi (j. q. burch, 1944 )\nspecies cardita crebricostata a. krause, 1885 accepted as cyclocardia crebricostata (a. krause, 1885 )\nspecies cardita longini baily, 1945 accepted as cyclocardia bailyi (j. q. burch, 1944 )\nspecies cardita magellanica philippi, 1898 accepted as cyclocardia velutina (e. a. smith, 1881 )\ncardita arcella valenciennes, 1846 accepted as cardites laticostatus (g. b. sowerby i, 1833 )\ncardita borealis var. crebricostata krause, 1885 accepted as cyclocardia crebricostata (a. krause, 1885 )\ncardita californica deshayes, 1854 accepted as carditamera affinis (g. b. sowerby i, 1833 )\ncardita cuvieri broderip, 1832 accepted as cardites crassicostatus (g. b. sowerby i, 1825 )\nspecies cardita arcella valenciennes, 1846 accepted as cardites laticostatus (g. b. sowerby i, 1833 )\nspecies cardita californica deshayes, 1854 accepted as carditamera affinis (g. b. sowerby i, 1833 )\nspecies cardita crassa g. b. sowerby i, 1839 accepted as cardites grayi (dall, 1903) (invalid: junior homonym of cardita crassa lamarck, 1819; c. grayi is a replacement name )\nspecies cardita cuvieri broderip, 1832 accepted as cardites crassicostatus (g. b. sowerby i, 1825 )\nspecies cardita incerta clessin, 1888 accepted as carditamera affinis (g. b. sowerby i, 1833 )\nspecies cardita incrassata g. b. sowerby i, 1825 accepted as megacardita turgida (lamarck, 1819 )\nspecies cardita formosa w. h. turton, 1932 accepted as coripia agulhasensis (jaeckel & thiele, 1931 )\nspecies cardita abbreviata g. b. sowerby iii, 1903 accepted as pleuromeris pygmaea (kuroda & habe, 1951 )\nspecies cardita kiiensis g. b. sowerby iii, 1913 accepted as megacardita ferruginosa (adams & reeve, 1850 )\nspecies cardita laticosta d' orbigny, 1845 accepted as cardites laticostatus (g. b. sowerby i, 1833 )\nwe went to cardita for tuxedo rental for our wedding this past august. i couldn' t imagine a better experience\ncardita dilectum e. a. smith, 1885 accepted as vimentum dilectum (e. a. smith, 1885 )\nspecies cardita dilectum e. a. smith, 1885 accepted as vimentum dilectum (e. a. smith, 1885 )\nspecies cardita insignis e. a. smith, 1885 accepted as vimentum insigne (e. a. smith, 1885 )\nwe came in as a regular customer but left feeling like family. i would recommend cardita to anybody looking for formal attire !\ncardita affinis g. b. sowerby i, 1833 accepted as carditamera affinis (g. b. sowerby i, 1833 )\ncardita elata g. b. sowerby iii, 1892 accepted as coripia elata (g. b. sowerby iii, 1892 )\nspecies cardita elata g. b. sowerby iii, 1892 accepted as coripia elata (g. b. sowerby iii, 1892 )\ncardita elegantula var. conferta e. a. smith, 1906 accepted as arcturellina conferta (e. a. smith, 1906 )\n( of cardita elongata bronn, 1831) check list of european marine mollusca (clemam). , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nwhat made you want to look up cardita? please tell us where you read or heard it (including the quote, if possible) .\nwas perfect. the guys all looked great! they even had mini sizes for our son who was the ring bearer. cardita is awesome !\nspecies cardita affinis g. b. sowerby i, 1833 accepted as carditamera affinis (g. b. sowerby i, 1833) (original combination )\nspecies cardita laticostatus g. b. sowerby i, 1833 accepted as cardites laticostatus (g. b. sowerby i, 1833) (original combination )\n( of cardita calyculata var. obsoleta pallary, 1938) check list of european marine mollusca (clemam). , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of cardita calyculata var. obsoleta dautzenberg, 1883) check list of european marine mollusca (clemam). , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of cardita calyculata var. imperans de gregorio, 1885) check list of european marine mollusca (clemam). , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of cardita calyculata var. pita de gregorio, 1885) check list of european marine mollusca (clemam). , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of cardita calyculata var. tirisa de gregorio, 1885) check list of european marine mollusca (clemam). , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nnomenclature the earlier name cardita rufescens lamarck, 1819 has been put forward by huber (2010: 653) as the valid name to be used for ...\ncardita' s formal wear is the best place to go for formal attire! they dressed all of the groomsman for my wedding and the fathers as well. the entire experience\n( of cardita calyculata var. oblonga bucquoy, dautzenberg & dollfus, 1892) check list of european marine mollusca (clemam). , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of cardita calyculata var. unicolor bucquoy, dautzenberg & dollfus, 1892) check list of european marine mollusca (clemam). , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of cardita calyculata var. obtusata bucquoy, dautzenberg & dollfus, 1892) check list of european marine mollusca (clemam). , available online at urltoken [ details ]\ncardita formal wear is not just another tuxedo shop - it is the men’s fashion tuxedo store specializing in weddings, prom, sweet 15, quinceanera, black tie events, galas and swanky parties .\ncardita is inspired by the beautiful leather seats found in luxury vintage cars. a simple yet intelligent frame is complemented by classic upholstery detailing, which not only exudes opulence, but also is exceptionally comfortable .\nsearch for' cardita' returned 249 matching records, showing records 1 - 100. click on one of the taxon names listed below to check the details. [ new search ] [ direct link ]\nstool cardita is inspired by the beautiful leather seats found in luxury vintage cars. a simple yet intelligent frame is complemented by classic upholstery detailing, which not only exudes opulence, but also is exceptionally comfortable .\ni cannot thank the vendors enough who made my wedding day perfect, one of them being cardita formal. i have known clifford and victoria for a long time through the wedding industry, and they are simpl\nside chair cardita is inspired by the beautiful leather seats found in luxury vintage cars. a simple yet intelligent frame is complemented by classic upholstery detailing, which not only exudes opulence, but also is exceptionally comfortable .\neriences with tuxedo rentals from other shops where pieces were missing, sizes were wrong, buttons were missing, jackets were torn, ect. . but we didn' t have any of these issues at cardita' s .\n( of cardita calyculata var. obsoleta dautzenberg, 1883) dautzenberg, ph. (1883). liste de coquilles du golfe de gabès. j. conchyliol. 31: 289 - 330, available online at urltoken [ details ]\ndining chair - available fall 2015 cardita by martin ballendat is inspired by the beautiful leather seats found in luxury vintage cars. a simple yet intelligent frame is complemented by classic upholstery detailing which not only exudes opulence, but is also exceptionally comfortable .\nthe staff at cardita are all great! we got tuxes for the groom and all of the groomsmen there. they are very good at what they do. one of our groomsmen came from out of state and all he had to do was\ns, along with any size needed. one of our groomsmen was so impressed that he booked cardita for his upcoming wedding in january. cliff and his staff go above & beyond to make sure there is an excellent outcome. the level of care and incredible\n( of cardita calyculata var. obsoleta dautzenberg, 1883) pallary p. 1938. les mollusques marins de la syrie. journal de conchyliologie, 82: 5 - 58, pl. 1 - 2, available online at urltoken page (s): 51 [ details ]\n( of cardita fabula reeve, 1843) reeve l. a. (1843). monograph of the genus cardita. in: conchologia iconica, vol. 1, pl. 1 - 9 and unpaginated text. l. reeve & co. , london [ stated dates: pl. 1 - 2, june 1843; pl. 3 - 6, july 1843; pl. 7, august 1843; pl. 8 - 9: september 1843 ]. , available online at urltoken page (s): pl. 9, species 50 [ details ]\nnomenclature the earlier name cardita rufescens lamarck, 1819 has been put forward by huber (2010: 653) as the valid name to be used for this species. however the name cardita senegalensis reeve, 1843 is in usage, including in palaeontological literature on quaternary warm - water fauna, and the provisions of iczn art. 23. 9 may apply. awaiting either confirmation that the requirements of this article are met, and formal declaration of respectively “nomen oblitum” and “nomen protectum”, or bringing the case to the iczn, the name in prevailing usage is here maintained as “accepted”. [ details ]\n( of cardita sinuata lamarck, 1819) lamy e. 1922. révision des carditacea vivants du muséum national d' histoire naturelle de paris. journal de conchyliologie, 66: 218 - ­276, 289 - 368. , available online at urltoken page (s): 224 - 228 [ details ]\n( of cardita elongata bronn, 1831) bronn, h. g. (1831). ubersicht der fossilen uberreste in den tertiären subappeninischen gebirgen. italiens tertiär - gebilde und deren organische einschlüsse. heidelberg: karl groos. xii + 176 pp. , 1 pl. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of cardita squamiferus g. b. sowerby i, 1825) petit, r. e. (2009). george brettingham sowerby, i, ii & iii: their conchological publications and molluscan taxa. zootaxa. 2189: 1–218. , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of cardita sinuata lamarck, 1819) lamarck [ j. - b. m. ] de. (1819). histoire naturelle des animaux sans vertèbres. tome sixième, 1re partie. paris: published by the author, vi + 343 pp. , available online at urltoken page (s): 25 [ details ]\n( of cardita crassicostata reeve, 1843) huber, m. (2010). compendium of bivalves. a full - color guide to 3, 300 of the world’s marine bivalves. a status on bivalvia after 250 years of research. hackenheim: conchbooks. 901 pp. , 1 cd - rom. (look up in imis) [ details ]\n( of cardita tridacnoides menke, 1843) huber, m. (2010). compendium of bivalves. a full - color guide to 3, 300 of the world’s marine bivalves. a status on bivalvia after 250 years of research. hackenheim: conchbooks. 901 pp. , 1 cd - rom. (look up in imis) [ details ]\n( of cardita inflata clessin, 1888) huber, m. (2010). compendium of bivalves. a full - color guide to 3, 300 of the world’s marine bivalves. a status on bivalvia after 250 years of research. hackenheim: conchbooks. 901 pp. , 1 cd - rom. (look up in imis) [ details ]\n( of cardita radula reeve, 1843) huber, m. (2010). compendium of bivalves. a full - color guide to 3, 300 of the world’s marine bivalves. a status on bivalvia after 250 years of research. hackenheim: conchbooks. 901 pp. , 1 cd - rom. (look up in imis) [ details ]\nthis shell is sometimes known as the florida cardita or the bird shell. (i suppose it is called the “bird shell” because the still - connected valves may be found spread open, giving the appearance [ somewhat ] of the spread wings of a bird .) — this nickname for carditamera floridae has, for the most part, fallen into disuse .\n( of cardita formosula locard, 1891) locard a. (1891). les coquilles marines des côtes de france. annales de la société linnéenne de lyon. 37: 1 - 385 [ published 31 october 1891; also published by baillière as a book in 1892 ]. , available online at urltoken page (s): 310 [ details ]\n( of cardita fabula reeve, 1843) huber, m. (2010). compendium of bivalves. a full - color guide to 3, 300 of the world’s marine bivalves. a status on bivalvia after 250 years of research. hackenheim: conchbooks. 901 pp. , 1 cd - rom. (look up in imis) [ details ]\n( of cardita sinuata lamarck, 1819) huber, m. (2010). compendium of bivalves. a full - color guide to 3, 300 of the world’s marine bivalves. a status on bivalvia after 250 years of research. hackenheim: conchbooks. 901 pp. , 1 cd - rom. (look up in imis) [ details ]\n( of cardita formosula locard, 1891) huber, m. (2010). compendium of bivalves. a full - color guide to 3, 300 of the world’s marine bivalves. a status on bivalvia after 250 years of research. hackenheim: conchbooks. 901 pp. , 1 cd - rom. (look up in imis) [ details ]\n( of cardita citrina lamarck, 1819) huber, m. (2010). compendium of bivalves. a full - color guide to 3, 300 of the world’s marine bivalves. a status on bivalvia after 250 years of research. hackenheim: conchbooks. 901 pp. , 1 cd - rom. (look up in imis) [ details ]\n( of cardita excavata deshayes, 1854) huber, m. (2010). compendium of bivalves. a full - color guide to 3, 300 of the world’s marine bivalves. a status on bivalvia after 250 years of research. hackenheim: conchbooks. 901 pp. , 1 cd - rom. (look up in imis) [ details ]\n( of cardita rufescens lamarck, 1819) huber, m. (2010). compendium of bivalves. a full - color guide to 3, 300 of the world’s marine bivalves. a status on bivalvia after 250 years of research. hackenheim: conchbooks. 901 pp. , 1 cd - rom. (look up in imis) [ details ]\n( of cardita calyculata var. oblonga requien, 1848) huber, m. (2010). compendium of bivalves. a full - color guide to 3, 300 of the world’s marine bivalves. a status on bivalvia after 250 years of research. hackenheim: conchbooks. 901 pp. , 1 cd - rom. (look up in imis) [ details ]\n( of cardita calyculata var. obtusata requien, 1848) huber, m. (2010). compendium of bivalves. a full - color guide to 3, 300 of the world’s marine bivalves. a status on bivalvia after 250 years of research. hackenheim: conchbooks. 901 pp. , 1 cd - rom. (look up in imis) [ details ]\n( of cardita squamiferus g. b. sowerby i, 1825) huber, m. (2010). compendium of bivalves. a full - color guide to 3, 300 of the world’s marine bivalves. a status on bivalvia after 250 years of research. hackenheim: conchbooks. 901 pp. , 1 cd - rom. (look up in imis) [ details ]\nreeve l. a. (1843). monograph of the genus cardita. in: conchologia iconica, vol. 1, pl. 1 - 9 and unpaginated text. l. reeve & co. , london [ stated dates: pl. 1 - 2, june 1843; pl. 3 - 6, july 1843; pl. 7, august 1843; pl. 8 - 9: september 1843 ]. , available online at urltoken page (s): pl. 4, species 16 [ details ]\nthe broad - ribbed cardita might be mistaken for an ark shell (family arcidae), but actually carditamera floridana is a member of family carditidae. the adult bivalve is approximately 1½ inches long. the shell is sturdy, bluntly oval, and has about 20 robust radiating ribs. the ribs are wide, beaded or scaly, and have purple or reddish - brown spots scattered over them in somewhat concentric bands. the background color of the shell is white, grayish, or slightly yellowish. old carditas may have lost their markings. fresh specimens sport a gray periostracum. the inside of this type of clam shell is porcelain - white .\n( of cardita calyculata var. oblonga bucquoy, dautzenberg & dollfus, 1892) bucquoy e. , dautzenberg p. & dollfus g. (1887 - 1898). les mollusques marins du roussillon. tome ii. pélécypodes. paris, j. b. baillière & fils 884 p. , 99 pl. [ pp. 1 - 24, pl. 1 - 6, november 1887; pp. 25 - 60, pl. 7 - 11, august 1888; pp. 61 - 112, pl. 12 - 21, may 1889; pp. 113 - 172, pl. 22 - 29, april 1890; pp. 173 - 220, pl. 30 - 37, april 1891; pp. 221 - 272, pl. 38 - 44, april 1892; pp. 273 - 320, pl. 45 - 51, may 1892; pp. 321 - 388, pl. 52 - 59, november 1893; pp. 389 - 450, pl. 60 - 67, december 1893; pp. 453 - 540, pl. 68 - 70, march 1895; pp. 541 - 620, pl. 79 - 88, april 1896; p. 621 - 690, pl. 89 - 95, march 1898; p. 693 - 884, pl. 96 - 99, october 1898 ]. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of cardita calyculata var. obtusata bucquoy, dautzenberg & dollfus, 1892) bucquoy e. , dautzenberg p. & dollfus g. (1887 - 1898). les mollusques marins du roussillon. tome ii. pélécypodes. paris, j. b. baillière & fils 884 p. , 99 pl. [ pp. 1 - 24, pl. 1 - 6, november 1887; pp. 25 - 60, pl. 7 - 11, august 1888; pp. 61 - 112, pl. 12 - 21, may 1889; pp. 113 - 172, pl. 22 - 29, april 1890; pp. 173 - 220, pl. 30 - 37, april 1891; pp. 221 - 272, pl. 38 - 44, april 1892; pp. 273 - 320, pl. 45 - 51, may 1892; pp. 321 - 388, pl. 52 - 59, november 1893; pp. 389 - 450, pl. 60 - 67, december 1893; pp. 453 - 540, pl. 68 - 70, march 1895; pp. 541 - 620, pl. 79 - 88, april 1896; p. 621 - 690, pl. 89 - 95, march 1898; p. 693 - 884, pl. 96 - 99, october 1898 ]. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of cardita calyculata var. unicolor bucquoy, dautzenberg & dollfus, 1892) bucquoy e. , dautzenberg p. & dollfus g. (1887 - 1898). les mollusques marins du roussillon. tome ii. pélécypodes. paris, j. b. baillière & fils 884 p. , 99 pl. [ pp. 1 - 24, pl. 1 - 6, november 1887; pp. 25 - 60, pl. 7 - 11, august 1888; pp. 61 - 112, pl. 12 - 21, may 1889; pp. 113 - 172, pl. 22 - 29, april 1890; pp. 173 - 220, pl. 30 - 37, april 1891; pp. 221 - 272, pl. 38 - 44, april 1892; pp. 273 - 320, pl. 45 - 51, may 1892; pp. 321 - 388, pl. 52 - 59, november 1893; pp. 389 - 450, pl. 60 - 67, december 1893; pp. 453 - 540, pl. 68 - 70, march 1895; pp. 541 - 620, pl. 79 - 88, april 1896; p. 621 - 690, pl. 89 - 95, march 1898; p. 693 - 884, pl. 96 - 99, october 1898 ]. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\ngofas, s. ; le renard, j. ; bouchet, p. (2001). mollusca. in: costello, m. j. et al. (eds), european register of marine species: a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification. patrimoines naturels. 50: 180 - 213. (look up in imis) [ details ]\nardovini, r. ; cossignani, t. (2004). west african seashells (including azores, madeira and canary is .) = conchiglie dell' africa occidentale (incluse azzorre, madeira e canarie). english - italian edition. l' informatore piceno: ancona, italy. isbn 88 - 86070 - 11 - x. 319 pp. (look up in imis) [ details ]\n( of mytilicardia herrmannsen, 1847) odhner, n. h. j. (1919). contribution a la faune malacologique de madagascar. arkiv för zoologi, k. svenska vetenskapsakademien, 12 (6): 1 - 52, 4 pl. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of mytilicardia herrmannsen, 1847) huber, m. (2010). compendium of bivalves. a full - color guide to 3, 300 of the world’s marine bivalves. a status on bivalvia after 250 years of research. hackenheim: conchbooks. 901 pp. , 1 cd - rom. (look up in imis) [ details ]\n( of mytilicardita anton, 1838) huber, m. (2010). compendium of bivalves. a full - color guide to 3, 300 of the world’s marine bivalves. a status on bivalvia after 250 years of research. hackenheim: conchbooks. 901 pp. , 1 cd - rom. (look up in imis) [ details ]\n( of jesonia gray, 1847) huber, m. (2010). compendium of bivalves. a full - color guide to 3, 300 of the world’s marine bivalves. a status on bivalvia after 250 years of research. hackenheim: conchbooks. 901 pp. , 1 cd - rom. (look up in imis) [ details ]\nour warehouse is the only in stock tuxedo rental and retail company on the treasure coast with the largest selection of tuxedos and suits for rental and purchase in south florida. choose what is on trend and in style from slim fit, a variety of fine fabrics, in any color from the most prolific designers .\nmacdonald & co (1979). the macdonald encyclopedia of shells. macdonald & co. london & sydney. [ details ]\nhuber, m. (2010). compendium of bivalves. a full - color guide to 3, 300 of the world’s marine bivalves. a status on bivalvia after 250 years of research. hackenheim: conchbooks. 901 pp. , 1 cd - rom. (look up in imis) [ details ]\nrosenberg, g. 1992. encyclopedia of seashells. dorset: new york. 224 pp. page (s): 150 [ details ]\n( of beguina crassicosta (lamarck, 1819) ) satyamurti, s. t. 1956. the mollusca of krusadai island (in the gulf of manaar). ii. - scaphopoda, pelecypoda and cephalopoda. bulletin of the madras government museum (new series), natural history section 1 (2) (part 7): 1 - 202, 30 pls [ details ]\n( of mytilicardia crassicosta (lamarck, 1819) ) angas, g. f. 1866. on the marine molluscan fauna of the province of south australia: with a list of all the species known up to the present time; together with remarks on their habitats and distribution, etc. part ii. proceedings of the zoological society of london 1865: 643 - 657. [ details ]\ndescription tropical indo - pacific, also in australia in kalk (1958) .\ndescription tropical indo - pacific, also in australia in kalk (1958). [ details ]\nodhner, n. h. j. (1919). contribution a la faune malacologique de madagascar. arkiv för zoologi, k. svenska vetenskapsakademien, 12 (6): 1 - 52, 4 pl. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\ndautzenberg, ph. (1929). contribution à l' étude de la faune de madagascar: mollusca marina testacea. faune des colonies françaises, iii (fasc. 4). société d' editions géographiques, maritimes et coloniales: paris. 321 - 636, plates iv - vii pp. (look up in imis) [ details ]\nbranch, g. m. et al. (2002). two oceans. 5th impression. david philip, cate town & johannesburg. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nkilburn, r. n. & rippey, e. (1982) sea shells of southern africa. macmillan south africa, johannesburg, xi + 249 pp. page (s): 176 [ details ]\nliu j. y. [ ruiyu ] (ed .). (2008). checklist of marine biota of china seas. china science press. 1267 pp. (look up in imis) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of beguina variegata (bruguière, 1792) ) apte, d. 1998. book of indian shells. oxford university press. [ details ]\nkei lwk. & lau sck. (1994). baseline information survey of shelter island - a potential marine park. final report. submitted to the agriculture and fisheries department, the hong kong sar government. [ details ]\nspelling c. varigata in sheppard (1984). subgenus mytilicardia in dautzenberg, 1923. [ details ]\na simple yet intelligent frame is complemented by classic upholstery detailing, which not only exudes opulence, but also is exceptionally comfortable .\nmartin ballendat studied design at the folkwangschule in essen. after working for various manufacturers around europe he set up his own studio in 1995 in austria .\na second studio soon opened in germany and today ‘design ballendat’ has eighteen employees working closely with a range of clients all over the world .\nhis simple visual style combined with elegant innovation has kept him at the forefront of interior design for nearly 20 years and has won design ballendat more than 100 awards .\nmartin ballendat studied design at the folkwangschule in essen. after working for various manufacturers around europe he set up his own studio in 1995 in austria\na second studio soon opened in germany, and today ‘design ballendat’ has eighteen employees working closely with a range of clients all over the world .\nhis simple visual style combined with elegant innovation has kept him at the forefront in interior design for nearly 20 years. design ballendat has won more than 100 awards including a best of neocon silver award for the design of zenith for senator .\nlove words? you must — there are over 200, 000 words in our free online dictionary, but you are looking for one that’s only in the merriam - webster unabridged dictionary .\nthe story of an imaginary word that managed to sneak past our editors and enter the dictionary .\ntake this quiz and discover 12 words for things you didn' t know had words .\nin order for you to experience the site fully please change your device orientation to portrait. thanks !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthe beak, or umbo, of the shell is large, and is situated about a fourth of the way from the rounded front end of the shell. the right valve of the clam has a large central tooth, and the left valve has a smaller central tooth. the lunule, the area in front of the umbo, is depressed, and shaped like a plump valentine. there is a narrow, external ligament which connects the two valves. the edge of the shell is quite scalloped and ridged .\nits range is from florida to texas and mexico, in sand or mud 3 - 25 feet deep. it attaches itself to the substratum by means of its byssus (threadlike filaments) .\nr. tucker abbot and percy a. morris, shells of the atlantic & gulf coasts & the west indies .\npercy a. morris, a field guide to the shells of our atlantic and gulf coasts, second edition .\nharald a. rehder, national audubon society field guide to north american seashells .\nbruno sabelli (author) and harold s. feinberg (editor), simon and schuster' s guide to shells .\nscientific nomenclature is subject to change, due to ongoing research. the above classification corresponds to that published by the conchologists of america, inc .\n3325 nw treasure coast dr (2, 520. 32 mi) jensen beach, florida 34957\n, prom, and our wedding just last week. nothing but a joy to work with! they know what they are doing & are so\ntreated you like family! i would and will highly highly recommend this place for any suit or tux rental... thank you again from the tursi /\nstyle, comfort, and feel of their products goes beyond the norm for formal wear. cliff, victoria, and their staff always make you feel like family\nfrom the attention to the smallest details, to the final product and how you look when you are dressed for that special occasion. experience\ny the best. i walked in, and cliff did the rest, no questions asked. he matched colors to colors with ease and simplicity\ne they were able to come in a couple of days prior to the wedding to pick up their tux with no problems. this is the only place in area that is able to provide last minute adjustment\ncustomer service to my family and myself just blew us away. they are so welcoming .\nuper efficient and very good at his job. mr. cliff jumped in to help and once again, the level of care and incredible\ne. they even had the shade of colors that we were looking for. they were really goo\nrecommend it and i' ll go again for any formal wear i may need .\nts and they had it ready for him when he came in a couple of days before the wedding. they were able to do a last minute adjustment\nthey are simply the best. their attention to detail is amazing. their sense of style is unchalleng\ne. they even had the shade of colors that we were looking for. they were also less expens\nnamed men' s suit store. he even let me borrower a pocket fold to take to compare to my bridesmaid\nthe shop (near the treasure coast mall) is very nice. the staff is extremely helpful and accommodat\nfun for both of us! we changed our wedding colors a few times and each time cliff and his team happily made the changes. the day before our wedding, when the boys picked up their tuxedo' s i realized the color of the bow ties didn' t match the bridesmaid\ns. this was also done quickly and without any problems. as the bride, i didn' t have to get involved at all. cliff and his team handled everything\nd them to me. she ensured me they were the best and she couldn' t have been more right! we' ve received many compliment\n... you won' t find something like this at the big box generic stores like men' s wearhouse .\n! my family had worked with them before for prom etc. and they did not disappoint\nwith so many people who weren' t from the area. so glad to have had an experience\ntuesday tips here @ carditastyle. . # wedding # howto # bride # prom # groom # fashion # love # menswear # menstyle # mensfashion\n( of chama calyculata linnaeus, 1758) linnaeus, c. (1758). systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. editio decima, reformata. laurentius salvius: holmiae. ii, 824 pp. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nzamouri - langar, n. ; chouba, l. ; ajjabi chebil, l. ; mrabet, r. ; el abed, a. (2011). les coquillages bivalves des côtes tunisiennes. institut national des sciences et technologies de la mer: salammbô. isbn 978 - 9938 - 9512 - 0 - 2. 128 pp. (look up in imis) [ details ]\n( of chama calyculata linnaeus, 1758) huber, m. (2010). compendium of bivalves. a full - color guide to 3, 300 of the world’s marine bivalves. a status on bivalvia after 250 years of research. hackenheim: conchbooks. 901 pp. , 1 cd - rom. (look up in imis) [ details ]\n( of mytilicardia elongata fontannes, 1882) huber, m. (2010). compendium of bivalves. a full - color guide to 3, 300 of the world’s marine bivalves. a status on bivalvia after 250 years of research. hackenheim: conchbooks. 901 pp. , 1 cd - rom. (look up in imis) [ details ]\nmedin. (2011). uk checklist of marine species derived from the applications marine recorder and unicorn. version 1. 0. [ details ]\nspencer, h. g. , marshall, b. a. & willan, r. c. (2009). checklist of new zealand living mollusca. pp 196 - 219. in: gordon, d. p. (ed .) new zealand inventory of biodiversity. volume one. kingdom animalia: radiata, lophotrochozoa, deuterostomia. canterbury university press, christchurch. [ details ]\nbruguière j. g. (1789 - 1792). encyclopdie méthodique ou par ordre de matières. histoire naturelle des vers, volume 1. pancoucke, paris. pp. 1 - 344 [ june 1789 ]; 345 - 758 [ 13 feb. 1792; dates after evenhuis, 2003, zootaxa, 166: 37; zootaxa, 207 ]; atlas pl. 1 - 189 [ 1791 ]; pl. 190 - 286 [ 1797 ] pl. 287 - 390 [ 1798 ] pl. 391 - 488. , available online at urltoken page (s): 405 - 406 [ details ]\ncoan, e. v. ; valentich - scott, p. (2012). bivalve seashells of tropical west america. marine bivalve mollusks from baja california to northern peru. 2 vols, 1258 pp. [ details ]\n( of mytilicardia tasmanica tenison woods, 1876) huber, m. (2010). compendium of bivalves. a full - color guide to 3, 300 of the world’s marine bivalves. a status on bivalvia after 250 years of research. hackenheim: conchbooks. 901 pp. , 1 cd - rom. (look up in imis) [ details ]\ngofas, s. ; afonso, j. p. ; brandào, m. (ed .). (s. a .). conchas e moluscos de angola = coquillages et mollusques d' angola. [ shells and molluscs of angola ]. universidade agostinho / elf aquitaine angola: angola. 140 pp. (look up in imis) [ details ]" ]

{ "text": [ "cardita is a genus of marine bivalve molluscs , in the family carditidae .", "especially in the early 18th century , this genus was often confused with its relative cardites .", "this started with jean-baptiste lamarck describing the present genus as cardites in 1801 .", "however , j.h.f. link in 1807 used that name to establish a distinct genus .", "when this was realized , megerle in 1811 re-described link 's genus as cardita .", "but cardita had already been validly established for the present genus by j.g. bruguière in 1792 ; thus megerle 's action resulted in four technically valid names which formed two mutual pairs of homonyms .", "the matter was ultimately resolved by starting with the oldest name – that of bruguière – and applying it as intended , and suppressing lamarck 's name so that link 's junior homonym could be used for cardites .", "in addition to the numerous junior synonyms , byssomera – usually included in carditamera nowadays – might actually belong in cardita too . " ], "topic": [ 2, 26, 5, 25, 5, 16, 25, 26 ] }

[ "cardita is a genus of marine bivalve molluscs, in the family carditidae. especially in the early 18th century, this genus was often confused with its relative cardites. this started with jean-baptiste lamarck describing the present genus as cardites in 1801. however, j.h.f. link in 1807 used that name to establish a distinct genus. when this was realized, megerle in 1811 re-described link's genus as cardita. but cardita had already been validly established for the present genus by j.g. bruguière in 1792; thus megerle's action resulted in four technically valid names which formed two mutual pairs of homonyms. the matter was ultimately resolved by starting with the oldest name – that of bruguière – and applying it as intended, and suppressing lamarck's name so that link's junior homonym could be used for cardites. in addition to the numerous junior synonyms, byssomera – usually included in carditamera nowadays – might actually belong in cardita too." ]

[ "two item limit stands motionless for several minutes. then she slowly shifts her weight from one hind leg to the other and quiets again .\nall manufacturer coupons say “limit 1 per purchase” which means one manufacturer’s coupon per item purchased .\ntwo item limit, fresh off an easy triumph in the grade 3 tempted at aqueduct three weeks ago, made it two in a row taking yesterday’s grade 2, $ 200, 000 demoiselle ...\nif i have a coupon for 0. 75 off two boxes of kelloggs ceral, can i use two of those coupons if i only buy two boxes of ceral ?\na catastrophic claim that exceeds an aggregate limit can create financial strain unless additional protection is in place. for an additional cost, many insurers offer supplemental plans that provide coverage above the base plan' s aggregate limit. some may have a specific limit or no limit, at all .\nhello i was wondering if you could elaborate on the last senario when an item is b1g1 and you have a b1g1 coupon. you said you will purchase two. does that mean you will pay for two individual items and get two free or would you wind using your coupon to cancel out the first price so you wind up getting two products both free instead of four products which two were paid for and two were free? thank you !\ncouple of questions girls: 1. kroger told me i could only use two coupons per like item, however their policy states “two manufacturer internet coupons per like item”. to me that sounds like there is only a limit on coupons printed from the internet? ? am i crazy? ?\nno. even if the coupons come from different sources, you cannot use two coupons on the same item .\nin the fine print it says limit one coupon per specified item purchased. but each coupon specify’s a different dvd. .\nif the same contribution rate or amount applies to all or most employees, enter it into the field at the top of the limit type window. the annual contribution limit (if any) should be entered into the lower field only if the limit is the same for all or most employees. if you want a limit for retirement, enter the 50 + rate here as the lower limit has priority .\nok my question is if i have two. 50 off coupon but with different manufactured dates can i use both of them on the same one item? (like two different expiration dates. )\nthe end parameter allows us to limit the selected range even further. for example :\nhi angeline. no, it is a limit of 1 manufacturer’s coupon per item. you’ll have to use one or the other .\nat the lower left of the payroll item list, click payroll item, and click new .\nat the lower left of the payroll item list, click the payroll item button > new .\nat the lower left of the payroll item list, click the payroll item button > new .\nit depends on the wording. usually when it says “limit one per customer” it means one coupon deal per customer, so you could only buy 1 deal with the coupon. sometimes it’s “limit one coupon per item purchased” which simply means limit one coupon per item purchase, so you can buy 3 items and use 3 coupons. sometimes it says limit one per transaction, which is clearly a limit on the amount you can buy. if in doubt, ask the cashier or manager. wording on store coupons can be confusing sometimes. good luck !\nyou' ll need to (and should anyway imo) create two separate items .\nquick question. i know its usually one coupon per item per purchase. . but here i have a coupon that says “limit one coupon per purchase” but it also says “limit 4 coupons for same product and transaction” why does this product accept 4 even if it says one coupon per item. ?\nper purchase. an item you buy is deemed a purchase. that means if you buy 5 bottles of shampoo, you have 5 purchases. if your coupon has a limit of 1 item per purchase, you can use one coupon on each item .\nif i have a manufacturer coupon that says save $ 1. 00 on 2 and a store coupon says a $ 1. 99 on an item. can use two store coupon and one manufacturer coupon for the two item? also if a manufacturer coupon says when you buy two save $ 1. 50 and a store says bog1 can i use the coupons combine? ?\nthe aggregate limit is the maximum amount an insurer will pay for covered losses during a policy period. the annual aggregate limit is the total amount an insurer will pay in a given single year .\nyes – both of those situations should be fine, as long as the store coupon doesn’t limit the amount of store coupons per transaction on that item .\nif the same deduction rate or amount applies to all or most employees, enter it into the field at the top of the limit type window. the annual deduction limit (if any) should be entered into the lower field only if the limit is the same for all or most employees .\nthis time only list item 4 is turned red, since it is the only item in the range between two from the end (- 2) and one from the end (- 1) .\nno. even though the values of the coupons are different, you would still be using two coupons on one item, which is not allowed .\nthere is a two (2) item minimum food or beverage purchase required per person with admission to any show at chuckles comedy house. read more\nno. it is one manufacturer’s coupon per item, regardless of where they come from. to use two coupons, you’d have to buy two items. just make sure you have the correct amount of items per coupon, and you’re okay .\n144 see item 5 of forms 10 - q and 10 - qsb, new item 9 of form 10 - k and new item 8 of form 10 - ksb .\nthat means you have to buy 4 items to use the 4 coupons. you can’t use 4 coupons on one item. it’s always a limit of 1 coupon per item purchased, but sometimes coupons have additional limits, like the limit of 4 per household you mentioned above. (but most don’t have that one )\nmost of all, two item limit loves to race. the shakiest period in the 4 - year - old' s career followed a layoff before this season that left her anxious, finicky and, in her trainer' s view, less confident .\nif i have a coupon for $ 0. 50 off one kraft cheese and a coupon for $ 1 off two kraft cheeses, can i buy two kraft cheeses and use both coupons ?\nif i have a coupon that says $. 50 off chicken broth for example and i have two of those. . can i get two of those chicken broths and use both coupons ?\nplease note that there is a two (2) item minimum food or beverage purchase required per person with admission to any show at chuckles comedy house .\ni don’t know specifically but it could be that their store has a limit on “like” coupons per order .\nfor example, if your annual aggregate limit is $ 20 million, and you have claims totaling $ 25 million in a policy period, your insurance company will only pay up to the $ 20 million limit .\nchen z, cowan n. core verbal working memory capacity: the limit in words retained without covert articulation .\nfor example, consider a public liability policy with a $ 25, 000 per claim limit which also has an aggregate limit of $ 100, 000. if the insured makes a single claim for $ 50, 000, the insurance company pays only $ 25, 000, the per claim limit, even though it is less than the aggregate limit. the aggregate amount is now $ 75, 000 ($ 100, 000 limit less the $ 25, 000 paid claim). a subsequent $ 50, 000 claim in the same period results in another $ 25, 000 payout and a reduced aggregate limit of $ 50, 000. after reaching the aggregate limit, the insurer pays no additional claims during the policy period. most policy periods run for one year .\n‘unlimited sum insured’ – all your contents are covered without limit so you don’t have to worry about being underinsured .\ni want to create an extension for chrome browsers: item menu in context menu with two different actions when you use left or right click on item menu. for firefox it can be realized, but for chrome? how ?\ntwo item limit' s morning is booked as solid as a bridesmaid' s on the day of the wedding. breakfast, laser acupuncture treatment, a quick gallop, a cool - down walk around barn 16 in the backstretch at arlington park, a bath, another meal .\nthe “one coupon per purchase of specified item” means that you can only use that particular coupon on each purchase of that item .\nso if, for example, you splashed out on some antiques, electronics or jewellery that are worth more than your single item limit on your policy you should let them know .\nzoe, who wed benji in 2013, revealed there was definitely a limit to how many children she would have .\nupload any other application materials you wish to include with your application package. there is no page limit to these attachments .\ntwo item limit' s parents have modest racing resumes. but further back in the filly' s lineage are several distinguished stakes winners, sires and dams. they include somethingroyal, the mare who gave birth to secretariat; kentucky derby winners cannonade and jet pilot; and triple crown winner war admiral .\nyes. it’s one coupon per item bought. so if you have (5) $ 1 / 1 coupons, you would have to buy 5 items in order to use all 5 coupons. just make sure the coupon does not have a limit per transaction. per purchase mean per item bought. per transaction means a limit of coupons per transaction. it’s very rare that there is a limit per transaction, but some coupons do have that, so just be careful. 🙂 hope that helps !\ncontroversies in cardiovascular research: this category consists of back - to - back review articles arguing opposing points of view on a topic of broad current interest. each discussant writes a position paper arguing a point of view (word limit, ~ 10, 000), and a brief response to the opposing position paper (word limit: 1, 500). the two position papers and the two responses are published together in the same issue. in selected cases where multiple points of view exist, more than two discussants may participate in the controversy. all controversies are commissioned by the editors .\nthere is a limit of one coupon per item purchased. so if an item is on sale and you want to buy 4, you could use (4) $ 1 / 1 coupons or (2) $ 1 / 2 coupons. does that make sense? just carefully read wording on coupons. sometimes coupons do have a limit of how many you can buy per transaction .\nif each of the coupons is $ x / 1, then yes – you could buy 5 and use 5 coupons. just make sure to check the lingo on the coupon itself. these days, some brands are starting to limit how many you can use per transaction. also check with the store sale. some stores have a limit per sale item. as long as there isn’t a limit per transaction or store sale, you’re okay !\nmiller ga. the magical number seven, plus or minus two: some limits on our capacity for processing information .\n' and no disrespect, this is my opinion because i only want 1. 5. one to two.'\nciara and husband russell wilson dance as they head to south africa for their honeymoon... two years after wedding\nthere are two different kinds of cover available, both of which have an effect on the price of your premium .\nif no, explain why sex and / or gender are not applicable in your research design (limit of 2000 characters) .\na18: there is no specific age limit, but the pi should have at least 5 years of service remaining before superannuation .\n119 specifically, item 5. 02 (d) requires disclosure of information required by item 404 (a) of regulation s - k .\nan individual cannot submit more than two project grant applications per competition as a nominated principal applicant. if a nominated principal applicant submits more than two applications, cihr will automatically withdraw the last application submitted based on time - stamp of submission .\ntwo item limit (usa) b. m, 1998 { 4 - m } dp = 9 - 6 - 8 - 0 - 1 (24) di = 3. 80 cd = 0. 92 - 28 starts, 7 wins, 3 places, 5 shows career earnings: $ 1, 060, 585\ngobet f, clarkson g. chunks in expert memory: evidence for the magical number four – or is it two ?\nif yes, describe how sex and / or gender considerations will be considered in your research design (limit of 2000 characters) .\ngraffeo is unabashedly unobjective. his love affair with the little bay began at first sight in a sales barn 2 1 / 2 years ago and has endured through an improbable, somewhat inconsistent track career in which two item limit topped the million - dollar mark in earnings to become the most successful illinois - bred filly in history .\nany l. l. bean - made item can be returned with no time limit or proof of purchase, as long as you make it clear you are somehow dissatisfied with how the product has held up .\nbe aware that the settings mentioned here are applied globally - it is not possible to limit them to particular mailboxes or groups of users .\ncan i use this to buy multiple items & get $ 1. 00 off each? the coupon doesn’t say it has a limit .\na17: there is no upper limit (or even lower limit) for the project grant. the budget is decided based on the requirement for its successful implementation. pi should propose a budget which is realistic taking into account the infrastructure and resources available at the implementing institutions .\na5: there is no upper limit (or even lower limit) for a project grant. the budget is decided based on the requirement for its successful implementation. the investigator should propose a budget which is realistic taking into account the infrastructure and resources available at the implementing institutions .\nif there is a sale going on for 2 / $ 5 box of cereal and i have two coupons of 1. 00 off on any three cereals coupon, so if i buy 6 boxes of cereals can i use my two coupons? thanks, ashley\nitem 5. market for registrant' s common equity and related stockholder matters .\nitem 9. changes in and disagreements with accountants on accounting and financial disclosure .\nitem 8. changes in and disagreements with accountants on accounting and financial disclosure .\n65 see instruction 1 to item 2. 03 of form 8 - k .\n68 see instruction 2 to item 2. 03 of form 8 - k .\n69 see instruction 3 to item 2. 03 of form 8 - k .\n70 see instruction 5 to item 2. 03 of form 8 - k .\nif i printed two coupons off the same website, buy one get one free on one item, & then on another coupon i have $ 1. 25 off. will i be able to use both ?\na2: a1: there is no upper limit (or even lower limit) for a project grant. the budget is decided based on the requirement for its successful implementation. the investigator should propose a budget which is realistic taking into account the infrastructure and resources available at the implementing institutions .\ncomments on this item paralleled those on item 2. 05. we have made similar revisions to this item in response by providing greater flexibility regarding timing of the disclosure of estimates and eliminating the proposed\nmini - md & a\nrequirement .\nmaybe she' s just an overachiever ,\nsays two item limit' s trainer, steve dimauro .\nmaybe she' s not supposed to be that good, and maybe she just doesn' t know it. she doesn' t have it in her head that she' s an illinois - bred filly running against the cream of the crop .\nyou would purchase 2 items total. the store discounts the price of the first item and the coupon discounts the price of the 2nd item, making both free .\nb1g1 coupons can be tricky. basically, when you use a b1g1 coupon, it attaches to one out of the two items you’re buying. therefore, you can still use another coupon on the other item, but only if it’s a coupon for one item (i. e. $ 1 / 1, $ 2 / 1, $ 3 / 1, 50¢ / 1, etc .) since you were trying to use a $ 2 / 2, which is $ 2 off of two items, then it wasn’t legal. you bought two items, the b1g1 attached to one item, so you only had one item leftover to use a coupon on. since your remaining coupon was for two items, then you couldn’t use it. if it had been a coupon good on one item, then you could have used it. in your case with the b1g1 and the $ 2 / 2, you would have had to buy 3 items .\nequipment business case - is required for any items or combined assets with a value above £138, 000 - maximum of two a4 sides .\nakerlind i, hornquist jo. stability and change in feelings of loneliness: a two - year prospective longitudinal study of advanced alcohol abusers .\nonly a few dozen of the approximately 34, 000 thoroughbreds born annually in the united states make it to the starting gate of the breeders' cup in any given year. two item limit, whimsically named for southwest airlines' carry - on baggage policy, is an unlikely member of the elite club: a discount horse that has never gone anywhere non - stop .\ni’ve got a store coupon and a manufacturer’s coupon for an item at target [ and i know their policy states that they will accept a store & manufacturer “unless prohibited” ]; if one or both of the coupons state “limit one coupon per item” does that mean only one * of that type * of coupon [ i. e. store coupon says “limit one. . ” so i can only use one store coupon, but i can still use a manufacturer’s as well ], or does it mean only one coupon for that item, period ?\nyes! most stores will allow you to use a coupon on the “free” item because you are still “purchasing” the item, even though the selling price is $ 0 .\nfrom the quickbooks desktop menus at the top, click lists > payroll item list .\nselect the new payroll item (s) for the retirement plan (s) .\n( d) for purposes of this item 2. 04, the term off - balance sheet arrangement has the meaning provided in item 2. 03 of this form .\nitem 5. 04 temporary suspension of trading under registrant' s employee benefit plans .\nfurnish the information required by item 304 (b) of regulation s - b .\ni have a coupon that show’s you pay $ 2. 49 with card and coupon and it’s limit 4 per coupon. what exactly does this mean ?\none of the keys to a good athlete is relaxation ,\nsays o' neill, who started the musical therapy two years ago .\nthe catch with these coupons is that the manufacturer normally puts a limit on your free item. for example, it may say “not to exceed $ 3. 49”. if the shelf price of the item that should be free is $ 3. 59, you will be responsible for the difference of $ 0. 10 .\n154 we are not adopting in this release proposed item 1. 03 termination or reduction of a business relationship with a customer and proposed item 3. 01 rating agency decisions .\ni have a question i have a coupon 2 / $ 1 comet cleaners limit 4. does this mean i can get 4 comet cleaners with this coupon ?\nyes, if a coupon specifies a limit of one per transaction or household, then you can only use it one time on one item. if it says “limit 1 per purchase” with no transaction or household limits, then you may buy as many as you want with your coupons. so if you have 4 coupons for $ 1 / 1, you may buy 4 items and use the 4 coupons. remember with printable coupons, you may not copy them, as that is illegal. there is usually a print limit of 2 per computer. good luck! 🙂\nyep! you may combine one store coupon and one manufacturer’s coupon per item at target .\nset up a payroll item for retirement benefits (401k, simple ira, etc. )\nenter a name for the item in the enter name for deduction box and click next .\n( b) for purposes of this item 1. 02, the term material definitive agreement shall have the same meaning as set forth in item 1. 01 (b) .\nitem 5. 03 amendments to articles of incorporation or bylaws; change in fiscal year .\n63 see paragraph (d) of item 2. 03 of form 8 - k .\nin addition, about three percent of the two year old fish from last year could carry over as three year old fish, which would be a little over 10, 000 fish. if this is the case, anglers could expect to catch one larger three year - old fish in each limit of 25 .\nif i have a coupon that states “buy one body wash, get one free”, the cashier ive noticed has to fill in on the coupon how much i bought the first body wash for so that they know how much to take off the second to make it free. in this senario, am i still allowed to use two separtate coupons on one body wash for each of them? or does the two coupon thing only apply if its a store b1g1 sale? i mean can i still use the two coupons on the two body washes even if i am the one that made it free ?\nif i have one coupon that says. 50 off one item and a limit of 3 items on the manufacturers coupon, do i get the. 50 off of each of the three or do i have to have a coupon for each one? ?\ni believe safeway coupons can be used once and it will apply to all the items. though they usually have a limit. i would verify with customer service .\nafter you create a payroll item, edit the payroll item to make sure all necessary vendor information has been entered. important: be sure not to adjust or change preset tax settings .\nthis item retains the basic substantive requirements formerly included in item 3 of form 8 - k regarding a company' s entry into bankruptcy or receivership. as proposed, however, we are adopting minor changes to make the item more readable, such as breaking out embedded lists from the text and moving some language currently included in the text into an instruction to the item .\ni was wondering if there was a limit on how many internet coupons (that you print out) you could use in a single transaction. like…could i use only internet coupons for all 50 different items in a transaction assuming i had internet coupons for each item .\ncatches like the one pictured below were common for several hours of fishing. this year there could be a typical number of kokanee, but of above average size. we expect there will be approximately 210, 000 two year old kokanee, which is very close to the average two year old fish abundance since 2000 .\nwe recognize that there will frequently be a relationship between the disclosure provided under this item and the disclosure required by new item 1. 01 ,\nentry into a material definitive agreement .\ntypically, a company will report its entry into a material definitive agreement to acquire or dispose of assets under item 1. 01, and then later disclose the closing of the acquisition or disposition transaction under item 2. 01. however, a company will not necessarily be required to provide the item 2. 01 disclosure regarding every material definitive acquisition or disposition agreement disclosed under item 1. 01 as item 2. 01 includes a bright - line reporting threshold that is not included in item 1. 01. under this threshold, a company need only report a completed acquisition or disposition of assets if the transaction meets the significant asset test as set forth in the item. 57\nemployers that self - fund employee healthcare plans will use stop - loss insurance to protect against catastrophic claims. in a self - funded plan, the employer pays the claims presented by its employees up to an aggregate limit. if employees make claims that exceed the aggregate limit, the employer, absent a stop - loss policy, is responsible for paying out of pocket. under a stop - loss policy, the stop - loss insurer will reimburse the employer for the amount that exceeds the stop - loss deductible or aggregate limit .\nif kraft cheese is on sale buy one get one free and i have two $ 0. 50 off one kraft cheese coupons, can i use both coupons ?\nin your question above, you could use (2) $ 1 / 1 coupons on a bogo sale, because you’re buying two items, even though the store is offering one for free. if you’re using a $ 1 / 2, you can only use 1 coupon on those two items. i hope that helps !\nin the proposing release, we proposed a two business day deadline for form 8 - k, with provision for an automatic two business day extension upon a company' s filing of form 12b - 25. thus, the proposals would have permitted a four business day filing period whenever a company filed a form 12b - 25 .\ni watch extreme couponing. n i see how ppl buy multiple things and use multiple coupons. so what i dont understand is this…on the coupon is says limit one coupon per houehold n then it says limit of 4 like coupon per household per day. so do that mean i can get 4 like coupons and go to the supermarket buy one item for that coupon and give the cashier all 4 coupons for that one item? or do i buy 4 of that item and give to the cashier all 4 coupons and still get money off for that item. i am a beginner couponer and want to understand that part of the coupon…thank you for any help given to me…also please email the answer i might not be able to find my way back to this site…lol…\nno, you can only use one manufacturer coupon per item, regardless of where it came from .\nc. revising the heading of item 15 to read\nexhibits and financial statement schedules .\n;\nfurnish the information required by item 304 (b) of regulation s - b, if applicable .\nthese results demonstrate that the three - item loneliness scale gauges general feelings of loneliness quite well and that it is robust across two different interview modalities (in person self - administered and telephone). these results also suggest that embedding the three - item loneliness scale within the r - ucla is possible. this latter finding should increase the possibilities for cross - study comparisons .\nmany healthcare plans carry aggregate limits. as in the example above, these plans will often have a cap on per claim payment and a limit for annual claims payments. as an example, a family dental plan will pay a set amount for each filling, cleaning, or crown claimed by the family as a whole. the policy will also hold the family to an annual aggregate limit of claims which they will pay. if the family should exceed the annual limit, the will not receive payment for additional claims until the next policy term begins .\n@ kasia, the 3 yogurts combined are your purchase. some manufacturers started rewording the coupons to make them easier to understand and now say “limit 1 coupon per purchase of items specified” .\nwe received several comments recommending harmonization between the reporting thresholds in items 1. 01 and 2. 01. 58 it is our intention, however, that item 1. 01 address a different scope of agreements than those that will trigger disclosure under item 2. 01, which only applies to the acquisition or disposition of assets. we believe that the use of two different thresholds for these items will not cause undue confusion. indeed, both items use existing thresholds, one from item 601 of regulation s - k, the other from former item 2 of form 8 - k .\nparagraph (a) of item 5. 02 broadens the scope of former item 6 of form 8 - k. former item 6 required disclosure only if a director departed as a result of a disagreement, provided a letter to the company describing the disagreement and then requested that the company publicly disclose the matter. thus, the action necessary to trigger disclosure pursuant to the former item rested solely with the director .\n33 unless otherwise noted, throughout this release, where we refer to a particular item of regulation s - k, we also refer to, and include, the comparable item under regulation s - b .\ncan you use two manufacturer’s coupons from two different websites for the same item? ex: i found a manufacturer’s coupon for $ 1. 00 off any coppertone suncare product from urltoken and i also found the same coupon (a manufacturer’s coupon for $ 1. 00 off any coppertone suncare product) from couponmom. com, can i print out both coupons and use it on the same 1 coppertone product? i’m a little lost on that subject ?\nno. any food item or beverage (with or without alcohol) counts towards the two - item minimum. we offer a variety of non - alcoholic beverages for our underage and non - alcohol consuming customers. we also offer souvenir items such as glassware and t - shirts as well. take a tour of our urltoken and we guarantee you will find something to your liking .\nit’s important to realize this will only work if the item is sold directly from amazon and not a third party seller. if the item is from a third party seller, you’ll have the option of either getting a full refund, or a replacement item delivered to your home in three to four business days .\nthis item is substantively the same as former item 4 of form 8 - k, requiring disclosure of the resignation, dismissal or engagement of an independent accountant. the only revision we have made to the substantive requirements of former item 4 is to delete the phrase\nand the related instructions to item 304\nas a company routinely needs to consider and comply with the instructions to all of our disclosure items containing instructions .\nso here’s my question. actually, it’s the hubby’s. but here goes: why does a restaurant allow you to use a coupon and a gift card versus two coupons .\non a segment that aired on nova on sunday, the 33 - year - old explained that two kids was her absolute maximum while benji divulged he was hoping for six .\nif you don’t have a ‘bedroom - rated’ policy or ‘unlimited sum insured’ you will need to calculate the amount of cover you need. you can do this in two ways :\nthe items you purchase during your dinner count toward the two - item minimum per person requirement. food, beverages, or a combination, each count toward this minimum. for most “special engagement” shows, there may be vip dinner packages or other options available through our event coordinator .\na6: there is no upper limit (or even lower limit) for a project grant. the budget is decided based on the requirement for its successful implementation. the investigator should propose a budget which is realistic taking into account the infrastructure and resources available at the implementing institutions. the average cost of the emr project is rs. 35 lakh for a duration of 3 years .\nremoved item 6 in part ii of\ninformation required in annual report of transitional small business issuers .\nitem 5. 02 departure of directors or principal officers; election of directors; appointment of principal officers .\n106 as defined under item 10 (a) (1) of regulation s - b [ 17 cfr 228. 10 (a) (1) ]. see instruction 3 to item 3. 02 .\nlist everything that you own and add up what it would cost to replace every item at today’s prices .\nbuy one get one at “x” discount: some coupons will allow you to purcha - se one item at full price and then your next item can be a set dollar value or percentage off. the most common is a 50% discount. this equates to getting each item 25% off when you do the math .\ninvestigators yesterday searched for new clues about a the death of a pregnant long island woman – scouring the site where her remains were found, where they discovered two new ...\nvan baarsen b, snijders tab, smit jh, van duijn maj. lonely but not alone: emotional isolation and social isolation as two distinct dimensions of loneliness in older people .\nunless filed under item 8. 01, disclose under this item only information that the registrant elects to disclose through form 8 - k pursuant to regulation fd (17 cfr 243. 100 through 243. 103) .\nsummer camps are also considered child care. that said, if you’ve reached your annual limit for child care but still have room in your sports or arts credit limit, you can apply camps to the fitness or arts credit as long as they fit the criteria (a basketball camp that primarily focuses on basketball, for instance, or a drama camp where the main activity is drama) .\nok. . i need clarification. i had a b1g1 coupon and a coupon for $ 2 off if you bought two. the coupon said one coupon per purchase, limit of 4 like coupons per purchase. i used both on the pantene conditioner, but the cashier said that i could not stack that way, which was fine, but he called the manager over and she approved both coupons because at our commissary it states that you can have one coupon per item or purchase. since i technically was only purchasing one bottle and getting the other for free, using the $ 3 off was ok because there were two items on my receipt. i don’t get it, but i won’t ever try it again. after going home and thinking a lot about it, i am still confused. our commissary policy states one coupon per item or purchase, and i had two items but the manager says i was only really buying one. help! ! !\nmost stores will allow you to use any number of coupons you have in a single transaction. a few coupons now say “limit 4 per transaction” but most do not have that restriction. a “purchase” is different from a transaction, it is just each item (or group of items) that you buy .\nequipment quotations and the equipment business case are uploaded within the equipment item section, not within the attachments section .\n( c) for purposes of this item 2. 03, direct financial obligation means any of the following :\nall year long, the kennedy players said they had a different team than the previous two seasons when they were eliminated in the first round of the psal playoffs. more ...\nbritain and ireland yesterday asked the united states to place the real ira on a list of designated terrorist groups. “by making this request, the two governments are once again ...\npower to extend the time - limit of one year will be exercised by the administrative ministries / departments with the approval of the f. a. concerned, in individual cases attendant with special circumstances .\n51 disclosure of the termination of a material definitive agreement may be required under this item even if the agreement was not disclosed previously because, for example, the agreement was entered into prior to effectiveness of item 1. 01 .\nmost coupons have a print limit of 2 per computer. so you can print 2 coupons per computer that you have. so in order to print 5 of the same coupon, you’ll need 3 computers .\na4: there is no budget limit. however, budget is decided based on the requirement for its successful implementation. the investigator should propose a budget which is realistic based on proposed objectives and supporting experiments .\nset up a payroll item for retirement benefits (401k, simple ira, ... - quickbooks learn & support\na assessed by the three - item loneliness scale standardized to a mean of zero and a standard deviation of one .\nredesignated paragraphs (c) and (d) in item 15 as paragraphs (b) and (c) .\nitem 3. 01 notice of delisting or failure to satisfy a continued listing rule or standard; transfer of listing .\nworking capital restrictions and other limitations upon the payment of dividends must be reported pursuant to this item 3. 03 .\nitem 4. 02 non - reliance on previously issued financial statements or a related audit report or completed interim review .\ng. removing item 6 in part ii of\ninformation required in annual report of transitional small business issuers\n.\nthis task collects information on all partners involved in the application. partnership contributions can be a combination of cash and / or in - kind contributions. there is no upper limit on partner contributions to a project .\nyou need to check your insurer’s definition of valuables as this can vary widely. then you need to check the ‘single article limit’ which is the most the insurer will pay out in the event of a claim .\nif i have a $ 0. 50 off one kraft cheese coupon and a buy one get one free (b1g1) kraft cheese coupon, can i buy two cheeses and use both coupons ?\neach cv should be no more than two sides of a4 paper and in a font no smaller than size 11, and should include basic information about education, employment history, and academic responsibilities .\nschools chancellor harold levy, in the job for less than a year, has assembled a new team of high - paid managers – including over two dozen at salaries of more than ...\nwhether the delivery delay is caused by bad weather, a problem at the amazon warehouse, or a combination of both, you should hold amazon’s feet to the fire if they don’t deliver on their two - day guarantee. after all, you’re paying $ 99 annually for the membership and they’re “guaranteeing” two - day delivery, so there should be consequences if they can’t deliver on their promise .\npursuant to instruction 1 to item 3. 01, the company is not required to disclose any information required by paragraph (a) of item 3. 01 where, generally, the delisting is a result of one of the following :\nthis new item requires a company to disclose the information specified in paragraphs (a) and (c) through (e) of item 701 of regulation s - k regarding the company' s sale of equity securities in a transaction that is not registered under the securities act. this disclosure is currently required in item 2 (c) of forms 10 - q and 10 - qsb and item 5 (a) of forms 10 - k and 10 - ksb. 103\nreviewers are not required to read your response if you choose to not include all the previous reviews being addressed. if your response exceeds the 2 pages limit, reviewers will not be required to read the additional pages .\nso if you have an engagement ring, or a valuable worth more than the single article limit, you need to tell your insurer about it (and you’ll probably pay a bit extra to get it covered) .\nwe received numerous comments on this item. many commenters requested clarification regarding the scope of obligations covered by this item. 72 since we proposed the amendments, we have adopted new rules requiring a company to provide disclosure about its off - balance sheet arrangements. 73 those rules define the term\noff - balance sheet arrangement .\nbecause these are the types of contingent obligations about which item 2. 03 seeks disclosure, new item 2. 03 incorporates the definition of\noff - balance sheet arrangement\nused in item 303 (a) (4) (ii) of regulation s - k .\nyou would buy two kraft cheeses. the first one would be free with the sale, the second would be free with the coupon, making both free (not all stores will allow this) .\n' there were constant blood tests and they were ringing us on the hour telling us exactly, that we had a two hour window of where we had to get it done,' he said .\n[ errormessagesizeexceeded ] - the message exceeds the maximum supported size. , cannot save changes made to an item to store .\naccording to spencer’s how to shop for free book, she actually goes over “per purchase”. she states that yes, you can apply each coupon to each item, because each item is a purchase. not to be confused with “per transaction” .\nthe item you are attemping to add to compare is a different subtype to the items (s) in your list .\nwe have retained in new item 2. 02 all of the substantive requirements of former item 12 of form 8 - k regarding public announcements or releases of material non - public information regarding a company' s results of operations or financial condition .\nhanna, it really just depends. first of all, there is a print limit of 2 printable coupons per computer, so you would need 25 computers to print 50 internet coupons. if you’re talking about a limit of internet coupons in general (not specific to one item), then it will just depend on each store’s coupon policy. some stores are picky about internet coupons, while others aren’t. just ask the general manager of the store you shop at. usually “do not double” means the store will not double that coupon. that is correct .\nwe are adopting this pre - existing item of form 8 - k substantially as proposed. we are not adopting the proposed revision regarding the source of funds used to effect a change in control due to the congressional intent issue discussed under item 2. 01 above. we have, however, streamlined the language of the item to make it read more clearly. we have also not included the proposed instruction to item 5. 01 stating that disclosure pursuant to this item could be provided by incorporation by reference to a previous filing. we believe that instruction b. 3 to form 8 - k makes this clear .\nthere is no page limit for the je - s attachment, but a maximum of three letters is permitted and letters should be on headed paper, and be signed and dated within six months of the proposal submission date .\n( c) exhibits. the exhibits shall be deemed to be filed or furnished, depending on the relevant item requiring such exhibit, in accordance with the provisions of item 601 of regulation s - k (17 cfr 229. 601), or item 601 of regulation s - b (17 cfr 228. 601) and instruction b. 2 to this form .\nsome technical and executive candidates require multiple - page resumes. if you have more than five years of experience and a track record of accomplishments, you will need at least two pages to tell your story .\ncvs, up to two a4 sides each, for named research staff (including researcher co - investigators), or visiting researchers. cvs are not required for principal or co - investigators on standard proposals .\nportland – in preseason, kendall gill was by far the nets’ most reliable shooter. back at his two - guard position, gill, who was trying to respond from the three worst shooting ...\nmost shoppers are unaware that if delivered goods are damaged or broken, you can contact amazon customer service and they’ll immediately send you a replacement item. better yet, if you politely ask, they’ll often send it via overnight delivery. even better than that, if the item is valued at less than $ 50, they’ll often tell you to keep the broken or damaged item. this is really a sweet deal if the item is still useable or can be salvaged with a little elbow grease .\n3. no disclosure is required solely by reason of this item 2. 04 if the registrant believes in good faith that no triggering event has occurred, unless the registrant has received a notice described in instruction 2 to this item 2. 04 .\nwithout a two item minimum purchase, you will be asked to leave the showroom without refund before the headliner performs. we offer a variety of food as well as alcoholic and non - alcoholic beverages. if you are not hungry and do not drink alcohol or sodas, we have bottled water that you can carry out with you .\nsay i have a coupon that say’s limit 4 items per coupon. coupon cannot be doubled. on the top it does not say wether it’s a manufactured coupon. what exactly does this mean? sorry i’m new to this .\ni have a coupon from safeways ad that is for breyers ice cream for $ 2. 49 and doesn’t have a limit. so can i use this one coupon to purchase 5 or do i have to have 5 coupons ?\nwhile there is no set time limit, our shows typically run 90 minutes long, and consist of a host, a feature performer, and a headliner. come to the club ready to laugh and have a good time!" ]

{ "text": [ "two item limit ( foaled in february 1998 in illinois ) is an american thoroughbred racehorse .", "the granddaughter of forty niner is best remembered for posting a 3-length score in the mile and an eighth grade ii $ 250,000 black-eyed susan stakes at pimlico race course on may 18 , 2001 . " ], "topic": [ 22, 14 ] }

[ "two item limit (foaled in february 1998 in illinois) is an american thoroughbred racehorse. the granddaughter of forty niner is best remembered for posting a 3-length score in the mile and an eighth grade ii $ 250,000 black-eyed susan stakes at pimlico race course on may 18, 2001." ]

[ "shoebill - common / pom. xml at master · shoebill / shoebill - common · github\n> scm: git: git @ github. com: shoebill / shoebill - common. git < /\nbody of shoebill is covered with bluish - grey plumage. shoebill has strong neck, long legs and broad wings .\nguillet, a. 1979. aspects of the foraging behaviour of the shoebill .\nshoebill (balaeniceps rex) is a species of bird in the balaenicipitidae family .\nupdate (sept 13, 2015): shoebill 0. 0. 5 is available\nshoebill is solitary animal that gathers only for mating and taking care of the young .\nwhen shoebill detects the prey, it uses incredible speed, accuracy and power to catch it. before swallowing, shoebill with cut the prey in half with its sharp bill .\na trip to shoebill island is highly recommended in addition to kasanka at any time of year .\nwikipedia. shoebill. available at: < urltoken; . access on january 13, 2016 .\nthere are few predators of adult shoebill storks. young and eggs may be taken by nest predators, but shoebill storks aggressively defend their young and build nests in areas inaccessible to many predators .\nthe most prominent feature on the shoebill' s body is its beak. it is large and shaped like a shoe, which is the reason why the bird is named\nshoebill\n.\n> all - open: annotation = net. gtaun. shoebill. common. allopen < /\nalthough it is a water bird, the shoebill cannot swim because its toes are not webbed .\na trip to bangweulu swamps in search for africa’s shoebill demands to be on any birder or nature lover’s wildlife calendar. fortunately, the opportunity presents itself every may on a robin pope safari’s shoebill safari .\na real bird or a cartoon character? behold the shoebill! photo by olaf oliviero riemer. *\nshoebill eats different types of fish, amphibians, lizards, snakes, rats and even baby crocodiles .\nthanks for sharing... . now i' m watching all the videos on the shoebill stork .\ndescription: shoebill derives its name from its massive shoe - shaped bill. it is also named “whale - headed stork”. it is a unique bird of uncertain affinities with its prehistoric looking. with its primitive appearance, shoebill shows similarities to storks, pelicans, hamerkops and herons. there is much debate about shoebill’s closest relatives .\nshoebill storks are non - migratory as long as good foraging conditions exist. however, in some areas of their range, they will make seasonal movements between nesting and feeding zones. shoebill storks soar on thermals and are often seen soaring above their territory during the day. in flight, the neck is retracted. shoebill storks are very docile with humans. researchers studying these birds have been able to come within 6 feet of a shoebill stork on its nest. the shoebill stork will not threaten humans, but will only stare right back at them .\nshoebill requires a macintosh ii, iix or iicx rom, and a disk image with a / ux installed .\nguillet, a. 1978. distribution and conservation of the shoebill (balaeniceps rex) in the southern sudan .\nshoebill is a type of bird that cannot be easily classified. the reason lays in the fact that shoebill has features that are characteristic for genetically unrelated types of birds such as storks, pelicans, hamerkop and herons. shoebill is also known as whale - head or shoe - billed stork. this beautiful bird can be found only in eastern parts of africa, all the way from sudan to zambia. shoebill prefers life in tropical dense marshes, swamps and wetlands. shoebill is listed as vulnerable species, with no more than 8000 birds left in the wild. number of shoebill is decreased due to habitat loss, destruction of nests, increased hunting and because of the pet trade .\nguillet, a. 1979. aspects of the foraging behaviour of the shoebill. ostrich 50: 252 - 255 .\nincluding the shoebill and are home to massive herds of the black lechwe, and attractive species found only in the bangweulu .\nshoebill island camp is managed by the kasanka trust, and tours are regularly arranged to take visitors on to shoebill from kasanka. this either involves an interesting but bumpy 5 hours drive through villages or a charter flight directly into chimbwi airstrip, just 1 km from shoebill island. flying in (or out) has the additional advantage of some fantastic aerial game viewing .\nafter taking its prey bodily into its beak, the shoebill opens its bill just enough for its victim to poke its head out. then, the shoebill clamps down again with its knife - edged beak and decapitates the thing before swallowing it whole .\nshoebill storks are caught and sold for food. the native people also can receive large amounts of money from selling captured shoebill storks to zoos. they also bring in money through tourism because many people go to africa on river excursions to look at wildlife .\ndodman, t. 2013. international single species action plan for the conservation of the shoebill balaeniceps rex. bonn, germany .\nthe island has panoramic views over the swamps and gets its name from the shoebill, which are usually in reach of the camp .\nthat’s right, the shoebill murder bird will happily go to town on a freaking crocodile if the thing happens to cross its path .\nbriggs, p. 2007. top billing: shoebill. africa - birds & birding 12 (1): 50 - 54 .\nthis nest is managed and protected by the shoebill island camp’s team in bangweulu – zambia, and it is rarely visited by birders .\nshoebill is very large bird. it can be almost 5 feet tall, 4 feet long, reaching 1. 5 pounds in weight .\nunlike storks, pelicans, and herons, shoebill does not nest in colonies. only three nests can be found per one square kilometer .\naccording to scientists, the shoebill lays two eggs in five years and only hatches one of them. this partly explains their limited numbers .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below. < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - shoebill (balaeniceps rex )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - shoebill (balaeniceps rex )\ntitle =\narkive species - shoebill (balaeniceps rex )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nsince these pictures were taken last year, kapotwe has been increasingly learning how to be a shoebill - and learning how to deploy her beak .\nmpigi, uganda, april 9 (xinhua) - - a loner, secretive bird, the giant grey shoebill is facing extinction in uganda .\nhumans and the shoebill compete for space and in most cases the humans win, pushing the bird towards levels of extinction, according to conservationists .\nthe large bill found in the balaeniceps rex proves advantageous when penetrating marshy quarters to obtain its aquatic organism filled diet (shoebill stork 2005) .\nshoebill storks are and are never found in groups. only when food is in short supply will shoebill storks forage near each other. often, the male and female of a breeding pair will forage on opposite sides of their territory. adults use gular - fluttering in order to keep cool .\nshoebill is an all - new, bsd - licensed macintosh ii emulator designed from the ground up with the singular goal of running a / ux .\nshoebill storks inhabit freshwater swamps and extensive, dense marshes. they are often found in areas of flood plain interspersed with undisturbed papyrus and reedbeds. when shoebill storks are in an area with deep water, a bed of floating vegetation is a requirement. they are also found where there is poorly oxygenated water. this causes the fish living in the water to surface for air more often, increasing the likelihood a shoebill stork will successfully capture it .\nngwenyama, d. 2012. raising bwalya: challenges of shoebill conservation in bangweulu swamps. birdwatch zambia 42 (9): 9 - 10 .\nhabitat: shoebill is endemic to africa. it is found in large reed swamps and extensive papyrus grass. we can also find it in flooded marshes with floating vegetation, but it prefers papyrus. range: shoebill lives and breeds in tropical east africa, from sudan and western ethiopia to zambia .\nmales and females are pretty much similar in color and appearance, with the main difference being that males are slightly larger and have longer bills. shoebill habitat\nguillet, a. 1978. distribution and conservation of the shoebill (balaeniceps rex) in the southern sudan. biological conservation 13: 39 - 49 .\nwith stiltlike legs and splayed feet, the shoebill can wade in shallow water, or stand on floating vegetation, ready to strike with its extraordinary bill .\nno! me too. this is the second video i' ve seen posted about this shoebill stork. this thing looks unreal, and quite large .\nthis increased fishing activity threatens the existence of the shoebill since its food is taken away by humans especially at a time when the fish stocks are dwindling .\nit is currently unknown why some fisherman prey on the eggs of the shoebill stork, while numerous conservation efforts have been created to protect these delicate creatures .\nthe 4ft tall shoebill also took in her new - found freedom by standing on top of a 45ft tall tree to survey the vast african swamplands around her .\nflight: shoebill has powerful wings. it may be seen soaring on thermals at great heights as pelicans and storks. it flies with retracted neck as herons .\nin northeastern africa, the shoebill frequents the sudd, a 52, 000 - sq. mile swamp. the bird is most often seen in flooded regions where the deep, sluggish waters carry large quantities of fish toward the great lakes of victoria and tanganyika. in uganda, the shoebill is found on marshy lake margins thick with reeds, papyrus and grasses. the bird uses this vegetation for nesting material and to conceal its vast shadow from the fish below. it is often most numerous in areas where the water has a low oxygen level — lungfish, a favorite food, then must surface more often, making the shoebill’s foraging a lot easier waterbird the shoebill is found in marshes and swamps. • the shoebill follows the sitatunga, an aquatic antelope; it stirs up lungfish, the bird’s favorite food, as it walks. • the shoebill shares with the storks the habit of defecating on its legs on hot days. this creates cooling by evaporation .\nthe principal senses used during hunting are vision and hearing. in order to facilitate binocular vision, shoebill storks hold their heads and bills vertically downward against the breast .\nsenses: vision and hearing are used when foraging. . in order to facilitate binocular vision, shoebill storks hold their heads and bills vertically downward against the breast .\nthe small populations of the shoebill stork have not been found to provide other organisms with food. the only exception is the individuals whose eggs have been preyed upon .\nmorgan, who is originally from kansas, us, but now lives in pretoria, south africa, took the pictures of the shoebill in the bangweulu wetlands in zambia .\nmullers r. h. e. ; amar a. 2015a. shoebill balaeniceps rex foraging behaviour in the bangweulu wetlands, zambia. ostrich 81: 113 - 118 .\nthey, however, end up burning the eggs of the shoebill, thus reducing their numbers. young shoebills that cannot immediately fly are also burnt by the raging fires .\nfor a fantastic video of the shoebill eating a lungfish, click on the following link. however, we do not recommend watching this if you have a weak stomach !\nthe taxonomy of shoebill storks has been marked by debate over which birds are their closest relatives. the powder - down patches and syrinx link it to herons (ciconiiformes) while the tongue morphology shows it is most like hammerkops (scopidae). the shoebill stork' s behavior, especially bill clattering, and the morphology of the stapes suggest relationship to true storks (ciconiiformes). previous biochemical analysis placed shoebill storks as a subfamily of pelecanidae. currently they are placed in their own family and order, balaenicipitiformes .\nthere is no mistaking africa’s secretive shoebill with its enormous bill and almost prehistoric look there is no mistaking africa’s secretive shoebill with its enormous bill and almost prehistoric looks. these large stork - like birds inhabit the continent’s central and eastern tropical swamps and marshes. shoebills particularly like poorly oxygenated shallow water as fish surface more often, becoming easy prey for a stalking shoebill with a rapid strike in the tall vegetation. shoebills are mostly silent and solitary birds, only coming together when food is scarce or to breed. shoebill breeding coincides with the dry season which may help prevent their large flat nests from flooding. like some other storks they pour water over the nest to keep the eggs cool .\nthis is the heartwarming moment that kapotwe, a young female shoebill, first spread her wings in zambia' s bangweulu wetlands after having been rescued as a chick from poachers .\ndinesen, l. ; baker, m. 2006. status of shoebill balaeniceps rex in malagarasi, tanzania. bulletin of the african bird club 13: 37 - 44 .\nthe two mechanisms by which shoebill storks hunt are\nstand and wait\nand\nwade and walk slowly .\nwhen a prey item is spotted, shoebill storks will begin the\ncollapse\n. the head and neck quickly stretch forward into the water causing the bird to over - balance and collapse forwards and downwards. after a collapse, a shoebill stork cannot immediately perform a second collapse. it must regain its balance and start from the standing position again. along with the prey, a mouthful of vegetation is also collected. in order to expel the vegetation, shoebill storks sway their heads from side to side while keeping hold of the prey. before swallowing, the prey is usually decapitated .\nthe shoebill is currently at the limit of extinction, mostly caused by the destruction of their natural habitat. people are turning their swamp habitat into farmland, leaving these birds without shelter and food. today, the shoebill population is estimated at between 5000 and 8000 and is constantly declining. they can be found in big numbers in congo, zamibia and on the wetlands of tanzania. the birdlife international association classified the shoebill as a vulnerable species. the main threats to this bird are destruction of natural habitat, hunting and disturbance .\ndinesen, l. and baker, m. (2006) status of shoebill balaeniceps rex in malagarasi, tanzania. bull abc, 13 (1): 37 - 44 .\nalthough given to nesting in remote spots, the shoebill is one of the most distinctive birds of african wetlands. its mighty bill is a specialized weapon for hunting in the water .\nthe shoebill murder bird is native to the marshes of east africa... and your nightmares. this masterful hunter (and endangered species) is a reclusive killer who is a menace to the inhabitants of the lands it occupies. if you want to understand just how bone - chillingly terrifying nature can be, just step inside the world of the shoebill stork .\nthen, suddenly, the shoebill will lunge forward, driving its razor sharp bill into the silt, totally engulfing its victim (along with a bunch of dirt, water, and kelp). the shoebill clamps down, lifts its giant head, and starts swinging its bill back and forth, sifting out the crap it doesn’t want to actually eat before dining .\nof all the possible names, how on earth is it called the shoebill? “monsterface” would be better. or “death pelican. ” or “literally the most frightening bird on earth. ”\nthere have been many estimates of shoebill stork populations, but the most accurate is 11, 000 - 15, 000 birds over the entire range. since populations of shoebill storks are scattered and most are inaccessible to humans (or nearly so) for much of the year, it is hard to get a reliable number. the iucn rates shoebill storks as\nlower risk - near threatened\n. they are also listed in appendix ii of cites. they are protected by law in sudan, the central african republic, uganda, rwanda, zaire and zambia, and included in class a of the african convention of nature and natural resources. local folklore also protects shoebill storks and native people are taught to respect and even fear these birds .\nbuxton, l. , j. slater, l. brown. 1978. the breeding behavior of the shoebill or whale - haeded stork balaeniceps rex in the bangweulu swamps, zambia .\nthe most obvious feature of the shoebill' s unique anatomy is its huge, bulbous bill, which together with its imposing stature makes it one of the most distinctive birds of african marshes .\nthe development of shoebill storks is a slow process compared to most other birds. feathers do not fully develop until about 60 days and the birds fledge at 95 days. however, the young cannot fly until about 105 to 112 days. parents continue to feed the young for about one month after fledging. after this point, young shoebill storks are totally independent of their parents .\nshoebill storks are most threatened by habitat destruction. they have specific habitat needs for nesting and foraging and their swamps and marshes are being rapidly converted to agricultural land and cattle grazing. fishermen disturb the shoebill' s habitat, especially their feeding areas. another cause for concern is the zoo trade. the demand for shoebill storks in zoos is very high. they sell for us $ 10, 000 - $ 20, 000 making them the most expensive birds in the zoo trade. this encourages native people to capture and sell these birds to zoos, thus reducing wild populations. there have been few accounts of shoebill storks breeding in captivity. if they do breed, the young imprint on the zookeepers and will not go on to breed themselves when they reach adulthood .\nas one can easily notice, the name shoebill comes from the bird’s massive bill. the pointed upper jaw and the sharp edges of the bill help the shoebill to capture prey and tear them to pieces. the most frequent prey are fish, but it may also consume frogs, snakes, small monitors and crocodiles, as well as, more rarely, turtles, rodents and small birds. with a height typically between 110 and 140 cm, but able to reach 150, the shoebill is a tall bird. its wingspan is also big, reaching up to 260 cm .\nputting aside the battle for food, burning of swamps is another activity threatening the existence of the shoebill. hunters of monitor lizards burn down large expanses of swamps in anticipation of catching their treasure .\nif you’re one of those people who’s continuously disheartened by the fact that scientists are consistently reporting that dinosaurs were basically just giant chickens, then you need only take a gander at the elusive shoebill stork .\nahh you picked a better one based off the karma op! my post yesterday didn' t do as well. i was going through this channel the other day. lot of good shoebill videos .\nthe shoebill stork, also known as the whalehead, is a large and tall storklike bird. it has a huge head and unusually long and broad bill. its bill which is multi - coloured ends in a hooked tip. it can be recognised easily by its broad wings and long strong legs with large unwebbed feet. it favours marsky banks of the papyrus swamps. the shoebill stork feeds on smaller animals like frogs, baby crocodiles and all kinds of mud fish. though it is noted for being sluggish, it can fly very high. in many ways, the shoebill stork is quite alike the herons .\nbehaviour: shoebill usually feeds at night in shallow water. it remains motionless, as herons, waiting for preys. then, when prey is located and selected, it attacks with good speed and power. the prey is grasped from the water with hooked bill which grips, crushes and pierces very quickly. its preferred prey is the african lungfish, and other fishes, amphibians and reptiles. shoebill often holds its bill pointed downwards in order to benefit by its binocular sight, making easier capturing preys. then, it quickly snaps up the prey with the bill. after swallowing food, shoebill drinks some water .\nthe shoebill (balaeniceps rex) is normally placed in a monospecific family, and sometimes even in its own order, balaenicipitiformes, as its antecedents are unclear and no close relative is known, ...\nlist of species of the shoebill (balaenicipitidae) family. each species provides information on taxonomy, descriptive notes, voice, habitat, food and feeding, breeding, movements, status and conservation and bibliography .\nthe shoebill has a solitary, sedentary nature. even breeding pairs seldom feed alongside each other; each one’s territory may extend a few miles. the shoebill is sometimes forced by droughts to seek new food sources. this heavy bird is, however, a reluctant flier because it depends on thermals (warm air currents) on which to soar: in flight it - draws its neck back, pelican - style, to bring the mighty bill closer to the body’s center of gravity. usually quiet, the bird defends its nest with vigor, clapping its bill loudly and even leaping onto the back of an intruding shoebill .\nthe shoebill is widespread, but local, and is thinly distributed throughout its range. it is classified as insufficiently known, and its status is under review, after having been designated a unique iucn ...\nroxburgh, l. ; stjernstedt, b. ; mwizabi, d. ; droppelmann, k. 2006. technical report: shoebill survey in bangweulu swamps, zambia under the wetlands international aewa / buwal iwc 2006 .\nsearch… when the shoebill hunts, it uses various tactics: periods spent standing motionless alternate with a stealthy stalk. target… the bird attacks a catfish in a stand of reeds, toppling forward as it thrusts out its bill. control… the messy hunter skillfully empties water and plant matter from its bill while keeping a firm grip on the prize. swallow after a successful strike, the shoebill takes a drink and then moves to another undisturbed site .\nthe iucn lists the shoebill as ‘vulnerable’ and its major threats include habitat destruction and hunting. currently there are about 5, 000 to 8, 000 individuals with a disconnected distribution along river basins in sub - saharan africa .\ni think pretty much all storks do this, not just the shoebill one. i live in belgium near a zoo that famously has a bunch stork nests every year. this is a pretty typical sound in this place .\nthe stronghold of the shoebill is in the vast papyrus (cyperus papyrus) swamps of the sudd, in northern east africa. here it can most often be found in areas of overspill, where deep water is moving ...\nthe shoebill normally comes out from its nest at night when it goes hunting. it usually swallows its prey and then drinks some water. however, if it has babies, the female will usually shred its prey into small pieces and carry it to the nest. besides the breeding season, the shoebill is a solitary bird. however, they often gather in big groups when the food resources are concentrated in a certain area. the birds are very territorial and they usually set their perimeter at several square miles from their nest. they will usually attack any other animal or bird that crosses their territory. the shoebill is not a migratory bird and it usually moves depending on the available food resources .\nthe shoebill can be considered a relatively tall bird, and its typical height ranges from 110 to 140 cm (43 to 55 inches). it weighs 4 to 7 kg and the males are usually heavier than the females. this bird can be mainly identified based on its enormous beak, with its irregular grey color. the feathering of the shoebill is also distinctive. an adult bird will have a blue - grey plumage and its flight - feathers are usually grey. its legs are incredibly long, and this helps the shoebill hunt while standing on aquatic vegetation. the bird can also be identified by its flight pattern. its wings are held flat when hovering and it flies with its neck retracted .\nshoebill feeds during the night. it is an ambush predator, which can stay silent for very long period of time while waiting for the prey to appear. because of that, it is often called\nstatue - like\nbird .\nthe shoebill is an endangered bird which usually lives in large swamps from sudan to zamibia. it can also be found in tropical east africa. the bird is also known as shoe - billed stork or whalehead, and it derives its name from its big shoe - shaped beak. the shoebill can be easily identified based on this feature, but when it’s in flight, it can be mistaken for a stork or a condor. this bird is known from the ancient times, with both egyptians and arabs mentioning it. however, it didn’t start being observed by the scientific community until the 19th century. during the past few years, the shoebill has been very vulnerable and now it’s classified as an endangered species .\ndavid lloyd, founder of the kasanka trust, collects african masks and it is known that he holds an old mask from malawi which is clearly of a shoebill. this suggests shoebills were once in malawi, in the papyrus swamps there too .\nshoebill storks are masters of patience. they’ll sit in the water for hours on end, sometimes submerged up to their waists, as the creepy crawlies swim around them, poor buggers unaware of the grim fate that peers down at them from above .\nshoebill is\nquiet\nmost of the time, but it can produce sound that is used for communication. adult birds usually produce sounds by clapping the bills during nesting season. young birds can produce hiccup - like sound when they are hungry .\nat 20″ long, the hamerkop (scopus umbretta) is dwarfed by the shoebill. it has pale - brown plumage, and the back of its head sports a crest that gives rise to its name, an afrikaans word meaning “hammerhead. ” like - the shoebill, the hamerkop is a waterbird. its slender bill enables it to trap a varied diet from frogs to fish and small invertebrates. the hamerkop’s bill has a tiny hook at the tip of the upper mandible, helping it pick up smaller victims and rinse them in water before eating. although much smaller than the shoebill, the hamerkop builds one of the world’s largest nests, creating a structure with an average depth of 5′ and weighing up to 100 times more than the bird. hamerkop\nmarch through to june offer an amazing watering wilderness for the adventurous with shoebills often visible right from camp!' shoebill treks' during this time of the year are most commonly pursued through the dugout banana boats and as you are poled about the watery pans and channels, you can expect some phenomenal birding and not just for the shoebill either so a really worthwhile and unique safari activity. the activities usually take place in the morning after a full, cooked breakfast leaving the afternoons free for other activities .\nthe african shoebill rightfully claims its name as africa’s swamp king. shoebills are the ultimate fans of large, rich, dense marshes, wetlands, and swamps. this makes the bangweulu swamps in zambia the best place to witness a special sighting of one .\nthe main season is from may to august when shoebills can usually be seen on canoe trips. september to november offer great birding (though maybe no shoebill sightings) and the same amazing mammal spectacles. see the diary of when to visit for more information .\nthe diet of the shoebill consists largely of fish of varying sizes, especially lungfish (protopterus aethiopicus), bichirs (polypterus senegalus) and tilapia. other favourite prey items include water snakes, frogs, monitor lizards (varanus) and young turtles ...\nshoebills can be found in swamps and marshes of eastern africa, from sudan to zambia, with the vast majority of their population living in sudan. although they can utilize almost any kind of swamp, they prefer swamps made of floating papyrus vegetation. shoebill behavior\nthe shoebill stork, also (1) knowed as the whalehead, is a large and tall storklike bird. it (2) have a huge head and unusually long and broad bill. (3) it' s bill which is multi - coloured (4) ended in a hooked tip. it can be (5) recognise easily by its broad wings and long strong legs with large (6) unweb feet. it (7) favoured marsky banks of the papyrus swamps. the shoebill stork (8) fed on smaller animals like frogs, baby crocodiles and all kinds of mud fish. (9) nervrtheless it is noted for (10) been sluggish, it can fly very high. in many ways, the shoebill stork is quite alike the herons .\nshoebills are extremely shy creatures, so scientists and ornithologists have very little video footage of shoebills doing their thing. so, when one adventurous crew ventured into the territory of a shoebill murder bird, they were thrilled to find a nest with two hatchlings alone and untended .\nthe shoebill is solitary for most of its life and even within the pair, birds often feed at opposite ends of their territory. at times several individuals may be seen feeding at the same site, but they invariably keep their distance (see food and feeding) .\nbuxton, l. , slater, j. and brown, l. h. 1978. the breeding behaviour of the shoebill or whale - headed stork balaeniceps rex in the bangweulu swamps, zambia. african journal of ecology 16 (3): 201 - 220 .\nthe shoebill stork – balaenicepsrex is vulnerable on the red list of international union for conservation of nature (iucn). over most of its range, shoebill stork is threatened by habitat destruction, degradation, disturbance, hunting, and capture for the bird trade (baker 1996, t. dodmaninlitt. 2002). there is little doubt that the species is declining in tanzania, zambia and rwanda, with declines perhaps in uganda as well, and the species may be more threatened than available information suggests (l. dinesen in litt. 2007 )\nroxburgh, l. ; buchanan, g. m. 2010. revising estimates of the shoebill (balaeniceps rex) population size in the bangweulu swamp, zambia, through a combination of aerial surveys and habitat suitability modelling. ostrich 81 (1): 25 - 30 .\nguillet, a. 1987. aspects of the evolution, ecology and ethology of the shoebill and their bearing on a captive breeding program. proceedings of the second congress of the delacour international foundation for the conservation of birds, north hollywood 1987, pp. 221 - 229 .\nthe shoebill is a very unusual and special type of bird. without special efforts from the authorities, this bird might become extinct in a matter of years. that’s why it’s important to raise awareness and make people understand the importance of these birds and not to hunt them either .\nvoice: shoebill snaps its bill, as storks, during courtship and threat displays. sound is strong and hollow, very characteristic “dok”. adults are usually silent, but they can utter whining sounds, or mooing - like noises. chicks begging food utter hiccup - like sounds .\nshoebill is usually solitary. adults are seen together only for breeding, but groups may gather if food resources are abundant. shoebills occupy large territories of several square km, and pair defends a wide territory around the nest - site. often, mates forage on opposite sides of their territory. shoebills are noisy during courtship displays. both birds bow to each other while they clatter their bills, squeal or whine. shoebill is not migratory is food resources are available. however, in some areas, they can perform seasonal movements between nest - sites and foraging areas .\nisland camp offers accommodation in safari tents under thatch roofs and reed cottages. each has 2 beds, an ensuite shower and flush toilet. although shoebill island is primarily intended for international visitors, we also welcome local or regional clients and have a campsite nearby for those on a tighter budget\nwhile inhabiting marshy areas, the balaeniceps rex is found to be both a secondary and tertiary consumer preying on fish ranging in size from that of large mouth bass to the small pacific herring, and other aquatic organisms such as frogs similar to the red eyed tree frog (shoebill stork 2005) .\nfrom 26th– 29th december 2016, the team from acnr visited akagera national park for habitat assessment of shoebill stork – baleeniceps rex project implementation. this project aims at providing relevant information on the species habitat / distribution; identifying species population size; and assessing the state of species conservation in akagera national park .\nfrom each visitor to shoebill island a portion of the money raised is used to assist zawa in wildlife management and 5% is given to the local community resource board to fund localy driven development and resource management activities. any remaining surplus revenue is returned to the trust for charitable use in and around kasanka .\nshoebill storks are monogamous breeders and both parents participate in every aspect of nest building, incubation, and chick rearing. egg - watering is a behavior that has been recorded on many occasions and that is also observed in true storks. in order to keep the eggs cool, the adult shoebill will get a mouthful of water and pour it over the nest. it will also get mouthfuls of wet grass to place around the eggs and will roll and turn over the eggs with its feet or bill. the dousing behavior and also shading will continue after the eggs hatch until the feathers of the chicks are fully developed .\nreproduction: usually, shoebill waits for the dry season, when water levels are low and fish easy to capture. it starts breeding while it is yet raining and young hatch at the beginning of dry season. shoebill is solitary nester. both sexes build the nest, starting by preparing floating platform of up to 2, 5 to 3 metres across. then, they build the nest of about 1, 4 metre of diameter. sometimes, nest may be built on termite mounds. birds work plant stems into the nest by jumping on them for flattening them, and poking them into the nest with their feet .\ndiet: shoebill is a carnivore species, but it feeds mainly on fish, and particularly lungfish (protopterus dolloi), and other fish swimming near surface. it also eats turtles, water snakes, lizards, frogs, young crocodiles, young water birds, snails and rodents. it feeds on various ways. it often stands in water, waiting for prey passing by. it is almost motionless, with bill pointed downwards. it may sometimes stand on floating vegetation, watching for prey. its long toes spread its weight, but gradually, shoebill sinks into water. it can also walk slowly along water, searching for food .\ncites appendix ii. a single species conservation action plan was developed in 2012 (dodman 2013), including a stakeholder workshop, with representatives of all range states. also, a conservation management plan (mullers 2014) is currently implemented by the bangweulu wetlands management board. steps are being taken in south sudan to understand the population better and improve the status of protected areas. several key shoebill sites are designated ramsar sites in south sudan, uganda, tanzania and zambia. in bangweulu wetlands local fishermen are employed as guards to protect shoebill nests, and this raises local awareness, as well as increasing breeding success (mullers and amar 2015b) .\njohn, j. r. m. ; nahonyo c. l. ; lee, w. s. ; msuya, c. a. 2012. observations on nesting of shoebill balaeniceps rex and wattled crane bugeranus carunculatus in malagarasi wetlands, western tanzania. afr. j. ecol. 51: 184 - 187 .\nkapotwe had other ideas, however. the cheeky bird had never learned to behave like a shoebill, and so had no idea how to catch fish and avoid threats. in fact, says morgan trimble, the photographer who captured the amazing pictures of her eventual release into the wild, she was more like a naughty puppy .\nthe shoebill adapts its breeding behavior to suit the movements of floodwaters. by mating in the dry season, the shoebill ensures its young a supply of lungfish, which are trapped in dwindling pools. the shoebill lays two or three chalky - white eggs on a bulky mound of aquatic plants trampled on floating marshy vegetation. the breeding pair continually adds fresh plant material to the nest, which may become so heavy that it sinks slowly into the marsh. although breeding pairs may nest close to one another they never form a social colony. the parents dutifully tend their silvery - gray, downy hatchlings, supplying them with prechewed fish and dousing them with billfulls of cooling water on hot days. the chicks learn to handle fish and eat them head first. each juvenile leaves the nest at 13 weeks, but still cannot fly and relies on its parents for another few weeks. normally only one juvenile fledges from each brood. job share both parents incubate the eggs and rear the young .\nthe papyrus swamps along the lukulu river are also the breeding ground of the shoebill, a massive grey, do - do like bird found nowhere else in the sub - region. bangweulu is probably the best place remaining in the world to see shoebills in the wild, and at the right time of year, no visitor leaves disappointed .\nthe shoebill' s breeding cycle starts in different months, depending on the area, but it is always related to local water levels. it generally starts at the beginning of the dry season, when the floodwaters are going down, as in sudan and zambia, and in this way it is timed so that young birds ...\nthis will probably be the last release. i won' t be able to work on shoebill going forward (by contractual obligation), so i wanted to race out one last release. only an os x binary is available, sorry, and it' s very unpolished. but the sdl gui should still build on linux / windows .\nsize: the shoebill stork stands 3. 5 – 5 feet (1. 07 – 1. 5 m) tall; weigh an average of 12. 3 pounds (5. 6 kg); have an average wingspan of 7. 7 feet (2. 33 m). males are slightly larger than females and have longer bills .\nfish dominate the shoebill’s diet; it also hunts frogs, lizards, turtles and snakes, as well as the odd waterbird or young crocodile. feeding starts by late morning. shoebills may fish near each other, but do not hunt communally. their method is spectacular but often unsuccessful, obliging the bird to move a few yards and try again .\nlarge, somewhat frightful looking birds, shoebill storks stand 110 to 140 cm tall. males are larger than females and have longer bills. the plumage is slaty blue - grey overall with a darker grey head. the primaries are black - tipped and secondaries have a greenish tint. the underparts are a lighter shade of grey. adult breeding plumage does not differ from non - breeding plumage. on the back of the head is a small tuft of feathers that can erect in a crest. a newly hatched shoebill stork is covered in silvery - grey silky down and juveniles are a slightly darker shade of grey than adults. the bill is the most prominent feature of shoebill storks and resembles a wooden shoe. it is an enormous structure ending in a sharp, curved hook. the color of the bill is yellowish with blotchy dark spots. the mandibles have sharp edges that aid in capturing and eating prey. the eyes are large and yellowish or grayish - white in color. the legs are long and blackish. the toes are extremely long and completely divided with no webbing between them .\nshoebill storks are usually silent, but will often participate in bill - clattering, a behavior characteristic of true storks. adults will often do this when greeting each other at the nest, but young shoebills also perform the bill - clatter. adults will also make a whining or\nmooing\nnoise and young will make a hiccupping noise especially when begging for food .\nand they hunt like total bosses of the swamp. the shoebill will stand there, motionless as a statue, and wait for some poor lungfish or baby crocodile to swim by. then the bird will pounce forward, all five feet of it, with its massive bill wide open, engulfing its target along with water, mud, vegetation, and probably any other hapless fish minding their own business. clamping down on its prey, the bird will start to swing its massive head back and forth, tipping out whatever stuff it doesn’t want to eat. when there’s nothing but lungfish or crocodile left, the shoebill will give it a quick decapitation with the sharp edges of the bill (because of course it does) and swallow away .\nwhile the shoebill is called a stork, genetically speaking it is more closely related to the pelican or heron families. they have the same little crest on the back of their head and both have a prehensile prickly tongue which they use to hold and pull food into their bill. the large bill is also similar in both birds with a hook or tooth at the tip .\nelliott, a. (2018). shoebill (balaenicipitidae). in: del hoyo, j. , elliott, a. , sargatal, j. , christie, d. a. & de juana, e. (eds .). handbook of the birds of the world alive. lynx edicions, barcelona. (retrieved from urltoken on 10 july 2018) .\njohn, j. r. m. ; nahonyo, c. l. ; lee, w. s. ; msuya, c. a. 2013. observations on nesting of shoebill balaeniceps rex and wattled crane bugeranus carunculatus in malagarasi wetlands, western tanzania. african journal of ecology, 51 (1): 184 - 187. doi: 10. 1111 / aje. 12023\njust take a few, brief moments to think about all the slippery, slimy, scary terrors of the natural world swimming and squirming through the darkest corners of your mind. you’re picturing crocodiles and eels and lungfish (even if you didn’t know they existed, you definitely are). too bad those are the kinds of critters that the shoebill murder bird absolutely loves to munch down on .\nprotection / threats / status: shoebill is threatened by habitat loss in certain parts of its range. drainage of wetlands for human developments, nesting areas burned to make easier fishing and hunting accesses for people, birds caught and sold to zoos, or killed for food, are important threats for this species which is listed as near endangered, that means it will become endangered in near future .\nby now we must have hit all the things that are scary about the shoebill, you must be saying. sorry, but no. (why would i even be writing these words if not to lull you into a false sense of terror completion ?) are you ready for it? they crap on their legs. yep. they crap on their own legs because it keeps them cool .\nthe rivalry between two shoebill chicks becomes apparent when their mother leaves to fetch water. taken from africa. subscribe to bbc earth: urltoken earth youtube channel: urltoken bbc earth facebook urltoken (ex - uk only) bbc earth twitter urltoken visit urltoken for all the latest animal news and wildlife videos this is a channel from bbc worldwide, trading as bbc studios, who help fund new bbc programmes .\nshoebill or whale - headed storks are endemic to africa and inhabit the east - central part of the continent. the main populations are found in southern sudan (mainly in the white nile sudd), the wetlands of northern uganda and western tanzania and the bangweulu swamp of northeastern zambia. smaller populations occupy eastern zaire and rwanda. this bird' s range usually coincides with that of papyrus and lungfish .\nas well as managing the camp at shoebill island, the kasanka trust is assisting the zambia wildlife authority to manage the area. we have been supplying rations for scout patrols, transport to take poachers to court and recently received a grant from luawata conservation to renovate an improve the scouts’ housing. we have also been supporting a community school started by the scouts to help uplift education and provide an alternative to poaching .\nthe shoebill (balaeniceps rex), also known as whalehead or shoe - billed stork, is a large african bird originally thought to be closely related to the true storks, as its body somewhat resembles that of a stork. however, molecular studies concluded it to be more closely related to pelicans, as well as to herons and ibises (which previously were also considered to be closer to storks !) .\n• the shoebill is the sole member of its genus, ‘ balaeniceps, and the only species in its family, the balaenicipitidae. although dna analysis shows it to be related to pelicans, it has been thought to be most closely related to storks and herons. with its long legs and neck, it resembles a bulky stork but, unlike storks or herons, it seldom perches in trees, and nests on the ground. ’\nthat goofy - looking bill clapped onto the front of the shoebill’s face may look like a cruel joke of evolution, but it’s actually a lethal weapon. sure, it also looks like a shoe, a fact that has not been lost on any of the civilizations that have run across the beast. the arabs called it abu - markhub, or “father of a slipper. ” however, that bill is not to be trifled with .\n. 2007). create community - based environmental awareness programmes focussed on generating shoebill - pride to discourage hunting. encourage further development of ecotourism based around this species. investigate the potential occurrence of seasonal movements (briggs 2007). monitor rates of habitat conversion across its range. re - submit the proposal to upgrade the species to cites appendix i, and implement trade control. determine the sudd swamps population size and trend (t. dodman" ]

{ "text": [ "the shoebill ( balaeniceps rex ) also known as whalehead or shoe-billed stork , is a very large stork-like bird .", "it derives its name from its massive shoe-shaped bill .", "although it has a somewhat stork-like overall form and has previously been classified in the order ciconiiformes , its true affiliations with other living birds is ambiguous .", "some authorities now reclassify it with the pelecaniformes .", "the adult is mainly grey while the juveniles are browner .", "it lives in tropical east africa in large swamps from sudan to zambia . " ], "topic": [ 16, 25, 26, 5, 8, 13 ] }

[ "the shoebill (balaeniceps rex) also known as whalehead or shoe-billed stork, is a very large stork-like bird. it derives its name from its massive shoe-shaped bill. although it has a somewhat stork-like overall form and has previously been classified in the order ciconiiformes, its true affiliations with other living birds is ambiguous. some authorities now reclassify it with the pelecaniformes. the adult is mainly grey while the juveniles are browner. it lives in tropical east africa in large swamps from sudan to zambia." ]

[ "no one has contributed data records for yinpterochiroptera yet. learn how to contribute .\nhave a fact about yinpterochiroptera? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for yinpterochiroptera? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nas an alternative to the subordinal names yinpterochiroptera and yangochiroptera, some researchers use the terms pteropodiformes and vespertilioniformes. [ 2 ] [ 4 ] under this new proposed nomenclature, pteropodiformes is the suborder that would replace yinpterochiroptera .\napparently the first appearance of the term yinpterochiroptera was in 2001, in an article by mark springer et al. [ 3 ]\nthe rationale for the yangochiroptera taxon is primarily based on molecular genetics data. the yangochiroptera / yinpterochiroptera classification remains a relatively recent proposal, which challenges the traditional view that megabats and microbats form monophyletic groups of bats .\nthe term yinpterochiroptera is constructed from the words pteropodidae (the family of megabats) and yinochiroptera (a term proposed in 1984 by karl f. koopman to refer to certain families of microbats [ 2 ]) .\nthe yangochiroptera, or vespertilioniformes, is a proposed suborder of chiroptera that includes most of the microbat families, except the rhinopomatidae, rhinolophidae, hipposideridae and the megadermatidae. these other families, plus the megabats, are seen as part of another suborder, yinpterochiroptera .\nalong with 18 previously published mammalian genome sequences, a total of 1470 1: 1 orthologous was obtained across 30 species (14 bat species and 16 other mammals). we performed multiple sequence alignments and our aligned supermatrix included 634, 288 amino acids. we first used concatenated nucleotide and protein sequences using maximum likelihood to reconstruct the phylogeny. as with previous works 13, yinpterochiroptera and yangochiroptera received 100% bootstrap support based on the nucleotide and protein supermatrices (fig. 1). the rhinolophoid bats are sister group to the old world fruit bats within yinpterochiroptera. this result is also strongly supported by coalescent analyses (fig. s1). all relationships within yinpterochiroptera and yangochiroptera were congruent with previous study 13 with 100% bootstrap support (fig. 1). next, we measured the gene expression phylogeny within bats. we built expression distance matrices for each species and reconstructed gene expression trees. as shown in fig. 2, the gene expression - based tree is highly consistent with the sequence - based phylogeny .\nthe microbats constitute the now outdated suborder microchiroptera within the order chiroptera (bats). bats were once differentiated into megachiroptera and microchiroptera, based on their size; but available molecular evidence has now shown this to be incorrect, the horseshoe bats being included in yinpterochiroptera with the fruit bats and others. most species which were termed microchiroptera are now referred to as the yangochiroptera .\nbats were traditionally divided into two suborders, microchiroptera and megachiroptera, based on morphological cladistics. however, molecular studies suggested that rhinolophoid microbats are more closely related to the megabat family pteropodidae than to other microbats, rendering microchiroptera paraphyletic. a new taxonomy divides bats into yangochiroptera, including 12 microbat families, and yinpterochiroptera, including four microbat families in rhinolophoidea plus old world fruit bats (springer, 2013 )\nbats belong to the order chiroptera, one of the largest monophyletic clades in mammals. they constitute ~ 20% of living mammalian species, arranged in 20 families 1. their wings make bats distinct among mammals 2. living bats had been placed in one of two suborders based on morphology and behaviour 3. all bats that produce echolocation calls in their larynges were placed in the suborder microchiroptera 4. all other bats were placed in the suborder megachiroptera (old world fruit bats, non - echolocating bats). however, a reconsideration of morphological, behavioural and molecular evidence demonstrates that there are two suborders of bats, yinpterochiroptera and yangochiropterathat do not coincide with the previous subordinal classificaiton 5, 6. the two new suborders are strongly supported by statistical tests. phylogenomic analysis based on genome sequencing data support the classification of living bats in yinpterochiroptera and yangochiroptera 7 .\nthe yinpterochiroptera, or pteropodiformes, is a suborder of the chiroptera, which includes taxa formerly known as megabats and five of the microbat families: rhinopomatidae, rhinolophidae, hipposideridae, craseonycteridae, and megadermatidae. this suborder is primarily based on molecular genetics data. this proposal challenged the traditional view that megabats and microbats form monophyletic groups of bats. further studies are being conducted, using both molecular and morphological cladistic methodology, to assess its merit .\nthe yinpterochiroptera, or pteropodiformes, are a proposed suborder of the chiroptera, which includes the megabats and four of the microbat families: rhinopomatidae, rhinolophidae, hipposideridae, and megadermatidae. this taxon is primarily based on molecular genetics data. this is a relatively recent proposal, which challenges the traditional view that megabats and microbats form monophyletic groups of bats. further studies are being conducted, using both molecular and morphological cladistic methodology, to assess its merit. [ 1 ]\nto evaluate the influence of the taxa sampling on phylogenetic reconstruction, analyses were performed from different subsets of taxa. we constructed concatenated trees for different taxa sets that include at least two old world fruit bat, two rhinolophoid bats and two yangochiroptera. phylogeny analyses assigned high support (bootstrap value > 90 %) based on different sampling datasets. as shown in fig. 4, both the results of concatenation and coalescence analyses give consistent phylogenetic estimation of relationships and support the yinpterochiroptera - yangochirptera topologies (concatenated method: 2% for nucleotide and 15. 5% for amino acids; coalescent method: 5% for nucleotide and 12% for amino acids, respectively) .\nit' s a colloquial term and i dislike it for that reason. i try to always use\nflying fox\nwhen referring to them. interestingly, it was assumed until fairly recently that bats could be divided up into two groups: megabats and microbats, with megabats being the large frugivores and microbats being almost everything else, but it turned out somethings were more closely related than we thought! the current division is yinpterochiroptera and yangochiroptera but it' s still being debated and such because that' s how science works. megabat and microbat are still fairly commonly used because its a good shorthand for a number of reasons, mostly relating to behaviors like echolocation, roosting, and diet .\nvariation in gene expression and protein sequence can both influence phenotype 21, and a better understanding of the evolutionary relationship between gene expression and protein sequence may provide great insights into the processes that ultimately contribute to phenotypic diversification. both expression and sequence - based phylogeny support the yinpterochiroptera - yangochirptera subdivision, while rhinolophoid bats and old world fruit bats form a monophyletic group. studies have proved that taxon sampling is an important way for accurately assessing phylogenies 22, 23. further improved taxon sampling gives a consistent phylogenetic estimation of relationship, and only few misleading phylogenies were generated. one caveat of our work is that no bats belonging to noctilionoidea were included. further analyses with the brain transcriptome data of bats belong to noctilionoidea is needed .\nwe obtained a disagreement using nucleotide and amino acid sequences when addressing the position of bats within the superorder laurasiatheria. the nucleotide tree recovered pegasoferae group (chiroptera + perissodactyla with 95% bootstrap value support), whereas amino acid tree supported that bats are a sister group to fereuungulata group (carnivores + perissodactyla + cetariodactyla with 100% bootstrap value support) (fig. s2). previous works have published eight proposed higher clades within laurasiatheria (fig. 3). to dissect the phylogenetic signal, we measured the relative support of each locus for the evolutionary relationships of bats. the approximately unbiased (au) test statistics analyses of eight potential topologies suggested that all microchiroptera - megachiroptera topologies were significantly rejected (p - value < 0. 05, table 2), and four potential yinpterochiroptera - yangochirptera topologies could not be significantly rejected .\nrecently, o’leary et al. claimed that living echolocating bats were monophyletic 8. they based this on morphological data set and published molecular sequence data although the bat genome data set is rich in the number of loci, it is not comprehensive in taxon sampling, an important component for accurately estimating phylogeny 9. we investigated the evolutionary relationships of bats based on more taxa at the genome level. because regulatory changes affecting gene expression might explain many or even most phenotypic differences between species 10, we made between - species comparisons at sequence and expression levels. we generated transcriptome data for 12 bat taxa and used data from two published bat genomes 11. the bat transcriptome data we present is largely expanded the coverage across the bat clade. after evaluating the influence of taxa sampling on the performance of phylogenetic methods, we found strong support for the yinpterochiroptera - yangochiroptera classification. furthermore, the expression - based tree is consistent with sequence - based phylogeny. these results provided a phylogenetic framework and timescale with which to interpret the evolution of bats .\n. the approximately 925 species of living bats make up around 20% of all known living mammal species. in some tropical areas, there are more species of bats than of all other kinds of mammals combined .\n( hill and smith, 1984; nowak, 1991; vaughan, et al. , 2000 )\nbats are often divided into two major groups, usually given the rank of suborders, megachiroptera and microchiroptera. although these groups probably do not represent monophyletic lineages (discussed in more detail below), there are several relevant ecological differences between them. these groups will be used throughout this account in describing the diversity of bat life histories .\n( teeling, et al. , 2002; teeling, et al. , 2005; van den bussche and hoofer, 2004; vaughan, et al. , 2000 )\n) and about 166 species. all feed primarily on plant material, either fruit, nectar or pollen. the remaining 16 families (around 759 species) belong to microchiroptera. the majority of species are insectivorous, and insectivory is widely distributed through all microchiropteran families. however, many microchiropterans have become specialized to eat other kinds of diets. some bats are carnivorous (feeding on rodents, other bats, reptiles, birds, amphibians, and even fish), many consume fruit, some are specialized for extracting nectar from flowers, and one subfamily (three species in the subfamily\n) feeds on nothing but the blood of other vertebrates. megachiropterans and microchiropterans differ in many other ways. megachiropterans are found only in the old world tropics, while microchiropterans are much more broadly distributed. microchiropterans use highly sophisticated echolocation for orientation; megachiropterans orient primarily using their eyes, although members of one genus ,\n, are capable of a simple form of echolocation that is not related to echolocation in microchiropterans. megachiropteran species control their body temperature within a tight range of temperatures and none hibernates; many microchiropterans have labile body temperatures, and some hibernate .\nbats are found throughout the world in tropical and temperate habitats. they are missing only from polar regions and from some isolated islands. although bats are relatively common in temperate regions, they reach their greatest diversity in tropical forests .\n( hill and smith, 1984; museum and institute of zoology, 2012; vaughan, et al. , 2000 )\ncan be found in many terrestrial habitats below the polar regions. typical habitats include temperate and tropical forests, deserts, open fields, agricultural areas, and in suburban and urban environments. many bats forage near freshwater streams, lakes and ponds, preying on insects as they emerge from the water. generally, if a terrestrial habitat provides access to sufficient roost sites and appropriate food, one or more species will be found there. bats generally have very specific roosting requirements, which differ among species. they may roost in caves, crevices, trees, under logs, and even in human dwellings. bats may also use different types of roosts at different times. for example, a species that hibernates in a cave during the winter may use crevices in tree holes as roosts during warmer months .\nbats are unmistakable. no mammals other than bats have true wings and flight .\nare modified forelimbs, much as are bird wings, except in the case of bats the flight surface is covered with skin and supported by four fingers, while in birds the flight surface is provided mostly by feathers and is supported by the wrist and two digits. the flight membrane usually extends down the sides of the body and attaches to the hind legs. bats also often have a tail membrane called a uropatagium. in order to accomodate powerful flight muscles, the thoracic region of bats is quite robust. in addition to providing power, a massive chest and shoulders maintains the center of gravity between the wings, making flight more efficient. the opposite is true of the posterior end of the body, which is small relative to the chest and back. the hindlimbs in particular are generally short and small, with sharp, curved claws that help bats cling to surfaces in their roost .\n( hill and smith, 1984; vaughan, et al. , 2000 )\nthe suborder names, megachiroptera and microchiroptera, imply that megabats are all large and microbats are all small, which is is not always the case. the smallest bat is indeed a microchiropteran (\n) and weighs only 2 to 3 grams. likewise, the largest bats are among the megachiroptera and can weigh up to 1500 grams. size varies with each group, however, with the smallest megachiropterans weighing only 13 grams and the largest microchiropterans weighing nearly 200 grams .\nthere are several obvious morphological features that distinguish the two suborders. megachiropterans rely on vision to orient in the dark of night, and thus have large, prominent eyes. all microchiropterans rely heavily on echolocation, and not vision, and generally have small eyes. instead most microchiropterans have large, complex pinnae (external ears), including an enlarged tragus or antitragus. megabats have claws on the second digits supporting their wings (with one exception); this is never the case in microbats. microbats often have dentition or cheek teeth whose morphology can easily be related to\nmating systems vary among bat species. many temperate bats mate in the fall as they aggregate near their winter hibernacula. these bats are generally promiscuous .\nalso tend to have promiscuous mating systems. these bats often aggregate in large groups in one or a few trees and mate with various nearby individuals. in many neotropical microchiropterans, one or two males defend small harems of females. males secure all matings with their harem females until other males supplant them. while most species are either polygynous or promiscuous, there are some bats that are monogamous. in these cases, the male, female, and their offspring roost together in a family group and males may contribute to protecting and feeding the young. examples include\n, has a lek mating system, where males gather in a lekking arena to display to females, who then choose the most desirable of mates. courtship behavior is complex in some species, while in others, it can be nearly nonexistent (e. g. , males of some species will mate with hibernating females that barely react to the copulation event) .\na large number of bats breed seasonally. temperate species often breed before they enter hibernation while many tropical species breed in a cycle that is linked to wet - dry seasonality. all species that are not seasonal breeders occur in the tropics, where resources may not be as variable as in temperate regions. the function of seasonal breeding is to coordinate reproduction with the availability of resources to support newborn young. to this end, many species have also evolved complex reproductive physiology including delayed ovulation, sperm storage, delayed fertilization, delayed implantation, and embryonic diapause. females generally give birth to one two two pups per litter, but in some species in the genus\nat birth, newborn bats weigh between 10 and 30% of their mother' s weight, putting a large energetic strain on pregnant females. all newborn bats are completely dependent on their mothers for both protection and nourishment. this is true even in pteropodidae, where pups are born with fur and open eyes. microchiropterans tend to be more altricial at birth .\naside from the few monogamous bat species, where males contribute to feeding and protecting young, all parental care in bats is provided by females. some males defend feeding territories for their harems, thereby contributing indirectly to the survival of their young after birth. bats cannot fly when they are born, so young bats either remain in the roost while their mothers forage, or cling to their mothers' during flight. females of many species form maternity colonies while they are lactating and rearing young. when the young are left in the roost as the mother forages, they cluster together to keep warm. upon their return, mothers and their respective infants can identify each other by their vocalizations and scent, and thus can successfully reunite. in some species, females will communally care for young, with\nbabysitters\ncaring for the cluster of young while their roost - mates forage .\njuveniles grow quickly and can usually fly within 2 to 4 weeks of birth. they are weaned shortly thereafter. thus, lactation is relatively short, but metabolically demanding .\nbats live surprisingly long lives. typically, mammalian lifespans roughly correlate with their body size: smaller mammals live short lives, whereas larger mammals live longer lives. bats are the only group of mammals that does not conform to this relationship. despite the fact that bats are generally small mammals, many bats can live over 30 years in the wild. where data on longevity is available, lifespans in the wild are often recorded from 10 to 25 years. typically, a given species will live at least 3. 5 times longer than other mammals of similar size .\nthere are several viable hypotheses to explain longevity in bats. hibernation and daily torpor may restrict lifetime energy expenditure in individuals, allowing them to live longer. lack of predation pressure on adults may also allow bats to live long lives. for their size, bats have low reproductive rates in a given breeding season. typically, females give birth to only one or two young per year, but reproduce many times over a long life. by evolving a reproductive strategy that is more typical of large mammals, perhaps lifespans have evolved to match those of large mammals as well .\n). one banded individual was recaptured 33 years after it was originally tagged. these bats weigh only 7 grams as adults, roughly 1 / 3 the size of a\nis one of the most widely studied species worldwide; thus, it would not be surprising if other, less well - known species live even longer .\ngroup to do so. depending upon the size and shape of their wings relative to their body mass, different species of bats may have different flight styles. many species have large, broad wings and relatively small bodies, which allows them to fly slowly but with high maneuverability. this flight behavior is useful for chasing evasive insect prey and maneuvering within a dense forest at night. some species with large, broad wings can even hover. this behavior is especially useful for bats that eat nectar or pollen from stationary flowers. other species have long, narrow wings, which are useful for acheiving high speeds, but which restricts maneuverability. many of these species forage in open spaces and may be able to fly long distances. these two wing morphologies represent the ends of a continuum, most species have wing morphologies that fall between these extremes .\nmany bats live in groups, while some species are solitary. often, bats roost in colonies for some portion of the year. living in a colony can serve many functions. for bats, one of the main purposes of group living is to collectively conserve heat. bats are small and have high metabolic rates, so heat conservation is vital. many bats hibernate during the winter and undergo daily torpor to conserve energy. clustering together while roosting can further reduce heat loss. some bats that roost together do so in groups of several individuals. some groups (e. g .\n) roost in caves in groups of thousands, or even millions. some bat species migrate to hibernation sites or to follow a food source (flowering cacti, for example). most bat species are not known to defend foraging areas, but this behavior is known from some tropical species. territorial defense of roosting sites is also known in some species .\necholocation is another signature life history strategy in bats. all microchiropterans rely heavily on echolocation to navigate through their environment and to find food. bats call at frequencies that are typically higher than humans can hear. these sounds bounce off objects and produce echoes, which bats can hear and interpret. bat calls vary in duration and structure. some species use short calls (2 to 5 milliseconds) at a high rate of repetition, while other species use longer (about 20 milliseconds), but less frequent calls. the frequency (pitch) characteristics also vary within and among species. differences in characteristics like frequency and duration affect the ability of an echolocation call to produce echoes from objects of different sizes, shapes, and at different distances. as a result, echolocation call structure can reveal quite a bit about the ecology and foraging strategy of a bat species .\nperhaps the biggest functional difference between vision and echolocation is that vision is a passive mode of perception, while echolocation is an active mode of perception. vision typically relies on external sources of light energy. echolocation is quite different in that the energy provided is by the animals themselves. because bats have tight control over what kinds of sound they produce, bats can exhibit a high degree of control over what types of objects they can perceive. echolocation calls vary among species, within species, and even within individuals. this variation in echolocation behavior reflects variation in the habitats bats are using and the food for which they are searching. bats can also use\npassive echolocation\n, detecting and locating prey based on prey - generated sounds, such as frogs calling or the sound of a beetle walking across sand .\ncommunicate with one another in a variety of ways. although bats may be able to hear and interpret the echolocation calls of other bats, there is little evidence that those calls are used directly in communication. bats employ a suite of communication calls, most of which are audible to the human ear. some species use a diverse repertoire of social calls, which can be useful in intra - specific agression, mother - infant communication, and mating behavior .\n( behr and von helversen, 2004; hill and smith, 1984; vaughan, et al. , 2000 )\nscent marks and pheromones are also important in bats, as they are in other mammals. scent is used to communicate reproductive status and individual or group identity. many species have special scent glands near their faces or their wings. one family, the sac winged bats (\n), are so called because of a sac on the leading edge of their wing that may be a scent gland .\nbats also communicate with visual displays, often during courtship. some species have special markings on their wings or pelage, and engage in ritualized displays to attract mates .\neat a wide variety of food types. the majority of species eat insects, either taking them on the wing or picking them off of surfaces. species specialized for eating fruit, nectar, or pollen are especially abundant and diverse in tropical regions. some bats eat vertebrates like\nsubsist solely on the blood of other vertebrates. although most stories related to mythical\nvampires\noriginated in the old world, there are no old world bat species that feed on blood. vampire bats occur only in the neotropics. vampire bats eat blood by using their sharp incisors to make incisions in the skin of their their prey. an anticoagulant in their saliva keeps blood flowing while they lap it up. only one of these three species eats the blood of mammalian prey, the common vampire bat (\n) are specialized for feeding only on birds. although most bats tend to be specialized for a particular diet, most frugivorous bats also include arthropod prey in their diet when available. at least one extant species, the unusual new zealand lesser short - tailed bat (\nthe different food preferences of bats are widely distributed among families. megachiropterans eat only fruit and nectar, but the entire range of diets can be found among microchiropterans. insectivory is common in many families, and carnivory on vertebrates is exhibited by several. the new world leaf - nosed bats (family\n) in particular have undergone an extensive radiation in ecology and food habits. the entire range of diets exploited by all of\ncan be observed in this single family, which also includes the only sanguivorous (blood feeding) bats .\nfew studies have directly examined the effects of predators on bat populations. most of this type of information comes from anecdotal observation of predation events or evidence of bats in the scat of predators. groups that are known to eat bats are\nbats are probably most vulnerable to predators as they roost during the day or emerge in large groups in the early evening. predators like snakes or hawks often wait near the entrances of caves at dusk, attacking bats as they leave the roost. juvenile bats that cannot yet fly are also at risk of predation if they fall to the ground. individual bats flying in the dark of night are probably difficult to catch, even for\n, which can fly and locate prey well in the dark. several species of bat have become specialized for preying on other bats, these include the new world species\nbats generally avoid predation by staying in protected roosts during the day and through agile flight at night. most bats are also cryptically colored .\nbecause of their high metabolic needs and diverse diets, bats can impact the communities in which they live in a variety of important ways. they are important pollinators and seed dispersers, particularly in tropical communities. also, carnivorous and insectivorous bats may significantly limit their prey populations. bats may be keystone species in many communities, particularly in the tropics where they are most abundant and diverse .\n( hill and smith, 1984; jones, et al. , 2003; nowak, 1991; vaughan, et al. , 2000 )\nbats are associated with many kinds of internal and external parasites. they are known to harbor several protozoans that cause malaria (e. g. ,\n) although none of the malarial parasites found in bats cause malaria in humans .\nprotozoans, that may cause a variety of diseases, such as sleeping sickness, are also found in a number of bat species. many flatworms (\n) spend at least part of their life cycle within the tissues of bat hosts. bats commonly harbor external ,\n, has co - evolved with bats. these flies have secondarily lost the ability to fly, living only in the fur of bats. species that parasitize bats exhibit a range of host - specificity: some are found on one or a few bats, others occur on a wider variety of bat species, and still others can parasitize bats as well as other taxonomic groups .\nalthough many people consider bats to be harmful pests, bats play pivotal roles in ecological communities and benefit humans in numerous ways. many species of insectivorous bats prey heavily on insects that transmit diseases or are crop pests. in addition, bat guano (feces) is often used to fertilize crops. many tons of guano are mined each year from caves where bats aggregate in large numbers. in other words, some species eat crop pests and excrete crop fertilizer! evidence continues to accumulate in support of the immense economic benefit of insectivorous bats for the agricultural industries worldwide. frugivorous bats are important seed dispersers, helping promote the diversity of fruiting trees in the tropics. bats that eat pollen and nectar are important pollinators, and some plants they pollinate are economically important to humans, such as\nhave become an important focus of medical research. vampire bats are generally considered a significant threat to human interests because they regularly transmit rabies to cattle (and sometimes to people). however, the anticoagulant protein in their saliva (\ndesmoteplase\n) is being studied in an effort to help prevent blood clots in humans, such as those being treated for stroke .\nalthough bats are often perceived as much more of a threat to human interests than they actually are, bats may negatively impact humans in at least two ways. some species roost in human dwellings and can become a nuisance. this is particularly true if a large colony takes up residence in a home, producing a great deal of guano and an unpleasant odor. bats also carry and transmit rabies. in general, bats rarely transmit rabies to other species, including humans and domestic animals .\n, on the other hand, regularly transmit the disease to domestic cattle, representing a large financial burden for the cattle industry in the new world tropics. rabies is transmitted through saliva and other body fluids and vampire bats exhibit several behaviors which make them especially effective vectors of the disease (e. g. , social grooming and food sharing). their feeding habits result in their saliva contacting the blood of other animals, which is an ideal situation for rabies transmission .\n( nearly 240 species) are considered threatened by the international union for the conservation of nature (iucn). at least twelve species have gone extinct in recent times. megachiropterans tend to be more at risk than microchiropterans (34% and 22% of species, respectively), but both groups are facing substantial threats from habitat loss and fragmentation. destruction of, or disturbances to, roost sites is particularly problematic for bats. pesticide use also indirectly harms bats that eat insects or plant products that have been chemically treated. species with relatively small geographic ranges and / or that are ecologically specialized tend to be at greatest risk .\nin recent years, the general public has become increasingly aware of the beneficial roles that bats play in ecosystems and their unique and amazing life histories. a wealth of research now demonstrates that bats are a vital component of many ecosystems and an important resource for humans. efforts to protect bats have increased. for example, many caves that serve as large hibernacula are fixed with gates that allow access by bats, but not by humans. rather than trying to eradicate bats from homes and neighborhoods, many people are placing bat houses in their yards to give bats appropriate roosting habitat. in the united kingdom, all bats and bat roosts are protected by law. several large roost emergences, including evening emergences from a roost under the congress avenue bridge in austin, texas, draw millions of tourists each year. conservation organizations like bat conservation international (www. batcon. org) have growing memberships among the general public and run many successful bat conservation projects, including projects in the developing world designed to increase awareness and appreciation .\nthe name\nchiroptera\nis derived from greek and literally means\nhand wing\n(\nchiro\n+\nptera\n). bats are so named because evolution has shaped their wings through modifications to the ancestral tetrapod forelimb. these modifications are primarily the result of an elongation of the digits, or fingers. thus, the majority of a bat' s wing is actually its hand .\nthe earliest fossil bat is a remarkably well preserved animal from early eocene rocks in the green river formation of wyoming. given the name\n, it comes from a species that is clearly microchiropteran. this implies that the split between the two groups occurred quite early, and the fossil sheds no light on the question of whether bats are monophyletic .\nmatthew wund (author), university of michigan - ann arbor, phil myers (author), museum of zoology, university of michigan - ann arbor .\nliving in australia, new zealand, tasmania, new guinea and associated islands .\nliving in sub - saharan africa (south of 30 degrees north) and madagascar .\nliving in the nearctic biogeographic province, the northern part of the new world. this includes greenland, the canadian arctic islands, and all of the north american as far south as the highlands of central mexico .\nliving in the southern part of the new world. in other words, central and south america .\nliving in the northern part of the old world. in otherwords, europe and asia and northern africa .\nyoung are born in a relatively underdeveloped state; they are unable to feed or care for themselves or locomote independently for a period of time after birth / hatching. in birds, naked and helpless after hatching .\nhaving body symmetry such that the animal can be divided in one plane into two mirror - image halves. animals with bilateral symmetry have dorsal and ventral sides, as well as anterior and posterior ends. synapomorphy of the bilateria .\na wetland area rich in accumulated plant material and with acidic soils surrounding a body of open water. bogs have a flora dominated by sedges, heaths, and sphagnum .\nfound in coastal areas between 30 and 40 degrees latitude, in areas with a mediterranean climate. vegetation is dominated by stands of dense, spiny shrubs with tough (hard or waxy) evergreen leaves. may be maintained by periodic fire. in south america it includes the scrub ecotone between forest and paramo .\nused loosely to describe any group of organisms living together or in close proximity to each other - for example nesting shorebirds that live in large colonies. more specifically refers to a group of organisms in which members act as specialized subunits (a continuous, modular society) - as in clonal organisms .\nhaving a worldwide distribution. found on all continents (except maybe antarctica) and in all biogeographic provinces; or in all the major oceans (atlantic, indian, and pacific .\nhaving markings, coloration, shapes, or other features that cause an animal to be camouflaged in its natural environment; being difficult to see or otherwise detect .\na substantial delay (longer than the minimum time required for sperm to travel to the egg) takes place between copulation and fertilization, used to describe female sperm storage .\nin mammals, a condition in which a fertilized egg reaches the uterus but delays its implantation in the uterine lining, sometimes for several months .\nin deserts low (less than 30 cm per year) and unpredictable rainfall results in landscapes dominated by plants and animals adapted to aridity. vegetation is typically sparse, though spectacular blooms may occur following rain. deserts can be cold or warm and daily temperates typically fluctuate. in dune areas vegetation is also sparse and conditions are dry. this is because sand does not hold water well so little is available to plants. in dunes near seas and oceans this is compounded by the influence of salt in the air and soil. salt limits the ability of plants to take up water through their roots .\nthe process by which an animal locates itself with respect to other animals and objects by emitting sound waves and sensing the pattern of the reflected sound waves .\nhumans benefit economically by promoting tourism that focuses on the appreciation of natural areas or animals. ecotourism implies that there are existing programs that profit from the appreciation of natural areas or animals .\nat about the time a female gives birth (e. g. in most kangaroo species), she also becomes receptive and mates. embryos produced at this mating develop only as far as a hollow ball of cells (the blastocyst) and then become quiescent, entering a state of suspended animation or embryonic diapause. the hormonal signal (prolactin) which blocks further development of the blastocyst is produced in response to the sucking stimulus from the young in the pouch. when sucking decreases as the young begins to eat other food and to leave the pouch, or if the young is lost from the pouch, the quiescent blastocyst resumes development, the embryo is born, and the cycle begins again. (macdonald 1984 )\nanimals that use metabolically generated heat to regulate body temperature independently of ambient temperature. endothermy is a synapomorphy of the mammalia, although it may have arisen in a (now extinct) synapsid ancestor; the fossil record does not distinguish these possibilities. convergent in birds .\nan area where a freshwater river meets the ocean and tidal influences result in fluctuations in salinity .\nforest biomes are dominated by trees, otherwise forest biomes can vary widely in amount of precipitation and seasonality .\nhaving a body temperature that fluctuates with that of the immediate environment; having no mechanism or a poorly developed mechanism for regulating internal body temperature .\nthe state that some animals enter during winter in which normal physiological processes are significantly reduced, thus lowering the animal' s energy requirements. the act or condition of passing winter in a torpid or resting state, typically involving the abandonment of homoiothermy in mammals .\noffspring are produced in more than one group (litters, clutches, etc .) and across multiple seasons (or other periods hospitable to reproduction). iteroparous animals must, by definition, survive over multiple seasons (or periodic condition changes) .\na species whose presence or absence strongly affects populations of other species in that area such that the extirpation of the keystone species in an area will result in the ultimate extirpation of many more species in that area (example: sea otter) .\nthis terrestrial biome includes summits of high mountains, either without vegetation or covered by low, tundra - like vegetation .\nthe area in which the animal is naturally found, the region in which it is endemic .\nislands that are not part of continental shelf areas, they are not, and have never been, connected to a continental land mass, most typically these are volcanic islands .\nfound in the oriental region of the world. in other words, india and southeast asia .\nthe kind of polygamy in which a female pairs with several males, each of which also pairs with several different females .\nrainforests, both temperate and tropical, are dominated by trees often forming a closed canopy with little light reaching the ground. epiphytes and climbing plants are also abundant. precipitation is typically not limiting, but may be somewhat seasonal .\nreferring to something living or located adjacent to a waterbody (usually, but not always, a river or stream) .\nmature spermatozoa are stored by females following copulation. male sperm storage also occurs, as sperm are retained in the male epididymes (in mammals) for a period that can, in some cases, extend over several weeks or more, but here we use the term to refer only to sperm storage by females .\na wetland area that may be permanently or intermittently covered in water, often dominated by woody vegetation .\nthat region of the earth between 23. 5 degrees north and 60 degrees north (between the tropic of cancer and the arctic circle) and between 23. 5 degrees south and 60 degrees south (between the tropic of capricorn and the antarctic circle) .\nthe region of the earth that surrounds the equator, from 23. 5 degrees north to 23. 5 degrees south .\na terrestrial biome. savannas are grasslands with scattered individual trees that do not form a closed canopy. extensive savannas are found in parts of subtropical and tropical africa and south america, and in australia .\na grassland with scattered trees or scattered clumps of trees, a type of community intermediate between grassland and forest. see also tropical savanna and grassland biome .\na terrestrial biome found in temperate latitudes (> 23. 5° n or s latitude). vegetation is made up mostly of grasses, the height and species diversity of which depend largely on the amount of moisture available. fire and grazing are important in the long - term maintenance of grasslands .\nliving in cities and large towns, landscapes dominated by human structures and activity .\nreproduction in which fertilization and development take place within the female body and the developing embryo derives nourishment from the female .\nbat conservation international. 2004 .\nbat conservation international\n( on - line). accessed august 16, 2005 at urltoken .\nbehr, o. , o. von helversen. 2004. bat serenades - - complex courtship songs of the sac - winged bat (saccopteryx bilineata) .\njones, k. , a. purvis, j. gittleman. 2003. biological correlates of extinction risk in bats .\nmuseum and institute of zoology, p. 2012 .\nbat distribution viewer\n( on - line). accessed may 16, 2012 at urltoken .\n, vol. 1, 5th edition. baltimore: johns hopkins university press .\nreddrop, c. , r. moldrich, p. beart, m. farso, g. liberatore, d. howells, k. petersen, w. schleuning, r. medcalf. 2005. vampire bat salivary plasminogen activator (desmoteplase) inhibits tissue - type plasminogen activator - induced potentiation of excitotoxic injury .\nteeling, e. , o. madsen, r. van den bussche, w. jong, m. stanhope, m. springer. 2002. microbat monophyly and the convergent evolution of a key innovation in old world rhinolophoid microbats .\nteeling, e. , m. springer, o. madsen, p. bates, s. o' brien, w. murphy. 2005. a molecular phylogeny for bats illuminates biogeography and the fossil record .\nvan den bussche, r. , s. hoofer. 2004. phylogenetic relationships among recent chiropteran families and the importance of choosing appropriate out - group taxa .\nwilkinson, g. , j. south. 2002. life history, ecology and longevity in bats .\nto cite this page: wund, m. and p. myers 2005 .\nchiroptera\n( on - line), animal diversity web. accessed july 10, 2018 at urltoken\ndisclaimer: the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. adw doesn' t cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283, drl 0628151, due 0633095, drl 0918590, and due 1122742. additional support has come from the marisla foundation, um college of literature, science, and the arts, museum of zoology, and information and technology services .\nthank you for visiting nature. com. you are using a browser version with limited support for css. to obtain the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser (or turn off compatibility mode in internet explorer). in the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles and javascript .\nin this work, we sequenced cdnas from 12 bat species and generated 610 million raw reads (table 1). after sequencing reads filter steps, a total of 595 million clean reads was obtained. next, the clean reads were de novo assembled using trinity package 12, and a summary of the assembly statistics is shown in table 1. we excluded all contigs less than 200 bp from further analysis, and finally obtained a total of 1, 993, 822 contigs (82348–254130 per sample). next, we performed redundancy reduction on the raw assemblies, processing them to identify candidate open reading frames (orf) within the transcripts. we chose the longest orf was chosen and selected one peptide per putative unigene. at last, 32, 227–51, 271 we retained peptide sequences per taxon\nfigure 1: maximum likelihood phylogenetic tree for nucleotide and amino acid datasets with bootstrap support values (1000 replicates) under partition model .\nthe asterisks indicate 100 / 100 bootstrap support for nucleotide and amino acid datasets respectively .\nfigure 3: eight proposed species tree topologies differing in the position of bats within mammals .\nresults of divergence time estimation carried out under the auto - correlated models of molecular clock relaxation are shown in table 3. the results varied depending on the models and datasets used, but were nevertheless consistent between phylobayes and mcmctree approaches. the result of mcmctree wag + g model is consistent with previous findings 13 and values from timetree database 14. we considered that the estimation of divergence time obtained from this model are the most reliable. we estimated the origin of chiroptera at 63 myr (million years ago), following the cretaceous - tertiary boundary. the divergence of pteropodidae and rhinolophoidea was estimated to be 60 myr, earlier than previous suggestions 13. we estimated the most recent common ancestor of rhinolophidae and hipposideridae at 40 myr .\nthe development of next - generation sequencing technologies have generated many more genome sequences. this has allowed reconstruction of phylogenetic trees based on genome scale data providing a powerful approach to resolve the evolutionary relationships 15, 16. transcriptome data are often used in the phylogenomic analyses studies for those non - model organisms without genome information 17, 18, 19. rna - seq technology is a high - efficiency way to obtain full - length coding sequence at a lower cost 12, 20. in this study, we sequenced large - scale whole brain transcriptome data for 12 bats and presented a large - scale, phylogenomic perspective to resolving the backbone phylogeny of bats using a larger taxon set .\nthe conflict of ‘species tree’ and ‘gene tree’ challenges the traditional methodology of molecular phylogeny. between - genes phylogenetic incongruences can arise for several reasons, involving convergent evolution in microchiroptera. the homoplastic signal in morphology within echolocating bats can also be reflected from molecular evidences. for example, the ‘hearing gene’ prestin has been shown to have undergone sequence convergence among echolocating mammals. recent genome analysis demonstrated that adaptive convergences are widespread at both the molecular and morphological level 24. although sequence convergence is traditionally considered to be rare, our data provided a large resource to decipher genome - wide sequence convergence within bats." ]

{ "text": [ "the yinpterochiroptera , or pteropodiformes , is a suborder of the chiroptera , which includes taxa formerly known as megabats and five of the microbat families : rhinopomatidae , rhinolophidae , hipposideridae , craseonycteridae , and megadermatidae .", "this suborder is primarily based on molecular genetics data .", "this proposal challenged the traditional view that megabats and microbats form monophyletic groups of bats .", "further studies are being conducted , using both molecular and morphological cladistic methodology , to assess its merit .", "the term yinpterochiroptera is constructed from the words pteropodidae ( the family of megabats ) and yinochiroptera ( a term proposed in 1984 by karl f. koopman to refer to certain families of microbats ) .", "recent studies using transcriptome data have found strong support for the yinpterochiroptera-yangochiroptera classification system .", "researchers have created a relaxed molecular clock estimates the divergence between yinpterochiroptera and yangochiroptera around 63 million years ago .", "the most recent common ancestor of yinpterochiroptera , corresponding to the split between rhinolophoidea and pteropodidae ( old world fruit bats ) , is estimated to have occurred 60 million years ago .", "the first appearance of the term yinpterochiroptera was in 2001 , in an article by mark springer et al .", "as an alternative to the subordinal names yinpterochiroptera and yangochiroptera , some researchers use the terms pteropodiformes and vespertilioniformes .", "under this new proposed nomenclature , pteropodiformes is the suborder that would replace yinpterochiroptera . " ], "topic": [ 3, 1, 25, 6, 25, 6, 4, 15, 25, 25, 7 ] }

[ "the yinpterochiroptera, or pteropodiformes, is a suborder of the chiroptera, which includes taxa formerly known as megabats and five of the microbat families: rhinopomatidae, rhinolophidae, hipposideridae, craseonycteridae, and megadermatidae. this suborder is primarily based on molecular genetics data. this proposal challenged the traditional view that megabats and microbats form monophyletic groups of bats. further studies are being conducted, using both molecular and morphological cladistic methodology, to assess its merit. the term yinpterochiroptera is constructed from the words pteropodidae (the family of megabats) and yinochiroptera (a term proposed in 1984 by karl f. koopman to refer to certain families of microbats). recent studies using transcriptome data have found strong support for the yinpterochiroptera-yangochiroptera classification system. researchers have created a relaxed molecular clock estimates the divergence between yinpterochiroptera and yangochiroptera around 63 million years ago. the most recent common ancestor of yinpterochiroptera, corresponding to the split between rhinolophoidea and pteropodidae (old world fruit bats), is estimated to have occurred 60 million years ago. the first appearance of the term yinpterochiroptera was in 2001, in an article by mark springer et al. as an alternative to the subordinal names yinpterochiroptera and yangochiroptera, some researchers use the terms pteropodiformes and vespertilioniformes. under this new proposed nomenclature, pteropodiformes is the suborder that would replace yinpterochiroptera." ]

[ "the genus eurydice (crustacea: isopoda) in the aegean sea, including e. longispina sp. nov\ngenus: eurydice meyrick, 1883. n. z. j. sci. dunedin 1: 527. [ bhl ]\neurydice pulchra (leach 1815), eurydice affinis (hansen 1905) isopodes cirolanidae, taxonomie, éthologie, écologie, répartition verticale et cycle reproducteur .\nsur une espèce nouvelle d' eurydice de la côte atlantique du maroc: e. clymeneia\n, but as only two specimens were collected, its ecology remains unknown. the zoogeographical distribution of the genus on north atlantic and mediterranean coasts is briefly reviewed .\nfactors affecting the distribution of the intertidal isopods eurydice pulchra leach and e. affinis hansen in britain\nfactors affecting the distribution of the intertidal isopods eurydice pulchra leach and e. affinis hansen in britain .\nthe distribution of eurydice [ crustacea: isopoda ] in british waters, including e. affinis new to britain\njones, d. a. and pierpoint, c. j. (1997) ecology and taxonomy of the genus eurydice (isopoda: cirolanidae) from sand beaches on the iberian peninsula journal of the marine biological association of the united kingdom 77 (1): 55 - 76. [ details ]\nthe distribution of eurydice (crustacea: isopoda) in british waters, including e. affinis new to britain .\neurydice was again proposed by meyrick, 1884, trans. n. z. inst. 16: 62 .\ntype - species: eurydice cymosema meyrick, 1883. n. z. j. sci. dunedin 1: 527. [ bhl ]\nthe life span of this genus is up to 2yrs, with reproduction from 1yr onwards. the eggs are produced from june - october. they are of a relatively large size (0. 5mm) but are only 10 - 45 in number. these are fertilised internally before being held in a brood - pouch for up to 8 weeks. the larvae are then released into the plankton where they spend up to 40 - 60 days before settlement. the small number of eggs produced suggests that this genus has a low recoverability following disturbance .\nquantitative sampling for the genus eurydice (isopoda: cirolanidae) was conducted on 25 sand beach sites along the atlantic coast of the iberian peninsula. five species were recorded intertidally: eurydice affinis, e. pulchra, e. naylori sp. nov. , e. lusitaniensis sp. nov. and e. spinigera. physical data collected were used to construct an index of exposure to rank each site. the distribution of intertidal eurydice sp. is described in relation to exposure to wave action and to tidal level. peak abundance of e. affinis, e. pulchra and naylori occurred most frequently between mean high water neap (mhwn) and mean tide level (mtl). whilst e. affinis occurred over a wide range of exposure, e. naylori exhibited a marked preference for exposed sites and e. pulchra was only recorded from sheltered and semi - exposed sites. surf plankton collections revealed the presence of e. lusitaniensis, but as only two specimens were collected, its ecology remains unknown. the zoogeographical distribution of the genus on north atlantic and mediterranean coasts is briefly reviewed .\nparsons et al. (1999) included eurydice meyrick, 1883; harpalyce meyrick, 1883; and probolaea meyrick, 1885 as junior synonyms of homodotis meyrick, 1885 .\na junior homonym of eurydice leach, 1815, trans. linn. soc. lond. 11 (2): 370 - crustacea. the objective replacement name is homodotis meyrick, 1885 .\n... specimens collected before the oil - spill were ashed, and some taxonomic discrepancies with the list of species collected in may, 2003, were impossible to solve. for example, a species of the genus eurydice, e. nailory described in 1997 (jones and pierpoint, 1997) was obviously present only in the 2003 samples. to avoid problems with the correct determination of some species, analyses were conducted for data aggregated to a mixed taxonomic level (smith and simpson, 1995; guidetti et al. , 2000)... .\neurydice is a small isopod crustacean belonging to the family cirolanidae (sea lice). it reaches 8 - 9mm in length & is of moderate mobility, being able to swim up into the water column & burrow in the surface deposits of sand & gravel to feed on invertebrates & carrion in the sediment. it is likely to be vulnerable to dredging, but would be able to tolerate moderate sediment deposition from material mobilised during the dredging process .\n... supralittoral talitrids talitrus saltator and talorchestia brito, and the mysid gastrosaccus were collected at each sampling occasion, including 1995, except for 2003, six months before the spill. the most abundant eurydice species after the spill was e. naylori, an isopod species described in 1997 (jones & pierpoint, 1997), and obviously not recorded in the 1995 sampling campaign. polychaetes, represented by three spionid species, were scarce... .\n... although it has been shown that eurydice pulchra has a preference for certain grain sizes (jones, 1970) and exposure rates (jones, 1970; jones and pierpoint, 1997), our results showed no such relations of e. pulchra with its environment. it is likely that e. pulchra is mainly driven by biological interactions, being a carnivorous species (jones, 1968) and therefore dependent on the presence of prey animals or carrion for its survival... .\n... scolelepis squamata has been shown to be most abundant around or slightly above mean tidal level (mtl) (souza and borzone, 2000; janssen and mulder, 2005) and between mtl and mean high water neap (mhwn) in belgium, except for low tide bar / rip (ltbr) beaches, where peak abundances were lower on the beach (between mtl and mlwn) (degraer et al. , 1999 (degraer et al. ,, 2003speybroeck et al. , 2007). eurydice pulchra is most abundant in the upper part of the intertidal, between mtl and mhwn (jones, 1970; jones and pierpoint, 1997). zonation of haustorius arenarius seems to be around (degraer et al. , 2003) or (slightly) above mtl (rodil et al. , 2006)... .\nboyko, c. b; bruce, n. l. ; hadfield, k. a. ; merrin, k. l. ; ota, y. ; poore, g. c. b. ; taiti, s. ; schotte, m. & wilson, g. d. f. (eds) (2008 onwards). world marine, freshwater and terrestrial isopod crustaceans database .\nbruce, n. l. (1986) cirolanidae (crustacea: isopoda) of australia. records of the australian museum supplement 6: 1 - 239. [ details ]\nbrusca, r. c. , wetzer, r. and france, s. c. (1995) cirolanidae, crustacea: isopoda: flabellifera of the tropical eastern pacific. proceedings of the san diego society of natural history 30: 1 - 96. [ details ]\nvan der land, j. (2001). isopoda - excluding epicaridea, in: costello, m. j. et al. (ed .) (2001). european register of marine species: a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification. collection patrimoines naturels, 50: pp. 315 - 321 (look up in imis) [ details ]\nschotte, m. , b. f. kensley, and s. shilling. (1995 - 2017). world list of marine, freshwater and terrestrial crustacea isopoda. national museum of natural history smithsonian institution: washington d. c. , usa [ website archived on 2018 - 01 - 25 ]. [ details ]\n( of branchuropus) schotte, m. , b. f. kensley, and s. shilling. (1995 - 2017). world list of marine, freshwater and terrestrial crustacea isopoda. national museum of natural history smithsonian institution: washington d. c. , usa [ website archived on 2018 - 01 - 25 ]. [ details ]\ntype locality amoreira, portugal, 37°24' n, 08°35' w. [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\njournal of the marine biological association of the united kingdom, 50, 753 - 768 .\nslough, england: the richmond publishing co. ltd. [ naturalists' handbook 21. ]\njournal of the marine biological association of the united kingdom, 50, 635 - 655 .\nlondon: academic press. [ synopses of the british fauna, no. 3. ]\nhayward, p. , nelson - smith, t. & shields, c. ,\nthe species directory of the marine fauna and flora of the british isles and surrounding seas .\nulster museum and the marine conservation society, belfast and ross - on - wye .\nbelfast: ulster museum. [ ulster museum publication, no. 276. ]\nin the marine fauna of the british isles and north - west europe, (eds. p. j. hayward & j. s. ryland), vol. 1, ch. 6. ,\njournal of the marine biological association of the united kingdom, 47, 373 - 382 .\nfor full functionality of researchgate it is necessary to enable javascript. here are the instructions how to enable javascript in your web browser .\n... we could find no evidence among the many species assigned to this family to suggest that it is paraphyletic with respect to its sister - taxon. the family is the least modified of the cymothoidans, with scavenging or predatory rather than parasitic feeding (jones and pierpoint 1997). relationships among the cirolanidae were not identified by brusca and wilson (1991)... .\n... costa atlántica ibérica (monod, 1922; reis et al. , 1982; reboreda y urgorri, 1995; jones y pierpoint, 1997) y cataluña (san vicente y sorbe, 1999)... .\n... presente en la costa atlántica ibérica (de carvalho, 1944; marques et al. , 1982; reis et al. , 1982; aguirrezabalaga et al. , 1985; laborda, 1985; lópez serrano y viéitez, 1987; rodrigues y dauvin, 1987; junoy y viéitez, 1988viéitez y baz, 1988; pérez edrosa y junoy, 1991; sánchezmata, lastra y mora, 1993; junoy, 1996; drake, arias y conradi, 1997; jones y pierpoint, 1997; lópez serrano, 1999; martínez y adarraga, 2001; san vicente y sorbe, 2001)... .\n... ha sido citada en el país vasco (martínez yadarraga, 2001), portugal y huelva (reis et al. , 1982; camiñas, 1984; cano y garcía, 1987; cunha, sorbe y bernardes, 1997; jones y pierpoint, 1997), en la isla de alborán (rodríguez - sánchez, serna y) y las costas mediterráneas de la península ibérica (stephensen, 1915). distribución... .\n... presente en la costa atlántica ibérica (de carvalho, 1944; marques et al. , 1982; reis et al. , 1982; aguirrezabalaga et al. , 1985; laborda, 1985; lópez serrano y viéitez, 1987; rodrigues y dauvin, 1987; junoy y viéitez, 1988viéitez y baz, 1988; pérez edrosa y junoy, 1991; sánchezmata, lastra y mora, 1993; junoy, 1996; drake, arias y conradi, 1997; jones y pierpoint, 1997; lópez serrano, 1999; martínez y adarraga, 2001 ...\n... cirolanid isopods are often found on exposed sandy beaches around the world (mclachlan and jaramillo 1995), being in many cases the dominant species in terms of biomass and / or abundance (glynn et al. 1975; dexter 1977). di€erent species have been reported across the entire beach pro®le or occupying high, middle or low intertidal levels, depending on the beach studied (jones 1974; jaramillo 1982 jaramillo, 1987 bally 1983; de ruyck et al. 1992; jones and pierpoint 1997). it is common for cirolanids to remain buried during low tide, emerging to search for food as the sea level rises... .\nbadania nad równonogami (isopoda terrestria) polski = issledovaniâ ravnonogih (isopoda terrestria) p ...\nwe use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings .\nthis article has been cited by the following publications. this list is generated based on data provided by crossref .\nreyes - martínez, mª josé lercari, diego ruíz - delgado, mª carmen sánchez - moyano, juan emilio jiménez - rodríguez, antonia pérez - hurtado, alejandro and garcía - garcía, francisco josé 2015. human pressure on sandy beaches: implications for trophic functioning. estuaries and coasts, vol. 38, issue. 5, p. 1782 .\njunoy, j. castellanos, c. bernardo - madrid, r. riera, r. and viéitez, j. m. 2014. macroinfaunal recovery on the beach most severely affected by the ‘prestige’ oil spill (o rostro, galicia, north - west spain). journal of the marine biological association of the united kingdom, vol. 94, issue. 01, p. 17 .\nleewis, lies van bodegom, peter m. rozema, jelte and janssen, gerard m. 2012. does beach nourishment have long - term effects on intertidal macroinvertebrate species abundance? . estuarine, coastal and shelf science, vol. 113, issue. , p. 172 .\nvale, maria cabral, henrique and andrade, francisco 2010. distribution and structure of the upper sublittoral macrobenthic communities of tróia sand beaches (setúbal, portugal) and their relationship with environmental factors. journal of environmental monitoring, vol. 12, issue. 4, p. 964 .\njunoy, j. castellanos, c. viéitez, j. m. de la huz, m. r. and lastra, m. 2005. the macroinfauna of the galician sandy beaches (nw spain) affected by the prestige oil - spill. marine pollution bulletin, vol. 50, issue. 5, p. 526 .\nmcdermott, john j. and boyko, christopher b. 2005. food habits of the surf - zone isopod chiridotea caeca (say, 1818) (chaetiliidae) along the coast of new jersey, u. s. a. proceedings of the biological society of washington, vol. 118, issue. 1, p. 63 .\n( isopoda: cirolanidae) was conducted on 25 sand beach sites along the atlantic coast of the iberian peninsula. five species were recorded intertidally :\n. physical data collected were used to construct an index of exposure to rank each site. the distribution of intertidal\nsp. is described in relation to exposure to wave action and to tidal level. peak abundance of\noccurred most frequently between mean high water neap (mhwn) and mean tide level (mtl). whilst\nwas only recorded from sheltered and semi - exposed sites. surf plankton collections revealed the presence of\n. cirolanidae (crustacea: isopoda) of australia. records of the australian museum, supplement 6 ,\n. povamentos bentónicos do sistema lagunar da carrapateira. 1. premeiros resultados. 1\n. crustáceos, peracarìdeos (isopoda e amphipoda) do estuário do montego (figueira da foz, portugal) (zona intertidal) .\n. the ecology of sandy beaches in the eastern cape, south africa. in\nsandy beaches as ecosystems. based on the proceedings of the first international symposium on sandy beaches, port elizabeth, south africa, 17–21 january 1983\n. avaliação dos impactos de efluentes da indústria de papel e posta de papel sobre a macrofauna bentónica do meio receptor: soporcel e celbi (figueira da foz) .\nthe fauna of the sandy beach, village bay, st. kilda: a dynamic relationship\nemail your librarian or administrator to recommend adding this journal to your organisation' s collection .\nfull text views reflects the number of pdf downloads, pdfs sent to google drive, dropbox and kindle and html full text views .\n* views captured on cambridge core between september 2016 - 10th july 2018. this data will be updated every 24 hours .\nthis page was last edited on 16 may 2018, at 20: 17 .\ntext is available under the creative commons attribution - sharealike license; additional terms may apply. by using this site, you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site. view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice." ]

{ "text": [ "eurydice is a genus of isopod crustaceans .", "it includes the following species : eurydice acuticauda bruce , 1981 eurydice affinis hansen , 1905 eurydice agilis jones , 1971 eurydice akiyamai nunomura , 1981 eurydice arabica jones , 1974 eurydice barnardi bruce & soares , 1996 eurydice binda bruce , 1986 eurydice bowmani george & longerbeam , 1998 eurydice caudata richardson , 1899 eurydice cavicaudata jones , 1971 eurydice chelifer jones , 1971 eurydice clymeneia monod , 1926 eurydice convexa richardson , 1900 eurydice czerniavsky bacescu , 1948 eurydice dollfusi monod , 1930 eurydice elongata moreira , 1972 eurydice emarginata moreira , 1972 eurydice grimaldii dollfus , 1888 eurydice humilis stebbing , 1910 eurydice indicis eleftheriou & jones , 1976 eurydice inermis hansen , 1890 eurydice inornata jones , 1971 eurydice kensleyi bruce & soares , 1996 eurydice littoralis ( moore , 1901 ) eurydice longiantennata nunomura & ikehara , 1985 eurydice longicornis ( studer ) eurydice longipes jones , 1971 eurydice longispina jones , 1969 eurydice lusitanica jones & pierpoint , 1997 eurydice mauritanica de grave & jones , 1991 eurydice minya bruce , 1986 eurydice naylori jones & pierpoint , 1997 eurydice nipponica bruce & jones , 1981 eurydice orientalis hansen , 1890 eurydice paxilli schotte & kensley , 2005 eurydice peraticis jones , 1974 eurydice personata kensley , 1987 eurydice piperata menzies & frankenberg , 1966 eurydice pontica ( czerniavsky , 1868 ) eurydice pulchra leach , 1815 eurydice racovitzai bacescu , 1949 eurydice rotundicauda norman , 1906 eurydice saikaiensis nunomura , 2008 eurydice spenceri bruce , 1981b eurydice spinigera hansen , 1890 eurydice subtruncata tattersall , 1921 eurydice tarti bruce , 1986 eurydice truncata ( norman , 1868 ) eurydice valkanovi bacescu , 1949 eurydice woka bruce , 1986 eurydice wyuna bruce , 1986" ], "topic": [ 26, 2 ] }

[ "eurydice is a genus of isopod crustaceans. it includes the following species: eurydice acuticauda bruce, 1981 eurydice affinis hansen, 1905 eurydice agilis jones, 1971 eurydice akiyamai nunomura, 1981 eurydice arabica jones, 1974 eurydice barnardi bruce & soares, 1996 eurydice binda bruce, 1986 eurydice bowmani george & longerbeam, 1998 eurydice caudata richardson, 1899 eurydice cavicaudata jones, 1971 eurydice chelifer jones, 1971 eurydice clymeneia monod, 1926 eurydice convexa richardson, 1900 eurydice czerniavsky bacescu, 1948 eurydice dollfusi monod, 1930 eurydice elongata moreira, 1972 eurydice emarginata moreira, 1972 eurydice grimaldii dollfus, 1888 eurydice humilis stebbing, 1910 eurydice indicis eleftheriou & jones, 1976 eurydice inermis hansen, 1890 eurydice inornata jones, 1971 eurydice kensleyi bruce & soares, 1996 eurydice littoralis (moore, 1901) eurydice longiantennata nunomura & ikehara, 1985 eurydice longicornis (studer) eurydice longipes jones, 1971 eurydice longispina jones, 1969 eurydice lusitanica jones & pierpoint, 1997 eurydice mauritanica de grave & jones, 1991 eurydice minya bruce, 1986 eurydice naylori jones & pierpoint, 1997 eurydice nipponica bruce & jones, 1981 eurydice orientalis hansen, 1890 eurydice paxilli schotte & kensley, 2005 eurydice peraticis jones, 1974 eurydice personata kensley, 1987 eurydice piperata menzies & frankenberg, 1966 eurydice pontica (czerniavsky, 1868) eurydice pulchra leach, 1815 eurydice racovitzai bacescu, 1949 eurydice rotundicauda norman, 1906 eurydice saikaiensis nunomura, 2008 eurydice spenceri bruce, 1981b eurydice spinigera hansen, 1890 eurydice subtruncata tattersall, 1921 eurydice tarti bruce, 1986 eurydice truncata (norman, 1868) eurydice valkanovi bacescu, 1949 eurydice woka bruce, 1986 eurydice wyuna bruce, 1986" ]

[ "species catocala micronympha - little nymph underwing - hodges # 8876 - bugguide. net\ncatocala micronympha form\nsargenti\n( very rare) has a hindwing that is all black .\nbarnes, wm. & j. h. mcdunnough, 1918. illustrations of the north american species of the genus catocala .\non the north american species of catocala. augustus radcliffe grote. 1872. transactions of the american entomological society 4: 1 - 20 .\nthe genus catocala. george. d. hulst. 1884. bulletin of the brooklyn entomological society 7 (1): 14 - 56 .\ndescriptions of some new species of catocala. henry edwards. 1880. bulletin of the brooklyn entomological society 2 (12): 93 - 97 .\nillustrations of the north american species of the genus catocala. william barnes, james halliday mcdunnough. 1918. memoirs of the amnh 2 (1) .\nnotes upon the genus catocala, with descriptions of new varieties and species. henry edwards. 1880. bulletin of the brooklyn entomological society 3 (7): 53 - 62 .\nsystematics of moths in the genus catocala (lepidoptera, erebidae) iv. nomenclatorial stabilization of the... . lawrence gall, david hawks. 2010. zookeys 39: 37 - 83 .\nsystematics of moths in the genus catocala (lepidoptera: noctuidae). i. gall, lawrence f. & david c. hawks. 1990. fieldiana. zoology. 59: 1 - 16 .\ngall, lawrence, f. database containing county level data for the north american species of catocala moths. entomology division, peabody museum, yale university, new haven, connecticut 06511. accessed 1994, july 1 .\nsystematics of moths in the genus catocala (lepidoptera: noctuidae). iii. gall, lawrence f. & david c. hawks. 2002. journal of the lepidopterists' society. 56 (4): 234 - 264 .\nspecific epithet greek prefix μικρός (micro -) and νύμφη (nympha) meaning\nlittle bride, mistress .\ncan also be for insect nymph or a mythological nymph but guenée and other early authors was in the habit of naming catocala for the marital status of girls and women .\ngall, l. f. and d. c. hawks. 2002. systematics of moths in the genus catocala (noctuidae). iii. the types of william h. edwards, augustus r. grote, and achille guenée. journal of the lepidopterists' society 56 (4): 234 - 264 .\ngall, l. f. and d. c. hawks. 2010. systematics of moths in the genus catocala (lepidoptera, erebidae) iv. nomenclatorial stabilization of the nearctic fauna, with a revised synonymic check list. in: schmidt b. c, lafontaine j. d (eds). contributions to the systematics of new world macro - moths ii. zookeys 39: 37 - 83 .\na taxon identifier is composed of name, author, year and attribute, all separated by a blank. these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication. the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words (genus and species) separated by a blank .\nthe author' s name is made up of a string of letters, with no blanks, and multiple authors' names are separated by a comma. spelling of author' s name is based on the original publication. if there are more than three authors, only the names of the first two authors are shown, followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets. this is rarely needed, but to differentiate homo - identifiers, this will contain the page, line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks, hyphens, and apostrophes are eliminated, thus only the following characters are used: a to z, a to z, 0 to 9, blank, comma, and opening and closing square brackets. although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition, it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions (contact information) with supporting references, possibly with pdf or hard copy .\nphotographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed. contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29: registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin, july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia, june 4 - 7. photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona, july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell, iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\ntype locality: s [ aint ] catherines island, liberty co [ unty ], georgia, usa .\nguenée a. & j. b. boisduval, 1852. vol. 7. noctuélites, tome 3. histoire naturelle des insectes. spécies général des lépidoptères .\nhistoire naturelle des insectes. spécies général des lépidoptères. vol. 7. noctuélites, tome 3. achille guenée & jean baptiste boisduval. 1852. roret, paris, 441 pp .\nlepidopterological notes and descriptions - no. 2. augustus radcliffe grote & coleman t. robinson. 1866. proceedings of the entomological society of philadelphia 6: 1 - 30, pl. 3, 4 .\nlepidoptera, rhopaloceres and heteroceres, indigenous and exotic; with descriptions and colored illustrations (v. 8 - 11) herman strecker. 1874. owen' s steam book & job printing .\nlegion of night: the underwing moths theodore d. sargent. 1976. university of massachusetts press .\ndisclaimer: dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service. we strive to provide accurate information, but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world. if you need expert professional advice, contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content. click the contributor' s name for licensing and usage information. everything else copyright © 2003 - 2018 iowa state university, unless otherwise noted .\nsargenti\ncovell (very rare) has a hindwing that is all black .\nthe usual specimens have grey forewings shaded with green, brown, black and white tints. there is usually a darkened band passing from the costa through the reniform spot to the outer margin .\nthe lower lobes of the pm line are quite distinct, especially in those specimens with light scaling in that area .\nis also known as the\nlittle bride\nand as the\ntiny nymph\nunderwing .\nform\nlolita\n, harold j. vermes image, used with permission from his son .\nfemales emit an airbourne pheromone and males use their antennae to track the scent plume .\neggs are deposited on tree bark in the fall and hatch the following spring .\nlisted below are primary food plant (s) and alternate food plants. it is hoped that this alphabetical listing followed by the common name of the foodplant will prove useful. the list is not exhaustive, although some species seem very host specific. experimenting with closely related foodplants is worthwhile .\n. pages are on space rented from bizland. if you would like to become a\nplease send sightings / images to bill. i will do my best to respond to requests for identification help .\nto show appreciation for this site, click on the flashing butterfly to the left, a link to many worldwide insect sites .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\nbiokids is sponsored in part by the interagency education research initiative. it is a partnership of the university of michigan school of education, university of michigan museum of zoology, and the detroit public schools. this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation under grant drl - 0628151. copyright © 2002 - 2018, the regents of the university of michigan. all rights reserved .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\ndue to latency between updates made in state, provincial or other natureserve network databases and when they appear on natureserve explorer, for state or provincial information you may wish to contact the data steward in your jurisdiction to obtain the most current data. please refer to\na forest or other appropriate habitat or cluster of such habitats where the species occurs, or recently has occurred, with sufficient foodplant and other resources for persistence or regular recurrence. minimally a habitat (usually a forest) where presence has been verified by specimens or adult photographs or by larval collections if these can be positively identified or were reared to adults. exceptionally for some taxa sight records can be accepted. note if foodplants are growing in residential neighborhoods proximate to primary habitat, these will usually be part of the occurrence .\nthere are almost certainly no really effective barriers. these moths will enter cities and even breed in them. they reach offshore islands where there is no habitat and at least two species have been taken on incoming ships several hundred kilometers at sea .\nfor forest species the suitable habitat distance generally applies in wooded or semiwooded (includes wooded residential) terrain if the larval foodplant is present at all. in large contiguous or nearly contiguous forests the unsuitable habitat distance would seldom apply since adults seem to be quite mobile and live several weeks at least and most larval foodplants are not highly localized (although they are often sparse). however, use half the suitable habitat distance for separating occurrences if the larval foodplant is truly absent within continuous forest .\nwhere the habitat is truly extensive and contiguous use this figure, although these moths can persist in smaller areas. it is known that many individuals move much farther and given populations of mobile long - lived adults, unbroken or moderately fragmented habitat within and beyond this distance is almost certain to support at least continued recurrence. if habitat (usually forest) patches are smaller than 1000 hectares, infer presence throughout .\nuse the generic guidelines for the application of occurrence ranks (2008). the key for ranking species occurrences using the generic approach provides a step - wise process for implementing this method .\nzoological data developed by natureserve and its network of natural heritage programs (see local programs) and other contributors and cooperators (see sources) .\nlafontaine, j. d. and b. c. schmidt. 2010. annotated check list of the noctuoidea (insecta, lepidoptera) of north america north of mexico. zookeys 40: 1 - 239 .\nthe small print: trademark, copyright, citation guidelines, restrictions on use, and information disclaimer .\nnote: all species and ecological community data presented in natureserve explorer at urltoken were updated to be current with natureserve' s central databases as of november 2016. note: this report was printed on\ntrademark notice :\nnatureserve\n, natureserve explorer, the natureserve logo, and all other names of natureserve programs referenced herein are trademarks of natureserve. any other product or company names mentioned herein are the trademarks of their respective owners .\ncopyright notice: copyright © 2017 natureserve, 4600 n. fairfax dr. , 7th floor, arlington virginia 22203, u. s. a. all rights reserved. each document delivered from this server or web site may contain other proprietary notices and copyright information relating to that document. the following citation should be used in any published materials which reference the web site .\nnatureserve. 2017. natureserve explorer: an online encyclopedia of life [ web application ]. version 7. 1. natureserve, arlington, virginia. available http: / / explorer. natureserve. org. (accessed :\nridgely, r. s. , t. f. allnutt, t. brooks, d. k. mcnicol, d. w. mehlman, b. e. young, and j. r. zook. 2003. digital distribution maps of the birds of the western hemisphere, version 1. 0. natureserve, arlington, virginia, usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with robert ridgely, james zook, the nature conservancy - migratory bird program, conservation international - cabs, world wildlife fund - us, and environment canada - wildspace .\npatterson, b. d. , g. ceballos, w. sechrest, m. f. tognelli, t. brooks, l. luna, p. ortega, i. salazar, and b. e. young. 2003. digital distribution maps of the mammals of the western hemisphere, version 1. 0. natureserve, arlington, virginia, usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with bruce patterson, wes sechrest, marcelo tognelli, gerardo ceballos, the nature conservancy - migratory bird program, conservation international - cabs, world wildlife fund - us, and environment canada - wildspace .\niucn, conservation international, and natureserve. 2004. global amphibian assessment. iucn, conservation international, and natureserve, washington, dc and arlington, virginia, usa .\ndata developed as part of the global amphibian assessment and provided by iucn - world conservation union, conservation international and natureserve .\nno graphics available from this server can be used, copied or distributed separate from the accompanying text. any rights not expressly granted herein are reserved by natureserve. nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring by implication, estoppel, or otherwise any license or right under any trademark of natureserve. no trademark owned by natureserve may be used in advertising or promotion pertaining to the distribution of documents delivered from this server without specific advance permission from natureserve. except as expressly provided above, nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring any license or right under any natureserve copyright .\n). your comments will be very valuable in improving the overall quality of our databases for the benefit of all users .\n80x5 - 240x3 - 240x4 - 320x1 - 320x2 - 320x3 - 640x1 - 640x2 set display option above. click on images to enlarge." ]

{ "text": [ "the little nymph underwing or little bride underwing ( catocala micronympha ) is a moth of the erebidae family .", "it is found from southern ontario , quebec , and manitoba through new hampshire , connecticut , and new jersey to florida , west to texas and then north through oklahoma , kansas , iowa , to wisconsin and minnesota and then east to michigan .", "the wingspan is 35 – 50 mm .", "adults are on wing from april to september depending on the location .", "there is probably one generation per year .", "the larvae feed on quercus macrocarpa , quercus stellata , and quercus virginiana" ], "topic": [ 2, 20, 9, 8, 15, 8 ] }

[ "the little nymph underwing or little bride underwing (catocala micronympha) is a moth of the erebidae family. it is found from southern ontario, quebec, and manitoba through new hampshire, connecticut, and new jersey to florida, west to texas and then north through oklahoma, kansas, iowa, to wisconsin and minnesota and then east to michigan. the wingspan is 35 – 50 mm. adults are on wing from april to september depending on the location. there is probably one generation per year. the larvae feed on quercus macrocarpa, quercus stellata, and quercus virginiana" ]

[ "the northern aplomado falcon is a rare, nonmigratory, medium - sized falcon .\ndetermination of northern aplomado falcon to be end. species; 51 fr 6686 - 6690\nproposal to determine northern aplomado falcon to be end. species; 50 fr 20810 - 20814\nthe aplomado falcon was first described in 1822 by coenraad jacob temminck, a dutch aristocrat and zoologist .\nwe also conducted aplomado falcon surveys in the chihuahuan desert area of west texas and new mexico. the previous falcon surveys revealed no nesting and only one individual adult falcon in each area. in the recent survey, one individual falcon was observed and one failed nesting attempt by a pair in southwestern new mexico was documented. the surveys provide strong evidence that recovery of the aplomado falcon in the chihuahuan desert is unlikely .\nnorthern aplomado falcon .\nbeacham' s guide to the endangered species of north america. . retrieved july 10, 2018 from urltoken urltoken\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below. < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - aplomado falcon (falco femoralis )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - aplomado falcon (falco femoralis )\ntitle =\narkive species - aplomado falcon (falco femoralis )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\ndescription: this medium - sized falcon is named “aplomado” referring to the blue - grey plumage (lead - coloured). it is not usual to employ a spanish name, and the english translation could be “leaden falcon” .\nand can be distinguished from the northern aplomado falcon by different dimensions, by the configuration of the abdominal bands, and by the relative darkness of their plumage .\nnorthern aplomado falcon .\nbeacham' s guide to the endangered species of north america. . encyclopedia. com. (july 10, 2018). urltoken\nmonitor established population of northern aplomado falcons (falco femoralis septentrionalis) and their productivity .\nkeddy - hector, d. p. 1990. northern aplomado falcon recovery plan. n. m: u. s. fish wildl. serv. albuquerque. close\nfield studies are being conducted to document the current status of aplomado falcons and to understand their ecology. this effort provides a unique opportunity to study a new population as it begins to occupy both traditional and novel habitats. the aplomado falcon is an important “indicator species” for environmental quality due to its unique ecology and propensity to accumulate environmental contaminants. addled eggs and tissue samples are being analyzed to gain knowledge of contaminant levels throughout the aplomado falcon’s range .\nthe aplomado falcon has a range of approximately 12 million square kilometers. the bird is native to parts of northern and southern mexico, parts of central america, and large areas of south america. it has also been seen in the falkland islands, and has been reintroduced to new mexico and southern texas. at the current time, the global population of the aplomado falcon is estimated to be as many as 500, 000 individual birds. although it has been extirpated from large areas of northern mexico, there is not currently any concern regarding the imminent danger of an overall population decline with the aplomado falcon. considering the large range and population of the aplomado falcon, it currently has an evaluation of least concern .\nhector, d. p. 1989 .\nnorthern aplomado falcon recovery plan [ technical / agency review draft ] .\nu. s. fish and wildlife service, albuquerque .\nvoice: sounds by xeno - canto the aplomado falcon utters screams “keeh - keeh - keeh” or “ee - ee - ee - ee”. it also gives a single, sharp “keeh” or “kiih” .\nthe northern aplomado falcon was most commonly observed and collected in its u. s. range during the period 1870 - 1930. the falcon seemingly disappeared in the u. s. after the 1930s for reasons that largely remain a mystery. it is noteworthy to consider that the aplomado falcon was at the northern limits of its continental range in southeastern arizona, southern new mexico, and western and southern texas; and, therefore, possibly vulnerable to small changes in habitat quality in this region .\nat the northern extent of the species’ range in texas, the aplomado falcon is regaining its place as an integral part of the grassland ecosystem from which it has been absent for more than 50 years .\nflight: the aplomado falcon has long wings and performs an agile flight. it can hover when hunting, and pursue birds in flight. it is an energetic flier and it flies with powerful wing beats .\nthe beautiful aplomado falcon has a steel grey back, red breast, black\nsash\non its belly, and striking black markings on the top of its head, around its eyes, and extending down its face .\nrange: the aplomado falcon is found from mexico and central america, throughout south america to tierra del fuego. the extreme northern and southern populations are migratory, but the birds of central america and patagonia only are seasonally present .\nthe northern aplomado falcon was once a part of the dynamic and diverse wildlife community associated with our southwestern grasslands, but the species disappeared during the early 20 th century. restoring this species underscores the need to conserve important habitats. this effort is an ideal vehicle to promote creative solutions to problems associated with the endangered species act, such as the innovative “safe harbor” permit, which has enrolled more than 2 million acres of potential aplomado falcon habitat in the interest of conservation .\nin the years since listing occurred, general awareness of the aplomado' s peril has grown, surveillance of the falcon has increased, consideration of and planning for aplomado habitat requirements on public lands has improved; and new research, focused on the aplomado' s population ecology and habitat preferences and requirements, has been initiated. in 1992, two small, isolated populations of aplomados were discovered in north - central chihuahua, mexico in close proximity to the u. s. ongoing monitoring and research efforts at these sites are providing important insights into the desert grassland ecology of this species. recently, another researchmanagement effort led by u. s. departments of interior and defense characterized occupied aplomado falcon habitat in northern mexico and then used that habitat\nfootprint\nto identify potentially suitable falcon habitat in the u. s. the turner endangered species fund also recently funded a historical review of land use and ecological conditions that surrounded the aplomado in the southwest at the time of its decline .\nthe northern aplomado falcon is a distinctive bird of prey; dull red underparts, a gray back, a long and banded tail, and a striking black and white facial pattern distinguish adults. the lower breast sports a broad, blackish band or cummerbund with small, whitish crossbars. feet are bright yellow and the sexes are similar, with males noticeably smaller than females. the aplomado falcon (falco femoralis) has been divided into three subspecies. the northern aplomado is the largest of the three, displaying a body length from 14. 9 - 16. 5 in (38 - 42 cm) and a wingspan from 40 - 48 in (102 - 122 cm). this is intermediate in size between the american kestrel and peregrine falcon .\nalthough the aplomado falcon is extremely widely distributed, it is generally uncommon and its range is fragmented. it can be found throughout south america, with the exception of the amazon basin, as well as parts of central america (4). prior to the 20th century the aplomado falcon’s range also extended north to southernmost north america, but following habitat alteration, it gradually disappeared from this region. however, thanks to restoration efforts, a small self - sustaining population now exists in southern texas (4) (5) .\ndiet: the aplomado falcon feeds mainly on birds and insects, but it also takes rodents, bats and lizards. it hunts from perch, often in pairs. it can pursue the prey by running on the ground or flying, and hawks insects in flight .\naplomado\nis an unusual spanish word for\nlead - colored\n, referring to the blue - gray areas of the plumage .\n7. slips are available in all environments. aplomados will take short slips like an accipiter or a long slip like a merlin falcon .\nthe aplomado falcon is a colorful, long - tailed, long - legged falcon that inhabits lowland neotropical savannas, coastal prairies, and higher - elevation grasslands from the southwestern united states south to tierra del fuego. it ranges from sea level to over 4, 000 m in the altiplano of peru, ecuador, and chile. severe eggshell thinning and pesticide contamination in eastern mexico led to listing of the northern subspecies (\nthe aplomado falcon occupies a range of open habitats, including savanna, scrubland, grassland, cactus desert, and marshland, inhabiting a range of altitudes from lowlands to high - altitude areas of the andes, up to 4, 600 metres above sea - level (4) .\nbehaviour: the aplomado falcon feeds primarily on insects, rodents and birds. it is able to catch large birds such as teals, tinamous, chachalacas, pigeons and others. it hunts for birds in the early morning and then, it spends long time hawking insects at dusk .\n27 - montoya, angel b. and phillip j. zwank. 1994. habitat characteristics of the aplomado falcon in chihuahua mexico. in: abstracts from presentations at arizona / new mexico chapters of the wildlife society, sierra vista, az. february 4 and 5, 1994 .\naplomado falcons are predatory and feed on birds, insects, rodents, small snakes, and lizards. although the bird feeds heavily on insects, smaller birds make up over 90% of the diet in terms of bulk. the northern aplomado falcon typically glides horizontally from tree perches in pursuit of small birds and insects. the approach ranges from a slow flapping flight to a full - powered sprint. males and females sometimes hunt together: while the male hovers overhead, the female pursues the prey by hopping along the ground. aplomado falcons have occasionally been observed stealing prey from other birds\naplomado falcons are utilized for the direct pursuit of avian quarry. this type of hunting is some of the most exciting in falconry. these predators have a tremendous range of potential quarry from sparrows to rooster pheasants. the following aspects of aplomado falcons contribute to making this bird an ideal falconry companion :\nhabitat: the aplomado falcon frequents grasslands, savannahs and open country, shrubby steppes and marshy areas with scattered trees. it is visible from the moist tropical lowlands to altiplano and puna in the andes. in tierra del fuego, it frequents similar habitats and occurs up to 4000 metres of elevation .\nother factors could have affected the decline. aplomado falcons disappeared rapidly throughout their u. s. range, which suggest that a widespread phenomenon such as climate change could have been involved. throughout the u. s. and mexican range of the northern aplomado falcon, the long - term, cumulative impact of cattle grazing to the recovery of this subspecies probably has been negative, since it eventually contributed to the evident degradation of desert and coastal grasslands. grazing by cattle increases the spread of mesquite, diminishes water retention on rangelands through soil compaction and loss of herbaceous plant cover, and interrupts natural fire regimes by reducing plant fuel loads. in southern texas, relatively high numbers of falcon eggs and specimens were collected by professional collectors during the early - 1900s and possibly contributed to the disappearance of aplomados in that region. particularly in southern texas and eastern mexico, but also portions of the aplomado' s former desert range, large tracts of native grassland have been converted to pasturelands and croplands, thereby further reducing the extent and quality of aplomado falcon habitat .\nachieving a stable population of at least 200 breeding pairs in mexico may require the elimination of ddt and dde within the breeding range of the falcon .\nin texas, aplomado falcons are found in the south texas and trans - pecos regions. their geographical distribution extends to the southern tip of south america .\nalthough generally uncommon, the extremely wide distribution of the aplomado falcon means that it has a relatively large global population (4). nevertheless, declines are apparent throughout this species’ range, and it is listed by the u. s. fish and wildlife service as endangered (4) (6) .\nhector, d. p. 1980 .\nour rare falcon of the desert grassland .\nbirding, 3 (12): 92 - 102 .\naplomado falcon: this species once bred from southwestern u. s. to the southernmost portion of south america, but it was largely extirpated by the 1930s; currently it may be seen across mexican - american border, mostly in extreme southern mexico. preferred habitats include deserts, grasslands, prairie, and savanna .\nefforts are underway to reintroduce the northern aplomado falcon into its historic range in the southwestern united states. in 1983, the peregrine fund established a captive breeding population with seven birds at its facility in santa cruz, california. the hatching success rate has been poor, but through 1988 over 20 young had been reared .\nthe aplomado falcon is typically a species of open habitats in north and central america, ranging from coastal prairie and other grasslands through tropical savanna to open woodlands containing oaks (quercus) and pines (pinus) (nmdgf, 1991) * 15 *. the aplomado falcon usually nests in trees or tall shurbs, where it appropriates nests of other birds - - including chihuahuan ravens (coruvs cryptoleucus) and swainson' s hawks (buteo swainsonii) (nmdgf, 1991) * 15 *. in a study in northern chihuahua, mexico, aplomado falcon territories were located in desert grassland / savanna. pairs selected structures previously built by chihuahuan ravens and buteo spp. in yucca spp. , honey mesquite (prosopis glandulosa), and acacia spp. for nesting. blue grama (bouteloua gracilis) and tobosa grass (hilaria mutica) were the most abundant grasses at nesting sites in this study (montoya, et al. , 1997) * 44 * .\nthere are 3 subspecies of aplomado falcons in north, central and south america. they are falco femoralis septentrionalis, falco femoralis femoralis, and falco femoralis pichinchae. (see map). all aplomado falcons available in the united states for falconry are of the peruvian subspecies (falco femoralis pichinchae). these birds are the direct result of jim nelson, harry mcelroy and doug alton' s effort to import 20 pairs from jose antonio otero, who has a breeding project el huayco in peru. the aplomado falcon is scarce in the united states and our goal is to help secure the availability of these awesome hunting birds for falconers and future generations .\nreproduction: breeding season varies according to the range, but often occurs in dry season, approximately between march and may. the aplomado falcon does not build nest but it uses abandoned stick nests of corvids or other raptors such as red - tailed hawk and swainson’s hawk. such nests are placed in trees or tall shrubs .\nthe peregrine falcon, merlin, and american kestrel are long distance migrants to central and south america, with other falcons being short distance migrants or permanent residents .\n1997: the habitat of the northern aplamado falcon consists of grassy plains interspersed with mesquite, cactus, and yucca (haynes and schuetze, 1997) * 55 * .\na swift and agile flier, the aplomado falcon employs a variety of hunting techniques and takes a wide range of prey. at dawn, it generally hunts birds by making a quick dash from a perch and chasing them through the air. at dusk, however, this species more commonly feeds on airborne insects such as beetles, which it catches on the wing, and will also snatch rodents, lizards and small snakes from the ground. interestingly, aplomado falcon breeding pairs assist one another in hunting, with the female flushing birds from vegetation while the male flies overhead (4). this generally results in improved hunting success and enables the pair to take larger prey (2) (4) .\nproportioned and behaving somewhat like an accipiter hawk, with a tendency to perch on inner branches of trees and chase terrestrial prey on foot, this falcon displays great speed, agility and persistence in aerial pursuits of doves and other medium - sized birds. mated pairs remain together year - round and hunt cooperatively. diet is mostly birds and insects, but includes small mammals and reptiles; the species also kleptoparasitizes other birds. the aplomado falcon nests in abandoned platform nests of corvids and raptors, in bromeliads (bromeliaceae), and sometimes on cliffs .\nthe aplomado falcon usually nests in trees or tall shrubs, where it appropriates nests of other birds - - including chihuahuan ravens (corvus cryptoleucus) and swainson' s hawks (buteo swainsonii) in the southwest. clutches consist of three - four eggs, which are whitish with profuse brownish spotting and average 44. 5 - 34. 5 mm (nmdgf, 1991 )\nit appears that a majority of historic encounters with aplomado falcons and high numbers and acreage of black - tailed prairie dogs coincided with historically high livestock stocking rates on southwest grasslands (all between 1870 and 1920). aplomado falcons and blacktailed prairie dogs, with overlapping distributions, disappeared from the southwest landscape in the 1930s. although, it is clear that prairie dogs were intentionally eradicated, causes of the aplomados disappearance remain obscure. in arizona and new mexico, large scale mesquite and other shrub invasion into grasslands appears to have occurred after the demise of the falcon .\nthere are three subspecies of the aplomado falcon, which can be distinguished by location and appearance. falco femoralis femoralis is the smallest subspecies, and is browner - grey above with a darker crown; falco femoralis pichinchae is dark slate - grey above and richer rufous below, with a divided blackish breast band; while falco femoralis septentrionalis has paler blue - grey upperparts (4) .\nfurthermore, we are working with the u. s. fish and wildlife service to identify areas of habitat management need, particularly where brush has invaded grassland habitat not long ago occupied by breeding aplomado falcons. the initial phases of habitat management by laguna atascosa national wildlife refuge staff and cooperators have proven effective, and plans to continue and expand the management of falcon habitat are forthcoming .\ntwo female falcons released on south padre island were fitted with satellite ptt transmitters in an effort to further understand falcon survival and dispersal in southern texas. one of the falcons travelled north up the barrier islands approximately 50 miles from the release site. the second falcon has made several trips to falcon habitat on the mainland; however, she is currently on south padre island approximately 5 miles north of the release site. we also monitored one remaining falcon fitted with a ptt that was released in 2012 at one of the mustang island release sites. she has almost exclusively remained on the texas coastal barrier islands, traveling as far as 100 miles north and 30 miles south. we will continue to monitor the movements and fates of these falcons throughout the coming months .\nsince 1996, we have monitored nest productivity of a small population of aplomado falcons in chihuahua, mexico. this population has decreased because of drought and the conversion of grasslands to agriculture. native grasslands, particularly at the sueco area, continue to be converted to farmland with several territories still threatened by agriculture. we are working with state and federal agencies and conservation organizations in mexico and the united states to address this issue. if the current trends in grassland conversion and reproductive success continue, the last known desert - dwelling aplomado falcon population in chihuahua will become extinct during this decade .\n36 - montoya, angel b. june, 1995. aplomada falcon habitat characteristics in northern mexico. in: new mexico cooperative fish and wildlife research unit annual report, june, 1995 .\nin 1986, the northern aplomado falcon was federally listed as endangered in the u. s. and mexico based on evidence of population declines in the u. s. and threats to reproduction in eastern mexico related to pesticide contamination. subsequently, the northern subspecies was state - listed as endangered in arizona, new mexico, and texas, and in 1990 a federal recovery plan was prepared .\nwe again deployed the unique artificial nest structure that we developed to improve aplomado falcon nest success and productivity. to date, we have installed 101 structures throughout the range of the recovering south texas population. among the 28 known breeding pairs, 24 are using our artificial structures. such approaches allow for the type of adaptive management necessary for a restoration program to work efficiently and effectively in the contemporary landscape .\nthe peregrine fund started reintroducing captive - bred aplomado falcons into southern texas in 1993, which today have successfully formed a self - sustaining population. the organisation is now working to re - establish this species in west texas and southern new mexico, thereby helping to reinstate this species as an important component of the local environment. it has also helped to secure more than 8, 000 square kilometres of suitable habitat from landowners, which should greatly assist recovery efforts and help to achieve the organisation’s goal of removing the aplomado falcon from the u. s. endangered species list within the next decade (5) .\ntoday, the aplomado falcon has made a comeback in south texas due to an aggressive recovery program involving captive breeding and re - introduction efforts. in 1993, releases began on the refuge in partnership with the peregrine fund, a non - profit conservation group based in boise, idaho. in 1995, the first known united states nest of an aplomado falcon since 1952 was documented near old port isabel road and loma alta, a few miles southwest of the refuge’s bahia grande unit. as of 2004, more than 900 falcons have been released in the valley, with 25 nesting pairs documented in 2006. fortunately, the release program in the valley was deemed a success and efforts shifted to west texas and new mexico. since then established territories and nesting have been annually documented on the refuge. continued development within the aplomado’s habitat is a concern, as is the potential for contaminant problems due to the birds foraging in areas treated with pesticides. refuge staff continues to monitor the birds on the refuge and document nesting and fledgling success as well as contaminant levels .\nkiff, i. f. , et al. 1978 .\neggshell thinning and organochlorine residues in the bats and aplomado falcons in mexico .\nproceedings of the 17th international ornithological congress. pp. 949 - 952 .\nin north america, caracaras and falcons are found from the high arctic to the hot and humid woodlands of southern texas. most species are birds of open habitats such as grasslands and coastal areas, the exception being the woodland dwelling collared forest - falcon. in addition to occurring in open areas that serve as its natural habitat, the peregrine falcon also makes its home in cities, nesting on tall buildings instead of their ancestral cliffs .\nspanish for lead - coloured, the aplomado falcon’s common name is a reference to the adult’s blue - black upperparts (2). a slim - bodied raptor with longish wings and tail, the aplomado falcon has distinctive head markings, comprising a white band running above the eyes, meeting at the back of the head. this band is bordered below by a black stripe extending back from the side of the eye, below which the cheeks and throat are buff or white with a second black stripe running downwards from the base of the bill. the primary feathers and tail are blackish, with the latter marked conspicuously with a white tip and five or six thin white bars. the chest is cream to pale reddish - brown, often with short blackish streaks, and separated from the darker yellowish or rufous belly by a dark blackish, horizontal band flecked with white (4) .\nas part of the peregrine fund' s release program, 101 aplomado falcons had been released as of 1996; 72 of them had reached independence successfully. the peregrine fund plans to expand the program into new mexico and arizona .\nbierregaard, r. o. , jr & kirwan, g. m. (2018). aplomado falcon (falco femoralis). in: del hoyo, j. , elliott, a. , sargatal, j. , christie, d. a. & de juana, e. (eds .). handbook of the birds of the world alive. lynx edicions, barcelona. (retrieved from urltoken on 10 july 2018) .\nin north america, nineteen species of caracaras and falcons in six genera have occurred including the extinct guadalupe caracara. the vulture - like caracaras, the peregrine falcon, and the american kestrel are all members of this family .\nalthough the peregrine falcon became highly endangered and was killed off in many areas by ddt during the twentieth century, after the chemical was banned, its populations slowly recovered with reintroduction programs and the bird is no longer threatened .\nprotection / threats / status: the aplomado falcon has stable populations and even some increase may be observed, probably thanks to the deforestation which provides them more open grassy habitats. however, several declines occur according to the range, due to changes in the habitat with cattle grazing, and important use of pesticides. captive breeding programs and reintroduction actions are already active in the northern parts of the range (usa and northern mexico) by the peregrine fund .\nthe aplomado falcon’s breeding season varies according to location, breeding between february and august in mexico, september and january in central argentina, and november onwards in chile. it generally uses old, unoccupied nests of other raptors, or occasionally a natural ledge formed by epiphytes growing on trees, shrubs or cacti. the female lays a clutch of two or three eggs, which are incubated for around one month, fledging around 30 to 35 days later (4) .\nthe term aplomado is spanish and means “lead colored” referring to the dark blue - gray of the back of this handsome falcon. below it is strongly patterned with a full dark vest contrasting with a paler breast and belly. the belly and vent is cinnamon in all forms, but the breast is whitish in north america – central america, and cinnamon farther south in south america. all forms show a highly contrasting face with a bold pale supercilium, often whitish in front and cinnamon at back, a dark face stripe and moustache and pale cheeks. the aplomado is a slim falcon with a long and strongly banded tail. it is a falcon of savanna, and grassland adjacent to shrubbery, in the north of the range including grassland adjacent to desert scrub. this is an incredibly broadly distributed raptor in the new world, found from the southwest of the united states south to tierra del fuego, although it is absent from moist tropical forest, it is not found in the amazon basin for example. in the far north of its range it had suffered historical population declines and there is an active and successful program to bring it back to the united states southwest .\nthe natural coincidence of aplomado and prairie dog distributions in the southwest (outside southern texas) and their simultaneous declines suggest that these events may have been related. prairie dogs were eradicated by strychnine poisoning. this method of control was nonselective and undoubtedly killed other wildlife in the vicinity of dog towns. aplomado falcons could have been adversely affected by feeding on poisoned birds and mammals through relay toxicity. relay toxicity also could have killed other raptors and ravens that provided nest platforms for aplomados .\nkiff, l. f. , d. b. peakall and d. p. hector. 1980. eggshell thinning and organochlorine residues in bat and aplomado falcons in mexico. proc. 17th int. ornithol. congr. : 949 - 952. close\nthe historical decline and eventual extirpation of the aplomado falcon that occurred in southern u. s. a. was believed to have been driven by changes made to this species’ habitat following the spanish invasion and the intensive grazing that occurred during the late 1800s. today, this species remains threatened by habitat loss, and possibly by the use of pesticides (4). in particular, the small population of this species in chihuahua, mexico is under threat of extinction due to conversion of native grasslands to farmland (5) .\nmajor factors attributed to northern aplomado falcon decline are habitat degradation / alteration resulting largely from ranching and farming practices that promoted brush encroachment and / or impacts to the prey base. although not considered to be a significant factor overall, egg and specimen collection apparently played more of a role in the species' decline in south texas. use of chlorinated pesticides such as ddt (ca. 1940' s) may have prevented any reestablishment of the species on its own via reproduction failures or prey base reductions (usfws, 2000 )\nultimately, recovery of aplomados in texas will depend on the interest and direct involvement of private land owners since lands within the falcon' s former range are mostly in private ownership. texas land holders interested in promoting aplomado falcon conservation measures should consult with experts in the texas parks and wildlife department, u. s. fish and wildlife service, or the peregrine fund for technical guidance and other assistance. texans can contribute to nongame wildlife resources conservation by supporting the texas parks and wildlife department' s\nspecial nongame and endangered species conservation fund\nand by purchases of special nongame decals and stamps issued by the department. a set portion of the revenues generated by these programs is used to purchase endangered species habitats and to support the publication of nongamewildlife informational materials and other nongame activities .\nthis falcon has been extirpated as a breeding species from the united states. it nests regularly only along the gulf coast of mexico in portions of northern and central veracruz, northern chiapas, western campeche, and eastern tabasco. population estimates are unavailable, but the species is considered uncommon and declining in its home range. the falcon' s last known nesting in the united states occurred in luna county, new mexico in 1952. it has been irregularly sighted in southern texas, new mexico, and arizona since then .\nrodrigo hernandez, a mexican falconer said\nin the area that i live in mexico, the word aplomado is very commonly used by older generations to describe someone who is brave, bold, cocky if you will. i just thought i would let you know .\ncaracaras and falcons are known for their rapid flight and aggressive, predatory behavior. the peregrine falcon is well known for its ability to catch other birds in flight with the fastest dives recorded for any bird (over one hundred seventy - five miles per hour) .\nmedium - sized, colorful falcon. head with bold black - and - white - striped facial pattern. underparts with whitish upper breast separated from cinnamon belly and under tail - coverts by blackish belly - band that narrows at midbelly. tail banded black and white .\n61 - u. s. fish and wildlife service. 2006. endangered and threatened wildlife and plants; establishment of a nonessential experimental population of northern aplomado falcons in new mexico and arizona. federal register july 26, 2006. vol. 71 (143): 42298 - 42315\nin north america, falcons form pairs during the breeding season but are solitary at other times. aside from the scavenging, opportunistic caracaras, larger falcons forage on flying birds by catching them in rapid flight, sometimes diving at a bird to rake it with outstretched talons. the gyrfalcons, the prairie falcon, and the american kestrel also take other prey items from the ground, the kestrel often searching for mice, voles, and even insects by hovering in place. the collared forest falcon dashes after a variety of prey items found amidst the forest canopy .\ncaracaras and falcons are medium to large birds with stocky heads and long tails. all have strong feet with sharp talons, and sharp, hooked beaks for tearing up prey items. those of the falco genus (such as the peregrine falcon and merlin) have a notch on the\nthe nest is placed in a tree or shrub, and 2 - 4 white eggs are laid; these average 44. 4 x 35. 5 mm in size. the few nests known from new mexico were in areas of yucca grassland (nmdgf, 1979) * 14 *. in a study in northern chihuahua, mexico, aplomado falcon pairs selected structures previously built by chihuahuan ravens and buteo spp. in yucca spp. , honey mesquite (prosopis glandulosa), and acacia spp. for nesting (montoya, et al. , 1997) * 44 * .\nthe aplomado falcons are often seen in pairs or solitary, perched on fences, utility poles or low branches in small trees. both mates remain together year round. courtship displays may last several weeks before the laying, during which the birds perform aerial displays and probably courtship feeding by male to female .\nthe goal of the 1990 recovery plan is to achieve a self - sustaining population of at least 100 breeding pairs in the united states. if this goal is reached and maintained for three years, the fws will consider reclassifying the falcon to threatened. the goal, however, is many years away .\nthis trim, elegant falcon once nested in desert grassland of the southwest, but it has been very rare north of the mexican border since the 1920s or before. recently a few have reappeared in new mexico and western texas, and there has been a major attempt to reintroduce the species in southern texas .\nhabitat degradation is probably responsible for the disappearance of the subspecies from the united states. thousands of acres of grassland habitat have been lost in the twentieth century because of a natural climatic drying trend and by conversion of prairie to agricultural uses. much of the open grasslands of arizona, new mexico, and the texas coastal plain have been gradually overgrown by shrubs and small trees; denser vegetation makes it difficult for the falcon to take its prey. in many places, permanent desert streams have been channelized and riparian habitats eliminated with catastrophic effects on local fauna. along the coast, grazing cattle have damaged or destroyed wetlands where many bird species historically bred. a decline in numbers of smaller birds has meant a decline in falcon prey. pesticide use in the united states probably contributed to the overall degeneration in habitat quality. although now banned in the united states, the pesticides ddt and dde continue to be used in mexico. during a recent survey, falcons in veracruz were found to be severely contaminated by pesticides. these pesticides disrupt the falcon' s reproduction by causing extreme eggshell thinning. nestings in veracruz in the 1960s and 1970s have been observed to fail due to eggshell breakage during incubation. experiences with the peregrine falcon show that pesticide contamination can lead to severe, rapid population declines .\nhistoric ranges of the blacktailed prairie dog and the northern aplomado falcon in the southwest, to include western texas (prairie dogs never occurred during historic time in southern texas), matched closely. this has led to speculation that habitat conditions generated by prairie dogs may have benefited aplomado falcons. it is reasoned that overall abundance, biomass, and catchability of avian and small mammal prey were greater inside prairie dog towns than in the surrounding grasslands. at least some potentially important avian prey species, such as meadowlarks, some plovers, mourning dove, horned lark, and others, seem to respond positively to grazing. others, like the borrowing owl, are directly dependent on prairie dog borrows and other prairie dog habitat features for optimal nesting and rearing of young. insects, reptiles, birds, and small mammals that used prairie dog colonies were probably easier to detect and catch by aplomados than in surrounding grasslands, where herbaceous vegetation was denser and higher. in similar ways, cattle grazing may have provided short - term benefits to aplomados .\n, and southern texas. although the northern aplomado nested occasionally in new mexico until 1952, it disappeared from most of its u. s. range by 1940. in mexico, the breeding range encompassed the states of tamaulipas, chiapas, campeche, tabasco, chihuahua, coahuila, sinaloa, jalisco, guerrero, veracruz, yucatan, and san luis potos\nwe placed 14 new nest structures: two on san jose island, four on matagorda island and eight in the laguna atascosa area. we also serviced 30 nest structures to ensure they were suitable for use during the nesting season. most structures required a minimal amount of maintenance. the new structure design has effectively ensured their use only by aplomado falcons and provides security from predation .\naplomado falcons (falco femoralis) historically ranged within the united states from southeastern arizona across southern new mexico to western texas, as well as in southernmost texas. the species was resident and at least locally common within its united states range through the 1800s. it became uncommon by the 1930s and had largely disappeared by the 1940s, with the last documented nesting in 1952; it was federally listed as endangered in 1986. more recently, documentation of breeding aplomado falcons in northern chihuahua, mexico and increased reports from throughout the historic range in southern new mexico suggested that natural recolonization of new mexico’s chihuahuan desert grasslands was underway. to assess the current status of the species in new mexico, we conducted formal surveys and informal searches in suitable habitat in the southwestern and south - central portions of the state between 2000 and 2004. we found one territory that remained occupied by aplomado falcons from october 2000 through the project completion in 2004. this pair successfully fledged three young in 2002, the first such nesting by naturally occurring aplomado falcons in the united states in 50 years. we also observed at least eight other falcons, including a new pair in the monitored territory and another pair nearby. additionally during 2000 - 2004, we received credible reports of 11 falcons, including one pair, elsewhere in new mexico, plus others just south of the united states - mexico border. the existence of an occupied territory in southern new mexico, plus reports of additional pairs and individuals on both sides of the international border, indicate the presence of a population in southern new mexico and adjacent northern chihuahua .\n44 - montoya, angel, alberto lafon terrazas, francisco pinyon rodriguez, gustavo quintana martinez, and raymond a. meyer. 1997. reproductive success and habitat characteristics of nesting aplomado falcons in northern chihuahua, mexico. in abstracts of the 30th joint annual meeting of the wildlife society, new mexico and arizona chapters, and american fisheries society, arizona - new mexico chapter. february, 1997 .\nalthough the area still continues to suffer from drought conditions, prey in the form of small birds and insects (e. g. , cicadas) seems to remain in ample supply. while prey availability is not a concern, we are finding that loss of habitat to brush encroachment and potential development is a major concern in the laguna atascosa study area. the two most common woody plant species responsible for the encroachment of brush into falcon habitat are mesquite and huisache and could be closely related to the territory occupancy problems we are seeing in this part of texas. fortunately, the refuge has begun to clear mesquite and huisache and re - open the grassland habitat in the bahia grande unit of the refuge. hopefully in short order, the size and scope of the habitat improvement projects will grow and have a positive impact on the falcon in southern texas .\nsevere overgrazing by domestic livestock and resultant brush encroachment in the southwest, including texas, has been most frequently implicated as the principal cause for the species' decline. direct adverse effects of livestock grazing on potential falcon prey species have also been suggested as a possible cause. however, a recent review of the history of livestock trends and practices and other ecological factors in the southwest in relation to the decline of aplomados suggests different causes .\naplomado falcons are found in grasslands and shrublands at lower elevations (2800 - 5500 ft) (hubbard, 1978) * 03 *. aplomado falcons are found in open terrain with scattered trees and low ground cover. they need a good supply of suitable nesting platforms, particularly mesquite and yuccas (usfws, 1987) * 04 *. the species has been little observed by recent workers in the u. s. , but past records indicate that in new mexico it has been typically associated with yucca grasslands and adjacent shrubby habitats at lower elevations. the bird is reported to be a rapid and graceful flyer, but it also spends much time perched - - including on the ground (nmdgf, 1979) * 13 *. in interior regions of the southwestern u. s. , the species has been reported mainly below 1800 m in desert grasslands and associated habitats (nmdgf, 1991) * 15 * .\ntypical falcons (family falconidae) differ from other hawk - like birds (family accipitridae) in having relatively long, pointed wings and long tails, a toothed upper mandible, and a peg - like structure in the nostril. the moderate - sized (length 380 - 420 mm, wingspan 1. 0 - 1. 2 m), rather long - tailed aplomado falcon differs from all its relatives in new mexico in having a large black patch on each flank (typically connected accross the belly as a\ncummerbund\n), buffy to rufous abdomen and thighs, blackish tail barred with whitish, and conspicuous, white to buffy postocular line. adults and subadults are gray above (darker on the crown), with the face, throat, and breast white (dark - streaked in subadult); the immature is brownish above, with the face, throat, and breast buffy to rufous and streaked with blackish (nmdgf, 1991 )\nduring the final release, we released 52 aplomado falcons from three sites in texas: 30 falcons released at two sites at mustang island state park and 22 on laguna atascosa national wildlife refuge land on south padre island. forty - six of the 52 released falcons survived (88 %). lighthawk and its team of volunteer pilots and one private pilot safely transported the falcons from our breeding facility in boise to texas, greatly reducing the stress on the falcons associated with extended travel time .\nreintroduction of captive - reared aplomados into the historic u. s. range was considered an essential step in the 1990 federal recovery plan. as early as 1977, the chihuahuan desert institute at alpine, texas had begun a captive breeding program based on wild - captured aplomado breeding stock from southeastern mexico. in the 1980s, this program was taken over and expanded by the peregrine fund, a private organization focused on the worldwide conservation of birds of prey, with support from the u. s. fish and wildlife service. an initial release of captive - reared young was made on the king ranch in kleberg county, texas in 1985. additional release sites on the texas gulf coast were evaluated between 1985 and 1987, and the release program was then refocused to laguna atascosa national wildlife refuge and matagorda island. the first breeding in the wild of released captive - reared aplomados occurred in 1995. since 1997, over 100 captive - reared young have been released annually along the texas gulf coast. to date, this program has resulted in the establishment of at least 37 aplomado pairs that have produced over 92 young in the wild. in 2002, reintroductions were expanded to desert grasslands in western texas with the release of 36 captive - reared young and future releases are being planned for southern new mexico. the preliminary results of the reintroduction program look promising; ultimately, however, its success will depend on the quality of these environments to support wild aplomado falcons over time .\n, the species was found in the coastal prairies along sand ridges, in woodlands along desert streams, and in desert grasslands with scattered mesquite and yucca. in central mexico the falcon has been found in open pine woodland. individuals nest in trees with a density of 19 per 100 acres (40 hectares) and an average height of 29. 5 ft (9 m). taller trees provide better perches from which to spot prey. similarly, sparser ground cover provides less cover for prey .\nrays of light in recent years have included the discovery, in 1995, of a falcon nest in brownsville, texas. the nesting pair of falcons was part of the peregrine fund' s release program in either 1993 or 1994. this was the first new nest discovered in 54 years, and came as a delightful surprise to the release team, which had not anticipated the falcons released 1993 - 94 to nest until 1997 at the earliest. the status of the central american population is unknown .\nbirders should keep in mind that aplomados remain extremely rare in texas and are federally - and statelisted as endangered. therefore, all reasonable and suspected sightings of this bird should be reported immediately to an expert birder, texas parks and wildlife department, or the u. s. fish and wildlife service for further verification. observations should include a detailed description of the bird' s location, appearance, activity, and surroundings. verification of sightings is extremely important in the context of the aplomado' s scarcity and future conservation .\nit usually hunts from a perch and swoops down to catch the prey. this falcon is also known to steal food from other birds of prey, falcons and kites. it also forages at grass fires. they often hunt in tandem, especially when hunting birds. when the male spots a distant prey from its perch, it initiates the attack and usually the female follows it. but if she does not move, the male calls her. the female may also flush out birds from bushes and pursue them while the male hovers just above .\nloss or degradation of coastal grasslands, desert grasslands, marshlands and savannas to farmland, overgrazing, and improved pasture has eliminated much habitat for this species. such habitat loss has likely been offset by conversion of tropical rain forest, deciduous forest, and thorn scrub to pasture. loss of desert grassland habitat to irrigation and dryland farming is accelerating in central and northern mexico. introduction of exotic grasses as well as conversion of pasture to croplands and biofuel crops has likely degraded or eliminated habitat in all parts of the species’ range. residues of organochlorine pesticides may now be too low to have much impact on eggshell thickness, although risk remains from endocrine disrupters, carbamates, organophosphates, and fire retardants near agricultural and industrial centers. because the aplomado falcon often feeds on doves and quail, they are also vulnerable to ingestion of imbedded lead shotgun pellets. widespread establishment of windfarms, as well as intensive oil and gas development and extraction activities are detrimental to this species. restoration and protection of desert grasslands, coastal prairies, and tropical savanna and pasturelands are most critical to the long - term survival of this species in north america." ]

{ "text": [ "the aplomado falcon ( falco femoralis ) is a medium-sized falcon of the americas .", "the species ' largest contiguous range is in south america , but not in the deep interior amazon basin .", "it was long known as falco fusco-coerulescens or falco fuscocaerulescens , but these names are now believed to refer to the bat falcon ( f. rufigularis ) .", "its resemblance in shape to the hobbies accounts for its old name orange-chested hobby .", "aplomado is an unusual spanish word for \" lead-colored \" , referring to the blue-grey areas of the plumage – an approximate english translation would be \" plumbeous falcon \" .", "spanish names for the species include halcón aplomado and halcón fajado ( roughly \" banded falcon \" in reference to the characteristic pattern ) ; in brazil it is known as falcão-de-coleira . " ], "topic": [ 12, 13, 25, 23, 25, 12 ] }

[ "the aplomado falcon (falco femoralis) is a medium-sized falcon of the americas. the species' largest contiguous range is in south america, but not in the deep interior amazon basin. it was long known as falco fusco-coerulescens or falco fuscocaerulescens, but these names are now believed to refer to the bat falcon (f. rufigularis). its resemblance in shape to the hobbies accounts for its old name orange-chested hobby. aplomado is an unusual spanish word for \" lead-colored \", referring to the blue-grey areas of the plumage – an approximate english translation would be \" plumbeous falcon \". spanish names for the species include halcón aplomado and halcón fajado (roughly \" banded falcon \" in reference to the characteristic pattern); in brazil it is known as falcão-de-coleira." ]